Index: head/sbin/geom/class/part/gpart.8
===================================================================
--- head/sbin/geom/class/part/gpart.8	(revision 330290)
+++ head/sbin/geom/class/part/gpart.8	(revision 330291)
@@ -1,1387 +1,1391 @@
 .\" Copyright (c) 2007, 2008 Marcel Moolenaar
 .\" All rights reserved.
 .\"
 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 .\" are met:
 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 .\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 .\"
 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 .\" SUCH DAMAGE.
 .\"
 .\" $FreeBSD$
 .\"
-.Dd February 10, 2018
+.Dd March 2, 2018
 .Dt GPART 8
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm gpart
 .Nd "control utility for the disk partitioning GEOM class"
 .Sh SYNOPSIS
 .\" ==== ADD ====
 .Nm
 .Cm add
 .Fl t Ar type
 .Op Fl a Ar alignment
 .Op Fl b Ar start
 .Op Fl s Ar size
 .Op Fl i Ar index
 .Op Fl l Ar label
 .Op Fl f Ar flags
 .Ar geom
 .\" ==== BACKUP ====
 .Nm
 .Cm backup
 .Ar geom
 .\" ==== BOOTCODE ====
 .Nm
 .Cm bootcode
 .Op Fl b Ar bootcode
 .Op Fl p Ar partcode Fl i Ar index
 .Op Fl f Ar flags
 .Ar geom
 .\" ==== COMMIT ====
 .Nm
 .Cm commit
 .Ar geom
 .\" ==== CREATE ====
 .Nm
 .Cm create
 .Fl s Ar scheme
 .Op Fl n Ar entries
 .Op Fl f Ar flags
 .Ar provider
 .\" ==== DELETE ====
 .Nm
 .Cm delete
 .Fl i Ar index
 .Op Fl f Ar flags
 .Ar geom
 .\" ==== DESTROY ====
 .Nm
 .Cm destroy
 .Op Fl F
 .Op Fl f Ar flags
 .Ar geom
 .\" ==== MODIFY ====
 .Nm
 .Cm modify
 .Fl i Ar index
 .Op Fl l Ar label
 .Op Fl t Ar type
 .Op Fl f Ar flags
 .Ar geom
 .\" ==== RECOVER ====
 .Nm
 .Cm recover
 .Op Fl f Ar flags
 .Ar geom
 .\" ==== RESIZE ====
 .Nm
 .Cm resize
 .Fl i Ar index
 .Op Fl a Ar alignment
 .Op Fl s Ar size
 .Op Fl f Ar flags
 .Ar geom
 .\" ==== RESTORE ====
 .Nm
 .Cm restore
 .Op Fl lF
 .Op Fl f Ar flags
 .Ar provider
 .Op Ar ...
 .\" ==== SET ====
 .Nm
 .Cm set
 .Fl a Ar attrib
 .Fl i Ar index
 .Op Fl f Ar flags
 .Ar geom
 .\" ==== SHOW ====
 .Nm
 .Cm show
 .Op Fl l | r
 .Op Fl p
 .Op Ar geom ...
 .\" ==== UNDO ====
 .Nm
 .Cm undo
 .Ar geom
 .\" ==== UNSET ====
 .Nm
 .Cm unset
 .Fl a Ar attrib
 .Fl i Ar index
 .Op Fl f Ar flags
 .Ar geom
 .\"
 .Nm
 .Cm list
 .Nm
 .Cm status
 .Nm
 .Cm load
 .Nm
 .Cm unload
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The
 .Nm
 utility is used to partition GEOM providers, normally disks.
 The first argument is the action to be taken:
 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm bootcode"
 .\" ==== ADD ====
 .It Cm add
 Add a new partition to the partitioning scheme given by
 .Ar geom .
 The partition begins on the logical block address given by the
 .Fl b Ar start
 option.
 Its size is given by the
 .Fl s Ar size
 option.
 SI unit suffixes are allowed.
 One or both
 .Fl b
 and
 .Fl s
 options can be omitted.
 If so they are automatically calculated.
 The type of the partition is given by the
 .Fl t Ar type
 option.
 Partition types are discussed below in the section entitled
 .Sx "PARTITION TYPES" .
 .Pp
 Additional options include:
 .Bl -tag -width 12n
 .It Fl a Ar alignment
 If specified, then
 .Nm
 utility tries to align
 .Ar start
 offset and partition
 .Ar size
 to be multiple of
 .Ar alignment
 value.
 .It Fl i Ar index
 The index in the partition table at which the new partition is to be
 placed.
 The index determines the name of the device special file used
 to represent the partition.
 .It Fl l Ar label
 The label attached to the partition.
 This option is only valid when used on partitioning schemes that support
 partition labels.
 .It Fl f Ar flags
 Additional operational flags.
 See the section entitled
 .Sx "OPERATIONAL FLAGS"
 below for a discussion
 about its use.
 .El
 .\" ==== BACKUP ====
 .It Cm backup
 Dump a partition table to standard output in a special format used by the
 .Cm restore
 action.
