Index: stable/12/sbin/fsck_ffs/fsck_ffs.8
===================================================================
--- stable/12/sbin/fsck_ffs/fsck_ffs.8	(revision 350850)
+++ stable/12/sbin/fsck_ffs/fsck_ffs.8	(revision 350851)
@@ -1,443 +1,443 @@
 .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1989, 1991, 1993
 .\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 .\"
 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 .\" are met:
 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 .\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 .\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 .\"    without specific prior written permission.
 .\"
 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 .\" SUCH DAMAGE.
 .\"
 .\"	@(#)fsck.8	8.4 (Berkeley) 5/9/95
 .\" $FreeBSD$
 .\"
-.Dd May 3, 2019
+.Dd August 10, 2019
 .Dt FSCK_FFS 8
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm fsck_ffs ,
 .Nm fsck_ufs
 .Nd file system consistency check and interactive repair
 .Sh SYNOPSIS
 .Nm
 .Op Fl BCdEFfnpRrSyZz
 .Op Fl b Ar block
 .Op Fl c Ar level
 .Op Fl m Ar mode
 .Ar filesystem
 .Ar ...
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The specified disk partitions and/or file systems are checked.
 In "preen" or "check clean" mode the clean flag of each file system's
 superblock is examined and only those file systems that are not marked clean
 are checked.
 File systems are marked clean when they are unmounted,
 when they have been mounted read-only, or when
 .Nm
 runs on them successfully.
 If the
 .Fl f
 option is specified, the file systems
 will be checked regardless of the state of their clean flag.
 .Pp
 The kernel takes care that only a restricted class of innocuous file system
 inconsistencies can happen unless hardware or software failures intervene.
 These are limited to the following:
 .Pp
 .Bl -item -compact -offset indent
 .It
 Unreferenced inodes
 .It
 Link counts in inodes too large
 .It
 Missing blocks in the free map
 .It
 Blocks in the free map also in files
 .It
 Counts in the super-block wrong
 .El
 .Pp
 These are the only inconsistencies that
 .Nm
 with the
 .Fl p
 option will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
 with an abnormal return status and an automatic reboot will then fail.
 For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
 identifying the file system on which the correction will take place,
 and the nature of the correction.
 After successfully correcting a file system,
 .Nm
 will print the number of files on that file system,
 the number of used and free blocks,
 and the percentage of fragmentation.
 .Pp
 If sent a
 .Dv QUIT
 signal,
 .Nm
 will finish the file system checks, then exit with an abnormal
 return status that causes an automatic reboot to fail.
 This is useful when you want to finish the file system checks during an
 automatic reboot,
 but do not want the machine to come up multiuser after the checks complete.
 .Pp
 If
 .Nm
 receives a
 .Dv SIGINFO
 (see the
 .Dq status
 argument for
 .Xr stty 1 )
 signal, a line will be written to the standard output indicating
 the name of the device currently being checked, the current phase
 number and phase-specific progress information.
 .Pp
 Without the
 .Fl p
 option,
 .Nm
 audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for file systems.
 If the file system is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence
 before each correction is attempted.
 It should be noted that some of the corrective actions which are not
 correctable under the
 .Fl p
 option will result in some loss of data.
 The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic
 output.
 The default action for each consistency correction
 is to wait for the operator to respond
 .Li yes
 or
 .Li no .
 If the operator does not have write permission on the file system
 .Nm
 will default to a
 .Fl n
 action.
 .Pp
 The following flags are interpreted by
 .Nm :
 .Bl -tag -width indent
 .It Fl B
 A check is done on the specified and possibly active file system.
 The set of corrections that can be done is limited to those done
 when running in preen mode (see the
 .Fl p
 flag).
 If unexpected errors are found,
 the file system is marked as needing a foreground check and
 .Nm
 exits without attempting any further cleaning.
 .It Fl b
 Use the block specified immediately after the flag as
 the super block for the file system.
 An alternate super block is usually located at block 32 for UFS1,
-and block 160 for UFS2.
+and block 192 for UFS2.
 .Pp
 See the
 .Fl N
 flag of
 .Xr newfs 8 .
 .It Fl C
 Check if file system was dismounted cleanly.
 If so, skip file system checks (like "preen").
 However, if the file system was not cleanly dismounted, do full checks,
 as if
 .Nm
 was invoked without
 .Fl C .
 .It Fl c
 Convert the file system to the specified level.
 Note that the level of a file system can only be raised.
