Index: head/contrib/tzdata/Makefile =================================================================== --- head/contrib/tzdata/Makefile (revision 366778) +++ head/contrib/tzdata/Makefile (revision 366779) @@ -1,1094 +1,1098 @@ # Make and install tzdb code and data. # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. # Package name for the code distribution. PACKAGE= tzcode # Version number for the distribution, overridden in the 'tarballs' rule below. VERSION= unknown # Email address for bug reports. BUGEMAIL= tz@iana.org # DATAFORM selects the data format. # Available formats represent essentially the same data, albeit # possibly with minor discrepancies that users are not likely to notice. # To get new features and the best data right away, use: # DATAFORM= vanguard # To wait a while before using new features, to give downstream users # time to upgrade zic (the default), use: # DATAFORM= main # To wait even longer for new features, use: # DATAFORM= rearguard # Rearguard users might also want "ZFLAGS = -b fat"; see below. DATAFORM= main # Change the line below for your timezone (after finding the one you want in # one of the $(TDATA) source files, or adding it to a source file). # Alternatively, if you discover you've got the wrong timezone, you can just # 'zic -l -' to remove it, or 'zic -l rightzone' to change it. # Use the command # make zonenames # to get a list of the values you can use for LOCALTIME. LOCALTIME= GMT # The POSIXRULES macro controls interpretation of nonstandard and obsolete # POSIX-like TZ settings like TZ='EET-2EEST' that lack DST transition rules. # Such a setting uses the rules in a template file to determine # "spring forward" and "fall back" days and times; the environment # variable itself specifies UT offsets of standard and daylight saving time. # # If POSIXRULES is '-', no template is installed; this is the default. # # Any other value for POSIXRULES is obsolete and should not be relied on, as: # * It does not work correctly in popular implementations such as GNU/Linux. # * It does not work in the tzdb implementation for timestamps after 2037. # * It is incompatible with 'zic -b slim' if POSIXRULES specifies transitions # at standard time or UT rather than at local time. # In short, software should avoid ruleless settings like TZ='EET-2EEST' # and so should not depend on the value of POSIXRULES. # # If, despite the above, you want a template for handling these settings, # you can change the line below (after finding the timezone you want in the # one of the $(TDATA) source files, or adding it to a source file). # Alternatively, if you discover you've got the wrong timezone, you can just # 'zic -p -' to remove it, or 'zic -p rightzone' to change it. # Use the command # make zonenames # to get a list of the values you can use for POSIXRULES. POSIXRULES= - # Also see TZDEFRULESTRING below, which takes effect only # if the time zone files cannot be accessed. # Installation locations. # # The defaults are suitable for Debian, except that if REDO is # posix_right or right_posix then files that Debian puts under # /usr/share/zoneinfo/posix and /usr/share/zoneinfo/right are instead # put under /usr/share/zoneinfo-posix and /usr/share/zoneinfo-leaps, # respectively. Problems with the Debian approach are discussed in # the commentary for the right_posix rule (below). # Destination directory, which can be used for staging. # 'make DESTDIR=/stage install' installs under /stage (e.g., to # /stage/etc/localtime instead of to /etc/localtime). Files under # /stage are not intended to work as-is, but can be copied by hand to # the root directory later. If DESTDIR is empty, 'make install' does # not stage, but installs directly into production locations. DESTDIR = # Everything is installed into subdirectories of TOPDIR, and used there. # TOPDIR should be empty (meaning the root directory), # or a directory name that does not end in "/". # TOPDIR should be empty or an absolute name unless you're just testing. TOPDIR = # The default local timezone is taken from the file TZDEFAULT. TZDEFAULT = $(TOPDIR)/etc/localtime # The subdirectory containing installed program and data files, and # likewise for installed files that can be shared among architectures. # These should be relative file names. USRDIR = usr USRSHAREDIR = $(USRDIR)/share # "Compiled" timezone information is placed in the "TZDIR" directory # (and subdirectories). # TZDIR_BASENAME should not contain "/" and should not be ".", ".." or empty. TZDIR_BASENAME= zoneinfo TZDIR = $(TOPDIR)/$(USRSHAREDIR)/$(TZDIR_BASENAME) # The "tzselect" and (if you do "make INSTALL") "date" commands go in: BINDIR = $(TOPDIR)/$(USRDIR)/bin # The "zdump" command goes in: ZDUMPDIR = $(BINDIR) # The "zic" command goes in: ZICDIR = $(TOPDIR)/$(USRDIR)/sbin # Manual pages go in subdirectories of. . . MANDIR = $(TOPDIR)/$(USRSHAREDIR)/man # Library functions are put in an archive in LIBDIR. LIBDIR = $(TOPDIR)/$(USRDIR)/lib # Types to try, as an alternative to time_t. TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES = $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD) $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_TAIL) TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD = int64_t TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_TAIL = int32_t uint32_t uint64_t # What kind of TZif data files to generate. (TZif is the binary time # zone data format that zic generates; see Internet RFC 8536.) # If you want only POSIX time, with time values interpreted as # seconds since the epoch (not counting leap seconds), use # REDO= posix_only # below. If you want only "right" time, with values interpreted # as seconds since the epoch (counting leap seconds), use # REDO= right_only # below. If you want both sets of data available, with leap seconds not # counted normally, use # REDO= posix_right # below. If you want both sets of data available, with leap seconds counted # normally, use # REDO= right_posix # below. POSIX mandates that leap seconds not be counted; for compatibility # with it, use "posix_only" or "posix_right". Use POSIX time on systems with # leap smearing; this can work better than unsmeared "right" time with # applications that are not leap second aware, and is closer to unsmeared # "right" time than unsmeared POSIX time is (e.g., 0.5 vs 1.0 s max error). REDO= posix_right # Whether to put an "Expires" line in the leapseconds file. # Use EXPIRES_LINE=1 to put the line in, 0 to omit it. # The EXPIRES_LINE value matters only if REDO's value contains "right". # If you change EXPIRES_LINE, remove the leapseconds file before running "make". # zic's support for the Expires line was introduced in tzdb 2020a, # and EXPIRES_LINE defaults to 0 for now so that the leapseconds file # can be given to older zic implementations. EXPIRES_LINE= 0 # To install data in text form that has all the information of the TZif data, # (optionally incorporating leap second information), use # TZDATA_TEXT= tzdata.zi leapseconds # To install text data without leap second information (e.g., because # REDO='posix_only'), use # TZDATA_TEXT= tzdata.zi # To avoid installing text data, use # TZDATA_TEXT= TZDATA_TEXT= leapseconds tzdata.zi # For backward-compatibility links for old zone names, use # BACKWARD= backward # To omit these links, use # BACKWARD= BACKWARD= backward # If you want out-of-scope and often-wrong data from the file 'backzone', use # PACKRATDATA= backzone # To omit this data, use # PACKRATDATA= PACKRATDATA= # The name of a locale using the UTF-8 encoding, used during self-tests. # The tests are skipped if the name does not appear to work on this system. UTF8_LOCALE= en_US.utf8 # Non-default libraries needed to link. LDLIBS= # Add the following to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line as needed to override # defaults specified in the source code. "-DFOO" is equivalent to "-DFOO=1". # -DDEPRECATE_TWO_DIGIT_YEARS for optional runtime warnings about strftime # formats that generate only the last two digits of year numbers # -DEPOCH_LOCAL if the 'time' function returns local time not UT # -DEPOCH_OFFSET=N if the 'time' function returns a value N greater # than what POSIX specifies, assuming local time is UT. # For example, N is 252460800 on AmigaOS. # -DHAVE_DECL_ASCTIME_R=0 if does not declare asctime_r # -DHAVE_DECL_ENVIRON if declares 'environ' # -DHAVE_DIRECT_H if mkdir needs (MS-Windows) # -DHAVE_GENERIC=0 if _Generic does not work # -DHAVE_GETTEXT if 'gettext' works (e.g., GNU/Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris) # -DHAVE_INCOMPATIBLE_CTIME_R if your system's time.h declares # ctime_r and asctime_r incompatibly with the POSIX standard # (Solaris when _POSIX_PTHREAD_SEMANTICS is not defined). # -DHAVE_INTTYPES_H if you have a non-C99 compiler with # -DHAVE_LINK=0 if your system lacks a link function # -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=0 if your system lacks a localtime_r function # -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ=0 if you do not want zdump to use localtime_rz # localtime_rz can make zdump significantly faster, but is nonstandard. # -DHAVE_POSIX_DECLS=0 if your system's include files do not declare # functions like 'link' or variables like 'tzname' required by POSIX # -DHAVE_SNPRINTF=0 if your system lacks the snprintf function # -DHAVE_STDBOOL_H if you have a non-C99 compiler with # -DHAVE_STDINT_H if you have a non-C99 compiler with # -DHAVE_STRFTIME_L if declares locale_t and strftime_l # -DHAVE_STRDUP=0 if your system lacks the strdup function # -DHAVE_STRTOLL=0 if your system lacks the strtoll function # -DHAVE_SYMLINK=0 if your system lacks the symlink function # -DHAVE_SYS_STAT_H=0 if your compiler lacks a # -DHAVE_SYS_WAIT_H=0 if your compiler lacks a # -DHAVE_TZSET=0 if your system lacks a tzset function # -DHAVE_UNISTD_H=0 if your compiler lacks a # -Dlocale_t=XXX if your system uses XXX instead of locale_t # -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS if your platform reserves standard identifiers # with external linkage, e.g., applications cannot define 'localtime'. # -Dssize_t=long on hosts like MS-Windows that lack ssize_t # -DSUPPRESS_TZDIR to not prepend TZDIR to file names; this has # security implications and is not recommended for general use # -DTHREAD_SAFE to make localtime.c thread-safe, as POSIX requires; # not needed by the main-program tz code, which is single-threaded. # Append other compiler flags as needed, e.g., -pthread on GNU/Linux. # -Dtime_tz=\"T\" to use T as the time_t type, rather than the system time_t # This is intended for internal use only; it mangles external names. # -DTZ_DOMAIN=\"foo\" to use "foo" for gettext domain name; default is "tz" # -DTZ_DOMAINDIR=\"/path\" to use "/path" for gettext directory; # the default is system-supplied, typically "/usr/lib/locale" # -DTZDEFRULESTRING=\",date/time,date/time\" to default to the specified # DST transitions if the time zone files cannot be accessed # -DUNINIT_TRAP if reading uninitialized storage can cause problems # other than simply getting garbage data # -DUSE_LTZ=0 to build zdump with the system time zone library # Also set TZDOBJS=zdump.o and CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES= below. # -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"fat\" to default zic's -b option to "fat", and # similarly for "slim". Fat TZif files work around incompatibilities # and bugs in some TZif readers, notably readers that mishandle 64-bit # data in TZif files. Slim TZif files are more efficient and do not # work around these incompatibilities and bugs. If not given, the # default is "slim". # -DZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN=3 # (or some other number) to set the maximum time zone abbreviation length # that zic will accept without a warning (the default is 6) # $(GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS) if you are using recent GCC and want lots of checking # Select instrumentation via "make GCC_INSTRUMENT='whatever'". GCC_INSTRUMENT = \ -fsanitize=undefined -fsanitize-address-use-after-scope \ -fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error -fstack-protector GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS = -DGCC_LINT -g3 -O3 -fno-common \ $(GCC_INSTRUMENT) \ -Wall -Wextra \ -Walloc-size-larger-than=100000 -Warray-bounds=2 \ -Wbad-function-cast -Wcast-align=strict -Wdate-time \ -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wdouble-promotion \ -Wformat=2 -Wformat-overflow=2 -Wformat-signedness -Wformat-truncation \ -Winit-self -Wjump-misses-init -Wlogical-op \ -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wnested-externs \ -Wold-style-definition -Woverlength-strings -Wpointer-arith \ -Wshadow -Wshift-overflow=2 -Wstrict-prototypes -Wstringop-overflow=4 \ -Wstringop-truncation -Wsuggest-attribute=cold \ -Wsuggest-attribute=const -Wsuggest-attribute=format \ -Wsuggest-attribute=malloc \ -Wsuggest-attribute=noreturn -Wsuggest-attribute=pure \ -Wtrampolines -Wundef -Wuninitialized -Wunused \ -Wvariadic-macros -Wvla -Wwrite-strings \ -Wno-address -Wno-format-nonliteral -Wno-sign-compare \ -Wno-type-limits -Wno-unused-parameter # # If your system has a "GMT offset" field in its "struct tm"s # (or if you decide to add such a field in your system's "time.h" file), # add the name to a define such as # -DTM_GMTOFF=tm_gmtoff # to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. If not defined, the code attempts to # guess TM_GMTOFF from other macros; define NO_TM_GMTOFF to suppress this. # Similarly, if your system has a "zone abbreviation" field, define # -DTM_ZONE=tm_zone # and define NO_TM_ZONE to suppress any guessing. These two fields are not # required by POSIX, but are widely available on GNU/Linux and BSD systems. # # The next batch of options control support for external variables # exported by tzcode. In practice these variables are less useful # than TM_GMTOFF and TM_ZONE. However, most of them are standardized. # # # # To omit or support the external variable "tzname", add one of: # # -DHAVE_TZNAME=0 # do not support "tzname" # # -DHAVE_TZNAME=1 # support "tzname", which is defined by system library # # -DHAVE_TZNAME=2 # support and define "tzname" # # to the "CFLAGS=" line. "tzname" is required by POSIX 1988 and later. # # If not defined, the code attempts to guess HAVE_TZNAME from other macros. # # Warning: unless time_tz is also defined, HAVE_TZNAME=1 can cause # # crashes when combined with some platforms' standard libraries, # # presumably due to memory allocation issues. # # # # To omit or support the external variables "timezone" and "daylight", add # # -DUSG_COMPAT=0 # do not support # # -DUSG_COMPAT=1 # support, and variables are defined by system library # # -DUSG_COMPAT=2 # support and define variables # # to the "CFLAGS=" line; "timezone" and "daylight" are inspired by # # Unix Systems Group code and are required by POSIX 2008 (with XSI) and later. # # If not defined, the code attempts to guess USG_COMPAT from other macros. # # # # To support the external variable "altzone", add # # -DALTZONE=0 # do not support # # -DALTZONE=1 # support "altzone", which is defined by system library # # -DALTZONE=2 # support and define "altzone" # # to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line; although "altzone" appeared in # # System V Release 3.1 it has not been standardized. # # If not defined, the code attempts to guess ALTZONE from other macros. # # If you want functions that were inspired by early versions of X3J11's work, # add # -DSTD_INSPIRED # to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. This arranges for the functions # "offtime", "timelocal", "timegm", "timeoff", # "posix2time", and "time2posix" to be added to the time conversion library. # "offtime" is like "gmtime" except that it accepts a second (long) argument # that gives an offset to add to the time_t when converting it. # "timelocal" is equivalent to "mktime". # "timegm" is like "timelocal" except that it turns a struct tm into # a time_t using UT (rather than local time as "timelocal" does). # "timeoff" is like "timegm" except that it accepts a second (long) argument # that gives an offset to use when converting to a time_t. # "posix2time" and "time2posix" are described in an included manual page. # X3J11's work does not describe any of these functions. # These functions may well disappear in future releases of the time # conversion package. # # If you don't want functions that were inspired by NetBSD, add # -DNETBSD_INSPIRED=0 # to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. Otherwise, the functions # "localtime_rz", "mktime_z", "tzalloc", and "tzfree" are added to the # time library, and if STD_INSPIRED is also defined the functions # "posix2time_z" and "time2posix_z" are added as well. # The functions ending in "_z" (or "_rz") are like their unsuffixed # (or suffixed-by-"_r") counterparts, except with an extra first # argument of opaque type timezone_t that specifies the timezone. # "tzalloc" allocates a timezone_t value, and "tzfree" frees it. # # If you want to allocate state structures in localtime, add # -DALL_STATE # to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. Storage is obtained by calling malloc. # # NIST-PCTS:151-2, Version 1.4, (1993-12-03) is a test suite put # out by the National Institute of Standards and Technology # which claims to test C and Posix conformance. If you want to pass PCTS, add # -DPCTS # to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. # # If you want strict compliance with XPG4 as of 1994-04-09, add # -DXPG4_1994_04_09 # to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line. This causes "strftime" to always return # 53 as a week number (rather than 52 or 53) for January days before # January's first Monday when a "%V" format is used and January 1 # falls on a Friday, Saturday, or Sunday. CFLAGS= # Linker flags. Default to $(LFLAGS) for backwards compatibility # to release 2012h and earlier. LDFLAGS= $(LFLAGS) # For leap seconds, this Makefile uses LEAPSECONDS='-L leapseconds' in # submake command lines. The default is no leap seconds. LEAPSECONDS= # The zic command and its arguments. zic= ./zic ZIC= $(zic) $(ZFLAGS) # To shrink the size of installed TZif files, # append "-r @N" to omit data before N-seconds-after-the-Epoch. # To grow the files and work around older application bugs, append "-b fat"; # see ZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT above. # See the zic man page for more about -b and -r. ZFLAGS= # How to use zic to install TZif files. ZIC_INSTALL= $(ZIC) -d '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)' $(LEAPSECONDS) # The name of a Posix-compliant 'awk' on your system. # Older 'mawk' versions, such as the 'mawk' in Ubuntu 16.04, might dump core; # on Ubuntu you can work around this with # AWK= gawk AWK= awk # The full path name of a Posix-compliant shell, preferably one that supports # the Korn shell's 'select' statement as an extension. # These days, Bash is the most popular. # It should be OK to set this to /bin/sh, on platforms where /bin/sh # lacks 'select' or doesn't completely conform to Posix, but /bin/bash # is typically nicer if it works. KSHELL= /bin/bash # Name of curl , used for HTML validation. CURL= curl # Name of GNU Privacy Guard , used to sign distributions. GPG= gpg # This expensive test requires USE_LTZ. # To suppress it, define this macro to be empty. CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES = check_time_t_alternatives # SAFE_CHAR is a regular expression that matches a safe character. # Some parts of this distribution are limited to safe characters; # others can use any UTF-8 character. # For now, the safe characters are a safe subset of ASCII. # The caller must set the shell variable 'sharp' to the character '#', # since Makefile macros cannot contain '#'. # TAB_CHAR is a single tab character, in single quotes. TAB_CHAR= ' ' SAFE_CHARSET1= $(TAB_CHAR)' !\"'$$sharp'$$%&'\''()*+,./0123456789:;<=>?@' SAFE_CHARSET2= 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\^_`' SAFE_CHARSET3= 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~' SAFE_CHARSET= $(SAFE_CHARSET1)$(SAFE_CHARSET2)$(SAFE_CHARSET3) SAFE_CHAR= '[]'$(SAFE_CHARSET)'-]' # These characters are Latin-1, and so are likely to be displayable # even in editors with limited character sets. UNUSUAL_OK_LATIN_1 = «°±»½¾× # This IPA symbol is represented in Unicode as the composition of # U+0075 and U+032F, and U+032F is not considered alphabetic by some # grep implementations that do not grok composition. UNUSUAL_OK_IPA = u̯ # Non-ASCII non-letters that OK_CHAR allows, as these characters are # useful in commentary. UNUSUAL_OK_CHARSET= $(UNUSUAL_OK_LATIN_1)$(UNUSUAL_OK_IPA) # OK_CHAR matches any character allowed in the distributed files. # This is the same as SAFE_CHAR, except that UNUSUAL_OK_CHARSET and # multibyte letters are also allowed so that commentary can contain a # few safe symbols and people's names and can quote non-English sources. # Other non-letters are limited to ASCII renderings for the # convenience of maintainers using XEmacs 21.5.34, which by default # mishandles Unicode characters U+0100 and greater. OK_CHAR= '[][:alpha:]$(UNUSUAL_OK_CHARSET)'$(SAFE_CHARSET)'-]' # SAFE_LINE matches a line of safe characters. # SAFE_SHARP_LINE is similar, except any OK character can follow '#'; # this is so that comments can contain non-ASCII characters. # OK_LINE matches a line of OK characters. SAFE_LINE= '^'$(SAFE_CHAR)'*$$' SAFE_SHARP_LINE='^'$(SAFE_CHAR)'*('$$sharp$(OK_CHAR)'*)?$$' OK_LINE= '^'$(OK_CHAR)'*$$' # Flags to give 'tar' when making a distribution. # Try to use flags appropriate for GNU tar. GNUTARFLAGS= --numeric-owner --owner=0 --group=0 --mode=go+u,go-w --sort=name TARFLAGS= `if tar $(GNUTARFLAGS) --version >/dev/null 2>&1; \ then echo $(GNUTARFLAGS); \ else :; \ fi` # Flags to give 'gzip' when making a distribution. GZIPFLAGS= -9n ############################################################################### #MAKE= make cc= cc CC= $(cc) -DTZDIR='"$(TZDIR)"' AR= ar # ':' on typical hosts; 'ranlib' on the ancient hosts that still need ranlib. RANLIB= : TZCOBJS= zic.o TZDOBJS= zdump.o localtime.o asctime.o strftime.o DATEOBJS= date.o localtime.o strftime.o asctime.o LIBSRCS= localtime.c asctime.c difftime.c strftime.c LIBOBJS= localtime.o asctime.o difftime.o strftime.o HEADERS= tzfile.h private.h NONLIBSRCS= zic.c zdump.c NEWUCBSRCS= date.c SOURCES= $(HEADERS) $(LIBSRCS) $(NONLIBSRCS) $(NEWUCBSRCS) \ tzselect.ksh workman.sh MANS= newctime.3 newstrftime.3 newtzset.3 time2posix.3 \ tzfile.5 tzselect.8 zic.8 zdump.8 MANTXTS= newctime.3.txt newstrftime.3.txt newtzset.3.txt \ time2posix.3.txt \ tzfile.5.txt tzselect.8.txt zic.8.txt zdump.8.txt \ date.1.txt COMMON= calendars CONTRIBUTING LICENSE Makefile \ NEWS README theory.html version WEB_PAGES= tz-art.html tz-how-to.html tz-link.html CHECK_WEB_PAGES=check_theory.html check_tz-art.html \ check_tz-how-to.html check_tz-link.html DOCS= $(MANS) date.1 $(MANTXTS) $(WEB_PAGES) PRIMARY_YDATA= africa antarctica asia australasia \ europe northamerica southamerica YDATA= $(PRIMARY_YDATA) etcetera NDATA= factory TDATA_TO_CHECK= $(YDATA) $(NDATA) backward TDATA= $(YDATA) $(NDATA) $(BACKWARD) ZONETABLES= zone1970.tab zone.tab TABDATA= iso3166.tab $(TZDATA_TEXT) $(ZONETABLES) LEAP_DEPS= leapseconds.awk leap-seconds.list TZDATA_ZI_DEPS= ziguard.awk zishrink.awk version $(TDATA) $(PACKRATDATA) DSTDATA_ZI_DEPS= ziguard.awk $(TDATA) $(PACKRATDATA) DATA= $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) backzone iso3166.tab leap-seconds.list \ leapseconds $(ZONETABLES) AWK_SCRIPTS= checklinks.awk checktab.awk leapseconds.awk \ ziguard.awk zishrink.awk MISC= $(AWK_SCRIPTS) zoneinfo2tdf.pl TZS_YEAR= 2050 TZS_CUTOFF_FLAG= -c $(TZS_YEAR) TZS= to$(TZS_YEAR).tzs TZS_NEW= to$(TZS_YEAR)new.tzs TZS_DEPS= $(PRIMARY_YDATA) asctime.c localtime.c \ private.h tzfile.h zdump.c zic.c # EIGHT_YARDS is just a yard short of the whole ENCHILADA. EIGHT_YARDS = $(COMMON) $(DOCS) $(SOURCES) $(DATA) $(MISC) tzdata.zi ENCHILADA = $(EIGHT_YARDS) $(TZS) # Consult these files when deciding whether to rebuild the 'version' file. # This list is not the same as the output of 'git ls-files', since # .gitignore is not distributed. VERSION_DEPS= \ calendars CONTRIBUTING LICENSE Makefile NEWS README \ africa antarctica asctime.c asia australasia \ backward backzone \ checklinks.awk checktab.awk \ date.1 date.c difftime.c \ etcetera europe factory iso3166.tab \ leap-seconds.list leapseconds.awk localtime.c \ newctime.3 newstrftime.3 newtzset.3 northamerica \ private.h southamerica strftime.c theory.html \ time2posix.3 tz-art.html tz-how-to.html tz-link.html \ tzfile.5 tzfile.h tzselect.8 tzselect.ksh \ workman.sh zdump.8 zdump.c zic.8 zic.c \ ziguard.awk zishrink.awk \ zone.tab zone1970.tab zoneinfo2tdf.pl # And for the benefit of csh users on systems that assume the user # shell should be used to handle commands in Makefiles. . . SHELL= /bin/sh all: tzselect zic zdump libtz.a $(TABDATA) \ vanguard.zi main.zi rearguard.zi ALL: all date $(ENCHILADA) install: all $(DATA) $(REDO) $(MANS) mkdir -p '$(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)' \ '$(DESTDIR)$(ZDUMPDIR)' '$(DESTDIR)$(ZICDIR)' \ '$(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)' \ '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man3' '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man5' \ '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man8' $(ZIC_INSTALL) -l $(LOCALTIME) \ `case '$(POSIXRULES)' in ?*) echo '-p';; esac \ ` $(POSIXRULES) \ -t '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDEFAULT)' cp -f $(TABDATA) '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)/.' cp tzselect '$(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/.' cp zdump '$(DESTDIR)$(ZDUMPDIR)/.' cp zic '$(DESTDIR)$(ZICDIR)/.' cp libtz.a '$(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/.' $(RANLIB) '$(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/libtz.a' cp -f newctime.3 newtzset.3 '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man3/.' cp -f tzfile.5 '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man5/.' cp -f tzselect.8 zdump.8 zic.8 '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man8/.' INSTALL: ALL install date.1 mkdir -p '$(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)' '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man1' cp date '$(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/.' cp -f date.1 '$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man1/.' version: $(VERSION_DEPS) { (type git) >/dev/null 2>&1 && \ V=`git describe --match '[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][a-z]*' \ --abbrev=7 --dirty` || \ V='$(VERSION)'; } && \ printf '%s\n' "$$V" >$@.out mv $@.out $@ # These files can be tailored by setting BACKWARD and PACKRATDATA. vanguard.zi main.zi rearguard.zi: $(DSTDATA_ZI_DEPS) $(AWK) -v DATAFORM=`expr $@ : '\(.*\).zi'` -f ziguard.awk \ $(TDATA) $(PACKRATDATA) >$@.out mv $@.out $@ # This file has a version comment that attempts to capture any tailoring # via BACKWARD, DATAFORM, PACKRATDATA, and REDO. tzdata.zi: $(DATAFORM).zi version zishrink.awk version=`sed 1q version` && \ LC_ALL=C $(AWK) \ -v dataform='$(DATAFORM)' \ -v deps='$(DSTDATA_ZI_DEPS) zishrink.awk' \ -v redo='$(REDO)' \ -v version="$$version" \ -f zishrink.awk \ $(DATAFORM).zi >$@.out mv $@.out $@ version.h: version VERSION=`cat version` && printf '%s\n' \ 'static char const PKGVERSION[]="($(PACKAGE)) ";' \ "static char const TZVERSION[]=\"$$VERSION\";" \ 'static char const REPORT_BUGS_TO[]="$(BUGEMAIL)";' \ >$@.out mv $@.out $@ zdump: $(TZDOBJS) $(CC) -o $@ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(TZDOBJS) $(LDLIBS) zic: $(TZCOBJS) $(CC) -o $@ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(TZCOBJS) $(LDLIBS) leapseconds: $(LEAP_DEPS) $(AWK) -v EXPIRES_LINE=$(EXPIRES_LINE) \ -f leapseconds.awk leap-seconds.list >$@.out mv $@.out $@ # Arguments to pass to submakes of install_data. # They can be overridden by later submake arguments. INSTALLARGS = \ BACKWARD='$(BACKWARD)' \ DESTDIR='$(DESTDIR)' \ LEAPSECONDS='$(LEAPSECONDS)' \ PACKRATDATA='$(PACKRATDATA)' \ TZDEFAULT='$(TZDEFAULT)' \ TZDIR='$(TZDIR)' \ ZIC='$(ZIC)' INSTALL_DATA_DEPS = zic leapseconds tzdata.zi # 'make install_data' installs one set of TZif files. install_data: $(INSTALL_DATA_DEPS) $(ZIC_INSTALL) tzdata.zi posix_only: $(INSTALL_DATA_DEPS) $(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) LEAPSECONDS= install_data right_only: $(INSTALL_DATA_DEPS) $(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) LEAPSECONDS='-L leapseconds' \ install_data # In earlier versions of this makefile, the other two directories were # subdirectories of $(TZDIR). However, this led to configuration errors. # For example, with posix_right under the earlier scheme, # TZ='right/Australia/Adelaide' got you localtime with leap seconds, # but gmtime without leap seconds, which led to problems with applications # like sendmail that subtract gmtime from localtime. # Therefore, the other two directories are now siblings of $(TZDIR). # You must replace all of $(TZDIR) to switch from not using leap seconds # to using them, or vice versa. right_posix: right_only rm -fr '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-leaps' ln -s '$(TZDIR_BASENAME)' '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-leaps' || \ $(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) TZDIR='$(TZDIR)-leaps' right_only $(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) TZDIR='$(TZDIR)-posix' posix_only posix_right: posix_only rm -fr '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-posix' ln -s '$(TZDIR_BASENAME)' '$(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-posix' || \ $(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) TZDIR='$(TZDIR)-posix' posix_only $(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) TZDIR='$(TZDIR)-leaps' right_only # This obsolescent rule is present for backwards compatibility with # tz releases 2014g through 2015g. It should go away eventually. posix_packrat: $(INSTALL_DATA_DEPS) $(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) PACKRATDATA=backzone posix_only zones: $(REDO) # dummy.zd is not a real file; it is mentioned here only so that the # top-level 'make' does not have a syntax error. ZDS = dummy.zd # Rule used only by submakes invoked by the $(TZS_NEW) rule. # It is separate so that GNU 'make -j' can run instances in parallel. $(ZDS): zdump ./zdump -i $(TZS_CUTOFF_FLAG) '$(wd)/'$$(expr $@ : '\(.*\).zd') \ >$@ TZS_NEW_DEPS = tzdata.zi zdump zic $(TZS_NEW): $(TZS_NEW_DEPS) rm -fr tzs$(TZS_YEAR).dir mkdir tzs$(TZS_YEAR).dir $(zic) -d tzs$(TZS_YEAR).dir tzdata.zi $(AWK) '/^L/{print "Link\t" $$2 "\t" $$3}' \ tzdata.zi | LC_ALL=C sort >$@.out wd=`pwd` && \ x=`$(AWK) '/^Z/{print "tzs$(TZS_YEAR).dir/" $$2 ".zd"}' \ tzdata.zi \ | LC_ALL=C sort -t . -k 2,2` && \ set x $$x && \ shift && \ ZDS=$$* && \ $(MAKE) wd="$$wd" TZS_CUTOFF_FLAG="$(TZS_CUTOFF_FLAG)" \ ZDS="$$ZDS" $$ZDS && \ sed 's,^TZ=".*\.dir/,TZ=",' $$ZDS >>$@.out rm -fr tzs$(TZS_YEAR).dir mv $@.out $@ # If $(TZS) exists but 'make check_tzs' fails, a maintainer should inspect the # failed output and fix the inconsistency, perhaps by running 'make force_tzs'. $(TZS): touch $@ force_tzs: $(TZS_NEW) cp $(TZS_NEW) $(TZS) libtz.a: $(LIBOBJS) rm -f $@ $(AR) -rc $@ $(LIBOBJS) $(RANLIB) $@ date: $(DATEOBJS) $(CC) -o $@ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(DATEOBJS) $(LDLIBS) tzselect: tzselect.ksh version VERSION=`cat version` && sed \ -e 's|#!/bin/bash|#!$(KSHELL)|g' \ -e 's|AWK=[^}]*|AWK=$(AWK)|g' \ -e 's|\(PKGVERSION\)=.*|\1='\''($(PACKAGE)) '\''|' \ -e 's|\(REPORT_BUGS_TO\)=.*|\1=$(BUGEMAIL)|' \ -e 's|TZDIR=[^}]*|TZDIR=$(TZDIR)|' \ -e 's|\(TZVERSION\)=.*|\1='"$$VERSION"'|' \ <$@.ksh >$@.out chmod +x $@.out mv $@.out $@ check: check_character_set check_white_space check_links \ check_name_lengths check_sorted \ check_tables check_web check_zishrink check_tzs check_character_set: $(ENCHILADA) test ! '$(UTF8_LOCALE)' || \ ! printf 'A\304\200B\n' | \ LC_ALL='$(UTF8_LOCALE)' grep -q '^A.B$$' >/dev/null 2>&1 || { \ LC_ALL='$(UTF8_LOCALE)' && export LC_ALL && \ sharp='#' && \ ! grep -Env $(SAFE_LINE) $(MANS) date.1 $(MANTXTS) \ $(MISC) $(SOURCES) $(WEB_PAGES) \ CONTRIBUTING LICENSE README \ version tzdata.zi && \ ! grep -Env $(SAFE_LINE)'|^UNUSUAL_OK_'$(OK_CHAR)'*$$' \ Makefile && \ ! grep -Env $(SAFE_SHARP_LINE) $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) backzone \ leapseconds zone.tab && \ ! grep -Env $(OK_LINE) $(ENCHILADA); \ } touch $@ check_white_space: $(ENCHILADA) patfmt=' \t|[\f\r\v]' && pat=`printf "$$patfmt\\n"` && \ ! grep -En "$$pat" \ $$(ls $(ENCHILADA) | grep -Fvx leap-seconds.list) ! grep -n '[[:space:]]$$' \ $$(ls $(ENCHILADA) | grep -Fvx leap-seconds.list) touch $@ PRECEDES_FILE_NAME = ^(Zone|Link[[:space:]]+[^[:space:]]+)[[:space:]]+ FILE_NAME_COMPONENT_TOO_LONG = \ $(PRECEDES_FILE_NAME)[^[:space:]]*[^/[:space:]]{15} check_name_lengths: $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) backzone ! grep -En '$(FILE_NAME_COMPONENT_TOO_LONG)' \ $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) backzone touch $@ CHECK_CC_LIST = { n = split($$1,a,/,/); for (i=2; i<=n; i++) print a[1], a[i]; } check_sorted: backward backzone iso3166.tab zone.tab zone1970.tab $(AWK) '/^Link/ {print $$3}' backward | LC_ALL=C sort -cu $(AWK) '/^Zone/ {print $$2}' backzone | LC_ALL=C sort -cu touch $@ check_links: checklinks.awk $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) tzdata.zi $(AWK) -f checklinks.awk $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) $(AWK) -f checklinks.awk tzdata.zi touch $@ check_tables: checktab.awk $(PRIMARY_YDATA) $(ZONETABLES) for tab in $(ZONETABLES); do \ $(AWK) -f checktab.awk -v zone_table=$$tab $(PRIMARY_YDATA) \ || exit; \ done touch $@ check_tzs: $(TZS) $(TZS_NEW) if test -s $(TZS); then \ diff -u $(TZS) $(TZS_NEW); \ else \ cp $(TZS_NEW) $(TZS); \ fi touch $@ check_web: $(CHECK_WEB_PAGES) check_theory.html: theory.html check_tz-art.html: tz-art.html check_tz-how-to.html: tz-how-to.html check_tz-link.html: tz-link.html check_theory.html check_tz-art.html check_tz-how-to.html check_tz-link.html: $(CURL) -sS --url https://validator.w3.org/nu/ -F out=gnu \ -F file=@$$(expr $@ : 'check_\(.*\)') -o $@.out && \ test ! -s $@.out || { cat $@.out; exit 1; } mv $@.out $@ # Check that zishrink.awk does not alter the data, and that ziguard.awk # preserves main-format data. check_zishrink: check_zishrink_posix check_zishrink_right check_zishrink_posix check_zishrink_right: \ zic leapseconds $(PACKRATDATA) $(TDATA) $(DATAFORM).zi tzdata.zi rm -fr $@.dir $@-t.dir $@-shrunk.dir mkdir $@.dir $@-t.dir $@-shrunk.dir case $@ in \ *_right) leap='-L leapseconds';; \ *) leap=;; \ esac && \ $(ZIC) $$leap -d $@.dir $(DATAFORM).zi && \ $(ZIC) $$leap -d $@-shrunk.dir tzdata.zi && \ case $(DATAFORM) in \ main) \ $(ZIC) $$leap -d $@-t.dir $(TDATA) && \ $(AWK) '/^Rule/' $(TDATA) | \ $(ZIC) $$leap -d $@-t.dir - $(PACKRATDATA) && \ diff -r $@.dir $@-t.dir;; \ esac diff -r $@.dir $@-shrunk.dir rm -fr $@.dir $@-t.dir $@-shrunk.dir touch $@ clean_misc: rm -fr check_*.dir rm -f *.o *.out $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES) \ check_* core typecheck_* \ date tzselect version.h zdump zic libtz.a clean: clean_misc rm -fr *.dir tzdb-*/ rm -f *.zi $(TZS_NEW) maintainer-clean: clean @echo 'This command is intended for maintainers to use; it' @echo 'deletes files that may need special tools to rebuild.' rm -f leapseconds version $(MANTXTS) $(TZS) *.asc *.tar.* names: @echo $(ENCHILADA) public: check check_public $(CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES) \ tarballs signatures date.1.txt: date.1 newctime.3.txt: newctime.3 newstrftime.3.txt: newstrftime.3 newtzset.3.txt: newtzset.3 time2posix.3.txt: time2posix.3 tzfile.5.txt: tzfile.5 tzselect.8.txt: tzselect.8 zdump.8.txt: zdump.8 zic.8.txt: zic.8 $(MANTXTS): workman.sh LC_ALL=C sh workman.sh `expr $@ : '\(.*\)\.txt$$'` >$@.out mv $@.out $@ # Set the timestamps to those of the git repository, if available, # and if the files have not changed since then. # This uses GNU 'touch' syntax 'touch -d@N FILE', # where N is the number of seconds since 1970. # If git or GNU 'touch' is absent, don't bother to sync with git timestamps. # Also, set the timestamp of each prebuilt file like 'leapseconds' # to be the maximum of the files it depends on. set-timestamps.out: $(EIGHT_YARDS) rm -f $@ if (type git) >/dev/null 2>&1 && \ files=`git ls-files $(EIGHT_YARDS)` && \ touch -md @1 test.out; then \ rm -f test.out && \ for file in $$files; do \ if git diff --quiet $$file; then \ time=`git log -1 --format='tformat:%ct' $$file` && \ touch -cmd @$$time $$file; \ else \ echo >&2 "$$file: warning: does not match repository"; \ fi || exit; \ done; \ fi touch -cmr `ls -t $(LEAP_DEPS) | sed 1q` leapseconds for file in `ls $(MANTXTS) | sed 's/\.txt$$//'`; do \ touch -cmr `ls -t $$file workman.sh | sed 1q` $$file.txt || \ exit; \ done touch -cmr `ls -t $(TZDATA_ZI_DEPS) | sed 1q` tzdata.zi touch -cmr `ls -t $(VERSION_DEPS) | sed 1q` version touch $@ set-tzs-timestamp.out: $(TZS) touch -cmr `ls -t $(TZS_DEPS) | sed 1q` $(TZS) touch $@ # The zics below ensure that each data file can stand on its own. # We also do an all-files run to catch links to links. check_public: $(VERSION_DEPS) rm -fr public.dir mkdir public.dir ln $(VERSION_DEPS) public.dir cd public.dir && $(MAKE) CFLAGS='$(GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS)' ALL for i in $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) public.dir/tzdata.zi; do \ public.dir/zic -v -d public.dir/zoneinfo $$i 2>&1 || exit; \ done public.dir/zic -v -d public.dir/zoneinfo-all $(TDATA_TO_CHECK) rm -fr public.dir touch $@ # Check that the code works under various alternative # implementations of time_t. check_time_t_alternatives: $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES) $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_TAIL): $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD) $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES): $(VERSION_DEPS) rm -fr $@.dir mkdir $@.dir ln $(VERSION_DEPS) $@.dir case $@ in \ int32_t) range=-2147483648,2147483648;; \ u*) range=0,4294967296;; \ *) range=-4294967296,4294967296;; \ esac && \ wd=`pwd` && \ zones=`$(AWK) '/^[^#]/ { print $$3 }' /dev/null; then \ quiet_option='-q'; \ else \ quiet_option=''; \ fi && \ diff $$quiet_option -r $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD).dir/etc \ $@.dir/etc && \ diff $$quiet_option -r \ $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES_HEAD).dir/usr/share \ $@.dir/usr/share; \ } touch $@ TRADITIONAL_ASC = \ tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc \ tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc REARGUARD_ASC = \ tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.tar.gz.asc ALL_ASC = $(TRADITIONAL_ASC) $(REARGUARD_ASC) \ tzdb-$(VERSION).tar.lz.asc tarballs rearguard_tarballs traditional_tarballs \ signatures rearguard_signatures traditional_signatures: \ version set-timestamps.out rearguard.zi VERSION=`cat version` && \ $(MAKE) VERSION="$$VERSION" $@_version # These *_version rules are intended for use if VERSION is set by some # other means. Ordinarily these rules are used only by the above # non-_version rules, which set VERSION on the 'make' command line. tarballs_version: traditional_tarballs_version rearguard_tarballs_version \ tzdb-$(VERSION).tar.lz rearguard_tarballs_version: \ tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.tar.gz traditional_tarballs_version: \ tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz signatures_version: $(ALL_ASC) rearguard_signatures_version: $(REARGUARD_ASC) traditional_signatures_version: $(TRADITIONAL_ASC) tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz: set-timestamps.out LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \ tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - \ $(COMMON) $(DOCS) $(SOURCES) | \ gzip $(GZIPFLAGS) >$@.out mv $@.out $@ tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz: set-timestamps.out LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \ tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - $(COMMON) $(DATA) $(MISC) | \ gzip $(GZIPFLAGS) >$@.out mv $@.out $@ tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.tar.gz: rearguard.zi set-timestamps.out rm -fr tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir mkdir tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir ln $(COMMON) $(DATA) $(MISC) tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir cd tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir && \ rm -f $(TDATA) $(PACKRATDATA) version for f in $(TDATA) $(PACKRATDATA); do \ rearf=tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir/$$f; \ $(AWK) -v DATAFORM=rearguard -f ziguard.awk $$f >$$rearf && \ touch -cmr `ls -t ziguard.awk $$f` $$rearf || exit; \ done sed '1s/$$/-rearguard/' \ tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir/version + : The dummy pacificnew pacifies TZUpdater 2.3.1 and earlier. + touch -md 2020-10-12T22:53:00Z \ + tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir/pacificnew touch -cmr version tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir/version LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \ (cd tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.dir && \ - tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - $(COMMON) $(DATA) $(MISC) | \ + tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - \ + $(COMMON) $(DATA) $(MISC) pacificnew | \ gzip $(GZIPFLAGS)) >$@.out mv $@.out $@ tzdb-$(VERSION).tar.lz: set-timestamps.out set-tzs-timestamp.out rm -fr tzdb-$(VERSION) mkdir tzdb-$(VERSION) ln $(ENCHILADA) tzdb-$(VERSION) touch -cmr `ls -t tzdb-$(VERSION)/* | sed 1q` tzdb-$(VERSION) LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \ tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - tzdb-$(VERSION) | lzip -9 >$@.out mv $@.out $@ tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc: tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc: tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.tar.gz.asc: tzdata$(VERSION)-rearguard.tar.gz tzdb-$(VERSION).tar.lz.asc: tzdb-$(VERSION).tar.lz $(ALL_ASC): $(GPG) --armor --detach-sign $? TYPECHECK_CFLAGS = $(CFLAGS) -DTYPECHECK -D__time_t_defined -D_TIME_T typecheck: typecheck_long_long typecheck_unsigned typecheck_long_long typecheck_unsigned: $(VERSION_DEPS) rm -fr $@.dir mkdir $@.dir ln $(VERSION_DEPS) $@.dir cd $@.dir && \ case $@ in \ *_long_long) i="long long";; \ *_unsigned ) i="unsigned" ;; \ esac && \ typecheck_cflags='' && \ $(MAKE) \ CFLAGS="$(TYPECHECK_CFLAGS) \"-Dtime_t=$$i\"" \ TOPDIR="`pwd`" \ install $@.dir/zdump -i -c 1970,1971 Europe/Rome touch $@ zonenames: tzdata.zi @$(AWK) '/^Z/ { print $$2 } /^L/ { print $$3 }' tzdata.zi asctime.o: private.h tzfile.h date.o: private.h difftime.o: private.h localtime.o: private.h tzfile.h strftime.o: private.h tzfile.h zdump.o: version.h zic.o: private.h tzfile.h version.h .KEEP_STATE: .PHONY: ALL INSTALL all .PHONY: check check_time_t_alternatives .PHONY: check_web check_zishrink .PHONY: clean clean_misc dummy.zd force_tzs .PHONY: install install_data maintainer-clean names .PHONY: posix_only posix_packrat posix_right public .PHONY: rearguard_signatures rearguard_signatures_version .PHONY: rearguard_tarballs rearguard_tarballs_version .PHONY: right_only right_posix signatures signatures_version .PHONY: tarballs tarballs_version .PHONY: traditional_signatures traditional_signatures_version .PHONY: traditional_tarballs traditional_tarballs_version .PHONY: typecheck .PHONY: zonenames zones .PHONY: $(ZDS) Index: head/contrib/tzdata/NEWS =================================================================== --- head/contrib/tzdata/NEWS (revision 366778) +++ head/contrib/tzdata/NEWS (revision 366779) @@ -1,5090 +1,5110 @@ News for the tz database +Release 2020c - 2020-10-16 11:15:53 -0700 + + Briefly: + Fiji starts DST later than usual, on 2020-12-20. + + Changes to future timestamps + + Fiji will start DST on 2020-12-20, instead of 2020-11-08 as + previously predicted. DST will still end on 2021-01-17. + (Thanks to Raymond Kumar and Alan Mintz.) Assume for now that + the later-than-usual start date is a one-time departure from the + recent pattern. + + Changes to build procedure + + Rearguard tarballs now contain an empty file pacificnew. + Some older downstream software expects this file to exist. + (Problem reported by Mike Cullinan.) + + Release 2020b - 2020-10-06 18:35:04 -0700 Briefly: Revised predictions for Morocco's changes starting in 2023. Canada's Yukon changes to -07 on 2020-11-01, not 2020-03-08. Macquarie Island has stayed in sync with Tasmania since 2011. Casey, Antarctica is at +08 in winter and +11 in summer. zic no longer supports -y, nor the TYPE field of Rules. Changes to future timestamps Morocco's spring-forward after Ramadan is now predicted to occur no sooner than two days after Ramadan, instead of one day. (Thanks to Milamber.) The first altered prediction is for 2023, now predicted to spring-forward on April 30 instead of April 23. Changes to past and future timestamps Casey Station, Antarctica has been using +08 in winter and +11 in summer since 2018. The most recent transition from +08 to +11 was 2020-10-04 00:01. Also, Macquarie Island has been staying in sync with Tasmania since 2011. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes to past and future time zone abbreviations and DST flags Canada's Yukon, represented by America/Whitehorse and America/Dawson, changes its time zone rules from -08/-07 to permanent -07 on 2020-11-01, not on 2020-03-08 as 2020a had it. This change affects only the time zone abbreviation (MST vs PDT) and daylight saving flag for the period between the two dates. (Thanks to Andrew G. Smith.) Changes to past timestamps Correct several transitions for Hungary for 1918/1983. For example, the 1983-09-25 fall-back was at 01:00, not 03:00. (Thanks to Géza Nyáry.) Also, the 1890 transition to standard time was on 11-01, not 10-01 (thanks to Michael Deckers). The 1891 French transition was on March 16, not March 15. The 1911-03-11 French transition was at midnight, not a minute later. Monaco's transitions were on 1892-06-01 and 1911-03-29, not 1891-03-15 and 1911-03-11. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Changes to code Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic. These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'. zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing localtime and posixrules files, respectively. The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been removed. Changes to build procedure The Makefile now defaults POSIXRULES to '-', so the posixrules feature (obsolete as of 2019b) is no longer installed by default. Changes to documentation and commentary The long-obsolete files pacificnew, systemv, and yearistype.sh have been removed from the distribution. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Release 2020a - 2020-04-23 16:03:47 -0700 Briefly: Morocco springs forward on 2020-05-31, not 2020-05-24. Canada's Yukon advanced to -07 year-round on 2020-03-08. America/Nuuk renamed from America/Godthab. zic now supports expiration dates for leap second lists. Changes to future timestamps Morocco's second spring-forward transition in 2020 will be May 31, not May 24 as predicted earlier. (Thanks to Semlali Naoufal.) Adjust future-year predictions to use the first Sunday after the day after Ramadan, not the first Sunday after Ramadan. Canada's Yukon, represented by America/Whitehorse and America/Dawson, advanced to -07 year-round, beginning with its spring-forward transition on 2020-03-08, and will not fall back on 2020-11-01. Although a government press release calls this "permanent Pacific Daylight Saving Time", we prefer MST for consistency with nearby Dawson Creek, Creston, and Fort Nelson. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Changes to past timestamps Shanghai observed DST in 1919. (Thanks to Phake Nick.) Changes to timezone identifiers To reflect current usage in English better, America/Godthab has been renamed to America/Nuuk. A backwards-compatibility link remains for the old name. Changes to code localtime.c no longer mishandles timestamps after the last transition in a TZif file with leap seconds and with daylight saving time transitions projected into the indefinite future. For example, with TZ='America/Los_Angeles' with leap seconds, zdump formerly reported a DST transition on 2038-03-14 from 01:59:32.999... to 02:59:33 instead of the correct transition from 01:59:59.999... to 03:00:00. zic -L now supports an Expires line in the leapseconds file, and truncates the TZif output accordingly. This propagates leap second expiration information into the TZif file, and avoids the abovementioned localtime.c bug as well as similar bugs present in many client implementations. If no Expires line is present, zic -L instead truncates the TZif output based on the #expires comment present in leapseconds files distributed by tzdb 2018f and later; however, this usage is obsolescent. For now, the distributed leapseconds file has an Expires line that is commented out, so that the file can be fed to older versions of zic which ignore the commented-out line. Future tzdb distributions are planned to contain a leapseconds file with an Expires line. The configuration macros HAVE_TZNAME and USG_COMPAT should now be set to 1 if the system library supports the feature, and 2 if not. As before, these macros are nonzero if tzcode should support the feature, zero otherwise. The configuration macro ALTZONE now has the same values with the same meaning as HAVE_TZNAME and USG_COMPAT. The code's defense against CRLF in leap-seconds.list is now portable to POSIX awk. (Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.) Although the undocumented tzsetwall function is not changed in this release, it is now deprecated in preparation for removal in future releases. Due to POSIX requirements, tzsetwall has not worked for some time. Any code that uses it should instead use tzalloc(NULL) or, if portability trumps thread-safety, should unset the TZ environment variable. Changes to commentary The Îles-de-la-Madeleine and the Listuguj reserve are noted as following America/Halifax, and comments about Yukon's "south" and "north" have been corrected to say "east" and "west". (Thanks to Jeffery Nichols.) Release 2019c - 2019-09-11 08:59:48 -0700 Briefly: Fiji observes DST from 2019-11-10 to 2020-01-12. Norfolk Island starts observing Australian-style DST. Changes to future timestamps Fiji's next DST transitions will be 2019-11-10 and 2020-01-12 instead of 2019-11-03 and 2020-01-19. (Thanks to Raymond Kumar.) Adjust future guesses accordingly. Norfolk Island will observe Australian-style DST starting in spring 2019. The first transition is on 2019-10-06. (Thanks to Kyle Czech and Michael Deckers.) Changes to past timestamps Many corrections to time in Turkey from 1940 through 1985. (Thanks to Oya Vulaş via Alois Treindl, and to Kıvanç Yazan.) The Norfolk Island 1975-03-02 transition was at 02:00 standard time, not 02:00 DST. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) South Korea observed DST from 1948 through 1951. Although this info was supposed to appear in release 2014j, a typo inadvertently suppressed the change. (Thanks to Alois Treindl.) Detroit observed DST in 1967 and 1968 following the US DST rules, except that its 1967 DST began on June 14 at 00:01. (Thanks to Alois Treindl for pointing out that the old data entries were probably wrong.) Fix several errors in pre-1970 transitions in Perry County, IN. (Thanks to Alois Triendl for pointing out the 1967/9 errors.) Edmonton did not observe DST in 1967 or 1969. In 1946 Vancouver ended DST on 09-29 not 10-13, and Vienna ended DST on 10-07 not 10-06. In 1945 Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) switched from +01/+02 to +02/+03 on 04-10 not 01-01, and its +02/+03 is abbreviated EET/EEST, not CET/CEST. (Thanks to Alois Triendl.) In 1946 Königsberg switched to +03 on 04-07 not 01-01. In 1946 Louisville switched from CST to CDT on 04-28 at 00:01, not 01-01 at 00:00. (Thanks to Alois Treindl and Michael Deckers.) Also, it switched from CST to CDT on 1950-04-30, not 1947-04-27. The 1892-05-01 transition in Brussels was at 00:17:30, not at noon. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Changes to past time zone abbreviations and DST flags Hong Kong Winter Time, observed from 1941-10-01 to 1941-12-25, is now flagged as DST and is abbreviated HKWT not HKT. Changes to code leapseconds.awk now relies only on its input data, rather than also relying on its comments. (Inspired by code from Dennis Ferguson and Chris Woodbury.) The code now defends against CRLFs in leap-seconds.list. (Thanks to Brian Inglis and Chris Woodbury.) Changes to documentation and commentary theory.html discusses leap seconds. (Thanks to Steve Summit.) Nashville's newspapers dueled about the time of day in the 1950s. (Thanks to John Seigenthaler.) Liechtenstein observed Swiss DST in 1941/2. (Thanks to Alois Treindl.) Release 2019b - 2019-07-01 00:09:53 -0700 Briefly: Brazil no longer observes DST. 'zic -b slim' outputs smaller TZif files; please try it out. Palestine's 2019 spring-forward transition was on 03-29, not 03-30. Changes to future timestamps Brazil has canceled DST and will stay on standard time indefinitely. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen, Marcus Diniz, and Daniel Soares de Oliveira.) Predictions for Morocco now go through 2087 instead of 2037, to work around a problem on newlib when using TZif files output by zic 2019a or earlier. (Problem reported by David Gauchard.) Changes to past and future timestamps Palestine's 2019 spring transition was 03-29 at 00:00, not 03-30 at 01:00. (Thanks to Sharef Mustafa and Even Scharning.) Guess future transitions to be March's last Friday at 00:00. Changes to past timestamps Hong Kong's 1941-06-15 spring-forward transition was at 03:00, not 03:30. Its 1945 transition from JST to HKT was on 11-18 at 02:00, not 09-15 at 00:00. In 1946 its spring-forward transition was on 04-21 at 00:00, not the previous day at 03:30. From 1946 through 1952 its fall-back transitions occurred at 04:30, not at 03:30. In 1947 its fall-back transition was on 11-30, not 12-30. (Thanks to P Chan.) Changes to past time zone abbreviations Italy's 1866 transition to Rome Mean Time was on December 12, not September 22. This affects only the time zone abbreviation for Europe/Rome between those dates. (Thanks to Stephen Trainor and Luigi Rosa.) Changes affecting metadata only Add info about the Crimea situation in zone1970.tab and zone.tab. (Problem reported by Serhii Demediuk.) Changes to code zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files. 'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output; for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536. Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules. Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway. zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially. Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard). zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example, Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996. Changes to build procedure tzdata.zi now assumes zic 2017c or later. This shrinks tzdata.zi by a percent or so. Changes to documentation and commentary The Makefile now documents the POSIXRULES macro as being obsolete, and similarly, zic's -p POSIXRULES option is now documented as being obsolete. Although the POSIXRULES feature still exists and works as before, in practice it is rarely used for its intended purpose, and it does not work either in the default reference implementation (for timestamps after 2037) or in common implementations such as GNU/Linux (for contemporary timestamps). Since POSIXRULES was designed primarily as a temporary transition facility for System V platforms that died off decades ago, it is being decommissioned rather than institutionalized. New info on Bonin Islands and Marcus (thanks to Wakaba and Phake Nick). Release 2019a - 2019-03-25 22:01:33 -0700 Briefly: Palestine "springs forward" on 2019-03-30 instead of 2019-03-23. Metlakatla "fell back" to rejoin Alaska Time on 2019-01-20 at 02:00. Changes to past and future timestamps Palestine will not start DST until 2019-03-30, instead of 2019-03-23 as previously predicted. Adjust our prediction by guessing that spring transitions will be between 24 and 30 March, which matches recent practice since 2016. (Thanks to Even Scharning and Tim Parenti.) Metlakatla ended its observance of Pacific standard time, rejoining Alaska Time, on 2019-01-20 at 02:00. (Thanks to Ryan Stanley and Tim Parenti.) Changes to past timestamps Israel observed DST in 1980 (08-02/09-13) and 1984 (05-05/08-25). (Thanks to Alois Treindl and Isaac Starkman.) Changes to time zone abbreviations Etc/UCT is now a backward-compatibility link to Etc/UTC, instead of being a separate zone that generates the abbreviation "UCT", which nowadays is typically a typo. (Problem reported by Isiah Meadows.) Changes to code zic now has an -r option to limit the time range of output data. For example, 'zic -r @1000000000' limits the output data to timestamps starting 1000000000 seconds after the Epoch. This helps shrink output size and can be useful for applications not needing the full timestamp history, such as TZDIST truncation; see Internet RFC 8536 section 5.1. (Inspired by a feature request from Christopher Wong, helped along by bug reports from Wong and from Tim Parenti.) Changes to documentation Mention Internet RFC 8536 (February 2019), which documents TZif. tz-link.html now cites tzdata-meta . Release 2018i - 2018-12-30 11:05:43 -0800 Briefly: São Tomé and Príncipe switches from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01. Changes to future timestamps Due to a change in government, São Tomé and Príncipe switches back from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Vadim Nasardinov and Michael Deckers.) Release 2018h - 2018-12-23 17:59:32 -0800 Briefly: Qyzylorda, Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21. New zone Asia/Qostanay because Qostanay, Kazakhstan didn't move. Metlakatla, Alaska observes PST this winter only. Guess Morocco will continue to adjust clocks around Ramadan. Add predictions for Iran from 2038 through 2090. Changes to future timestamps Guess that Morocco will continue to fall back just before and spring forward just after Ramadan, the practice since 2012. (Thanks to Maamar Abdelkader.) This means Morocco will observe negative DST during Ramadan in main and vanguard formats, and in rearguard format it stays in the +00 timezone and observes ordinary DST in all months other than Ramadan. As before, extend this guesswork to the year 2037. As a consequence, Morocco is scheduled to observe three DST transitions in some Gregorian years (e.g., 2033) due to the mismatch between the Gregorian and Islamic calendars. The table of exact transitions for Iranian DST has been extended. It formerly cut off before the year 2038 in a nod to 32-bit time_t. It now cuts off before 2091 as there is doubt about how the Persian calendar will treat 2091. This change predicts DST transitions in 2038-9, 2042-3, and 2046-7 to occur one day later than previously predicted. As before, post-cutoff transitions are approximated. Changes to past and future timestamps Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda) oblast in Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21. This is a zone split as Qostanay (aka Kostanay) did not switch, so create a zone Asia/Qostanay. Metlakatla moved from Alaska to Pacific standard time on 2018-11-04. It did not change clocks that day and remains on -08 this winter. (Thanks to Ryan Stanley.) It will revert to the usual Alaska rules next spring, so this change affects only timestamps from 2018-11-04 through 2019-03-10. Change to past timestamps Kwajalein's 1993-08-20 transition from -12 to +12 was at 24:00, not 00:00. I transcribed the time incorrectly from Shanks. (Thanks to Phake Nick.) Nauru's 1979 transition was on 02-10 at 02:00, not 05-01 at 00:00. (Thanks to Phake Nick.) Guam observed DST irregularly from 1959 through 1977. (Thanks to Phake Nick.) Hong Kong observed DST in 1941 starting 06-15 (not 04-01), then on 10-01 changed standard time to +08:30 (not +08). Its transition back to +08 after WWII was on 1945-09-15, not the previous day. Its 1904-10-30 change took effect at 01:00 +08 (not 00:00 LMT). (Thanks to Phake Nick, Steve Allen, and Joseph Myers.) Also, its 1952 fallback was on 11-02 (not 10-25). This release contains many changes to timestamps before 1946 due to Japanese possession or occupation of Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Kwajalein, Pacific/Majuro, Pacific/Nauru, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei. (Thanks to Phake Nick.) Assume that the Spanish East Indies was like the Philippines and observed American time until the end of 1844. This affects Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei. Changes to past tm_isdst flags For the recent Morocco change, the tm_isdst flag should be 1 from 2018-10-27 00:00 to 2018-10-28 03:00. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Give a URL to the official decree. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Release 2018g - 2018-10-26 22:22:45 -0700 Briefly: Morocco switches to permanent +01 on 2018-10-28. Changes to future timestamps Morocco switches from +00/+01 to permanent +01 effective 2018-10-28, so its clocks will not fall back as previously scheduled. (Thanks to Mohamed Essedik Najd and Brian Inglis.) Changes to code When generating TZif files with leap seconds, zic no longer uses a format that trips up older 32-bit clients, fixing a bug introduced in 2018f. (Reported by Daniel Fischer.) Also, the zic workaround for QTBUG-53071 now also works for TZif files with leap seconds. The translator to rearguard format now rewrites the line "Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S" to "Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 1:00 0 S". This caters to zic before 2007 and to Oracle TZUpdater 2.2.0 and earlier. (Reported by Christos Zoulas.) Changes to past time zone abbreviations Change HDT to HWT/HPT for WWII-era abbreviations in Hawaii. This reverts to 2011h, as the abbreviation change in 2011i was likely inadvertent. Changes to documentation tzfile.5 has new sections on interoperability issues. Release 2018f - 2018-10-18 00:14:18 -0700 Briefly: Volgograd moves from +03 to +04 on 2018-10-28. Fiji ends DST 2019-01-13, not 2019-01-20. Most of Chile changes DST dates, effective 2019-04-06. Changes to future timestamps Volgograd moves from +03 to +04 on 2018-10-28 at 02:00. (Thanks to Alexander Fetisov and Stepan Golosunov.) Fiji ends DST 2019-01-13 instead of the 2019-01-20 previously predicted. (Thanks to Raymond Kumar.) Adjust future predictions accordingly. Most of Chile will end DST on the first Saturday in April at 24:00 mainland time, and resume DST on the first Saturday in September at 24:00 mainland time. The changes are effective from 2019-04-06, and do not affect the Magallanes region modeled by America/Punta_Arenas. (Thanks to Juan Correa and Tim Parenti.) Adjust future predictions accordingly. Changes to past timestamps The 2018-05-05 North Korea 30-minute time zone change took place at 23:30 the previous day, not at 00:00 that day. China's 1988 spring-forward transition was on April 17, not April 10. Its DST transitions in 1986/91 were at 02:00, not 00:00. (Thanks to P Chan.) Fix several issues for Macau before 1992. Macau's pre-1904 LMT was off by 10 s. Macau switched to +08 in 1904 not 1912, and temporarily switched to +09/+10 during World War II. Macau observed DST in 1942/79, not 1961/80, and there were several errors for transition times and dates. (Thanks to P Chan.) The 1948-1951 fallback transitions in Japan were at 25:00 on September's second Saturday, not at 24:00. (Thanks to Phake Nick.) zic turns this into 01:00 on the day after September's second Saturday, which is the best that POSIX or C platforms can do. Incorporate 1940-1949 Asia/Shanghai DST transitions from a 2014 paper by Li Yu, replacing more-questionable data from Shanks. Changes to time zone abbreviations Use "PST" and "PDT" for Philippine time. (Thanks to Paul Goyette.) Changes to code zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps. Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly. This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif files by a few bytes. zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g., "Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April. This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not entirely match the documentation. localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and without transitions or time types. A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed. It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions. localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now override the default time type for timestamps after the last transition (or for all timestamps if there are no transitions), just as DST strings specifying DST have always done. leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments, and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.) Changes to documentation New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~". The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a possibility noted by Tom Lane). tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and after the last transition, if any. Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a geographic region currently sharing the same standard time. The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format. tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities. (Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.) Changes to build procedure New 'make' target 'rearguard_tarballs' to build the rearguard tarball only. This is a convenience on platforms that lack lzip if you want to build the rearguard tarball. (Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.) tzdata.zi is now more stable from release to release. (Problem noted by Tom Lane.) It is also a bit shorter. tzdata.zi now can contain comment lines documenting configuration information, such as which data format was selected, which input files were used, and how leap seconds are treated. (Problems noted by Lester Caine and Brian Inglis.) If the Makefile defaults are used these comment lines are absent, for backward compatibility. A redistributor intending to alter its copy of the files should also append "-LABEL" to the 'version' file's first line, where "LABEL" identifies the redistributor's change. Release 2018e - 2018-05-01 23:42:51 -0700 Briefly: North Korea switches back to +09 on 2018-05-05. The main format uses negative DST again, for Ireland etc. 'make tarballs' now also builds a rearguard tarball. New 's' and 'd' suffixes in SAVE columns of Rule and Zone lines. Changes to past and future timestamps North Korea switches back from +0830 to +09 on 2018-05-05. (Thanks to Kang Seonghoon, Arthur David Olson, Seo Sanghyeon, and Tim Parenti.) Bring back the negative-DST changes of 2018a, except be more compatible with data parsers that do not support negative DST. Also, this now affects historical timestamps in Namibia and the former Czechoslovakia, not just Ireland. The main format now uses negative DST to model timestamps in Europe/Dublin (from 1971 on), Europe/Prague (1946/7), and Africa/Windhoek (1994/2017). This does not affect UT offsets, only time zone abbreviations and the tm_isdst flag. Also, this does not affect rearguard or vanguard formats; effectively the main format now uses vanguard instead of rearguard format. Data parsers that do not support negative DST can still use data from the rearguard tarball described below. Changes to build procedure The command 'make tarballs' now also builds the tarball tzdataVERSION-rearguard.tar.gz, which is like tzdataVERSION.tar.gz except that it uses rearguard format intended for trailing-edge data parsers. Changes to data format and to code The SAVE column of Rule and Zone lines can now have an 's' or 'd' suffix, which specifies whether the adjusted time is standard time or daylight saving time. If no suffix is given, daylight saving time is used if and only if the SAVE column is nonzero; this is the longstanding behavior. Although this new feature is not used in tzdata, it could be used to specify the legal time in Namibia 1994-2017, as opposed to the popular time (see below). Changes to past timestamps From 1994 through 2017 Namibia observed DST in winter, not summer. That is, it used negative DST, as Ireland still does. This change does not affect UTC offsets; it affects only the tm_isdst flag and the abbreviation used during summer, which is now CAT, not WAST. Although (as noted by Michael Deckers) summer and winter time were both simply called "standard time" in Namibian law, in common practice winter time was considered to be DST (as noted by Stephen Colebourne). The full effect of this change is only in vanguard and main format; in rearguard format, the tm_isdst flag is still zero in winter and nonzero in summer. In 1946/7 Czechoslovakia also observed negative DST in winter. The full effect of this change is only in vanguard and main formats; in rearguard format, it is modeled as plain GMT without daylight saving. Also, the dates of some 1944/5 DST transitions in Czechoslovakia have been changed. Release 2018d - 2018-03-22 07:05:46 -0700 Briefly: Palestine starts DST a week earlier in 2018. Add support for vanguard and rearguard data consumers. Add subsecond precision to source data format, though not to data. Changes to future timestamps In 2018, Palestine starts DST on March 24, not March 31. Adjust future predictions accordingly. (Thanks to Sharef Mustafa.) Changes to past and future timestamps Casey Station in Antarctica changed from +11 to +08 on 2018-03-11 at 04:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes to past timestamps Historical transitions for Uruguay, represented by America/Montevideo, have been updated per official legal documents, replacing previous data mainly originating from the inventions of Shanks & Pottenger. This has resulted in adjustments ranging from 30 to 90 minutes in either direction over at least two dozen distinct periods ranging from one day to several years in length. A mere handful of pre-1991 transitions are unaffected; data since then has come from more reliable contemporaneous reporting. These changes affect various timestamps in 1920-1923, 1936, 1939, 1942-1943, 1959, 1966-1970, 1972, 1974-1980, and 1988-1990. Additionally, Uruguay's pre-standard-time UT offset has been adjusted westward by 7 seconds, from UT-03:44:44 to UT-03:44:51, to match the location of the Observatory of the National Meteorological Institute in Montevideo. (Thanks to Jeremie Bonjour, Tim Parenti, and Michael Deckers.) Enderbury and Kiritimati skipped New Year's Eve 1994, not New Year's Day 1995. (Thanks to Kerry Shetline.) Fix the 1912-01-01 transition for Portugal and its colonies. This transition was at 00:00 according to the new UT offset, not according to the old one. Also assume that Cape Verde switched on the same date as the rest, not in 1907. This affects Africa/Bissau, Africa/Sao_Tome, Asia/Macau, Atlantic/Azores, Atlantic/Cape_Verde, Atlantic/Madeira, and Europe/Lisbon. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Fix an off-by-1 error for pre-1913 timestamps in Jamaica and in Turks & Caicos. Changes to past time zone abbreviations MMT took effect in Uruguay from 1908-06-10, not 1898-06-28. There is no clock change associated with the transition. Changes to build procedure The new DATAFORM macro in the Makefile lets the installer choose among three source data formats. The idea is to lessen downstream disruption when data formats are improved. * DATAFORM=vanguard installs from the latest, bleeding-edge format. DATAFORM=main (the default) installs from the format used in the 'africa' etc. files. DATAFORM=rearguard installs from a trailing-edge format. Eventually, elements of today's vanguard format should move to the main format, and similarly the main format's features should eventually move to the rearguard format. * In the current version, the main and rearguard formats are identical and match that of 2018c, so this change does not affect default behavior. The vanguard format currently contains one feature not in the main format: negative SAVE values. This improves support for Ireland, which uses Irish Standard Time (IST, UTC+01) in summer and GMT (UTC) in winter. tzcode has supported negative SAVE values for decades, and this feature should move to the main format soon. However, it will not move to the rearguard format for quite some time because some downstream parsers do not support it. * The build procedure constructs three files vanguard.zi, main.zi, and rearguard.zi, one for each format. Although the files represent essentially the same data, they may have minor discrepancies that users are not likely to notice. The files are intended for downstream data consumers and are not installed. Zoneinfo parsers that do not support negative SAVE values should start using rearguard.zi, so that they will be unaffected when the negative-DST feature moves from vanguard to main. Bleeding-edge Zoneinfo parsers that support the new features already can use vanguard.zi; in this respect, current tzcode is bleeding-edge. The Makefile should now be safe for parallelized builds, and 'make -j to2050new.tzs' is now much faster on a multiprocessor host with GNU Make. When built with -DSUPPRESS_TZDIR, the tzcode library no longer prepends TZDIR/ to file names that do not begin with '/'. This is not recommended for general use, due to its security implications. (From a suggestion by Manuela Friedrich.) Changes to code zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like 00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out the limitations of historical data in this area.) The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela Friedrich.) Changes to documentation and commentary theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed" that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial. (From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.) Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from standard time. Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded with links to many relevant legal documents. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with older editors such as XEmacs. Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800 Briefly: Revert Irish changes that relied on negative SAVE values. Changes to tm_isdst Revert the 2018a change to Europe/Dublin. As before, this change does not affect UT offsets or abbreviations; it affects only whether timestamps are considered to be standard time or daylight-saving time, as expressed in the tm_isdst flag of C's struct tm type. This reversion is intended to be a temporary workaround for problems discovered with downstream uses of releases 2018a and 2018b, which implemented Irish time by using negative SAVE values in the Eire rules of the 'europe' file. Although negative SAVE values have been part of tzcode for many years and are supported by many platforms, they were not documented before 2018a and ICU and OpenJDK do not currently support them. A mechanism to export data to platforms lacking support for negative DST is planned to be developed before the change is reapplied. (Problems reported by Deborah Goldsmith and Stephen Colebourne.) Changes to past timestamps Japanese DST transitions (1948-1951) were Sundays at 00:00, not Saturdays or Sundays at 02:00. (Thanks to Takayuki Nikai.) Changes to build procedure The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.) Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800 Briefly: Fix a packaging problem in tz2018a, which was missing 'pacificnew'. Changes to build procedure The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again. This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution. (Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.) Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800 Briefly: São Tomé and Príncipe switched from +00 to +01. Brazil's DST will now start on November's first Sunday. Ireland's standard time is now in the summer, not the winter. Use Debian-style installation locations, instead of 4.3BSD-style. New zic option -t. Changes to past and future timestamps São Tomé and Príncipe switched from +00 to +01 on 2018-01-01 at 01:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Michael Deckers.) Changes to future timestamps Starting in 2018 southern Brazil will begin DST on November's first Sunday instead of October's third Sunday. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes to past timestamps A discrepancy of 4 s in timestamps before 1931 in South Sudan has been corrected. The 'backzone' and 'zone.tab' files did not agree with the 'africa' and 'zone1970.tab' files. (Problem reported by Michael Deckers.) The abbreviation invented for Bolivia Summer Time (1931-2) is now BST instead of BOST, to be more consistent with the convention used for Latvian Summer Time (1918-9) and for British Summer Time. Changes to tm_isdst Change Europe/Dublin so that it observes Irish Standard Time (UT +01) in summer and GMT (as negative daylight-saving) in winter, instead of observing standard time (GMT) in winter and Irish Summer Time (UT +01) in summer. This change does not affect UT offsets or abbreviations; it affects only whether timestamps are considered to be standard time or daylight-saving time, as expressed in the tm_isdst flag of C's struct tm type. (Discrepancy noted by Derick Rethans.) Changes to build procedure The default installation locations have been changed to mostly match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to 4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR, TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR, USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.) The default installation procedure no longer creates the backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200). Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely. tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment. (Suggested by Tom Lane.) The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.) Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported by Jon Skeet.) Changes to code zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime. Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC. zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option. (Problem reported by Martin Sebor.) Changes to documentation and commentary The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1. (Problem reported by Michael Deckers.) The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used. The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with other file names and to simplify web server configuration. Release 2017c - 2017-10-20 14:49:34 -0700 Briefly: Northern Cyprus switches from +03 to +02/+03 on 2017-10-29. Fiji ends DST 2018-01-14, not 2018-01-21. Namibia switches from +01/+02 to +02 on 2018-04-01. Sudan switches from +03 to +02 on 2017-11-01. Tonga likely switches from +13/+14 to +13 on 2017-11-05. Turks & Caicos switches from -04 to -05/-04 on 2018-11-04. A new file tzdata.zi now holds a small text copy of all data. The zic input format has been regularized slightly. Changes to future timestamps Northern Cyprus has decided to resume EU rules starting 2017-10-29, thus reinstituting winter time. Fiji ends DST 2018-01-14 instead of the 2018-01-21 previously predicted. (Thanks to Dominic Fok.) Adjust future predictions accordingly. Namibia will switch from +01 with DST to +02 all year on 2017-09-03 at 02:00. This affects UT offsets starting 2018-04-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Sudan will switch from +03 to +02 on 2017-11-01. (Thanks to Ahmed Atyya and Yahia Abdalla.) South Sudan is not switching, so Africa/Juba is no longer a link to Africa/Khartoum. Tonga has likely ended its experiment with DST, and will not adjust its clocks on 2017-11-05. Although Tonga has not announced whether it will continue to observe DST, the IATA is assuming that it will not. (Thanks to David Wade.) Turks & Caicos will switch from -04 all year to -05 with US DST on 2018-03-11 at 03:00. This affects UT offsets starting 2018-11-04 at 02:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes to past timestamps Namibia switched from +02 to +01 on 1994-03-21, not 1994-04-03. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Detroit did not observe DST in 1967. Use railway time for Asia/Kolkata before 1941, by switching to Madras local time (UT +052110) in 1870, then to IST (UT +0530) in 1906. Also, treat 1941-2's +0630 as DST, like 1942-5. Europe/Dublin's 1946 and 1947 fallback transitions occurred at 02:00 standard time, not 02:00 DST. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Pacific/Apia and Pacific/Pago_Pago switched from Antipodean to American time in 1892, not 1879. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Adjust the 1867 transition in Alaska to better reflect the historical record, by changing it to occur on 1867-10-18 at 15:30 Sitka time rather than at the start of 1867-10-17 local time. Although strictly speaking this is accurate only for Sitka, the rest of Alaska's blanks need to be filled in somehow. Fix off-by-one errors in UT offsets for Adak and Nome before 1867. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Add 7 s to the UT offset in Asia/Yangon before 1920. Changes to zone names Remove Canada/East-Saskatchewan from the 'backward' file, as it exceeded the 14-character limit and was an unused misnomer anyway. Changes to build procedure To support applications that prefer to read time zone data in text form, two zic input files tzdata.zi and leapseconds are now installed by default. The commands 'zic tzdata.zi' and 'zic -L leapseconds tzdata.zi' can reproduce the tzdata binary files without and with leap seconds, respectively. To prevent these two new files from being installed, use 'make TZDATA_TEXT=', and to suppress leap seconds from the tzdata text installation, use 'make TZDATA_TEXT=tzdata.zi'. 'make BACKWARD=' now suppresses backward-compatibility names like 'US/Pacific' that are defined in the 'backward' and 'pacificnew' files. 'make check' now works on systems that lack a UTF-8 locale, or that lack the nsgmls program. Set UTF8_LOCALE to configure the name of a UTF-8 locale, if you have one. Y2K runtime checks are no longer enabled by default. Add -DDEPRECATE_TWO_DIGIT_YEARS to CFLAGS to enable them, instead of adding -DNO_RUN_TIME_WARNINGS_ABOUT_YEAR_2000_PROBLEMS_THANK_YOU to disable them. (New name suggested by Brian Inglis.) The build procedure for zdump now works on AIX 7.1. (Problem reported by Kees Dekker.) Changes to code zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch. As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.) zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines. zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example, it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday". Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-" prefix, e.g., "last-Fri". Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for "Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context. Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as abbreviations for words like "Leap". zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly. The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight". This change is needed because the three variables are not in the same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0: if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros. localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h. zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.) Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4 (Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.) zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.) Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees Dekker for reporting the problems.) Changes to documentation and commentary The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document tzdb theory more accessibly. The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules. tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients. (Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL. The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.) Release 2017b - 2017-03-17 07:30:38 -0700 Briefly: Haiti has resumed DST. Changes to past and future timestamps Haiti resumed observance of DST in 2017. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes to past timestamps Liberia changed from -004430 to +00 on 1972-01-07, not 1972-05-01. Use "MMT" to abbreviate Liberia's time zone before 1972, as "-004430" is one byte over the POSIX limit. (Problem reported by Derick Rethans.) Changes to code The reference localtime implementation now falls back on the current US daylight-saving transition rules rather than the 1987-2006 rules. This fallback occurs only when (1) the TZ environment variable has a value like "AST4ADT" that asks for daylight saving time but does not specify the rules, (2) there is no file by that name, and (3) the TZDEFRULES file cannot be loaded. (Thanks to Tom Lane.) Release 2017a - 2017-02-28 00:05:36 -0800 Briefly: Southern Chile moves from -04/-03 to -03, and Mongolia discontinues DST. Changes to future timestamps Mongolia no longer observes DST. (Thanks to Ganbold Tsagaankhuu.) Chile's Region of Magallanes moves from -04/-03 to -03 year-round. Its clocks diverge from America/Santiago starting 2017-05-13 at 23:00, hiving off a new zone America/Punta_Arenas. Although the Chilean government says this change expires in May 2019, for now assume it's permanent. (Thanks to Juan Correa and Deborah Goldsmith.) This also affects Antarctica/Palmer. Changes to past timestamps Fix many entries for historical timestamps for Europe/Madrid before 1979, to agree with tables compiled by Pere Planesas of the National Astronomical Observatory of Spain. As a side effect, this changes some timestamps for Africa/Ceuta before 1929, which are probably guesswork anyway. (Thanks to Steve Allen and Pierpaolo Bernardi for the heads-ups, and to Michael Deckers for correcting the 1901 transition.) Ecuador observed DST from 1992-11-28 to 1993-02-05. (Thanks to Alois Treindl.) Asia/Atyrau and Asia/Oral were at +03 (not +04) before 1930-06-21. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Changes to past and future time zone abbreviations Switch to numeric time zone abbreviations for South America, as part of the ongoing project of removing invented abbreviations. This avoids the need to invent an abbreviation for the new Chilean new zone. Similarly, switch from invented to numeric time zone abbreviations for Afghanistan, American Samoa, the Azores, Bangladesh, Bhutan, the British Indian Ocean Territory, Brunei, Cape Verde, Chatham Is, Christmas I, Cocos (Keeling) Is, Cook Is, Dubai, East Timor, Eucla, Fiji, French Polynesia, Greenland, Indochina, Iran, Iraq, Kiribati, Lord Howe, Macquarie, Malaysia, the Maldives, Marshall Is, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk I, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Pitcairn, Qatar, Réunion, St Pierre & Miquelon, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Is, Tokelau, Tuvalu, Wake, Vanuatu, Wallis & Futuna, and Xinjiang; for 20-minute daylight saving time in Ghana before 1943; for half-hour daylight saving time in Belize before 1944 and in the Dominican Republic before 1975; and for Canary Islands before 1946, for Guinea-Bissau before 1975, for Iceland before 1969, for Indian Summer Time before 1942, for Indonesia before around 1964, for Kenya before 1960, for Liberia before 1973, for Madeira before 1967, for Namibia before 1943, for the Netherlands in 1937-9, for Pakistan before 1971, for Western Sahara before 1977, and for Zaporozhye in 1880-1924. For Alaska time from 1900 through 1967, instead of "CAT" use the abbreviation "AST", the abbreviation commonly used at the time (Atlantic Standard Time had not been standardized yet). Use "AWT" and "APT" instead of the invented abbreviations "CAWT" and "CAPT". Use "CST" and "CDT" instead of invented abbreviations for Macau before 1999 and Taiwan before 1938, and use "JST" instead of the invented abbreviation "JCST" for Japan and Korea before 1938. Change to database entry category Move the Pacific/Johnston link from 'australasia' to 'backward', since Johnston is now uninhabited. Changes to code zic no longer mishandles some transitions in January 2038 when it attempts to work around Qt bug 53071. This fixes a bug affecting Pacific/Tongatapu that was introduced in zic 2016e. localtime.c now contains a workaround, useful when loading a file generated by a buggy zic. (Problem and localtime.c fix reported by Bradley White.) zdump -i now outputs non-hour numeric time zone abbreviations without a colon, e.g., "+0530" rather than "+05:30". This agrees with zic %z and with common practice, and simplifies auditing of zdump output. zdump is now buildable again with -DUSE_LTZ=0. (Problem reported by Joseph Myers.) zdump.c now always includes private.h, to avoid code duplication with private.h. (Problem reported by Kees Dekker.) localtime.c no longer mishandles early or late timestamps when TZ is set to a POSIX-style string that specifies DST. (Problem reported by Kees Dekker.) date and strftime now cause %z to generate "-0000" instead of "+0000" when the UT offset is zero and the time zone abbreviation begins with "-". Changes to documentation and commentary The 'Theory' file now better documents choice of historical time zone abbreviations. (Problems reported by Michael Deckers.) tz-link.htm now covers leap smearing, which is popular in clouds. Release 2016j - 2016-11-22 23:17:13 -0800 Briefly: Saratov, Russia moves from +03 to +04 on 2016-12-04. Changes to future timestamps Saratov, Russia switches from +03 to +04 on 2016-12-04 at 02:00. This hives off a new zone Europe/Saratov from Europe/Volgograd. (Thanks to Yuri Konotopov and Stepan Golosunov.) Changes to past timestamps The new zone Asia/Atyrau for Atyraū Region, Kazakhstan, is like Asia/Aqtau except it switched from +05/+06 to +04/+05 in spring 1999, not fall 1994. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Changes to past time zone abbreviations Asia/Gaza and Asia/Hebron now use "EEST", not "EET", to denote summer time before 1948. The old use of "EET" was a typo. Changes to code zic no longer mishandles file systems that lack hard links, fixing bugs introduced in 2016g. (Problems reported by Tom Lane.) Also, when the destination already contains symbolic links, zic should now work better on systems where the 'link' system call does not follow symbolic links. Changes to documentation and commentary tz-link.htm now documents the relationship between release version numbers and development-repository commit tags. (Suggested by Paul Koning.) The 'Theory' file now documents UT. iso3166.tab now accents "Curaçao", and commentary now mentions the names "Cabo Verde" and "Czechia". (Thanks to Jiří Boháč.) Release 2016i - 2016-11-01 23:19:52 -0700 Briefly: Cyprus split into two time zones on 2016-10-30, and Tonga reintroduces DST on 2016-11-06. Changes to future timestamps Pacific/Tongatapu begins DST on 2016-11-06 at 02:00, ending on 2017-01-15 at 03:00. Assume future observances in Tonga will be from the first Sunday in November through the third Sunday in January, like Fiji. (Thanks to Pulu ʻAnau.) Switch to numeric time zone abbreviations for this zone. Changes to past and future timestamps Northern Cyprus is now +03 year round, causing a split in Cyprus time zones starting 2016-10-30 at 04:00. This creates a zone Asia/Famagusta. (Thanks to Even Scharning and Matt Johnson.) Antarctica/Casey switched from +08 to +11 on 2016-10-22. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes to past timestamps Several corrections were made for pre-1975 timestamps in Italy. These affect Europe/Malta, Europe/Rome, Europe/San_Marino, and Europe/Vatican. First, the 1893-11-01 00:00 transition in Italy used the new UT offset (+01), not the old (+00:49:56). (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Second, rules for daylight saving in Italy were changed to agree with Italy's National Institute of Metrological Research (INRiM) except for 1944, as follows (thanks to Pierpaolo Bernardi, Brian Inglis, and Michael Deckers): The 1916-06-03 transition was at 24:00, not 00:00. The 1916-10-01, 1919-10-05, and 1920-09-19 transitions were at 00:00, not 01:00. The 1917-09-30 and 1918-10-06 transitions were at 24:00, not 01:00. The 1944-09-17 transition was at 03:00, not 01:00. This particular change is taken from Italian law as INRiM's table, (which says 02:00) appears to have a typo here. Also, keep the 1944-04-03 transition for Europe/Rome, as Rome was controlled by Germany then. The 1967-1970 and 1972-1974 fallback transitions were at 01:00, not 00:00. Changes to code The code should now be buildable on AmigaOS merely by setting the appropriate Makefile variables. (From a patch by Carsten Larsen.) Release 2016h - 2016-10-19 23:17:57 -0700 Changes to future timestamps Asia/Gaza and Asia/Hebron end DST on 2016-10-29 at 01:00, not 2016-10-21 at 00:00. (Thanks to Sharef Mustafa.) Predict that future fall transitions will be on the last Saturday of October at 01:00, which is consistent with predicted spring transitions on the last Saturday of March. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Changes to past timestamps In Turkey, transitions in 1986-1990 were at 01:00 standard time not at 02:00, and the spring 1994 transition was on March 20, not March 27. (Thanks to Kıvanç Yazan.) Changes to past and future time zone abbreviations Asia/Colombo now uses numeric time zone abbreviations like "+0530" instead of alphabetic ones like "IST" and "LKT". Various English-language sources use "IST", "LKT" and "SLST", with no working consensus. (Usage of "SLST" mentioned by Sadika Sumanapala.) Changes to code zic no longer mishandles relativizing file names when creating symbolic links like /etc/localtime, when these symbolic links are outside the usual directory hierarchy. This fixes a bug introduced in 2016g. (Problem reported by Andreas Stieger.) Changes to build procedure New rules 'traditional_tarballs' and 'traditional_signatures' for building just the traditional-format distribution. (Requested by Deborah Goldsmith.) The file 'version' is now put into the tzdata tarball too. (Requested by Howard Hinnant.) Changes to documentation and commentary The 'Theory' file now has a section on interface stability. (Requested by Paul Koning.) It also mentions features like tm_zone and localtime_rz that have long been supported by the reference code. tz-link.htm has improved coverage of time zone boundaries suitable for geolocation. (Thanks to heads-ups from Evan Siroky and Matt Johnson.) The US commentary now mentions Allen and the "day of two noons". The Fiji commentary mentions the government's 2016-10-03 press release. (Thanks to Raymond Kumar.) Release 2016g - 2016-09-13 08:56:38 -0700 Changes to future timestamps Turkey switched from EET/EEST (+02/+03) to permanent +03, effective 2016-09-07. (Thanks to Burak AYDIN.) Use "+03" rather than an invented abbreviation for the new time. New leap second 2016-12-31 23:59:60 UTC as per IERS Bulletin C 52. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Changes to past timestamps For America/Los_Angeles, spring-forward transition times have been corrected from 02:00 to 02:01 in 1948, and from 02:00 to 01:00 in 1950-1966. For zones using Soviet time on 1919-07-01, transitions to UT-based time were at 00:00 UT, not at 02:00 local time. The affected zones are Europe/Kirov, Europe/Moscow, Europe/Samara, and Europe/Ulyanovsk. (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky.) Changes to past and future time zone abbreviations The Factory zone now uses the time zone abbreviation -00 instead of a long English-language string, as -00 is now the normal way to represent an undefined time zone. Several zones in Antarctica and the former Soviet Union, along with zones intended for ships at sea that cannot use POSIX TZ strings, now use numeric time zone abbreviations instead of invented or obsolete alphanumeric abbreviations. The affected zones are Antarctica/Casey, Antarctica/Davis, Antarctica/DumontDUrville, Antarctica/Mawson, Antarctica/Rothera, Antarctica/Syowa, Antarctica/Troll, Antarctica/Vostok, Asia/Anadyr, Asia/Ashgabat, Asia/Baku, Asia/Bishkek, Asia/Chita, Asia/Dushanbe, Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Kamchatka, Asia/Khandyga, Asia/Krasnoyarsk, Asia/Magadan, Asia/Omsk, Asia/Sakhalin, Asia/Samarkand, Asia/Srednekolymsk, Asia/Tashkent, Asia/Tbilisi, Asia/Ust-Nera, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yakutsk, Asia/Yekaterinburg, Asia/Yerevan, Etc/GMT-14, Etc/GMT-13, Etc/GMT-12, Etc/GMT-11, Etc/GMT-10, Etc/GMT-9, Etc/GMT-8, Etc/GMT-7, Etc/GMT-6, Etc/GMT-5, Etc/GMT-4, Etc/GMT-3, Etc/GMT-2, Etc/GMT-1, Etc/GMT+1, Etc/GMT+2, Etc/GMT+3, Etc/GMT+4, Etc/GMT+5, Etc/GMT+6, Etc/GMT+7, Etc/GMT+8, Etc/GMT+9, Etc/GMT+10, Etc/GMT+11, Etc/GMT+12, Europe/Kaliningrad, Europe/Minsk, Europe/Samara, Europe/Volgograd, and Indian/Kerguelen. For Europe/Moscow the invented abbreviation MSM was replaced by +05, whereas MSK and MSD were kept as they are not our invention and are widely used. Changes to zone names Rename Asia/Rangoon to Asia/Yangon, with a backward compatibility link. (Thanks to David Massoud.) Changes to code zic no longer generates binary files containing POSIX TZ-like strings that disagree with the local time type after the last explicit transition in the data. This fixes a bug with Africa/Casablanca and Africa/El_Aaiun in some year-2037 timestamps on the reference platform. (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for reporting the bug and suggesting a way forward.) If the installed localtime and/or posixrules files are symbolic links, zic now keeps them symbolic links when updating them, for compatibility with platforms like OpenSUSE where other programs configure these files as symlinks. zic now avoids hard linking to symbolic links, avoids some unnecessary mkdir and stat system calls, and uses shorter file names internally. zdump has a new -i option to generate transitions in a more-compact but still human-readable format. This option is experimental, and the output format may change in future versions. (Thanks to Jon Skeet for suggesting that an option was needed, and thanks to Tim Parenti and Chris Rovick for further comments.) Changes to build procedure An experimental distribution format is available, in addition to the traditional format which will continue to be distributed. The new format is a tarball tzdb-VERSION.tar.lz with signature file tzdb-VERSION.tar.lz.asc. It unpacks to a top-level directory tzdb-VERSION containing the code and data of the traditional two-tarball format, along with extra data that may be useful. (Thanks to Antonio Diaz Diaz, Oscar van Vlijmen, and many others for comments about the experimental format.) The release version number is now more accurate in the usual case where releases are built from a Git repository. For example, if 23 commits and some working-file changes have been made since release 2016g, the version number is now something like '2016g-23-g50556e3-dirty' instead of the misleading '2016g'. Tagged releases use the same version number format as before, e.g., '2016g'. To support the more-accurate version number, its specification has moved from a line in the Makefile to a new source file 'version'. The experimental distribution contains a file to2050.tzs that contains what should be the output of 'zdump -i -c 2050' on primary zones. If this file is available, 'make check' now checks that zdump generates this output. 'make check_web' now works on Fedora-like distributions. Changes to documentation and commentary tzfile.5 now documents the new restriction on POSIX TZ-like strings that is now implemented by zic. Comments now cite URLs for some 1917-1921 Russian DST decrees. (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky.) tz-link.htm mentions JuliaTime (thanks to Curtis Vogt) and Time4J (thanks to Meno Hochschild) and ThreeTen-Extra, and its description of Java 8 has been brought up to date (thanks to Stephen Colebourne). Its description of local time on Mars has been updated to match current practice, and URLs have been updated and some obsolete ones removed. Release 2016f - 2016-07-05 16:26:51 +0200 Changes affecting future timestamps The Egyptian government changed its mind on short notice, and Africa/Cairo will not introduce DST starting 2016-07-07 after all. (Thanks to Mina Samuel.) Asia/Novosibirsk switches from +06 to +07 on 2016-07-24 at 02:00. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Changes to past and future timestamps Asia/Novokuznetsk and Asia/Novosibirsk now use numeric time zone abbreviations instead of invented ones. Changes affecting past timestamps Europe/Minsk's 1992-03-29 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 not 00:00. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Release 2016e - 2016-06-14 08:46:16 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Africa/Cairo observes DST in 2016 from July 7 to the end of October. Guess October 27 and 24:00 transitions. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) For future years, guess April's last Thursday to October's last Thursday except for Ramadan. Changes affecting past timestamps Locations while uninhabited now use '-00', not 'zzz', as a placeholder time zone abbreviation. This is inspired by Internet RFC 3339 and is more consistent with numeric time zone abbreviations already used elsewhere. The change affects several arctic and antarctic locations, e.g., America/Cambridge_Bay before 1920 and Antarctica/Troll before 2005. Asia/Baku's 1992-09-27 transition from +04 (DST) to +04 (non-DST) was at 03:00, not 23:00 the previous day. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Changes to code zic now outputs a dummy transition at time 2**31 - 1 in zones whose POSIX-style TZ strings contain a '<'. This mostly works around Qt bug 53071 . (Thanks to Zhanibek Adilbekov for reporting the Qt bug.) Changes affecting documentation and commentary tz-link.htm says why governments should give plenty of notice for time zone or DST changes, and refers to Matt Johnson's blog post. tz-link.htm mentions Tzdata for Elixir. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Release 2016d - 2016-04-17 22:50:29 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps America/Caracas switches from -0430 to -04 on 2016-05-01 at 02:30. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev for the heads-up.) Asia/Magadan switches from +10 to +11 on 2016-04-24 at 02:00. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev and Matt Johnson.) New zone Asia/Tomsk, split off from Asia/Novosibirsk. It covers Tomsk Oblast, Russia, which switches from +06 to +07 on 2016-05-29 at 02:00. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Changes affecting past timestamps New zone Europe/Kirov, split off from Europe/Volgograd. It covers Kirov Oblast, Russia, which switched from +04/+05 to +03/+04 on 1989-03-26 at 02:00, roughly a year after Europe/Volgograd made the same change. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Russia and nearby locations had daylight-saving transitions on 1992-03-29 at 02:00 and 1992-09-27 at 03:00, instead of on 1992-03-28 at 23:00 and 1992-09-26 at 23:00. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Many corrections to historical time in Kazakhstan from 1991 through 2005. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Replace Kazakhstan's invented time zone abbreviations with numeric abbreviations. Changes to commentary Mention Internet RFCs 7808 (TZDIST) and 7809 (CalDAV time zone references). Release 2016c - 2016-03-23 00:51:27 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Azerbaijan no longer observes DST. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Chile reverts from permanent to seasonal DST. (Thanks to Juan Correa for the heads-up, and to Tim Parenti for corrections.) Guess that future transitions are August's and May's second Saturdays at 24:00 mainland time. Also, call the period from 2014-09-07 through 2016-05-14 daylight saving time instead of standard time, as that seems more appropriate now. Changes affecting past timestamps Europe/Kaliningrad and Europe/Vilnius changed from +03/+04 to +02/+03 on 1989-03-26, not 1991-03-31. Europe/Volgograd changed from +04/+05 to +03/+04 on 1988-03-27, not 1989-03-26. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Changes to commentary Several updates and URLs for historical and proposed Russian changes. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov, Matt Johnson, and Alexander Krivenyshev.) Release 2016b - 2016-03-12 17:30:14 -0800 Compatibility note Starting with release 2016b, some data entries cause zic implementations derived from tz releases 2005j through 2015e to issue warnings like "time zone abbreviation differs from POSIX standard (+03)". These warnings should not otherwise affect zic's output and can safely be ignored on today's platforms, as the warnings refer to a restriction in POSIX.1-1988 that was removed in POSIX.1-2001. One way to suppress the warnings is to upgrade to zic derived from tz releases 2015f and later. Changes affecting future timestamps New zones Europe/Astrakhan and Europe/Ulyanovsk for Astrakhan and Ulyanovsk Oblasts, Russia, both of which will switch from +03 to +04 on 2016-03-27 at 02:00 local time. They need distinct zones since their post-1970 histories disagree. New zone Asia/Barnaul for Altai Krai and Altai Republic, Russia, which will switch from +06 to +07 on the same date and local time. The Astrakhan change is already official; the others have passed the first reading in the State Duma and are extremely likely. Also, Asia/Sakhalin moves from +10 to +11 on 2016-03-27 at 02:00. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev for the heads-up, and to Matt Johnson and Stepan Golosunov for followup.) As a trial of a new system that needs less information to be made up, the new zones use numeric time zone abbreviations like "+04" instead of invented abbreviations like "ASTT". Haiti will not observe DST in 2016. (Thanks to Jean Antoine via Steffen Thorsen.) Palestine's spring-forward transition on 2016-03-26 is at 01:00, not 00:00. (Thanks to Hannah Kreitem.) Guess future transitions will be March's last Saturday at 01:00, not March's last Friday at 24:00. Changes affecting past timestamps Europe/Chisinau observed DST during 1990, and switched from +04 to +03 at 1990-05-06 02:00, instead of switching from +03 to +02. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) 1991 abbreviations in Europe/Samara should be SAMT/SAMST, not KUYT/KUYST. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Changes to code tzselect's diagnostics and checking, and checktab.awk's checking, have been improved. (Thanks to J William Piggott.) tzcode now builds under MinGW. (Thanks to Ian Abbott and Esben Haabendal.) tzselect now tests Julian-date TZ settings more accurately. (Thanks to J William Piggott.) Changes to commentary Comments in zone tables have been improved. (Thanks to J William Piggott.) tzselect again limits its menu comments so that menus fit on a 24×80 alphanumeric display. A new web page tz-how-to.html. (Thanks to Bill Seymour.) In the Theory file, the description of possible time zone abbreviations in tzdata has been cleaned up, as the old description was unclear and inconsistent. (Thanks to Alain Mouette for reporting the problem.) Release 2016a - 2016-01-26 23:28:02 -0800 Changes affecting future timestamps America/Cayman will not observe daylight saving this year after all. Revert our guess that it would. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Asia/Chita switches from +0800 to +0900 on 2016-03-27 at 02:00. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.) Asia/Tehran now has DST predictions for the year 2038 and later, to be March 21 00:00 to September 21 00:00. This is likely better than predicting no DST, albeit off by a day every now and then. Changes affecting past and future timestamps America/Metlakatla switched from PST all year to AKST/AKDT on 2015-11-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) America/Santa_Isabel has been removed, and replaced with a backward compatibility link to America/Tijuana. Its contents were apparently based on a misreading of Mexican legislation. Changes affecting past timestamps Asia/Karachi's two transition times in 2002 were off by a minute. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Changes affecting build procedure An installer can now combine leap seconds with use of the backzone file, e.g., with 'make PACKRATDATA=backzone REDO=posix_right zones'. The old 'make posix_packrat' rule is now marked as obsolescent. (Thanks to Ian Abbott for an initial implementation.) Changes affecting documentation and commentary A new file LICENSE makes it easier to see that the code and data are mostly public-domain. (Thanks to James Knight.) The three non-public-domain files now use the current (3-clause) BSD license instead of older versions of that license. tz-link.htm mentions the BDE library (thanks to Andrew Paprocki), CCTZ (thanks to Tim Parenti), TimeJones.com, and has a new section on editing tz source files (with a mention of Sublime zoneinfo, thanks to Gilmore Davidson). The Theory and asia files now mention the 2015 book "The Global Transformation of Time, 1870-1950", and cite a couple of reviews. The America/Chicago entry now documents the informal use of US central time in Fort Pierre, South Dakota. (Thanks to Rick McDermid, Matt Johnson, and Steve Jones.) Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Turkey's 2015 fall-back transition is scheduled for Nov. 8, not Oct. 25. (Thanks to Fatih.) Norfolk moves from +1130 to +1100 on 2015-10-04 at 02:00 local time. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.) Fiji's 2016 fall-back transition is scheduled for January 17, not 24. (Thanks to Ken Rylander.) Fort Nelson, British Columbia will not fall back on 2015-11-01. It has effectively been on MST (-0700) since it advanced its clocks on 2015-03-08. New zone America/Fort_Nelson. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Changes affecting past timestamps Norfolk observed DST from 1974-10-27 02:00 to 1975-03-02 02:00. Changes affecting code localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037. (Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.) On hosts with signed 32-bit time_t, localtime no longer mishandles Pacific/Fiji after 2038-01-16 14:00 UTC. The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight', and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules, and declares them in case the system does not. (Problems reported by Kees Dekker.) On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL. This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c. (Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.) Changes affecting documentation The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods. (Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.) Release 2015f - 2015-08-10 18:06:56 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps North Korea switches to +0830 on 2015-08-15. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) The abbreviation remains "KST". (Thanks to Robert Elz.) Uruguay no longer observes DST. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Pablo Camargo.) Changes affecting past and future timestamps Moldova starts and ends DST at 00:00 UTC, not at 01:00 UTC. (Thanks to Roman Tudos.) Changes affecting data format and code zic's '-y YEARISTYPE' option is no longer documented. The TYPE field of a Rule line should now be '-'; the old values 'even', 'odd', 'uspres', 'nonpres', 'nonuspres' were already undocumented. Although the implementation has not changed, these features do not work in the default installation, they are not used in the data, and they are now considered obsolescent. zic now checks that two rules don't take effect at the same time. (Thanks to Jon Skeet and Arthur David Olson.) Constraints on simultaneity are now documented. The two characters '%z' in a zone format now stand for the UT offset, e.g., '-07' for seven hours behind UT and '+0530' for five hours and thirty minutes ahead. This better supports time zone abbreviations conforming to POSIX.1-2001 and later. Changes affecting installed data files Comments for America/Halifax and America/Glace_Bay have been improved. (Thanks to Brian Inglis.) Data entries have been simplified for Atlantic/Canary, Europe/Simferopol, Europe/Sofia, and Europe/Tallinn. This yields slightly smaller installed data files for Europe/Simferopol and Europe/Tallinn. It does not affect timestamps. (Thanks to Howard Hinnant.) Changes affecting code zdump and zic no longer warn about valid time zone abbreviations like '-05'. Some Visual Studio 2013 warnings have been suppressed. (Thanks to Kees Dekker.) 'date' no longer sets the time of day and its -a, -d, -n and -t options have been removed. Long obsolescent, the implementation of these features had porting problems. Builders no longer need to configure HAVE_ADJTIME, HAVE_SETTIMEOFDAY, or HAVE_UTMPX_H. (Thanks to Kees Dekker for pointing out the problem.) Changes affecting documentation The Theory file mentions naming issues earlier, as these seem to be poorly publicized (thanks to Gilmore Davidson for reporting the problem). tz-link.htm mentions Time Zone Database Parser (thanks to Howard Hinnant). Mention that Herbert Samuel introduced the term "Summer Time". Release 2015e - 2015-06-13 10:56:02 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Morocco will suspend DST from 2015-06-14 03:00 through 2015-07-19 02:00, not 06-13 and 07-18 as we had guessed. (Thanks to Milamber.) Assume Cayman Islands will observe DST starting next year, using US rules. Although it isn't guaranteed, it is the most likely. Changes affecting data format The file 'iso3166.tab' now uses UTF-8, so that its entries can better spell the names of Åland Islands, Côte d'Ivoire, and Réunion. Changes affecting code When displaying data, tzselect converts it to the current locale's encoding if the iconv command works. (Problem reported by random832.) tzselect no longer mishandles Dominica, fixing a bug introduced in Release 2014f. (Problem reported by Owen Leibman.) zic -l no longer fails when compiled with -DTZDEFAULT=\"/etc/localtime\". This fixes a bug introduced in Release 2014f. (Problem reported by Leonardo Chiquitto.) Release 2015d - 2015-04-24 08:09:46 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Egypt will not observe DST in 2015 and will consider canceling it permanently. For now, assume no DST indefinitely. (Thanks to Ahmed Nazmy and Tim Parenti.) Changes affecting past timestamps America/Whitehorse switched from UT -09 to -08 on 1967-05-28, not 1966-07-01. Also, Yukon's time zone history is documented better. (Thanks to Brian Inglis and Dennis Ferguson.) Change affecting past and future time zone abbreviations The abbreviations for Hawaii-Aleutian standard and daylight times have been changed from HAST/HADT to HST/HDT, as per US Government Printing Office style. This affects only America/Adak since 1983, as America/Honolulu was already using the new style. Changes affecting code zic has some minor performance improvements. Release 2015c - 2015-04-11 08:55:55 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Egypt's spring-forward transition is at 24:00 on April's last Thursday, not 00:00 on April's last Friday. 2015's transition will therefore be on Thursday, April 30 at 24:00, not Friday, April 24 at 00:00. Similar fixes apply to 2026, 2037, 2043, etc. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes affecting past timestamps The following changes affect some pre-1991 Chile-related timestamps in America/Santiago, Antarctica/Palmer, and Pacific/Easter. The 1910 transition was January 10, not January 1. The 1918 transition was September 10, not September 1. The UT -04 time observed from 1932 to 1942 is now considered to be standard time, not year-round DST. Santiago observed DST (UT -03) from 1946-07-15 through 1946-08-31, then reverted to standard time, then switched to -05 on 1947-04-01. Assume transitions before 1968 were at 00:00, since we have no data saying otherwise. The spring 1988 transition was 1988-10-09, not 1988-10-02. The fall 1990 transition was 1990-03-11, not 1990-03-18. Assume no UT offset change for Pacific/Easter on 1890-01-01, and omit all transitions on Pacific/Easter from 1942 through 1946 since we have no data suggesting that they existed. One more zone has been turned into a link, as it differed from an existing zone only for older timestamps. As usual, this change affects UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. The zone's old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. The affected zone is America/Montreal. Changes affecting commentary Mention the TZUpdater tool. Mention "The Time Now". (Thanks to Brandon Ramsey.) Release 2015b - 2015-03-19 23:28:11 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Mongolia will start observing DST again this year, from the last Saturday in March at 02:00 to the last Saturday in September at 00:00. (Thanks to Ganbold Tsagaankhuu.) Palestine will start DST on March 28, not March 27. Also, correct the fall 2014 transition from September 26 to October 24. Adjust future predictions accordingly. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes affecting past timestamps The 1982 zone shift in Pacific/Easter has been corrected, fixing a 2015a regression. (Thanks to Stuart Bishop for reporting the problem.) Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing zones only for older timestamps. As usual, these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. The affected zones are: America/Antigua, America/Cayman, Pacific/Midway, and Pacific/Saipan. Changes affecting time zone abbreviations Correct the 1992-2010 DST abbreviation in Volgograd from "MSK" to "MSD". (Thanks to Hank W.) Changes affecting code Fix integer overflow bug in reference 'mktime' implementation. (Problem reported by Jörg Richter.) Allow -Dtime_tz=time_t compilations, and allow -Dtime_tz=... libraries to be used in the same executable as standard-library time_t functions. (Problems reported by Bradley White.) Changes affecting commentary Cite the recent Mexican decree changing Quintana Roo's time zone. (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.) Likewise for the recent Chilean decree. (Thanks to Eduardo Romero Urra.) Update info about Mars time. Release 2015a - 2015-01-29 22:35:20 -0800 Changes affecting future timestamps The Mexican state of Quintana Roo, represented by America/Cancun, will shift from Central Time with DST to Eastern Time without DST on 2015-02-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Gwillim Law.) Chile will not change clocks in April or thereafter; its new standard time will be its old daylight saving time. This affects America/Santiago, Pacific/Easter, and Antarctica/Palmer. (Thanks to Juan Correa.) New leap second 2015-06-30 23:59:60 UTC as per IERS Bulletin C 49. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Changes affecting past timestamps Iceland observed DST in 1919 and 1921, and its 1939 fallback transition was Oct. 29, not Nov. 29. Remove incorrect data from Shanks about time in Iceland between 1837 and 1908. Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing zones only for older timestamps. As usual, these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. The affected zones are: Asia/Aden, Asia/Bahrain, Asia/Kuwait, and Asia/Muscat. Changes affecting code tzalloc now scrubs time zone abbreviations compatibly with the way that tzset always has, by replacing invalid bytes with '_' and by shortening too-long abbreviations. tzselect ports to POSIX awk implementations, no longer mishandles POSIX TZ settings when GNU awk is used, and reports POSIX TZ settings to the user. (Thanks to Stefan Kuhn.) Changes affecting build procedure 'make check' now checks for links to links in the data. One such link (for Africa/Asmera) has been fixed. (Thanks to Stephen Colebourne for pointing out the problem.) Changes affecting commentary The leapseconds file commentary now mentions the expiration date. (Problem reported by Martin Burnicki.) Update Mexican Library of Congress URL. Release 2014j - 2014-11-10 17:37:11 -0800 Changes affecting current and future timestamps Turks & Caicos' switch from US eastern time to UT -04 year-round did not occur on 2014-11-02 at 02:00. It's currently scheduled for 2015-11-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Chris Walton.) Changes affecting past timestamps Many pre-1989 timestamps have been corrected for Asia/Seoul and Asia/Pyongyang, based on sources for the Korean-language Wikipedia entry for time in Korea. (Thanks to Sanghyuk Jung.) Also, no longer guess that Pyongyang mimicked Seoul time after World War II, as this is politically implausible. Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing zones only for older timestamps. As usual, these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. The affected zones are: Africa/Addis_Ababa, Africa/Asmara, Africa/Dar_es_Salaam, Africa/Djibouti, Africa/Kampala, Africa/Mogadishu, Indian/Antananarivo, Indian/Comoro, and Indian/Mayotte. Changes affecting commentary The commentary is less enthusiastic about Shanks as a source, and is more careful to distinguish UT from UTC. Release 2014i - 2014-10-21 22:04:57 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Pacific/Fiji will observe DST from 2014-11-02 02:00 to 2015-01-18 03:00. (Thanks to Ken Rylander for the heads-up.) Guess that future years will use a similar pattern. A new Zone Pacific/Bougainville, for the part of Papua New Guinea that plans to switch from UT +10 to +11 on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. (Thanks to Kiley Walbom for the heads-up.) Changes affecting time zone abbreviations Since Belarus is not changing its clocks even though Moscow is, the time zone abbreviation in Europe/Minsk is changing from FET to its more-traditional value MSK on 2014-10-26 at 01:00. (Thanks to Alexander Bokovoy for the heads-up about Belarus.) The new abbreviation IDT stands for the pre-1976 use of UT +08 in Indochina, to distinguish it better from ICT (+07). Changes affecting past timestamps Many timestamps have been corrected for Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh before 1976 (thanks to Trần Ngọc Quân for an indirect pointer to Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book). Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh has been added to zone1970.tab, to give tzselect users in Vietnam two choices, since north and south Vietnam disagreed after our 1970 cutoff. Asia/Phnom_Penh and Asia/Vientiane have been turned into links, as they differed from existing zones only for older timestamps. As usual, these changes affect pre-1970 timestamps only. Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. Changes affecting code The time-related library functions now set errno on failure, and some crashes in the new tzalloc-related library functions have been fixed. (Thanks to Christos Zoulas for reporting most of these problems and for suggesting fixes.) If USG_COMPAT is defined and the requested timestamp is standard time, the tz library's localtime and mktime functions now set the extern variable timezone to a value appropriate for that timestamp; and similarly for ALTZONE, daylight saving time, and the altzone variable. This change is a companion to the tzname change in 2014h, and is designed to make timezone and altzone more compatible with tzname. The tz library's functions now set errno to EOVERFLOW if they fail because the result cannot be represented. ctime and ctime_r now return NULL and set errno when a timestamp is out of range, rather than having undefined behavior. Some bugs associated with the new 2014g functions have been fixed. This includes a bug that largely incapacitated the new functions time2posix_z and posix2time_z. (Thanks to Christos Zoulas.) It also includes some uses of uninitialized variables after tzalloc. The new code uses the standard type 'ssize_t', which the Makefile now gives porting advice about. Changes affecting commentary Updated URLs for NRC Canada (thanks to Matt Johnson and Brian Inglis). Release 2014h - 2014-09-25 18:59:03 -0700 Changes affecting past timestamps America/Jamaica's 1974 spring-forward transition was Jan. 6, not Apr. 28. Shanks says Asia/Novokuznetsk switched from LMT (not "NMT") on 1924-05-01, not 1920-01-06. The old entry was based on a misinterpretation of Shanks. Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing zones only for older timestamps. As usual, these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. The affected zones are: Africa/Blantyre, Africa/Bujumbura, Africa/Gaborone, Africa/Harare, Africa/Kigali, Africa/Lubumbashi, Africa/Lusaka, Africa/Maseru, and Africa/Mbabane. Changes affecting code zdump -V and -v now output gmtoff= values on all platforms, not merely on platforms defining TM_GMTOFF. The tz library's localtime and mktime functions now set tzname to a value appropriate for the requested timestamp, and zdump now uses this on platforms not defining TM_ZONE, fixing a 2014g regression. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.) The tz library no longer sets tzname if localtime or mktime fails. zdump -c no longer mishandles transitions near year boundaries. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.) An access to uninitialized data has been fixed. (Thanks to Jörg Richter for reporting the problem.) When THREAD_SAFE is defined, the code ports to the C11 memory model. A memory leak has been fixed if ALL_STATE and THREAD_SAFE are defined and two threads race to initialize data used by gmtime-like functions. (Thanks to Andy Heninger for reporting the problems.) Changes affecting build procedure 'make check' now checks better for properly-sorted data. Changes affecting documentation and commentary zdump's gmtoff=N output is now documented, and its isdst=D output is now documented to possibly output D values other than 0 or 1. zdump -c's treatment of years is now documented to use the Gregorian calendar and Universal Time without leap seconds, and its behavior at cutoff boundaries is now documented better. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson and Tim Parenti for reporting the problems.) Programs are now documented to use the proleptic Gregorian calendar. (Thanks to Alan Barrett for the suggestion.) Fractional-second GMT offsets have been documented for civil time in 19th-century Chennai, Jakarta, and New York. Release 2014g - 2014-08-28 12:31:23 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Turks & Caicos is switching from US eastern time to UT -04 year-round, modeled as a switch on 2014-11-02 at 02:00. [As noted in 2014j, this switch was later delayed.] Changes affecting past timestamps Time in Russia or the USSR before 1926 or so has been corrected by a few seconds in the following zones: Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Krasnoyarsk, Asia/Omsk, Asia/Samarkand, Asia/Tbilisi, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yakutsk, Europe/Riga, Europe/Samara. For Asia/Yekaterinburg the correction is a few minutes. (Thanks to Vladimir Karpinsky.) The Portuguese decree of 1911-05-26 took effect on 1912-01-01. This affects 1911 timestamps in Africa/Bissau, Africa/Luanda, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira. Also, Lisbon's pre-1912 GMT offset was -0:36:45 (rounded from -0:36:44.68), not -0:36:32. (Thanks to Stephen Colebourne for pointing to the decree.) Asia/Dhaka ended DST on 2009-12-31 at 24:00, not 23:59. A new file 'backzone' contains data which may appeal to connoisseurs of old timestamps, although it is out of scope for the tz database, is often poorly sourced, and contains some data that is known to be incorrect. The new file is not recommended for ordinary use and its entries are not installed by default. (Thanks to Lester Caine for the high-quality Jersey, Guernsey, and Isle of Man entries.) Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing zones only for older timestamps. As usual, these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. The affected zones are: Africa/Bangui, Africa/Brazzaville, Africa/Douala, Africa/Kinshasa, Africa/Libreville, Africa/Luanda, Africa/Malabo, Africa/Niamey, and Africa/Porto-Novo. Changes affecting code Unless NETBSD_INSPIRED is defined to 0, the tz library now supplies functions for creating and using objects that represent timezones. The new functions are tzalloc, tzfree, localtime_rz, mktime_z, and (if STD_INSPIRED is also defined) posix2time_z and time2posix_z. They are intended for performance: for example, localtime_rz (unlike localtime_r) is trivially thread-safe without locking. (Thanks to Christos Zoulas for proposing NetBSD-inspired functions, and to Alan Barrett and Jonathan Lennox for helping to debug the change.) zdump now builds with the tz library unless USE_LTZ is defined to 0, This lets zdump use tz features even if the system library lacks them. To build zdump with the system library, use 'make CFLAGS=-DUSE_LTZ=0 TZDOBJS=zdump.o CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES='. zdump now uses localtime_rz if available, as it's significantly faster, and it can help zdump better diagnose invalid timezone names. Define HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ to 0 to suppress this. HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ defaults to 1 if NETBSD_INSPIRED && USE_LTZ. When localtime_rz is not available, zdump now uses localtime_r and tzset if available, as this is a bit cleaner and faster than plain localtime. Compile with -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=0 and/or -DHAVE_TZSET=0 if your system lacks these two functions. If THREAD_SAFE is defined to 1, the tz library is now thread-safe. Although not needed for tz's own applications, which are single-threaded, this supports POSIX better if the tz library is used in multithreaded apps. Some crashes have been fixed when zdump or the tz library is given invalid or outlandish input. The tz library no longer mishandles leap seconds on platforms with unsigned time_t in timezones that lack ordinary transitions after 1970. The tz code now attempts to infer TM_GMTOFF and TM_ZONE if not already defined, to make it easier to configure on common platforms. Define NO_TM_GMTOFF and NO_TM_ZONE to suppress this. Unless the new macro UNINIT_TRAP is defined to 1, the tz code now assumes that reading uninitialized memory yields garbage values but does not cause other problems such as traps. If TM_GMTOFF is defined and UNINIT_TRAP is 0, mktime is now more likely to guess right for ambiguous timestamps near transitions where tm_isdst does not change. If HAVE_STRFTIME_L is defined to 1, the tz library now defines strftime_l for compatibility with recent versions of POSIX. Only the C locale is supported, though. HAVE_STRFTIME_L defaults to 1 on recent POSIX versions, and to 0 otherwise. tzselect -c now uses a hybrid distance measure that works better in Africa. (Thanks to Alan Barrett for noting the problem.) The C source code now ports to NetBSD when GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS is used, or when time_tz is defined. When HAVE_UTMPX_H is set the 'date' command now builds on systems whose file does not define WTMPX_FILE, and when setting the date it updates the wtmpx file if _PATH_WTMPX is defined. This affects GNU/Linux and similar systems. For easier maintenance later, some C code has been simplified, some lint has been removed, and the code has been tweaked so that plain 'make' is more likely to work. The C type 'bool' is now used for boolean values, instead of 'int'. The long-obsolete LOCALE_HOME code has been removed. The long-obsolete 'gtime' function has been removed. Changes affecting build procedure 'zdump' no longer links in ialloc.o, as it's not needed. 'make check_time_t_alternatives' no longer assumes GNU diff. Changes affecting distribution tarballs The files checktab.awk and zoneinfo2tdf.pl are now distributed in the tzdata tarball instead of the tzcode tarball, since they help maintain the data. The NEWS and Theory files are now also distributed in the tzdata tarball, as they're relevant for data. (Thanks to Alan Barrett for pointing this out.) Also, the leapseconds.awk file is no longer distributed in the tzcode tarball, since it belongs in the tzdata tarball (where 2014f inadvertently also distributed it). Changes affecting documentation and commentary A new file CONTRIBUTING is distributed. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for suggesting a CONTRIBUTING file, and to Tony Finch and Walter Harms for debugging it.) The man pages have been updated to use function prototypes, to document thread-safe variants like localtime_r, and to document the NetBSD-inspired functions tzalloc, tzfree, localtime_rz, and mktime_z. The fields in Link lines have been renamed to be more descriptive and more like the parameters of 'ln'. LINK-FROM has become TARGET, and LINK-TO has become LINK-NAME. tz-link.htm mentions the IETF's tzdist working group; Windows Runtime etc. (thanks to Matt Johnson); and HP-UX's tztab. Some broken URLs have been fixed in the commentary. (Thanks to Lester Caine.) Commentary about Philippines DST has been updated, and commentary on pre-1970 time in India has been added. Release 2014f - 2014-08-05 17:42:36 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Russia will subtract an hour from most of its time zones on 2014-10-26 at 02:00 local time. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.) There are a few exceptions: Magadan Oblast (Asia/Magadan) and Zabaykalsky Krai are subtracting two hours; conversely, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Asia/Anadyr), Kamchatka Krai (Asia/Kamchatka), Kemerovo Oblast (Asia/Novokuznetsk), and the Samara Oblast and the Udmurt Republic (Europe/Samara) are not changing their clocks. The changed zones are Europe/Kaliningrad, Europe/Moscow, Europe/Simferopol, Europe/Volgograd, Asia/Yekaterinburg, Asia/Omsk, Asia/Novosibirsk, Asia/Krasnoyarsk, Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Yakutsk, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Khandyga, Asia/Sakhalin, and Asia/Ust-Nera; Asia/Magadan will have two hours subtracted; and Asia/Novokuznetsk's time zone abbreviation is affected, but not its UTC offset. Two zones are added: Asia/Chita (split from Asia/Yakutsk, and also with two hours subtracted) and Asia/Srednekolymsk (split from Asia/Magadan, but with only one hour subtracted). (Thanks to Tim Parenti for much of the above.) Changes affecting time zone abbreviations Australian eastern time zone abbreviations are now AEST/AEDT not EST, and similarly for the other Australian zones. That is, for eastern standard and daylight saving time the abbreviations are AEST and AEDT instead of the former EST for both; similarly, ACST/ACDT, ACWST/ACWDT, and AWST/AWDT are now used instead of the former CST, CWST, and WST. This change does not affect UT offsets, only time zone abbreviations. (Thanks to Rich Tibbett and many others.) Asia/Novokuznetsk shifts from NOVT to KRAT (remaining on UT +07) effective 2014-10-26 at 02:00 local time. The time zone abbreviation for Xinjiang Time (observed in Ürümqi) has been changed from URUT to XJT. (Thanks to Luther Ma.) Prefer MSK/MSD for Moscow time in Russia, even in other cities. Similarly, prefer EET/EEST for eastern European time in Russia. Change time zone abbreviations in (western) Samoa to use "ST" and "DT" suffixes, as this is more likely to match common practice. Prefix "W" to (western) Samoa time when its standard-time offset disagrees with that of American Samoa. America/Metlakatla now uses PST, not MeST, to abbreviate its time zone. Time zone abbreviations have been updated for Japan's two time zones used 1896-1937. JWST now stands for Western Standard Time, and JCST for Central Standard Time (formerly this was CJT). These abbreviations are now used for time in Korea, Taiwan, and Sakhalin while controlled by Japan. Changes affecting past timestamps China's five zones have been simplified to two, since the post-1970 differences in the other three seem to have been imaginary. The zones Asia/Harbin, Asia/Chongqing, and Asia/Kashgar have been removed; backwards-compatibility links still work, albeit with different behaviors for timestamps before May 1980. Asia/Urumqi's 1980 transition to UT +08 has been removed, so that it is now at +06 and not +08. (Thanks to Luther Ma and to Alois Treindl; Treindl sent helpful translations of two papers by Guo Qingsheng.) Some zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing zones only for older UT offsets where data entries were likely invented. These changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. This is similar to the change in release 2013e, except this time for western Africa. The affected zones are: Africa/Bamako, Africa/Banjul, Africa/Conakry, Africa/Dakar, Africa/Freetown, Africa/Lome, Africa/Nouakchott, Africa/Ouagadougou, Africa/Sao_Tome, and Atlantic/St_Helena. This also affects the backwards-compatibility link Africa/Timbuktu. (Thanks to Alan Barrett, Stephen Colebourne, Tim Parenti, and David Patte for reporting problems in earlier versions of this change.) Asia/Shanghai's pre-standard-time UT offset has been changed from 8:05:57 to 8:05:43, the location of Xujiahui Observatory. Its transition to standard time has been changed from 1928 to 1901. Asia/Taipei switched to JWST on 1896-01-01, then to JST on 1937-10-01, then to CST on 1945-09-21 at 01:00, and did not observe DST in 1945. In 1946 it observed DST from 05-15 through 09-30; in 1947 from 04-15 through 10-31; and in 1979 from 07-01 through 09-30. (Thanks to Yu-Cheng Chuang.) Asia/Riyadh's transition to standard time is now 1947-03-14, not 1950. Europe/Helsinki's 1942 fall-back transition was 10-04 at 01:00, not 10-03 at 00:00. (Thanks to Konstantin Hyppönen.) Pacific/Pago_Pago has been changed from UT -11:30 to -11 for the period from 1911 to 1950. Pacific/Chatham has been changed to New Zealand standard time plus 45 minutes for the period before 1957, reflecting a 1956 remark in the New Zealand parliament. Europe/Budapest has several pre-1946 corrections: in 1918 the transition out of DST was on 09-16, not 09-29; in 1919 it was on 11-24, not 09-15; in 1945 it was on 11-01, not 11-03; in 1941 the transition to DST was 04-08 not 04-06 at 02:00; and there was no DST in 1920. Africa/Accra is now assumed to have observed DST from 1920 through 1935. Time in Russia before 1927 or so has been corrected by a few seconds in the following zones: Europe/Moscow, Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Tbilisi, Asia/Tashkent, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yekaterinburg, Europe/Helsinki, and Europe/Riga. Also, Moscow's location has been changed to its Kilometer 0 point. (Thanks to Vladimir Karpinsky for the Moscow changes.) Changes affecting data format A new file 'zone1970.tab' supersedes 'zone.tab' in the installed data. The new file's extended format allows multiple country codes per zone. The older file is still installed but is deprecated; its format is not changing and it will still be distributed for a while, but new applications should use the new file. The new file format simplifies maintenance of obscure locations. To test this, it adds coverage for the Crozet Islands and the Scattered Islands. (Thanks to Tobias Conradi and Antoine Leca.) The file 'iso3166.tab' is planned to switch from ASCII to UTF-8. It is still ASCII now, but commentary about the switch has been added. The new file 'zone1970.tab' already uses UTF-8. Changes affecting code 'localtime', 'mktime', etc. now use much less stack space if ALL_STATE is defined. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes for reporting the problem.) 'zic' no longer mishandles input when ignoring case in locales that are not compatible with English, e.g., unibyte Turkish locales when compiled with HAVE_GETTEXT. Error diagnostics of 'zic' and 'yearistype' have been reworded so that they no longer use ASCII '-' as if it were a dash. 'zic' now rejects output file names that contain '.' or '..' components. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.) 'zic -v' now warns about output file names that do not follow POSIX rules, or that contain a digit or '.'. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson for starting the ball rolling on this.) Some lint has been removed when using GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS with GCC 4.9.0. Changes affecting build procedure 'zic' no longer links in localtime.o and asctime.o, as they're not needed. (Thanks to John Cochran.) Changes affecting documentation and commentary The 'Theory' file documents legacy names, the longstanding exceptions to the POSIX-inspired file name rules. The 'zic' documentation clarifies the role of time types when interpreting dates. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Documentation and commentary now prefer UTF-8 to US-ASCII, allowing the use of proper accents in foreign words and names. Code and data have not changed because of this. (Thanks to Garrett Wollman, Ian Abbott, and Guy Harris for helping to debug this.) Non-HTML documentation and commentary now use plain-text URLs instead of HTML insertions, and are more consistent about bracketing URLs when they are not already surrounded by white space. (Thanks to suggestions by Steffen Nurpmeso.) There is new commentary about Xujiahui Observatory, the five time-zone project in China from 1918 to 1949, timekeeping in Japanese-occupied Shanghai, and Tibet Time in the 1950s. The sharp-eyed can spot the warlord Jin Shuren in the data. Commentary about the coverage of each Russian zone has been standardized. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) There is new commentary about contemporary timekeeping in Ethiopia. Obsolete comments about a 2007 proposal for DST in Kuwait has been removed. There is new commentary about time in Poland in 1919. Proper credit has been given to DST inventor George Vernon Hudson. Commentary about time in Metlakatla, AK and Resolute, NU has been improved, with a new source for the former. In zone.tab, Pacific/Easter no longer mentions Salas y Gómez, as it is uninhabited. Commentary about permanent Antarctic bases has been updated. Several typos have been corrected. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for contributing some of these fixes.) tz-link.htm now mentions the JavaScript libraries Moment Timezone, TimezoneJS.Date, Walltime-js, and Timezone. (Thanks to a heads-up from Matt Johnson.) Also, it mentions the Go 'latlong' package. (Thanks to a heads-up from Dirkjan Ochtman.) The files usno1988, usno1989, usno1989a, usno1995, usno1997, and usno1998 have been removed. These obsolescent US Naval Observatory entries were no longer helpful for maintenance. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for the suggestion.) Release 2014e - 2014-06-12 21:53:52 -0700 Changes affecting near-future timestamps Egypt's 2014 Ramadan-based transitions are June 26 and July 31 at 24:00. (Thanks to Imed Chihi.) Guess that from 2015 on Egypt will temporarily switch to standard time at 24:00 the last Thursday before Ramadan, and back to DST at 00:00 the first Friday after Ramadan. Similarly, Morocco's are June 28 at 03:00 and August 2 at 02:00. (Thanks to Milamber Space Network.) Guess that from 2015 on Morocco will temporarily switch to standard time at 03:00 the last Saturday before Ramadan, and back to DST at 02:00 the first Saturday after Ramadan. Changes affecting past timestamps The abbreviation "MSM" (Moscow Midsummer Time) is now used instead of "MSD" for Moscow's double daylight time in summer 1921. Also, a typo "VLASST" has been repaired to be "VLAST" for Vladivostok summer time in 1991. (Thanks to Hank W. for reporting the problems.) Changes affecting commentary tz-link.htm now cites RFC 7265 for jCal, mentions PTP and the draft CalDAV extension, updates URLs for TSP, TZInfo, IATA, and removes stale pointers to World Time Explorer and WORLDTIME. Release 2014d - 2014-05-27 21:34:40 -0700 Changes affecting code zic no longer generates files containing timestamps before the Big Bang. This works around GNOME glib bug 878 (Thanks to Leonardo Chiquitto for reporting the bug, and to Arthur David Olson and James Cloos for suggesting improvements to the fix.) Changes affecting documentation tz-link.htm now mentions GNOME. Release 2014c - 2014-05-13 07:44:13 -0700 Changes affecting near-future timestamps Egypt observes DST starting 2014-05-15 at 24:00. (Thanks to Ahmad El-Dardiry and Gunther Vermier.) Details have not been announced, except that DST will not be observed during Ramadan. Guess that DST will stop during the same Ramadan dates as Morocco, and that Egypt's future spring and fall transitions will be the same as 2010 when it last observed DST, namely April's last Friday at 00:00 to September's last Thursday at 23:00 standard time. Also, guess that Ramadan transitions will be at 00:00 standard time. Changes affecting code zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating guesswork when handling low-valued timestamps. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Port to Cygwin sans glibc. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Changes affecting commentary and documentation Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan. (Thanks to Oleksii Nochovnyi.) Release 2014b - 2014-03-24 21:28:50 -0700 Changes affecting near-future timestamps Crimea switches to Moscow time on 2014-03-30 at 02:00 local time. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.) Move its zone.tab entry from UA to RU. New entry for Troll station, Antarctica. (Thanks to Paul-Inge Flakstad and Bengt-Inge Larsson.) This is currently an approximation; a better version will require the zic and localtime fixes mentioned below, and the plan is to wait for a while until at least the zic fixes propagate. Changes affecting code 'zic' and 'localtime' no longer reject locations needing four transitions per year for the foreseeable future. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).) Also, 'zic' avoids some unlikely failures due to integer overflow. Changes affecting build procedure 'make check' now detects Rule lines defined but never used. The NZAQ rules, an instance of this problem, have been removed. Changes affecting commentary and documentation Fix Tuesday/Thursday typo in description of time in Israel. (Thanks to Bert Katz via Pavel Kharitonov and Mike Frysinger.) Microsoft Windows 8.1 doesn't support tz database names. (Thanks to Donald MacQueen.) Instead, the Microsoft Windows Store app library supports them. Add comments about Johnston Island time in the 1960s. (Thanks to Lyle McElhaney.) Morocco's 2014 DST start will be as predicted. (Thanks to Sebastien Willemijns.) Release 2014a - 2014-03-07 23:30:29 -0800 Changes affecting near-future timestamps Turkey begins DST on 2014-03-31, not 03-30. (Thanks to Faruk Pasin for the heads-up, and to Tim Parenti for simplifying the update.) Changes affecting past timestamps Fiji ended DST on 2014-01-19 at 02:00, not the previously-scheduled 03:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Ukraine switched from Moscow to Eastern European time on 1990-07-01 (not 1992-01-01), and observed DST during the entire next winter. (Thanks to Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl.) In 1988 Israel observed DST from 04-10 to 09-04, not 04-09 to 09-03. (Thanks to Avigdor Finkelstein.) Changes affecting code A uninitialized-storage bug in 'localtime' has been fixed. (Thanks to Logan Chien.) Changes affecting the build procedure The settings for 'make check_web' now default to Ubuntu 13.10. Changes affecting commentary and documentation The boundary of the US Pacific time zone is given more accurately. (Thanks to Alan Mintz.) Chile's 2014 DST will be as predicted. (Thanks to José Miguel Garrido.) Paraguay's 2014 DST will be as predicted. (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.) Better descriptions of countries with same time zone history as Trinidad and Tobago since 1970. (Thanks to Alan Barrett for suggestion.) Several changes affect tz-link.htm, the main web page. Mention Time.is (thanks to Even Scharning) and WX-now (thanks to David Braverman). Mention xCal (Internet RFC 6321) and jCal. Microsoft has some support for tz database names. CLDR data formats include both XML and JSON. Mention Maggiolo's map of solar vs standard time. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Mention TZ4Net. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Mention the timezone-olson Haskell package. Mention zeitverschiebung.net. (Thanks to Martin Jäger.) Remove moribund links to daylight-savings-time.info and to Simple Timer + Clocks. Update two links. (Thanks to Oscar van Vlijmen.) Fix some formatting glitches, e.g., remove random newlines from abbr elements' title attributes. Release 2013i - 2013-12-17 07:25:23 -0800 Changes affecting near-future timestamps: Jordan switches back to standard time at 00:00 on December 20, 2013. The 2006-2011 transition schedule is planned to resume in 2014. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes affecting past timestamps: In 2004, Cuba began DST on March 28, not April 4. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes affecting code The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits. Changes affecting documentation and commentary The files solar87, solar88, and solar89 are no longer distributed. They were a negative experiment - that is, a demonstration that tz data can represent solar time only with some difficulty and error. Their presence in the distribution caused confusion, as Riyadh civil time was generally not solar time in those years. tz-link.htm now mentions Noda Time. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Release 2013h - 2013-10-25 15:32:32 -0700 Changes affecting current and future timestamps: Libya has switched its UT offset back to +02 without DST, instead of +01 with DST. (Thanks to Even Scharning.) Western Sahara (Africa/El_Aaiun) uses Morocco's DST rules. (Thanks to Gwillim Law.) Changes affecting future timestamps: Acre and (we guess) western Amazonas will switch from UT -04 to -05 on 2013-11-10. This affects America/Rio_Branco and America/Eirunepe. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Add entries for DST transitions in Morocco in the year 2038. This avoids some year-2038 glitches introduced in 2013g. (Thanks to Yoshito Umaoka for reporting the problem.) Changes affecting API The 'tzselect' command no longer requires the 'select' command, and should now work with /bin/sh on more platforms. It also works around a bug in BusyBox awk before version 1.21.0. (Thanks to Patrick 'P. J.' McDermott and Alan Barrett.) Changes affecting code Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t. zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow. Changes affecting the build procedure The builder can specify which programs to use, if any, instead of 'ar' and 'ranlib', and libtz.a is now built locally before being installed. (Thanks to Michael Forney.) A dependency typo in the 'zdump' rule has been fixed. (Thanks to Andrew Paprocki.) The Makefile has been simplified by assuming that 'mkdir -p' and 'cp -f' work as specified by POSIX.2-1992 or later; this is portable nowadays. 'make clean' no longer removes 'leapseconds', since it's host-independent and is part of the distribution. The unused makefile macros TZCSRCS, TZDSRCS, DATESRCS have been removed. Changes affecting documentation and commentary tz-link.htm now mentions TC TIMEZONE's draft time zone service protocol (thanks to Mike Douglass) and TimezoneJS.Date (thanks to Jim Fehrle). Update URLs in tz-link page. Add URLs for Microsoft Windows, since 8.1 introduces tz support. Remove URLs for Tru64 and UnixWare (no longer maintained) and for old advisories. SOFA now does C. Release 2013g - 2013-09-30 21:08:26 -0700 Changes affecting current and near-future timestamps Morocco now observes DST from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October, not April to September respectively. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes affecting 'zic' 'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks. (Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.) Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks. 'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e. Changes affecting the build procedure The 'leapseconds' file is again put into the tzdata tarball. Also, 'leapseconds.awk', so tzdata is self-contained. (Thanks to Matt Burgess and Ian Abbott.) The timestamps of these and other dependent files in tarballs are adjusted more consistently. Changes affecting documentation and commentary The README file is now part of the data tarball as well as the code. It now states that files are public domain unless otherwise specified. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram) for asking for clarifications.) Its details about the 1989 release moved to a place of honor near the end of NEWS. Release 2013f - 2013-09-24 23:37:36 -0700 Changes affecting near-future timestamps Tocantins will very likely not observe DST starting this spring. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Jordan will likely stay at UT +03 indefinitely, and will not fall back this fall. Palestine will fall back at 00:00, not 01:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes affecting API The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present) have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone' by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11. These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where 'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.) Changes affecting the build procedure Avoid long strings in leapseconds.awk to work around a mawk bug. (Thanks to Cyril Baurand.) Changes affecting documentation and commentary New file 'NEWS' that contains release notes like this one. Paraguay's law does not specify DST transition time; 00:00 is customary. (Thanks to Waldemar Villamayor-Venialbo.) Minor capitalization fixes. Changes affecting version-control only The experimental GitHub repository now contains annotated and signed tags for recent releases, e.g., '2013e' for Release 2013e. Releases are tagged starting with 2012e; earlier releases were done differently, and tags would either not have a simple name or not exactly match what was released. 'make set-timestamps' is now simpler and a bit more portable. Release 2013e - 2013-09-19 23:50:04 -0700 Changes affecting near-future timestamps This year Fiji will start DST on October 27, not October 20. (Thanks to David Wheeler for the heads-up.) For now, guess that Fiji will continue to spring forward the Sunday before the fourth Monday in October. Changes affecting current and future time zone abbreviations Use WIB/WITA/WIT rather than WIT/CIT/EIT for alphabetic Indonesian time zone abbreviations since 1932. (Thanks to George Ziegler, Priyadi Iman Nurcahyo, Zakaria, Jason Grimes, Martin Pitt, and Benny Lin.) This affects Asia/Dili, Asia/Jakarta, Asia/Jayapura, Asia/Makassar, and Asia/Pontianak. Use ART (UT -03, standard time), rather than WARST (also -03, but daylight saving time) for San Luis, Argentina since 2009. Changes affecting Godthåb timestamps after 2037 if version mismatch Allow POSIX-like TZ strings where the transition time's hour can range from -167 through 167, instead of the POSIX-required 0 through 24. E.g., TZ='FJT-12FJST,M10.3.1/146,M1.3.4/75' for the new Fiji rules. This is a more-compact way to represent far-future timestamps for America/Godthab, America/Santiago, Antarctica/Palmer, Asia/Gaza, Asia/Hebron, Asia/Jerusalem, Pacific/Easter, and Pacific/Fiji. Other zones are unaffected by this change. (Derived from a suggestion by Arthur David Olson.) Allow POSIX-like TZ strings where daylight saving time is in effect all year. E.g., TZ='WART4WARST,J1/0,J365/25' for Western Argentina Summer Time all year. This supports a more-compact way to represent the 2013d data for America/Argentina/San_Luis. Because of the change for San Luis noted above this change does not affect the current data. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram) for suggestions that improved this change.) Where these two TZ changes take effect, there is a minor extension to the tz file format in that it allows new values for the embedded TZ-format string, and the tz file format version number has therefore been increased from 2 to 3 as a precaution. Version-2-based client code should continue to work as before for all timestamps before 2038. Existing version-2-based client code (tzcode, GNU/Linux, Solaris) has been tested on version-3-format files, and typically works in practice even for timestamps after 2037; the only known exception is America/Godthab. Changes affecting timestamps before 1970 Pacific/Johnston is now a link to Pacific/Honolulu. This corrects some errors before 1947. Some zones have been turned into links, when they differ from existing zones only in older data entries that were likely invented or that differ only in LMT or transitions from LMT. These changes affect only timestamps before 1943. The affected zones are: Africa/Juba, America/Anguilla, America/Aruba, America/Dominica, America/Grenada, America/Guadeloupe, America/Marigot, America/Montserrat, America/St_Barthelemy, America/St_Kitts, America/St_Lucia, America/St_Thomas, America/St_Vincent, America/Tortola, and Europe/Vaduz. (Thanks to Alois Treindl for confirming that the old Europe/Vaduz zone was wrong and the new link is better for WWII-era times.) Change Kingston Mean Time from -5:07:12 to -5:07:11. This affects America/Cayman, America/Jamaica and America/Grand_Turk timestamps from 1890 to 1912. Change the UT offset of Bern Mean Time from 0:29:44 to 0:29:46. This affects Europe/Zurich timestamps from 1853 to 1894. (Thanks to Alois Treindl.) Change the date of the circa-1850 Zurich transition from 1849-09-12 to 1853-07-16, overriding Shanks with data from Messerli about postal and telegraph time in Switzerland. Changes affecting time zone abbreviations before 1970 For Asia/Jakarta, use BMT (not JMT) for mean time from 1923 to 1932, as Jakarta was called Batavia back then. Changes affecting API The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the timestamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).) The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD. The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you select a zone based on latitude and longitude. The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson for the suggestion.) Support for floating-point time_t has been removed. It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it. (Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point implementation.) The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to 'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulas.) The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump. Changes affecting the zdump utility zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC". "UTC" does not make sense for timestamps that predate the introduction of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen for clarifying UT vs UTC.) Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands" rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba". Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock, and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing same-country-code zones for post-1970 timestamps. The data entries for these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before. Changes affecting code internals zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers. zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory. tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data, rather than have it hard-coded. Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1. Changes affecting the build procedure The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this. The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'. When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about 2 MB of file system space. The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds that omit 'backward'. Changes affecting version-control only .gitignore now ignores 'date'. Changes affecting documentation and commentary Changes to the 'tzfile' man page It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in future versions by appending data. It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages. Changes to the 'zic' man page It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'. It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another. Its examples are updated to match the latest data. The definition of white space has been clarified slightly. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Changes to the 'Theory' file There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database, describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and explaining why so many of the pre-1970 timestamps are wrong or misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett Wollman for discussions that contributed to this). The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a suggestion by Guy Harris). It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition. It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne). Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g., 'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'. It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff. It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting typos in an experimental version of this change.) (Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.) Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.) Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition. (Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.) Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.) Release 2013d - 2013-07-05 07:38:01 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps: Morocco's midsummer transitions this year are July 7 and August 10, not July 9 and August 8. (Thanks to Andrew Paprocki.) Israel now falls back on the last Sunday of October. (Thanks to Ephraim Silverberg.) Changes affecting past timestamps: Specify Jerusalem's location more precisely; this changes the pre-1880 times by 2 s. Changing affecting metadata only: Fix typos in the entries for country codes BQ and SX. Changes affecting code: Rework the code to fix a bug with handling Australia/Macquarie on 32-bit hosts (thanks to Arthur David Olson). Port to platforms like NetBSD, where time_t can be wider than long. Add support for testing time_t types other than the system's. Run 'make check_time_t_alternatives' to try this out. Currently, the tests fail for unsigned time_t; this should get fixed at some point. Changes affecting documentation and commentary: Deemphasize the significance of national borders. Update the zdump man page. Remove obsolete NOID comment (thanks to Denis Excoffier). Update several URLs and comments in the web pages. Spelling fixes (thanks to Kevin Lyda and Jonathan Leffler). Update URL for CLDR Zone->Tzid table (thanks to Yoshito Umaoka). Release 2013c - 2013-04-19 16:17:40 -0700 Changes affecting current and future timestamps: Palestine observed DST starting March 29, 2013. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) From 2013 on, Gaza and Hebron both observe DST, with the predicted rules being the last Thursday in March at 24:00 to the first Friday on or after September 21 at 01:00. Assume that the recent change to Paraguay's DST rules is permanent, by moving the end of DST to the 4th Sunday in March every year. (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.) Changes affecting past timestamps: Fix some historical data for Palestine to agree with that of timeanddate.com, as follows: The spring 2008 change in Gaza and Hebron was on 00:00 Mar 28, not 00:00 Apr 1. The fall 2009 change in Gaza and Hebron on Sep 4 was at 01:00, not 02:00. The spring 2010 change in Hebron was 00:00 Mar 26, not 00:01 Mar 27. The spring 2011 change in Gaza was 00:01 Apr 1, not 12:01 Apr 2. The spring 2011 change in Hebron on Apr 1 was at 00:01, not 12:01. The fall 2011 change in Hebron on Sep 30 was at 00:00, not 03:00. Fix times of habitation for Macquarie to agree with the Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history, which indicates that permanent habitation was 1899-1919 and 1948 on. Changing affecting metadata only: Macquarie Island is politically part of Australia, not Antarctica. (Thanks to Tobias Conradi.) Sort Macquarie more-consistently with other parts of Australia. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Release 2013b - 2013-03-10 22:33:40 -0700 Changes affecting current and future timestamps: Haiti uses US daylight-saving rules this year, and presumably future years. This changes timestamps starting today. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Paraguay will end DST on March 24 this year. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) For now, assume it's just this year. Morocco does not observe DST during Ramadan; try to predict Ramadan in Morocco as best we can. (Thanks to Erik Homoet for the heads-up.) Changes affecting commentary: Update URLs in tz-link page. Add URLs for webOS, BB10, iOS. Update URL for Solaris. Mention Internet RFC 6557. Update Internet RFCs 2445->5545, 2822->5322. Switch from FTP to HTTP for Internet RFCs. Release 2013a - 2013-02-27 09:20:35 -0800 Change affecting binary data format: The zone offset at the end of version-2-format zone files is now allowed to be 24:00, as per POSIX.1-2008. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Changes affecting current and future timestamps: Chile's 2013 rules, and we guess rules for 2014 and later, will be the same as 2012, namely Apr Sun>=23 03:00 UTC to Sep Sun>=2 04:00 UTC. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Robert Elz.) New Zones Asia/Khandyga, Asia/Ust-Nera, Europe/Busingen. (Thanks to Tobias Conradi and Arthur David Olson.) Many changes affect historical timestamps before 1940. These were deduced from: Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94 . Changes affecting the code: Fix zic bug that mishandled Egypt's 2010 changes (this also affected the data). (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Fix localtime bug when time_t is unsigned and data files were generated by a signed time_t system. (Thanks to Doug Bailey for reporting and to Arthur David Olson for fixing.) Allow the email address for bug reports to be set by the packager. The default is tz@iana.org, as before. (Thanks to Joseph S. Myers.) Update HTML checking to be compatible with Ubuntu 12.10. Check that files are a safe subset of ASCII. At some point we may relax this requirement to a safe subset of UTF-8. Without the check, some non-UTF-8 encodings were leaking into the distribution. Commentary changes: Restore a comment about copyright notices that was inadvertently deleted. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Improve the commentary about which districts observe what times in Russia. (Thanks to Oscar van Vlijmen and Arthur David Olson.) Add web page links to tz.js. Add "Run by the Monkeys" to tz-art. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Release 2012j - 2012-11-12 18:34:49 -0800 Libya moved to CET this weekend, but with DST planned next year. (Thanks to Even Scharning, Steffen Thorsen, and Tim Parenti.) Signatures now have the extension .asc, not .sign, as that's more standard. (Thanks to Phil Pennock.) The output of 'zdump --version', and of 'zic --version', now uses a format that is more typical for --version. (Thanks to Joseph S. Myers.) The output of 'tzselect --help', 'zdump --help', and 'zic --help' now uses tz@iana.org rather than the old elsie address. zic -v now complains about abbreviations that are less than 3 or more than 6 characters, as per Posix. Formerly, it checked for abbreviations that were more than 3. 'make public' no longer puts its temporary directory under /tmp, and uses the just-built zic rather than the system zic. Various fixes to documentation and commentary. Release 2012i - 2012-11-03 12:57:09 -0700 Cuba switches from DST tomorrow at 01:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Linker flags can now be specified via LDFLAGS. AWK now defaults to 'awk', not 'nawk'. The shell in tzselect now defaults to /bin/bash, but this can be overridden by specifying KSHELL. The main web page now mentions the unofficial GitHub repository. (Thanks to Mike Frysinger.) Tarball signatures can now be built by running 'make signatures'. There are also new makefile rules 'tarballs', 'check_public', and separate makefile rules for each tarball and signature file. A few makefile rules are now more portable to strict POSIX. The main web page now lists the canonical IANA URL. Release 2012h - 2012-10-26 22:49:10 -0700 Bahia no longer has DST. (Thanks to Kelley Cook.) Tocantins has DST. (Thanks to Rodrigo Severo.) Israel has new DST rules next year. (Thanks to Ephraim Silverberg.) Jordan stays on DST this winter. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Web page updates. More C modernization, except that at Arthur David Olson's suggestion the instances of 'register' were kept. Release 2012g - 2012-10-17 20:59:45 -0700 Samoa fall 2012 and later. (Thanks to Nicholas Pereira and Robert Elz.) Palestine fall 2012. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Assume C89. To attack the version-number problem, this release ships the file 'Makefile' (which contains the release number) in both the tzcode and the tzdata tarballs. The two Makefiles are identical, and should be identical in any matching pair of tarballs, so it shouldn't matter which order you extract the tarballs. Perhaps we can come up with a better version-number scheme at some point; this scheme does have the virtue of not adding more files. Release 2012f - 2012-09-12 23:17:03 -0700 * australasia (Pacific/Fiji): Fiji DST is October 21 through January 20 this year. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Release 2012e - 2012-08-02 20:44:55 -0700 * australasia (Pacific/Fakaofo): Tokelau is UT +13, not +14. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) * Use a single version number for both code and data. * .gitignore: New file. * Remove trailing white space. Release code2012c-data2012d - 2012-07-19 16:35:33 -0700 Changes for Morocco's timestamps, which take effect in a couple of hours, along with infrastructure changes to accommodate how the tz code and data are released on IANA. Release data2012c - 2012-03-27 12:17:25 -0400 africa Summer time changes for Morocco (to start late April 2012) asia Changes for 2012 for Gaza & the West Bank (Hebron) and Syria northamerica Haiti following US/Canada rules for 2012 (and we're assuming, for now anyway, for the future). Release 2012b - 2012-03-02 12:29:15 +0700 There is just one change to tzcode2012b (compared with 2012a): the Makefile that was accidentally included with 2012a has been replaced with the version that should have been there, which is identical with the previous version (from tzcode2011i). There are just two changes in tzdata2012b compared with 2012a. Most significantly, summer time in Cuba has been delayed 3 weeks (now starts April 1 rather than March 11). Since Mar 11 (the old start date, as listed in 2012a) is just a little over a week away, this change is urgent. Less importantly, an excess tab in one of the changes in zone.tab in 2012a has been removed. Release 2012a - 2012-03-01 18:28:10 +0700 The changes in tzcode2012a (compared to the previous version, 2011i) are entirely to the README and tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm files, if none of those concern you, you can ignore the code update. The changes reflect the changed addresses for the mailing list and the code and data distribution points & methods (and a link to DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile has been added to tz-link.htm). In tzdata2012a (compared to the previous release, which was 2011n) the major changes are: Chile 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 summer time date adjustments. Falkland Islands onto permanent summer time (we're assuming for the foreseeable future, though 2012 is all we're fairly certain of.) Armenia has abolished Summer Time. Tokelau jumped the International Date Line back last December (just the same as their near neighbour, Samoa). America/Creston is a new zone for a small area of British Columbia There will be a leapsecond 2012-06-30 23:59:60 UTC. Other minor changes are: Corrections to 1918 Canadian summer time end dates. Updated URL for UK time zone history (in comments) A few typos in Le Corre's list of free French place names (comments) Release data2011n - 2011-10-30 14:57:54 +0700 There are three changes of note - most urgently, Cuba (America/Havana) has extended summer time by two weeks, now to end on Nov 13, rather than the (already past) Oct 30. Second, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Europe/Tiraspol) decided not to split from the rest of Moldova after all, and consequently that zone has been removed (again) and reinstated in the "backward" file as a link to Europe/Chisinau. And third, the end date for Fiji's summer time this summer was moved forward from the earlier planned Feb 26, to Jan 22. Apart from that, Moldova (MD) returns to a single entry in zone.tab (and the incorrect syntax that was in the 2011m version of that file is so fixed - it would have been fixed in a different way had this change not happened - that's the "missing" sccs version id). Release data2011m - 2011-10-24 21:42:16 +0700 In particular, the typos in comments in the data (2011-11-17 should have been 2011-10-17 as Alan Barrett noted, and spelling of Tiraspol that Tim Parenti noted) have been fixed, and the change for Ukraine has been made in all 4 Ukrainian zones, rather than just Kiev (again, thanks to Tim Parenti, and also Denys Gavrysh) In addition, I added Europe/Tiraspol to zone.tab. This time, all the files have new version numbers... (including the files otherwise unchanged in 2011m that were changed in 2011l but didn't get new version numbers there...) Release data2011l - 2011-10-10 11:15:43 +0700 There are just 2 changes that cause different generated tzdata files from zic, to Asia/Hebron and Pacific/Fiji - the possible change for Bahia, Brazil is included, but commented out. Compared with the diff I sent out last week, this version also includes attributions for the sources for the changes (in much the same format as ado used, but the html tags have not been checked, verified, or used in any way at all, so if there are errors there, please let me know.) Release data2011k - 2011-09-20 17:54:03 -0400 [not summarized] Release data2011j - 2011-09-12 09:22:49 -0400 (contemporary changes for Samoa; past changes for Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania); there are also two spelling corrections to comments in the australasia file (with thanks to Christos Zoulas). Release 2011i - 2011-08-29 05:56:32 -0400 [not summarized] Release data2011h - 2011-06-15 18:41:48 -0400 Russia and Curaçao changes Release 2011g - 2011-04-25 09:07:22 -0400 update the rules for Egypt to reflect its abandonment of DST this year Release 2011f - 2011-04-06 17:14:53 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2011e - 2011-03-31 16:04:38 -0400 Morocco, Chile, and tz-link changes Release 2011d - 2011-03-14 09:18:01 -0400 changes that impact present-day timestamps in Cuba, Samoa, and Turkey Release 2011c - 2011-03-07 09:30:09 -0500 These do affect current timestamps in Chile and Annette Island, Canada. Release 2011b - 2011-02-07 08:44:50 -0500 [not summarized] Release 2011a - 2011-01-24 10:30:16 -0500 [not summarized] Release data2010o - 2010-11-01 09:18:23 -0400 change to the end of DST in Fiji in 2011 Release 2010n - 2010-10-25 08:19:17 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2010m - 2010-09-27 09:24:48 -0400 Hong Kong, Vostok, and zic.c changes Release 2010l - 2010-08-16 06:57:25 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2010k - 2010-07-26 10:42:27 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2010j - 2010-05-10 09:07:48 -0400 changes for Bahía de Banderas and for version naming Release data2010i - 2010-04-16 18:50:45 -0400 the end of DST in Morocco on 2010-08-08 Release data2010h - 2010-04-05 09:58:56 -0400 [not summarized] Release data2010g - 2010-03-24 11:14:53 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2010f - 2010-03-22 09:45:46 -0400 [not summarized] Release data2010e - 2010-03-08 14:24:27 -0500 corrects the Dhaka bug found by Danvin Ruangchan Release data2010d - 2010-03-06 07:26:01 -0500 [not summarized] Release 2010c - 2010-03-01 09:20:58 -0500 changes including KRE's suggestion for earlier initialization of "goahead" and "goback" structure elements Release code2010a - 2010-02-16 10:40:04 -0500 [not summarized] Release data2010b - 2010-01-20 12:37:01 -0500 Mexico changes Release data2010a - 2010-01-18 08:30:04 -0500 changes to Dhaka Release data2009u - 2009-12-26 08:32:28 -0500 changes to DST in Bangladesh Release 2009t - 2009-12-21 13:24:27 -0500 [not summarized] Release data2009s - 2009-11-14 10:26:32 -0500 (cosmetic) Antarctica change and the DST-in-Fiji-in-2009-and-2010 change Release 2009r - 2009-11-09 10:10:31 -0500 "antarctica" and "tz-link.htm" changes Release 2009q - 2009-11-02 09:12:40 -0500 with two corrections as reported by Eric Muller and Philip Newton Release data2009p - 2009-10-23 15:05:27 -0400 Argentina (including San Luis) changes (with the correction from Mariano Absatz) Release data2009o - 2009-10-14 16:49:38 -0400 Samoa (commentary only), Pakistan, and Bangladesh changes Release data2009n - 2009-09-22 15:13:38 -0400 added commentary for Argentina and a change to the end of DST in 2009 in Pakistan Release data2009m - 2009-09-03 10:23:43 -0400 Samoa and Palestine changes Release data2009l - 2009-08-14 09:13:07 -0400 Samoa (comments only) and Egypt Release 2009k - 2009-07-20 09:46:08 -0400 [not summarized] Release data2009j - 2009-06-15 06:43:59 -0400 Bangladesh change (with a short turnaround since the DST change is impending) Release 2009i - 2009-06-08 09:21:22 -0400 updating for DST in Bangladesh this year Release 2009h - 2009-05-26 09:19:14 -0400 [not summarized] Release data2009g - 2009-04-20 16:34:07 -0400 Cairo Release data2009f - 2009-04-10 11:00:52 -0400 correct DST in Pakistan Release 2009e - 2009-04-06 09:08:11 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2009d - 2009-03-23 09:38:12 -0400 Morocco, Tunisia, Argentina, and American Astronomical Society changes Release data2009c - 2009-03-16 09:47:51 -0400 change to the start of Cuban DST Release 2009b - 2009-02-09 11:15:22 -0500 [not summarized] Release 2009a - 2009-01-21 10:09:39 -0500 [not summarized] Release data2008i - 2008-10-21 12:10:25 -0400 southamerica and zone.tab files, with Argentina DST rule changes and United States zone reordering and recommenting Release 2008h - 2008-10-13 07:33:56 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2008g - 2008-10-06 09:03:18 -0400 Fix a broken HTML anchor and update Brazil's DST transitions; there's also a slight reordering of information in tz-art.htm. Release data2008f - 2008-09-09 22:33:26 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2008e - 2008-07-28 14:11:17 -0400 changes by Arthur David Olson and Jesper Nørgaard Welen Release data2008d - 2008-07-07 09:51:38 -0400 changes by Arthur David Olson, Paul Eggert, and Rodrigo Severo Release data2008c - 2008-05-19 17:48:03 -0400 Pakistan, Morocco, and Mongolia Release data2008b - 2008-03-24 08:30:59 -0400 including renaming Asia/Calcutta to Asia/Kolkata, with a backward link provided Release 2008a - 2008-03-08 05:42:16 -0500 [not summarized] Release 2007k - 2007-12-31 10:25:22 -0500 most importantly, changes to the "southamerica" file based on Argentina's readoption of daylight saving time Release 2007j - 2007-12-03 09:51:01 -0500 1. eliminate the "P" (parameter) macro; 2. the "noncontroversial" changes circulated on the time zone mailing list (less the changes to "logwtmp.c"); 3. eliminate "too many transition" errors when "min" is used in time zone rules; 4. changes by Paul Eggert (including updated information for Venezuela). Release data2007i - 2007-10-30 10:28:11 -0400 changes for Cuba and Syria Release 2007h - 2007-10-01 10:05:51 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert, as well as an updated link to the ICU project in tz-link.htm Release 2007g - 2007-08-20 10:47:59 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert The "leapseconds" file has been updated to incorporate the most recent International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) bulletin. There's an addition to tz-art.htm regarding the television show "Medium". Release 2007f - 2007-05-07 10:46:46 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert (including Haiti, Turks and Caicos, and New Zealand) changes to zic.c to allow hour values greater than 24 (along with Paul's improved time value overflow checking) Release 2007e - 2007-04-02 10:11:52 -0400 Syria and Honduras changes by Paul Eggert zic.c variable renaming changes by Arthur David Olson Release 2007d - 2007-03-20 08:48:30 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert the elimination of white space at the ends of lines Release 2007c - 2007-02-26 09:09:37 -0500 changes by Paul Eggert Release 2007b - 2007-02-12 09:34:20 -0500 Paul Eggert's proposed change to the quotation handling logic in zic.c. changes to the commentary in "leapseconds" reflecting the IERS announcement that there is to be no positive leap second at the end of June 2007. Release 2007a - 2007-01-08 12:28:29 -0500 changes by Paul Eggert Derick Rethan's Asmara change Oscar van Vlijmen's Easter Island local mean time change symbolic link changes Release 2006p - 2006-11-27 08:54:27 -0500 changes by Paul Eggert Release 2006o - 2006-11-06 09:18:07 -0500 changes by Paul Eggert Release 2006n - 2006-10-10 11:32:06 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert Release 2006m - 2006-10-02 15:32:35 -0400 changes for Uruguay, Palestine, and Egypt by Paul Eggert (minimalist) changes to zic.8 to clarify "until" information Release data2006l - 2006-09-18 12:58:11 -0400 Paul's best-effort work on this coming weekend's Egypt time change Release 2006k - 2006-08-28 12:19:09 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert Release 2006j - 2006-08-21 09:56:32 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert Release code2006i - 2006-08-07 12:30:55 -0400 localtime.c fixes Ken Pizzini's conversion script Release code2006h - 2006-07-24 09:19:37 -0400 adds public domain notices to four files includes a fix for transition times being off by a second adds a new recording to the "arts" file (information courtesy Colin Bowern) Release 2006g - 2006-05-08 17:18:09 -0400 northamerica changes by Paul Eggert Release 2006f - 2006-05-01 11:46:00 -0400 a missing version number problem is fixed (with thanks to Bradley White for catching the problem) Release 2006d - 2006-04-17 14:33:43 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert added new items to tz-arts.htm that were found by Paul Release 2006c - 2006-04-03 10:09:32 -0400 two sets of data changes by Paul Eggert a fencepost error fix in zic.c changes to zic.c and the "europe" file to minimize differences between output produced by the old 32-bit zic and the new 64-bit version Release 2006b - 2006-02-20 10:08:18 -0500 [tz32code2006b + tz64code2006b + tzdata2006b] 64-bit code All SCCS IDs were bumped to "8.1" for this release. Release 2006a - 2006-01-30 08:59:31 -0500 changes by Paul Eggert (in particular, Indiana time zone moves) an addition to the zic manual page to describe how special-case transitions are handled Release 2005r - 2005-12-27 09:27:13 -0500 Canadian changes by Paul Eggert They also add "
" directives to time zone data files and reflect
   changes to warning message logic in "zdump.c" (but with calls to
   "gettext" kept unbundled at the suggestion of Ken Pizzini).
 
