Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/configure.ac =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/configure.ac (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/configure.ac (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,498 @@ +# +# $Id$ +# +# See ./INSTALL for more info +# + +# +# Release numbering: even numbered dot releases are official ones, and +# odd numbers are development ones. The svn version of this file will +# only (ONLY!) ever (EVER!) contain odd numbers, so I'll always know if +# a particular user has the dist or svn release. +# + +AC_PREREQ(2.2) +AC_INIT([libxo], [0.8.1], [phil@juniper.net]) +AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([-Wall -Werror foreign -Wno-portability]) + +# Support silent build rules. Requires at least automake-1.11. +# Disable with "configure --disable-silent-rules" or "make V=1" +m4_ifdef([AM_SILENT_RULES], [AM_SILENT_RULES([yes])]) + +AC_PROG_CC +AC_PROG_INSTALL +AC_CONFIG_MACRO_DIR([m4]) +AC_PROG_LN_S + +# Must be after AC_PROG_AR +LT_INIT([dlopen shared]) + +AC_PATH_PROG(BASENAME, basename, /usr/bin/basename) +AC_PATH_PROG(BISON, bison, /usr/bin/bison) +AC_PATH_PROG(CAT, cat, /bin/cat) +AC_PATH_PROG(CHMOD, chmod, /bin/chmod) +AC_PATH_PROG(CP, cp, /bin/cp) +AC_PATH_PROG(DIFF, diff, /usr/bin/diff) +AC_PATH_PROG(MKDIR, mkdir, /bin/mkdir) +AC_PATH_PROG(MV, mv, /bin/mv) +AC_PATH_PROG(RM, rm, /bin/rm) +AC_PATH_PROG(SED, sed, /bin/sed) + +AC_STDC_HEADERS + +# Checks for typedefs, structures, and compiler characteristics. +AC_C_INLINE +AC_TYPE_SIZE_T + +# Checks for library functions. +AC_FUNC_ALLOCA +AC_FUNC_MALLOC +AC_FUNC_REALLOC +AC_CHECK_FUNCS([bzero memmove strchr strcspn strerror strspn]) +AC_CHECK_FUNCS([sranddev srand strlcpy]) +AC_CHECK_FUNCS([fdopen getrusage]) +AC_CHECK_FUNCS([gettimeofday ctime]) +AC_CHECK_FUNCS([getpass]) +AC_CHECK_FUNCS([getprogname]) +AC_CHECK_FUNCS([sysctlbyname]) +AC_CHECK_FUNCS([flock]) +AC_CHECK_FUNCS([asprintf]) +AC_CHECK_FUNCS([__flbf]) +AC_CHECK_FUNCS([sysctlbyname]) + + +AC_CHECK_HEADERS([dlfcn.h]) +AC_CHECK_HEADERS([dlfcn.h]) +AC_CHECK_HEADERS([stdio_ext.h]) +AC_CHECK_HEADERS([tzfile.h]) +AC_CHECK_HEADERS([stdtime/tzfile.h]) +AC_CHECK_FUNCS([dlfunc]) + +AC_CHECK_HEADERS([sys/time.h]) +AC_CHECK_HEADERS([ctype.h errno.h stdio.h stdlib.h]) +AC_CHECK_HEADERS([string.h sys/param.h unistd.h ]) +AC_CHECK_HEADERS([sys/sysctl.h]) +AC_CHECK_HEADERS([threads.h]) +AC_CHECK_HEADERS([monitor.h]) + +dnl humanize_number(3) is a great function, but it's not standard. +dnl Note Macosx has the function in libutil.a but doesn't ship the +dnl header file, so I'll need to carry my own implementation. See: +dnl https://devforums.apple.com/thread/271121 +AC_CHECK_HEADERS([libutil.h]) +AC_CHECK_LIB([util], [humanize_number], + [HAVE_HUMANIZE_NUMBER=$ac_cv_header_libutil_h], + [HAVE_HUMANIZE_NUMBER=no]) + +AC_MSG_RESULT(humanize_number results: :${HAVE_HUMANIZE_NUMBER}:${ac_cv_header_libutil_h}:) + +if test "$HAVE_HUMANIZE_NUMBER" = "yes"; then + AC_DEFINE([HAVE_HUMANIZE_NUMBER], [1], [humanize_number(3)]) +fi + +AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_HUMANIZE_NUMBER], [test "$HAVE_HUMANIZE_NUMBER" = "yes"]) + +AC_ARG_ENABLE([gettext], + [ --disable-gettext Turn off support for gettext], + [GETTEXT_ENABLE=$enableval], + [GETTEXT_ENABLE=yes]) + +dnl Looking for gettext(), assumably in libintl +AC_ARG_WITH(gettext, + [ --with-gettext=[PFX] Specify location of gettext installation], + [GETTEXT_PREFIX=$withval], + [GETTEXT_PREFIX=/usr], +) + +HAVE_GETTEXT=no + +if test "$GETTEXT_ENABLE" != "no"; then + + AC_MSG_CHECKING([gettext in ${GETTEXT_PREFIX}]) + + _save_cflags="$CFLAGS" + CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -I${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/include -L${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/lib -Werror -lintl" + AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[#include ] + [int main() {char *cp = dgettext(NULL, "xx"); return 0; }]])], + [HAVE_GETTEXT=yes], + [HAVE_GETTEXT=no]) + CFLAGS="$_save_cflags" + + AC_MSG_RESULT([$HAVE_GETTEXT]) + + if test "$HAVE_GETTEXT" != "yes"; then + GETTEXT_PREFIX=/opt/local + AC_MSG_CHECKING([gettext in ${GETTEXT_PREFIX}]) + + _save_cflags="$CFLAGS" + CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -I${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/include -L${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/lib -Werror -lintl" + AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[#include ] + [int main() {char *cp = dgettext(NULL, "xx"); return 0; }]])], + [HAVE_GETTEXT=yes], + [HAVE_GETTEXT=no]) + CFLAGS="$_save_cflags" + + AC_MSG_RESULT([$HAVE_GETTEXT]) + fi + + if test "$HAVE_GETTEXT" != "yes"; then + GETTEXT_PREFIX=/usr/local + AC_MSG_CHECKING([gettext in ${GETTEXT_PREFIX}]) + + _save_cflags="$CFLAGS" + CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -I${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/include -L${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/lib -Werror -lintl" + AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[#include ] + [int main() {char *cp = dgettext(NULL, "xx"); return 0; }]])], + [HAVE_GETTEXT=yes], + [HAVE_GETTEXT=no]) + CFLAGS="$_save_cflags" + + AC_MSG_RESULT([$HAVE_GETTEXT]) + fi +fi + +if test "$HAVE_GETTEXT" = "yes"; then + AC_DEFINE([HAVE_GETTEXT], [1], [gettext(3)]) + GETTEXT_CFLAGS="-I${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/include" + GETTEXT_LIBS="-L${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/lib -lintl" +else + GETTEXT_PREFIX=none + GETTEXT_CFLAGS= + GETTEXT_LIBS= +fi +AC_SUBST(GETTEXT_CFLAGS) +AC_SUBST(GETTEXT_LIBS) + +GETTEXT_LIBDIR=${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/lib +AC_SUBST(GETTEXT_LIBDIR) +if test -x ${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/bin/msgfmt ; then + GETTEXT_BINDIR=${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/bin +elif test -x ${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/local/bin/msgfmt ; then + GETTEXT_BINDIR=${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/local/bin +else + AC_MSG_NOTICE("could not find msgfmt tool") + # Use a (bad) fall back value + GETTEXT_BINDIR=${GETTEXT_PREFIX}/bin +fi +AC_SUBST(GETTEXT_BINDIR) + +AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_GETTEXT], [test "$HAVE_GETTEXT" = "yes"]) + +dnl Looking for how to do thread-local variables +AC_ARG_WITH(threads, + [ --with-threads=[STYLE] Specify style of thread-local support (none)], + [THREAD_LOCAL=$withval], + [THREAD_LOCAL=unknown], +) + +AC_MSG_CHECKING([thread-locals are ${THREAD_LOCAL}]) + +if test "$THREAD_LOCAL" = "unknown"; then + AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[] + [__thread int foo; int main() { foo++; return foo; }]])], + [THREAD_LOCAL=before], + [THREAD_LOCAL=unknown]) + + AC_MSG_RESULT([$THREAD_LOCAL]) +fi + +if test "$THREAD_LOCAL" = "unknown"; then + AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[] + [int __thread foo; int main() { foo++; return foo; }]])], + [THREAD_LOCAL=after], + [THREAD_LOCAL=unknown]) + AC_MSG_RESULT([$THREAD_LOCAL]) +fi + +if test "$THREAD_LOCAL" = "unknown"; then + AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_SOURCE([[] + [__declspec(int) foo; int main() { foo++; return foo; }]])], + [THREAD_LOCAL=declspec], + [THREAD_LOCAL=unknown]) + AC_MSG_RESULT([$THREAD_LOCAL]) +fi + +if test "$THREAD_LOCAL" != "unknown"; then + AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL], + THREAD_LOCAL_${THREAD_LOCAL}, [thread-local setting]) +fi + +dnl Looking for libcrypto.... +AC_CHECK_LIB([crypto], [MD5_Init]) +AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_LIBCRYPTO], [test "$HAVE_LIBCRYPTO" != "no"]) + +AC_CHECK_MEMBER([struct sockaddr_un.sun_len], + [HAVE_SUN_LEN=yes ; + AC_DEFINE([HAVE_SUN_LEN], [1], [Have struct sockaddr_un.sun_len])], + [HAS_SUN_LEN=no], [[#include ]]) + +AC_CHECK_DECLS([__isthreaded], [], [], [#include ]) +HAVE_ISTHREADED=${ac_cv_have_decl___isthreaded} + +dnl +dnl Some packages need to be checked against version numbers so we +dnl define a function here for later use +dnl +AC_DEFUN([VERSION_TO_NUMBER], +[`$1 | sed -e 's/lib.* //' | awk 'BEGIN { FS = "."; } { printf "%d", ([$]1 * 1000 + [$]2) * 1000 + [$]3;}'`]) + +LIBSLAX_CONFIG_PREFIX="" +LIBSLAX_SRC="" + +AC_ARG_WITH(libslax-prefix, + [ --with-libslax-prefix=[PFX] Specify location of libslax config], + LIBSLAX_CONFIG_PREFIX=$withval +) + +AC_MSG_CHECKING(for libslax) +if test "x$LIBSLAX_CONFIG_PREFIX" != "x" +then + SLAX_CONFIG=${LIBSLAX_CONFIG_PREFIX}/bin/slax-config +else + SLAX_CONFIG=slax-config +fi + +dnl +dnl make sure slax-config is executable, +dnl test version and init our variables +dnl + +if ${SLAX_CONFIG} --libs > /dev/null 2>&1 +then + LIBSLAX_VERSION=`$SLAX_CONFIG --version` + SLAX_BINDIR="`$SLAX_CONFIG --bindir | head -1`" + SLAX_OXTRADOCDIR="`$SLAX_CONFIG --oxtradoc | head -1`" + AC_MSG_RESULT($LIBSLAX_VERSION found) + HAVE_OXTRADOC=yes +else + LIBSLAX_VERSION= + SLAX_BINDIR= + SLAX_OXTRADOCDIR= + AC_MSG_RESULT([no]) + HAVE_OXTRADOC=no +fi +AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_OXTRADOC], [test "$HAVE_OXTRADOC" != "no"]) + +AC_SUBST(SLAX_BINDIR) +AC_SUBST(SLAX_OXTRADOCDIR) + +AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether to build with warnings]) +AC_ARG_ENABLE([warnings], + [ --enable-warnings Turn on compiler warnings], + [LIBXO_WARNINGS=$enableval], + [LIBXO_WARNINGS=no]) +AC_MSG_RESULT([$LIBXO_WARNINGS]) +AM_CONDITIONAL([LIBXO_WARNINGS_HIGH], [test "$LIBXO_WARNINGS" != "no"]) + +AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether to build with debugging]) +AC_ARG_ENABLE([debug], + [ --enable-debug Turn on debugging], + [LIBXO_DEBUG=yes; AC_DEFINE([LIBXO_DEBUG], [1], [Enable debugging])], + [LIBXO_DEBUG=no]) +AC_MSG_RESULT([$LIBXO_DEBUG]) +AM_CONDITIONAL([LIBXO_DEBUG], [test "$LIBXO_DEBUG" != "no"]) + +AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether to use int return codes]) +AC_ARG_ENABLE([int-return-codes], + [ --enable-int-return-codes Use int return codes (instead of ssize_t)], + [USE_INT_RETURN_CODES=yes; AC_DEFINE([USE_INT_RETURN_CODES], [1], [Use int return codes])], + [USE_INT_RETURN_CODES=no]) +AC_MSG_RESULT([$USE_INT_RETURN_CODES]) + +AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether to build with text-only rendering]) +AC_ARG_ENABLE([text-only], + [ --enable-text-only Turn on text-only rendering], + [LIBXO_TEXT_ONLY=yes; AC_DEFINE([LIBXO_TEXT_ONLY], [1], [Enable text-only rendering])], + [LIBXO_TEXT_ONLY=no]) +AC_MSG_RESULT([$LIBXO_TEXT_ONLY]) +AM_CONDITIONAL([LIBXO_TEXT_ONLY], [test "$LIBXO_TEXT_ONLY" != "no"]) + +AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether to build with local wcwidth implementation]) +AC_ARG_ENABLE([wcwidth], + [ --disable-wcwidth Disable local wcwidth implementation], + [LIBXO_WCWIDTH=$enableval], + [LIBXO_WCWIDTH=yes]) +AC_MSG_RESULT([$LIBXO_WCWIDTH]) +if test "${LIBXO_WCWIDTH}" != "no"; then + AC_DEFINE([LIBXO_WCWIDTH], [1], [Enable local wcwidth implementation]) +fi + +AC_MSG_CHECKING([retain hash bucket size]) +AC_ARG_WITH(retain-size, + [ --with-retain-size=[DIR] Specify retain hash bucket size (in bits)], + [XO_RETAIN_SIZE=$withval], + [XO_RETAIN_SIZE=default] +) + +AC_MSG_RESULT([$XO_RETAIN_SIZE]) +if test "${XO_RETAIN_SIZE}" != "default"; then + AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([XO_RETAIN_SIZE], ${XO_RETAIN_SIZE}, [Retain hash bucket size]) +fi + +AC_CHECK_LIB([m], [lrint]) +AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_LIBM], [test "$HAVE_LIBM" != "no"]) + +AC_MSG_CHECKING([compiler for gcc]) +HAVE_GCC=no +if test "${CC}" != ""; then + HAVE_GCC=`${CC} --version 2>&1 | grep GCC` + if test "${HAVE_GCC}" != ""; then + HAVE_GCC=yes + else + HAVE_GCC=no + fi +fi +AC_MSG_RESULT([$HAVE_GCC]) +AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_GCC], [test "$HAVE_GCC" = "yes"]) + +AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether to build with printflike]) +AC_ARG_ENABLE([printflike], + [ --enable-printflike Enable use of GCC __printflike attribute], + [HAVE_PRINTFLIKE=yes; + AC_DEFINE([HAVE_PRINTFLIKE], [1], [Support printflike])], + [HAVE_PRINTFLIKE=no]) +AC_MSG_RESULT([$HAVE_PRINTFLIKE]) +AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_PRINTFLIKE], [test "$HAVE_PRINTFLIKE" != ""]) + +AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether to build with LIBXO_OPTIONS]) +AC_ARG_ENABLE([libxo-options], + [ --disable-libxo-options Turn off support for LIBXO_OPTIONS], + [LIBXO_OPTS=$enableval], + [LIBXO_OPTS=yes]) +AC_MSG_RESULT([$LIBXO_OPTS]) +AM_CONDITIONAL([NO_LIBXO_OPTIONS], [test "$LIBXO_OPTS" != "yes"]) + +case $host_os in + darwin*) + LIBTOOL=glibtool + XO_LIBEXT=dylib + ;; + Linux*|linux*) + CFLAGS="-D_GNU_SOURCE $CFLAGS" + LDFLAGS=-ldl + XO_LIBEXT=so + ;; + cygwin*|CYGWIN*) + LDFLAGS=-no-undefined + XO_LIBEXT=ddl + ;; +esac + +case $prefix in + NONE) + prefix=/usr/local + ;; +esac + +XO_LIBS=-lxo +XO_SRCDIR=${srcdir} +XO_LIBDIR=${libdir} +XO_BINDIR=${bindir} +XO_INCLUDEDIR=${includedir} +XO_CFLAGS="${CFLAGS}" + +AC_SUBST(XO_LIBS) +AC_SUBST(XO_SRCDIR) +AC_SUBST(XO_LIBDIR) +AC_SUBST(XO_BINDIR) +AC_SUBST(XO_INCLUDEDIR) +AC_SUBST(XO_LIBEXT) +AC_SUBST(XO_CFLAGS) + +AC_ARG_WITH(encoder-dir, + [ --with-encoder-dir=[DIR] Specify location of encoder libraries], + [XO_ENCODERDIR=$withval], + [XO_ENCODERDIR=$libdir/libxo/encoder] +) +AC_SUBST(XO_ENCODERDIR) + +AC_ARG_WITH(share-dir, + [ --with-share-dir=[DIR] Specify location of shared files], + [XO_SHAREDIR=$withval], + [XO_SHAREDIR=$datarootdir/libxo] +) +XO_SHAREDIR=`echo $XO_SHAREDIR | sed "s;\\${prefix};$prefix;"` +AC_SUBST(XO_SHAREDIR) + +dnl for the spec file +RELDATE=`date +'%Y-%m-%d%n'` +AC_SUBST(RELDATE) + +AC_MSG_RESULT(Using configure dir $ac_abs_confdir) + +if test -d $ac_abs_confdir/.git ; then + extra=`git branch | awk '/\*/ { print $2 }'` + if test "$extra" != "" -a "$extra" != "master" + then + LIBXO_VERSION_EXTRA="-git-$extra" + fi +fi + +LIBXO_VERSION=$PACKAGE_VERSION +LIBXO_VERSION_NUMBER=VERSION_TO_NUMBER(echo $PACKAGE_VERSION) +AC_SUBST(LIBXO_VERSION) +AC_SUBST(LIBXO_VERSION_NUMBER) +AC_SUBST(LIBXO_VERSION_EXTRA) + +AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(LIBXO_VERSION, ["$LIBXO_VERSION"], + [Version number as dotted value]) +AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(LIBXO_VERSION_NUMBER, [$LIBXO_VERSION_NUMBER], + [Version number as a number]) +AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(LIBXO_VERSION_STRING, ["$LIBXO_VERSION_NUMBER"], + [Version number as string]) +AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(LIBXO_VERSION_EXTRA, ["$LIBXO_VERSION_EXTRA"], + [Version number extra information]) + +AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([libxo/xo_config.h]) +AC_CONFIG_FILES([ + Makefile + libxo-config + xohtml/xohtml.sh + libxo/Makefile + libxo/add.man + encoder/Makefile + encoder/cbor/Makefile + encoder/test/Makefile + xo/Makefile + xolint/Makefile + xohtml/Makefile + xopo/Makefile + packaging/libxo.pc + doc/Makefile + tests/Makefile + tests/core/Makefile + tests/gettext/Makefile + tests/xo/Makefile + packaging/libxo.spec + packaging/libxo.rb.base +]) +AC_OUTPUT + +AC_MSG_NOTICE([summary of build options: + + libxo version: ${VERSION} ${LIBXO_VERSION_EXTRA} + host type: ${host} / ${host_os} + install prefix: ${prefix} + srcdir: ${XO_SRCDIR} + libdir: ${XO_LIBDIR} + bindir: ${XO_BINDIR} + includedir: ${XO_INCLUDEDIR} + share dir: ${XO_SHAREDIR} + extensions dir: ${XO_ENCODERDIR} + oxtradoc dir: ${SLAX_OXTRADOCDIR} + + compiler: ${CC} (${HAVE_GCC:-no}) + compiler flags: ${CFLAGS} + library types: Shared=${enable_shared}, Static=${enable_static} + + warnings: ${LIBXO_WARNINGS:-no} + debug: ${LIBXO_DEBUG:-no} + printf-like: ${HAVE_PRINTFLIKE:-no} + libxo-options: ${LIBXO_OPTS:-no} + text-only: ${LIBXO_TEXT_ONLY:-no} + gettext: ${HAVE_GETTEXT:-no} (${GETTEXT_PREFIX}) + isthreaded: ${HAVE_ISTHREADED:-no} + thread-local: ${THREAD_LOCAL:-no} + local wcwidth: ${LIBXO_WCWIDTH:-no} + retain size: ${XO_RETAIN_SIZE:-no} +]) Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/doc/libxo-manual.html =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/doc/libxo-manual.html (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/doc/libxo-manual.html (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,27436 @@ + + + + +libxo: The Easy Way to Generate text, XML, JSON, and HTML output + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +

libxo: The Easy Way to Generate text, XML, JSON, and HTML output
libxo-manual

+
+

Table of Contents

+ +
+
+
+

+
+1_ 
+Overview +

+

libxo - A Library for Generating Text, XML, JSON, and HTML Output

+

You want to prepare for the future, but you need to live in the present. You'd love a flying car, but need to get to work today. You want to support features like XML, JSON, and HTML rendering to allow integration with NETCONF, REST, and web browsers, but you need to make text output for command line users.

+

And you don't want multiple code paths that can't help but get out of sync:

+
+    /* None of this "if (xml) {... } else {...}"  logic */
+    if (xml) {
+        /* some code to make xml*/
+    } else {
+        /* other code to make text */
+        /* oops forgot to add something on both clauses! */
+    }
+
+    /* And ifdefs are right out. */
+    #ifdef MAKE_XML
+        /* icky */
+    #else
+        /* pooh */
+    #endif
+

But you'd really, really like all the fancy features that modern encoding formats can provide. libxo can help.

+

The libxo library allows an application to generate text, XML, JSON, and HTML output using a common set of function calls. The application decides at run time which output style should be produced. The application calls a function "xo_emit" to product output that is described in a format string. A "field descriptor" tells libxo what the field is and what it means. Each field descriptor is placed in braces with a printf-like format string (Section 3.2):

+
+    xo_emit(" {:lines/%7ju} {:words/%7ju} "
+            "{:characters/%7ju} {d:filename/%s}\n",
+            linect, wordct, charct, file);
+

Each field can have a role, with the 'value' role being the default, and the role tells libxo how and when to render that field (see Section 3.2.1 for details). Modifiers change how the field is rendered in different output styles (see Section 3.2.2 for details. Output can then be generated in various style, using the "‑‑libxo" option:

+
+    % wc /etc/motd
+          25     165    1140 /etc/motd
+    % wc --libxo xml,pretty,warn /etc/motd
+    <wc>
+      <file>
+        <lines>25</lines>
+        <words>165</words>
+        <characters>1140</characters>
+        <filename>/etc/motd</filename>
+      </file>
+    </wc>
+    % wc --libxo json,pretty,warn /etc/motd
+    {
+      "wc": {
+        "file": [
+          {
+            "lines": 25,
+            "words": 165,
+            "characters": 1140,
+            "filename": "/etc/motd"
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+    % wc --libxo html,pretty,warn /etc/motd
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="text"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="lines">     25</div>
+      <div class="text"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="words">    165</div>
+      <div class="text"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="characters">   1140</div>
+      <div class="text"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="filename">/etc/motd</div>
+    </div>
+

Same code path, same format strings, same information, but it's rendered in distinct styles based on run-time flags.

+
+
+
+

+
+2_ 
+Getting libxo +

+

libxo now ships as part of the FreeBSD Operating System (as of -11).

+

libxo lives on github as:

+

https://github.com/Juniper/libxo

+

The latest release of libxo is available at:

+

https://github.com/Juniper/libxo/releases

+

We are following the branching scheme from http://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/ which means we will do development under the "develop" branch, and release from the "master" branch. To clone a developer tree, run the following command:

+
+  git clone https://github.com/Juniper/libxo.git -b develop
+

We're using semantic release numbering, as defined in http://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html.

+

libxo is open source, distributed under the BSD license. It shipped as part of the FreeBSD operating system starting with release 11.0.

+

Issues, problems, and bugs should be directly to the issues page on our github site.

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+2.1 
+Downloading libxo Source Code +

+

You can retrieve the source for libxo in two ways:

+

A) Use a "distfile" for a specific release. We use github to maintain our releases. Visit github release page (https://github.com/Juniper/libxo/releases) to see the list of releases. To download the latest, look for the release with the green "Latest release" button and the green "libxo‑RELEASE.tar.gz" button under that section.

+

After downloading that release's distfile, untar it as follows:

+
+    tar -zxf libxo-RELEASE.tar.gz
+    cd libxo-RELEASE
+

[Note: for Solaris users, your "tar" command lacks the "‑z" flag, so you'll need to substitute "gzip -dc "file" | tar xf -" instead of "tar -zxf "file"".]

+

B) Use the current build from github. This gives you the most recent source code, which might be less stable than a specific release. To build libxo from the git repo:

+
+    git clone https://github.com/Juniper/libxo.git
+    cd libxo
+

_BE AWARE_: The github repository does _not_ contain the files generated by "autoreconf", with the notable exception of the "m4" directory. Since these files (depcomp, configure, missing, install-sh, etc) are generated files, we keep them out of the source code repository.

+

This means that if you download the a release distfile, these files will be ready and you'll just need to run "configure", but if you download the source code from svn, then you'll need to run "autoreconf" by hand. This step is done for you by the "setup.sh" script, described in the next section.

+
+
+

+
+2.2 
+Building libxo +

+

To build libxo, you'll need to set up the build, run the "configure" script, run the "make" command, and run the regression tests.

+

The following is a summary of the commands needed. These commands are explained in detail in the rest of this section.

+
+    sh bin/setup.sh
+    cd build
+    ../configure
+    make
+    make test
+    sudo make install
+

The following sections will walk through each of these steps with additional details and options, but the above directions should be all that's needed.

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+2.2.1 
+Setting up the build +

+

[If you downloaded a distfile, you can skip this step.]

+

Run the "setup.sh" script to set up the build. This script runs the "autoreconf" command to generate the "configure" script and other generated files.

+
+    sh bin/setup.sh
+

Note: We're are currently using autoreconf version 2.69.

+
+
+

+
+2.2.2 
+Running the "configure" Script +

+

Configure (and autoconf in general) provides a means of building software in diverse environments. Our configure script supports a set of options that can be used to adjust to your operating environment. Use "configure --help" to view these options.

+

We use the "build" directory to keep object files and generated files away from the source tree.

+

To run the configure script, change into the "build" directory, and run the "configure" script. Add any required options to the "../configure" command line.

+
+    cd build
+    ../configure
+

Expect to see the "configure" script generate the following error:

+
+    /usr/bin/rm: cannot remove `libtoolT': No such file or directory
+

This error is harmless and can be safely ignored.

+

By default, libxo installs architecture-independent files, including extension library files, in the /usr/local directories. To specify an installation prefix other than /usr/local for all installation files, include the --prefix=prefix option and specify an alternate location. To install just the extension library files in a different, user-defined location, include the --with-extensions-dir=dir option and specify the location where the extension libraries will live.

+
+    cd build
+    ../configure [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]...
+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+2.2.2.1 
+Running the "make" command +

+

Once the "configure" script is run, build the images using the "make" command:

+
+    make
+
+
+

+
+2.2.2.2 
+Running the Regression Tests +

+

libxo includes a set of regression tests that can be run to ensure the software is working properly. These test are optional, but will help determine if there are any issues running libxo on your machine. To run the regression tests:

+
+    make test
+
+
+
+

+
+2.2.3 
+Installing libxo +

+

Once the software is built, you'll need to install libxo using the "make install" command. If you are the root user, or the owner of the installation directory, simply issue the command:

+
+    make install
+

If you are not the "root" user and are using the "sudo" package, use:

+
+    sudo make install
+

Verify the installation by viewing the output of "xo --version":

+
+    % xo --version
+    libxo version 0.3.5-git-develop
+    xo version 0.3.5-git-develop
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+3_ 
+Formatting with libxo +

+

Most unix commands emit text output aimed at humans. It is designed to be parsed and understood by a user. Humans are gifted at extracting details and pattern matching in such output. Often programmers need to extract information from this human-oriented output. Programmers use tools like grep, awk, and regular expressions to ferret out the pieces of information they need. Such solutions are fragile and require maintenance when output contents change or evolve, along with testing and validation.