 .\" ==== BOOTCODE ====
 .It Cm bootcode
 Embed bootstrap code into the partitioning scheme's metadata on the
 .Ar geom
 (using
 .Fl b Ar bootcode )
 or write bootstrap code into a partition (using
 .Fl p Ar partcode
 and
 .Fl i Ar index ) .
 Not all partitioning schemes have embedded bootstrap code, so the
 .Fl b Ar bootcode
 option is scheme-specific in nature (see the section entitled
 .Sx BOOTSTRAPPING
 below).
 The
 .Fl b Ar bootcode
 option specifies a file that contains the bootstrap code.
 The contents and size of the file are determined by the partitioning
 scheme.
 The
 .Fl p Ar partcode
 option specifies a file that contains the bootstrap code intended to be
 written to a partition.
 The partition is specified by the
 .Fl i Ar index
 option.
 The size of the file must be smaller than the size of the partition.
 .Pp
 Additional options include:
 .Bl -tag -width 10n
 .It Fl f Ar flags
 Additional operational flags.
 See the section entitled
 .Sx "OPERATIONAL FLAGS"
 below for a discussion
 about its use.
 .El
 .\" ==== COMMIT ====
 .It Cm commit
 Commit any pending changes for geom
 .Ar geom .
 All actions are committed by default and will not result in
 pending changes.
 Actions can be modified with the
 .Fl f Ar flags
 option so that they are not committed, but become pending.
 Pending changes are reflected by the geom and the
 .Nm
 utility, but they are not actually written to disk.
 The
 .Cm commit
 action will write all pending changes to disk.
 .\" ==== CREATE ====
 .It Cm create
 Create a new partitioning scheme on a provider given by
 .Ar provider .
 The
 .Fl s Ar scheme
 option determines the scheme to use.
 The kernel must have support for a particular scheme before
 that scheme can be used to partition a disk.
 .Pp
 Additional options include:
 .Bl -tag -width 10n
 .It Fl n Ar entries
 The number of entries in the partition table.
 Every partitioning scheme has a minimum and maximum number of entries.
 This option allows tables to be created with a number of entries
 that is within the limits.
 Some schemes have a maximum equal to the minimum and some schemes have
 a maximum large enough to be considered unlimited.
 By default, partition tables are created with the minimum number of
 entries.
 .It Fl f Ar flags
 Additional operational flags.
 See the section entitled
 .Sx "OPERATIONAL FLAGS"
 below for a discussion
 about its use.
 .El
 .\" ==== DELETE ====
 .It Cm delete
 Delete a partition from geom
 .Ar geom
 and further identified by the
 .Fl i Ar index
 option.
 The partition cannot be actively used by the kernel.
 .Pp
 Additional options include:
 .Bl -tag -width 10n
 .It Fl f Ar flags
 Additional operational flags.
 See the section entitled
 .Sx "OPERATIONAL FLAGS"
 below for a discussion
 about its use.
 .El
 .\" ==== DESTROY ====
 .It Cm destroy
 Destroy the partitioning scheme as implemented by geom
 .Ar geom .
 .Pp
 Additional options include:
 .Bl -tag -width 10n
 .It Fl F
 Forced destroying of the partition table even if it is not empty.
 .It Fl f Ar flags
 Additional operational flags.
 See the section entitled
 .Sx "OPERATIONAL FLAGS"
 below for a discussion
 about its use.
 .El
 .\" ==== MODIFY ====
 .It Cm modify
 Modify a partition from geom
 .Ar geom
 and further identified by the
 .Fl i Ar index
 option.
 Only the type and/or label of the partition can be modified.
 To change the type of a partition, specify the new type with the
 .Fl t Ar type
 option.
 To change the label of a partition, specify the new label with the
 .Fl l Ar label
 option.
 Not all partitioning schemes support labels and it is invalid to
 try to change a partition label in such cases.
 .Pp
 Additional options include:
 .Bl -tag -width 10n
 .It Fl f Ar flags
 Additional operational flags.
 See the section entitled
 .Sx "OPERATIONAL FLAGS"
 below for a discussion
 about its use.
 .El
 .\" ==== RECOVER ====
 .It Cm recover
 Recover a corrupt partition's scheme metadata on the geom
 .Ar geom .
 See the section entitled
 .Sx RECOVERING
 below for the additional information.
 .Pp
 Additional options include:
 .Bl -tag -width 10n
 .It Fl f Ar flags
 Additional operational flags.
 See the section entitled
 .Sx "OPERATIONAL FLAGS"
 below for a discussion
 about its use.
 .El
 .\" ==== RESIZE ====
 .It Cm resize
 Resize a partition from geom
 .Ar geom
 and further identified by the
 .Fl i Ar index
 option.
 New partition size is expressed in logical block
 numbers and can be given by the
 .Fl s Ar size
 option.
 If
 .Fl s
 option is omitted then new size is automatically calculated
 to maximum available from given geom
 .Ar geom .
 .Pp
 Additional options include:
 .Bl -tag -width 12n
 .It Fl a Ar alignment
 If specified, then
 .Nm
 utility tries to align partition
 .Ar size
 to be multiple of
 .Ar alignment
 value.
 .It Fl f Ar flags
 Additional operational flags.