 There are currently four levels defined:
 .Bl -tag -width indent
 .It 0
 The file system is in the old (static table) format.
 .It 1
 The file system is in the new (dynamic table) format.
 .It 2
 The file system supports 32-bit uid's and gid's,
 short symbolic links are stored in the inode,
 and directories have an added field showing the file type.
 .It 3
 If maxcontig is greater than one,
 build the free segment maps to aid in finding contiguous sets of blocks.
 If maxcontig is equal to one, delete any existing segment maps.
 .El
 .Pp
 In interactive mode,
 .Nm
 will list the conversion to be made
 and ask whether the conversion should be done.
 If a negative answer is given,
 no further operations are done on the file system.
 In preen mode,
 the conversion is listed and done if
 possible without user interaction.
 Conversion in preen mode is best used when all the file systems
 are being converted at once.
 The format of a file system can be determined from the
 first line of output from
 .Xr dumpfs 8 .
 .Pp
 This option implies the
 .Fl f
 flag.
 .It Fl d
 Enable debugging messages.
 .It Fl E
 Clear unallocated blocks, notifying the underlying device that they
 are not used and that their contents may be discarded.
 This is useful for filesystems which have been mounted on systems
 without TRIM support, or with TRIM support disabled, as well as
 filesystems which have been copied from one device to another.
 .Pp
 See the
 .Fl E
 and
 .Fl t
 flags of
 .Xr newfs 8 ,
 and
 the
 .Fl t
 flag of
 .Xr tunefs 8 .
 .It Fl F
 Determine whether the file system needs to be cleaned immediately
 in foreground, or if its cleaning can be deferred to background.
 To be eligible for background cleaning it must have been running
 with soft updates, not have been marked as needing a foreground check,
 and be mounted and writable when the background check is to be done.
 If these conditions are met, then
 .Nm
 exits with a zero exit status.
 Otherwise it exits with a non-zero exit status.
 If the file system is clean,
 it will exit with a non-zero exit status so that the clean status
 of the file system can be verified and reported during the foreground
 checks.
 Note that when invoked with the
 .Fl F
 flag, no cleanups are done.
 The only thing that
 .Nm
 does is to determine whether a foreground or background
 check is needed and exit with an appropriate status code.
 .It Fl f
 Force
 .Nm
 to check
 .Sq clean
 file systems when preening.
 .It Fl m
 Use the mode specified in octal immediately after the flag as the
 permission bits to use when creating the
 .Pa lost+found
 directory rather than the default 1777.
 In particular, systems that do not wish to have lost files accessible
 by all users on the system should use a more restrictive
 set of permissions such as 700.
 .It Fl n
 Assume a no response to all questions asked by
 .Nm
 except for
 .Ql CONTINUE? ,
 which is assumed to be affirmative;
 do not open the file system for writing.
 .It Fl p
 Preen file systems (see above).
 .It Fl R
 Instruct fsck_ffs to restart itself if it encounters certain errors that
 warrant another run.
 It will limit itself to a maximum of 10 restarts in a given run in order
 to avoid an endless loop with extremely corrupted filesystems.
 .It Fl r
 Free up excess unused inodes.
 Decreasing the number of preallocated inodes reduces the
 running time of future runs of
 .Nm
 and frees up space that can allocated to files.
 The
 .Fl r
 option is ignored when running in preen mode.
 .It Fl S
 Surrender on error.
 With this flag enabled, a hard error returned on disk i/o will cause
 .Nm
 to abort instead of continuing on and possibly tripping over more i/o errors.
 .It Fl y
 Assume a yes response to all questions asked by
 .Nm ;
 this should be used with great caution as this is a free license
 to continue after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.
 .It Fl Z
 Similar to
 .Fl E ,
 but overwrites unused blocks with zeroes.
 If both
 .Fl E
 and
 .Fl Z
 are specified, blocks are first zeroed and then erased.
 .It Fl z
 Clear unused directory space.
 The cleared space includes deleted file names and name padding.
 .El
 .Pp
 Inconsistencies checked are as follows:
 .Pp
 .Bl -enum -compact
 .It
 Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free map.
 .It
 Blocks claimed by an inode outside the range of the file system.
 .It
 Incorrect link counts.
 .It
 Size checks:
 .Bl -item -offset indent -compact
 .It
 Directory size not a multiple of DIRBLKSIZ.
 .It
 Partially truncated file.
 .El
 .It
 Bad inode format.