+

Modern tool developers favor encoding schemes like XML and JSON, which allow trivial parsing and extraction of data. Such formats are simple, well understood, hierarchical, easily parsed, and often integrate easier with common tools and environments. Changes to content can be done in ways that do not break existing users of the data, which can reduce maintenance costs and increase feature velocity.

+

In addition, modern reality means that more output ends up in web browsers than in terminals, making HTML output valuable.

+

libxo allows a single set of function calls in source code to generate traditional text output, as well as XML and JSON formatted data. HTML can also be generated; "<div>" elements surround the traditional text output, with attributes that detail how to render the data.

+

A single libxo function call in source code is all that's required:

+
+    xo_emit("Connecting to {:host}.{:domain}...\n", host, domain);
+
+    TEXT:
+      Connecting to my-box.example.com...
+    XML:
+      <host>my-box</host>
+      <domain>example.com</domain>
+    JSON:
+      "host": "my-box",
+      "domain": "example.com"
+    HTML:
+       <div class="line">
+         <div class="text">Connecting to </div>
+         <div class="data" data-tag="host" 
+              data-xpath="/top/host">my-box</div>
+         <div class="text">.</div>
+         <div class="data" data-tag="domain"
+              data-xpath="/top/domain">example.com</div>
+         <div class="text">...</div>
+       </div>
+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+3.1 
+Encoding Styles +

+

There are four encoding styles supported by libxo:

+

+
    +
  • TEXT output can be display on a terminal session, allowing compatibility with traditional command line usage.
    • +
  • XML output is suitable for tools like XPath and protocols like NETCONF.
    • +
  • JSON output can be used for RESTful APIs and integration with languages like Javascript and Python.
    • +
  • HTML can be matched with a small CSS file to permit rendering in any HTML5 browser.
    • +
+

In general, XML and JSON are suitable for encoding data, while TEXT is suited for terminal output and HTML is suited for display in a web browser (see Section 8).

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+3.1.1 
+Text Output +

+

Most traditional programs generate text output on standard output, with contents like:

+
+    36      ./src
+    40      ./bin
+    90      .
+

In this example (taken from du source code), the code to generate this data might look like:

+
+    printf("%d\t%s\n", num_blocks, path);
+

Simple, direct, obvious. But it's only making text output. Imagine using a single code path to make TEXT, XML, JSON or HTML, deciding at run time which to generate.

+

libxo expands on the idea of printf format strings to make a single format containing instructions for creating multiple output styles:

+
+    xo_emit("{:blocks/%d}\t{:path/%s}\n", num_blocks, path);
+

This line will generate the same text output as the earlier printf call, but also has enough information to generate XML, JSON, and HTML.

+

The following sections introduce the other formats.

+
+
+

+
+3.1.2 
+XML Output +

+

XML output consists of a hierarchical set of elements, each encoded with a start tag and an end tag. The element should be named for data value that it is encoding:

+
+    <item>
+      <blocks>36</blocks>
+      <path>./src</path>
+    </item>
+    <item>
+      <blocks>40</blocks>
+      <path>./bin</path>
+    </item>
+    <item>
+      <blocks>90</blocks>
+      <path>.</path>
+    </item>
+

XML is a W3C standard for encoding data. See w3c.org/TR/xml for additional information.

+
+
+

+
+3.1.3 
+JSON Output +

+

JSON output consists of a hierarchical set of objects and lists, each encoded with a quoted name, a colon, and a value. If the value is a string, it must be quoted, but numbers are not quoted. Objects are encoded using braces; lists are encoded using square brackets. Data inside objects and lists is separated using commas:

+
+    items: [
+        { "blocks": 36, "path" : "./src" },
+        { "blocks": 40, "path" : "./bin" },
+        { "blocks": 90, "path" : "./" }
+    ]
+
+
+

+
+3.1.4 
+HTML Output +

+

HTML output is designed to allow the output to be rendered in a web browser with minimal effort. Each piece of output data is rendered inside a <div> element, with a class name related to the role of the data. By using a small set of class attribute values, a CSS stylesheet can render the HTML into rich text that mirrors the traditional text content.

+

Additional attributes can be enabled to provide more details about the data, including data type, description, and an XPath location.

+
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="data" data-tag="blocks">36</div>
+      <div class="padding">      </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="path">./src</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="data" data-tag="blocks">40</div>
+      <div class="padding">      </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="path">./bin</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="data" data-tag="blocks">90</div>
+      <div class="padding">      </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="path">./</div>
+    </div>
+
+
+
+

+
+3.2 
+Format Strings +

+

libxo uses format strings to control the rendering of data into the various output styles. Each format string contains a set of zero or more field descriptions, which describe independent data fields. Each field description contains a set of modifiers, a content string, and zero, one, or two format descriptors. The modifiers tell libxo what the field is and how to treat it, while the format descriptors are formatting instructions using printf-style format strings, telling libxo how to format the field. The field description is placed inside a set of braces, with a colon (":") after the modifiers and a slash ("/") before each format descriptors. Text may be intermixed with field descriptions within the format string.

+

The field description is given as follows:

+
+    '{' [ role | modifier ]* [',' long-names ]* ':' [ content ]
+            [ '/' field-format [ '/' encoding-format ]] '}'
+

The role describes the function of the field, while the modifiers enable optional behaviors. The contents, field-format, and encoding-format are used in varying ways, based on the role. These are described in the following sections.

+

In the following example, three field descriptors appear. The first is a padding field containing three spaces of padding, the second is a label ("In stock"), and the third is a value field ("in‑stock"). The in-stock field has a "%u" format that will parse the next argument passed to the xo_emit function as an unsigned integer.

+
+    xo_emit("{P:   }{Lwc:In stock}{:in-stock/%u}\n", 65);
+

This single line of code can generate text (" In stock: 65\n"), XML ("<in‑stock>65</in‑stock>"), JSON ('"in‑stock": 6'), or HTML (too lengthy to be listed here).

+

While roles and modifiers typically use single character for brevity, there are alternative names for each which allow more verbose formatting strings. These names must be preceded by a comma, and may follow any single-character values:

+
+    xo_emit("{L,white,colon:In stock}{,key:in-stock/%u}\n", 65);
+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+3.2.1 
+Field Roles +

+

Field roles are optional, and indicate the role and formatting of the content. The roles are listed below; only one role is permitted:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
RNameDescription
CcolorField has color and effect controls
DdecorationField is non-text (e.g., colon, comma)
EerrorField is an error message
GgettextCall gettext(3) on the format string
LlabelField is text that prefixes a value
NnoteField is text that follows a value
PpaddingField is spaces needed for vertical alignment
TtitleField is a title value for headings
UunitsField is the units for the previous value field
VvalueField is the name of field (the default)
WwarningField is a warning message
[start-anchorBegin a section of anchored variable-width text
]stop-anchorEnd a section of anchored variable-width text
+
+    EXAMPLE:
+        xo_emit("{L:Free}{D::}{P:   }{:free/%u} {U:Blocks}\n",
+                free_blocks);
+

When a role is not provided, the "value" role is used as the default.

+

Roles and modifiers can also use more verbose names, when preceded by a comma:

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+        xo_emit("{,label:Free}{,decoration::}{,padding:   }"
+                "{,value:free/%u} {,units:Blocks}\n",
+                free_blocks);
+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+3.2.1.1 
+The Color Role ({C:}) +

+

Colors and effects control how text values are displayed; they are used for display styles (TEXT and HTML).

+
+    xo_emit("{C:bold}{:value}{C:no-bold}\n", value);
+

Colors and effects remain in effect until modified by other "C"-role fields.

+
+    xo_emit("{C:bold}{C:inverse}both{C:no-bold}only inverse\n");
+

If the content is empty, the "reset" action is performed.

+
+    xo_emit("{C:both,underline}{:value}{C:}\n", value);
+

The content should be a comma-separated list of zero or more colors or display effects.

+
+    xo_emit("{C:bold,inverse}Ugly{C:no-bold,no-inverse}\n");
+

The color content can be either static, when placed directly within the field descriptor, or a printf-style format descriptor can be used, if preceded by a slash ("/"):

+
+   xo_emit("{C:/%s%s}{:value}{C:}", need_bold ? "bold" : "",
+           need_underline ? "underline" : "", value);
+

Color names are prefixed with either "fg‑" or "bg‑" to change the foreground and background colors, respectively.

+
+    xo_emit("{C:/fg-%s,bg-%s}{Lwc:Cost}{:cost/%u}{C:reset}\n",
+            fg_color, bg_color, cost);
+

The following table lists the supported effects:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
NameDescription
bg-XXXXXChange background color
boldStart bold text effect
fg-XXXXXChange foreground color
inverseStart inverse (aka reverse) text effect
no-boldStop bold text effect
no-inverseStop inverse (aka reverse) text effect
no-underlineStop underline text effect
normalReset effects (only)
resetReset colors and effects (restore defaults)
underlineStart underline text effect
+

The following color names are supported:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
NameDescription
black
blue
cyan
defaultDefault color for foreground or background
green
magenta
red
white
yellow
+

When using colors, the developer should remember that users will change the foreground and background colors of terminal session according to their own tastes, so assuming that "blue" looks nice is never safe, and is a constant annoyance to your dear author. In addition, a significant percentage of users (1 in 12) will be color blind. Depending on color to convey critical information is not a good idea. Color should enhance output, but should not be used as the sole means of encoding information.

+
+
+

+
+3.2.1.2 
+The Decoration Role ({D:}) +

+

Decorations are typically punctuation marks such as colons, semi-colons, and commas used to decorate the text and make it simpler for human readers. By marking these distinctly, HTML usage scenarios can use CSS to direct their display parameters.

+
+    xo_emit("{D:((}{:name}{D:))}\n", name);
+
+
+

+
+3.2.1.3 
+The Gettext Role ({G:}) +

+

libxo supports internationalization (i18n) through its use of gettext(3). Use the "{G:}" role to request that the remaining part of the format string, following the "{G:}" field, be handled using gettext().

+

Since gettext() uses the string as the key into the message catalog, libxo uses a simplified version of the format string that removes unimportant field formatting and modifiers, stopping minor formatting changes from impacting the expensive translation process. A developer change such as changing "/%06d" to "/%08d" should not force hand inspection of all .po files.

+

The simplified version can be generated for a single message using the "xopo -s <text>" command, or an entire .pot can be translated using the "xopo -f <input> -o <output>" command.

+
+   xo_emit("{G:}Invalid token\n");
+

The {G:} role allows a domain name to be set. gettext calls will continue to use that domain name until the current format string processing is complete, enabling a library function to emit strings using it's own catalog. The domain name can be either static as the content of the field, or a format can be used to get the domain name from the arguments.

+
+   xo_emit("{G:libc}Service unavailable in restricted mode\n");
+

See Section 11.5 for additional details.

+
+
+

+
+3.2.1.4 
+The Label Role ({L:}) +

+

Labels are text that appears before a value.

+
+    xo_emit("{Lwc:Cost}{:cost/%u}\n", cost);
+
+
+

+
+3.2.1.5 
+The Note Role ({N:}) +

+

Notes are text that appears after a value.

+
+    xo_emit("{:cost/%u} {N:per year}\n", cost);
+
+
+

+
+3.2.1.6 
+The Padding Role ({P:}) +

+

Padding represents whitespace used before and between fields.

+

The padding content can be either static, when placed directly within the field descriptor, or a printf-style format descriptor can be used, if preceded by a slash ("/"):

+
+    xo_emit("{P:        }{Lwc:Cost}{:cost/%u}\n", cost);
+    xo_emit("{P:/%30s}{Lwc:Cost}{:cost/%u}\n", "", cost);
+
+
+

+
+3.2.1.7 
+The Title Role ({T:}) +

+

Title are heading or column headers that are meant to be displayed to the user. The title can be either static, when placed directly within the field descriptor, or a printf-style format descriptor can be used, if preceded by a slash ("/"):

+
+    xo_emit("{T:Interface Statistics}\n");
+    xo_emit("{T:/%20.20s}{T:/%6.6s}\n", "Item Name", "Cost");
+

Title fields have an extra convenience feature; if both content and format are specified, instead of looking to the argument list for a value, the content is used, allowing a mixture of format and content within the field descriptor:

+
+    xo_emit("{T:Name/%20s}{T:Count/%6s}\n");
+

Since the incoming argument is a string, the format must be "%s" or something suitable.

+
+
+

+
+3.2.1.8 
+The Units Role ({U:}) +

+

Units are the dimension by which values are measured, such as degrees, miles, bytes, and decibels. The units field carries this information for the previous value field.

+
+    xo_emit("{Lwc:Distance}{:distance/%u}{Uw:miles}\n", miles);
+

Note that the sense of the 'w' modifier is reversed for units; a blank is added before the contents, rather than after it.

+

When the XOF_UNITS flag is set, units are rendered in XML as the "units" attribute:

+
+    <distance units="miles">50</distance>
+

Units can also be rendered in HTML as the "data‑units" attribute:

+
+    <div class="data" data-tag="distance" data-units="miles"
+         data-xpath="/top/data/distance">50</div>
+
+
+

+
+3.2.1.9 
+The Value Role ({V:} and {:}) +

+

The value role is used to represent the a data value that is interesting for the non-display output styles (XML and JSON). Value is the default role; if no other role designation is given, the field is a value. The field name must appear within the field descriptor, followed by one or two format descriptors. The first format descriptor is used for display styles (TEXT and HTML), while the second one is used for encoding styles (XML and JSON). If no second format is given, the encoding format defaults to the first format, with any minimum width removed. If no first format is given, both format descriptors default to "%s".

+
+    xo_emit("{:length/%02u}x{:width/%02u}x{:height/%02u}\n",
+            length, width, height);
+    xo_emit("{:author} wrote \"{:poem}\" in {:year/%4d}\n,
+            author, poem, year);
+
+
+

+
+3.2.1.10 
+The Anchor Roles ({[:} and {]:}) +

+

The anchor roles allow a set of strings by be padded as a group, but still be visible to xo_emit as distinct fields. Either the start or stop anchor can give a field width and it can be either directly in the descriptor or passed as an argument. Any fields between the start and stop anchor are padded to meet the minimum width given.

+

To give a width directly, encode it as the content of the anchor tag:

+
+    xo_emit("({[:10}{:min/%d}/{:max/%d}{]:})\n", min, max);
+

To pass a width as an argument, use "%d" as the format, which must appear after the "/". Note that only "%d" is supported for widths. Using any other value could ruin your day.

+
+    xo_emit("({[:/%d}{:min/%d}/{:max/%d}{]:})\n", width, min, max);
+

If the width is negative, padding will be added on the right, suitable for left justification. Otherwise the padding will be added to the left of the fields between the start and stop anchors, suitable for right justification. If the width is zero, nothing happens. If the number of columns of output between the start and stop anchors is less than the absolute value of the given width, nothing happens.

+

Widths over 8k are considered probable errors and not supported. If XOF_WARN is set, a warning will be generated.

+
+
+
+

+
+3.2.2 
+Field Modifiers +

+

Field modifiers are flags which modify the way content emitted for particular output styles:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
MNameDescription
aargumentThe content appears as a 'const char *' argument
ccolonA colon (":") is appended after the label
ddisplayOnly emit field for display styles (text/HTML)
eencodingOnly emit for encoding styles (XML/JSON)
ggettextCall gettext on field's render content
hhumanize (hn)Format large numbers in human-readable style
hn-spaceHumanize: Place space between numeric and unit
hn-decimalHumanize: Add a decimal digit, if number < 10
hn-1000Humanize: Use 1000 as divisor instead of 1024
kkeyField is a key, suitable for XPath predicates
lleaf-listField is a leaf-list
nno-quotesDo not quote the field when using JSON style
ppluralGettext: Use comma-separated plural form
qquotesQuote the field when using JSON style
ttrimTrim leading and trailing whitespace
wwhiteA blank (" ") is appended after the label
+

Roles and modifiers can also use more verbose names, when preceded by a comma. For example, the modifier string "Lwc" (or "L,white,colon") means the field has a label role (text that describes the next field) and should be followed by a colon ('c') and a space ('w'). The modifier string "Vkq" (or ":key,quote") means the field has a value role (the default role), that it is a key for the current instance, and that the value should be quoted when encoded for JSON.

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+3.2.2.1 
+The Argument Modifier ({a:}) +

+

The argument modifier indicates that the content of the field descriptor will be placed as a UTF-8 string (const char *) argument within the xo_emit parameters.

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+      xo_emit("{La:} {a:}\n", "Label text", "label", "value");
+    TEXT:
+      Label text value
+    JSON:
+      "label": "value"
+    XML:
+      <label>value</label>
+

The argument modifier allows field names for value fields to be passed on the stack, avoiding the need to build a field descriptor using snprintf. For many field roles, the argument modifier is not needed, since those roles have specific mechanisms for arguments, such as "{C:fg‑%s}".

+
+
+

+
+3.2.2.2 
+The Colon Modifier ({c:}) +

+

The colon modifier appends a single colon to the data value:

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+      xo_emit("{Lc:Name}{:name}\n", "phil");
+    TEXT:
+      Name:phil
+

The colon modifier is only used for the TEXT and HTML output styles. It is commonly combined with the space modifier ('{w:}'). It is purely a convenience feature.

+
+
+

+
+3.2.2.3 
+The Display Modifier ({d:}) +

+

The display modifier indicated the field should only be generated for the display output styles, TEXT and HTML.

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+      xo_emit("{Lcw:Name}{d:name} {:id/%d}\n", "phil", 1);
+    TEXT:
+      Name: phil 1
+    XML:
+      <id>1</id>
+

The display modifier is the opposite of the encoding modifier, and they are often used to give to distinct views of the underlying data.

+
+
+

+
+3.2.2.4 
+The Encoding Modifier ({e:}) +

+

The display modifier indicated the field should only be generated for the display output styles, TEXT and HTML.

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+      xo_emit("{Lcw:Name}{:name} {e:id/%d}\n", "phil", 1);
+    TEXT:
+      Name: phil
+    XML:
+      <name>phil</name><id>1</id>
+

The encoding modifier is the opposite of the display modifier, and they are often used to give to distinct views of the underlying data.

+
+
+

+
+3.2.2.5 
+The Gettext Modifier ({g:}) +

+

The gettext modifier is used to translate individual fields using the gettext domain (typically set using the "{G:}" role) and current language settings. Once libxo renders the field value, it is passed to gettext(3), where it is used as a key to find the native language translation.

+

In the following example, the strings "State" and "full" are passed to gettext() to find locale-based translated strings.

+
+    xo_emit("{Lgwc:State}{g:state}\n", "full");
+

See Section 3.2.1.3, Section 3.2.2.10, and Section 11.5 for additional details.

+
+
+

+
+3.2.2.6 
+The Humanize Modifier ({h:}) +

+

The humanize modifier is used to render large numbers as in a human-readable format. While numbers like "44470272" are completely readable to computers and savants, humans will generally find "44M" more meaningful.

+

"hn" can be used as an alias for "humanize".

+

The humanize modifier only affects display styles (TEXT and HMTL). The "no‑humanize" option (See Section 4) will block the function of the humanize modifier.

+

There are a number of modifiers that affect details of humanization. These are only available in as full names, not single characters. The "hn‑space" modifier places a space between the number and any multiplier symbol, such as "M" or "K" (ex: "44 K"). The "hn‑decimal" modifier will add a decimal point and a single tenths digit when the number is less than 10 (ex: "4.4K"). The "hn‑1000" modifier will use 1000 as divisor instead of 1024, following the JEDEC-standard instead of the more natural binary powers-of-two tradition.

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+        xo_emit("{h:input/%u}, {h,hn-space:output/%u}, "
+            "{h,hn-decimal:errors/%u}, {h,hn-1000:capacity/%u}, "
+            "{h,hn-decimal:remaining/%u}\n",
+            input, output, errors, capacity, remaining);
+    TEXT:
+        21, 57 K, 96M, 44M, 1.2G
+

In the HTML style, the original numeric value is rendered in the "data‑number" attribute on the <div> element:

+
+    <div class="data" data-tag="errors"
+         data-number="100663296">96M</div>
+
+
+

+
+3.2.2.7 
+The Key Modifier ({k:}) +

+

The key modifier is used to indicate that a particular field helps uniquely identify an instance of list data.

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+        xo_open_list("user");
+        for (i = 0; i < num_users; i++) {
+            xo_open_instance("user");
+            xo_emit("User {k:name} has {:count} tickets\n",
+               user[i].u_name, user[i].u_tickets);
+            xo_close_instance("user");
+        }
+        xo_close_list("user");
+

Currently the key modifier is only used when generating XPath value for the HTML output style when XOF_XPATH is set, but other uses are likely in the near future.

+
+
+

+
+3.2.2.8 
+The Leaf-List Modifier ({l:}) +

+

The leaf-list modifier is used to distinguish lists where each instance consists of only a single value. In XML, these are rendered as single elements, where JSON renders them as arrays.

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+        for (i = 0; i < num_users; i++) {
+            xo_emit("Member {l:user}\n", user[i].u_name);
+        }
+    XML:
+        <user>phil</user>
+        <user>pallavi</user>
+    JSON:
+        "user": [ "phil", "pallavi" ]
+

The name of the field must match the name of the leaf list.

+
+
+

+
+3.2.2.9 
+The No-Quotes Modifier ({n:}) +

+

The no-quotes modifier (and its twin, the 'quotes' modifier) affect the quoting of values in the JSON output style. JSON uses quotes for string value, but no quotes for numeric, boolean, and null data. xo_emit applies a simple heuristic to determine whether quotes are needed, but often this needs to be controlled by the caller.

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+      const char *bool = is_true ? "true" : "false";
+      xo_emit("{n:fancy/%s}", bool);
+    JSON:
+      "fancy": true
+
+
+

+
+3.2.2.10 
+The Plural Modifier ({p:}) +

+

The plural modifier selects the appropriate plural form of an expression based on the most recent number emitted and the current language settings. The contents of the field should be the singular and plural English values, separated by a comma:

+
+    xo_emit("{:bytes} {Ngp:byte,bytes}\n", bytes);
+

The plural modifier is meant to work with the gettext modifier ({g:}) but can work independently. See Section 3.2.2.5.

+

When used without the gettext modifier or when the message does not appear in the message catalog, the first token is chosen when the last numeric value is equal to 1; otherwise the second value is used, mimicking the simple pluralization rules of English.

+

When used with the gettext modifier, the ngettext(3) function is called to handle the heavy lifting, using the message catalog to convert the singular and plural forms into the native language.

+
+
+

+
+3.2.2.11 
+The Quotes Modifier ({q:}) +

+

The quotes modifier (and its twin, the 'no‑quotes' modifier) affect the quoting of values in the JSON output style. JSON uses quotes for string value, but no quotes for numeric, boolean, and null data. xo_emit applies a simple heuristic to determine whether quotes are needed, but often this needs to be controlled by the caller.

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+      xo_emit("{q:time/%d}", 2014);
+    JSON:
+      "year": "2014"
+

The heuristic is based on the format; if the format uses any of the following conversion specifiers, then no quotes are used:

+
+    d i o u x X D O U e E f F g G a A c C p
+
+
+

+
+3.2.2.12 
+The Trim Modifier ({t:}) +

+

The trim modifier removes any leading or trailing whitespace from the value.

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+      xo_emit("{t:description}", "   some  input   ");
+    JSON:
+      "description": "some input"
+
+
+

+
+3.2.2.13 
+The White Space Modifier ({w:}) +

+

The white space modifier appends a single space to the data value:

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+      xo_emit("{Lw:Name}{:name}\n", "phil");
+    TEXT:
+      Name phil
+

The white space modifier is only used for the TEXT and HTML output styles. It is commonly combined with the colon modifier ('{c:}'). It is purely a convenience feature.

+

Note that the sense of the 'w' modifier is reversed for the units role ({Uw:}); a blank is added before the contents, rather than after it.

+
+
+
+

+
+3.2.3 
+Field Formatting +

+

The field format is similar to the format string for printf(3). Its use varies based on the role of the field, but generally is used to format the field's contents.

+

If the format string is not provided for a value field, it defaults to "%s".

+

Note a field definition can contain zero or more printf-style 'directives', which are sequences that start with a '%' and end with one of following characters: "diouxXDOUeEfFgGaAcCsSp". Each directive is matched by one of more arguments to the xo_emit function.

+

The format string has the form:

+
+  '%' format-modifier * format-character
+

The format- modifier can be:

+

+
    +
  • a '#' character, indicating the output value should be prefixed with '0x', typically to indicate a base 16 (hex) value.
    • +
  • a minus sign ('‑'), indicating the output value should be padded on the right instead of the left.
    • +
  • a leading zero ('0') indicating the output value should be padded on the left with zeroes instead of spaces (' ').
    • +
  • one or more digits ('0' - '9') indicating the minimum width of the argument. If the width in columns of the output value is less than the minimum width, the value will be padded to reach the minimum.
    • +
  • a period followed by one or more digits indicating the maximum number of bytes which will be examined for a string argument, or the maximum width for a non-string argument. When handling ASCII strings this functions as the field width but for multi-byte characters, a single character may be composed of multiple bytes. xo_emit will never dereference memory beyond the given number of bytes.
    • +
  • a second period followed by one or more digits indicating the maximum width for a string argument. This modifier cannot be given for non-string arguments.
    • +
  • one or more 'h' characters, indicating shorter input data.
    • +
  • one or more 'l' characters, indicating longer input data.
    • +
  • a 'z' character, indicating a 'size_t' argument.
    • +
  • a 't' character, indicating a 'ptrdiff_t' argument.
    • +
  • a ' ' character, indicating a space should be emitted before positive numbers.
    • +
  • a '+' character, indicating sign should emitted before any number.
    • +
+

Note that 'q', 'D', 'O', and 'U' are considered deprecated and will be removed eventually.

+

The format character is described in the following table:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
LtrArgument TypeFormat
dintbase 10 (decimal)
iintbase 10 (decimal)
ointbase 8 (octal)
uunsignedbase 10 (decimal)
xunsignedbase 16 (hex)
Xunsigned longbase 16 (hex)
Dlongbase 10 (decimal)
Ounsigned longbase 8 (octal)
Uunsigned longbase 10 (decimal)
edouble[-]d.ddde+-dd
Edouble[-]d.dddE+-dd
fdouble[-]ddd.ddd
Fdouble[-]ddd.ddd
gdoubleas 'e' or 'f'
Gdoubleas 'E' or 'F'
adouble[-]0xh.hhhp[+-]d
Adouble[-]0Xh.hhhp[+-]d
cunsigned chara character
Cwint_ta character
schar *a UTF-8 string
Swchar_t *a unicode/WCS string
pvoid *'%#lx'
+

The 'h' and 'l' modifiers affect the size and treatment of the argument:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Modd, io, u, x, X
hhsigned charunsigned char
hshortunsigned short
llongunsigned long
lllong longunsigned long long
jintmax_tuintmax_t
tptrdiff_tptrdiff_t
zsize_tsize_t
qquad_tu_quad_t
+
+
+

+
+3.2.4 
+UTF-8 and Locale Strings +

+

For strings, the 'h' and 'l' modifiers affect the interpretation of the bytes pointed to argument. The default '%s' string is a 'char *' pointer to a string encoded as UTF-8. Since UTF-8 is compatible with ASCII data, a normal 7-bit ASCII string can be used. '%ls' expects a 'wchar_t *' pointer to a wide-character string, encoded as a 32-bit Unicode values. '%hs' expects a 'char *' pointer to a multi-byte string encoded with the current locale, as given by the LC_CTYPE, LANG, or LC_ALL environment varibles. The first of this list of variables is used and if none of the variables are set, the locale defaults to "UTF‑8".

+

libxo will convert these arguments as needed to either UTF-8 (for XML, JSON, and HTML styles) or locale-based strings for display in text style.

+
+   xo_emit("All strings are utf-8 content {:tag/%ls}",
+           L"except for wide strings");
+

"%S" is equivalent to "%ls".

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
FormatArgument TypeArgument Contents
%sconst char *UTF-8 string
%Sconst char *UTF-8 string (alias for '%s')
%lsconst wchar_t *Wide character UNICODE string
%hsconst char *locale-based string
+

For example, a function is passed a locale-base name, a hat size, and a time value. The hat size is formatted in a UTF-8 (ASCII) string, and the time value is formatted into a wchar_t string.