 
 Release 2005q - 2005-12-13 09:17:09 -0500
 
   Nothing earth-shaking here:
 	1.  Electronic mail addresses have been removed.
 	2.  Casts of the return value of exit have been removed.
 	3.  Casts of the argument of is.* macros have been added.
 	4.  Indentation in one section of zic.c has been fixed.
 	5.  References to dead URLs in the data files have been dealt with.
 
 
 Release 2005p - 2005-12-05 10:30:53 -0500
 
   "systemv", "tz-link.htm", and "zdump.c" changes
   (less the casts of arguments to the is* macros)
 
 
 Release 2005o - 2005-11-28 10:55:26 -0500
 
   Georgia, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Jordan changes by Paul Eggert
 
   zdump.c lint fixes by Arthur David Olson
 
 
 Release 2005n - 2005-10-03 09:44:09 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert (both the Uruguay changes and the Kyrgyzstan
   et al. changes)
 
 
 Release 2005m - 2005-08-29 12:15:40 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert (with a small tweak to the tz-art change)
 
   a declaration of an unused variable has been removed from zdump.c
 
 
 Release 2005l - 2005-08-22 12:06:39 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   overflow/underflow checks by Arthur David Olson, minus changes to
   the "Theory" file about the pending addition of 64-bit data (I grow
   less confident of the changes being accepted with each passing day,
   and the changes no longer increase the data files nine-fold--there's
   less than a doubling in size by my local Sun's reckoning)
 
 
 Release 2005k - 2005-07-14 14:14:24 -0400
 
   The "leapseconds" file has been edited to reflect the recently
   announced leap second at the end of 2005.
 
   I've also deleted electronic mail addresses from the files as an
   anti-spam measure.
 
 
 Release 2005j - 2005-06-13 14:34:13 -0400
 
   These reflect changes to limit the length of time zone abbreviations
   and the characters used in those abbreviations.
 
   There are also changes to handle POSIX-style "quoted" timezone
   environment variables.
 
   The changes were circulated on the time zone mailing list; the only
   change since then was the removal of a couple of minimum-length of
   abbreviation checks.
 
 
 Release data2005i - 2005-04-21 15:04:16 -0400
 
   changes (most importantly to Nicaragua and Haiti) by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 2005h - 2005-04-04 11:24:47 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   minor changes to Makefile and zdump.c to produce more useful output
   when doing a "make typecheck"
 
 
 Release 2005g - 2005-03-14 10:11:21 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert (a change to current DST rules in Uruguay and
   an update to a link to time zone software)
 
 
 Release 2005f - 2005-03-01 08:45:32 -0500
 
   data and documentation changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 2005e - 2005-02-10 15:59:44 -0500
 
   [not summarized]
 
 
 Release code2005d - 2005-01-31 09:21:47 -0500
 
   make zic complain about links to links if the -v flag is used
 
   have "make public" do more code checking
 
   add an include to "localtime.c" for the benefit of gcc systems
 
 
 Release 2005c - 2005-01-17 18:36:29 -0500
 
   get better results when mktime runs on a system where time_t is double
 
   changes to the data files (most importantly to Paraguay)
 
 
 Release 2005b - 2005-01-10 09:19:54 -0500
 
   Get localtime and gmtime working on systems with exotic time_t types.
 
   Update the leap second commentary in the "leapseconds" file.
 
 
 Release 2005a - 2005-01-01 13:13:44 -0500
 
   [not summarized]
 
 
 Release code2004i - 2004-12-14 13:42:58 -0500
 
   Deal with systems where time_t is unsigned.
 
 
 Release code2004h - 2004-12-07 11:40:18 -0500
 
   64-bit-time_t changes
 
 
 Release 2004g - 2004-11-02 09:06:01 -0500
 
   update to Cuba (taking effect this weekend)
 
   other changes by Paul Eggert
 
   correction of the spelling of Oslo
 
   changed versions of difftime.c and private.h
 
 
 Release code2004f - 2004-10-21 10:25:22 -0400
 
   Cope with wide-ranging tm_year values.
 
