cd9660: Reject volumes with small logical block sizes

ISO9660 permits specifying a logical block size that is any power of 2
greater than or equal to 512. The geom disk layer requires requests
to be aligned on sector boundaries of the provider. With a volume
that uses a logical block size smaller than the underlying disk sector
size (e.g. a logical block size of 512 or 1024 on a CD which uses 2048
byte sectors), the current cd9660 vfs can issue requests for partial
sectors, or on non-sector boundaries.

Fixing this properly would require wrapping all of the calls to
bread*/bwrite* in cd9660 vfs to roundup requests to be on sector
boundaries which can include both the length, but also the starting
sector number (and thus requiring use of an offset relative to b_data
in the resulting buf).

These images do not seem to be common however given that no one has
fixed this in cd9660's vfs in the past few decades, so just reject
them during mount with an error. If such images are found to be used
in the wild in practice, then the larger fix can be applied.

PR: 258063
Reported by: Robert Morris <rtm@lcs.mit.edu>
Reviewed by: emaste
MFC after: 1 week
Sponsored by: The FreeBSD Foundation
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D41228

(cherry picked from commit 4af849d71f69306432941d91fa46c3c303059d63)