 .It
 Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
 .It
 Directory checks:
 .Bl -item -offset indent -compact
 .It
 File pointing to unallocated inode.
 .It
 Inode number out of range.
 .It
 Directories with unallocated blocks (holes).
 .It
 Dot or dot-dot not the first two entries of a directory
 or having the wrong inode number.
 .El
 .It
 Super Block checks:
 .Bl -item -offset indent -compact
 .It
 More blocks for inodes than there are in the file system.
 .It
 Bad free block map format.
 .It
 Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
 .El
 .El
 .Pp
 Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are,
 with the operator's concurrence, reconnected by
 placing them in the
 .Pa lost+found
 directory.
 The name assigned is the inode number.
 If the
 .Pa lost+found
 directory does not exist, it is created.
 If there is insufficient space its size is increased.
 .Pp
 The full foreground
 .Nm
 checks for many more problems that may occur after an
 unrecoverable disk write error.
 Thus, it is recommended that you perform foreground
 .Nm
 on your systems periodically and whenever you encounter
 unrecoverable disk write errors or file-system\-related panics.
 .Sh FILES
 .Bl -tag -width /etc/fstab -compact
 .It Pa /etc/fstab
 contains default list of file systems to check.
 .El
 .Sh EXIT STATUS
 .Ex -std
 .Pp
 Specific non-zero exit status values used are:
 .Bl -tag -width indent
 .It 1
 Usage error (missing or invalid command arguments).
 .It 2
 The
 .Fl p
 option was used and a
 .Dv SIGQUIT
 was received, indicating that the system should be returned to single
 user mode after the file system check.
 .It 3
 The file system superblock cannot be read.
 This could indicate that the file system device does not exist or is not yet
 ready.
 .It 4
 A mounted file system was modified; the system should be rebooted.
 .It 5
 The
 .Fl B
 option was used and soft updates are not enabled on the file system.
 .It 6
 The
 .Fl B
 option was used and the kernel lacks needed support.
 .It 7
 The
 .Fl F
 option was used and the file system is clean.
 .It 8
 General error exit.
 .It 16
 The file system could not be completely repaired.
 The file system may be able to be repaired by running
 .Nm
 on the file system again.
 .El
 .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
 The diagnostics produced by
 .Nm
 are fully enumerated and explained in Appendix A of
 .Rs
 .%T "Fsck \- The UNIX File System Check Program"
 .Re
 .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr fs 5 ,
 .Xr fstab 5 ,
 .Xr fsck 8 ,
 .Xr fsdb 8 ,
 .Xr newfs 8 ,
 .Xr reboot 8
 .Sh HISTORY
 A
 .Nm fsck
 utility appeared in
 .Bx 4.0 .
 It became
 .Nm
 in
 .Fx 5.0
 with the introduction of the filesystem independent wrapper as
 .Nm fsck .
Index: stable/12/sbin/newfs/newfs.8
===================================================================
--- stable/12/sbin/newfs/newfs.8	(revision 350850)
+++ stable/12/sbin/newfs/newfs.8	(revision 350851)
@@ -1,334 +1,340 @@
 .\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994
 .\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 .\"
 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 .\" are met:
 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 .\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 .\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 .\"    without specific prior written permission.
 .\"
 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 .\" SUCH DAMAGE.
 .\"
 .\"     @(#)newfs.8	8.6 (Berkeley) 5/3/95
 .\" $FreeBSD$
 .\"
 .Dd January 29, 2019
 .Dt NEWFS 8
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm newfs
 .Nd construct a new UFS1/UFS2 file system
 .Sh SYNOPSIS
 .Nm
 .Op Fl EJNUjlnt
 .Op Fl L Ar volname
 .Op Fl O Ar filesystem-type
 .Op Fl S Ar sector-size
 .Op Fl T Ar disktype
 .Op Fl a Ar maxcontig
 .Op Fl b Ar block-size
 .Op Fl c Ar blocks-per-cylinder-group
 .Op Fl d Ar max-extent-size
 .Op Fl e Ar maxbpg
 .Op Fl f Ar frag-size
 .Op Fl g Ar avgfilesize
 .Op Fl h Ar avgfpdir
 .Op Fl i Ar bytes
 .Op Fl k Ar held-for-metadata-blocks
 .Op Fl m Ar free-space
 .Op Fl o Ar optimization
 .Op Fl p Ar partition
 .Op Fl r Ar reserved
 .Op Fl s Ar size
 .Ar special
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The
 .Nm
 utility is used to initialize and clear file systems before first use.