 See the section entitled
 .Sx "OPERATIONAL FLAGS"
 below for a discussion
 about its use.
 .El
 .\" ==== RESTORE ====
 .It Cm restore
 Restore the partition table from a backup previously created by the
 .Cm backup
 action and read from standard input.
 Only the partition table is restored.
 This action does not affect the content of partitions.
 After restoring the partition table and writing bootcode if needed,
 user data must be restored from backup.
 .Pp
 Additional options include:
 .Bl -tag -width 10n
 .It Fl F
 Destroy partition table on the given
 .Ar provider
 before doing restore.
 .It Fl l
 Restore partition labels for partitioning schemes that support them.
 .It Fl f Ar flags
 Additional operational flags.
 See the section entitled
 .Sx "OPERATIONAL FLAGS"
 below for a discussion
 about its use.
 .El
 .\" ==== SET ====
 .It Cm set
 Set the named attribute on the partition entry.
 See the section entitled
 .Sx ATTRIBUTES
 below for a list of available attributes.
 .Pp
 Additional options include:
 .Bl -tag -width 10n
 .It Fl f Ar flags
 Additional operational flags.
 See the section entitled
 .Sx "OPERATIONAL FLAGS"
 below for a discussion
 about its use.
 .El
 .\" ==== SHOW ====
 .It Cm show
 Show current partition information for the specified geoms, or all
 geoms if none are specified.
 The default output includes the logical starting block of each
 partition, the partition size in blocks, the partition index number,
 the partition type, and a human readable partition size.
 Block sizes and locations are based on the device's Sectorsize
 as shown by
 .Cm gpart list .
 Additional options include:
 .Bl -tag -width 10n
 .It Fl l
 For partitioning schemes that support partition labels, print them
 instead of partition type.
 .It Fl p
 Show provider names instead of partition indexes.
 .It Fl r
 Show raw partition type instead of symbolic name.
 .El
 .\" ==== UNDO ====
 .It Cm undo
 Revert any pending changes for geom
 .Ar geom .
 This action is the opposite of the
 .Cm commit
 action and can be used to undo any changes that have not been committed.
 .\" ==== UNSET ====
 .It Cm unset
 Clear the named attribute on the partition entry.
 See the section entitled
 .Sx ATTRIBUTES
 below for a list of available attributes.
 .Pp
 Additional options include:
 .Bl -tag -width 10n
 .It Fl f Ar flags
 Additional operational flags.
 See the section entitled
 .Sx "OPERATIONAL FLAGS"
 below for a discussion
 about its use.
 .El
 .It Cm list
 See
 .Xr geom 8 .
 .It Cm status
 See
 .Xr geom 8 .
 .It Cm load
 See
 .Xr geom 8 .
 .It Cm unload
 See
 .Xr geom 8 .
 .El
 .Sh PARTITIONING SCHEMES
 Several partitioning schemes are supported by the
 .Nm
 utility:
 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm VTOC8"
 .It Cm APM
 Apple Partition Map, used by PowerPC(R) Macintosh(R) computers.
 Requires the
 .Cd GEOM_PART_APM
 kernel option.
 .It Cm BSD
 Traditional BSD disklabel, usually used to subdivide MBR partitions.
 .Po
 This scheme can also be used as the sole partitioning method, without
 an MBR.
 Partition editing tools from other operating systems often do not
 understand the bare disklabel partition layout, so this is sometimes
 called
 .Dq dangerously dedicated .
 .Pc
 Requires the
 .Cm GEOM_PART_BSD
 kernel option.
 .It Cm BSD64
 64-bit implementation of BSD disklabel used in DragonFlyBSD to subdivide MBR
 or GPT partitions.
 Requires the
 .Cm GEOM_PART_BSD64
 kernel option.
 .It Cm LDM
 The Logical Disk Manager is an implementation of volume manager for
 Microsoft Windows NT.
 Requires the
 .Cd GEOM_PART_LDM
 kernel option.
 .It Cm GPT
 GUID Partition Table is used on Intel-based Macintosh computers and
 gradually replacing MBR on most PCs and other systems.
 Requires the
 .Cm GEOM_PART_GPT
 kernel option.
 .It Cm MBR
 Master Boot Record is used on PCs and removable media.
 Requires the
 .Cm GEOM_PART_MBR
 kernel option.
 The
 .Cm GEOM_PART_EBR
 option adds support for the Extended Boot Record (EBR),
 which is used to define a logical partition.
 The
 .Cm GEOM_PART_EBR_COMPAT
 option enables backward compatibility for partition names
 in the EBR scheme.
 It also prevents any type of actions on such partitions.
 .It Cm VTOC8
 Sun's SMI Volume Table Of Contents, used by
 .Tn SPARC64
 and
 .Tn UltraSPARC
 computers.
 Requires the
 .Cm GEOM_PART_VTOC8
 kernel option.
 .El
 .Sh PARTITION TYPES
 Partition types are identified on disk by particular strings or magic
 values.
 The
 .Nm
 utility uses symbolic names for common partition types so the user
 does not need to know these values or other details of the partitioning
 scheme in question.
 The
 .Nm
 utility also allows the user to specify scheme-specific partition types
 for partition types that do not have symbolic names.
