sqlite3: Vendor import of sqlite3 3.41.2

Release notes at https://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_41_2.html.

Obtained from: https://www.sqlite.org/2023/sqlite-autoconf-3410200.tar.gz

Merge commit '853a43f7c79218855a6e45a25a00b942972e3fa1'

(cherry picked from commit e7e621f94d9073d620a4d15f13952f1d40685ece)