 
 Release 2004e - 2004-10-11 14:47:21 -0400
 
   Brazil/Argentina/Israel changes by Paul Eggert
 
   changes to tz-link.htm by Paul
 
   one small fix to Makefile
 
 
 Release 2004d - 2004-09-22 08:27:29 -0400
 
   Avoid overflow problems when TM_YEAR_BASE is added to an integer.
 
 
 Release 2004c - 2004-08-11 12:06:26 -0400
 
   asctime-related changes
 
   (variants of) some of the documentation changes suggested by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 2004b - 2004-07-19 14:33:35 -0400
 
   data changes by Paul Eggert - most importantly, updates for Argentina
 
 
 Release 2004a - 2004-05-27 12:00:47 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   Handle DST transitions that occur at the end of a month in some
   years but at the start of the following month in other years.
 
   Add a copy of the correspondence that's the basis for claims about
   DST in the Navajo Nation.
 
 
 Release 2003e - 2003-12-15 09:36:47 -0500
 
   changes by Arthur David Olson (primarily code changes)
 
   changes by Paul Eggert (primarily data changes)
 
   minor changes to "Makefile" and "northamerica" (in the latter case,
   optimization of the "Toronto" rules)
 
 
 Release 2003d - 2003-10-06 09:34:44 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 2003c - 2003-09-16 10:47:05 -0400
 
   Fix bad returns in zic.c's inleap function.
   Thanks to Bradley White for catching the problem!
 
 
 Release 2003b - 2003-09-16 07:13:44 -0400
 
   Add a "--version" option (and documentation) to the zic and zdump commands.
 
   changes to overflow/underflow checking in zic
 
   a localtime typo fix.
 
   Update the leapseconds and tz-art.htm files.
 
 
 Release 2003a - 2003-03-24 09:30:54 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   a few additions and modifications to the tz-art.htm file
 
 
 Release 2002d - 2002-10-15 13:12:42 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert, less the "Britain (UK)" change in iso3166.tab
 
   There's also a new time zone quote in "tz-art.htm".
 
 
 Release 2002c - 2002-04-04 11:55:20 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   Change zic.c to avoid creating symlinks to files that don't exist.
 
 
 Release 2002b - 2002-01-28 12:56:03 -0500
 
   [These change notes are for Release 2002a, which was corrupted.
   2002b was a corrected version of 2002a.]
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   Update the "leapseconds" file to note that there'll be no leap
   second at the end of June, 2002.
 
   Change "zic.c" to deal with a problem in handling the "Asia/Bishkek" zone.
 
   Change to "difftime.c" to avoid sizeof problems.
 
 
 Release 2001d - 2001-10-09 13:31:32 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 2001c - 2001-06-05 13:59:55 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert and Andrew Brown
 
 
 Release 2001b - 2001-04-05 16:44:38 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert (modulo jnorgard's typo fix)
 
   tz-art.htm has been HTMLified.
 
 
 Release 2001a - 2001-03-13 12:57:44 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   An addition to the "leapseconds" file: comments with the text of the
   latest IERS leap second notice.
 
   Trailing white space has been removed from data file lines, and
   repeated spaces in "Rule Jordan" lines in the "asia" file have been
   converted to tabs.
 
 
 Release 2000h - 2000-12-14 15:33:38 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   one typo fix in the "art" file
 
   With providence, this is the last update of the millennium.
 
 
 Release 2000g - 2000-10-10 11:35:22 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   correction of John Mackin's name submitted by Robert Elz
 
   Garry Shandling's Daylight Saving Time joke (!?!) from the recent
   Emmy Awards broadcast.
 
 
 Release 2000f - 2000-08-10 09:31:58 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   Added information in "tz-art.htm" on a Seinfeld reference to DST.
 
   Error checking and messages in the "yearistype" script have been
   improved.
 
 
 Release 2000e - 2000-07-31 09:27:54 -0400
 
   data changes by Paul Eggert
 
   a change to the default value of the defined constant HAVE_STRERROR
 
   the addition of a Dave Barry quote on DST to the tz-arts file
 
 
 Release 2000d - 2000-04-20 15:43:04 -0400
 
   changes to the documentation and code of strftime for C99 conformance
 
   a bug fix for date.c
 
   These are based on (though modified from) changes by Paul Eggert.
 
 
 Release 2000c - 2000-03-04 10:31:43 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 2000b - 2000-02-21 12:16:29 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert and Joseph Myers
 
   modest tweaks to the tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm files
 
 
 Release 2000a - 2000-01-18 09:21:26 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   The two hypertext documents have also been renamed.
 
 
 Release code1999i-data1999j - 1999-11-15 18:43:22 -0500
 
   Paul Eggert's changes
 
   additions to the "zic" manual page and the "Arts.htm" file
 
 
 Release code1999h-data1999i - 1999-11-08 14:55:21 -0500
 
   [not summarized]
 
 
 Release data1999h - 1999-10-07 03:50:29 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert to "europe" (most importantly, fixing
   Lithuania and Estonia)
 
 
 Release 1999g - 1999-09-28 11:06:18 -0400
 
   data changes by Paul Eggert (most importantly, the change for
   Lebanon that buys correctness for this coming Sunday)
 
   The "code" file contains changes to "Makefile" and "checktab.awk" to
   allow better checking of time zone files before they are published.
 
 
 Release 1999f - 1999-09-23 09:48:14 -0400
 
   changes by Arthur David Olson and Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 1999e - 1999-08-17 15:20:54 -0400
 
   changes circulated by Paul Eggert, although the change to handling
   of DST-specifying timezone names has been commented out for now
   (search for "XXX" in "localtime.c" for details).  These files also
   do not make any changes to the start of DST in Brazil.
 
   In addition to Paul's changes, there are updates to "Arts.htm" and
   cleanups of URLs.
 
 
 Release 1999d - 1999-03-30 11:31:07 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   The Makefile's "make public" rule has also been changed to do a test
   compile of each individual time zone data file (which should help
   avoid problems such as the one we had with Nicosia).
 
 
 Release 1999c - 1999-03-25 09:47:47 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert, most importantly the change for Chile.
 
 
 Release 1999b - 1999-02-01 17:51:44 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   code changes (suggested by Mani Varadarajan, mani at be.com) for
   correct handling of symbolic links when building using a relative directory
 
   code changes to generate correct messages for failed links
 
   updates to the URLs in Arts.htm
 
 
 Release 1999a - 1999-01-19 16:20:29 -0500
 
   error message internationalizations and corrections in zic.c and
   zdump.c (as suggested by Vladimir Michl, vladimir.michl at upol.cz,
   to whom thanks!)
 
 
 Release code1998h-data1998i - 1998-10-01 09:56:10 -0400
 
   changes for Brazil, Chile, and Germany
 
   support for use of "24:00" in the input files for the time zone compiler
 
 
 Release code1998g-data1998h - 1998-09-24 10:50:28 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   correction to a define in the "private.h" file
 
 
 Release data1998g - 1998-08-11 03:28:35 -0000
   [tzdata1998g.tar.gz is missing!]
 
   Lithuanian change provided by mgedmin at pub.osf.it
 
   Move creation of the GMT link with Etc/GMT to "etcetera" (from
   "backward") to ensure that the GMT file is created even where folks
   don't want the "backward" links (as suggested by Paul Eggert).
 
 
 Release data1998f - 1998-07-20 13:50:00 -0000
   [tzdata1998f.tar.gz is missing!]
 
   Update the "leapseconds" file to include the newly-announced
   insertion at the end of 1998.
 
 
 Release code1998f - 1998-06-01 10:18:31 -0400
 
   addition to localtime.c by Guy Harris
 
 
 Release 1998e - 1998-05-28 09:56:26 -0400
 
   The Makefile is changed to produce zoneinfo-posix rather than
   zoneinfo/posix, and to produce zoneinfo-leaps rather than
   zoneinfo/right.
 
   data changes by Paul Eggert
 
   changes from Guy Harris to provide asctime_r and ctime_r
 
   A usno1998 file (substantially identical to usno1997) has been added.
 
 
 Release 1998d - 1998-05-14 11:58:34 -0400
 
   changes to comments (in particular, elimination of references to CIA maps).
   "Arts.htm", "WWW.htm", "asia", and "australasia" are the only places
   where changes occur.
 
 
 Release 1998c - 1998-02-28 12:32:26 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert (save the "French correction," on which I'll
   wait for the dust to settle)
 
   symlink changes
 
   changes and additions to Arts.htm
 
 
 Release 1998b - 1998-01-17 14:31:51 -0500
 
   URL cleanups and additions
 
 
 Release 1998a - 1998-01-13 12:37:35 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release code1997i-data1997k - 1997-12-29 09:53:41 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert, with minor modifications from Arthur David
   Olson to make the files more browser friendly
 
 
 Release code1997h-data1997j - 1997-12-18 17:47:35 -0500
 
   minor changes to put "TZif" at the start of each timezone information file
 
   a rule has also been added to the Makefile so you can
 	make zones
   to just recompile the zone information files (rather than doing a
   full "make install" with its other effects).
 
 
 Release data1997i - 1997-10-07 08:45:38 -0400
 
   changes to Africa by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release code1997g-data1997h - 1997-09-04 16:56:54 -0400
 
   corrections for Uruguay (and other locations)
 
   Arthur David Olson's simple-minded fix allowing mktime to both
   correctly handle leap seconds and correctly handle tm_sec values
   upon which arithmetic has been performed.
 
 
 Release code1997f-data1997g - 1997-07-19 13:15:02 -0400
 
   Paul Eggert's updates
 
   a small change to a function prototype;
 
   "Music" has been renamed "Arts.htm", HTMLified, and augmented to
   include information on Around the World in Eighty Days.
 
 
 Release code1997e-data1997f - 1997-05-03 18:52:34 -0400
 
   fixes to zic's error handling
 
   changes inspired by the item circulated on Slovenia
 
   The description of Web resources has been HTMLified for browsing
   convenience.
 
   A new piece of tz-related music has been added to the "Music" file.
 
 
 Release code1997d-data1997e - 1997-03-29 12:48:52 -0500
 
   Paul Eggert's latest suggestions
 
 
 Release code1997c-data1997d - 1997-03-07 20:37:54 -0500
 
   changes to "zic.c" to correct performance of the "-s" option
 
   a new file "usno1997"
 
 
 Release data1997c - 1997-03-04 09:58:18 -0500
 
   changes in Israel
 
 
 Release 1997b - 1997-02-27 18:34:19 -0500
 
   The data file incorporates the 1997 leap second.
 
   The code file incorporates Arthur David Olson's take on the
   zic/multiprocessor/directory-creation situation.
 
 
 Release 1997a - 1997-01-21 09:11:10 -0500
 
   Paul Eggert's Antarctica (and other changes)
 
   Arthur David Olson finessed the "getopt" issue by checking against
   both -1 and EOF (regardless of POSIX, SunOS 4.1.1's manual says -1
   is returned while SunOS 5.5's manual says EOF is returned).
 
 
 Release code1996o-data1996n - 1996-12-27 21:42:05 -0500
 
   Paul Eggert's latest changes
 
 
 Release code1996n - 1996-12-16 09:42:02 -0500
 
   link snapping fix from Bruce Evans (via Garrett Wollman)
 
 
 Release data1996m - 1996-11-24 02:37:34 -0000
   [tzdata1996m.tar.gz is missing!]
 
   Paul Eggert's batch of changes
 
 
 Release code1996m-data1996l - 1996-11-05 14:00:12 -0500
 
   No functional changes here; the files have simply been changed to
   make more use of ISO style dates in comments. The names of the above
   files now include the year in full.
 
 
 Release code96l - 1996-09-08 17:12:20 -0400
 
   tzcode96k was missing a couple of pieces.
 
 
 Release 96k - 1996-09-08 16:06:22 -0400
 
   the latest round of changes from Paul Eggert
 
   the recent Year 2000 material
 
 
 Release code96j - 1996-07-30 13:18:53 -0400
 
   Set sp->typecnt as suggested by Timothy Patrick Murphy.
 
 
 Release code96i - 1996-07-27 20:11:35 -0400
 
   Paul's suggested patch for strftime %V week numbers
 
 
 Release data96i - 1996-07-01 18:13:04 -0400
 
   "northamerica" and "europe" changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release code96h - 1996-06-05 08:02:21 -0400
 
   fix for handling transitions specified in Universal Time
 
   Some "public domain" notices have also been added.
 
 
 Release code96g - 1996-05-16 14:00:26 -0400
 
   fix for the simultaneous-DST-and-zone-change challenge
 
 
 Release data96h - 1996-05-09 17:40:51 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release code96f-data96g - 1996-05-03 03:09:59 -0000
   [tzcode96f.tar.gz + tzdata96g.tar.gz are both missing!]
 
   The changes get us some of the way to fixing the problems noted in Paul
   Eggert's letter yesterday (in addition to a few others).  The approach
   has been to make zic a bit smarter about figuring out what time zone
   abbreviations apply just after the time specified in the "UNTIL" part
   of a zone line.  Putting the smarts in zic means avoiding having
   transition times show up in both "Zone" lines and "Rule" lines, which
   in turn avoids multiple transition time entries in time zone files.
   (This also makes the zic input files such as "europe" a bit shorter and
   should ease maintenance.)
 
 
 Release data96f - 1996-04-19 19:20:03 -0000
   [tzdata96f.tar.gz is missing!]
 
   The only changes are to the "northamerica" file; the time zone
   abbreviation for Denver is corrected to MST (and MDT), and the
   comments for Mexico have been updated.
 
 
 Release data96e - 1996-03-19 17:37:26 -0500
 
   Proposals by Paul Eggert, in particular the Portugal change that
   comes into play at the end of this month.
 
 
 Release data96d - 1996-03-18 20:49:39 -0500
 
   [not summarized]
 
 
 Release code96e - 1996-02-29 15:43:27 -0000
   [tzcode96e.tar.gz is missing!]
 
   internationalization changes and the fix to the documentation for strftime
 
 
 Release code96d-data96c - 1996-02-12 11:05:27 -0500
 
   The "code" file simply updates Bob Kridle's electronic address.
 
   The "data" file updates rules for Mexico.
 
 
 Release data96b - 1996-01-27 15:44:42 -0500
 
   Kiribati change
 
 
 Release code96c - 1996-01-16 16:58:15 -0500
 
   leap-year streamlining and binary-search changes
 
   fix to newctime.3
 
 
 Release code96b - 1996-01-10 20:42:39 -0500
 
   fixes and enhancements from Paul Eggert, including code that
   emulates the behavior of recent versions of the SunOS "date"
   command.
 
 
 Release 96a - 1996-01-06 09:08:24 -0500
 
   Israel updates
 
   fixes to strftime.c for correct ISO 8601 week number generation,
   plus support for two new formats ('G' and 'g') to give ISO 8601 year
   numbers (which are not necessarily the same as calendar year numbers)
 
 
 Release code95i-data95m - 1995-12-21 12:46:47 -0500
 
   The latest revisions from Paul Eggert are included, the usno1995
   file has been updated, and a new file ("WWW") covering useful URLs
   has been added.
 
 
 Release code95h-data95l - 1995-12-19 18:10:12 -0500
 
   A simplification of a macro definition, a change to data for Sudan,
   and (for last minute shoppers) notes in the "Music" file on the CD
   "Old Man Time".
 
 
 Release code95g-data95k - 1995-10-30 10:32:47 -0500
 
   (slightly reformatted) 8-bit-clean proposed patch
 
   minor patch: US/Eastern -> America/New_York
 
   snapshot of the USNO's latest data ("usno1995")
 
   some other minor cleanups
 
 
 Release code95f-data95j - 1995-10-28 21:01:34 -0000
   [tzcode95f.tar.gz + tzdata95j.tar.gz are both missing!]
 
   European cleanups
 
   support for 64-bit time_t's
 
   optimization in localtime.c
 
 
 Release code95e - 1995-10-13 13:23:57 -0400
 
   the mktime change to scan from future to past when trying to find time zone
   offsets
 
 
 Release data95i - 1995-09-26 10:43:26 -0400
 
   For Canada/Central, guess that the Sun customer's "one week too
   early" was just a approximation, and the true error is one month
   too early.  This is consistent with the rest of Canada.
 
 
 Release data95h - 1995-09-21 11:26:48 -0400
 
   latest changes from Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release code95d - 1995-09-14 11:14:45 -0400
 
   the addition of a "Music" file, which documents four recorded
   versions of the tune "Save That Time".
 
 
 Release data95g - 1995-09-01 17:21:36 -0400
 
   "yearistype" correction
 
 
 Release data95f - 1995-08-28 20:46:56 -0400
 
   Paul Eggert's change to the australasia file
 
 
 Release data95e - 1995-07-08 18:02:34 -0400
 
   The only change is a leap second at the end of this year.
   Thanks to Bradley White for forwarding news on the leap second.
 
 
 Release data95d - 1995-07-03 13:26:22 -0400
 
   Paul Eggert's changes
 
 
 Release data95c - 1995-07-02 19:19:28 -0400
 
   changes to "asia", "backward", "europe", and "southamerica"
   (read: northamericacentrics need not apply)
 
 
 Release code95c - 1995-03-13 14:00:46 -0500
 
   one-line fix for sign extension problems in detzcode
 
 
 Release 95b - 1995-03-04 11:22:38 -0500
 
   Minor changes in both:
 
   The "code" file contains a workaround for the lack of "unistd.h" in
   Microsoft C++ version 7.
 
   The "data" file contains a fixed "Link" for America/Shiprock.
 
 
 Release 94h - 1994-12-10 12:51:14 -0500
 
   The files:
 
   *	incorporate the changes to "zdump" and "date" to make changes to
 	the "TZ" environment variable permanent;
 
   *	incorporate the table changes by Paul Eggert;
 
   *	include (and document) support for universal time specifications in
 	data files - but do not (yet) include use of this feature in the
 	data files.
 
   Think of this as "TZ Classic" - the software has been set up not to break if
   universal time shows up in its input, and data entries have been
   left as is so as not to break existing implementations.
 
 
 Release data94f - 1994-08-20 12:56:09 -0400
 
   (with thanks!) the latest data updates from Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release data94e - 1994-06-04 13:13:53 -0400
 
   [not summarized]
 
 
 Release code94g - 1994-05-05 12:14:07 -0400
 
   fix missing "optind.c" and a reference to it in the Makefile
 
 
 Release code94f - 1994-05-05 13:00:33 -0000
   [tzcode94f.tar.gz is missing!]
 
   changes to avoid overflow in difftime, as well as changes to cope
   with the 52/53 challenge in strftime
 
 
 Release code94e - 1994-03-30 23:32:59 -0500
 
   change for the benefit of PCTS
 
 
 Release 94d - 1994-02-24 15:42:25 -0500
 
   Avoid clashes with POSIX semantics for zones such as GMT+4.
 
   Some other very minor housekeeping is also present.
 
 
 Release code94c - 1994-02-10 08:52:40 -0500
 
   Fix bug where mkdirs was broken unless you compile with
   -fwritable-strings (which is generally losing to do).
 
 
 Release 94b - 1994-02-07 10:04:33 -0500
 
   work by Paul Eggert who notes:
 
   I found another book of time zone histories by E W Whitman; it's not
   as extensive as Shanks but has a few goodies of its own.  I used it
   to update the tables.  I also fixed some more as a result of
   correspondence with Adam David and Peter Ilieve, and move some stray
   links from 'europe' to 'backward'.  I corrected some scanning errors
   in usno1989.
 
   As far as the code goes, I fixed zic to allow years in the range
   INT_MIN to INT_MAX; this fixed a few boundary conditions around 1900.
   And I cleaned up the zic documentation a little bit.
 
 
 Release data94a - 1994-02-03 08:58:54 -0500
 
   It simply incorporates the recently announced leap second into the
   "leapseconds" file.
 
 
 Release 93g - 1993-11-22 17:28:27 -0500
 
   Paul Eggert has provided a good deal of historic information (based
   on Shanks), and there are some code changes to deal with the buglets
   that crawled out in dealing with the new information.
 
 
 Release 93f - 1993-10-15 12:27:46 -0400
 
   Paul Eggert's changes
 
 
 Release 93e - 1993-09-05 21:21:44 -0400
 
   This has updated data for Israel, England, and Kwajalein.  There's
   also an update to "zdump" to cope with Kwajalein's 24-hour jump.
   Thanks to Paul Eggert and Peter Ilieve for the changes.
 
 
 Release 93d - 1993-06-17 23:34:17 -0400
 
   new fix and new data on Israel
 
 
 Release 93c - 1993-06-06 19:31:55 -0400
 
   [not summarized]
 
 
 Release 93b - 1993-02-02 14:53:58 -0500
 
   updated "leapseconds" file
 
 
 Release 93 - 1993-01-08 07:01:06 -0500
 
   At kre's suggestion, the package has been split in two - a code piece
   (which also includes documentation) that's only of use to folks who
   want to recompile things and a data piece useful to anyone who can
   run "zic".
 
   The new version has a few changes to the data files, a few
   portability changes, and an off-by-one fix (with thanks to
   Tom Karzes at deshaw.com for providing a description and a
   solution).
 
 
 Release 92c - 1992-11-21 17:35:36 -0000
   [tz92c.tar.Z is missing!]
 
   The fallout from the latest round of DST transitions.
 
   There are changes for Portugal, Saskatchewan, and "Pacific-New";
   there's also a change to "zic.c" that makes it portable to more systems.
 
 
 Release 92 - 1992-04-25 18:17:03 -0000
   [tz92.tar.Z is missing!]
 
   By popular demand (well, at any rate, following a request by kre at munnari)
 
 
 The 1989 update of the time zone package featured:
 
   *	POSIXization (including interpretation of POSIX-style TZ environment
 	variables, provided by Guy Harris),
   *	ANSIfication (including versions of "mktime" and "difftime"),
   *	SVIDulation (an "altzone" variable)
   *	MACHination (the "gtime" function)
   *	corrections to some time zone data (including corrections to the rules
 	for Great Britain and New Zealand)
   *	reference data from the United States Naval Observatory for folks who
 	want to do additional time zones
   *	and the 1989 data for Saudi Arabia.
 
   (Since this code will be treated as "part of the implementation" in some
   places and as "part of the application" in others, there's no good way to
   name functions, such as timegm, that are not part of the proposed ANSI C
   standard; such functions have kept their old, underscore-free names in this
   update.)
 
   And the "dysize" function has disappeared; it was present to allow
   compilation of the "date" command on old BSD systems, and a version of "date"
   is now provided in the package.  The "date" command is not created when you
   "make all" since it may lack options provided by the version distributed with
   your operating system, or may not interact with the system in the same way
   the native version does.
 
   Since POSIX frowns on correct leap second handling, the default behavior of
   the "zic" command (in the absence of a "-L" option) has been changed to omit
   leap second information from its output files.
 
 
 -----
 Notes
 
 This file contains copies of the part of each release announcement
 that talks about the changes in that release.  The text has been
 adapted and reformatted for the purposes of this file.
 
 Traditionally a release R consists of a pair of tarball files,
 tzcodeR.tar.gz and tzdataR.tar.gz.  However, some releases (e.g.,
 code2010a, data2012c) consist of just one or the other tarball, and a
 few (e.g., code2012c-data2012d) have tarballs with mixed version
 numbers.  Recent releases also come in an experimental format
 consisting of a single tarball tzdb-R.tar.lz with extra data.
 
 Release timestamps are taken from the release's commit (for newer,
 Git-based releases), from the newest file in the tarball (for older
 releases, where this info is available) or from the email announcing
 the release (if all else fails; these are marked with a time zone
 abbreviation of -0000 and an "is missing!" comment).
 
 Earlier versions of the code and data were not announced on the tz
 list and are not summarized here.
 
 This file is in the public domain.
 
 Local Variables:
 coding: utf-8
 End:
Index: head/contrib/tzdata/australasia
===================================================================
--- head/contrib/tzdata/australasia	(revision 366778)
+++ head/contrib/tzdata/australasia	(revision 366779)
@@ -1,2115 +1,2130 @@
 # tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific
 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
 
 # Notes are at the end of this file
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Australia
 
 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	D
 Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	D
 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that
 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Northern Territory
 Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			 9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
 			 9:30	Aus	AC%sT
 # Western Australia
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
 			 8:00	Aus	AW%sT	1943 Jul
 			 8:00	AW	AW%sT
 Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
 			 8:45	Aus +0845/+0945	1943 Jul
 			 8:45	AW  +0845/+0945
 
 # Queensland
 #
 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
 # Queensland ceased to.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
 # so use Lindeman.
 #
 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
 # There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
 # islands is a colloquial term used globally.  Hayman and Lindeman are at the
 # north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
 # Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
 # applies to all of the Whitsundays.
 # http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
 			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
 			10:00	AQ	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
 			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
 			10:00	AQ	AE%sT	1992 Jul
 			10:00	Holiday	AE%sT
 
 # South Australia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
 			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
 			9:30	AS	AC%sT
 
 # Tasmania
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
 			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
 			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
 			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
 			10:00	AT	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Currie	9:35:28	-	LMT	1895 Sep
 			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
 			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
 			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971 Jul
 			10:00	AT	AE%sT
 
 # Victoria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
 			10:00	AV	AE%sT
 
 # New South Wales
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
 			10:00	AN	AE%sT
 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			10:00	-	AEST	1896 Aug 23
 			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
 			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
 			9:30	AN	AC%sT	2000
 			9:30	AS	AC%sT
 
 # Lord Howe Island
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
 Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	-
 Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
 Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
 Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
 Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	-
 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			10:00	-	AEST	1981 Mar
 			10:30	LH	+1030/+1130 1985 Jul
 			10:30	LH	+1030/+11
 
 # Australian miscellany
 #
 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
 # no times are set
 #
 # Coral Sea Is
 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
 # no times are set
 #
 # Macquarie
 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the
 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
 # on 4 April.
 #
 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	-00	1899 Nov
 			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
 			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
 			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr  1  0:00s
 			0	-	-00	1948 Mar 25
 			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
 			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010
 			10:00	1:00	AEDT	2011
 			10:00	AT	AE%sT
 
 # Christmas
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			7:00	-	+07
 
 # Cocos (Keeling) Is
 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 			6:30	-	+0630
 
 
 # Fiji
 
 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation,  Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
 # from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
 #
 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
 # amendments:
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
 #
 # Official source:
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
 #
 # A bit more background info here:
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
 #
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
 # which says
 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
 # 2am on February 26 next year.
 
 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
 #
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
 # states:
 #
 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
 # on the  23rd of October, 2011.
 
 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
 
 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
 
 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
 
 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
 
 # From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
 # "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
 # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am....  Daylight Saving will
 # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
 # Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
 # Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
 # [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
 
 # From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13):
 # http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/
 # ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-06):
 # Today Raymond Kumar reported the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 27
 # (2019-08-02) said that Fiji observes DST "commencing at 2.00 am on
 # Sunday, 10 November 2019 and ending at 3.00 am on Sunday, 12 January 2020."
 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the second Sunday in November to 03:00
 # the first Sunday on or after January 12.  January transitions reportedly
 # depend on when school terms start.  Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches
 # transitions planned this year and seems more likely to match future practice
 # than guessing no DST.
 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06):
 # https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/downloadfile/848
 
+# From Raymond Kumar (2020-10-08):
+# [DST in Fiji] is from December 20th 2020, till 17th January 2021.
+# From Alan Mintz (2020-10-08):
+# https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/GetFile/1071
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-10-08):
+# https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Daylight-saving-from-Dec-20th-this-year-to-Jan-17th-2021-8rf4x5/
+# "Minister for Employment, Parveen Bala says they had never thought of
+# stopping daylight saving. He says it was just to decide on when it should
+# start and end.  Bala says it is a short period..."
+# Since the end date is still in line with our ongoing predictions, assume for
+# now that the later-than-usual start date is a one-time departure from the
+# recent second Sunday in November pattern.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2010	2013	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2014	only	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2014	2018	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Fiji	2015	max	-	Jan	Sun>=12	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Fiji	2019	max	-	Nov	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2019	only	-	Nov	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2020	only	-	Dec	20	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	Fiji	2021	max	-	Nov	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26 # Suva
 			12:00	Fiji	+12/+13
 
 # French Polynesia
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Rikitea
 			 -9:00	-	-09
 Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct
 			 -9:30	-	-0930
 Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Papeete
 			-10:00	-	-10
 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
 # it is uninhabited.
 
 # Guam
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf
 Rule	Guam	1959	only	-	Jun	27	2:00	1:00	D
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf
 Rule	Guam	1961	only	-	Jan	29	2:00	0	S
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
 Rule	Guam	1967	only	-	Sep	 1	2:00	1:00	D
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
 Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jan	26	0:01	0	S
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
 Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Guam	1969	only	-	Aug	31	2:00	0	S
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
 Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Guam	1970	1971	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf
 Rule	Guam	1973	only	-	Dec	16	2:00	1:00	D
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf
 Rule	Guam	1974	only	-	Feb	24	2:00	0	S
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
 Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	May	26	2:00	1:00	D
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf
 Rule	Guam	1976	only	-	Aug	22	2:01	0	S
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
 Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Apr	24	2:00	1:00	D
 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf
 Rule	Guam	1977	only	-	Aug	28	2:00	0	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901        # Agana
 			10:00	-	GST	1941 Dec 10 # Guam
 			 9:00	-	+09	1944 Jul 31
 			10:00	Guam	G%sT	2000 Dec 23
 			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
 Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
 
 # Kiribati
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki
 			 12:00	-	+12
 Zone Pacific/Enderbury	-11:24:20 -	LMT	1901
 			-12:00	-	-12	1979 Oct
 			-11:00	-	-11	1994 Dec 31
 			 13:00	-	+13
 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
 			-10:40	-	-1040	1979 Oct
 			-10:00	-	-10	1994 Dec 31
 			 14:00	-	+14
 
 # N Mariana Is
 # See Pacific/Guam.
 
 # Marshall Is
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Majuro	 11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
 			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
 			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
 			 11:00	-	+11	1937
 			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
 			  9:00	-	+09	1944 Jan 30
 			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
 			 12:00	-	+12
 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	 11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
 			 11:00	-	+11	1937
 			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
 			  9:00	-	+09	1944 Feb  6
 			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
 			-12:00	-	-12	1993 Aug 20 24:00
 			 12:00	-	+12
 
 # Micronesia
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Chuuk	-13:52:52 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 			 10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
 			 10:00	-	+10	1914 Oct
 			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
 			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
 			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
 			 10:00	-	+10
 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	-13:27:08 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Kolonia
 			 10:32:52 -	LMT	1901
 			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
 			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
 			 11:00	-	+11	1937
 			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
 			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
 			 11:00	-	+11
 Zone Pacific/Kosrae	-13:08:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 			 10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
 			 11:00	-	+11	1914 Oct
 			  9:00	-	+09	1919 Feb  1
 			 11:00	-	+11	1937
 			 10:00	-	+10	1941 Apr  1
 			  9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug
 			 11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct
 			 12:00	-	+12	1999
 			 11:00	-	+11
 
 # Nauru
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
 			11:30	-	+1130	1942 Aug 29
 			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Sep  8
 			11:30	-	+1130	1979 Feb 10  2:00
 			12:00	-	+12
 
 # New Caledonia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
 Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
 Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
 			11:00	NC	+11/+12
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # New Zealand
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	NZ	1927	only	-	Nov	 6	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Mar	 4	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1928	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	S
 Rule	NZ	1929	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
 Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
 # there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
 # transition.  Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
 # time to percolate out.
 Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	-
 Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
 Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	-
 Rule	NZ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-
 Rule	NZ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
 			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
 			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
 Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
 			12:15	-	+1215	1946 Jan  1
 			12:45	Chatham	+1245/+1345
 
 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
 
 # Auckland Is
 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
 # and scientific personnel have wintered
 
 # Campbell I
 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
 
 # Cook Is
 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	-
 Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901        # Avarua
 			-10:30	-	-1030	1978 Nov 12
 			-10:00	Cook	-10/-0930
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 # Niue
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901        # Alofi
 			-11:20	-	-1120	1951
 			-11:30	-	-1130	1978 Oct  1
 			-11:00	-	-11
 
 # Norfolk
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kingston
 			11:12	-	+1112	1951
 			11:30	-	+1130	1974 Oct 27 02:00s
 			11:30	1:00	+1230	1975 Mar  2 02:00s
 			11:30	-	+1130	2015 Oct  4 02:00s
 			11:00	-	+11	2019 Jul
 			11:00	AN	+11/+12
 
 # Palau (Belau)
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Palau	-15:02:04 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Koror
 			  8:57:56 -	LMT	1901
 			  9:00	-	+09
 
 # Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
 			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
 			10:00	-	+10
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
 #
 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
 # https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
 #
 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.  They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
 # See:
 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
 #
 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 -	LMT	1880
 			 9:48:32 -	PMMT	1895
 			10:00	-	+10	1942 Jul
 			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 21
 			10:00	-	+10	2014 Dec 28  2:00
 			11:00	-	+11
 
 # Pitcairn
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901        # Adamstown
 			-8:30	-	-0830	1998 Apr 27  0:00
 			-8:00	-	-08
 
 # American Samoa
 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
 			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
 			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa
 Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
 
 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
 # the following info:
 #
 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
 # Sunday of April 2011."
 #
 # Background info:
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
 #
 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
 # contain any dates:
 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
 # Please see
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
 #
 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
 
 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
 #
 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
 # The International Date Line Act 2011
 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
 # changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
 # Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted
 # accordingly.
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
 #
 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
 #
 # DST
 # Year  End      Time              Start        Time
 # 2011  - - -    - - -             24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
 # 2012  01 April 4:00am to 3:00am  - - -        - - -
 #
 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
 # Thursday 29th December 2011	23:59:59 Hours
 # Saturday 31st December 2011	00:00:00 Hours
 #
 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	-
 Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	-
 Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	-
 Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	-
 Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5
 			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
 			-11:30	-	-1130	1950
 			-11:00	WS	-11/-10	2011 Dec 29 24:00
 			 13:00	WS	+13/+14
 
 # Solomon Is
 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Honiara
 			11:00	-	+11
 
 # Tokelau
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
 # December 31 this year ...
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
 # Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
 # actually was to UT-11 back then.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
 # , page 65, says Tokelau
 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
 			-11:00	-	-11	2011 Dec 30
 			13:00	-	+13
 
 # Tonga
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Tonga	2016	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Tonga	2017	only	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
 			12:20	-	+1220	1941
 			13:00	-	+13	1999
 			13:00	Tonga	+13/+14
 
 # Tuvalu
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
 			12:00	-	+12
 
 
 # US minor outlying islands
 
 # Howland, Baker
 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
 # uninhabited thereafter.
 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
 # until they were abandoned after the war.
 