+
+    void print_order (const char *name, int size,
+                      struct tm *timep) {
+        char buf[32];
+        const char *size_val = "unknown";
+
+        if (size > 0)
+            snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", size);
+            size_val = buf;
+        }
+
+        wchar_t when[32];
+        wcsftime(when, sizeof(when), L"%d%b%y", timep);
+
+        xo_emit("The hat for {:name/%hs} is {:size/%s}.\n",
+                name, size_val);
+        xo_emit("It was ordered on {:order-time/%ls}.\n",
+                when);
+    }
+

It is important to note that xo_emit will perform the conversion required to make appropriate output. Text style output uses the current locale (as described above), while XML, JSON, and HTML use UTF-8.

+

UTF-8 and locale-encoded strings can use multiple bytes to encode one column of data. The traditional "precision'" (aka "max‑width") value for "%s" printf formatting becomes overloaded since it specifies both the number of bytes that can be safely referenced and the maximum number of columns to emit. xo_emit uses the precision as the former, and adds a third value for specifying the maximum number of columns.

+

In this example, the name field is printed with a minimum of 3 columns and a maximum of 6. Up to ten bytes of data at the location given by 'name' are in used in filling those columns.

+
+    xo_emit("{:name/%3.10.6s}", name);
+
+
+

+
+3.2.5 
+Characters Outside of Field Definitions +

+

Characters in the format string that are not part of a field definition are copied to the output for the TEXT style, and are ignored for the JSON and XML styles. For HTML, these characters are placed in a <div> with class "text".

+
+  EXAMPLE:
+      xo_emit("The hat is {:size/%s}.\n", size_val);
+  TEXT:
+      The hat is extra small.
+  XML:
+      <size>extra small</size>
+  JSON:
+      "size": "extra small"
+  HTML:
+      <div class="text">The hat is </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="size">extra small</div>
+      <div class="text">.</div>
+
+
+

+
+3.2.6 
+"%m" Is Supported +

+

libxo supports the '%m' directive, which formats the error message associated with the current value of "errno". It is the equivalent of "%s" with the argument strerror(errno).

+
+    xo_emit("{:filename} cannot be opened: {:error/%m}", filename);
+    xo_emit("{:filename} cannot be opened: {:error/%s}",
+            filename, strerror(errno));
+
+
+

+
+3.2.7 
+"%n" Is Not Supported +

+

libxo does not support the '%n' directive. It's a bad idea and we just don't do it.

+
+
+

+
+3.2.8 
+The Encoding Format (eformat) +

+

The "eformat" string is the format string used when encoding the field for JSON and XML. If not provided, it defaults to the primary format with any minimum width removed. If the primary is not given, both default to "%s".

+
+
+

+
+3.2.9 
+Content Strings +

+

For padding and labels, the content string is considered the content, unless a format is given.

+
+
+

+
+3.2.10 
+Argument Validation +

+

Many compilers and tool chains support validation of printf-like arguments. When the format string fails to match the argument list, a warning is generated. This is a valuable feature and while the formatting strings for libxo differ considerably from printf, many of these checks can still provide build-time protection against bugs.

+

libxo provide variants of functions that provide this ability, if the "‑‑enable‑printflike" option is passed to the "configure" script. These functions use the "_p" suffix, like "xo_emit_p()", xo_emit_hp()", etc.

+

The following are features of libxo formatting strings that are incompatible with printf-like testing:

+

+
    +
  • implicit formats, where "{:tag}" has an implicit "%s";
    • +
  • the "max" parameter for strings, where "{:tag/%4.10.6s}" means up to ten bytes of data can be inspected to fill a minimum of 4 columns and a maximum of 6;
    • +
  • percent signs in strings, where "{:filled}%" makes a single, trailing percent sign;
    • +
  • the "l" and "h" modifiers for strings, where "{:tag/%hs}" means locale-based string and "{:tag/%ls}" means a wide character string;
    • +
  • distinct encoding formats, where "{:tag/#%s/%s}" means the display styles (text and HTML) will use "#%s" where other styles use "%s";
    • +
+

If none of these features are in use by your code, then using the "_p" variants might be wise.

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Functionprintf-like Equivalent
xo_emit_hvxo_emit_hvp
xo_emit_hxo_emit_hp
xo_emitxo_emit_p
xo_emit_warn_hcvxo_emit_warn_hcvp
xo_emit_warn_hcxo_emit_warn_hcp
xo_emit_warn_cxo_emit_warn_cp
xo_emit_warnxo_emit_warn_p
xo_emit_warnx_xo_emit_warnx_p
xo_emit_errxo_emit_err_p
xo_emit_errxxo_emit_errx_p
xo_emit_errcxo_emit_errc_p
+
+
+

+
+3.2.11 
+Retaining Parsed Format Information +

+

libxo can retain the parsed internal information related to the given format string, allowing subsequent xo_emit calls, the retained information is used, avoiding repetitive parsing of the format string.

+
+    SYNTAX:
+      int xo_emit_f(xo_emit_flags_t flags, const char fmt, ...);
+    EXAMPLE:
+      xo_emit_f(XOEF_RETAIN, "{:some/%02d}{:thing/%-6s}{:fancy}\n",
+                     some, thing, fancy);
+

To retain parsed format information, use the XOEF_RETAIN flag to the xo_emit_f() function. A complete set of xo_emit_f functions exist to match all the xo_emit function signatures (with handles, varadic argument, and printf-like flags):

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
FunctionFlags Equivalent
xo_emit_hvxo_emit_hvf
xo_emit_hxo_emit_hf
xo_emitxo_emit_f
xo_emit_hvpxo_emit_hvfp
xo_emit_hpxo_emit_hfp
xo_emit_pxo_emit_fp
+

The format string must be immutable across multiple calls to xo_emit_f(), since the library retains the string. Typically this is done by using static constant strings, such as string literals. If the string is not immutable, the XOEF_RETAIN flag must not be used.

+

The functions xo_retain_clear() and xo_retain_clear_all() release internal information on either a single format string or all format strings, respectively. Neither is required, but the library will retain this information until it is cleared or the process exits.

+
+    const char *fmt = "{:name}  {:count/%d}\n";
+    for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
+        xo_open_instance("item");
+        xo_emit_f(XOEF_RETAIN, fmt, name[i], count[i]);
+    }
+    xo_retain_clear(fmt);
+

The retained information is kept as thread-specific data.

+
+
+

+
+3.2.12 
+Example +

+

In this example, the value for the number of items in stock is emitted:

+
+        xo_emit("{P:   }{Lwc:In stock}{:in-stock/%u}\n",
+                instock);
+

This call will generate the following output:

+
+  TEXT: 
+       In stock: 144
+  XML:
+      <in-stock>144</in-stock>
+  JSON:
+      "in-stock": 144,
+  HTML:
+      <div class="line">
+        <div class="padding">   </div>
+        <div class="label">In stock</div>
+        <div class="decoration">:</div>
+        <div class="padding"> </div>
+        <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock">144</div>
+      </div>
+

Clearly HTML wins the verbosity award, and this output does not include XOF_XPATH or XOF_INFO data, which would expand the penultimate line to:

+
+       <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock"
+          data-xpath="/top/data/item/in-stock"
+          data-type="number"
+          data-help="Number of items in stock">144</div>
+
+
+
+

+
+3.3 
+Representing Hierarchy +

+

For XML and JSON, individual fields appear inside hierarchies which provide context and meaning to the fields. Unfortunately, these encoding have a basic disconnect between how lists is similar objects are represented.

+

XML encodes lists as set of sequential elements:

+
+    <user>phil</user>
+    <user>pallavi</user>
+    <user>sjg</user>
+

JSON encodes lists using a single name and square brackets:

+
+    "user": [ "phil", "pallavi", "sjg" ]
+

This means libxo needs three distinct indications of hierarchy: one for containers of hierarchy appear only once for any specific parent, one for lists, and one for each item in a list.

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+3.3.1 
+Containers +

+

A "container" is an element of a hierarchy that appears only once under any specific parent. The container has no value, but serves to contain other nodes.

+

To open a container, call xo_open_container() or xo_open_container_h(). The former uses the default handle and the latter accepts a specific handle.

+
+    int xo_open_container_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name);
+    int xo_open_container (const char *name);
+

To close a level, use the xo_close_container() or xo_close_container_h() functions:

+
+    int xo_close_container_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name);
+    int xo_close_container (const char *name);
+

Each open call must have a matching close call. If the XOF_WARN flag is set and the name given does not match the name of the currently open container, a warning will be generated.

+
+    Example:
+
+        xo_open_container("top");
+        xo_open_container("system");
+        xo_emit("{:host-name/%s%s%s", hostname,
+                domainname ? "." : "", domainname ?: "");
+        xo_close_container("system");
+        xo_close_container("top");
+
+    Sample Output:
+      Text:
+        my-host.example.org
+      XML:
+        <top>
+          <system>
+              <host-name>my-host.example.org</host-name>
+          </system>
+        </top>
+      JSON:
+        "top" : {
+          "system" : {
+              "host-name": "my-host.example.org"
+          }
+        }
+      HTML:
+        <div class="data"
+             data-tag="host-name">my-host.example.org</div>
+
+
+

+
+3.3.2 
+Lists and Instances +

+

A list is set of one or more instances that appear under the same parent. The instances contain details about a specific object. One can think of instances as objects or records. A call is needed to open and close the list, while a distinct call is needed to open and close each instance of the list:

+
+    xo_open_list("item");
+
+    for (ip = list; ip->i_title; ip++) {
+        xo_open_instance("item");
+        xo_emit("{L:Item} '{:name/%s}':\n", ip->i_title);
+        xo_close_instance("item");
+    }
+
+    xo_close_list("item");
+

Getting the list and instance calls correct is critical to the proper generation of XML and JSON data.

+
+
+

+
+3.3.3 
+DTRT Mode +

+

Some users may find tracking the names of open containers, lists, and instances inconvenient. libxo offers a "Do The Right Thing" mode, where libxo will track the names of open containers, lists, and instances so the close function can be called without a name. To enable DTRT mode, turn on the XOF_DTRT flag prior to making any other libxo output.

+
+    xo_set_flags(NULL, XOF_DTRT);
+

Each open and close function has a version with the suffix "_d", which will close the open container, list, or instance:

+
+    xo_open_container("top");
+    ...
+    xo_close_container_d();
+

This also works for lists and instances:

+
+    xo_open_list("item");
+    for (...) {
+        xo_open_instance("item");
+        xo_emit(...);
+        xo_close_instance_d();
+    }
+    xo_close_list_d();
+

Note that the XOF_WARN flag will also cause libxo to track open containers, lists, and instances. A warning is generated when the name given to the close function and the name recorded do not match.

+
+
+

+
+3.3.4 
+Markers +

+

Markers are used to protect and restore the state of open constructs. While a marker is open, no other open constructs can be closed. When a marker is closed, all constructs open since the marker was opened will be closed.

+

Markers use names which are not user-visible, allowing the caller to choose appropriate internal names.

+

In this example, the code whiffles through a list of fish, calling a function to emit details about each fish. The marker "fish‑guts" is used to ensure that any constructs opened by the function are closed properly.

+
+    for (i = 0; fish[i]; i++) {
+        xo_open_instance("fish");
+        xo_open_marker("fish-guts");
+        dump_fish_details(i);
+        xo_close_marker("fish-guts");
+    }
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+4_ 
+Command-line Arguments +

+

libxo uses command line options to trigger rendering behavior. The following options are recognised:

+

+
    +
  • --libxo <options>
    • +
  • --libxo=<options>
    • +
  • --libxo:<brief‑options>
    • +
+

The following invocations are all identical in outcome:

+
+  my-app --libxo warn,pretty arg1
+  my-app --libxo=warn,pretty arg1
+  my-app --libxo:WP arg1
+

Programs using libxo are expecting to call the xo_parse_args function to parse these arguments. See Section 5.4.1 for details.

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+4.1 
+Option keywords +

+

Options is a comma-separated list of tokens that correspond to output styles, flags, or features:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
TokenAction
colorEnable colors/effects for display styles (TEXT, HTML)
colors=xxxxAdjust color output values
dtrtEnable "Do The Right Thing" mode
flushFlush after every libxo function call
flush-lineFlush after every line (line-buffered)
htmlEmit HTML output
indent=xxSet the indentation level
infoAdd info attributes (HTML)
jsonEmit JSON output
keysEmit the key attribute for keys (XML)
log-gettextLog (via stderr) each gettext(3) string lookup
log-syslogLog (via stderr) each syslog message (via xo_syslog)
no-humanizeIgnore the {h:} modifier (TEXT, HTML)
no-localeDo not initialize the locale setting
no-retainPrevent retaining formatting information
no-topDo not emit a top set of braces (JSON)
not-firstPretend the 1st output item was not 1st (JSON)
prettyEmit pretty-printed output
retainForce retaining formatting information
textEmit TEXT output
underscoresReplace XML-friendly "-"s with JSON friendly "_"s
unitsAdd the 'units' (XML) or 'data-units (HTML) attribute
warnEmit warnings when libxo detects bad calls
warn-xmlEmit warnings in XML
xmlEmit XML output
xpathAdd XPath expressions (HTML)
+

Most of these option are simple and direct, but some require additional details:

+

+
    +
  • "colors" is described in Section 4.3.
    • +
  • "flush‑line" performs line buffering, even when the output is not directed to a TTY device.
    • +
  • "info" generates additional data for HTML, encoded in attributes using names that state with "data‑".
    • +
  • "keys" adds a "key" attribute for XML output to indicate that a leaf is an identifier for the list member.
    • +
  • "no‑humanize"avoids "humanizing" numeric output (see humanize_number(3) for details).
    • +
  • "no‑locale" instructs libxo to avoid translating output to the current locale.
    • +
  • "no‑retain" disables the ability of libxo to internally retain "compiled" information about formatting strings.
    • +
  • "underscores" can be used with JSON output to change XML-friendly names with dashes into JSON-friendly name with underscores.
    • +
  • "warn" allows libxo to emit warnings on stderr when application code make incorrect calls.
    • +
  • "warn‑xml" causes those warnings to be placed in XML inside the output.
    • +
+
+
+

+
+4.2 
+Brief Options +

+

The brief options are simple single-letter aliases to the normal keywords, as detailed below:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
OptionAction
cEnable color/effects for TEXT/HTML
FForce line-buffered flushing
HEnable HTML output (XO_STYLE_HTML)
IEnable info output (XOF_INFO)
i<num>Indent by <number>
JEnable JSON output (XO_STYLE_JSON)
kAdd keys to XPATH expressions in HTML
nDisable humanization (TEXT, HTML)
PEnable pretty-printed output (XOF_PRETTY)
TEnable text output (XO_STYLE_TEXT)
UAdd units to HTML output
uChange "-"s to "_"s in element names (JSON)
WEnable warnings (XOF_WARN)
XEnable XML output (XO_STYLE_XML)
xEnable XPath data (XOF_XPATH)
+
+
+

+
+4.3 
+Color Mapping +

+

The "colors" option takes a value that is a set of mappings from the pre-defined set of colors to new foreground and background colors. The value is a series of "fg/bg" values, separated by a "+". Each pair of "fg/bg" values gives the colors to which a basic color is mapped when used as a foreground or background color. The order is the mappings is:

+

+
    +
  • black
    • +
  • red
    • +
  • green
    • +
  • yellow
    • +
  • blue
    • +
  • magenta
    • +
  • cyan
    • +
  • white
    • +
+

Pairs may be skipped, leaving them mapped as normal, as are missing pairs or single colors.

+

For example consider the following xo_emit call:

+
+    xo_emit("{C:fg-red,bg-green}Merry XMas!!{C:}\n");
+

To turn all colored output to red-on-blue, use eight pairs of "red/blue" mappings separated by "+"s:

+
+    --libxo colors=red/blue+red/blue+red/blue+red/blue+\
+                   red/blue+red/blue+red/blue+red/blue
+

To turn the red-on-green text to magenta-on-cyan, give a "magenta" foreground value for red (the second mapping) and a "cyan" background to green (the third mapping):

+
+    --libxo colors=+magenta+/cyan
+

Consider the common situation where blue output looks unreadable on a terminal session with a black background. To turn both "blue" foreground and background output to "yellow", give only the fifth mapping, skipping the first four mappings with bare "+"s:

+
+    --libxo colors=++++yellow/yellow
+
+
+
+
+

+
+5_ 
+The libxo API +

+

This section gives details about the functions in libxo, how to call them, and the actions they perform.

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+5.1 
+Handles +

+

libxo uses "handles" to control its rendering functionality. The handle contains state and buffered data, as well as callback functions to process data.

+

Handles give an abstraction for libxo that encapsulates the state of a stream of output. Handles have the data type "xo_handle_t" and are opaque to the caller.

+

The library has a default handle that is automatically initialized. By default, this handle will send text style output (XO_STYLE_TEXT) to standard output. The xo_set_style and xo_set_flags functions can be used to change this behavior.

+

For the typical command that is generating output on standard output, there is no need to create an explicit handle, but they are available when needed, e.g., for daemons that generate multiple streams of output.

+

Many libxo functions take a handle as their first parameter; most that do not use the default handle. Any function taking a handle can be passed NULL to access the default handle. For the convenience of callers, the libxo library includes handle-less functions that implicitly use the default handle.

+

For example, the following are equivalent:

+
+    xo_emit("test");
+    xo_emit_h(NULL, "test");
+

Handles are created using xo_create() and destroy using xo_destroy().

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+5.1.1 
+xo_create +

+

A handle can be allocated using the xo_create() function:

+
+    xo_handle_t *xo_create (unsigned style, unsigned flags);
+
+  Example:
+    xo_handle_t *xop = xo_create(XO_STYLE_JSON, XOF_WARN);
+    ....
+    xo_emit_h(xop, "testing\n");
+

See also Section 5.1.5.1 and Section 5.1.6.1.

+
+
+

+
+5.1.2 
+xo_create_to_file +

+

By default, libxo writes output to standard output. A convenience function is provided for situations when output should be written to a different file:

+
+    xo_handle_t *xo_create_to_file (FILE *fp, unsigned style,
+                                    unsigned flags);
+

Use the XOF_CLOSE_FP flag to trigger a call to fclose() for the FILE pointer when the handle is destroyed.

+
+
+

+
+5.1.3 
+xo_set_writer +

+

The xo_set_writer function allows custom 'write' functions which can tailor how libxo writes data. An opaque argument is recorded and passed back to the write function, allowing the function to acquire context information. The 'close' function can release this opaque data and any other resources as needed. The flush function can flush buffered data associated with the opaque object.

+
+    void xo_set_writer (xo_handle_t *xop, void *opaque,
+                        xo_write_func_t write_func,
+                        xo_close_func_t close_func);
+                        xo_flush_func_t flush_func);
+
+
+

+
+5.1.4 
+xo_set_style +

+

To set the style, use the xo_set_style() function:

+
+    void xo_set_style(xo_handle_t *xop, unsigned style);
+

To use the default handle, pass a NULL handle:

+
+    xo_set_style(NULL, XO_STYLE_XML);
+
+
+

+
+5.1.5 
+xo_get_style +

+

To find the current style, use the xo_get_style() function:

+
+    xo_style_t xo_get_style(xo_handle_t *xop);
+

To use the default handle, pass a NULL handle:

+
+    style = xo_get_style(NULL);
+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+5.1.5.1 
+Output Styles (XO_STYLE_*) +

+

The libxo functions accept a set of output styles:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
FlagDescription
XO_STYLE_TEXTTraditional text output
XO_STYLE_XMLXML encoded data
XO_STYLE_JSONJSON encoded data
XO_STYLE_HTMLHTML encoded data
+
+
+

+
+5.1.5.2 
+xo_set_style_name +

+

The xo_set_style_name() can be used to set the style based on a name encoded as a string:

+
+    int xo_set_style_name (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *style);
+

The name can be any of the styles: "text", "xml", "json", or "html".

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+        xo_set_style_name(NULL, "html");
+
+
+
+

+
+5.1.6 
+xo_set_flags +

+

To set the flags, use the xo_set_flags() function:

+
+    void xo_set_flags(xo_handle_t *xop, unsigned flags);
+

To use the default handle, pass a NULL handle:

+
+    xo_set_style(NULL, XO_STYLE_XML);
+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+5.1.6.1 
+Flags (XOF_*) +

+

The set of valid flags include:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
FlagDescription
XOF_CLOSE_FPClose file pointer on xo_destroy()
XOF_COLOREnable color and effects in output
XOF_COLOR_ALLOWEDAllow color/effect for terminal output
XOF_DTRTEnable "do the right thing" mode
XOF_INFODisplay info data attributes (HTML)
XOF_KEYSEmit the key attribute (XML)
XOF_NO_ENVDo not use the LIBXO_OPTIONS env var
XOF_NO_HUMANIZEDisplay humanization (TEXT, HTML)
XOF_PRETTYMake 'pretty printed' output
XOF_UNDERSCORESReplaces hyphens with underscores
XOF_UNITSDisplay units (XML, HMTL)
XOF_WARNGenerate warnings for broken calls
XOF_WARN_XMLGenerate warnings in XML on stdout
XOF_XPATHEmit XPath expressions (HTML)
XOF_COLUMNSForce xo_emit to return columns used
XOF_FLUSHFlush output after each xo_emit call
+

The XOF_CLOSE_FP flag will trigger the call of the close_func (provided via xo_set_writer()) when the handle is destroyed.

+

The XOF_COLOR flag enables color and effects in output regardless of output device, while the XOF_COLOR_ALLOWED flag allows color and effects only if the output device is a terminal.

+

The XOF_PRETTY flag requests 'pretty printing', which will trigger the addition of indentation and newlines to enhance the readability of XML, JSON, and HTML output. Text output is not affected.

+

The XOF_WARN flag requests that warnings will trigger diagnostic output (on standard error) when the library notices errors during operations, or with arguments to functions. Without warnings enabled, such conditions are ignored.

+

Warnings allow developers to debug their interaction with libxo. The function "xo_failure" can used as a breakpoint for a debugger, regardless of whether warnings are enabled.

+

If the style is XO_STYLE_HTML, the following additional flags can be used:

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
FlagDescription
XOF_XPATHEmit "data-xpath" attributes
XOF_INFOEmit additional info fields
+

The XOF_XPATH flag enables the emission of XPath expressions detailing the hierarchy of XML elements used to encode the data field, if the XPATH style of output were requested.

+

The XOF_INFO flag encodes additional informational fields for HTML output. See Section 5.4.4 for details.

+

If the style is XO_STYLE_XML, the following additional flags can be used:

+
+ + + + + + + + +
FlagDescription
XOF_KEYSFlag 'key' fields for xml
+

The XOF_KEYS flag adds 'key' attribute to the XML encoding for field definitions that use the 'k' modifier. The key attribute has the value "key":

+
+    xo_emit("{k:name}", item);
+
+  XML:
+      <name key="key">truck</name>
+
+
+

+
+5.1.6.2 
+xo_clear_flags +

+

The xo_clear_flags() function turns off the given flags in a specific handle.

+
+    void xo_clear_flags (xo_handle_t *xop, xo_xof_flags_t flags);
+
+
+

+
+5.1.6.3 
+xo_set_options +

+

The xo_set_options() function accepts a comma-separated list of styles and flags and enables them for a specific handle.

+
+    int xo_set_options (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *input);
+

The options are identical to those listed in Section 4.

+
+
+
+

+
+5.1.7 
+xo_destroy +

+

The xo_destroy function releases a handle and any resources it is using. Calling xo_destroy with a NULL handle will release any resources associated with the default handle.

+
+    void xo_destroy(xo_handle_t *xop);
+
+
+
+

+
+5.2 
+Emitting Content (xo_emit) +

+

The following functions are used to emit output:

+
+    int xo_emit (const char *fmt, ...);
+    int xo_emit_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *fmt, ...);
+    int xo_emit_hv (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *fmt, va_list vap);
+

The "fmt" argument is a string containing field descriptors as specified in Section 3.2. The use of a handle is optional and NULL can be passed to access the internal 'default' handle. See Section 5.1.

+

The remaining arguments to xo_emit() and xo_emit_h() are a set of arguments corresponding to the fields in the format string. Care must be taken to ensure the argument types match the fields in the format string, since an inappropriate cast can ruin your day. The vap argument to xo_emit_hv() points to a variable argument list that can be used to retrieve arguments via va_arg().

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+5.2.1 
+Single Field Emitting Functions (xo_emit_field) +

+

The following functions can also make output, but only make a single field at a time:

+
+    int xo_emit_field_hv (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *rolmod,
+                  const char *contents, const char *fmt, 
+                  const char *efmt, va_list vap);
+
+    int xo_emit_field_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *rolmod, 
+                 const char *contents, const char *fmt,
+                 const char *efmt, ...);
+
+    int xo_emit_field (const char *rolmod, const char *contents,
+                 const char *fmt, const char *efmt, ...);
+

These functions are intended to avoid the scenario where one would otherwise need to compose a format descriptors using snprintf(). The individual parts of the format descriptor are passed in distinctly.

+
+    xo_emit("T", "Host name is ", NULL, NULL);
+    xo_emit("V", "host-name", NULL, NULL, host-name);
+
+
+

+
+5.2.2 
+Attributes (xo_attr) +

+

The xo_attr() function emits attributes for the XML output style.

+
+    int xo_attr (const char *name, const char *fmt, ...);
+    int xo_attr_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name, 
+                   const char *fmt, ...);
+    int xo_attr_hv (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name, 
+                   const char *fmt, va_list vap);
+

The name parameter give the name of the attribute to be encoded. The fmt parameter gives a printf-style format string used to format the value of the attribute using any remaining arguments, or the vap parameter passed to xo_attr_hv().

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+      xo_attr("seconds", "%ld", (unsigned long) login_time);
+      struct tm *tmp = localtime(login_time);
+      strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%R", tmp);
+      xo_emit("Logged in at {:login-time}\n", buf);
+    XML:
+        <login-time seconds="1408336270">00:14</login-time>
+

xo_attr is placed on the next container, instance, leaf, or leaf list that is emitted.

+

Since attributes are only emitted in XML, their use should be limited to meta-data and additional or redundant representations of data already emitted in other form.

+
+
+

+
+5.2.3 
+Flushing Output (xo_flush) +

+

libxo buffers data, both for performance and consistency, but also to allow some advanced features to work properly. At various times, the caller may wish to flush any data buffered within the library. The xo_flush() call is used for this:

+
+    void xo_flush (void);
+    void xo_flush_h (xo_handle_t *xop);
+

Calling xo_flush also triggers the flush function associated with the handle. For the default handle, this is equivalent to "fflush(stdio);".

+
+
+

+
+5.2.4 
+Finishing Output (xo_finish) +

+

When the program is ready to exit or close a handle, a call to xo_finish() is required. This flushes any buffered data, closes open libxo constructs, and completes any pending operations.

+
+    int xo_finish (void);
+    int xo_finish_h (xo_handle_t *xop);
+    void xo_finish_atexit (void);
+

Calling this function is vital to the proper operation of libxo, especially for the non-TEXT output styles.

+

xo_finish_atexit is suitable for use with atexit(3).

+
+
+
+

+
+5.3 
+Emitting Hierarchy +

+

libxo represents to types of hierarchy: containers and lists. A container appears once under a given parent where a list contains instances that can appear multiple times. A container is used to hold related fields and to give the data organization and scope.

+

To create a container, use the xo_open_container and xo_close_container functions:

+
+    int xo_open_container (const char *name);
+    int xo_open_container_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name);
+    int xo_open_container_hd (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name);
+    int xo_open_container_d (const char *name);
+
+    int xo_close_container (const char *name);
+    int xo_close_container_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name);
+    int xo_close_container_hd (xo_handle_t *xop);
+    int xo_close_container_d (void);
+

The name parameter gives the name of the container, encoded in UTF-8. Since ASCII is a proper subset of UTF-8, traditional C strings can be used directly.

+

The close functions with the "_d" suffix are used in "Do The Right Thing" mode, where the name of the open containers, lists, and instances are maintained internally by libxo to allow the caller to avoid keeping track of the open container name.

+

Use the XOF_WARN flag to generate a warning if the name given on the close does not match the current open container.

+

For TEXT and HTML output, containers are not rendered into output text, though for HTML they are used when the XOF_XPATH flag is set.