 The
 .Nm
 utility builds a file system on the specified special file.
 (We often refer to the
 .Dq special file
 as the
 .Dq disk ,
 although the special file need not be a physical disk.
 In fact, it need not even be special.)
 Typically the defaults are reasonable, however
 .Nm
 has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden.
 .Pp
 The following options define the general layout policies:
 .Bl -tag -width indent
 .It Fl E
 Erase the content of the disk before making the filesystem.
 The reserved area in front of the superblock (for bootcode) will not be erased.
 Erasing is only relevant to flash-memory or thinly provisioned devices.
 Erasing may take a long time.
 If the device does not support BIO_DELETE, the command will fail.
 .It Fl J
 Enable journaling on the new file system via gjournal.
 See
 .Xr gjournal 8
 for details.
 .It Fl L Ar volname
 Add a volume label to the new file system.
 Legal characters are alphanumerics, dashes, and underscores.
 .It Fl N
 Cause the file system parameters to be printed out
 without really creating the file system.
 .It Fl O Ar filesystem-type
 Use 1 to specify that a UFS1 format file system be built;
 use 2 to specify that a UFS2 format file system be built.
 The default format is UFS2.
 .It Fl T Ar disktype
 For backward compatibility.
 .It Fl U
 Enable soft updates on the new file system.
 .It Fl a Ar maxcontig
 Specify the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will be
 laid out before forcing a rotational delay.
 The default value is 16.
 See
 .Xr tunefs 8
 for more details on how to set this option.
 .It Fl b Ar block-size
 The block size of the file system, in bytes.
 It must be a power of 2.
+.\" If changing the default block size and it causes the default
+.\" fragment size to change, be sure to update the location of
+.\" the first backup superblock on the fsck_ffs.8 manual page.
 The
 default size is 32768 bytes, and the smallest allowable size is 4096 bytes.
 The optimal block:fragment ratio is 8:1.
 Other ratios are possible, but are not recommended,
 and may produce poor results.
 .It Fl c Ar blocks-per-cylinder-group
 The number of blocks per cylinder group in a file system.
 The default is to compute the maximum allowed by the other parameters.
 This value is
 dependent on a number of other parameters, in particular the block size
 and the number of bytes per inode.
 .It Fl d Ar max-extent-size
 The file system may choose to store large files using extents.
 This parameter specifies the largest extent size that may be used.
 The default value is the file system blocksize.
 It is presently limited to a maximum value of 16 times the
 file system blocksize and a minimum value of the file system blocksize.
 .It Fl e Ar maxbpg
 Indicate the maximum number of blocks any single file can
 allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin
 allocating blocks from another cylinder group.
 The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group.
 See
 .Xr tunefs 8
 for more details on how to set this option.
 .It Fl f Ar frag-size
 The fragment size of the file system in bytes.
 It must be a power of two
 ranging in value between
 .Ar blocksize Ns /8
 and
 .Ar blocksize .
+.\" If changing the default fragment size or it changes because of a
+.\" change to the default block size, be sure to update the location
+.\" of the first backup superblock on the fsck_ffs.8 manual page.
 The default is 4096 bytes.
 .It Fl g Ar avgfilesize
 The expected average file size for the file system.
 .It Fl h Ar avgfpdir
 The expected average number of files per directory on the file system.
 .It Fl i Ar bytes
 Specify the density of inodes in the file system.
 The default is to create an inode for every
 .Pq 2 * Ar frag-size
 bytes of data space.
 If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used;
 to create more inodes a smaller number should be given.
 One inode is required for each distinct file, so this value effectively
 specifies the average file size on the file system.
 .It Fl j
 Enable soft updates journaling on the new file system.
 This flag is implemented by running the
 .Xr tunefs 8
 utility found in the user's
 .Dv $PATH .
 .It Fl k Ar held-for-metadata-blocks
 Set the amount of space to be held for metadata blocks in each cylinder group.
 When set, the file system preference routines will try to save
 the specified amount of space immediately following the inode blocks
 in each cylinder group for use by metadata blocks.
 Clustering the metadata blocks speeds up random file access
 and decreases the running time of
 .Xr fsck 8 .
 By default
 .Nm
 sets it to half of the space reserved to minfree.
 .It Fl l
 Enable multilabel MAC on the new file system.
 .It Fl m Ar free-space
 The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free
 space threshold.
 The default value used is
 defined by
 .Dv MINFREE
 from
 .In ufs/ffs/fs.h ,
 currently 8%.
