graphics/darktable: update to 5.2.0 + cherry-picks

We add some files/patch-git-* cherry-picked from the upstream's
release-5.2.x branch.

While here, lift the LLVM pinning to version 17,
we use 19 as default now, and FreeBSD 13.5, 14.2 and 14.3 build with it.

ChangeLog: https://github.com/darktable-org/darktable/releases/tag/release-5.2.0

PR: 288028
Approved by: dumbbell@ (maintainer)