lang/rust: Fix DOCS build, unbreak RUST_BACKTRACE

• Fix DOCS build by disabling deny-warnings (rustc equivalent to -Werror). Let's not fail the entire build just because a handful of docs fail to build due to -D broken-intra-doc-links [0]
• Only install the host target docs. We otherwise waste time with a rust-docs install-uninstall-install cycle for each additional target during stage.
• Backport FreeBSD support for gimli, unbreak RUST_BACKTRACE, and have useful stack traces with actual content again [1]
• While here also strip binaries under libexec/ and ack reading of src/bootstrap/CHANGELOG.md (changelog-seen=2)

[0] https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/76526

PR: 253557 [1]
Submitted by: jbeich [1]