 Symbolic names currently understood and used by
 .Fx
 are:
 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm dragonfly-disklabel64"
 .It Cm apple-boot
 The system partition dedicated to storing boot loaders on some Apple
 systems.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!171"
 for MBR,
 .Qq Li "!Apple_Bootstrap"
 for APM, and
 .Qq Li "!426f6f74-0000-11aa-aa11-00306543ecac"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm bios-boot
 The system partition dedicated to second stage of the boot loader program.
 Usually it is used by the GRUB 2 loader for GPT partitioning schemes.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!21686148-6449-6E6F-744E-656564454649" .
 .It Cm efi
 The system partition for computers that use the Extensible Firmware
 Interface (EFI).
 In such cases, the GPT partitioning scheme is used and the
 actual partition type for the system partition can also be specified as
 .Qq Li "!c12a7328-f81f-11d2-ba4b-00a0c93ec93b" .
 .It Cm freebsd
 A
 .Fx
 partition subdivided into filesystems with a
 .Bx
 disklabel.
 This is a legacy partition type and should not be used for the APM
 or GPT schemes.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!165"
 for MBR,
 .Qq Li "!FreeBSD"
 for APM, and
 .Qq Li "!516e7cb4-6ecf-11d6-8ff8-00022d09712b"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm freebsd-boot
 A
 .Fx
 partition dedicated to bootstrap code.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!83bd6b9d-7f41-11dc-be0b-001560b84f0f"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm freebsd-swap
 A
 .Fx
 partition dedicated to swap space.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!FreeBSD-swap"
 for APM,
 .Qq Li "!516e7cb5-6ecf-11d6-8ff8-00022d09712b"
 for GPT, and tag 0x0901 for VTOC8.
 .It Cm freebsd-ufs
 A
 .Fx
 partition that contains a UFS or UFS2 filesystem.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!FreeBSD-UFS"
 for APM,
 .Qq Li "!516e7cb6-6ecf-11d6-8ff8-00022d09712b"
 for GPT, and tag 0x0902 for VTOC8.
 .It Cm freebsd-vinum
 A
 .Fx
 partition that contains a Vinum volume.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!FreeBSD-Vinum"
 for APM,
 .Qq Li "!516e7cb8-6ecf-11d6-8ff8-00022d09712b"
 for GPT, and tag 0x0903 for VTOC8.
 .It Cm freebsd-zfs
 A
 .Fx
 partition that contains a ZFS volume.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!FreeBSD-ZFS"
 for APM,
 .Qq Li "!516e7cba-6ecf-11d6-8ff8-00022d09712b"
 for GPT, and 0x0904 for VTOC8.
 .El
 .Pp
 Another symbolic names that can be used with
 .Cm gpart
 utility are:
 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm dragonfly-disklabel64"
 .It Cm apple-apfs
 An Apple macOS partition used for the Apple file system, APFS.
 .It Cm apple-core-storage
 An Apple Mac OS X partition used by logical volume manager known as
 Core Storage.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!53746f72-6167-11aa-aa11-00306543ecac"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm apple-hfs
 An Apple Mac OS X partition that contains a HFS or HFS+ filesystem.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!175"
 for MBR,
 .Qq Li "!Apple_HFS"
 for APM and
 .Qq Li "!48465300-0000-11aa-aa11-00306543ecac"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm apple-label
 An Apple Mac OS X partition dedicated to partition metadata that descibes
 disk device.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!4c616265-6c00-11aa-aa11-00306543ecac"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm apple-raid
 An Apple Mac OS X partition used in a software RAID configuration.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!52414944-0000-11aa-aa11-00306543ecac"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm apple-raid-offline
 An Apple Mac OS X partition used in a software RAID configuration.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!52414944-5f4f-11aa-aa11-00306543ecac"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm apple-tv-recovery
 An Apple Mac OS X partition used by Apple TV.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!5265636f-7665-11aa-aa11-00306543ecac"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm apple-ufs
 An Apple Mac OS X partition that contains a UFS filesystem.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!168"
 for MBR,
 .Qq Li "!Apple_UNIX_SVR2"
 for APM and
 .Qq Li "!55465300-0000-11aa-aa11-00306543ecac"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm dragonfly-label32
 A DragonFlyBSD partition subdivided into filesystems with a
 .Bx
 disklabel.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!9d087404-1ca5-11dc-8817-01301bb8a9f5"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm dragonfly-label64
 A DragonFlyBSD partition subdivided into filesystems with a
 disklabel64.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!3d48ce54-1d16-11dc-8696-01301bb8a9f5"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm dragonfly-legacy
 A legacy partition type used in DragonFlyBSD.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!bd215ab2-1d16-11dc-8696-01301bb8a9f5"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm dragonfly-ccd
 A DragonFlyBSD partition used with Concatenated Disk driver.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!dbd5211b-1ca5-11dc-8817-01301bb8a9f5"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm dragonfly-hammer
 A DragonFlyBSD partition that contains a Hammer filesystem.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!61dc63ac-6e38-11dc-8513-01301bb8a9f5"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm dragonfly-hammer2
 A DragonFlyBSD partition that contains a Hammer2 filesystem.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!5cbb9ad1-862d-11dc-a94d-01301bb8a9f5"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm dragonfly-swap
 A DragonFlyBSD partition dedicated to swap space.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!9d58fdbd-1ca5-11dc-8817-01301bb8a9f5"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm dragonfly-ufs
 A DragonFlyBSD partition that contains an UFS1 filesystem.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!9d94ce7c-1ca5-11dc-8817-01301bb8a9f5"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm dragonfly-vinum
 A DragonFlyBSD partition used with Logical Volume Manager.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!9dd4478f-1ca5-11dc-8817-01301bb8a9f5"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm ebr
 A partition subdivided into filesystems with a EBR.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!5"
 for MBR.