 # Jarvis
 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
 # uninhabited thereafter.
 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
 
 # Johnston
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
 # Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
 # treat it like Hawaii for now.  Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
 # its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
 #
 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
 #  (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and
 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
 #
 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the
 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
 # https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
 # Minus One Hour".
 
 # Kingman
 # uninhabited
 
 # Midway
 # See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
 
 # Palmyra
 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
 
 # Wake
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901
 			12:00	-	+12
 
 
 # Vanuatu
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Vila
 			11:00	Vanuatu	+11/+12
 
 # Wallis and Futuna
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 			12:00	-	+12
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # NOTES
 
 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
 #
 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
 # of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
 # I invented the abbreviation marked "*".
 # The following abbreviations are from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
 #		std	dst
 #		LMT		Local Mean Time
 #	  8:00	AWST	AWDT	Western Australia
 #	  9:30	ACST	ACDT	Central Australia
 #	 10:00	AEST	AEDT	Eastern Australia
 #	 10:00	GST	GDT*	Guam through 2000
 #	 10:00	ChST		Chamorro
 #	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945
 #	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present
 #	-11:00	SST		Samoa
 #	-10:00	HST		Hawaii
 #
 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Australia
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
 # covers New South Wales in particular.
 
 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
 # It is called 'summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
 # time'.
 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
 #
 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
 # what matters is the abbreviation.  It's difficult to survey the web
 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
 #
 #   10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
 #   10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
 #   10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
 #   13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
 #   18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
 #   28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
 #   39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
 #   53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
 #   54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
 #  182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
 #
 #   17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
 #   46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
 #
 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits.  I also looked for pages
 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
 #
 #  156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
 #  226 "western standard time" WST site:au
 #
 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT".  The papers
 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
 #
 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
 # like "AEDT" are new.  A Trove search 
 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
 # fully indexed.  The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
 # like "AEDT".  The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
 # (1993-01-24, p 16).  The style was the typical usage but was not
 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
 #
 # I also surveyed federal government sources.  They did not agree:
 #
 #   The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
 #   http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
 #   (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
 #   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
 #
 #   Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
 #   http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
 #   EST CST WST EDT CDT
 #
 #   Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
 #   http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
 #   EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
 #
 #   Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
 #   http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
 #   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
 #
 #   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
 #   https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
 #   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
 #
 #   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
 #   and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
 #   Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
 #   311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
 #   "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
 #   appear in reports of events with international implications.
 #
 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
 # the minority.  The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A".  The current
 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
 #
 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
 # relevant entries in this database.
 #
 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
 # ACT
 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
 # SA
 # Standard Time Act, 1898
 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
 
 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
 # to extend DST together in 2006.
 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
 # allude to it.
 # But not Queensland
 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
 
 # Northern Territory
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY..  [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
 # #					[ Nov 1990 ]
 # #	N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
 # ...
 # Zone        Australia/North         9:30    -       CST
 
 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
 
 # Western Australia
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #  The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA..  [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
 # #						[ Nov 1990 ]
 # #	W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
 # #	DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
 # #	usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
 # #	before reaching parliament.
 # ...
 # Zone	Australia/West		8:00	AW	%sST
 # ...
 # Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
 # Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
 
 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
 
 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
 # work at 9.00am.)
 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
 # everybody again.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
 # it matches what was used in the past.
 
 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
 # The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
 # government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
 # 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09.  The article noted that an exemption
 # would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
 # to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area."  See:
 # Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
 # https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
 
 # Queensland
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
 # I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
 # Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
 # Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
 # https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
 # #						[ Dec 1990 ]
 # ...
 # Zone	Australia/Queensland	10:00	AQ	%sST
 # ...
 # Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	E
 # Rule	AQ	1989	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	AQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E
 
 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
 # October 1989).
 
 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
 
 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
 # end on Sunday, 3 March.  I don't know at what hour, though.  (It surprised
 # me.)
 
 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
 # ...
 # Rule	QLD	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	QLD	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
 # ...
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
 
 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
 # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
 
 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
 # southern coast....  South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
 # Australia does not.  The two states are one and a half hours apart.  The
 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
 # Australia and Western Australia....
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
 #
 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
 # coast of the continent.
 #
 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
 # the largest population centre in this zone....
 #
 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
 #
 # (2006-12-09):
 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
 # of this time zone.  My hunch is that it's been around since well
 # before 1975.  I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
 #
 # From Gilmore Davidson (2019-04-08):
 # https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-08/this-remote-stretch-of-desert-has-its-own-custom-time-zone/10981000
 # ... include[s] a rough description of the geographical boundaries...
 # "The time zone exists for about 340 kilometres and takes in the tiny
 # roadhouse communities of Cocklebiddy, Madura, Eucla and Border Village."
 # ... and an indication that the zone has definitely been in existence
 # since before the 1970 cut-off of the database ...
 # From Paul Eggert (2019-05-17):
 # That ABC Esperance story by Christien de Garis also says:
 #    Although the Central Western Time Zone is not officially recognised (your
 #    phones won't automatically change), there is a sign instructing you which
 #    way to wind your clocks 45 minutes and scrawled underneath one of them in
 #    Texta is the word: 'Why'?
 #    "Good question," Mr Pike said.
 #    "I don't even know that, and it's been going for over 50 years."
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
 
 
 # southeast Australia
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
 
 
 # South Australia
 
 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #   The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
 # #						[ Nov 1990 ]
 # ...
 # Zone	Australia/South		9:30	AS	%sST
 # ...
 # Rule	 AS	1971	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	 AS	1972	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
 # Rule	 AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	3:00	0	C
 # Rule	 AS	1991	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
 
 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
 # contained the following exchange:  "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
 
 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
 # numbered year (from 1990).  That's when the Adelaide Festival
 # is on...
 
 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
 
 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
 
 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
 
 # Tasmania
 
 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #  The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
 # #					[ Nov 1990 ]
 
 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
 # (but nothing new about that).
 
 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
 
 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
 
 # Victoria
 
 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #   The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
 # #						[ Nov 1990 ]
 
 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
 # interesting story about daylight savings time.  Dr. John Heilbron was
 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
 # in Melbourne, Australia.
 #
 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
 # fallen WWI soldiers.  And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
 # expected time.
 #
 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?).  Perhaps
 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
 #
 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
 
 # New South Wales
 
 # From Arthur David Olson:
 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
 # who notes:
 #	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
 #	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
 #	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
 #	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
 #	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
 #	I have researched New South Wales time only...
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
 # October in 2000.  See: Matthew Moore,
 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
 # See the following official NSW source:
 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
 #
 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
 # daylight saving next year.  See:
 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
 # (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
 #
 # Victoria will follow NSW.  See:
 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
 #
 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
 #
 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
 #
 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
 
 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
 # towns to use Queensland time.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
 
 # Yancowinna
 
 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
 # #					[ Dec 1990 ]
 # ...
 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
 # # presently available.
 # Zone	Australia/Yancowinna	9:30	 AY	%sST
 # ...
 # Rule	 AY	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	 AY	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	C
 # [followed by other Rules]
 
 # Lord Howe Island
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # LHI...		[ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
 #					[ Dec 1990 ]
 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
 # hour ahead of NSW time.
 
 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27).  For your information the
 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
 # instead of only 30 minutes.  [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
 # arrangements.  The starting date for summer time on the Island will
 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
 
 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
 # Lonergan thereafter.  For times we use Lonergan.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
 # summer (southern hemisphere).
 #
 # From
 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
 #
 # We have a wrap-up here:
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
 ###############################################################################
 
 # New Zealand
 
 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
 # #				   or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
 # #	[ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
 # #				[ Nov 1990 ]
 # ...
 # Rule	NZ      1974    1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	NZ	1989	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	NZ      1975    1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
 # Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	S
 # ...
 # Zone	NZ			12:00	NZ		NZ%sT	# New Zealand
 # Zone	NZ-CHAT			12:45	-		NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
 # rather than the October 1 value.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
 #
 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
 
 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
 # first Sunday in April.  The changes take effect this year, meaning
 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
 # time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
 # Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 # Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands and Marcus Island (Minami-Tori-shima)
 
 # From Wakaba (2019-01-28) via Phake Nick:
 # National Diet Library of Japan has several reports by Japanese Government
 # officers that describe the time used in islands when they visited there.
 # According to them (and other sources such as newspapers), standard time UTC
 # + 10 (JST + 1) and DST UTC + 11 (JST + 2) was used until its return to Japan
 # at 1968-06-26 00:00 JST.  The exact periods of DST are still unknown.
 # I guessed Guam, Mariana, and Bonin and Marcus districts might have
 # synchronized their DST periods, but reports imply they had their own
 # decisions, i.e. there were three or more different time zones....
 #
 # https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/小笠原諸島の標準時
 
 # From Phake Nick (2019-02-12):
 # Because their last time change to return to Japanese time when they returned
 # to Japanese rule was right before 1970, ... per the current tz database
 # rule, the information doesn't warrant creation of a new timezone for Bonin
 # Islands itself and is thus as an anecdotal note for interest purpose only.
 # ... [The abovementioned link] described some special timekeeping phenomenon
 # regarding Marcus island, another remote island currently owned by Japanese
 # in the same administrative unit as Bonin Islands.  Many reports claim that
 # the American coastal guard on the American quarter of the island use its own
 # coastal guard time, and most sources describe the time as UTC+11, being two
 # hours faster than JST used by some Japanese personnel on the island.  Some
 # sites describe it as same as Wake Island/Guam time although it would be
 # incorrect to be same as Guam.  And then in a few Japanese governmental
 # report from 1980s (from National Institute of Information and Communications
 # Technology) regarding the construction of VLBI facility on the Marcus
 # Island, it claimed that there are three time standards being used on the
 # island at the time which include not just JST (UTC+9) or [US]CG time
 # (UTC+11) but also a JMSDF time (UTC+10) (Japan Maritime Self-Defense
 # Force).  Unfortunately there are no other sources that mentioned such time
 # and there are also no information on things like how the time was used.
 
 
 # Fiji
 
 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
 
 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28.  Each year the DST period will
 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.
 
 # From the BBC World Service in
 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
 # of the new millennium.
 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
 
 
 # Kiribati
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
 
 # From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
 # December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
 # would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
 # One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
 # The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).
 
 # Kwajalein
 
 # From an AP article (1993-08-22):
 # "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good
 # excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one.  Residents were
 # going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight
 # -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from
 # one side of the international date line to the other."
 # "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22.
 # https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html
 
 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
 #  ... pointed out that
 # currently tzdata say Pacific/Kwajalein switched from GMT+11 to GMT-12 in
 # 1969 October without explanation, however an 1993 article from NYT say it
 # synchorized its day with US mainland about 40 years ago and thus the switch
 # should occur at around 1950s instead.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
 # The NYT (actually, AP) article is vague and possibly wrong about this.
 # The article says the earlier switch was "40 years ago when the United States
 # Army established a missile test range here".  However, the Kwajalein Test
 # Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy.  It was
 # transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01.  See "Seize the High Ground"
 # .
 # Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined
 # to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence.
 
 
 # N Mariana Is, Guam
 
 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
 # Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ...
 # however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that
 # period.  It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during
 # that period of time like the surrounding area.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
 # see Asia/Manila.
 #
 # Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start
 # and end of Japanese control of Agana.  We don't know whether the Northern
 # Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume
 # they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff.
 #
 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time".  There is no official abbreviation,
 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
 
 # See also the commentary for Micronesia.
 
 
 # Marshall Is
 # See the commentary for Micronesia.
 
 
 # Micronesia (and nearby)
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
 # Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies
 # kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844.
 
 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
 # that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
 
 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
 #
 # From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時
 # ...
 # For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of
 # Micronesia + Marshall Islands):
 #
 # A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands
 # who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like
 # of German New Guinea.  However there is a marking saying it have not been
 # implemented (yet).  No further information after that were found.
 #
 # Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were
 # instructed to use JST at the time.
 #
 # 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use
 # the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the
 # longitude of the atoll.
 # 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until
 # February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST.
 # However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and
 # probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that
 # is if they keep their own time back then)
 #
 # In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area
 # into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1,
 # +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same
 # year.  Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying
 # force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard
 # time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such.
 #  * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area
 #    (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
 #  * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil
 #    administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time)
 #  * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil
 #    administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time).
 #  * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been
 #    formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal
 #    governance structure have been established, these district [become
 #    subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard
 #    time of the area.
 #  * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was
 #    occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the
 #    Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape
 #    subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape
 #    subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E
 #    starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the
 #    Marshall Islands.
 #
 # And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the
 # area into 2 timezones:
 #  * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and
 #    Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
 #  * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk),
 #    Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern
 #    Standard Time)
 #
 # Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year,
 # standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian
 # of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area.
 #
 # Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the
 # island.  The webpage I linked above contain no information during this
 # period of time....
 #
 # After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the
 # (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time
 # different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking
 # time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10.
 #
 # After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands
 # under American administration from year 1947.  The site listed some
 # American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those
 # area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable
 # information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable
 # information can be found.
 #
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
 #
 # For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that
 # plausibly exist but for which the details are not known.  The information
 # for Wake is too sketchy to act on.
 #
 # The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been
 # done, so omit it from the data for now.
 #
 # The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein.
 
 
 # Midway
 
 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
 #  (2002-12-31):
 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
 # Saving Time.  This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
 # your time down there in New Zealand.  Starting September 2, 1956
 # we'll again go back to Standard Time.  This'll mean that we'll go to
 # air at 6am your time.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
 # started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
 
 # Nauru
 
 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-31):
 # Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then
 # switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades.
 # However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then
 # showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時
 # And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced.
 # ...
 # The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
 # http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3
 # based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
 # http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru
 # Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19):
 # The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in
 # "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935),
 # page 3, which does not give the UT offset.  In response to a comment by
 # Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to
 # 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from:
 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru
 
 # Norfolk
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
 # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
 # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
 # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
 # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
 # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
 # other than in 1974/5.  See:
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
 # However, disagree with timeanddate about the 1975-03-02 transition;
 # timeanddate has 02:00 but 02:00s corresponds to what the NSW law said
 # (thanks to Michael Deckers).
 
 # Norfolk started observing Australian DST in spring 2019.
 # From Kyle Czech (2019-08-13):
 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L01702
 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-14):
 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00010
 
 # Palau
 # See commentary for Micronesia.
 
 # Pitcairn
 
 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time.  The Proclamation is as follows.
 #
 #	The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
 #	Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
 #	as Pitcairn Standard Time.
 #
 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
 
 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
 # ... at midnight.
 
 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
 
 
 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
 
 # Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
 # time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
 # This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
 
 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
 # Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
 # day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
 
 
 # Tonga
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
 
 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
 #
 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
 #
 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
 #
 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
 # minutes we have lost?"
 #
 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
 # to say your prayers in the morning."
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
 # Government.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
 #
 # I was given this link by John Letts:
 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
 #
 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
 # According to :
 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
 # third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
 # set back an hour on the closing date."
 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
 
 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
 # (Original URL was )
 
 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
 
 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am.  At 2:00am on the last Sunday
 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
 # hour to 1:00am.
 
 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.
 
 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
 # http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
 # Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
 # the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
 #
 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
 # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
 # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
 
 # From David Wade (2017-10-18):
 # In August government was disolved by the King.  The current prime minister
 # continued in office in care taker mode.  It is easy to see that few
 # decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
 # For now, guess that DST is discontinued.  That's what the IATA is guessing.
 
 
 # Wake
 
 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
 #
 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ...  The time was all the
 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we
 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
 # impossible.
 #
 # https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
 
 # See also the commentary for Micronesia.
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # The International Date Line
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
 #
 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
 # convention, or treaty.  Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
 #
 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati.  Even that line
 # has a rather arbitrary nature.  The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC.  And, since the IDL is not
 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
 # correct date is ambiguous.
 
 # From Wikipedia  (2005-08-31):
 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon).  During 1917, at the
 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
 # on the high seas.  Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
 # nation it would use that nation's standard time.  The captain was permitted
 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight.  These zones were
 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
 
 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
 # (2005-03-20):
 #
 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
Index: head/contrib/tzdata/europe
===================================================================
--- head/contrib/tzdata/europe	(revision 366778)
+++ head/contrib/tzdata/europe	(revision 366779)
@@ -1,4179 +1,4183 @@
 # tzdb data for Europe and environs
 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
 #
 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
 # of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
 #
 # Other sources occasionally used include:
 #
 #	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 #	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
 #	which I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 #	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
 #	
 #	[PDF] (1914-03)
 #
 #	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
 #	.  He writes:
 #	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
 #	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
 #	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
 #
 #	Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
 #	This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
 #	https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
 #	The full Russian citation is:
 #	Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
 #	введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
 #	июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
 #	Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
 #	http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
 #
 #	Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
 #	History of Summer Time
 #	
 #	(1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
 #
 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
 # the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
 # or are from other sources.  Corrections are welcome!
 #                   std  dst  2dst
 #                   LMT             Local Mean Time
 #       -4:00       AST  ADT        Atlantic
 #        0:00       GMT  BST  BDST  Greenwich, British Summer
 #        0:00       GMT  IST        Greenwich, Irish Summer
 #        0:00       WET  WEST WEMT  Western Europe
 #        0:19:32.13 AMT* NST*       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
 #        1:00       BST             British Standard (1968-1971)
 #        1:00       IST  GMT        Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
 #        1:00       CET  CEST CEMT  Central Europe
 #        1:00:14    SET             Swedish (1879-1899)
 #        1:36:34    RMT* LST*       Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
 #        2:00       EET  EEST       Eastern Europe
 #        3:00       MSK  MSD  MDST* Moscow
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
 # The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
 # ...
 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
 # ...
 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
 # in the Directive.
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
 #
 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
 # of the text said:
 #
 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
 #
 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
 # position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
 # be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
 #
 # [This yields STDOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
 #
 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
 # (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
 # railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
 # one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
 #
 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
 #
 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
 # subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
 
 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
 #	-- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
 #	republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
 #	https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
 
 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
 # From: Jonathan Leffler
 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
 
 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
 
 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
 # which is to be introduced in May....
 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
 # so we use 'BDST'.
 
 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
 # and extending this list, which can be found in
 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
 #
 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
 # https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 #
 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
 #
 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
 # are incorrect:
 #     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
 #	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
 #     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
 # It actually just had one transition.
 #     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
 #     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
 #
 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
 #     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
 #	to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
 #	conform with Great Britain.
 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
 #
 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
 # we'll ignore it for now.
 #     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
 #
 # Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
 # Greenwich was to London.  For example:
 #
 #   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
 #   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
 #
 # The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
 # this being Ireland, opinions differed.
 #
 # Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
 # with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
 # Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
 # .  Malone
 # writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
 # it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
 # the former and the 1896 edition used the latter).  Evidently the
 # news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
 # UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau.  As it is
 # not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
 # from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
 # transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
 # fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.
 
 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'.  She claimed
 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
 # https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
 # Irish laws are available online at .
 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
 #
 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
 #
 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
 #
 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
 #
 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
 #
 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
 # .]
 #
 # (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
 #
 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
 # being GMT+1.)
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
 # Clive Feather (, 1997-03-31)
 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
 # Julian Hill (, 1998-09-30) reports that
 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
 # and Frethun run in CT.
 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
 
 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
 # The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
 # abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
 # focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time".  Though the
 # "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
 # error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
 # standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
 # summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter.  (Thanks
 # to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.)  That is, when
 # Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
 # Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
 # as a negative daylight saving time in winter.  So, in this database
 # IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
 # Irish Standard Time after that.  See:
 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print
 
 # Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
 # Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Summer Time Act, 1916
 Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
 Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
 Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
 Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
 Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
 Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
 Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
 Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
 Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
 Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
 Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
 Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	Sun>=23	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
 Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
 Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
 Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
 Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
 Rule	GB-Eire	1945	1946	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Oct	31	2:00s	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Oct	30	2:00s	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
 Rule	GB-Eire	1953	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
 #	(no summer time)
 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
 Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
 Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
 #
 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1  0:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
 			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
 # In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
 # Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
 #
 # To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
 # following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
 # other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
 # after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
 # flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
 # suffices.  This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
 # values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
 # not rely on it.
 #
 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter.  It is for when
 # negative SAVE values are used.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Eire	1971	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00u	-1:00	-
 Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	 2:00u	0	-
 Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 2:00u	-1:00	-
 Rule	Eire	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	Eire	1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 1:00u	-1:00	-
 Rule	Eire	1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00u	-1:00	-
 Rule	Eire	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	-1:00	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
 			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00s
 			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25  2:00s
 			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6  2:00s
 			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16  2:00s
 			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2  2:00s
 			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18  2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
 			 1:00	Eire	IST/GMT
 # Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
 #			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
 #			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
 #			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
 # End of rearguard section.
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Europe
 
 # The following rules are for the European Union and for its
 # predecessor organization, the European Communities.
 # For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
 
 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
 Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
 
 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
 Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	C-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
 #
 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
 # tz database itself, as seen below:
 #
 # Zone Europe/Paris ...
 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 #
 # Zone Europe/Monaco ...
 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 #
 # Zone Europe/Belgrade ...
 #    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
 #
 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
 #
 # The rule line to be changed is:
 #
 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
 #
 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
 # CET and MET:
 #
 # Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
 # Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
 #
 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
 #
 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
 #
 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
 Rule	C-Eur	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	C-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	C-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 
 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
 Rule	E-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	E-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	E-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 
 
 # Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
 #
 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST  # Moscow Summer Time
 #
 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
 Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT  # Moscow Mean Time
 #
 # Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
 Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
 Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
 #
 # Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
 Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
 #
 Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 0:00u	1:00	MSD
 Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	MSK
 #
 # Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	MSD
 #
 # Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	+05
 #
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	MSD
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
 Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
 Rule	Russia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 #
 Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
 
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
 #
 # I did not find full texts of these acts.  For the 1989 one we have
 # title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
 # oblasts.  Since last Sunday of March 1989:
 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
 # rules (Moscow time)
 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
 
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
 # Unamended version of the act of the
 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
 # at 3 hours.  It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
 #
 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
 #
 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
 # https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
 # to be standard.
 
 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	WET		0:00	EU	WE%sT
 Zone	CET		1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT
 Zone	MET		1:00	C-Eur	ME%sT
 Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
 
 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
 # The official German names ... are
 #
 #	Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
 #	Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
 #
 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
 #
 #	Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
 #	Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
 #	Postfach 3345
 #	D-38023 Braunschweig
 #	phone: +49 531 592-0
 #
 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
 # department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
 #
 #	Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
 #	Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
 
 
 # Albania
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Apr	10	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
 			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
 			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1984 Jul
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Andorra
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
 			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
 			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31  2:00
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Austria
 
 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
 
 # From Alois Triendl (2019-07-22):
 # In 1946 the end of DST was on Monday, 7 October 1946, at 3:00 am.
 # Shanks had this right.  Source: Die Weltpresse, 5. Oktober 1946, page 5.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Austria	1947	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
 			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1  2:00s
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12  2:00s
 			1:00	-	CET	1946
 			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Belarus
 #
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
 #
 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
 #
 # Sources (Russian language):
 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
 # https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
 #
 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
 #
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
 			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
 			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			3:00	-	+03
 
 # Belgium
 #
 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-25):
 # The exposition in the web page
 # https://www.bestor.be/wiki/index.php/Voyager_dans_le_temps._L%E2%80%99introduction_de_la_norme_de_Greenwich_en_Belgique
 # gives several contemporary sources from which one can conclude that
 # the switch in Europe/Brussels on 1892-05-01 was from 00:17:30 to 00:00:00.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
 # This quote helps explain the late-1914 situation:
 #   In early November 1914, the Germans imposed the time zone used in central
 #   Europe and forced the inhabitants to set their watches and public clocks
 #   sixty minutes ahead.  Many were reluctant to accept "German time" and
 #   continued to use "Belgian time" among themselves.  Reflecting the spirit of
 #   resistance that arose in the population, a song made fun of this change....
 # The song ended:
 #   Putting your clock forward
 #   Will but hasten the happy hour
 #   When we kick out the Boches!
 # See: Pluvinage G. Brussels on German time. Cahiers Bruxellois -
 # Brusselse Cahiers. 2014;XLVI(1E):15-38.
 # https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-bruxellois-2014-1E-page-15.htm
 #
 # Entries from 1914 through 1917 are taken from "De tijd in België"
 # .
 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
 #	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
 #	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
 #	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
 #	pp 8-9.
 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for the 1918/1991 references.
 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1922	1927	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
 Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1928	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
 			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 00:17:30
 			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
 			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
 			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 20  2:00s
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep  3
 			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Bulgaria
 #
 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
 			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
 			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr  2  3:00
 			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
 			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  3:00
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Croatia
 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Cyprus
 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
 
 # Czech Republic / Czechia
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
 # The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
 # https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
 # We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
 # abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Czech	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  9
 			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1946 Dec  1  3:00
 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
 			1:00	-1:00	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
 # Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
 #			0:00	-	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
 # End of rearguard section.
 			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
 
 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
 
 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
 #
 # The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
 #
 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
 # in subsequent decrees with the law
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
 #
 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00.  If this is true, this differs slightly from
 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00.  We don't know
 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
 # was suspended on that night):
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
 
 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
 Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Aug	15	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
 #
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
 			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
 			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
 			 0:00	-	WET	1981
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
 # Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
 # obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
 # on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
 # rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
 # rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
 #  (2001-03-15),
 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
 #
 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
 # is according to the following time line:
 #
 # The military zone near Thule	UTC-4
 # Standard Greenland time	UTC-3
 # Scoresbysund			UTC-1
 # Danmarkshavn			UTC
 #
 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
 # introduced.
 
 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
 #
 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
 # info from earlier correspondence.]
 #
 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
 #
 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
 # email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
 #
 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
 #
 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
 #
 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
 # maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
 
 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
 # there at 2:00 AM.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
 
 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
 # It is their only National Park.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 #
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
 			-3:00	-	-03	1980 Apr  6  2:00
 			-3:00	EU	-03/-02	1996
 			0:00	-	GMT
 #
 # Use the old name Scoresbysund, as the current name Ittoqqortoormiit
 # exceeds tzdb's 14-letter limit and has no common English abbreviation.
 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
 			-2:00	-	-02	1980 Apr  6  2:00
 			-2:00	C-Eur	-02/-01	1981 Mar 29
 			-1:00	EU	-01/+00
 Zone America/Nuuk	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Godthåb
 			-3:00	-	-03	1980 Apr  6  2:00
 			-3:00	EU	-03/-02
 Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
 			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
 
 # Estonia
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
 #
 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
 #
 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
 # human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
 # summer time next spring."
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
 #
 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
 
 # From The Baltic Times  (1999-09-09)
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
 # Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
 # for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
 # after that.
 
 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
 # the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
 
 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
 # Now we are using again EU rules.
 #
 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
 			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24  2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998 Sep 22
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Oct 31  4:00
 			2:00	-	EET	2002 Feb 21
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Finland
 
 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
 
 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
 #
 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
 # according to the central European standards.
 #
 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
 # Finnish) at
 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
 #
 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
 #
 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
 #
 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
 # exist tonight."
 
 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	2	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	4	1:00	0	-
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
 
 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
 # round to nearest.
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:49 -	LMT	1878 May 31
 			1:39:49	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
 			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Åland Is
 Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
 
 
 # France
 
 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
 #
 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
 #
 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
 # Paris, 1991
 #
 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
 
 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-11):
 # the law of 1891 
 # was published on 1891-03-15, so it could only take force on 1891-03-16.
 
 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-10):
 # Le Gaulois, 1911-03-11, page 1/6, online at
 # https://www.retronews.fr/societe/echo-de-presse/2018/01/29/1911-change-lheure-de-paris
 # ... [ Instantly, all pressure driven clock dials halted...  Nine minutes and
 #       twenty-one seconds later the hands resumed their circular motion. ]
 # There are also precise reports about how the change was prepared in train
 # stations: all the publicly visible clocks stopped at midnight railway time
 # (or were covered), only the chief of service had a watch, labeled
 # "Heure ancienne", that he kept running until it reached 00:04:21, when
 # he announced "Heure nouvelle".  See the "Le Petit Journal 1911-03-11".
 # https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6192911/f1.item.zoom
 #
 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-12):
 # That "all French clocks stopped" for 00:09:21 is a misreading of French
 # newspapers; this sort of adjustment applies only to certain
 # remote-controlled clocks ("pendules pneumatiques", of which there existed
 # perhaps a dozen in Paris, and which simply could not be set back remotely),
 # but not to all the clocks in all French towns and villages.  For instance,
 # the following story in the "Courrier de Saône-et-Loire" 1911-03-11, page 2:
 # only works if legal time was stepped back (was not monotone): ...
 #   [One can observe that children who had been born at midnight less 5
 #    minutes and who had died at midnight of the old time, would turn out to
 #    be dead before being born, time having been set back and having
 #    suppressed 9 minutes and 25 seconds of their existence, that is, more
 #    than they could spend.]
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2020-06-12):
 # French time in railway stations was legally five minutes behind civil time,
 # which explains why railway "old time" ran to 00:04:21 instead of to 00:09:21.
 # The law's text (which Michael Deckers noted is at
 # ) says only that
 # at 1911-03-11 00:00 legal time was that of Paris mean time delayed by
 # nine minutes and twenty-one seconds, and does not say how the
 # transition from Paris mean time was to occur.
 #
 # tzdb has no way to represent stopped clocks.  As the railway practice
 # was to keep a watch running on "old time" to decide when to restart
 # the other clocks, this could be modeled as a transition for "old time" at
 # 00:09:21.  However, since the law was ambiguous and clocks outside railway
 # stations were probably done haphazardly with the popular impression being
 # that the transition was done at 00:00 "old time", simply leave the time
 # blank; this causes zic to default to 00:00 "old time" which is good enough.
 # Do something similar for the 1891-03-16 transition.  There are similar
 # problems in Algiers, Monaco and Tunis.
 
 #
 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
 Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
 # Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 16
 			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
 			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Germany
 
 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
 # [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
 
 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
 # https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Go with the PTB.
 Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	3:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
 
 Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24  2:00
 			1:00 SovietZone	CE%sT	1946
 			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
 # Büsingen , surrounded by the Swiss canton
 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
 #
 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
 
 Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
 
 # Georgia
 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
 # is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
 
 # Gibraltar
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2  0:00s
 			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14  2:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1982
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Greece
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
 			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
 			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
 			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
 			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
 			# Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
 			# go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Hungary
 
 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-09):
 # an Austrian encyclopedia of railroads of 1913, online at
 # http://www.zeno.org/Roell-1912/A/Eisenbahnzeit
 # says that the switch [to CET] happened on 1890-11-01.
 
 # From Géza Nyáry (2020-06-07):
 # Data for 1918-1983 are based on the archive database of Library Hungaricana.
 # The dates are collected from original, scanned governmental orders,
 # bulletins, instructions and public press.
 # [See URLs below.]
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1918/?pg=238
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1919/?pg=808
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1920/?pg=201
 Rule	Hungary	1918	1919	-	Apr	15	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1918	1920	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 2:00	1:00	S
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1945/?pg=882
 Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_03/?pg=49
 Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_09/?pg=54
 Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00	0	-
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1947_04_1__001-123/?pg=90
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DunantuliNaplo_1947_09/?pg=128
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1948_03_3__001-123/?pg=304
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Zala_1948_09/?pg=64
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=53
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=160
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/UjSzo_1949_01-04/?pg=102
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KeletMagyarorszag_1949_03/?pg=96
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1949_09/?pg=94
 Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1954/?pg=513
 Rule	Hungary	1954	only	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1954	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1955/?pg=398
 Rule	Hungary	1955	only	-	May	22	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1955	only	-	Oct	 2	 3:00	0	-
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/HevesMegyeiNepujsag_1956_06/?pg=0
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/EszakMagyarorszag_1956_06/?pg=6
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SzolnokMegyeiNeplap_1957_04/?pg=120
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/PestMegyeiHirlap_1957_09/?pg=143
 Rule	Hungary	1956	1957	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1956	1957	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
-# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=1227
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=189
 Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Sep	28	 1:00	0	-
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=1227
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1981_01/?pg=79
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1982/?pg=115
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1983/?pg=85
 Rule	Hungary	1981	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1981	1983	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
 #
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Nov  1
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1941/?pg=1204
+# https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1942/?pg=3955
 			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  7 23:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1984
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Iceland
 #
 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
 #
 # (1993-12-05):
 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
 # Iceland Almanak.
 #
 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavík mean solar time which
 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
 #
 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
 #
 # (1993-12-10):
 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
 #	the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
 #	(old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
 # might mean something else (???).
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Iceland	1917	1919	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1918	1919	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Mar	19	23:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Jun	23	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Oct	29	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Iceland	1940	1941	-	Nov	Sun>=2	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1941	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=2	 1:00s	1:00	-
 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
 Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	Iceland	1942	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
 Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	-
 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
 Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:28	-	LMT	1908
 			-1:00	Iceland	-01/+00	1968 Apr  7  1:00s
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Italy
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
 # so record only the time in Rome.
 #
 # From Stephen Trainor (2019-05-06):
 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale/ORA_LEGALE_ESTIVA_IN_ITALIA.htm
 # ... the [1866] law went into effect on 12 December 1866, rather than
 # the date of the decree (22 Sep 1866)
 # https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155341/http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm
 # ... "In Italy in 1866 there were 6 railway times (Torino, Verona, Firenze,
 # Roma, Napoli, Palermo). On that year it was decided to unify them, adopting
 # the average time of Rome (even if this city was not yet part of the
 # kingdom).  On the 12th December 1866, on the starting of the winter time
 # table, it took effect in the railways, the post office and the telegraph,
 # not only for the internal service but also for the public....  Milano set
 # the public watches on the Rome time on the same day (12th December 1866),
 # Torino and Bologna on the 1st January 1867, Venezia the 1st May 1880 and the
 # last city was Cagliari in 1886."
 #
 # From Luigi Rosa (2019-05-07):
 # this is the scan of the decree:
 # http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/filopanti/1866c.jpg
 #
 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
 #
 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
 # [now at http://oldsite.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml as of 2017]
 # (2016-10-24):
 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
 # has still different data for 1944.  It divides Italy in two, as
 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
 #
 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
 #
 # From Alois Triendl (2019-07-02):
 # I spent 6 Euros to buy two archive copies of Il Messaggero, a Roman paper,
 # for 1 and 2 April 1944.  The edition of 2 April has this note: "Tonight at 2
 # am, put forward the clock by one hour.  Remember that in the night between
 # today and Monday the 'ora legale' will come in force again."  That makes it
 # clear that in Rome the change was on Monday, 3 April 1944 at 2 am.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
 # for the Kingdom of Italy.  This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
 # Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1916	1917	-	Sep	30	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Mar	31	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Oct	 6	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Oct	 4	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	20	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	18	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	14	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1966	only	-	Sep	24	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1967	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Dec 12
 			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1943 Sep 10
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jun  4
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
 Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 
 # Latvia
 
 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
 
 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
 #
 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
 #
 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
 #
 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
 #
 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
 
 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) ,
 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
 
 # From RFE/RL Newsline
 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
 # clocks one hour in the spring....
 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
 # appears that they will not do so....
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 
 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
 # Go with Byalokoz.
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:34	-	LMT	1880
 			1:36:34	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
 			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
 			1:36:34	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1  2:00
 			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1919 May 22  3:00
 			1:36:34	-	RMT	1926 May 11
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun  2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun  2:00s
 			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2000 Feb 29
 			2:00	-	EET	2001 Jan  2
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Liechtenstein
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
 
 # From Alois Treindl (2019-07-04):
 # I was able to access the online archive of the Vaduz paper Vaterland ...
 # I could confirm from the paper that Liechtenstein did in fact follow
 # the same DST in 1941 and 1942 as Switzerland did.
 