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+       xo_open_container("system");
+       xo_emit("The host name is {:host-name}\n", hn);
+       xo_close_container("system");
+    XML:
+       <system><host-name>foo</host-name></system>
+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+5.3.1 
+Lists and Instances +

+

Lists are sequences of instances of homogeneous data objects. Two distinct levels of calls are needed to represent them in our output styles. Calls must be made to open and close a list, and for each instance of data in that list, calls must be make to open and close that instance.

+

The name given to all calls must be identical, and it is strongly suggested that the name be singular, not plural, as a matter of style and usage expectations.

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+        xo_open_list("user");
+        for (i = 0; i < num_users; i++) {
+            xo_open_instance("user");
+            xo_emit("{k:name}:{:uid/%u}:{:gid/%u}:{:home}\n",
+                    pw[i].pw_name, pw[i].pw_uid,
+                    pw[i].pw_gid, pw[i].pw_dir);
+            xo_close_instance("user");
+        }
+        xo_close_list("user");
+    TEXT:
+        phil:1001:1001:/home/phil
+        pallavi:1002:1002:/home/pallavi
+    XML:
+        <user>
+            <name>phil</name>
+            <uid>1001</uid>
+            <gid>1001</gid>
+            <home>/home/phil</home>
+        </user>
+        <user>
+            <name>pallavi</name>
+            <uid>1002</uid>
+            <gid>1002</gid>
+            <home>/home/pallavi</home>
+        </user>
+    JSON:
+        user: [
+            {
+                "name": "phil",
+                "uid": 1001,
+                "gid": 1001,
+                "home": "/home/phil",
+            },
+            {
+                "name": "pallavi",
+                "uid": 1002,
+                "gid": 1002,
+                "home": "/home/pallavi",
+            }
+        ]
+
+
+
+

+
+5.4 
+Support Functions +

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+5.4.1 
+Parsing Command-line Arguments (xo_parse_args) +

+

The xo_parse_args() function is used to process a program's arguments. libxo-specific options are processed and removed from the argument list so the calling application does not need to process them. If successful, a new value for argc is returned. On failure, a message it emitted and -1 is returned.

+
+    argc = xo_parse_args(argc, argv);
+    if (argc < 0)
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+

Following the call to xo_parse_args, the application can process the remaining arguments in a normal manner. See Section 4 for a description of valid arguments.

+
+
+

+
+5.4.2 
+xo_set_program +

+

The xo_set_program function sets name of the program as reported by functions like xo_failure, xo_warn, xo_err, etc. The program name is initialized by xo_parse_args, but subsequent calls to xo_set_program can override this value.

+
+    xo_set_program(argv[0]);
+

Note that the value is not copied, so the memory passed to xo_set_program (and xo_parse_args) must be maintained by the caller.

+
+
+

+
+5.4.3 
+xo_set_version +

+

The xo_set_version function records a version number to be emitted as part of the data for encoding styles (XML and JSON). This version number is suitable for tracking changes in the content, allowing a user of the data to discern which version of the data model is in use.

+
+     void xo_set_version (const char *version);
+     void xo_set_version_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *version);
+
+
+

+
+5.4.4 
+Field Information (xo_info_t) +

+

HTML data can include additional information in attributes that begin with "data‑". To enable this, three things must occur:

+

First the application must build an array of xo_info_t structures, one per tag. The array must be sorted by name, since libxo uses a binary search to find the entry that matches names from format instructions.

+

Second, the application must inform libxo about this information using the xo_set_info() call:

+
+    typedef struct xo_info_s {
+        const char *xi_name;    /* Name of the element */
+        const char *xi_type;    /* Type of field */
+        const char *xi_help;    /* Description of field */
+    } xo_info_t;
+
+    void xo_set_info (xo_handle_t *xop, xo_info_t *infop, int count);
+

Like other libxo calls, passing NULL for the handle tells libxo to use the default handle.

+

If the count is -1, libxo will count the elements of infop, but there must be an empty element at the end. More typically, the number is known to the application:

+
+    xo_info_t info[] = {
+        { "in-stock", "number", "Number of items in stock" },
+        { "name", "string", "Name of the item" },
+        { "on-order", "number", "Number of items on order" },
+        { "sku", "string", "Stock Keeping Unit" },
+        { "sold", "number", "Number of items sold" },
+    };
+    int info_count = (sizeof(info) / sizeof(info[0]));
+    ...
+    xo_set_info(NULL, info, info_count);
+

Third, the emission of info must be triggered with the XOF_INFO flag using either the xo_set_flags() function or the "‑‑libxo=info" command line argument.

+

The type and help values, if present, are emitted as the "data‑type" and "data‑help" attributes:

+
+  <div class="data" data-tag="sku" data-type="string" 
+       data-help="Stock Keeping Unit">GRO-000-533</div>
+
+
+

+
+5.4.5 
+Memory Allocation +

+

The xo_set_allocator function allows libxo to be used in environments where the standard realloc() and free() functions are not available.

+
+    void xo_set_allocator (xo_realloc_func_t realloc_func,
+                           xo_free_func_t free_func);
+

realloc_func should expect the same arguments as realloc(3) and return a pointer to memory following the same convention. free_func will receive the same argument as free(3) and should release it, as appropriate for the environment.

+

By default, the standard realloc() and free() functions are used.

+
+
+

+
+5.4.6 
+LIBXO_OPTIONS +

+

The environment variable "LIBXO_OPTIONS" can be set to a subset of libxo options, including:

+

+
    +
  • color
    • +
  • flush
    • +
  • flush-line
    • +
  • no-color
    • +
  • no-humanize
    • +
  • no-locale
    • +
  • no-retain
    • +
  • pretty
    • +
  • retain
    • +
  • underscores
    • +
  • warn
    • +
+

For example, warnings can be enabled by:

+
+    % env LIBXO_OPTIONS=warn my-app
+

Since environment variables are inherited, child processes will have the same options, which may be undesirable, making the use of the "‑‑libxo" option is preferable in most situations.

+
+
+

+
+5.4.7 
+Errors, Warnings, and Messages +

+

Many programs make use of the standard library functions err() and warn() to generate errors and warnings for the user. libxo wants to pass that information via the current output style, and provides compatible functions to allow this:

+
+    void xo_warn (const char *fmt, ...);
+    void xo_warnx (const char *fmt, ...);
+    void xo_warn_c (int code, const char *fmt, ...);
+    void xo_warn_hc (xo_handle_t *xop, int code,
+                     const char *fmt, ...);
+    void xo_err (int eval, const char *fmt, ...);
+    void xo_errc (int eval, int code, const char *fmt, ...);
+    void xo_errx (int eval, const char *fmt, ...);
+    void xo_message (const char *fmt, ...);
+    void xo_message_c (int code, const char *fmt, ...);
+    void xo_message_hc (xo_handle_t *xop, int code,
+                        const char *fmt, ...);
+    void xo_message_hcv (xo_handle_t *xop, int code, 
+                         const char *fmt, va_list vap);
+

These functions display the program name, a colon, a formatted message based on the arguments, and then optionally a colon and an error message associated with either "errno" or the "code" parameter.

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+        if (open(filename, O_RDONLY) < 0)
+            xo_err(1, "cannot open file '%s'", filename);
+
+
+

+
+5.4.8 
+xo_error +

+

The xo_error function can be used for generic errors that should be reported over the handle, rather than to stderr. The xo_error function behaves like xo_err for TEXT and HTML output styles, but puts the error into XML or JSON elements:

+
+    EXAMPLE::
+        xo_error("Does not %s", "compute");
+    XML::
+        <error><message>Does not compute</message></error>
+    JSON::
+        "error": { "message": "Does not compute" }
+
+
+

+
+5.4.9 
+xo_no_setlocale +

+

libxo automatically initializes the locale based on setting of the environment variables LC_CTYPE, LANG, and LC_ALL. The first of this list of variables is used and if none of the variables, the locale defaults to "UTF‑8". The caller may wish to avoid this behavior, and can do so by calling the xo_no_setlocale() function.

+
+    void xo_no_setlocale (void);
+
+
+
+

+
+5.5 
+Emitting syslog Messages +

+

syslog is the system logging facility used throughout the unix world. Messages are sent from commands, applications, and daemons to a hierarchy of servers, where they are filtered, saved, and forwarded based on configuration behaviors.

+

syslog is an older protocol, originally documented only in source code. By the time RFC 3164 published, variation and mutation left the leading "<pri>" string as only common content. RFC 5424 defines a new version (version 1) of syslog and introduces structured data into the messages. Structured data is a set of name/value pairs transmitted distinctly alongside the traditional text message, allowing filtering on precise values instead of regular expressions.

+

These name/value pairs are scoped by a two-part identifier; an enterprise identifier names the party responsible for the message catalog and a name identifying that message. Enterprise IDs are defined by IANA, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority:

+

https://www.iana.org/assignments/enterprise-numbers/enterprise-numbers

+

Use the Section 5.5.3.5() function to set the Enterprise ID, as needed.

+

The message name should follow the conventions in Section 10.1.3, as should the fields within the message.

+
+    /* Both of these calls are optional */
+    xo_set_syslog_enterprise_id(32473);
+    xo_open_log("my-program", 0, LOG_DAEMON);
+
+    /* Generate a syslog message */
+    xo_syslog(LOG_ERR, "upload-failed",
+              "error <%d> uploading file '{:filename}' "
+              "as '{:target/%s:%s}'",
+              code, filename, protocol, remote);
+
+    xo_syslog(LOG_INFO, "poofd-invalid-state",
+              "state {:current/%u} is invalid {:connection/%u}",
+              state, conn);
+

The developer should be aware that the message name may be used in the future to allow access to further information, including documentation. Care should be taken to choose quality, descriptive names.

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+5.5.1 
+Priority, Facility, and Flags +

+

The xo_syslog, xo_vsyslog, and xo_open_log functions accept a set of flags which provide the priority of the message, the source facility, and some additional features. These values are OR'd together to create a single integer argument:

+
+    xo_syslog(LOG_ERR | LOG_AUTH, "login-failed",
+             "Login failed; user '{:user}' from host '{:address}'",
+             user, addr);
+

These values are defined in <syslog.h>.

+

The priority value indicates the importance and potential impact of each message.

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
PriorityDescription
LOG_EMERGA panic condition, normally broadcast to all users
LOG_ALERTA condition that should be corrected immediately
LOG_CRITCritical conditions
LOG_ERRGeneric errors
LOG_WARNINGWarning messages
LOG_NOTICENon-error conditions that might need special handling
LOG_INFOInformational messages
LOG_DEBUGDeveloper-oriented messages
+

The facility value indicates the source of message, in fairly generic terms.

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
FacilityDescription
LOG_AUTHThe authorization system (e.g. login(1))
LOG_AUTHPRIVAs LOG_AUTH, but logged to a privileged file
LOG_CRONThe cron daemon: cron(8)
LOG_DAEMONSystem daemons, not otherwise explicitly listed
LOG_FTPThe file transfer protocol daemons
LOG_KERNMessages generated by the kernel
LOG_LPRThe line printer spooling system
LOG_MAILThe mail system
LOG_NEWSThe network news system
LOG_SECURITYSecurity subsystems, such as ipfw(4)
LOG_SYSLOGMessages generated internally by syslogd(8)
LOG_USERMessages generated by user processes (default)
LOG_UUCPThe uucp system
LOG_LOCAL0..7Reserved for local use
+

In addition to the values listed above, xo_open_log accepts a set of addition flags requesting specific behaviors.

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
FlagDescription
LOG_CONSIf syslogd fails, attempt to write to /dev/console
LOG_NDELAYOpen the connection to syslogd(8) immediately
LOG_PERRORWrite the message also to standard error output
LOG_PIDLog the process id with each message
+
+
+

+
+5.5.2 
+xo_syslog +

+

Use the xo_syslog function to generate syslog messages by calling it with a log priority and facility, a message name, a format string, and a set of arguments. The priority/facility argument are discussed above, as is the message name.

+

The format string follows the same conventions as xo_emit's format string, with each field being rendered as an SD-PARAM pair.

+
+    xo_syslog(LOG_ERR, "poofd-missing-file",
+              "'{:filename}' not found: {:error/%m}", filename);
+
+    ... [poofd-missing-file@32473 filename="/etc/poofd.conf"
+          error="Permission denied"] '/etc/poofd.conf' not
+          found: Permission denied
+
+
+

+
+5.5.3 
+Support functions +

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+5.5.3.1 
+xo_vsyslog +

+

xo_vsyslog is identical in function to xo_syslog, but takes the set of arguments using a va_list.

+
+    void my_log (const char *name, const char *fmt, ...)
+    {
+        va_list vap;
+        va_start(vap, fmt);
+        xo_vsyslog(LOG_ERR, name, fmt, vap);
+        va_end(vap);
+    }
+
+
+

+
+5.5.3.2 
+xo_open_log +

+

xo_open_log functions similar to openlog(3), allowing customization of the program name, the log facility number, and the additional option flags described in Section 5.5.1.

+
+    void
+    xo_open_log (const char *ident, int logopt, int facility);
+
+
+

+
+5.5.3.3 
+xo_close_log +

+

xo_close_log functions similar to closelog(3), closing the log file and releasing any associated resources.

+
+    void
+    xo_close_log (void);
+
+
+

+
+5.5.3.4 
+xo_set_logmask +

+

xo_set_logmask function similar to setlogmask(3), restricting the set of generated log event to those whose associated bit is set in maskpri. Use LOG_MASK(pri) to find the appropriate bit, or LOG_UPTO(toppri) to create a mask for all priorities up to and including toppri.

+
+    int
+    xo_set_logmask (int maskpri);
+
+  Example:
+    setlogmask(LOG_UPTO(LOG_WARN));
+
+
+

+
+5.5.3.5 
+xo_set_syslog_enterprise_id +

+

Use the xo_set_syslog_enterprise_id to supply a platform- or application-specific enterprise id. This value is used in any future syslog messages.

+

Ideally, the operating system should supply a default value via the "kern.syslog.enterprise_id" sysctl value. Lacking that, the application should provide a suitable value.

+
+    void
+    xo_set_syslog_enterprise_id (unsigned short eid);
+

Enterprise IDs are administered by IANA, the Internet Assigned Number Authority. The complete list is EIDs on their web site:

+

https://www.iana.org/assignments/enterprise-numbers/enterprise-numbers

+

New EIDs can be requested from IANA using the following page:

+

http://pen.iana.org/pen/PenApplication.page

+

Each software development organization that defines a set of syslog messages should register their own EID and use that value in their software to ensure that messages can be uniquely identified by the combination of EID + message name.

+
+
+
+
+

+
+5.6 
+Creating Custom Encoders +

+

The number of encoding schemes in current use is staggering, with new and distinct schemes appearing daily. While libxo provide XML, JSON, HMTL, and text natively, there are requirements for other encodings.

+

Rather than bake support for all possible encoders into libxo, the API allows them to be defined externally. libxo can then interfaces with these encoding modules using a simplistic API. libxo processes all functions calls, handles state transitions, performs all formatting, and then passes the results as operations to a customized encoding function, which implements specific encoding logic as required. This means your encoder doesn't need to detect errors with unbalanced open/close operations but can rely on libxo to pass correct data.

+

By making a simple API, libxo internals are not exposed, insulating the encoder and the library from future or internal changes.

+

The three elements of the API are:

+

+
    +
  • loading
    • +
  • initialization
    • +
  • operations
    • +
+

The following sections provide details about these topics.

+

libxo source contain an encoder for Concise Binary Object Representation, aka CBOR (RFC 7049) which can be used as used as an example for the API.

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+5.6.1 
+Loading Encoders +

+

Encoders can be registered statically or discovered dynamically. Applications can choose to call the xo_encoder_register() function to explicitly register encoders, but more typically they are built as shared libraries, placed in the libxo/extensions directory, and loaded based on name. libxo looks for a file with the name of the encoder and an extension of ".enc". This can be a file or a symlink to the shared library file that supports the encoder.

+
+    % ls -1 lib/libxo/extensions/*.enc
+    lib/libxo/extensions/cbor.enc
+    lib/libxo/extensions/test.enc
+
+
+

+
+5.6.2 
+Encoder Initialization +

+

Each encoder must export a symbol used to access the library, which must have the following signature:

+
+    int xo_encoder_library_init (XO_ENCODER_INIT_ARGS);
+

XO_ENCODER_INIT_ARGS is a macro defined in xo_encoder.h that defines an argument called "arg", a pointer of the type xo_encoder_init_args_t. This structure contains two fields:

+

+
    +
  • xei_version is the version number of the API as implemented within libxo. This version is currently as 1 using XO_ENCODER_VERSION. This number can be checked to ensure compatibility. The working assumption is that all versions should be backward compatible, but each side may need to accurately know the version supported by the other side. xo_encoder_library_init can optionally check this value, and must then set it to the version number used by the encoder, allowing libxo to detect version differences and react accordingly. For example, if version 2 adds new operations, then libxo will know that an encoding library that set xei_version to 1 cannot be expected to handle those new operations.
    • +
  • xei_handler must be set to a pointer to a function of type xo_encoder_func_t, as defined in xo_encoder.h. This function takes a set of parameters: -- xop is a pointer to the opaque xo_handle_t structure -- op is an integer representing the current operation -- name is a string whose meaning differs by operation -- value is a string whose meaning differs by operation -- private is an opaque structure provided by the encoder
    • +
+

Additional arguments may be added in the future, so handler functions should use the XO_ENCODER_HANDLER_ARGS macro. An appropriate "extern" declaration is provided to help catch errors.

+

Once the encoder initialization function has completed processing, it should return zero to indicate that no error has occurred. A non-zero return code will cause the handle initialization to fail.

+
+
+

+
+5.6.3 
+Operations +

+

The encoder API defines a set of operations representing the processing model of libxo. Content is formatted within libxo, and callbacks are made to the encoder's handler function when data is ready to be processed.

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
OperationMeaning (Base function)
XO_OP_CREATECalled when the handle is created
XO_OP_OPEN_CONTAINERContainer opened (xo_open_container)
XO_OP_CLOSE_CONTAINERContainer closed (xo_close_container)
XO_OP_OPEN_LISTList opened (xo_open_list)
XO_OP_CLOSE_LISTList closed (xo_close_list)
XO_OP_OPEN_LEAF_LISTLeaf list opened (xo_open_leaf_list)
XO_OP_CLOSE_LEAF_LISTLeaf list closed (xo_close_leaf_list)
XO_OP_OPEN_INSTANCEInstance opened (xo_open_instance)
XO_OP_CLOSE_INSTANCEInstance closed (xo_close_instance)
XO_OP_STRINGField with Quoted UTF-8 string
XO_OP_CONTENTField with content
XO_OP_FINISHFinish any pending output
XO_OP_FLUSHFlush any buffered output
XO_OP_DESTROYClean up resources
XO_OP_ATTRIBUTEAn attribute name/value pair
XO_OP_VERSIONA version string
+

For all the open and close operations, the name parameter holds the name of the construct. For string, content, and attribute operations, the name parameter is the name of the field and the value parameter is the value. "string" are differentiated from "content" to allow differing treatment of true, false, null, and numbers from real strings, though content values are formatted as strings before the handler is called. For version operations, the value parameter contains the version.

+

All strings are encoded in UTF-8.

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+6_ 
+The "xo" Utility +

+

The "xo" utility allows command line access to the functionality of the libxo library. Using "xo", shell scripts can emit XML, JSON, and HTML using the same commands that emit text output.

+

The style of output can be selected using a specific option: "‑X" for XML, "‑J" for JSON, "‑H" for HTML, or "‑T" for TEXT, which is the default. The "--style <style>" option can also be used. The standard set of "‑‑libxo" options are available (see Section 4), as well as the LIBXO_OPTIONS environment variable (see Section 5.4.6).

+

The "xo" utility accepts a format string suitable for xo_emit() and a set of zero or more arguments used to supply data for that string.

+
+    xo "The {k:name} weighs {:weight/%d} pounds.\n" fish 6
+
+  TEXT:
+    The fish weighs 6 pounds.
+  XML:
+    <name>fish</name>
+    <weight>6</weight>
+  JSON:
+    "name": "fish",
+    "weight": 6
+  HTML:
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="text">The </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="name">fish</div>
+      <div class="text"> weighs </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="weight">6</div>
+      <div class="text"> pounds.</div>
+    </div>
+

The "--wrap <path>" option can be used to wrap emitted content in a specific hierarchy. The path is a set of hierarchical names separated by the '/' character.

+
+    xo --wrap top/a/b/c '{:tag}' value
+
+  XML:
+    <top>
+      <a>
+        <b>
+          <c>
+            <tag>value</tag>
+          </c>
+        </b>
+      </a>
+    </top>
+  JSON:
+    "top": {
+      "a": {
+        "b": {
+          "c": {
+            "tag": "value"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+

The "--open <path>" and "--close <path>" can be used to emit hierarchical information without the matching close and open tag. This allows a shell script to emit open tags, data, and then close tags. The "‑‑depth" option may be used to set the depth for indentation. The "‑‑leading‑xpath" may be used to prepend data to the XPath values used for HTML output style.

+
+    #!/bin/sh
+    xo --open top/data
+    xo --depth 2 '{tag}' value
+    xo --close top/data
+  XML:
+    <top>
+      <data>
+        <tag>value</tag>
+      </data>
+    </top>
+  JSON:
+    "top": {
+      "data": {
+        "tag": "value"
+      }
+    }
+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+6.1 
+Command Line Options +

+

Usage: xo [options] format [fields]

+
+  --close <path>        Close tags for the given path
+  --depth <num>         Set the depth for pretty printing
+  --help                Display this help text
+  --html OR -H          Generate HTML output
+  --json OR -J          Generate JSON output
+  --leading-xpath <path> Add a prefix to generated XPaths (HTML)
+  --open <path>         Open tags for the given path
+  --pretty OR -p        Make 'pretty' output (add indent, newlines)
+  --style <style>       Generate given style (xml, json, text, html)
+  --text OR -T          Generate text output (the default style)
+  --version             Display version information
+  --warn OR -W          Display warnings in text on stderr
+  --warn-xml            Display warnings in xml on stdout
+  --wrap <path>         Wrap output in a set of containers
+  --xml OR -X           Generate XML output
+  --xpath               Add XPath data to HTML output);
+
+
+

+
+6.2 
+Example +

+
+  % xo 'The {:product} is {:status}\n' stereo "in route"
+  The stereo is in route
+  % ./xo/xo -p -X 'The {:product} is {:status}\n' stereo "in route"
+  <product>stereo</product>
+  <status>in route</status>
+
+
+
+
+

+
+7_ 
+xolint +

+

xolint is a tool for reporting common mistakes in format strings in source code that invokes xo_emit(). It allows these errors to be diagnosed at build time, rather than waiting until runtime.

+

xolint takes the one or more C files as arguments, and reports and errors, warning, or informational messages as needed.

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
OptionMeaning
-cInvoke 'cpp' against the input file
-C <flags>Flags that are passed to 'cpp
-dEnable debug output
-DGenerate documentation for all xolint messages
-IGenerate info table code
-pPrint the offending lines after the message
-VPrint vocabulary of all field names
-XExtract samples from xolint, suitable for testing
+

The output message will contain the source filename and line number, the class of the message, the message, and, if -p is given, the line that contains the error:

+
+    % xolint.pl -t xolint.c
+    xolint.c: 16: error: anchor format should be "%d"
+    16         xo_emit("{[:/%s}");
+

The "‑I" option will generate a table of xo_info_t structures ,

+

The "‑V" option does not report errors, but prints a complete list of all field names, sorted alphabetically. The output can help spot inconsistencies and spelling errors.

+
+
+
+

+
+8_ 
+xohtml +

+

xohtml is a tool for turning the output of libxo-enabled commands into html files suitable for display in modern HTML web browsers. It can be used to test and debug HTML output, as well as to make the user ache to escape the world of 70s terminal devices.

+

xohtml is given a command, either on the command line or via the "‑c" option. If not command is given, standard input is used. The command's output is wrapped in HTML tags, with references to supporting CSS and Javascript files, and written to standard output or the file given in the "‑f" option. The "‑b" option can be used to provide an alternative base path for the support files.

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
OptionMeaning
-b <base>Base path for finding css/javascript files
-c <command>Command to execute
-f <file>Output file name
+

The "‑c" option takes a full command with arguments, including any libxo options needed to generate html ("‑‑libxo=html"). This value must be quoted if it consists of multiple tokens.

+
+
+
+

+
+9_ 
+xopo +

+

The "xopo" utility filters ".pot" files generated by the "xgettext" utility to remove formatting information suitable for use with the "{G:}" modifier. This means that when the developer changes the formatting portion of the field definitions, or the fields modifiers, the string passed to gettext(3) is unchanged, avoiding the expense of updating any existing translation files (".po" files).

+

The syntax for the xopo command is one of two forms; it can be used as a filter for processing a .po or .pot file, rewriting the "msgid" strings with a simplified message string. In this mode, the input is either standard input or a file given by the "‑f" option, and the output is either standard output or a file given by the "‑o" option.

+

In the second mode, a simple message given using the "‑s" option on the command, and the simplified version of that message is printed on stdout.

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
OptionMeaning
-o <file>Output file name
-f <file>Use the given .po file as input
-s <text>Simplify a format string
+
+    EXAMPLE:
+        % xopo -s "There are {:count/%u} {:event/%.6s} events\n"
+        There are {:count} {:event} events\n
+
+        % xgettext --default-domain=foo --no-wrap \
+            --add-comments --keyword=xo_emit --keyword=xo_emit_h \
+            --keyword=xo_emit_warn -C -E -n --foreign-user \
+            -o foo.pot.raw foo.c
+        % xopo -f foo.pot.raw -o foo.pot
+

Use of the "‑‑no‑wrap" option for xgettext is required to ensure that incoming msgid strings are not wrapped across multiple lines.

+
+
+
+

+
+10_ 
+FAQs +

+

This section contains the set of questions that users typically ask, along with answers that might be helpful.

+

Section Contents:

+ +

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+10.1 
+General +

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+10.1.1 
+Can you share the history of libxo? +

+

In 2001, we added an XML API to the JUNOS operating system, which is built on top of FreeBSD. Eventually this API became standardized as the NETCONF API (RFC 6241). As part of this effort, we modified many FreeBSD utilities to emit XML, typically via a "‑X" switch. The results were mixed. The cost of maintaining this code, updating it, and carrying it were non-trivial, and contributed to our expense (and the associated delay) with upgrading the version of FreeBSD on which each release of JUNOS is based.

+

A recent (2014) effort within JUNOS aims at removing our modifications to the underlying FreeBSD code as a means of reducing the expense and delay in tracking HEAD. JUNOS is structured to have system components generate XML that is rendered by the CLI (think: login shell) into human-readable text. This allows the API to use the same plumbing as the CLI, and ensures that all components emit XML, and that it is emitted with knowledge of the consumer of that XML, yielding an API that have no incremental cost or feature delay.

+

libxo is an effort to mix the best aspects of the JUNOS strategy into FreeBSD in a seemless way, allowing commands to make printf-like output calls with a single code path.

+
+
+

+
+10.1.2 
+Did the complex semantics of format strings evolve over time? +

+

The history is both long and short: libxo's functionality is based on what JUNOS does in a data modeling language called ODL (output definition language). In JUNOS, all subcomponents generate XML, which is feed to the CLI, where data from the ODL files tell is how to render that XML into text. ODL might had a set of tags like:

+
+     tag docsis-state {
+         help "State of the DOCSIS interface";
+         type string;
+     }
+
+     tag docsis-mode {
+         help "DOCSIS mode (2.0/3.0) of the DOCSIS interface";
+         type string;
+     }
+
+     tag docsis-upstream-speed {
+         help "Operational upstream speed of the interface";
+         type string;
+     }
+
+     tag downstream-scanning {
+         help "Result of scanning in downstream direction";
+         type string;
+     }
+
+     tag ranging {
+         help "Result of ranging action";
+         type string;
+     }
+
+     tag signal-to-noise-ratio {
+         help "Signal to noise ratio for all channels";
+         type string;
+     }
+
+     tag power {
+         help "Operational power of the signal on all channels";
+         type string;
+     }
+
+     format docsis-status-format {
+         picture "
+   State   : @, Mode: @, Upstream speed: @
+   Downstream scanning: @, Ranging: @
+   Signal to noise ratio: @
+   Power: @
+";
+         line {
+             field docsis-state;
+             field docsis-mode;
+             field docsis-upstream-speed;
+             field downstream-scanning;
+             field ranging;
+             field signal-to-noise-ratio;
+             field power;
+         }
+     }
+

These tag definitions are compiled into field definitions that are triggered when matching XML elements are seen. ODL also supports other means of defining output.