 .It Cm fat16
 A partition that contains a FAT16 filesystem.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!6"
 for MBR.
 .It Cm fat32
 A partition that contains a FAT32 filesystem.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!11"
 for MBR.
 .It Cm linux-data
 A Linux partition that contains some filesystem with data.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!131"
 for MBR and
 .Qq Li "!0fc63daf-8483-4772-8e79-3d69d8477de4"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm linux-lvm
 A Linux partition dedicated to Logical Volume Manager.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!142"
 for MBR and
 .Qq Li "!e6d6d379-f507-44c2-a23c-238f2a3df928"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm linux-raid
 A Linux partition used in a software RAID configuration.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!253"
 for MBR and
 .Qq Li "!a19d880f-05fc-4d3b-a006-743f0f84911e"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm linux-swap
 A Linux partition dedicated to swap space.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!130"
 for MBR and
 .Qq Li "!0657fd6d-a4ab-43c4-84e5-0933c84b4f4f"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm mbr
 A partition that is sub-partitioned by a Master Boot Record (MBR).
 This type is known as
 .Qq Li "!024dee41-33e7-11d3-9d69-0008c781f39f"
 by GPT.
 .It Cm ms-basic-data
 A basic data partition (BDP) for Microsoft operating systems.
 In the GPT this type is the equivalent to partition types
 .Cm fat16 , fat32
 and
 .Cm ntfs
 in MBR.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!ebd0a0a2-b9e5-4433-87c0-68b6b72699c7"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm ms-ldm-data
 A partition that contains Logical Disk Manager (LDM) volumes.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!66"
 for MBR,
 .Qq Li "!af9b60a0-1431-4f62-bc68-3311714a69ad"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm ms-ldm-metadata
 A partition that contains Logical Disk Manager (LDM) database.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!5808c8aa-7e8f-42e0-85d2-e1e90434cfb3"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm netbsd-ccd
 A NetBSD partition used with Concatenated Disk driver.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!2db519c4-b10f-11dc-b99b-0019d1879648"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm netbsd-cgd
 An encrypted NetBSD partition.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!2db519ec-b10f-11dc-b99b-0019d1879648"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm netbsd-ffs
 A NetBSD partition that contains an UFS filesystem.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!49f48d5a-b10e-11dc-b99b-0019d1879648"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm netbsd-lfs
 A NetBSD partition that contains an LFS filesystem.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!49f48d82-b10e-11dc-b99b-0019d1879648"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm netbsd-raid
 A NetBSD partition used in a software RAID configuration.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!49f48daa-b10e-11dc-b99b-0019d1879648"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm netbsd-swap
 A NetBSD partition dedicated to swap space.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!49f48d32-b10e-11dc-b99b-0019d1879648"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm ntfs
 A partition that contains a NTFS or exFAT filesystem.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!7"
 for MBR.
 .It Cm prep-boot
 The system partition dedicated to storing boot loaders on some PowerPC systems,
 notably those made by IBM.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!65"
 for MBR and
 .Qq Li "!0x9e1a2d38-c612-4316-aa26-8b49521e5a8b"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm vmware-vmfs
 A partition that contains a VMware File System (VMFS).
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!251"
 for MBR and
 .Qq Li "!aa31e02a-400f-11db-9590-000c2911d1b8"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm vmware-vmkdiag
 A partition that contains a VMware diagostic filesystem.
 The scheme-specific types are
 .Qq Li "!252"
 for MBR and
 .Qq Li "!9d275380-40ad-11db-bf97-000c2911d1b8"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm vmware-reserved
 A VMware reserved partition.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!9198effc-31c0-11db-8f-78-000c2911d1b8"
 for GPT.
 .It Cm vmware-vsanhdr
 A partition claimed by VMware VSAN.
 The scheme-specific type is
 .Qq Li "!381cfccc-7288-11e0-92ee-000c2911d0b2"
 for GPT.
 .El
 .Sh ATTRIBUTES
 The scheme-specific attributes for EBR:
 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm active"
 .It Cm active
 .El
 .Pp
 The scheme-specific attributes for GPT:
 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm bootfailed"
 .It Cm bootme
 When set, the
 .Nm gptboot
 stage 1 boot loader will try to boot the system from this partition.
 Multiple partitions can be marked with the
 .Cm bootme
 attribute.
 See
 .Xr gptboot 8
 for more details.
 .It Cm bootonce
 Setting this attribute automatically sets the
 .Cm bootme
 attribute.