 See
 .Xr tunefs 8
 for more details on how to set this option.
 .It Fl n
 Do not create a
 .Pa .snap
 directory on the new file system.
 The resulting file system will not support snapshot generation, so
 .Xr dump 8
 in live mode and background
 .Xr fsck 8
 will not function properly.
 The traditional
 .Xr fsck 8
 and offline
 .Xr dump 8
 will work on the file system.
 This option is intended primarily for memory or vnode-backed file systems that
 do not require
 .Xr dump 8
 or
 .Xr fsck 8
 support.
 .It Fl o Ar optimization
 .Cm ( space
 or
 .Cm time ) .
 The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent
 allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk.
 If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 8%,
 the default is to optimize for
 .Cm space ;
 if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 8%,
 the default is to optimize for
 .Cm time .
 See
 .Xr tunefs 8
 for more details on how to set this option.
 .It Fl p Ar partition
 The partition name (a..h) you want to use in case the underlying image
 is a file, so you do not have access to individual partitions through the
 filesystem.
 Can also be used with a device, e.g.,
 .Nm
 .Fl p Ar f
 .Ar /dev/da1s3
 is equivalent to
 .Nm
 .Ar /dev/da1s3f .
 .It Fl r Ar reserved
 The size, in sectors, of reserved space
 at the end of the partition specified in
 .Ar special .
 This space will not be occupied by the file system;
 it can be used by other consumers such as
 .Xr geom 4 .
 Defaults to 0.
 .It Fl s Ar size
 The size of the file system in sectors.
 This value defaults to the size of the
 raw partition specified in
 .Ar special
 less the
 .Ar reserved
 space at its end (see
 .Fl r ) .
 A
 .Ar size
 of 0 can also be used to choose the default value.
 A valid
 .Ar size
 value cannot be larger than the default one,
 which means that the file system cannot extend into the reserved space.
 .It Fl t
 Turn on the TRIM enable flag.
 If enabled, and if the underlying device supports the BIO_DELETE
 command, the file system will send a delete request to the underlying
 device for each freed block.
 The trim enable flag is typically set for flash-memory devices to
 reduce write amplification which reduces wear on write-limited
 flash-memory and often improves long-term performance.
 Thinly provisioned storage also benefits by returning unused blocks to
 the global pool.
 .El
 .Pp
 The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry.
 Their default values are taken from the disk label.
 Changing these defaults is useful only when using
 .Nm
 to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used on a
 different type of disk than the one on which it is initially created
 (for example on a write-once disk).
 Note that changing any of these values from their defaults will make
 it impossible for
 .Xr fsck 8
 to find the alternate superblocks if the standard superblock is lost.
 .Bl -tag -width indent
 .It Fl S Ar sector-size
 The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512).
 .El
 .Sh EXAMPLES
 .Dl newfs /dev/ada3s1a
 .Pp
 Creates a new ufs file system on
 .Pa ada3s1a .
 The
 .Nm
 utility will use a block size of 32768 bytes, a fragment size of 4096 bytes
 and the largest possible number of blocks per cylinders group.
 These values tend to produce better performance for most applications
 than the historical defaults
 (8192 byte block size and 1024 byte fragment size).
 This large fragment size may lead to much wasted space
 on file systems that contain many small files.
 .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr fdformat 1 ,
 .Xr geom 4 ,
 .Xr disktab 5 ,
 .Xr fs 5 ,
 .Xr camcontrol 8 ,
 .Xr dump 8 ,
 .Xr dumpfs 8 ,
 .Xr fsck 8 ,
 .Xr gpart 8 ,
 .Xr gjournal 8 ,
 .Xr growfs 8 ,
 .Xr gvinum 8 ,
 .Xr makefs 8 ,
 .Xr mount 8 ,
 .Xr tunefs 8
 .Rs
 .%A M. McKusick
 .%A W. Joy
 .%A S. Leffler
 .%A R. Fabry
 .%T A Fast File System for UNIX
 .%J ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2
 .%V 3
 .%P pp 181-197
 .%D August 1984
 .%O (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual)
 .Re
 .Sh HISTORY
 The
 .Nm
 utility appeared in
 .Bx 4.2 .
Index: stable/12
===================================================================
--- stable/12	(revision 350850)
+++ stable/12	(revision 350851)

Property changes on: stable/12
___________________________________________________________________
Modified: svn:mergeinfo
## -0,0 +0,1 ##
   Merged /head:r350682