 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
 
 
 # Lithuania
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
 
 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
 
 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) ,
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
 # already done by Estonia.
 
 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
 #  (2000-03-27):
 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
 
 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
 
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
 			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
 			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
 			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
 			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
 			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
 			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29  1:00u
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31  1:00u
 			2:00	-	EET	2003 Jan  1
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Luxembourg
 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Sep	17	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Oct	24	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Oct	26	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1924	1928	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
 			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
 			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6  2:00s
 			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14  3:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18  3:00
 			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # North Macedonia
 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Malta
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
 			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Moldova
 
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
 # But [two people] separately reported via
 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
 # to the Winter Time).
 #
 # News (in Russian):
 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
 #
 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
 #
 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
 #
 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
 # News from Moldova (in russian):
 # https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
 
 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time.  Also,
 # https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
 			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
 			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 May  6  2:00
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
 			2:00	Moldova	EE%sT
 
 # Monaco
 #
 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-12):
 # In the "Journal de Monaco" of 1892-05-24, online at
 # https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/b1c67c12c5af11b41ea888fb048e4fe8.pdf
 # we read: ...
 #  [In virtue of a Sovereign Ordinance of the May 13 of the current [year],
 #   legal time in the Principality will be set to, from the date of June 1,
 #   1892 onwards, to the meridian of Paris, as in France.]
 # In the "Journal de Monaco" of 1911-03-28, online at
 # https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/de74ffb7db53d4f599059fe8f0ed482a.pdf
 # we read an ordinance of 1911-03-16: ...
 #  [Legal time in the Principality will be set, from the date of promulgation
 #   of the present ordinance, to legal time in France....  Consequently, legal
 #   time will be retarded by 9 minutes and 21 seconds.]
 #
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1892 Jun  1
 			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 29 # Paris Mean Time
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
 			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Montenegro
 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Netherlands
 
 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
 
 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
 #
 # (2001-04-08):
 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
 #
 # (2001-04-09):
 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
 # actually followed.
 #
 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
 #
 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
 # Amsterdam mean time.
 
 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
 Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
 Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	AMT
 Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	lastMon	2:00s	0	AMT
 Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1922	1936	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
 Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1925	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
 Rule	Neth	1926	1931	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1932	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1933	1936	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 #
 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
 # below because the current format requires STDOFF to be an integer.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
 			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
 			0:20	Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16  0:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Norway
 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
 # Pottenger.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1940 Aug 10 23:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
 # time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
 #  and
 # ).  The law/regulation
 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
 # ) I have not been
 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
 # since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
 #
 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
 # keeping Berlin time.
 #
 #  says that the meteorologists
 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
 # frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
 #
 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
 # ).  The Svalbard FAQ
 #  says that the Germans were
 # expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
 #
 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
 # for these regions.
 Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
 
 # Poland
 
 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
 #  pp 1-2.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
 # https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
 # He also gives these further references:
 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) 
 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) 
 Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
 			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16  3:00
 			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
 			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23  2:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
 			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1988
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Portugal
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45.  This agrees with Willett....
 #
 # From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
 # article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
 # These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
 # according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
 # all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
 
 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
 #
 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
 # harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1917	1921	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1931	1932	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1934	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
 Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
 Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 #
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:45 -	LMT	1884
 			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  0:00u # Lisbon MT
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00
 			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26  1:00
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
 			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31  1:00u
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
 Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884        # Ponta Delgada
 			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1912 Jan  1  2:00u # Horta MT
 			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
 			-2:00	Port	+00	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
 			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
 			-2:00	Port	+00	1943 Aug 28 22:00s
 			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1944 Apr 22 22:00s
 			-2:00	Port	+00	1944 Aug 26 22:00s
 			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1945 Apr 21 22:00s
 			-2:00	Port	+00	1945 Aug 25 22:00s
 			-2:00	Port	-02/-01	1966 Apr  3  2:00
 			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
 			-1:00	W-Eur	-01/+00	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28  1:00u
 			-1:00	EU	-01/+00
 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
 Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884        # Funchal
 			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1912 Jan  1  1:00u # Funchal MT
 			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1942 Apr 25 22:00s
 			-1:00	Port	+01	1942 Aug 15 22:00s
 			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1943 Apr 17 22:00s
 			-1:00	Port	+01	1943 Aug 28 22:00s
 			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1944 Apr 22 22:00s
 			-1:00	Port	+01	1944 Aug 26 22:00s
 			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1945 Apr 21 22:00s
 			-1:00	Port	+01	1945 Aug 25 22:00s
 			-1:00	Port	-01/+00	1966 Apr  3  2:00
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 
 # Romania
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
 # Nine O'clock 
 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
 # the same year as Bulgaria.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29  2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 
 # Russia
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
 # (Government document
 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
 # in Russian)
 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
 
 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
 # changed in September 2011:
 #
 # One source is
 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
 #
 # Another source is
 # https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
 #
 # Another source is
 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
 #
 # The Wikipedia article refers to
 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
 #
 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
 # Conradi notes).
 #
 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
 #
 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
 # are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
 #
 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
 #
 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
 #
 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
 #
 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
 # since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
 
 # From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
 # this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR
 # http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
 # Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it
 # to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union.  It cites the following:
 # «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов,
 # отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных
 # приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия
 # единой службы времени, 1956 г.
 # This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet
 # Union through 1956.  Although a copy was in the Scientific Library
 # of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
 #
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
 # http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/
 # says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not
 # implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957.
 # There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from
 # the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were
 # numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules.  For example,
 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
 # says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that
 # were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map.  By 1989 number of such
 # exceptions grew considerably.
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
 # are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
 # listing.  The region codes listed come from
 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
 # future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
 # divisions where available.
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
 # 39	RU-KGD	Kaliningrad Oblast
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
 # Although Shanks lists 1945-01-01 as the date for transition from
 # +01/+02 to +02/+03, more likely this is a placeholder.  Guess that
 # the transition occurred at 1945-04-10 00:00, which is about when
 # Königsberg surrendered to Soviet troops.  (Thanks to Alois Triendl.)
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
 
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
 # ...
 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
 
 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr 10
 			 2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1946 Apr  7
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
 			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 3:00	-	+03	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 2:00	-	EET
 
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
 # Europe/Moscow covers...
 # 01	RU-AD	Adygea, Republic of
 # 05	RU-DA	Dagestan, Republic of
 # 06	RU-IN	Ingushetia, Republic of
 # 07	RU-KB	Kabardino-Balkar Republic
 # 08	RU-KL	Kalmykia, Republic of
 # 09	RU-KC	Karachay-Cherkess Republic
 # 10	RU-KR	Karelia, Republic of
 # 11	RU-KO	Komi Republic
 # 12	RU-ME	Mari El Republic
 # 13	RU-MO	Mordovia, Republic of
 # 15	RU-SE	North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
 # 16	RU-TA	Tatarstan, Republic of
 # 20	RU-CE	Chechen Republic
 # 21	RU-CU	Chuvash Republic
 # 23	RU-KDA	Krasnodar Krai
 # 26	RU-STA	Stavropol Krai
 # 29	RU-ARK	Arkhangelsk Oblast
 # 31	RU-BEL	Belgorod Oblast
 # 32	RU-BRY	Bryansk Oblast
 # 33	RU-VLA	Vladimir Oblast
 # 35	RU-VLG	Vologda Oblast
 # 36	RU-VOR	Voronezh Oblast
 # 37	RU-IVA	Ivanovo Oblast
 # 40	RU-KLU	Kaluga Oblast
 # 44	RU-KOS	Kostroma Oblast
 # 46	RU-KRS	Kursk Oblast
 # 47	RU-LEN	Leningrad Oblast
 # 48	RU-LIP	Lipetsk Oblast
 # 50	RU-MOS	Moscow Oblast
 # 51	RU-MUR	Murmansk Oblast
 # 52	RU-NIZ	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
 # 53	RU-NGR	Novgorod Oblast
 # 57	RU-ORL	Oryol Oblast
 # 58	RU-PNZ	Penza Oblast
 # 60	RU-PSK	Pskov Oblast
 # 61	RU-ROS	Rostov Oblast
 # 62	RU-RYA	Ryazan Oblast
 # 67	RU-SMO	Smolensk Oblast
 # 68	RU-TAM	Tambov Oblast
 # 69	RU-TVE	Tver Oblast
 # 71	RU-TUL	Tula Oblast
 # 76	RU-YAR	Yaroslavl Oblast
 # 77	RU-MOW	Moscow
 # 78	RU-SPE	Saint Petersburg
 # 83	RU-NEN	Nenets Autonomous Okrug
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
 # The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919.  Decree No. 59
 # (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
 # zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
 # specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
 # No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
 # later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
 # taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
 # (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
 
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
 # Wikipedia refers to
 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
 #
 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982.  The first link provides the
 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
 # time belt changes map).
 #
 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
 # according to the provided map (colored one).  In addition to that
 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage.  (Komi ASSR was
 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
 # hour difference.)  Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
 # is also provided.
 #
 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01.  Namely: Dagestan,
 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  As a result Evenk Autonomous
 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
 # time.
 #
 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982.  1980-925.txt also adds
 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  Probably erroneously.
 #
 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
 #
 # 12. Udmurtia
 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
 #
 # ...
 #
 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
 #
 # There were some exceptions, though.
 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
 #
 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
 # https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
 # 2 days before the switch.
 #
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia.  It's not clear what these entries
 # should be.  For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
 # time in Moscow.
 
 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
 # Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
 # coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
 # 2:31:19 ...
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
 # Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
 
 Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:17 -	LMT	1880
 			 2:30:17 -	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
 			 2:31:19 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
 			 3:00	Russia	%s	1921 Oct
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
 			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	-	MSK
 
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
 # Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
 
 Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 			 2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
 			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			 3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
 			 3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
 			 2:00	-	EET	1992
 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
 # changed in May.
 			 2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
 			 3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31  0:00s
 			 3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27  3:00s
 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
 			 3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
 # https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
 			 2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  2:00
 			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	-	MSK
 
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
 # 30	RU-AST	Astrakhan Oblast
 #
 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
 
 Zone Europe/Astrakhan	 3:12:12 -	LMT	1924 May
 			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
 			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
 # 34	RU-VGG	Volgograd Oblast
 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
 
 # From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20):
 # Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change
 # timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018.
 # http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7
 #
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11):
 # The law has been published today on
 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037
 
 Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
 			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
 			 4:00	-	+04	1961 Nov 11
 			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1988 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	-	+03	2018 Oct 28  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
 # Europe/Saratov covers:
 # 64	RU-SAR	Saratov Oblast
 
 # From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
 # Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3....  Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
 # ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
 
 Zone Europe/Saratov	 3:04:18 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
 			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
 			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1988 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Dec  4  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
 # Europe/Kirov covers:
 # 43	RU-KIR	Kirov Oblast
 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
 #
 Zone Europe/Kirov	 3:18:48 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
 			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
 			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	-	+03
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
 # Europe/Samara covers...
 # 18	RU-UD	Udmurt Republic
 # 63	RU-SAM	Samara Oblast
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
 
 Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:20 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
 			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
 			 4:00	-	+04	1935 Jan 27
 			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
 			 3:00	-	+03	1991 Oct 20  3:00
 			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
 # 73	RU-ULY	Ulyanovsk Oblast
 
 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
 
 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk	 3:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  0:00u
 			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
 			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 4:00	-	+04
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
 # 02	RU-BA	Bashkortostan, Republic of
 # 90	RU-PER	Perm Krai
 # 45	RU-KGN	Kurgan Oblast
 # 56	RU-ORE	Orenburg Oblast
 # 66	RU-SVE	Sverdlovsk Oblast
 # 72	RU-TYU	Tyumen Oblast
 # 74	RU-CHE	Chelyabinsk Oblast
 # 86	RU-KHM	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
 # 89	RU-YAN	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
 #
 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
 
 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
 
 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:33 -	LMT	1916 Jul  3
 			 3:45:05 -	PMT	1919 Jul 15  4:00
 			 4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
 			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 6:00	-	+06	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 5:00	-	+05
 
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
 # Asia/Omsk covers...
 # 55	RU-OMS	Omsk Oblast
 
 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
 
 Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:30 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
 			 5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
 			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 5:00	Russia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 6:00	-	+06
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
 # 04	RU-AL	Altai Republic
 # 22	RU-ALT	Altai Krai
 
 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
 
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
 # 1995-05-28.
 #
 # https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
 # before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
 # after 1957: UT+7
 # since 1995: UT+6
 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
 
 Zone Asia/Barnaul	 5:35:00 -	LMT	1919 Dec 10
 			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
 			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1995 May 28
 			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 7:00	-	+07
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
 # 54	RU-NVS	Novosibirsk Oblast
 
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
 
 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14  6:00
 			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
 			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
 			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Jul 24  2:00s
 			 7:00	-	+07
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
 # 70	RU-TOM	Tomsk Oblast
 
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
 
 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
 
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
 # with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
 
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
 # This bill was approved in the first reading today.  It moves Tomsk oblast
 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
 # 2:00.  The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
 # and published to become a law.  Minor changes in the text are to be expected
 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
 # recent changes).
 #
 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
 
 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
 
 Zone	Asia/Tomsk	 5:39:51 -	LMT	1919 Dec 22
 			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
 			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2002 May  1  3:00
 			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 6:00	-	+06	2016 May 29  2:00s
 			 7:00	-	+07
 
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
 # 42	RU-KEM	Kemerovo Oblast
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
 # March 28, 2010:
 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
 #
 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
 #
 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
 #
 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
 # realigning itself with KRAT.
 
 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	LMT	1924 May  1
 			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
 			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 7:00	-	+07
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
 # 17	RU-TY	Tuva Republic
 # 19	RU-KK	Khakassia, Republic of
 # 24	RU-KYA	Krasnoyarsk Krai
 #
 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
 
 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
 
 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:26 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
 			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
 			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 8:00	-	+08	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 7:00	-	+07
 
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
 # 03	RU-BU	Buryatia, Republic of
 # 38	RU-IRK	Irkutsk Oblast
 #
 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
 
 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
 # Go with Byalokoz.
 
 Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:05 -	LMT	1880
 			 6:57:05 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
 			 7:00	-	+07	1930 Jun 21
 			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 9:00	-	+09	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 8:00	-	+08
 
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
 # Asia/Chita covers...
 # 92	RU-ZAB	Zabaykalsky Krai
 #
 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9.  Effective date will
 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
 
 Zone Asia/Chita	 7:33:52 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
 			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
 			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 8:00	-	+08	2016 Mar 27  2:00
 			 9:00	-	+09
 
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
 # 28	RU-AMU	Amur Oblast
 #
 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
 # 14-02	****	Aldansky District
 # 14-04	****	Amginsky District
 # 14-05	****	Anabarsky District
 # 14-06	****	Bulunsky District
 # 14-07	****	Verkhnevilyuysky District
 # 14-10	****	Vilyuysky District
 # 14-11	****	Gorny District
 # 14-12	****	Zhigansky District
 # 14-13	****	Kobyaysky District
 # 14-14	****	Lensky District
 # 14-15	****	Megino-Kangalassky District
 # 14-16	****	Mirninsky District
 # 14-18	****	Namsky District
 # 14-19	****	Neryungrinsky District
 # 14-21	****	Nyurbinsky District
 # 14-23	****	Olenyoksky District
 # 14-24	****	Olyokminsky District
 # 14-26	****	Suntarsky District
 # 14-27	****	Tattinsky District
 # 14-29	****	Ust-Aldansky District
 # 14-32	****	Khangalassky District
 # 14-33	****	Churapchinsky District
 # 14-34	****	Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
 
 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
 
 Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:58 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
 			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
 			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 9:00	-	+09
 
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
 # 25	RU-PRI	Primorsky Krai
 # 27	RU-KHA	Khabarovsk Krai
 # 79	RU-YEV	Jewish Autonomous Oblast
 #
 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
 # 14-09	****	Verkhoyansky District
 # 14-31	****	Ust-Yansky District
 
 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
 # Go with Byalokoz.
 
 Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:31 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
 			 9:00	-	+09	1930 Jun 21
 			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			10:00	-	+10
 
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
 # 14-28	****	Tomponsky District
 # 14-30	****	Ust-Maysky District
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
 # in 2011.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
 
 Zone Asia/Khandyga	 9:02:13 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
 			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
 			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			 8:00	Russia	+08/+09	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	2004
 			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			11:00	-	+11	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
 			10:00	-	+10	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 9:00	-	+09
 
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
 # 65	RU-SAK	Sakhalin Oblast
 # ...with the exception of:
 # 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
 
 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
 # (2016-03-09):
 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
 
 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
 Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
 			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 25
 			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s # Sakhalin T
 			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1997 Mar lastSun  2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			10:00	-	+10	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
 			11:00	-	+11
 
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
 # Asia/Magadan covers...
 # 49	RU-MAG	Magadan Oblast
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
 # need their own zone.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
 #
 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
 # ... signed by the President today ...
 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
 
 Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
 			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			10:00	-	+10	2016 Apr 24  2:00s
 			11:00	-	+11
 
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
 # 14-01	****	Abyysky District
 # 14-03	****	Allaikhovsky District
 # 14-08	****	Verkhnekolymsky District
 # 14-17	****	Momsky District
 # 14-20	****	Nizhnekolymsky District
 # 14-25	****	Srednekolymsky District
 #
 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
 # 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
 #
 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
 # districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
 # each!  (Yikes!)
 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
 #
 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
 # fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
 # in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
 
 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk	10:14:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			10:00	-	+10	1930 Jun 21
 			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			12:00	-	+12	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			11:00	-	+11
 
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
 # 14-22	****	Oymyakonsky District
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
 #
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
 
 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
 			 8:00	-	+08	1930 Jun 21
 			 9:00	Russia	+09/+10	1981 Apr  1
 			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	+10/+11	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			12:00	-	+12	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
 			11:00	-	+11	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			10:00	-	+10
 
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
 # 91	RU-KAM	Kamchatka Krai
 #
 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
 
 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
 Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
 			11:00	-	+11	1930 Jun 21
 			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			12:00	-	+12
 
 
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
 # 87	RU-CHU	Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
 
 Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			12:00	-	+12	1930 Jun 21
 			13:00	Russia	+13/+14	1982 Apr  1  0:00s
 			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
 			12:00	Russia	+12/+13	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	+11/+12	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			12:00	-	+12
 
 
 # San Marino
 # See Europe/Rome.
 
 # Serbia
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
 			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	-	CET	1945 May  8  2:00s
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
 			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica	# Montenegro
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo	# Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# North Macedonia
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
 
 # Slovakia
 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
 
 # Slovenia
 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Spain
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
 #
 # The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
 # Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
 # Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
 # http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
 # As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
 # and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
 #
 # In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
 # the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
 # the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
 # with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
 # the next day's 00:00.  Our data format cannot represent this
 # directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
 # fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
 
 # From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
 # The Royal Decree of 1900-07-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
 # https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
 # says in its article 5 (my translation):
 # These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
 # instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
 # the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1918	1919	-	Oct	 6	24:00s	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 6	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	24:00s	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00s	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	15	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
 # Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
 Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	Jun	16	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	Oct	 2	24:00s	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	2:00	M
 Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Oct	 2	24:00	1:00	S
 # The following rules are for unified Spain again.
 #
 # Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
 # 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
 # 1939-04-15.  For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
 # change during that period.
 #
 # The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
 #Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Oct	 7	24:00s	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1943	1944	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1945	1946	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Oct	 2	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=12	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1977	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
 # Nationalist Spain during the civil war
 #Rule NatSpain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00	1:00	S
 #Rule NatSpain	1937	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	24:00s	0	-
 #Rule NatSpain	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00	1:00	S
 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
 # except with "S" letters.
 Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
 			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1940 Mar 16 23:00
 			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
 			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
 			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
 			 0:00	-	WET	1924
 			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
 			 0:00	-	WET	1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
 			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
 			 1:00	-	CET	1986
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 			-1:00	-	-01	1946 Sep 30  1:00
 			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6  0:00s
 			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28  1:00u
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
 
 # Sweden
 
 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
 #
 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
 #
 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
 #
 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
 # 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
 #
 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
 #
 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
 # in Swedish):  (type
 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
 # the Sök-button).
 #
 # (2001-05-13):
 #
 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
 # hour before the event took place.
 #
 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
 			1:00	-	CET	1916 May 14 23:00
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1  1:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Switzerland
 # From Howse:
 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
 # Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 
 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
 #
 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
 #
 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
 # federal law collection)...
 #
 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
 #
 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
 #
 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
 # other years are made.
 #
 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
 #
 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
 #
 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
 #
 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
 #
 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
 #
 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
 # The Federal regulations say
 # https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
 
 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
 # hour before the beginning of service.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
 #
 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
 #
 #	Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
 #	Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
 #	ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
 #
 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
 # agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
 # (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
 			0:29:46	-	BMT	1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
 			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Turkey
 
 # From Alois Treindl (2019-08-12):
 # http://www.astrolojidergisi.com/yazsaati.htm has researched the time zone
 # history of Turkey, based on newspaper archives and official documents.
 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
 # That source (Oya Vulaş, "Türkiye'de Yaz Saati Uygulamaları")
 # is used for 1940/1972, where it seems more reliable than our other
 # sources.
 
 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2019-08-12):
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14539.pdf#page=24
 # 1973-06-03 01:00 -> 02:00, 1973-11-04 02:00 -> 01:00
 #
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14829.pdf#page=1
 # 1974-03-31 02:00 -> 03:00, 1974-11-03 02:00 -> 01:00
 #
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15161.pdf#page=1
 # 1975-03-22 02:00 -> 03:00, 1975-11-02 02:00 -> 01:00
 #
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15535_1.pdf#page=1
 # 1976-03-21 02:00 -> 03:00, 1976-10-31 02:00 -> 01:00
 #
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15778.pdf#page=5
 # 1977-04-03 02:00 -> 03:00, 1977-10-16 02:00 -> 01:00,
 # 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
 # 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
 # 1979-04-01 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
 # 1979-10-14 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
 #
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16245.pdf#page=17
 # This cancels the previous decision, and repeats it only for 1978.
 # 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00, 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00
 # (not applied due to standard TZ change below)
 #
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16331.pdf#page=3
 # This decision changes the default longitude for Turkish time zone from 30
 # degrees East to 45 degrees East.  This means a standard TZ change, from +2
 # to +3.  This is published & applied on 1978-06-29.  At that time, Turkey was
 # already on summer time (already on 45E).  Hence, this new law just meant an
 # "continuous summer time".  Note that this was reversed in a few years.
 #
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18119_1.pdf#page=1
 # 1983-07-31 02:00 -> 03:00 (note that this jumps TZ to +4)
 # 1983-10-02 02:00 -> 01:00 (back to +3)
 #
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18561.pdf (page 1 and 34)
 # At this time, Turkey is still on +3 with no spring-forward on early
 # 1984.  This decision is published on 10/31/1984.  Page 1 declares
 # the decision of reverting the "default longitude change".  So the
 # standard time should go back to +3 (30E).  And page 34 explains when
 # that will happen: 1984-11-01 02:00 -> 01:00.  You can think of this
 # as "end of continuous summer time, change of standard time zone".
 #
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18713.pdf#page=1
 # 1985-04-20 01:00 -> 02:00, 1985-09-28 02:00 -> 01:00
 
 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
 #    no exceptions.
 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
 # Here are official papers:
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf#page=2 for 1986
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf#page=4 for 1987
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf#page=15 for 1988
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf#page=6 for 1989
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf#page=1 for 1990 - 1992
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf#page=15 for 1993 - 1995
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf#page=1 for overriding 1994
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf#page=1 for 1996, 1997
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf#page=10 for 1998 - 2000
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2  - for 2001
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2  - for 2002-2006
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
 
 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
 # https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
 # Turkish:
 # https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
 
 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
 # Turkish Local election....
 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
 # change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
 
 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
 #
 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
 
 # From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
 # Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
 
 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
 # Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
 #
 # From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
 # ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
 # Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
 # Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1947	1951	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
 # DST for 15 months; unusual but we'll let it pass.
 Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1963	only	-	Oct	30	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1973	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=31	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	22	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Mar	21	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1978	only	-	Jun	29	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1986	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1986	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1994	only	-	Mar	20	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1995	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1996	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
 			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
 			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Jun 29
 			3:00	Turkey	+03/+04	1984 Nov  1  2:00
 			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  1:00u
 			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28  1:00u
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  1:00u
 			2:00	-	EET	2014 Mar 31  1:00u
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2015 Oct 25  1:00u
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	2015 Nov  8  1:00u
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2016 Sep  7
 			3:00	-	+03
 Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 
 # Ukraine
 #
 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
 #
 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
 # approval from 266 deputies.
 #
 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
 #
 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
 #
 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
 # https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
 #
 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
 # time this year after all.
 #
 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
 # to Russia) was reverted today:
 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
 #
 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
 # The law documents themselves are at
 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
 
 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
 #       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
 #       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
 #
 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
 # "summer time" was still in action):
 #       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
 #
 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
 #       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
 #
 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
 #       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
 # This is an answer.
 #
 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
 #       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
 #       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-03):
 # As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
 # For example, tzdb uses Europe/Kiev, as "Kiev" is the most common spelling in
 # English for Ukraine's capital, even though it is certainly wrong as a
 # transliteration of the Ukrainian "Київ".  This is similar to tzdb's use of
 # Europe/Prague, which is certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech
 # "Praha".  ("Kiev" came from old Slavic via Russian to English, and "Prague"
 # came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
 # in common.)  Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
 # controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
 # English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
 # means less disruption for our users.
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # This represents most of Ukraine.  See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
 Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul  1  2:00
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  3:00
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # Transcarpathia used CET 1990/1991.
 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	-	CET	1940
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
 			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
 			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
 			2:00	-	EET	1992
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
 # portable Posix file names.
 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
 			2:20	-	+0220	1924 May  2
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Vatican City
 # See Europe/Rome.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
 #
 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
 # uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
 
 # ...
 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
 # From: Tom Hofmann
 # ...
 #
 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
 # most European countries started DST.  Before that year, only
 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
 # to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
 # years...
 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
 #
 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
 #
 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
 # ...
 
 # ...
 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
 # From: Dik T. Winter
 # ...
 #
 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
 # about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
 #
 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
 # the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
 # dates...
 #
 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
 # in advance of normal time.
 #
 # ...
 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
 # ...
 
 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 # ...
 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
 # Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
 # ...
 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
 # ...
Index: head/contrib/tzdata/version
===================================================================
--- head/contrib/tzdata/version	(revision 366778)
+++ head/contrib/tzdata/version	(revision 366779)
@@ -1 +1 @@
-2020b
+2020c
Index: head/contrib/tzdata/ziguard.awk
===================================================================
--- head/contrib/tzdata/ziguard.awk	(revision 366778)
+++ head/contrib/tzdata/ziguard.awk	(revision 366779)
@@ -1,124 +1,131 @@
 # Convert tzdata source into vanguard or rearguard form.
 
 # Contributed by Paul Eggert.  This file is in the public domain.
 
 # This is not a general-purpose converter; it is designed for current tzdata.
+# It just converts from current source to main, vanguard, and rearguard forms.
+# Although it might be nice for it to be idempotent, or to be useful
+# for converting back and forth between vanguard and rearguard formats,
+# it does not do these nonessential tasks now.
 #
+# Although main and vanguard forms are currently equivalent,
+# this need not always be the case.
+#
 # When converting to vanguard form, the output can use negative SAVE
 # values.
 #
 # When converting to rearguard form, the output uses only nonnegative
 # SAVE values.  The idea is for the output data to simulate the behavior
 # of the input data as best it can within the constraints of the
 # rearguard format.
 
 BEGIN {
   dataform_type["vanguard"] = 1
   dataform_type["main"] = 1
   dataform_type["rearguard"] = 1
 
   # The command line should set DATAFORM.
   if (!dataform_type[DATAFORM]) exit 1
   vanguard = DATAFORM == "vanguard"
 }
 
 /^Zone/ { zone = $2 }
 
 DATAFORM != "main" {
   in_comment = /^#/
   uncomment = comment_out = 0
 
-  # If the line should differ due to Czechoslovakia using negative SAVE values,
+  # If this line should differ due to Czechoslovakia using negative SAVE values,
   # uncomment the desired version and comment out the undesired one.
   if (zone == "Europe/Prague" && /1947 Feb 23/) {
     if (($(in_comment + 2) != "-") == vanguard) {
       uncomment = in_comment
     } else {
       comment_out = !in_comment
     }
   }
 
   # If this line should differ due to Ireland using negative SAVE values,
   # uncomment the desired version and comment out the undesired one.
   Rule_Eire = /^#?Rule[\t ]+Eire[\t ]/
   Zone_Dublin_post_1968 \
     = (zone == "Europe/Dublin" && /^#?[\t ]+[01]:00[\t ]/ \
        && (!$(in_comment + 4) || 1968 < $(in_comment + 4)))
   if (Rule_Eire || Zone_Dublin_post_1968) {
     if ((Rule_Eire \
 	 || (Zone_Dublin_post_1968 && $(in_comment + 3) == "IST/GMT"))	\
 	== vanguard) {
       uncomment = in_comment
     } else {
       comment_out = !in_comment
     }
   }
 
   # If this line should differ due to Namibia using negative SAVE values,
   # uncomment the desired version and comment out the undesired one.
   Rule_Namibia = /^#?Rule[\t ]+Namibia[\t ]/
   Zone_using_Namibia_rule \
     = (zone == "Africa/Windhoek" \
        && ($(in_comment + 2) == "Namibia" \
 	   || (1994 <= $(in_comment + 4) && $(in_comment + 4) <= 2017) \
 	   || in_comment + 3 == NF))
   if (Rule_Namibia || Zone_using_Namibia_rule) {
       if ((Rule_Namibia \
 	   ? ($(in_comment + 9) ~ /^-/ \
 	      || ($(in_comment + 9) == 0 && $(in_comment + 10) == "CAT")) \
 	   : $(in_comment + 1) == "2:00" && $(in_comment + 2) == "Namibia") \
 	  == vanguard) {
       uncomment = in_comment
     } else {
       comment_out = !in_comment
     }
   }
 
   if (uncomment) {
     sub(/^#/, "")
   }
   if (comment_out) {
     sub(/^/, "#")
   }
 
   # In rearguard format, change the Japan rule line with "Sat>=8 25:00"
   # to "Sun>=9 1:00", to cater to zic before 2007 and to older Java.
   if (!vanguard && $1 == "Rule" && $7 == "Sat>=8" && $8 == "25:00") {
     sub(/Sat>=8/, "Sun>=9")
     sub(/25:00/, " 1:00")
   }
 
   # In rearguard format, change the Morocco lines with negative SAVE values
   # to use positive SAVE values.
   if (!vanguard && $1 == "Rule" && $2 == "Morocco" && $4 == 2018 \
       && $6 == "Oct") {
     sub(/\t2018\t/, "\t2017\t")
   }
   if (!vanguard && $1 == "Rule" && $2 == "Morocco" && 2019 <= $3) {
     if ($9 == "0") {
       sub(/\t0\t/, "\t1:00\t")
     } else {
       sub(/\t-1:00\t/, "\t0\t")
     }
   }
   if (!vanguard && $1 == "1:00" && $2 == "Morocco" && $3 == "+01/+00") {
     sub(/1:00\tMorocco\t\+01\/\+00$/, "0:00\tMorocco\t+00/+01")
   }
 }
 
 # If a Link line is followed by a Zone line for the same data, comment
 # out the Link line.  This can happen if backzone overrides a Link
 # with a Zone.
 /^Link/ {
   linkline[$3] = NR
 }
 /^Zone/ {
   sub(/^Link/, "#Link", line[linkline[$2]])
 }
 
 { line[NR] = $0 }
 
 END {
   for (i = 1; i <= NR; i++)
     print line[i]
 }
Index: head/contrib/tzdata
===================================================================
--- head/contrib/tzdata	(revision 366778)
+++ head/contrib/tzdata	(revision 366779)

Property changes on: head/contrib/tzdata
___________________________________________________________________
Modified: svn:mergeinfo
## -0,0 +0,1 ##
   Merged /vendor/tzdata/dist:r366777