 When set, the
 .Nm gptboot
 stage 1 boot loader will try to boot the system from this partition only once.
 Multiple partitions can be marked with the
 .Cm bootonce
 and
 .Cm bootme
 attribute pairs.
 See
 .Xr gptboot 8
 for more details.
 .It Cm bootfailed
 This attribute should not be manually managed.
 It is managed by the
 .Nm gptboot
 stage 1 boot loader and the
 .Pa /etc/rc.d/gptboot
 start-up script.
 See
 .Xr gptboot 8
 for more details.
 .It Cm lenovofix
 Setting this attribute overwrites the Protective MBR with a new one where
 the 0xee partition is the second, rather than the first record.
 This resolves a BIOS compatibility issue with some Lenovo models including the
 X220, T420, and T520, allowing them to boot from GPT partitioned disks
 without using EFI.
 .El
 .Pp
 The scheme-specific attributes for MBR:
 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm active"
 .It Cm active
 .El
 .Sh BOOTSTRAPPING
 .Fx
 supports several partitioning schemes and each scheme uses different
 bootstrap code.
 The bootstrap code is located in a specific disk area for each partitioning
 scheme, and may vary in size for different schemes.
 .Pp
 Bootstrap code can be separated into two types.
 The first type is embedded in the partitioning scheme's metadata, while the
 second type is located on a specific partition.
 Embedding bootstrap code should only be done with the
 .Cm gpart bootcode
 command with the
 .Fl b Ar bootcode
 option.
 The GEOM PART class knows how to safely embed bootstrap code into
 specific partitioning scheme metadata without causing any damage.
 .Pp
 The Master Boot Record (MBR) uses a 512-byte bootstrap code image, embedded
 into the partition table's metadata area.
 There are two variants of this bootstrap code:
 .Pa /boot/mbr
 and
 .Pa /boot/boot0 .
 .Pa /boot/mbr
 searches for a partition with the
 .Cm active
 attribute (see the
 .Sx ATTRIBUTES
 section) in the partition table.
 Then it runs next bootstrap stage.
 The
 .Pa /boot/boot0
 image contains a boot manager with some additional interactive functions
 for multi-booting from a user-selected partition.
 .Pp
 A BSD disklabel is usually created inside an MBR partition (slice)
 with type
 .Cm freebsd
 (see the
 .Sx "PARTITION TYPES"
 section).
 It uses 8 KB size bootstrap code image
 .Pa /boot/boot ,
 embedded into the partition table's metadata area.
 .Pp
 Both types of bootstrap code are used to boot from the GUID Partition Table.
 First, a protective MBR is embedded into the first disk sector from the
 .Pa /boot/pmbr
 image.
 It searches through the GPT for a
 .Cm freebsd-boot
 partition (see the
 .Sx "PARTITION TYPES"
 section) and runs the next bootstrap stage from it.
 The
 .Cm freebsd-boot
 partition should be smaller than 545 KB.
 It can be located either before or after other
 .Fx
 partitions on the disk.
 There are two variants of bootstrap code to write to this partition:
 .Pa /boot/gptboot
 and
 .Pa /boot/gptzfsboot .
 .Pp
 .Pa /boot/gptboot
 is used to boot from UFS partitions.
 .Cm gptboot
 searches through
 .Cm freebsd-ufs
 partitions in the GPT and selects one to boot based on the
 .Cm bootonce
 and
 .Cm bootme
 attributes.
 If neither attribute is found,
 .Pa /boot/gptboot
 boots from the first
 .Cm freebsd-ufs
 partition.
 .Pa /boot/loader
 .Pq the third bootstrap stage
 is loaded from the first partition that matches these conditions.
 See
 .Xr gptboot 8
 for more information.
 .Pp
 .Pa /boot/gptzfsboot
 is used to boot from ZFS.
 It searches through the GPT for
 .Cm freebsd-zfs
 partitions, trying to detect ZFS pools.
 After all pools are detected,
 .Pa /boot/zfsloader
 is started from the first one found.
 .Pp
 The VTOC8 scheme does not support embedding bootstrap code.
 Instead, the 8 KBytes bootstrap code image
 .Pa /boot/boot1
 should be written with the
 .Cm gpart bootcode
 command with the
 .Fl p Ar bootcode
 option to all sufficiently large VTOC8 partitions.
 To do this the
 .Fl i Ar index
 option could be omitted.
 .Pp
 The APM scheme also does not support embedding bootstrap code.
 Instead, the 800 KBytes bootstrap code image
 .Pa /boot/boot1.hfs
 should be written with the
 .Cm gpart bootcode
 command to a partition of type
 .Cm apple-boot ,
 which should also be 800 KB in size.
 .Sh OPERATIONAL FLAGS
 Actions other than the
 .Cm commit
 and
 .Cm undo
 actions take an optional
 .Fl f Ar flags
 option.
 This option is used to specify action-specific operational flags.
 By default, the
 .Nm
 utility defines the
 .Ql C
 flag so that the action is immediately
 committed.