+

The roles and modifiers describe these details.

+

In moving these ideas to bsd, two things had to happen: the formatting had to happen at the source since BSD won't have a JUNOS-like CLI to do the rendering, and we can't depend on external data models like ODL, which was seen as too hard a sell to the BSD community.

+

The results were that the xo_emit strings are used to encode the roles, modifiers, names, and formats. They are dense and a bit cryptic, but not so unlike printf format strings that developers will be lost.

+

libxo is a new implementation of these ideas and is distinct from the previous implementation in JUNOS.

+
+
+

+
+10.1.3 
+What makes a good field name? +

+

To make useful, consistent field names, follow these guidelines:

+

+
+
Use lower case, even for TLAs
+
Lower case is more civilized. Even TLAs should be lower case to avoid scenarios where the differences between "XPath" and "Xpath" drive your users crazy. Using "xpath" is simpler and better.
+
Use hyphens, not underscores
+
Use of hyphens is traditional in XML, and the XOF_UNDERSCORES flag can be used to generate underscores in JSON, if desired. But the raw field name should use hyphens.
+
Use full words
+
Don't abbreviate especially when the abbreviation is not obvious or not widely used. Use "data‑size", not "dsz" or "dsize". Use "interface" instead of "ifname", "if‑name", "iface", "if", or "intf".
+
Use <verb>-<units>
+
Using the form <verb>-<units> or <verb>-<classifier>-<units> helps in making consistent, useful names, avoiding the situation where one app uses "sent‑packet" and another "packets‑sent" and another "packets‑we‑have‑sent". The <units> can be dropped when it is obvious, as can obvious words in the classification. Use "receive‑after‑window‑packets" instead of "received‑packets‑of‑data‑after‑window".
+
Reuse existing field names
+
Nothing's worse than writing expressions like:
+
+
+    if ($src1/process[pid == $pid]/name == 
+        $src2/proc-table/proc-list
+                   /proc-entry[process-id == $pid]/proc-name) {
+        ...
+    }
+

Find someone else who is expressing similar data and follow their fields and hierarchy. Remember the quote is not "Consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds", but "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds".

+

+
+
Use containment as scoping
+
In the previous example, all the names are prefixed with "proc‑", which is redundant given that they are nested under the process table.
+
Think about your users
+
Have empathy for your users, choosing clear and useful fields that contain clear and useful data. You may need to augment the display content with xo_attr() calls (Section 5.2.2) or "{e:}" fields (Section 3.2.2.4) to make the data useful.
+
Don't use an arbitrary number postfix
+
What does "errors2" mean? No one will know. "errors‑after‑restart" would be a better choice. Think of your users, and think of the future. If you make "errors2", the next guy will happily make "errors3" and before you know it, someone will be asking what's the difference between errors37 and errors63.
+
Be consistent, uniform, unsurprising, and predictable
+
Think of your field vocabulary as an API. You want it useful, expressive, meaningful, direct, and obvious. You want the client application's programmer to move between without the need to understand a variety of opinions on how fields are named. They should see the system as a single cohesive whole, not a sack of cats.
+
+

Field names constitute the means by which client programmers interact with our system. By choosing wise names now, you are making their lives better.

+

After using "xolint" to find errors in your field descriptors, use "xolint -V" to spell check your field names and to detect different names for the same data. "dropped‑short" and "dropped‑too‑short" are both reasonable names, but using them both will lead users to ask the difference between the two fields. If there is no difference, use only one of the field names. If there is a difference, change the names to make that difference more obvious.

+
+
+
+

+
+10.2 
+What does this message mean? +

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+10.2.1 
+'A percent sign appearing in text is a literal' +

+

The message "A percent sign appearing in text is a literal" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("cost: %d", cost);
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{L:cost}: {:cost/%d}", cost);
+

This can be a bit surprising and could be a field that was not properly converted to a libxo-style format string.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.2 
+'Unknown long name for role/modifier' +

+

The message "Unknown long name for role/modifier" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{,humanization:value}", value);
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{,humanize:value}", value);
+

The hn-* modifiers (hn-decimal, hn-space, hn-1000) are only valid for fields with the {h:} modifier.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.3 
+'Last character before field definition is a field type' +

+

The message "Last character before field definition is a field type" can be caused by code like:

+

A common typo:

+
+    xo_emit("{T:Min} T{:Max}");
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{T:Min} {T:Max}");
+

Twiddling the "{" and the field role is a common typo.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.4 
+'Encoding format uses different number of arguments' +

+

The message "Encoding format uses different number of arguments" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:name/%6.6s %%04d/%s}", name, number);
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:name/%6.6s %04d/%s-%d}", name, number);
+

Both format should consume the same number of arguments off the stack

+
+
+

+
+10.2.5 
+'Only one field role can be used' +

+

The message "Only one field role can be used" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{LT:Max}");
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{T:Max}");
+
+
+

+
+10.2.6 
+'Potential missing slash after C, D, N, L, or T with format' +

+

The message "Potential missing slash after C, D, N, L, or T with format" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{T:%6.6s}\n", "Max");
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{T:/%6.6s}\n", "Max");
+

The "%6.6s" will be a literal, not a field format. While it's possibly valid, it's likely a missing "/".

+
+
+

+
+10.2.7 
+'An encoding format cannot be given (roles: DNLT)' +

+

The message "An encoding format cannot be given (roles: DNLT)" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{T:Max//%s}", "Max");
+

Fields with the C, D, N, L, and T roles are not emitted in the 'encoding' style (JSON, XML), so an encoding format would make no sense.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.8 
+'Format cannot be given when content is present (roles: CDLN)' +

+

The message "Format cannot be given when content is present (roles: CDLN)" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{N:Max/%6.6s}", "Max");
+

Fields with the C, D, L, or N roles can't have both static literal content ("{L:Label}") and a format ("{L:/%s}"). This error will also occur when the content has a backslash in it, like "{N:Type of I/O}"; backslashes should be escaped, like "{N:Type of I\\/O}". Note the double backslash, one for handling 'C' strings, and one for libxo.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.9 
+'Field has color without fg- or bg- (role: C)' +

+

The message "Field has color without fg- or bg- (role: C)" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{C:green}{:foo}{C:}", x);
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{C:fg-green}{:foo}{C:}", x);
+

Colors must be prefixed by either "fg‑" or "bg‑".

+
+
+

+
+10.2.10 
+'Field has invalid color or effect (role: C)' +

+

The message "Field has invalid color or effect (role: C)" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{C:fg-purple,bold}{:foo}{C:gween}", x);
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{C:fg-red,bold}{:foo}{C:fg-green}", x);
+

The list of colors and effects are limited. The set of colors includes default, black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, and white, which must be prefixed by either "fg‑" or "bg‑". Effects are limited to bold, no-bold, underline, no-underline, inverse, no-inverse, normal, and reset. Values must be separated by commas.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.11 
+'Field has humanize modifier but no format string' +

+

The message "Field has humanize modifier but no format string" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{h:value}", value);
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{h:value/%d}", value);
+

Humanization is only value for numbers, which are not likely to use the default format ("%s").

+
+
+

+
+10.2.12 
+'Field has hn-* modifier but not 'h' modifier' +

+

The message "Field has hn-* modifier but not 'h' modifier" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{,hn-1000:value}", value);
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{h,hn-1000:value}", value);
+

The hn-* modifiers (hn-decimal, hn-space, hn-1000) are only valid for fields with the {h:} modifier.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.13 
+'Value field must have a name (as content)")' +

+

The message "Value field must have a name (as content)")" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:/%s}", "value");
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:tag-name/%s}", "value");
+

The field name is used for XML and JSON encodings. These tags names are static and must appear directly in the field descriptor.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.14 
+'Use hyphens, not underscores, for value field name' +

+

The message "Use hyphens, not underscores, for value field name" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:no_under_scores}", "bad");
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:no-under-scores}", "bad");
+

Use of hyphens is traditional in XML, and the XOF_UNDERSCORES flag can be used to generate underscores in JSON, if desired. But the raw field name should use hyphens.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.15 
+'Value field name cannot start with digit' +

+

The message "Value field name cannot start with digit" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:10-gig/}");
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:ten-gig/}");
+

XML element names cannot start with a digit.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.16 
+'Value field name should be lower case' +

+

The message "Value field name should be lower case" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:WHY-ARE-YOU-SHOUTING}", "NO REASON");
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:why-are-you-shouting}", "no reason");
+

Lower case is more civilized. Even TLAs should be lower case to avoid scenarios where the differences between "XPath" and "Xpath" drive your users crazy. Lower case rules the seas.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.17 
+'Value field name should be longer than two characters' +

+

The message "Value field name should be longer than two characters" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:x}", "mumble");
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:something-meaningful}", "mumble");
+

Field names should be descriptive, and it's hard to be descriptive in less than two characters. Consider your users and try to make something more useful. Note that this error often occurs when the field type is placed after the colon ("{:T/%20s}"), instead of before it ("{T:/20s}").

+
+
+

+
+10.2.18 
+'Value field name contains invalid character' +

+

The message "Value field name contains invalid character" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:cost-in-$$/%u}", 15);
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:cost-in-dollars/%u}", 15);
+

An invalid character is often a sign of a typo, like "{:]}" instead of "{]:}". Field names are restricted to lower-case characters, digits, and hyphens.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.19 
+'decoration field contains invalid character' +

+

The message "decoration field contains invalid character" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{D:not good}");
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{D:((}{:good}{D:))}", "yes");
+

This is minor, but fields should use proper roles. Decoration fields are meant to hold punctuation and other characters used to decorate the content, typically to make it more readable to human readers.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.20 
+'Anchor content should be decimal width' +

+

The message "Anchor content should be decimal width" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{[:mumble}");
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{[:32}");
+

Anchors need an integer value to specify the width of the set of anchored fields. The value can be positive (for left padding/right justification) or negative (for right padding/left justification) and can appear in either the start or stop anchor field descriptor.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.21 
+'Anchor format should be "%d"' +

+

The message "Anchor format should be "%d"" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{[:/%s}");
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{[:/%d}");
+

Anchors only grok integer values, and if the value is not static, if must be in an 'int' argument, represented by the "%d" format. Anything else is an error.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.22 
+'Anchor cannot have both format and encoding format")' +

+

The message "Anchor cannot have both format and encoding format")" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{[:32/%d}");
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{[:32}");
+

Anchors can have a static value or argument for the width, but cannot have both.

+
+
+

+
+10.2.23 
+'Max width only valid for strings' +

+

The message "Max width only valid for strings" can be caused by code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:tag/%2.4.6d}", 55);
+

This code should be replaced with code like:

+
+    xo_emit("{:tag/%2.6d}", 55);
+

libxo allows a true 'max width' in addition to the traditional printf-style 'max number of bytes to use for input'. But this is supported only for string values, since it makes no sense for non-strings. This error may occur from a typo, like "{:tag/%6..6d}" where only one period should be used.

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+11_ 
+Howtos: Focused Directions +

+

This section provides task-oriented instructions for selected tasks. If you have a task that needs instructions, please open a request as an enhancement issue on github.

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+11.1 
+Howto: Report bugs +

+

libxo uses github to track bugs or request enhancements. Please use the following URL:

+

https://github.com/Juniper/libxo/issues

+
+
+

+
+11.2 
+Howto: Install libxo +

+

libxo is open source, under a new BSD license. Source code is available on github, as are recent releases. To get the most current release, please visit:

+

https://github.com/Juniper/libxo/releases

+

After downloading and untarring the source code, building involves the following steps:

+
+    sh bin/setup.sh
+    cd build
+    ../configure
+    make
+    make test
+    sudo make install
+

libxo uses a distinct "build" directory to keep generated files separated from source files.

+

Use "../configure --help" to display available configuration options, which include the following:

+
+  --enable-warnings      Turn on compiler warnings
+  --enable-debug         Turn on debugging
+  --enable-text-only     Turn on text-only rendering
+  --enable-printflike    Enable use of GCC __printflike attribute
+  --disable-libxo-options  Turn off support for LIBXO_OPTIONS
+  --with-gettext=PFX     Specify location of gettext installation
+  --with-libslax-prefix=PFX  Specify location of libslax config
+

Compiler warnings are a very good thing, but recent compiler version have added some very pedantic checks. While every attempt is made to keep libxo code warning-free, warnings are now optional. If you are doing development work on libxo, it is required that you use --enable-warnings to keep the code warning free, but most users need not use this option.

+

libxo provides the --enable-text-only option to reduce the footprint of the library for smaller installations. XML, JSON, and HTML rendering logic is removed.

+

The gettext library does not provide a simple means of learning its location, but libxo will look for it in /usr and /opt/local. If installed elsewhere, the installer will need to provide this information using the --with-gettext=/dir/path option.

+

libslax is not required by libxo; it contains the "oxtradoc" program used to format documentation.

+

For additional information, see Section 2.2.

+
+
+

+
+11.3 
+Howto: Convert command line applications +

+
+    How do I convert an existing command line application?
+

There are three basic steps for converting command line application to use libxo.

+

+
    +
  • Setting up the context
    • +
  • Converting printf calls
    • +
  • Creating hierarchy
    • +
  • Converting error functions
    • +
+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+11.3.1 
+Setting up the context +

+

To use libxo, you'll need to include the "xo.h" header file in your source code files:

+
+    #include <libxo/xo.h>
+

In your main() function, you'll need to call xo_parse_args to handling argument parsing (Section 5.4.1). This function removes libxo-specific arguments the program's argv and returns either the number of remaining arguments or -1 to indicate an error.

+
+    int main (int argc, char **argv)
+    {
+        argc = xo_parse_args(argc, argv);
+        if (argc < 0)
+            return argc;
+        ....
+    }
+

At the bottom of your main(), you'll need to call xo_finish() to complete output processing for the default handle (Section 5.1). libxo provides the xo_finish_atexit function that is suitable for use with the atexit(3) function.

+
+    atexit(xo_finish_atexit);
+
+
+

+
+11.3.2 
+Converting printf Calls +

+

The second task is inspecting code for printf(3) calls and replacing them with xo_emit() calls. The format strings are similar in task, but libxo format strings wrap output fields in braces. The following two calls produce identical text output:

+
+    printf("There are %d %s events\n", count, etype);
+    xo_emit("There are {:count/%d} {:event} events\n", count, etype);
+

"count" and "event" are used as names for JSON and XML output. The "count" field uses the format "%d" and "event" uses the default "%s" format. Both are "value" roles, which is the default role.

+

Since text outside of output fields is passed verbatim, other roles are less important, but their proper use can help make output more useful. The "note" and "label" roles allow HTML output to recognize the relationship between text and the associated values, allowing appropriate "hover" and "onclick" behavior. Using the "units" role allows the presentation layer to perform conversions when needed. The "warning" and "error" roles allows use of color and font to draw attention to warnings. The "padding" role makes the use of vital whitespace more clear (Section 3.2.1.6).

+

The "title" role indicates the headings of table and sections. This allows HTML output to use CSS to make this relationship more obvious.

+
+    printf("Statistics:\n");
+    xo_emit("{T:Statistics}:\n");
+

The "color" roles controls foreground and background colors, as well as effects like bold and underline (see Section 3.2.1.1).

+
+    xo_emit("{C:bold}required{C:}\n");
+

Finally, the start- and stop-anchor roles allow justification and padding over multiple fields (see Section 3.2.1.10).

+
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "(%u/%u/%u)", min, ave, max);
+    printf("%30s", buf);
+
+    xo_emit("{[:30}({:minimum/%u}/{:average/%u}/{:maximum/%u}{]:}",
+            min, ave, max);
+
+
+

+
+11.3.3 
+Creating Hierarchy +

+

Text output doesn't have any sort of hierarchy, but XML and JSON require this. Typically applications use indentation to represent these relationship:

+
+    printf("table %d\n", tnum);
+    for (i = 0; i < tmax; i++) {
+        printf("    %s %d\n", table[i].name, table[i].size);
+    }
+
+    xo_emit("{T:/table %d}\n", tnum);
+    xo_open_list("table");
+    for (i = 0; i < tmax; i++) {
+        xo_open_instance("table");
+        xo_emit("{P:    }{k:name} {:size/%d}\n",
+                table[i].name, table[i].size);
+        xo_close_instance("table");
+    }
+    xo_close_list("table");
+

The open and close list functions are used before and after the list, and the open and close instance functions are used before and after each instance with in the list.

+

Typically these developer looks for a "for" loop as an indication of where to put these calls.

+

In addition, the open and close container functions allow for organization levels of hierarchy.

+
+    printf("Paging information:\n");
+    printf("    Free:      %lu\n", free);
+    printf("    Active:    %lu\n", active);
+    printf("    Inactive:  %lu\n", inactive);
+
+    xo_open_container("paging-information");
+    xo_emit("{P:    }{L:Free:      }{:free/%lu}\n", free);
+    xo_emit("{P:    }{L:Active:    }{:active/%lu}\n", active);
+    xo_emit("{P:    }{L:Inactive:  }{:inactive/%lu}\n", inactive);
+    xo_close_container("paging-information");
+
+
+

+
+11.3.4 
+Converting Error Functions +

+

libxo provides variants of the standard error and warning functions, err(3) and warn(3). There are two variants, one for putting the errors on standard error, and the other writes the errors and warnings to the handle using the appropriate encoding style:

+
+    err(1, "cannot open output file: %s", file);
+
+    xo_err(1, "cannot open output file: %s", file);
+    xo_emit_err(1, "cannot open output file: {:filename}", file);
+
+
+

+
+11.4 
+Howto: Use "xo" in Shell Scripts +

+
+

+
+11.5 
+Howto: Internationalization (i18n) +

+
+    How do I use libxo to support internationalization?
+

libxo allows format and field strings to be used a keys into message catalogs to enable translation into a user's native language by invoking the standard gettext(3) functions.

+

gettext setup is a bit complicated: text strings are extracted from source files into "portable object template" (.pot) files using the "xgettext" command. For each language, this template file is used as the source for a message catalog in the "portable object" (.po) format, which are translated by hand and compiled into "machine object" (.mo) files using the "msgfmt" command. The .mo files are then typically installed in the /usr/share/locale or /opt/local/share/locale directories. At run time, the user's language settings are used to select a .mo file which is searched for matching messages. Text strings in the source code are used as keys to look up the native language strings in the .mo file.

+

Since the xo_emit format string is used as the key into the message catalog, libxo removes unimportant field formatting and modifiers from the format string before use so that minor formatting changes will not impact the expensive translation process. We don't want a developer change such as changing "/%06d" to "/%08d" to force hand inspection of all .po files. The simplified version can be generated for a single message using the "xopo -s <text>" command, or an entire .pot can be translated using the "xopo -f <input> -o <output>" command.

+
+    EXAMPLE:
+        % xopo -s "There are {:count/%u} {:event/%.6s} events\n"
+        There are {:count} {:event} events\n
+
+    Recommended workflow:
+        # Extract text messages
+        xgettext --default-domain=foo --no-wrap \
+            --add-comments --keyword=xo_emit --keyword=xo_emit_h \
+            --keyword=xo_emit_warn -C -E -n --foreign-user \
+            -o foo.pot.raw foo.c
+
+        # Simplify format strings for libxo
+        xopo -f foo.pot.raw -o foo.pot
+
+        # For a new language, just copy the file
+        cp foo.pot po/LC/my_lang/foo.po
+
+        # For an existing language:
+        msgmerge --no-wrap po/LC/my_lang/foo.po \
+                foo.pot -o po/LC/my_lang/foo.po.new
+
+        # Now the hard part: translate foo.po using tools
+        # like poedit or emacs' po-mode
+
+        # Compile the finished file; Use of msgfmt's "-v" option is
+        # strongly encouraged, so that "fuzzy" entries are reported.
+        msgfmt -v -o po/my_lang/LC_MESSAGES/foo.mo po/my_lang/foo.po
+
+        # Install the .mo file
+        sudo cp po/my_lang/LC_MESSAGES/foo.mo \
+                /opt/local/share/locale/my_lang/LC_MESSAGE/
+

Once these steps are complete, you can use the "gettext" command to test the message catalog:

+
+    gettext -d foo -e "some text"
+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+11.5.1 
+i18n and xo_emit +

+

There are three features used in libxo used to support i18n:

+

+
    +
  • The "{G:}" role looks for a translation of the format string.
    • +
  • The "{g:}" modifier looks for a translation of the field.
    • +
  • The "{p:}" modifier looks for a pluralized version of the field.
    • +
+

Together these three flags allows a single function call to give native language support, as well as libxo's normal XML, JSON, and HTML support.

+
+    printf(gettext("Received %zu %s from {g:server} server\n"),
+           counter, ngettext("byte", "bytes", counter),
+           gettext("web"));
+
+    xo_emit("{G:}Received {:received/%zu} {Ngp:byte,bytes} "
+            "from {g:server} server\n", counter, "web");
+

libxo will see the "{G:}" role and will first simplify the format string, removing field formats and modifiers.

+
+    "Received {:received} {N:byte,bytes} from {:server} server\n"
+

libxo calls gettext(3) with that string to get a localized version. If your language were Pig Latin, the result might look like:

+
+    "Eceivedray {:received} {N:byte,bytes} omfray "
+               "{:server} erversay\n"
+

Note the field names do not change and they should not be translated. The contents of the note ("byte,bytes") should also not be translated, since the "g" modifier will need the untranslated value as the key for the message catalog.

+

The field "{g:server}" requests the rendered value of the field be translated using gettext(3). In this example, "web" would be used.

+

The field "{Ngp:byte,bytes}" shows an example of plural form using the "p" modifier with the "g" modifier. The base singular and plural forms appear inside the field, separated by a comma. At run time, libxo uses the previous field's numeric value to decide which form to use by calling ngettext(3).

+

If a domain name is needed, it can be supplied as the content of the {G:} role. Domain names remain in use throughout the format string until cleared with another domain name.

+
+    printf(dgettext("dns", "Host %s not found: %d(%s)\n"),
+        name, errno, dgettext("strerror", strerror(errno)));
+
+    xo_emit("{G:dns}Host {:hostname} not found: "
+            "%d({G:strerror}{g:%m})\n", name, errno);
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+12_ 
+Examples +

+

Section Contents:

+ +
+

+
+12.1 
+Unit Test +

+

Here is the unit test example:

+
+    int
+    main (int argc, char **argv)
+    {
+        static char base_grocery[] = "GRO";
+        static char base_hardware[] = "HRD";
+        struct item {
+            const char *i_title;
+            int i_sold;
+            int i_instock;
+            int i_onorder;
+            const char *i_sku_base;
+            int i_sku_num;
+        };
+        struct item list[] = {
+            { "gum", 1412, 54, 10, base_grocery, 415 },
+            { "rope", 85, 4, 2, base_hardware, 212 },
+            { "ladder", 0, 2, 1, base_hardware, 517 },
+            { "bolt", 4123, 144, 42, base_hardware, 632 },
+            { "water", 17, 14, 2, base_grocery, 2331 },
+            { NULL, 0, 0, 0, NULL, 0 }
+        };
+        struct item list2[] = {
+            { "fish", 1321, 45, 1, base_grocery, 533 },
+        };
+        struct item *ip;
+        xo_info_t info[] = {
+            { "in-stock", "number", "Number of items in stock" },
+            { "name", "string", "Name of the item" },
+            { "on-order", "number", "Number of items on order" },
+            { "sku", "string", "Stock Keeping Unit" },
+            { "sold", "number", "Number of items sold" },
+            { NULL, NULL, NULL },
+        };
+        int info_count = (sizeof(info) / sizeof(info[0])) - 1;
+
+        argc = xo_parse_args(argc, argv);
+        if (argc < 0)
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+        xo_set_info(NULL, info, info_count);
+
+        xo_open_container_h(NULL, "top");
+
+        xo_open_container("data");
+        xo_open_list("item");
+
+        for (ip = list; ip->i_title; ip++) {
+            xo_open_instance("item");
+
+            xo_emit("{L:Item} '{k:name/%s}':\n", ip->i_title);
+            xo_emit("{P:   }{L:Total sold}: {n:sold/%u%s}\n",
+                    ip->i_sold, ip->i_sold ? ".0" : "");
+            xo_emit("{P:   }{Lwc:In stock}{:in-stock/%u}\n", 
+                    ip->i_instock);
+            xo_emit("{P:   }{Lwc:On order}{:on-order/%u}\n", 
+                    ip->i_onorder);
+            xo_emit("{P:   }{L:SKU}: {q:sku/%s-000-%u}\n",
+                    ip->i_sku_base, ip->i_sku_num);
+
+            xo_close_instance("item");
+        }
+
+        xo_close_list("item");
+        xo_close_container("data");
+
+        xo_open_container("data");
+        xo_open_list("item");
+
+        for (ip = list2; ip->i_title; ip++) {
+            xo_open_instance("item");
+
+            xo_emit("{L:Item} '{:name/%s}':\n", ip->i_title);
+            xo_emit("{P:   }{L:Total sold}: {n:sold/%u%s}\n",
+                    ip->i_sold, ip->i_sold ? ".0" : "");
+            xo_emit("{P:   }{Lwc:In stock}{:in-stock/%u}\n", 
+                    ip->i_instock);
+            xo_emit("{P:   }{Lwc:On order}{:on-order/%u}\n", 
+                    ip->i_onorder);
+            xo_emit("{P:   }{L:SKU}: {q:sku/%s-000-%u}\n",
+                    ip->i_sku_base, ip->i_sku_num);
+
+            xo_close_instance("item");
+        }
+
+        xo_close_list("item");
+        xo_close_container("data");
+
+        xo_close_container_h(NULL, "top");
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+

Text output:

+
+    % ./testxo --libxo text
+    Item 'gum':
+       Total sold: 1412.0
+       In stock: 54
+       On order: 10
+       SKU: GRO-000-415
+    Item 'rope':
+       Total sold: 85.0
+       In stock: 4
+       On order: 2
+       SKU: HRD-000-212
+    Item 'ladder':
+       Total sold: 0
+       In stock: 2
+       On order: 1
+       SKU: HRD-000-517
+    Item 'bolt':
+       Total sold: 4123.0
+       In stock: 144
+       On order: 42
+       SKU: HRD-000-632
+    Item 'water':
+       Total sold: 17.0
+       In stock: 14
+       On order: 2
+       SKU: GRO-000-2331
+    Item 'fish':
+       Total sold: 1321.0
+       In stock: 45
+       On order: 1
+       SKU: GRO-000-533
+

JSON output:

+
+    % ./testxo --libxo json,pretty
+    "top": {
+      "data": {
+        "item": [
+          {
+            "name": "gum",
+            "sold": 1412.0,
+            "in-stock": 54,
+            "on-order": 10,
+            "sku": "GRO-000-415"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "rope",
+            "sold": 85.0,
+            "in-stock": 4,
+            "on-order": 2,
+            "sku": "HRD-000-212"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "ladder",
+            "sold": 0,
+            "in-stock": 2,
+            "on-order": 1,
+            "sku": "HRD-000-517"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "bolt",
+            "sold": 4123.0,
+            "in-stock": 144,
+            "on-order": 42,
+            "sku": "HRD-000-632"
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "water",
+            "sold": 17.0,
+            "in-stock": 14,
+            "on-order": 2,
+            "sku": "GRO-000-2331"
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "item": [
+          {
+            "name": "fish",
+            "sold": 1321.0,
+            "in-stock": 45,
+            "on-order": 1,
+            "sku": "GRO-000-533"
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+

XML output:

