vfs cache: Add vn_fullpath_jail(), factor out common code

Introduce vn_fullpath_jail(), which returns a path to the passed vnode
relative to the current jail's root. It will be used by mac_do(4) in
a subsequent commit.

Factor out common code between the new variant and vn_fullpath(). While
here, rework the comments a bit.

Add vn_fullpath_jail() to the vn_fullpath.9 manual page. While here,
document all the existing public vn_fullpath*() functions.

Reviewed by: kib (except latest manual page changes)
MFC after: 3 days
Event: EuroBSDCon 2025
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D52757