 The user can specify
 .Dq Fl f Cm x
 to have the action result in a pending change that can later, with
 other pending changes, be committed as a single compound change with
 the
 .Cm commit
 action or reverted with the
 .Cm undo
 action.
 .Sh RECOVERING
 The GEOM PART class supports recovering of partition tables only for GPT.
 The GPT primary metadata is stored at the beginning of the device.
 For redundancy, a secondary
 .Pq backup
 copy of the metadata is stored at the end of the device.
 As a result of having two copies, some corruption of metadata is not
 fatal to the working of GPT.
 When the kernel detects corrupt metadata, it marks this table as corrupt
 and reports the problem.
 .Cm destroy
 and
 .Cm recover
 are the only operations allowed on corrupt tables.
 .Pp
 If one GPT header appears to be corrupt but the other copy remains intact,
 the kernel will log the following:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 GEOM: provider: the primary GPT table is corrupt or invalid.
 GEOM: provider: using the secondary instead -- recovery strongly advised.
 .Ed
 .Pp
 or
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 GEOM: provider: the secondary GPT table is corrupt or invalid.
 GEOM: provider: using the primary only -- recovery suggested.
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Also
 .Nm
 commands such as
 .Cm show , status
 and
 .Cm list
 will report about corrupt tables.
 .Pp
 If the size of the device has changed (e.g.,\& volume expansion) the
 secondary GPT header will no longer be located in the last sector.
 This is not a metadata corruption, but it is dangerous because any
 corruption of the primary GPT will lead to loss of the partition table.
 This problem is reported by the kernel with the message:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 GEOM: provider: the secondary GPT header is not in the last LBA.
 .Ed
 .Pp
 This situation can be recovered with the
 .Cm recover
 command.
 This command reconstructs the corrupt metadata using known valid
 metadata and relocates the secondary GPT to the end of the device.
 .Pp
 .Em NOTE :
 The GEOM PART class can detect the same partition table visible through
 different GEOM providers, and some of them will be marked as corrupt.
 Be careful when choosing a provider for recovery.
 If you choose incorrectly you can destroy the metadata of another GEOM class,
 e.g.,\& GEOM MIRROR or GEOM LABEL.
 .Sh SYSCTL VARIABLES
 The following
 .Xr sysctl 8
 variables can be used to control the behavior of the
 .Nm PART
 GEOM class.
 The default value is shown next to each variable.
 .Bl -tag -width indent
 .It Va kern.geom.part.auto_resize: No 1
 This variable controls automatic resize behavior of
 .Nm
 GEOM class.
 When this variable is enable and new size of provider is detected, the schema
 metadata is resized but all changes are not saved to disk, until
 .Cm gpart commit
 is run to confirm changes.
 This behavior is also reported with diagnostic message:
 .Sy "GEOM_PART: (provider) was automatically resized."
 .Sy "Use `gpart commit (provider)` to save changes or `gpart undo (provider)`"
 .Sy "to revert them."
 .It Va kern.geom.part.check_integrity : No 1
 This variable controls the behaviour of metadata integrity checks.
 When integrity checks are enabled, the
 .Nm PART
 GEOM class verifies all generic partition parameters obtained from the
 disk metadata.
 If some inconsistency is detected, the partition table will be
 rejected with a diagnostic message:
 .Sy "GEOM_PART: Integrity check failed (provider, scheme)" .
 .It Va kern.geom.part.ldm.debug : No 0
 Debug level of the Logical Disk Manager (LDM) module.
 This can be set to a number between 0 and 2 inclusive.
 If set to 0 minimal debug information is printed,
 and if set to 2 the maximum amount of debug information is printed.
 .It Va kern.geom.part.ldm.show_mirrors : No 0
 This variable controls how the Logical Disk Manager (LDM) module handles
 mirrored volumes.
 By default mirrored volumes are shown as partitions with type
 .Cm ms-ldm-data
 (see the
 .Sx "PARTITION TYPES"
 section).
 If this variable set to 1 each component of the mirrored volume will be
 present as independent partition.
 .Em NOTE :
 This may break a mirrored volume and lead to data damage.
 .It Va kern.geom.part.mbr.enforce_chs : No 0
 Specify how the Master Boot Record (MBR) module does alignment.
 If this variable is set to a non-zero value, the module will automatically
 recalculate the user-specified offset and size for alignment with the CHS
 geometry.
 Otherwise the values will be left unchanged.
 .El
 .Sh EXIT STATUS
 Exit status is 0 on success, and 1 if the command fails.
 .Sh EXAMPLES
 The examples below assume that the disk's logical block size is 512
 bytes, regardless of its physical block size.
 .Ss GPT
 In this example, we will format
 .Pa ada0
 with the GPT scheme and create boot, swap and root partitions.
 First, we need to create the partition table:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart create -s GPT ada0
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Next, we install a protective MBR with the first-stage bootstrap code.
 The protective MBR lists a single, bootable partition spanning the
 entire disk, thus allowing non-GPT-aware BIOSes to boot from the disk
 and preventing tools which do not understand the GPT scheme from
 considering the disk to be unformatted.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart bootcode -b /boot/pmbr ada0
 .Ed
 .Pp
 We then create a dedicated
 .Cm freebsd-boot
 partition to hold the second-stage boot loader, which will load the
 .Fx
 kernel and modules from a UFS or ZFS filesystem.