+
+    % ./testxo --libxo pretty,xml
+    <top>
+      <data>
+        <item>
+          <name>gum</name>
+          <sold>1412.0</sold>
+          <in-stock>54</in-stock>
+          <on-order>10</on-order>
+          <sku>GRO-000-415</sku>
+        </item>
+        <item>
+          <name>rope</name>
+          <sold>85.0</sold>
+          <in-stock>4</in-stock>
+          <on-order>2</on-order>
+          <sku>HRD-000-212</sku>
+        </item>
+        <item>
+          <name>ladder</name>
+          <sold>0</sold>
+          <in-stock>2</in-stock>
+          <on-order>1</on-order>
+          <sku>HRD-000-517</sku>
+        </item>
+        <item>
+          <name>bolt</name>
+          <sold>4123.0</sold>
+          <in-stock>144</in-stock>
+          <on-order>42</on-order>
+          <sku>HRD-000-632</sku>
+        </item>
+        <item>
+          <name>water</name>
+          <sold>17.0</sold>
+          <in-stock>14</in-stock>
+          <on-order>2</on-order>
+          <sku>GRO-000-2331</sku>
+        </item>
+      </data>
+      <data>
+        <item>
+          <name>fish</name>
+          <sold>1321.0</sold>
+          <in-stock>45</in-stock>
+          <on-order>1</on-order>
+          <sku>GRO-000-533</sku>
+        </item>
+      </data>
+    </top>
+

HMTL output:

+
+    % ./testxo --libxo pretty,html
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="label">Item</div>
+      <div class="text"> '</div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="name">gum</div>
+      <div class="text">':</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">Total sold</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sold">1412.0</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">In stock</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock">54</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">On order</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="on-order">10</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">SKU</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sku">GRO-000-415</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="label">Item</div>
+      <div class="text"> '</div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="name">rope</div>
+      <div class="text">':</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">Total sold</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sold">85.0</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">In stock</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock">4</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">On order</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="on-order">2</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">SKU</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sku">HRD-000-212</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="label">Item</div>
+      <div class="text"> '</div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="name">ladder</div>
+      <div class="text">':</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">Total sold</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sold">0</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">In stock</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock">2</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">On order</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="on-order">1</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">SKU</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sku">HRD-000-517</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="label">Item</div>
+      <div class="text"> '</div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="name">bolt</div>
+      <div class="text">':</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">Total sold</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sold">4123.0</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">In stock</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock">144</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">On order</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="on-order">42</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">SKU</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sku">HRD-000-632</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="label">Item</div>
+      <div class="text"> '</div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="name">water</div>
+      <div class="text">':</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">Total sold</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sold">17.0</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">In stock</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock">14</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">On order</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="on-order">2</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">SKU</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sku">GRO-000-2331</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="label">Item</div>
+      <div class="text"> '</div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="name">fish</div>
+      <div class="text">':</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">Total sold</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sold">1321.0</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">In stock</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock">45</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">On order</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="on-order">1</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">SKU</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sku">GRO-000-533</div>
+    </div>
+

HTML output with xpath and info flags:

+
+    % ./testxo --libxo pretty,html,xpath,info
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="label">Item</div>
+      <div class="text"> '</div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="name"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/name" data-type="string"
+           data-help="Name of the item">gum</div>
+      <div class="text">':</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">Total sold</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sold"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/sold" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items sold">1412.0</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">In stock</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/in-stock" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items in stock">54</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">On order</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="on-order"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/on-order" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items on order">10</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">SKU</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sku"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/sku" data-type="string"
+           data-help="Stock Keeping Unit">GRO-000-415</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="label">Item</div>
+      <div class="text"> '</div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="name"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/name" data-type="string"
+           data-help="Name of the item">rope</div>
+      <div class="text">':</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">Total sold</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sold"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/sold" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items sold">85.0</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">In stock</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/in-stock" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items in stock">4</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">On order</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="on-order"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/on-order" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items on order">2</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">SKU</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sku"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/sku" data-type="string"
+           data-help="Stock Keeping Unit">HRD-000-212</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="label">Item</div>
+      <div class="text"> '</div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="name"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/name" data-type="string"
+           data-help="Name of the item">ladder</div>
+      <div class="text">':</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">Total sold</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sold"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/sold" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items sold">0</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">In stock</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/in-stock" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items in stock">2</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">On order</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="on-order"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/on-order" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items on order">1</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">SKU</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sku"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/sku" data-type="string"
+           data-help="Stock Keeping Unit">HRD-000-517</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="label">Item</div>
+      <div class="text"> '</div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="name"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/name" data-type="string"
+           data-help="Name of the item">bolt</div>
+      <div class="text">':</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">Total sold</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sold"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/sold" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items sold">4123.0</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">In stock</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/in-stock" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items in stock">144</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">On order</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="on-order"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/on-order" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items on order">42</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">SKU</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sku"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/sku" data-type="string"
+           data-help="Stock Keeping Unit">HRD-000-632</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="label">Item</div>
+      <div class="text"> '</div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="name"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/name" data-type="string"
+           data-help="Name of the item">water</div>
+      <div class="text">':</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">Total sold</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sold"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/sold" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items sold">17.0</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">In stock</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/in-stock" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items in stock">14</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">On order</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="on-order"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/on-order" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items on order">2</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">SKU</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sku"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/sku" data-type="string"
+           data-help="Stock Keeping Unit">GRO-000-2331</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="label">Item</div>
+      <div class="text"> '</div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="name"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/name" data-type="string"
+           data-help="Name of the item">fish</div>
+      <div class="text">':</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">Total sold</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sold"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/sold" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items sold">1321.0</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">In stock</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="in-stock"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/in-stock" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items in stock">45</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">On order</div>
+      <div class="decoration">:</div>
+      <div class="padding"> </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="on-order"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/on-order" data-type="number"
+           data-help="Number of items on order">1</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="line">
+      <div class="padding">   </div>
+      <div class="label">SKU</div>
+      <div class="text">: </div>
+      <div class="data" data-tag="sku"
+           data-xpath="/top/data/item/sku" data-type="string"
+           data-help="Stock Keeping Unit">GRO-000-533</div>
+    </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+

