Partial MFC of r342125:

Fix bugs in plugable CC algorithm and siftr sysctls.

Use the sysctl_handle_int() handler to write out the old value and read
the new value into a temporary variable. Use the temporary variable
for any checks of values rather than using the CAST_PTR_INT() macro on
req->newptr. The prior usage read directly from userspace memory if the
sysctl() was called correctly. This is unsafe and doesn't work at all on
some architectures (at least i386.)

In some cases, the code could also be tricked into reading from kernel
memory and leaking limited information about the contents or crashing
the system. This was true for CDG, newreno, and siftr on all platforms
and true for i386 in all cases. The impact of this bug is largest in
VIMAGE jails which have been configured to allow writing to these
sysctls.

Per discussion with the security officer, we will not be issuing an
advisory for this issue as root access and a non-default config are
required to be impacted.

Changes to sys/netinet/cc/cc_newreno.c are not merged as the sysctl's
had not previously been merged.

Reviewed by: markj, bz
Discussed with: gordon (security officer)
Security: kernel information leak, local DoS (both require root)
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D18443