 This partition must be larger than the bootstrap code
 .Po
 either
 .Pa /boot/gptboot
 for UFS or
 .Pa /boot/gptzfsboot
 for ZFS
 .Pc ,
 but smaller than 545 kB since the first-stage loader will load the
 entire partition into memory during boot, regardless of how much data
 it actually contains.
 We create a 472-block (236 kB) boot partition at offset 40, which is
 the size of the partition table (34 blocks or 17 kB) rounded up to the
 nearest 4 kB boundary.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart add -b 40 -s 472 -t freebsd-boot ada0
 /sbin/gpart bootcode -p /boot/gptboot -i 1 ada0
 .Ed
 .Pp
 We now create a 4 GB swap partition at the first available offset,
 which is 40 + 472 = 512 blocks (256 kB).
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart add -s 4G -t freebsd-swap ada0
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Aligning the swap partition and all subsequent partitions on a 256 kB
 boundary ensures optimal performance on a wide range of media, from
 plain old disks with 512-byte blocks, through modern
 .Dq advanced format
 disks with 4096-byte physical blocks, to RAID volumes with stripe
 sizes of up to 256 kB.
 .Pp
 Finally, we create and format an 8 GB
 .Cm freebsd-ufs
 partition for the root filesystem, leaving the rest of the slice free
 for additional filesystems:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart add -s 8G -t freebsd-ufs ada0
 /sbin/newfs -Uj /dev/ada0p3
 .Ed
 .Ss MBR
 In this example, we will format
 .Pa ada0
 with the MBR scheme and create a single partition which we subdivide
 using a traditional
 .Bx
 disklabel.
 .Pp
 First, we create the partition table and a single 64 GB partition,
 then we mark that partition active (bootable) and install the
 first-stage boot loader:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart create -s MBR ada0
 /sbin/gpart add -t freebsd -s 64G ada0
 /sbin/gpart set -a active -i 1 ada0
 /sbin/gpart bootcode -b /boot/boot0 ada0
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Next, we create a disklabel in that partition
 .Po
 .Dq slice
 in disklabel terminology
 .Pc
 with room for up to 20 partitions:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart create -s BSD -n 20 ada0s1
 .Ed
 .Pp
 We then create an 8 GB root partition and a 4 GB swap partition:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -s 8G ada0s1
 /sbin/gpart add -t freebsd-swap -s 4G ada0s1
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Finally, we install the appropriate boot loader for the
 .Bx
 label:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart bootcode -b /boot/boot ada0s1
 .Ed
 .Ss VTOC8
 .Pp
 Create a VTOC8 scheme on
 .Pa da0 :
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart create -s VTOC8 da0
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Create a 512MB-sized
 .Cm freebsd-ufs
 partition to contain a UFS filesystem from which the system can boot.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart add -s 512M -t freebsd-ufs da0
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Create a 15GB-sized
 .Cm freebsd-ufs
 partition to contain a UFS filesystem and aligned on 4KB boundaries:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart add -s 15G -t freebsd-ufs -a 4k da0
 .Ed
 .Pp
 After creating all required partitions, embed bootstrap code into them:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart bootcode -p /boot/boot1 da0
 .Ed
-.Ss Deleting partitions and partitioning scheme
-If you get a
+.Ss Deleting Partitions and Destroying the Partitioning Scheme
+If a
 .Em "Device busy"
-error when trying to destroy a partition table, remember that you must
-delete all its partitions first with the
+error is shown when trying to destroy a partition table, remember that
+all of the partitions must be deleted first with the
 .Cm delete
 action.
-In this example, assume we have
+In this example,
 .Pa da0
-with three partitions:
+has three partitions:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart delete -i 3 da0
 /sbin/gpart delete -i 2 da0
 /sbin/gpart delete -i 1 da0
 /sbin/gpart destroy da0
 .Ed
 .Pp
-Alternatively, you can invoke the
-.Cm destroy
-action with the
+Rather than deleting each partition and then destroying the partitioning
+scheme, the
 .Fl F
-flag.
+option can be given with
+.Cm destroy
+to delete all of the partitions before destroying the partitioning scheme.
+This is equivalent to the previous example:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+/sbin/gpart destroy -F da0
 .Ed
 .Ss Backup and Restore
 .Pp
 Create a backup of the partition table from
 .Pa da0 :
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart backup da0 > da0.backup
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Restore the partition table from the backup to
 .Pa da0 :
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart restore -l da0 < /mnt/da0.backup
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Clone the partition table from
 .Pa ada0
 to
 .Pa ada1
 and
 .Pa ada2 :
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 /sbin/gpart backup ada0 | /sbin/gpart restore -F ada1 ada2
 .Ed
 .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr geom 4 ,
 .Xr boot0cfg 8 ,
 .Xr geom 8 ,
 .Xr gptboot 8
 .Sh HISTORY
 The
 .Nm
 utility appeared in
 .Fx 7.0 .
 .Sh AUTHORS
 .An Marcel Moolenaar Aq Mt marcel@FreeBSD.org