Author's Address

+
+Phil ShaferJuniper NetworksEMail: +
+
+ + Property changes on: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/doc/libxo-manual.html ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:eol-style ## -0,0 +1 ## +native \ No newline at end of property Added: svn:keywords ## -0,0 +1 ## +FreeBSD=%H \ No newline at end of property Added: svn:mime-type ## -0,0 +1 ## +text/html \ No newline at end of property Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/doc/libxo.txt =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/doc/libxo.txt (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/doc/libxo.txt (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,3995 @@ +# +# Copyright (c) 2014, Juniper Networks, Inc. +# All rights reserved. +# This SOFTWARE is licensed under the LICENSE provided in the +# ../Copyright file. By downloading, installing, copying, or +# using the SOFTWARE, you agree to be bound by the terms of that +# LICENSE. +# Phil Shafer, July 2014 +# + +* Overview + +libxo - A Library for Generating Text, XML, JSON, and HTML Output + +You want to prepare for the future, but you need to live in the +present. You'd love a flying car, but need to get to work today. You +want to support features like XML, JSON, and HTML rendering to allow +integration with NETCONF, REST, and web browsers, but you need to make +text output for command line users. + +And you don't want multiple code paths that can't help but get out of +sync: + + /* None of this "if (xml) {... } else {...}" logic */ + if (xml) { + /* some code to make xml*/ + } else { + /* other code to make text */ + /* oops forgot to add something on both clauses! */ + } + + /* And ifdefs are right out. */ + #ifdef MAKE_XML + /* icky */ + #else + /* pooh */ + #endif + +But you'd really, really like all the fancy features that modern +encoding formats can provide. libxo can help. + +The libxo library allows an application to generate text, XML, JSON, +and HTML output using a common set of function calls. The application +decides at run time which output style should be produced. The +application calls a function "xo_emit" to product output that is +described in a format string. A "field descriptor" tells libxo what +the field is and what it means. Each field descriptor is placed in +braces with a printf-like format string (^format-strings^): + + xo_emit(" {:lines/%7ju} {:words/%7ju} " + "{:characters/%7ju} {d:filename/%s}\n", + linect, wordct, charct, file); + +Each field can have a role, with the 'value' role being the default, +and the role tells libxo how and when to render that field (see +^field-roles^ for details). Modifiers change how the field is +rendered in different output styles (see ^field-modifiers^ for +details. Output can then be generated in various style, using the +"--libxo" option: + + % wc /etc/motd + 25 165 1140 /etc/motd + % wc --libxo xml,pretty,warn /etc/motd + + + 25 + 165 + 1140 + /etc/motd + + + % wc --libxo json,pretty,warn /etc/motd + { + "wc": { + "file": [ + { + "lines": 25, + "words": 165, + "characters": 1140, + "filename": "/etc/motd" + } + ] + } + } + % wc --libxo html,pretty,warn /etc/motd +
+
+
25
+
+
165
+
+
1140
+
+
/etc/motd
+
+ +Same code path, same format strings, same information, but it's +rendered in distinct styles based on run-time flags. + +* Getting libxo + +libxo now ships as part of the FreeBSD Operating System (as of -11). + +libxo lives on github as: + + https://github.com/Juniper/libxo + +The latest release of libxo is available at: + + https://github.com/Juniper/libxo/releases + +We are following the branching scheme from +^http://nvie.com/posts/a-successful-git-branching-model/^ which means +we will do development under the "develop" branch, and release from +the "master" branch. To clone a developer tree, run the following +command: + + git clone https://github.com/Juniper/libxo.git -b develop + +We're using semantic release numbering, as defined in +^http://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html^. + +libxo is open source, distributed under the BSD license. It shipped +as part of the FreeBSD operating system starting with release 11.0. + +Issues, problems, and bugs should be directly to the issues page on +our github site. + +** Downloading libxo Source Code + +You can retrieve the source for libxo in two ways: + +A) Use a "distfile" for a specific release. We use +github to maintain our releases. Visit +github release page (^https://github.com/Juniper/libxo/releases^) +to see the list of releases. To download the latest, look for the +release with the green "Latest release" button and the green +"libxo-RELEASE.tar.gz" button under that section. + +After downloading that release's distfile, untar it as follows: + + tar -zxf libxo-RELEASE.tar.gz + cd libxo-RELEASE + +[Note: for Solaris users, your "tar" command lacks the "-z" flag, +so you'll need to substitute "gzip -dc "file" | tar xf -" instead of +"tar -zxf "file"".] + +B) Use the current build from github. This gives you the most recent +source code, which might be less stable than a specific release. To +build libxo from the git repo: + + git clone https://github.com/Juniper/libxo.git + cd libxo + +_BE AWARE_: The github repository does _not_ contain the files +generated by "autoreconf", with the notable exception of the "m4" +directory. Since these files (depcomp, configure, missing, +install-sh, etc) are generated files, we keep them out of the source +code repository. + +This means that if you download the a release distfile, these files +will be ready and you'll just need to run "configure", but if you +download the source code from svn, then you'll need to run +"autoreconf" by hand. This step is done for you by the "setup.sh" +script, described in the next section. + +** Building libxo + +To build libxo, you'll need to set up the build, run the "configure" +script, run the "make" command, and run the regression tests. + +The following is a summary of the commands needed. These commands are +explained in detail in the rest of this section. + + sh bin/setup.sh + cd build + ../configure + make + make test + sudo make install + +The following sections will walk through each of these steps with +additional details and options, but the above directions should be all +that's needed. + +*** Setting up the build + +[If you downloaded a distfile, you can skip this step.] + +Run the "setup.sh" script to set up the build. This script runs the +"autoreconf" command to generate the "configure" script and other +generated files. + + sh bin/setup.sh + +Note: We're are currently using autoreconf version 2.69. + +*** Running the "configure" Script + +Configure (and autoconf in general) provides a means of building +software in diverse environments. Our configure script supports +a set of options that can be used to adjust to your operating +environment. Use "configure --help" to view these options. + +We use the "build" directory to keep object files and generated files +away from the source tree. + +To run the configure script, change into the "build" directory, and +run the "configure" script. Add any required options to the +"../configure" command line. + + cd build + ../configure + +Expect to see the "configure" script generate the following error: + + /usr/bin/rm: cannot remove `libtoolT': No such file or directory + +This error is harmless and can be safely ignored. + +By default, libxo installs architecture-independent files, including +extension library files, in the /usr/local directories. To specify an +installation prefix other than /usr/local for all installation files, +include the --prefix=prefix option and specify an alternate +location. To install just the extension library files in a different, +user-defined location, include the --with-extensions-dir=dir option +and specify the location where the extension libraries will live. + + cd build + ../configure [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]... + +**** Running the "make" command + +Once the "configure" script is run, build the images using the "make" +command: + + make + +**** Running the Regression Tests + +libxo includes a set of regression tests that can be run to ensure +the software is working properly. These test are optional, but will +help determine if there are any issues running libxo on your +machine. To run the regression tests: + + make test + +*** Installing libxo + +Once the software is built, you'll need to install libxo using the +"make install" command. If you are the root user, or the owner of the +installation directory, simply issue the command: + + make install + +If you are not the "root" user and are using the "sudo" package, use: + + sudo make install + +Verify the installation by viewing the output of "xo --version": + + % xo --version + libxo version 0.3.5-git-develop + xo version 0.3.5-git-develop + +* Formatting with libxo + +Most unix commands emit text output aimed at humans. It is designed +to be parsed and understood by a user. Humans are gifted at +extracting details and pattern matching in such output. Often +programmers need to extract information from this human-oriented +output. Programmers use tools like grep, awk, and regular expressions +to ferret out the pieces of information they need. Such solutions are +fragile and require maintenance when output contents change or evolve, +along with testing and validation. + +Modern tool developers favor encoding schemes like XML and JSON, +which allow trivial parsing and extraction of data. Such formats are +simple, well understood, hierarchical, easily parsed, and often +integrate easier with common tools and environments. Changes to +content can be done in ways that do not break existing users of the +data, which can reduce maintenance costs and increase feature velocity. + +In addition, modern reality means that more output ends up in web +browsers than in terminals, making HTML output valuable. + +libxo allows a single set of function calls in source code to generate +traditional text output, as well as XML and JSON formatted data. HTML +can also be generated; "
" elements surround the traditional text +output, with attributes that detail how to render the data. + +A single libxo function call in source code is all that's required: + + xo_emit("Connecting to {:host}.{:domain}...\n", host, domain); + + TEXT: + Connecting to my-box.example.com... + XML: + my-box + example.com + JSON: + "host": "my-box", + "domain": "example.com" + HTML: +
+
Connecting to
+
my-box
+
.
+
example.com
+
...
+
+ +** Encoding Styles + +There are four encoding styles supported by libxo: + +- TEXT output can be display on a terminal session, allowing +compatibility with traditional command line usage. +- XML output is suitable for tools like XPath and protocols like +NETCONF. +- JSON output can be used for RESTful APIs and integration with +languages like Javascript and Python. +- HTML can be matched with a small CSS file to permit rendering in any +HTML5 browser. + +In general, XML and JSON are suitable for encoding data, while TEXT is +suited for terminal output and HTML is suited for display in a web +browser (see ^xohtml^). + +*** Text Output + +Most traditional programs generate text output on standard output, +with contents like: + + 36 ./src + 40 ./bin + 90 . + +In this example (taken from du source code), the code to generate this +data might look like: + + printf("%d\t%s\n", num_blocks, path); + +Simple, direct, obvious. But it's only making text output. Imagine +using a single code path to make TEXT, XML, JSON or HTML, deciding at +run time which to generate. + +libxo expands on the idea of printf format strings to make a single +format containing instructions for creating multiple output styles: + + xo_emit("{:blocks/%d}\t{:path/%s}\n", num_blocks, path); + +This line will generate the same text output as the earlier printf +call, but also has enough information to generate XML, JSON, and HTML. + +The following sections introduce the other formats. + +*** XML Output + +XML output consists of a hierarchical set of elements, each encoded +with a start tag and an end tag. The element should be named for data +value that it is encoding: + + + 36 + ./src + + + 40 + ./bin + + + 90 + . + + +XML is a W3C standard for encoding data. See w3c.org/TR/xml for +additional information. + +*** JSON Output + +JSON output consists of a hierarchical set of objects and lists, each +encoded with a quoted name, a colon, and a value. If the value is a +string, it must be quoted, but numbers are not quoted. Objects are +encoded using braces; lists are encoded using square brackets. +Data inside objects and lists is separated using commas: + + items: [ + { "blocks": 36, "path" : "./src" }, + { "blocks": 40, "path" : "./bin" }, + { "blocks": 90, "path" : "./" } + ] + +*** HTML Output + +HTML output is designed to allow the output to be rendered in a web +browser with minimal effort. Each piece of output data is rendered +inside a
element, with a class name related to the role of the +data. By using a small set of class attribute values, a CSS +stylesheet can render the HTML into rich text that mirrors the +traditional text content. + +Additional attributes can be enabled to provide more details about the +data, including data type, description, and an XPath location. + +
+
36
+
+
./src
+
+
+
40
+
+
./bin
+
+
+
90
+
+
./
+
+ +** Format Strings @format-strings@ + +libxo uses format strings to control the rendering of data into the +various output styles. Each format string contains a set of zero or +more field descriptions, which describe independent data fields. Each +field description contains a set of modifiers, a content string, and +zero, one, or two format descriptors. The modifiers tell libxo what +the field is and how to treat it, while the format descriptors are +formatting instructions using printf-style format strings, telling +libxo how to format the field. The field description is placed inside +a set of braces, with a colon (":") after the modifiers and a slash +("/") before each format descriptors. Text may be intermixed with +field descriptions within the format string. + +The field description is given as follows: + + '{' [ role | modifier ]* [',' long-names ]* ':' [ content ] + [ '/' field-format [ '/' encoding-format ]] '}' + +The role describes the function of the field, while the modifiers +enable optional behaviors. The contents, field-format, and +encoding-format are used in varying ways, based on the role. These +are described in the following sections. + +In the following example, three field descriptors appear. The first +is a padding field containing three spaces of padding, the second is a +label ("In stock"), and the third is a value field ("in-stock"). The +in-stock field has a "%u" format that will parse the next argument +passed to the xo_emit function as an unsigned integer. + + xo_emit("{P: }{Lwc:In stock}{:in-stock/%u}\n", 65); + +This single line of code can generate text (" In stock: 65\n"), XML +("65"), JSON ('"in-stock": 6'), or HTML (too +lengthy to be listed here). + +While roles and modifiers typically use single character for brevity, +there are alternative names for each which allow more verbose +formatting strings. These names must be preceded by a comma, and may +follow any single-character values: + + xo_emit("{L,white,colon:In stock}{,key:in-stock/%u}\n", 65); + +*** Field Roles + +Field roles are optional, and indicate the role and formatting of the +content. The roles are listed below; only one role is permitted: + +|---+--------------+-------------------------------------------------| +| R | Name | Description | +|---+--------------+-------------------------------------------------| +| C | color | Field has color and effect controls | +| D | decoration | Field is non-text (e.g., colon, comma) | +| E | error | Field is an error message | +| G | gettext | Call gettext(3) on the format string | +| L | label | Field is text that prefixes a value | +| N | note | Field is text that follows a value | +| P | padding | Field is spaces needed for vertical alignment | +| T | title | Field is a title value for headings | +| U | units | Field is the units for the previous value field | +| V | value | Field is the name of field (the default) | +| W | warning | Field is a warning message | +| [ | start-anchor | Begin a section of anchored variable-width text | +| ] | stop-anchor | End a section of anchored variable-width text | +|---+--------------+-------------------------------------------------| + + EXAMPLE: + xo_emit("{L:Free}{D::}{P: }{:free/%u} {U:Blocks}\n", + free_blocks); + +When a role is not provided, the "value" role is used as the default. + +Roles and modifiers can also use more verbose names, when preceded by +a comma: + + EXAMPLE: + xo_emit("{,label:Free}{,decoration::}{,padding: }" + "{,value:free/%u} {,units:Blocks}\n", + free_blocks); + +**** The Color Role ({C:}) @color-role@ + +Colors and effects control how text values are displayed; they are +used for display styles (TEXT and HTML). + + xo_emit("{C:bold}{:value}{C:no-bold}\n", value); + +Colors and effects remain in effect until modified by other "C"-role +fields. + + xo_emit("{C:bold}{C:inverse}both{C:no-bold}only inverse\n"); + +If the content is empty, the "reset" action is performed. + + xo_emit("{C:both,underline}{:value}{C:}\n", value); + +The content should be a comma-separated list of zero or more colors or +display effects. + + xo_emit("{C:bold,inverse}Ugly{C:no-bold,no-inverse}\n"); + +The color content can be either static, when placed directly within +the field descriptor, or a printf-style format descriptor can be used, +if preceded by a slash ("/"): + + xo_emit("{C:/%s%s}{:value}{C:}", need_bold ? "bold" : "", + need_underline ? "underline" : "", value); + +Color names are prefixed with either "fg-" or "bg-" to change the +foreground and background colors, respectively. + + xo_emit("{C:/fg-%s,bg-%s}{Lwc:Cost}{:cost/%u}{C:reset}\n", + fg_color, bg_color, cost); + +The following table lists the supported effects: + +|---------------+-------------------------------------------------| +| Name | Description | +|---------------+-------------------------------------------------| +| bg-XXXXX | Change background color | +| bold | Start bold text effect | +| fg-XXXXX | Change foreground color | +| inverse | Start inverse (aka reverse) text effect | +| no-bold | Stop bold text effect | +| no-inverse | Stop inverse (aka reverse) text effect | +| no-underline | Stop underline text effect | +| normal | Reset effects (only) | +| reset | Reset colors and effects (restore defaults) | +| underline | Start underline text effect | +|---------------+-------------------------------------------------| + +The following color names are supported: + +|---------+--------------------------------------------| +| Name | Description | +|---------+--------------------------------------------| +| black | | +| blue | | +| cyan | | +| default | Default color for foreground or background | +| green | | +| magenta | | +| red | | +| white | | +| yellow | | +|---------+--------------------------------------------| + +When using colors, the developer should remember that users will +change the foreground and background colors of terminal session +according to their own tastes, so assuming that "blue" looks nice is +never safe, and is a constant annoyance to your dear author. In +addition, a significant percentage of users (1 in 12) will be color +blind. Depending on color to convey critical information is not a +good idea. Color should enhance output, but should not be used as the +sole means of encoding information. + +**** The Decoration Role ({D:}) + +Decorations are typically punctuation marks such as colons, +semi-colons, and commas used to decorate the text and make it simpler +for human readers. By marking these distinctly, HTML usage scenarios +can use CSS to direct their display parameters. + + xo_emit("{D:((}{:name}{D:))}\n", name); + +**** The Gettext Role ({G:}) @gettext-role@ + +libxo supports internationalization (i18n) through its use of +gettext(3). Use the "{G:}" role to request that the remaining part of +the format string, following the "{G:}" field, be handled using +gettext(). + +Since gettext() uses the string as the key into the message catalog, +libxo uses a simplified version of the format string that removes +unimportant field formatting and modifiers, stopping minor formatting +changes from impacting the expensive translation process. A developer +change such as changing "/%06d" to "/%08d" should not force hand +inspection of all .po files. + +The simplified version can be generated for a single message using the +"xopo -s " command, or an entire .pot can be translated using +the "xopo -f -o " command. + + xo_emit("{G:}Invalid token\n"); + +The {G:} role allows a domain name to be set. gettext calls will +continue to use that domain name until the current format string +processing is complete, enabling a library function to emit strings +using it's own catalog. The domain name can be either static as the +content of the field, or a format can be used to get the domain name +from the arguments. + + xo_emit("{G:libc}Service unavailable in restricted mode\n"); + +See ^howto-i18n^ for additional details. + +**** The Label Role ({L:}) + +Labels are text that appears before a value. + + xo_emit("{Lwc:Cost}{:cost/%u}\n", cost); + +**** The Note Role ({N:}) + +Notes are text that appears after a value. + + xo_emit("{:cost/%u} {N:per year}\n", cost); + +**** The Padding Role ({P:}) @padding-role@ + +Padding represents whitespace used before and between fields. + +The padding content can be either static, when placed directly within +the field descriptor, or a printf-style format descriptor can be used, +if preceded by a slash ("/"): + + xo_emit("{P: }{Lwc:Cost}{:cost/%u}\n", cost); + xo_emit("{P:/%30s}{Lwc:Cost}{:cost/%u}\n", "", cost); + +**** The Title Role ({T:}) + +Title are heading or column headers that are meant to be displayed to +the user. The title can be either static, when placed directly within +the field descriptor, or a printf-style format descriptor can be used, +if preceded by a slash ("/"): + + xo_emit("{T:Interface Statistics}\n"); + xo_emit("{T:/%20.20s}{T:/%6.6s}\n", "Item Name", "Cost"); + +Title fields have an extra convenience feature; if both content and +format are specified, instead of looking to the argument list for a +value, the content is used, allowing a mixture of format and content +within the field descriptor: + + xo_emit("{T:Name/%20s}{T:Count/%6s}\n"); + +Since the incoming argument is a string, the format must be "%s" or +something suitable. + +**** The Units Role ({U:}) + +Units are the dimension by which values are measured, such as degrees, +miles, bytes, and decibels. The units field carries this information +for the previous value field. + + xo_emit("{Lwc:Distance}{:distance/%u}{Uw:miles}\n", miles); + +Note that the sense of the 'w' modifier is reversed for units; +a blank is added before the contents, rather than after it. + +When the XOF_UNITS flag is set, units are rendered in XML as the +"units" attribute: + + 50 + +Units can also be rendered in HTML as the "data-units" attribute: + +
50
+ +**** The Value Role ({V:} and {:}) + +The value role is used to represent the a data value that is +interesting for the non-display output styles (XML and JSON). Value +is the default role; if no other role designation is given, the field +is a value. The field name must appear within the field descriptor, +followed by one or two format descriptors. The first format +descriptor is used for display styles (TEXT and HTML), while the +second one is used for encoding styles (XML and JSON). If no second +format is given, the encoding format defaults to the first format, +with any minimum width removed. If no first format is given, both +format descriptors default to "%s". + + xo_emit("{:length/%02u}x{:width/%02u}x{:height/%02u}\n", + length, width, height); + xo_emit("{:author} wrote \"{:poem}\" in {:year/%4d}\n, + author, poem, year); + +**** The Anchor Roles ({[:} and {]:}) @anchor-role@ + +The anchor roles allow a set of strings by be padded as a group, +but still be visible to xo_emit as distinct fields. Either the start +or stop anchor can give a field width and it can be either directly in +the descriptor or passed as an argument. Any fields between the start +and stop anchor are padded to meet the minimum width given. + +To give a width directly, encode it as the content of the anchor tag: + + xo_emit("({[:10}{:min/%d}/{:max/%d}{]:})\n", min, max); + +To pass a width as an argument, use "%d" as the format, which must +appear after the "/". Note that only "%d" is supported for widths. +Using any other value could ruin your day. + + xo_emit("({[:/%d}{:min/%d}/{:max/%d}{]:})\n", width, min, max); + +If the width is negative, padding will be added on the right, suitable +for left justification. Otherwise the padding will be added to the +left of the fields between the start and stop anchors, suitable for +right justification. If the width is zero, nothing happens. If the +number of columns of output between the start and stop anchors is less +than the absolute value of the given width, nothing happens. + +Widths over 8k are considered probable errors and not supported. If +XOF_WARN is set, a warning will be generated. + +*** Field Modifiers + +Field modifiers are flags which modify the way content emitted for +particular output styles: + +|---+---------------+--------------------------------------------------| +| M | Name | Description | +|---+---------------+--------------------------------------------------| +| a | argument | The content appears as a 'const char *' argument | +| c | colon | A colon (":") is appended after the label | +| d | display | Only emit field for display styles (text/HTML) | +| e | encoding | Only emit for encoding styles (XML/JSON) | +| g | gettext | Call gettext on field's render content | +| h | humanize (hn) | Format large numbers in human-readable style | +| | hn-space | Humanize: Place space between numeric and unit | +| | hn-decimal | Humanize: Add a decimal digit, if number < 10 | +| | hn-1000 | Humanize: Use 1000 as divisor instead of 1024 | +| k | key | Field is a key, suitable for XPath predicates | +| l | leaf-list | Field is a leaf-list | +| n | no-quotes | Do not quote the field when using JSON style | +| p | plural | Gettext: Use comma-separated plural form | +| q | quotes | Quote the field when using JSON style | +| t | trim | Trim leading and trailing whitespace | +| w | white | A blank (" ") is appended after the label | +|---+---------------+--------------------------------------------------| + +Roles and modifiers can also use more verbose names, when preceded by +a comma. For example, the modifier string "Lwc" (or "L,white,colon") +means the field has a label role (text that describes the next field) +and should be followed by a colon ('c') and a space ('w'). The +modifier string "Vkq" (or ":key,quote") means the field has a value +role (the default role), that it is a key for the current instance, +and that the value should be quoted when encoded for JSON. + +**** The Argument Modifier ({a:}) + +The argument modifier indicates that the content of the field +descriptor will be placed as a UTF-8 string (const char *) argument +within the xo_emit parameters. + + EXAMPLE: + xo_emit("{La:} {a:}\n", "Label text", "label", "value"); + TEXT: + Label text value + JSON: + "label": "value" + XML: + + +The argument modifier allows field names for value fields to be passed +on the stack, avoiding the need to build a field descriptor using +snprintf. For many field roles, the argument modifier is not needed, +since those roles have specific mechanisms for arguments, such as +"{C:fg-%s}". + +**** The Colon Modifier ({c:}) + +The colon modifier appends a single colon to the data value: + + EXAMPLE: + xo_emit("{Lc:Name}{:name}\n", "phil"); + TEXT: + Name:phil + +The colon modifier is only used for the TEXT and HTML output +styles. It is commonly combined with the space modifier ('{w:}'). +It is purely a convenience feature. + +**** The Display Modifier ({d:}) + +The display modifier indicated the field should only be generated for +the display output styles, TEXT and HTML. + + EXAMPLE: + xo_emit("{Lcw:Name}{d:name} {:id/%d}\n", "phil", 1); + TEXT: + Name: phil 1 + XML: + 1 + +The display modifier is the opposite of the encoding modifier, and +they are often used to give to distinct views of the underlying data. + +**** The Encoding Modifier ({e:}) @e-modifier@ + +The display modifier indicated the field should only be generated for +the display output styles, TEXT and HTML. + + EXAMPLE: + xo_emit("{Lcw:Name}{:name} {e:id/%d}\n", "phil", 1); + TEXT: + Name: phil + XML: + phil1 + +The encoding modifier is the opposite of the display modifier, and +they are often used to give to distinct views of the underlying data. + +**** The Gettext Modifier ({g:}) @gettext-modifier@ + +The gettext modifier is used to translate individual fields using the +gettext domain (typically set using the "{G:}" role) and current +language settings. Once libxo renders the field value, it is passed +to gettext(3), where it is used as a key to find the native language +translation. + +In the following example, the strings "State" and "full" are passed +to gettext() to find locale-based translated strings. + + xo_emit("{Lgwc:State}{g:state}\n", "full"); + +See ^gettext-role^, ^plural-modifier^, and ^howto-i18n^ for additional +details. + +**** The Humanize Modifier ({h:}) + +The humanize modifier is used to render large numbers as in a +human-readable format. While numbers like "44470272" are completely +readable to computers and savants, humans will generally find "44M" +more meaningful. + +"hn" can be used as an alias for "humanize". + +The humanize modifier only affects display styles (TEXT and HMTL). +The "no-humanize" option (See ^options^) will block the function of +the humanize modifier. + +There are a number of modifiers that affect details of humanization. +These are only available in as full names, not single characters. The +"hn-space" modifier places a space between the number and any +multiplier symbol, such as "M" or "K" (ex: "44 K"). The "hn-decimal" +modifier will add a decimal point and a single tenths digit when the number is +less than 10 (ex: "4.4K"). The "hn-1000" modifier will use 1000 as divisor +instead of 1024, following the JEDEC-standard instead of the more +natural binary powers-of-two tradition. + + EXAMPLE: + xo_emit("{h:input/%u}, {h,hn-space:output/%u}, " + "{h,hn-decimal:errors/%u}, {h,hn-1000:capacity/%u}, " + "{h,hn-decimal:remaining/%u}\n", + input, output, errors, capacity, remaining); + TEXT: + 21, 57 K, 96M, 44M, 1.2G + +In the HTML style, the original numeric value is rendered in the +"data-number" attribute on the
element: + +
96M
+ +**** The Key Modifier ({k:}) + +The key modifier is used to indicate that a particular field helps +uniquely identify an instance of list data. + + EXAMPLE: + xo_open_list("user"); + for (i = 0; i < num_users; i++) { + xo_open_instance("user"); + xo_emit("User {k:name} has {:count} tickets\n", + user[i].u_name, user[i].u_tickets); + xo_close_instance("user"); + } + xo_close_list("user"); + +Currently the key modifier is only used when generating XPath value +for the HTML output style when XOF_XPATH is set, but other uses are +likely in the near future. + +**** The Leaf-List Modifier ({l:}) + +The leaf-list modifier is used to distinguish lists where each +instance consists of only a single value. In XML, these are +rendered as single elements, where JSON renders them as arrays. + + EXAMPLE: + for (i = 0; i < num_users; i++) { + xo_emit("Member {l:user}\n", user[i].u_name); + } + XML: + phil + pallavi + JSON: + "user": [ "phil", "pallavi" ] + +The name of the field must match the name of the leaf list. + +**** The No-Quotes Modifier ({n:}) + +The no-quotes modifier (and its twin, the 'quotes' modifier) affect +the quoting of values in the JSON output style. JSON uses quotes for +string value, but no quotes for numeric, boolean, and null data. +xo_emit applies a simple heuristic to determine whether quotes are +needed, but often this needs to be controlled by the caller. + + EXAMPLE: + const char *bool = is_true ? "true" : "false"; + xo_emit("{n:fancy/%s}", bool); + JSON: + "fancy": true + +**** The Plural Modifier ({p:}) @plural-modifier@ + +The plural modifier selects the appropriate plural form of an +expression based on the most recent number emitted and the current +language settings. The contents of the field should be the singular +and plural English values, separated by a comma: + + xo_emit("{:bytes} {Ngp:byte,bytes}\n", bytes); + +The plural modifier is meant to work with the gettext modifier ({g:}) +but can work independently. See ^gettext-modifier^. + +When used without the gettext modifier or when the message does not +appear in the message catalog, the first token is chosen when the last +numeric value is equal to 1; otherwise the second value is used, +mimicking the simple pluralization rules of English. + +When used with the gettext modifier, the ngettext(3) function is +called to handle the heavy lifting, using the message catalog to +convert the singular and plural forms into the native language. + +**** The Quotes Modifier ({q:}) + +The quotes modifier (and its twin, the 'no-quotes' modifier) affect +the quoting of values in the JSON output style. JSON uses quotes for +string value, but no quotes for numeric, boolean, and null data. +xo_emit applies a simple heuristic to determine whether quotes are +needed, but often this needs to be controlled by the caller. + + EXAMPLE: + xo_emit("{q:time/%d}", 2014); + JSON: + "year": "2014" + +The heuristic is based on the format; if the format uses any of the +following conversion specifiers, then no quotes are used: + + d i o u x X D O U e E f F g G a A c C p + +**** The Trim Modifier ({t:}) + +The trim modifier removes any leading or trailing whitespace from +the value. + + EXAMPLE: + xo_emit("{t:description}", " some input "); + JSON: + "description": "some input" + +**** The White Space Modifier ({w:}) + +The white space modifier appends a single space to the data value: + + EXAMPLE: + xo_emit("{Lw:Name}{:name}\n", "phil"); + TEXT: + Name phil + +The white space modifier is only used for the TEXT and HTML output +styles. It is commonly combined with the colon modifier ('{c:}'). +It is purely a convenience feature. + +Note that the sense of the 'w' modifier is reversed for the units role +({Uw:}); a blank is added before the contents, rather than after it. + +*** Field Formatting + +The field format is similar to the format string for printf(3). Its +use varies based on the role of the field, but generally is used to +format the field's contents. + +If the format string is not provided for a value field, it defaults to +"%s". + +Note a field definition can contain zero or more printf-style +'directives', which are sequences that start with a '%' and end with +one of following characters: "diouxXDOUeEfFgGaAcCsSp". Each directive +is matched by one of more arguments to the xo_emit function. + +The format string has the form: + + '%' format-modifier * format-character + +The format- modifier can be: +- a '#' character, indicating the output value should be prefixed with +'0x', typically to indicate a base 16 (hex) value. +- a minus sign ('-'), indicating the output value should be padded on +the right instead of the left. +- a leading zero ('0') indicating the output value should be padded on the +left with zeroes instead of spaces (' '). +- one or more digits ('0' - '9') indicating the minimum width of the +argument. If the width in columns of the output value is less than +the minimum width, the value will be padded to reach the minimum. +- a period followed by one or more digits indicating the maximum +number of bytes which will be examined for a string argument, or the maximum +width for a non-string argument. When handling ASCII strings this +functions as the field width but for multi-byte characters, a single +character may be composed of multiple bytes. +xo_emit will never dereference memory beyond the given number of bytes. +- a second period followed by one or more digits indicating the maximum +width for a string argument. This modifier cannot be given for non-string +arguments. +- one or more 'h' characters, indicating shorter input data. +- one or more 'l' characters, indicating longer input data. +- a 'z' character, indicating a 'size_t' argument. +- a 't' character, indicating a 'ptrdiff_t' argument. +- a ' ' character, indicating a space should be emitted before +positive numbers. +- a '+' character, indicating sign should emitted before any number. + +Note that 'q', 'D', 'O', and 'U' are considered deprecated and will be +removed eventually. + +The format character is described in the following table: + +|-----+-----------------+----------------------| +| Ltr | Argument Type | Format | +|-----+-----------------+----------------------| +| d | int | base 10 (decimal) | +| i | int | base 10 (decimal) | +| o | int | base 8 (octal) | +| u | unsigned | base 10 (decimal) | +| x | unsigned | base 16 (hex) | +| X | unsigned long | base 16 (hex) | +| D | long | base 10 (decimal) | +| O | unsigned long | base 8 (octal) | +| U | unsigned long | base 10 (decimal) | +| e | double | [-]d.ddde+-dd | +| E | double | [-]d.dddE+-dd | +| f | double | [-]ddd.ddd | +| F | double | [-]ddd.ddd | +| g | double | as 'e' or 'f' | +| G | double | as 'E' or 'F' | +| a | double | [-]0xh.hhhp[+-]d | +| A | double | [-]0Xh.hhhp[+-]d | +| c | unsigned char | a character | +| C | wint_t | a character | +| s | char * | a UTF-8 string | +| S | wchar_t * | a unicode/WCS string | +| p | void * | '%#lx' | +|-----+-----------------+----------------------| + +The 'h' and 'l' modifiers affect the size and treatment of the +argument: + +|-----+-------------+--------------------| +| Mod | d, i | o, u, x, X | +|-----+-------------+--------------------| +| hh | signed char | unsigned char | +| h | short | unsigned short | +| l | long | unsigned long | +| ll | long long | unsigned long long | +| j | intmax_t | uintmax_t | +| t | ptrdiff_t | ptrdiff_t | +| z | size_t | size_t | +| q | quad_t | u_quad_t | +|-----+-------------+--------------------| + +*** UTF-8 and Locale Strings + +For strings, the 'h' and 'l' modifiers affect the interpretation of +the bytes pointed to argument. The default '%s' string is a 'char *' +pointer to a string encoded as UTF-8. Since UTF-8 is compatible with +ASCII data, a normal 7-bit ASCII string can be used. '%ls' expects a +'wchar_t *' pointer to a wide-character string, encoded as a 32-bit +Unicode values. '%hs' expects a 'char *' pointer to a multi-byte +string encoded with the current locale, as given by the LC_CTYPE, +LANG, or LC_ALL environment varibles. The first of this list of +variables is used and if none of the variables are set, the locale +defaults to "UTF-8". + +libxo will convert these arguments as needed to either UTF-8 (for XML, +JSON, and HTML styles) or locale-based strings for display in text +style. + + xo_emit("All strings are utf-8 content {:tag/%ls}", + L"except for wide strings"); + +"%S" is equivalent to "%ls". + +|--------+-----------------+-------------------------------| +| Format | Argument Type | Argument Contents | +|--------+-----------------+-------------------------------| +| %s | const char * | UTF-8 string | +| %S | const char * | UTF-8 string (alias for '%s') | +| %ls | const wchar_t * | Wide character UNICODE string | +| %hs | const char * | locale-based string | +|--------+-----------------+-------------------------------| + +For example, a function is passed a locale-base name, a hat size, +and a time value. The hat size is formatted in a UTF-8 (ASCII) +string, and the time value is formatted into a wchar_t string. + + void print_order (const char *name, int size, + struct tm *timep) { + char buf[32]; + const char *size_val = "unknown"; + + if (size > 0) + snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", size); + size_val = buf; + } + + wchar_t when[32]; + wcsftime(when, sizeof(when), L"%d%b%y", timep); + + xo_emit("The hat for {:name/%hs} is {:size/%s}.\n", + name, size_val); + xo_emit("It was ordered on {:order-time/%ls}.\n", + when); + } + +It is important to note that xo_emit will perform the conversion +required to make appropriate output. Text style output uses the +current locale (as described above), while XML, JSON, and HTML use +UTF-8. + +UTF-8 and locale-encoded strings can use multiple bytes to encode one +column of data. The traditional "precision'" (aka "max-width") value +for "%s" printf formatting becomes overloaded since it specifies both +the number of bytes that can be safely referenced and the maximum +number of columns to emit. xo_emit uses the precision as the former, +and adds a third value for specifying the maximum number of columns. + +In this example, the name field is printed with a minimum of 3 columns +and a maximum of 6. Up to ten bytes of data at the location given by +'name' are in used in filling those columns. + + xo_emit("{:name/%3.10.6s}", name); + +*** Characters Outside of Field Definitions + +Characters in the format string that are not part of a field +definition are copied to the output for the TEXT style, and are +ignored for the JSON and XML styles. For HTML, these characters are +placed in a
with class "text". + + EXAMPLE: + xo_emit("The hat is {:size/%s}.\n", size_val); + TEXT: + The hat is extra small. + XML: + extra small + JSON: + "size": "extra small" + HTML: +
The hat is
+
extra small
+
.
+ +*** "%m" Is Supported + +libxo supports the '%m' directive, which formats the error message +associated with the current value of "errno". It is the equivalent +of "%s" with the argument strerror(errno). + + xo_emit("{:filename} cannot be opened: {:error/%m}", filename); + xo_emit("{:filename} cannot be opened: {:error/%s}", + filename, strerror(errno)); + +*** "%n" Is Not Supported + +libxo does not support the '%n' directive. It's a bad idea and we +just don't do it. + +*** The Encoding Format (eformat) + +The "eformat" string is the format string used when encoding the field +for JSON and XML. If not provided, it defaults to the primary format +with any minimum width removed. If the primary is not given, both +default to "%s". + +*** Content Strings + +For padding and labels, the content string is considered the content, +unless a format is given. + +*** Argument Validation @printf-like@ + +Many compilers and tool chains support validation of printf-like +arguments. When the format string fails to match the argument list, +a warning is generated. This is a valuable feature and while the +formatting strings for libxo differ considerably from printf, many of +these checks can still provide build-time protection against bugs. + +libxo provide variants of functions that provide this ability, if the +"--enable-printflike" option is passed to the "configure" script. +These functions use the "_p" suffix, like "xo_emit_p()", +xo_emit_hp()", etc. + +The following are features of libxo formatting strings that are +incompatible with printf-like testing: + +- implicit formats, where "{:tag}" has an implicit "%s"; +- the "max" parameter for strings, where "{:tag/%4.10.6s}" means up to +ten bytes of data can be inspected to fill a minimum of 4 columns and +a maximum of 6; +- percent signs in strings, where "{:filled}%" makes a single, +trailing percent sign; +- the "l" and "h" modifiers for strings, where "{:tag/%hs}" means +locale-based string and "{:tag/%ls}" means a wide character string; +- distinct encoding formats, where "{:tag/#%s/%s}" means the display +styles (text and HTML) will use "#%s" where other styles use "%s"; + +If none of these features are in use by your code, then using the "_p" +variants might be wise. + +|------------------+------------------------| +| Function | printf-like Equivalent | +|------------------+------------------------| +| xo_emit_hv | xo_emit_hvp | +| xo_emit_h | xo_emit_hp | +| xo_emit | xo_emit_p | +| xo_emit_warn_hcv | xo_emit_warn_hcvp | +| xo_emit_warn_hc | xo_emit_warn_hcp | +| xo_emit_warn_c | xo_emit_warn_cp | +| xo_emit_warn | xo_emit_warn_p | +| xo_emit_warnx_ | xo_emit_warnx_p | +| xo_emit_err | xo_emit_err_p | +| xo_emit_errx | xo_emit_errx_p | +| xo_emit_errc | xo_emit_errc_p | +|------------------+------------------------| + +*** Retaining Parsed Format Information @retain@ + +libxo can retain the parsed internal information related to the given +format string, allowing subsequent xo_emit calls, the retained +information is used, avoiding repetitive parsing of the format string. + + SYNTAX: + int xo_emit_f(xo_emit_flags_t flags, const char fmt, ...); + EXAMPLE: + xo_emit_f(XOEF_RETAIN, "{:some/%02d}{:thing/%-6s}{:fancy}\n", + some, thing, fancy); + +To retain parsed format information, use the XOEF_RETAIN flag to the +xo_emit_f() function. A complete set of xo_emit_f functions exist to +match all the xo_emit function signatures (with handles, varadic +argument, and printf-like flags): + +|------------------+------------------------| +| Function | Flags Equivalent | +|------------------+------------------------| +| xo_emit_hv | xo_emit_hvf | +| xo_emit_h | xo_emit_hf | +| xo_emit | xo_emit_f | +| xo_emit_hvp | xo_emit_hvfp | +| xo_emit_hp | xo_emit_hfp | +| xo_emit_p | xo_emit_fp | +|------------------+------------------------| + +The format string must be immutable across multiple calls to xo_emit_f(), +since the library retains the string. Typically this is done by using +static constant strings, such as string literals. If the string is not +immutable, the XOEF_RETAIN flag must not be used. + +The functions xo_retain_clear() and xo_retain_clear_all() release +internal information on either a single format string or all format +strings, respectively. Neither is required, but the library will +retain this information until it is cleared or the process exits. + + const char *fmt = "{:name} {:count/%d}\n"; + for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { + xo_open_instance("item"); + xo_emit_f(XOEF_RETAIN, fmt, name[i], count[i]); + } + xo_retain_clear(fmt); + +The retained information is kept as thread-specific data. + +*** Example + +In this example, the value for the number of items in stock is emitted: + + xo_emit("{P: }{Lwc:In stock}{:in-stock/%u}\n", + instock); + +This call will generate the following output: + + TEXT: + In stock: 144 + XML: + 144 + JSON: + "in-stock": 144, + HTML: +
+
+
In stock
+
:
+
+
144
+
+ +Clearly HTML wins the verbosity award, and this output does +not include XOF_XPATH or XOF_INFO data, which would expand the +penultimate line to: + +
144
+ +** Representing Hierarchy + +For XML and JSON, individual fields appear inside hierarchies which +provide context and meaning to the fields. Unfortunately, these +encoding have a basic disconnect between how lists is similar objects +are represented. + +XML encodes lists as set of sequential elements: + + phil + pallavi + sjg + +JSON encodes lists using a single name and square brackets: + + "user": [ "phil", "pallavi", "sjg" ] + +This means libxo needs three distinct indications of hierarchy: one +for containers of hierarchy appear only once for any specific parent, +one for lists, and one for each item in a list. + +*** Containers + +A "container" is an element of a hierarchy that appears only once +under any specific parent. The container has no value, but serves to +contain other nodes. + +To open a container, call xo_open_container() or +xo_open_container_h(). The former uses the default handle and +the latter accepts a specific handle. + + int xo_open_container_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name); + int xo_open_container (const char *name); + +To close a level, use the xo_close_container() or +xo_close_container_h() functions: + + int xo_close_container_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name); + int xo_close_container (const char *name); + +Each open call must have a matching close call. If the XOF_WARN flag +is set and the name given does not match the name of the currently open +container, a warning will be generated. + + Example: + + xo_open_container("top"); + xo_open_container("system"); + xo_emit("{:host-name/%s%s%s", hostname, + domainname ? "." : "", domainname ?: ""); + xo_close_container("system"); + xo_close_container("top"); + + Sample Output: + Text: + my-host.example.org + XML: + + + my-host.example.org + + + JSON: + "top" : { + "system" : { + "host-name": "my-host.example.org" + } + } + HTML: +
my-host.example.org
+ +*** Lists and Instances + +A list is set of one or more instances that appear under the same +parent. The instances contain details about a specific object. One +can think of instances as objects or records. A call is needed to +open and close the list, while a distinct call is needed to open and +close each instance of the list: + + xo_open_list("item"); + + for (ip = list; ip->i_title; ip++) { + xo_open_instance("item"); + xo_emit("{L:Item} '{:name/%s}':\n", ip->i_title); + xo_close_instance("item"); + } + + xo_close_list("item"); + +Getting the list and instance calls correct is critical to the proper +generation of XML and JSON data. + +*** DTRT Mode + +Some users may find tracking the names of open containers, lists, and +instances inconvenient. libxo offers a "Do The Right Thing" mode, where +libxo will track the names of open containers, lists, and instances so +the close function can be called without a name. To enable DTRT mode, +turn on the XOF_DTRT flag prior to making any other libxo output. + + xo_set_flags(NULL, XOF_DTRT); + +Each open and close function has a version with the suffix "_d", which +will close the open container, list, or instance: + + xo_open_container("top"); + ... + xo_close_container_d(); + +This also works for lists and instances: + + xo_open_list("item"); + for (...) { + xo_open_instance("item"); + xo_emit(...); + xo_close_instance_d(); + } + xo_close_list_d(); + +Note that the XOF_WARN flag will also cause libxo to track open +containers, lists, and instances. A warning is generated when the +name given to the close function and the name recorded do not match. + +*** Markers + +Markers are used to protect and restore the state of open constructs. +While a marker is open, no other open constructs can be closed. When +a marker is closed, all constructs open since the marker was opened +will be closed. + +Markers use names which are not user-visible, allowing the caller to +choose appropriate internal names. + +In this example, the code whiffles through a list of fish, calling a +function to emit details about each fish. The marker "fish-guts" is +used to ensure that any constructs opened by the function are closed +properly. + + for (i = 0; fish[i]; i++) { + xo_open_instance("fish"); + xo_open_marker("fish-guts"); + dump_fish_details(i); + xo_close_marker("fish-guts"); + } + +* Command-line Arguments @options@ + +libxo uses command line options to trigger rendering behavior. The +following options are recognised: + +- --libxo +- --libxo= +- --libxo: + +The following invocations are all identical in outcome: + + my-app --libxo warn,pretty arg1 + my-app --libxo=warn,pretty arg1 + my-app --libxo:WP arg1 + +Programs using libxo are expecting to call the xo_parse_args function +to parse these arguments. See ^xo_parse_args^ for details. + +** Option keywords + +Options is a comma-separated list of tokens that correspond to output +styles, flags, or features: + +|-------------+-------------------------------------------------------| +| Token | Action | +|-------------+-------------------------------------------------------| +| color | Enable colors/effects for display styles (TEXT, HTML) | +| colors=xxxx | Adjust color output values | +| dtrt | Enable "Do The Right Thing" mode | +| flush | Flush after every libxo function call | +| flush-line | Flush after every line (line-buffered) | +| html | Emit HTML output | +| indent=xx | Set the indentation level | +| info | Add info attributes (HTML) | +| json | Emit JSON output | +| keys | Emit the key attribute for keys (XML) | +| log-gettext | Log (via stderr) each gettext(3) string lookup | +| log-syslog | Log (via stderr) each syslog message (via xo_syslog) | +| no-humanize | Ignore the {h:} modifier (TEXT, HTML) | +| no-locale | Do not initialize the locale setting | +| no-retain | Prevent retaining formatting information | +| no-top | Do not emit a top set of braces (JSON) | +| not-first | Pretend the 1st output item was not 1st (JSON) | +| pretty | Emit pretty-printed output | +| retain | Force retaining formatting information | +| text | Emit TEXT output | +| underscores | Replace XML-friendly "-"s with JSON friendly "_"s | +| units | Add the 'units' (XML) or 'data-units (HTML) attribute | +| warn | Emit warnings when libxo detects bad calls | +| warn-xml | Emit warnings in XML | +| xml | Emit XML output | +| xpath | Add XPath expressions (HTML) | +|-------------+-------------------------------------------------------| + +Most of these option are simple and direct, but some require +additional details: + +- "colors" is described in ^color-mapping^. +- "flush-line" performs line buffering, even when the output is not +directed to a TTY device. +- "info" generates additional data for HTML, encoded in attributes +using names that state with "data-". +- "keys" adds a "key" attribute for XML output to indicate that a leaf +is an identifier for the list member. +- "no-humanize"avoids "humanizing" numeric output (see +humanize_number(3) for details). +- "no-locale" instructs libxo to avoid translating output to the +current locale. +- "no-retain" disables the ability of libxo to internally retain +"compiled" information about formatting strings. +- "underscores" can be used with JSON output to change XML-friendly +names with dashes into JSON-friendly name with underscores. +- "warn" allows libxo to emit warnings on stderr when application code +make incorrect calls. +- "warn-xml" causes those warnings to be placed in XML inside the +output. + +** Brief Options + +The brief options are simple single-letter aliases to the normal +keywords, as detailed below: + +|--------+---------------------------------------------| +| Option | Action | +|--------+---------------------------------------------| +| c | Enable color/effects for TEXT/HTML | +| F | Force line-buffered flushing | +| H | Enable HTML output (XO_STYLE_HTML) | +| I | Enable info output (XOF_INFO) | +| i | Indent by | +| J | Enable JSON output (XO_STYLE_JSON) | +| k | Add keys to XPATH expressions in HTML | +| n | Disable humanization (TEXT, HTML) | +| P | Enable pretty-printed output (XOF_PRETTY) | +| T | Enable text output (XO_STYLE_TEXT) | +| U | Add units to HTML output | +| u | Change "-"s to "_"s in element names (JSON) | +| W | Enable warnings (XOF_WARN) | +| X | Enable XML output (XO_STYLE_XML) | +| x | Enable XPath data (XOF_XPATH) | +|--------+---------------------------------------------| + +** Color Mapping +The "colors" option takes a value that is a set of mappings from the +pre-defined set of colors to new foreground and background colors. +The value is a series of "fg/bg" values, separated by a "+". Each +pair of "fg/bg" values gives the colors to which a basic color is +mapped when used as a foreground or background color. The order is +the mappings is: + +- black +- red +- green +- yellow +- blue +- magenta +- cyan +- white + +Pairs may be skipped, leaving them mapped as normal, as are missing +pairs or single colors. + +For example consider the following xo_emit call: + + xo_emit("{C:fg-red,bg-green}Merry XMas!!{C:}\n"); + +To turn all colored output to red-on-blue, use eight pairs of +"red/blue" mappings separated by "+"s: + + --libxo colors=red/blue+red/blue+red/blue+red/blue+\ + red/blue+red/blue+red/blue+red/blue + +To turn the red-on-green text to magenta-on-cyan, give a "magenta" +foreground value for red (the second mapping) and a "cyan" background +to green (the third mapping): + + --libxo colors=+magenta+/cyan + +Consider the common situation where blue output looks unreadable on a +terminal session with a black background. To turn both "blue" +foreground and background output to "yellow", give only the fifth +mapping, skipping the first four mappings with bare "+"s: + + --libxo colors=++++yellow/yellow + +* The libxo API + +This section gives details about the functions in libxo, how to call +them, and the actions they perform. + +** Handles @handles@ + +libxo uses "handles" to control its rendering functionality. The +handle contains state and buffered data, as well as callback functions +to process data. + +Handles give an abstraction for libxo that encapsulates the state of a +stream of output. Handles have the data type "xo_handle_t" and are +opaque to the caller. + +The library has a default handle that is automatically initialized. +By default, this handle will send text style output (XO_STYLE_TEXT) to +standard output. The xo_set_style and xo_set_flags functions can be +used to change this behavior. + +For the typical command that is generating output on standard output, +there is no need to create an explicit handle, but they are available +when needed, e.g., for daemons that generate multiple streams of +output. + +Many libxo functions take a handle as their first parameter; most that +do not use the default handle. Any function taking a handle can be +passed NULL to access the default handle. For the convenience of +callers, the libxo library includes handle-less functions that +implicitly use the default handle. + +For example, the following are equivalent: + + xo_emit("test"); + xo_emit_h(NULL, "test"); + +Handles are created using xo_create() and destroy using xo_destroy(). + +*** xo_create + +A handle can be allocated using the xo_create() function: + + xo_handle_t *xo_create (unsigned style, unsigned flags); + + Example: + xo_handle_t *xop = xo_create(XO_STYLE_JSON, XOF_WARN); + .... + xo_emit_h(xop, "testing\n"); + +See also ^styles^ and ^flags^. + +*** xo_create_to_file + +By default, libxo writes output to standard output. A convenience +function is provided for situations when output should be written to +a different file: + + xo_handle_t *xo_create_to_file (FILE *fp, unsigned style, + unsigned flags); + +Use the XOF_CLOSE_FP flag to trigger a call to fclose() for +the FILE pointer when the handle is destroyed. + +*** xo_set_writer + +The xo_set_writer function allows custom 'write' functions +which can tailor how libxo writes data. An opaque argument is +recorded and passed back to the write function, allowing the function +to acquire context information. The 'close' function can +release this opaque data and any other resources as needed. +The flush function can flush buffered data associated with the opaque +object. + + void xo_set_writer (xo_handle_t *xop, void *opaque, + xo_write_func_t write_func, + xo_close_func_t close_func); + xo_flush_func_t flush_func); + +*** xo_set_style + +To set the style, use the xo_set_style() function: + + void xo_set_style(xo_handle_t *xop, unsigned style); + +To use the default handle, pass a NULL handle: + + xo_set_style(NULL, XO_STYLE_XML); + +*** xo_get_style + +To find the current style, use the xo_get_style() function: + + xo_style_t xo_get_style(xo_handle_t *xop); + +To use the default handle, pass a NULL handle: + + style = xo_get_style(NULL); + +**** Output Styles (XO_STYLE_*) @styles@ + +The libxo functions accept a set of output styles: + +|---------------+-------------------------| +| Flag | Description | +|---------------+-------------------------| +| XO_STYLE_TEXT | Traditional text output | +| XO_STYLE_XML | XML encoded data | +| XO_STYLE_JSON | JSON encoded data | +| XO_STYLE_HTML | HTML encoded data | +|---------------+-------------------------| + +**** xo_set_style_name + +The xo_set_style_name() can be used to set the style based on a name +encoded as a string: + + int xo_set_style_name (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *style); + +The name can be any of the styles: "text", "xml", "json", or "html". + + EXAMPLE: + xo_set_style_name(NULL, "html"); + +*** xo_set_flags + +To set the flags, use the xo_set_flags() function: + + void xo_set_flags(xo_handle_t *xop, unsigned flags); + +To use the default handle, pass a NULL handle: + + xo_set_style(NULL, XO_STYLE_XML); + +**** Flags (XOF_*) @flags@ + +The set of valid flags include: + +|-------------------+----------------------------------------| +| Flag | Description | +|-------------------+----------------------------------------| +| XOF_CLOSE_FP | Close file pointer on xo_destroy() | +| XOF_COLOR | Enable color and effects in output | +| XOF_COLOR_ALLOWED | Allow color/effect for terminal output | +| XOF_DTRT | Enable "do the right thing" mode | +| XOF_INFO | Display info data attributes (HTML) | +| XOF_KEYS | Emit the key attribute (XML) | +| XOF_NO_ENV | Do not use the LIBXO_OPTIONS env var | +| XOF_NO_HUMANIZE | Display humanization (TEXT, HTML) | +| XOF_PRETTY | Make 'pretty printed' output | +| XOF_UNDERSCORES | Replaces hyphens with underscores | +| XOF_UNITS | Display units (XML, HMTL) | +| XOF_WARN | Generate warnings for broken calls | +| XOF_WARN_XML | Generate warnings in XML on stdout | +| XOF_XPATH | Emit XPath expressions (HTML) | +| XOF_COLUMNS | Force xo_emit to return columns used | +| XOF_FLUSH | Flush output after each xo_emit call | +|-------------------+----------------------------------------| + +The XOF_CLOSE_FP flag will trigger the call of the close_func +(provided via xo_set_writer()) when the handle is destroyed. + +The XOF_COLOR flag enables color and effects in output regardless of +output device, while the XOF_COLOR_ALLOWED flag allows color and +effects only if the output device is a terminal. + +The XOF_PRETTY flag requests 'pretty printing', which will trigger the +addition of indentation and newlines to enhance the readability of +XML, JSON, and HTML output. Text output is not affected. + +The XOF_WARN flag requests that warnings will trigger diagnostic +output (on standard error) when the library notices errors during +operations, or with arguments to functions. Without warnings enabled, +such conditions are ignored. + +Warnings allow developers to debug their interaction with libxo. +The function "xo_failure" can used as a breakpoint for a debugger, +regardless of whether warnings are enabled. + +If the style is XO_STYLE_HTML, the following additional flags can be +used: + +|---------------+-----------------------------------------| +| Flag | Description | +|---------------+-----------------------------------------| +| XOF_XPATH | Emit "data-xpath" attributes | +| XOF_INFO | Emit additional info fields | +|---------------+-----------------------------------------| + +The XOF_XPATH flag enables the emission of XPath expressions detailing +the hierarchy of XML elements used to encode the data field, if the +XPATH style of output were requested. + +The XOF_INFO flag encodes additional informational fields for HTML +output. See ^info^ for details. + +If the style is XO_STYLE_XML, the following additional flags can be +used: + +|---------------+-----------------------------------------| +| Flag | Description | +|---------------+-----------------------------------------| +| XOF_KEYS | Flag 'key' fields for xml | +|---------------+-----------------------------------------| + +The XOF_KEYS flag adds 'key' attribute to the XML encoding for +field definitions that use the 'k' modifier. The key attribute has +the value "key": + + xo_emit("{k:name}", item); + + XML: + truck + +**** xo_clear_flags + +The xo_clear_flags() function turns off the given flags in a specific +handle. + + void xo_clear_flags (xo_handle_t *xop, xo_xof_flags_t flags); + +**** xo_set_options + +The xo_set_options() function accepts a comma-separated list of styles +and flags and enables them for a specific handle. + + int xo_set_options (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *input); + +The options are identical to those listed in ^options^. + +*** xo_destroy + +The xo_destroy function releases a handle and any resources it is +using. Calling xo_destroy with a NULL handle will release any +resources associated with the default handle. + + void xo_destroy(xo_handle_t *xop); + +** Emitting Content (xo_emit) + +The following functions are used to emit output: + + int xo_emit (const char *fmt, ...); + int xo_emit_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *fmt, ...); + int xo_emit_hv (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *fmt, va_list vap); + +The "fmt" argument is a string containing field descriptors as +specified in ^format-strings^. The use of a handle is optional and +NULL can be passed to access the internal 'default' handle. See +^handles^. + +The remaining arguments to xo_emit() and xo_emit_h() are a set of +arguments corresponding to the fields in the format string. Care must +be taken to ensure the argument types match the fields in the format +string, since an inappropriate cast can ruin your day. The vap +argument to xo_emit_hv() points to a variable argument list that can +be used to retrieve arguments via va_arg(). + +*** Single Field Emitting Functions (xo_emit_field) @xo_emit_field@ + +The following functions can also make output, but only make a single +field at a time: + + int xo_emit_field_hv (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *rolmod, + const char *contents, const char *fmt, + const char *efmt, va_list vap); + + int xo_emit_field_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *rolmod, + const char *contents, const char *fmt, + const char *efmt, ...); + + int xo_emit_field (const char *rolmod, const char *contents, + const char *fmt, const char *efmt, ...); + +These functions are intended to avoid the scenario where one +would otherwise need to compose a format descriptors using +snprintf(). The individual parts of the format descriptor are +passed in distinctly. + + xo_emit("T", "Host name is ", NULL, NULL); + xo_emit("V", "host-name", NULL, NULL, host-name); + +*** Attributes (xo_attr) @xo_attr@ + +The xo_attr() function emits attributes for the XML output style. + + int xo_attr (const char *name, const char *fmt, ...); + int xo_attr_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name, + const char *fmt, ...); + int xo_attr_hv (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name, + const char *fmt, va_list vap); + +The name parameter give the name of the attribute to be encoded. The +fmt parameter gives a printf-style format string used to format the +value of the attribute using any remaining arguments, or the vap +parameter passed to xo_attr_hv(). + + EXAMPLE: + xo_attr("seconds", "%ld", (unsigned long) login_time); + struct tm *tmp = localtime(login_time); + strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%R", tmp); + xo_emit("Logged in at {:login-time}\n", buf); + XML: + 00:14 + +xo_attr is placed on the next container, instance, leaf, or leaf list +that is emitted. + +Since attributes are only emitted in XML, their use should be limited +to meta-data and additional or redundant representations of data +already emitted in other form. + +*** Flushing Output (xo_flush) + +libxo buffers data, both for performance and consistency, but also to +allow some advanced features to work properly. At various times, the +caller may wish to flush any data buffered within the library. The +xo_flush() call is used for this: + + void xo_flush (void); + void xo_flush_h (xo_handle_t *xop); + +Calling xo_flush also triggers the flush function associated with the +handle. For the default handle, this is equivalent to +"fflush(stdio);". + +*** Finishing Output (xo_finish) + +When the program is ready to exit or close a handle, a call to +xo_finish() is required. This flushes any buffered data, closes +open libxo constructs, and completes any pending operations. + + int xo_finish (void); + int xo_finish_h (xo_handle_t *xop); + void xo_finish_atexit (void); + +Calling this function is vital to the proper operation of libxo, +especially for the non-TEXT output styles. + +xo_finish_atexit is suitable for use with atexit(3). + +** Emitting Hierarchy + +libxo represents to types of hierarchy: containers and lists. A +container appears once under a given parent where a list contains +instances that can appear multiple times. A container is used to hold +related fields and to give the data organization and scope. + +To create a container, use the xo_open_container and +xo_close_container functions: + + int xo_open_container (const char *name); + int xo_open_container_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name); + int xo_open_container_hd (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name); + int xo_open_container_d (const char *name); + + int xo_close_container (const char *name); + int xo_close_container_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *name); + int xo_close_container_hd (xo_handle_t *xop); + int xo_close_container_d (void); + +The name parameter gives the name of the container, encoded in UTF-8. +Since ASCII is a proper subset of UTF-8, traditional C strings can be +used directly. + +The close functions with the "_d" suffix are used in "Do The Right +Thing" mode, where the name of the open containers, lists, and +instances are maintained internally by libxo to allow the caller to +avoid keeping track of the open container name. + +Use the XOF_WARN flag to generate a warning if the name given on the +close does not match the current open container. + +For TEXT and HTML output, containers are not rendered into output +text, though for HTML they are used when the XOF_XPATH flag is set. + + EXAMPLE: + xo_open_container("system"); + xo_emit("The host name is {:host-name}\n", hn); + xo_close_container("system"); + XML: + foo + +*** Lists and Instances + +Lists are sequences of instances of homogeneous data objects. Two +distinct levels of calls are needed to represent them in our output +styles. Calls must be made to open and close a list, and for each +instance of data in that list, calls must be make to open and close +that instance. + +The name given to all calls must be identical, and it is strongly +suggested that the name be singular, not plural, as a matter of +style and usage expectations. + + EXAMPLE: + xo_open_list("user"); + for (i = 0; i < num_users; i++) { + xo_open_instance("user"); + xo_emit("{k:name}:{:uid/%u}:{:gid/%u}:{:home}\n", + pw[i].pw_name, pw[i].pw_uid, + pw[i].pw_gid, pw[i].pw_dir); + xo_close_instance("user"); + } + xo_close_list("user"); + TEXT: + phil:1001:1001:/home/phil + pallavi:1002:1002:/home/pallavi + XML: + + phil + 1001 + 1001 + /home/phil + + + pallavi + 1002 + 1002 + /home/pallavi + + JSON: + user: [ + { + "name": "phil", + "uid": 1001, + "gid": 1001, + "home": "/home/phil", + }, + { + "name": "pallavi", + "uid": 1002, + "gid": 1002, + "home": "/home/pallavi", + } + ] + +** Support Functions + +*** Parsing Command-line Arguments (xo_parse_args) @xo_parse_args@ + +The xo_parse_args() function is used to process a program's +arguments. libxo-specific options are processed and removed +from the argument list so the calling application does not +need to process them. If successful, a new value for argc +is returned. On failure, a message it emitted and -1 is returned. + + argc = xo_parse_args(argc, argv); + if (argc < 0) + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + +Following the call to xo_parse_args, the application can process the +remaining arguments in a normal manner. See ^options^ +for a description of valid arguments. + +*** xo_set_program + +The xo_set_program function sets name of the program as reported by +functions like xo_failure, xo_warn, xo_err, etc. The program name is +initialized by xo_parse_args, but subsequent calls to xo_set_program +can override this value. + + xo_set_program(argv[0]); + +Note that the value is not copied, so the memory passed to +xo_set_program (and xo_parse_args) must be maintained by the caller. + +*** xo_set_version + +The xo_set_version function records a version number to be emitted as +part of the data for encoding styles (XML and JSON). This version +number is suitable for tracking changes in the content, allowing a +user of the data to discern which version of the data model is in use. + + void xo_set_version (const char *version); + void xo_set_version_h (xo_handle_t *xop, const char *version); + +*** Field Information (xo_info_t) @info@ + +HTML data can include additional information in attributes that +begin with "data-". To enable this, three things must occur: + +First the application must build an array of xo_info_t structures, +one per tag. The array must be sorted by name, since libxo uses a +binary search to find the entry that matches names from format +instructions. + +Second, the application must inform libxo about this information using +the xo_set_info() call: + + typedef struct xo_info_s { + const char *xi_name; /* Name of the element */ + const char *xi_type; /* Type of field */ + const char *xi_help; /* Description of field */ + } xo_info_t; + + void xo_set_info (xo_handle_t *xop, xo_info_t *infop, int count); + +Like other libxo calls, passing NULL for the handle tells libxo to use +the default handle. + +If the count is -1, libxo will count the elements of infop, but there +must be an empty element at the end. More typically, the number is +known to the application: + + xo_info_t info[] = { + { "in-stock", "number", "Number of items in stock" }, + { "name", "string", "Name of the item" }, + { "on-order", "number", "Number of items on order" }, + { "sku", "string", "Stock Keeping Unit" }, + { "sold", "number", "Number of items sold" }, + }; + int info_count = (sizeof(info) / sizeof(info[0])); + ... + xo_set_info(NULL, info, info_count); + +Third, the emission of info must be triggered with the XOF_INFO flag +using either the xo_set_flags() function or the "--libxo=info" command +line argument. + +The type and help values, if present, are emitted as the "data-type" +and "data-help" attributes: + +
GRO-000-533
+ +*** Memory Allocation + +The xo_set_allocator function allows libxo to be used in environments +where the standard realloc() and free() functions are not available. + + void xo_set_allocator (xo_realloc_func_t realloc_func, + xo_free_func_t free_func); + +realloc_func should expect the same arguments as realloc(3) and return +a pointer to memory following the same convention. free_func will +receive the same argument as free(3) and should release it, as +appropriate for the environment. + +By default, the standard realloc() and free() functions are used. + +*** LIBXO_OPTIONS @LIBXO_OPTIONS@ + +The environment variable "LIBXO_OPTIONS" can be set to a subset of +libxo options, including: + +- color +- flush +- flush-line +- no-color +- no-humanize +- no-locale +- no-retain +- pretty +- retain +- underscores +- warn + +For example, warnings can be enabled by: + + % env LIBXO_OPTIONS=warn my-app + +Since environment variables are inherited, child processes will have +the same options, which may be undesirable, making the use of the +"--libxo" option is preferable in most situations. + +*** Errors, Warnings, and Messages + +Many programs make use of the standard library functions err() and +warn() to generate errors and warnings for the user. libxo wants to +pass that information via the current output style, and provides +compatible functions to allow this: + + void xo_warn (const char *fmt, ...); + void xo_warnx (const char *fmt, ...); + void xo_warn_c (int code, const char *fmt, ...); + void xo_warn_hc (xo_handle_t *xop, int code, + const char *fmt, ...); + void xo_err (int eval, const char *fmt, ...); + void xo_errc (int eval, int code, const char *fmt, ...); + void xo_errx (int eval, const char *fmt, ...); + void xo_message (const char *fmt, ...); + void xo_message_c (int code, const char *fmt, ...); + void xo_message_hc (xo_handle_t *xop, int code, + const char *fmt, ...); + void xo_message_hcv (xo_handle_t *xop, int code, + const char *fmt, va_list vap); + +These functions display the program name, a colon, a formatted message +based on the arguments, and then optionally a colon and an error +message associated with either "errno" or the "code" parameter. + + EXAMPLE: + if (open(filename, O_RDONLY) < 0) + xo_err(1, "cannot open file '%s'", filename); + +*** xo_error + +The xo_error function can be used for generic errors that should be +reported over the handle, rather than to stderr. The xo_error +function behaves like xo_err for TEXT and HTML output styles, but puts +the error into XML or JSON elements: + + EXAMPLE:: + xo_error("Does not %s", "compute"); + XML:: + Does not compute + JSON:: + "error": { "message": "Does not compute" } + +*** xo_no_setlocale + +libxo automatically initializes the locale based on setting of the +environment variables LC_CTYPE, LANG, and LC_ALL. The first of this +list of variables is used and if none of the variables, the locale +defaults to "UTF-8". The caller may wish to avoid this behavior, and +can do so by calling the xo_no_setlocale() function. + + void xo_no_setlocale (void); + +** Emitting syslog Messages + +syslog is the system logging facility used throughout the unix world. +Messages are sent from commands, applications, and daemons to a +hierarchy of servers, where they are filtered, saved, and forwarded +based on configuration behaviors. + +syslog is an older protocol, originally documented only in source +code. By the time RFC 3164 published, variation and mutation left the +leading "" string as only common content. RFC 5424 defines a new +version (version 1) of syslog and introduces structured data into the +messages. Structured data is a set of name/value pairs transmitted +distinctly alongside the traditional text message, allowing filtering +on precise values instead of regular expressions. + +These name/value pairs are scoped by a two-part identifier; an +enterprise identifier names the party responsible for the message +catalog and a name identifying that message. Enterprise IDs are +defined by IANA, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority: + +https://www.iana.org/assignments/enterprise-numbers/enterprise-numbers + +Use the ^xo_set_syslog_enterprise_id^() function to set the Enterprise +ID, as needed. + +The message name should follow the conventions in ^good-field-names^, +as should the fields within the message. + + /* Both of these calls are optional */ + xo_set_syslog_enterprise_id(32473); + xo_open_log("my-program", 0, LOG_DAEMON); + + /* Generate a syslog message */ + xo_syslog(LOG_ERR, "upload-failed", + "error <%d> uploading file '{:filename}' " + "as '{:target/%s:%s}'", + code, filename, protocol, remote); + + xo_syslog(LOG_INFO, "poofd-invalid-state", + "state {:current/%u} is invalid {:connection/%u}", + state, conn); + +The developer should be aware that the message name may be used in the +future to allow access to further information, including +documentation. Care should be taken to choose quality, descriptive +names. + +*** Priority, Facility, and Flags @priority@ + +The xo_syslog, xo_vsyslog, and xo_open_log functions accept a set of +flags which provide the priority of the message, the source facility, +and some additional features. These values are OR'd together to +create a single integer argument: + + xo_syslog(LOG_ERR | LOG_AUTH, "login-failed", + "Login failed; user '{:user}' from host '{:address}'", + user, addr); + +These values are defined in . + +The priority value indicates the importance and potential impact of +each message. + +|-------------+-------------------------------------------------------| +| Priority | Description | +|-------------+-------------------------------------------------------| +| LOG_EMERG | A panic condition, normally broadcast to all users | +| LOG_ALERT | A condition that should be corrected immediately | +| LOG_CRIT | Critical conditions | +| LOG_ERR | Generic errors | +| LOG_WARNING | Warning messages | +| LOG_NOTICE | Non-error conditions that might need special handling | +| LOG_INFO | Informational messages | +| LOG_DEBUG | Developer-oriented messages | +|-------------+-------------------------------------------------------| + +The facility value indicates the source of message, in fairly generic +terms. + +|---------------+-------------------------------------------------| +| Facility | Description | +|---------------+-------------------------------------------------| +| LOG_AUTH | The authorization system (e.g. login(1)) | +| LOG_AUTHPRIV | As LOG_AUTH, but logged to a privileged file | +| LOG_CRON | The cron daemon: cron(8) | +| LOG_DAEMON | System daemons, not otherwise explicitly listed | +| LOG_FTP | The file transfer protocol daemons | +| LOG_KERN | Messages generated by the kernel | +| LOG_LPR | The line printer spooling system | +| LOG_MAIL | The mail system | +| LOG_NEWS | The network news system | +| LOG_SECURITY | Security subsystems, such as ipfw(4) | +| LOG_SYSLOG | Messages generated internally by syslogd(8) | +| LOG_USER | Messages generated by user processes (default) | +| LOG_UUCP | The uucp system | +| LOG_LOCAL0..7 | Reserved for local use | +|---------------+-------------------------------------------------| + +In addition to the values listed above, xo_open_log accepts a set of +addition flags requesting specific behaviors. + +|------------+----------------------------------------------------| +| Flag | Description | +|------------+----------------------------------------------------| +| LOG_CONS | If syslogd fails, attempt to write to /dev/console | +| LOG_NDELAY | Open the connection to syslogd(8) immediately | +| LOG_PERROR | Write the message also to standard error output | +| LOG_PID | Log the process id with each message | +|------------+----------------------------------------------------| + +*** xo_syslog + +Use the xo_syslog function to generate syslog messages by calling it +with a log priority and facility, a message name, a format string, and +a set of arguments. The priority/facility argument are discussed +above, as is the message name. + +The format string follows the same conventions as xo_emit's format +string, with each field being rendered as an SD-PARAM pair. + + xo_syslog(LOG_ERR, "poofd-missing-file", + "'{:filename}' not found: {:error/%m}", filename); + + ... [poofd-missing-file@32473 filename="/etc/poofd.conf" + error="Permission denied"] '/etc/poofd.conf' not + found: Permission denied + +*** Support functions + +**** xo_vsyslog + +xo_vsyslog is identical in function to xo_syslog, but takes the set of +arguments using a va_list. + + void my_log (const char *name, const char *fmt, ...) + { + va_list vap; + va_start(vap, fmt); + xo_vsyslog(LOG_ERR, name, fmt, vap); + va_end(vap); + } + +**** xo_open_log + +xo_open_log functions similar to openlog(3), allowing customization of +the program name, the log facility number, and the additional option +flags described in ^priority^. + + void + xo_open_log (const char *ident, int logopt, int facility); + +**** xo_close_log + +xo_close_log functions similar to closelog(3), closing the log file +and releasing any associated resources. + + void + xo_close_log (void); + +**** xo_set_logmask + +xo_set_logmask function similar to setlogmask(3), restricting the set +of generated log event to those whose associated bit is set in +maskpri. Use LOG_MASK(pri) to find the appropriate bit, or +LOG_UPTO(toppri) to create a mask for all priorities up to and +including toppri. + + int + xo_set_logmask (int maskpri); + + Example: + setlogmask(LOG_UPTO(LOG_WARN)); + +**** xo_set_syslog_enterprise_id + +Use the xo_set_syslog_enterprise_id to supply a platform- or +application-specific enterprise id. This value is used in any +future syslog messages. + +Ideally, the operating system should supply a default value via the +"kern.syslog.enterprise_id" sysctl value. Lacking that, the +application should provide a suitable value. + + void + xo_set_syslog_enterprise_id (unsigned short eid); + +Enterprise IDs are administered by IANA, the Internet Assigned Number +Authority. The complete list is EIDs on their web site: + + https://www.iana.org/assignments/enterprise-numbers/enterprise-numbers + +New EIDs can be requested from IANA using the following page: + + http://pen.iana.org/pen/PenApplication.page + +Each software development organization that defines a set of syslog +messages should register their own EID and use that value in their +software to ensure that messages can be uniquely identified by the +combination of EID + message name. + +** Creating Custom Encoders + +The number of encoding schemes in current use is staggering, with new +and distinct schemes appearing daily. While libxo provide XML, JSON, +HMTL, and text natively, there are requirements for other encodings. + +Rather than bake support for all possible encoders into libxo, the API +allows them to be defined externally. libxo can then interfaces with +these encoding modules using a simplistic API. libxo processes all +functions calls, handles state transitions, performs all formatting, +and then passes the results as operations to a customized encoding +function, which implements specific encoding logic as required. This +means your encoder doesn't need to detect errors with unbalanced +open/close operations but can rely on libxo to pass correct data. + +By making a simple API, libxo internals are not exposed, insulating the +encoder and the library from future or internal changes. + +The three elements of the API are: +- loading +- initialization +- operations + +The following sections provide details about these topics. + +libxo source contain an encoder for Concise Binary Object +Representation, aka CBOR (RFC 7049) which can be used as used as an +example for the API. + +*** Loading Encoders + +Encoders can be registered statically or discovered dynamically. +Applications can choose to call the xo_encoder_register() +function to explicitly register encoders, but more typically they are +built as shared libraries, placed in the libxo/extensions directory, +and loaded based on name. libxo looks for a file with the name of the encoder +and an extension of ".enc". This can be a file or a symlink to the +shared library file that supports the encoder. + + % ls -1 lib/libxo/extensions/*.enc + lib/libxo/extensions/cbor.enc + lib/libxo/extensions/test.enc + +*** Encoder Initialization + +Each encoder must export a symbol used to access the library, which +must have the following signature: + + int xo_encoder_library_init (XO_ENCODER_INIT_ARGS); + +XO_ENCODER_INIT_ARGS is a macro defined in xo_encoder.h that defines +an argument called "arg", a pointer of the type +xo_encoder_init_args_t. This structure contains two fields: + +- xei_version is the version number of the API as implemented within +libxo. This version is currently as 1 using XO_ENCODER_VERSION. This +number can be checked to ensure compatibility. The working assumption +is that all versions should be backward compatible, but each side may +need to accurately know the version supported by the other side. +xo_encoder_library_init can optionally check this value, and must then +set it to the version number used by the encoder, allowing libxo to +detect version differences and react accordingly. For example, if +version 2 adds new operations, then libxo will know that an encoding +library that set xei_version to 1 cannot be expected to handle those +new operations. + +- xei_handler must be set to a pointer to a function of type +xo_encoder_func_t, as defined in xo_encoder.h. This function +takes a set of parameters: +-- xop is a pointer to the opaque xo_handle_t structure +-- op is an integer representing the current operation +-- name is a string whose meaning differs by operation +-- value is a string whose meaning differs by operation +-- private is an opaque structure provided by the encoder + +Additional arguments may be added in the future, so handler functions +should use the XO_ENCODER_HANDLER_ARGS macro. An appropriate +"extern" declaration is provided to help catch errors. + +Once the encoder initialization function has completed processing, it +should return zero to indicate that no error has occurred. A non-zero +return code will cause the handle initialization to fail. + +*** Operations + +The encoder API defines a set of operations representing the +processing model of libxo. Content is formatted within libxo, and +callbacks are made to the encoder's handler function when data is +ready to be processed. + +|-----------------------+---------------------------------------| +| Operation | Meaning (Base function) | +|-----------------------+---------------------------------------| +| XO_OP_CREATE | Called when the handle is created | +| XO_OP_OPEN_CONTAINER | Container opened (xo_open_container) | +| XO_OP_CLOSE_CONTAINER | Container closed (xo_close_container) | +| XO_OP_OPEN_LIST | List opened (xo_open_list) | +| XO_OP_CLOSE_LIST | List closed (xo_close_list) | +| XO_OP_OPEN_LEAF_LIST | Leaf list opened (xo_open_leaf_list) | +| XO_OP_CLOSE_LEAF_LIST | Leaf list closed (xo_close_leaf_list) | +| XO_OP_OPEN_INSTANCE | Instance opened (xo_open_instance) | +| XO_OP_CLOSE_INSTANCE | Instance closed (xo_close_instance) | +| XO_OP_STRING | Field with Quoted UTF-8 string | +| XO_OP_CONTENT | Field with content | +| XO_OP_FINISH | Finish any pending output | +| XO_OP_FLUSH | Flush any buffered output | +| XO_OP_DESTROY | Clean up resources | +| XO_OP_ATTRIBUTE | An attribute name/value pair | +| XO_OP_VERSION | A version string | +|-----------------------+---------------------------------------| + +For all the open and close operations, the name parameter holds the +name of the construct. For string, content, and attribute operations, +the name parameter is the name of the field and the value parameter is +the value. "string" are differentiated from "content" to allow differing +treatment of true, false, null, and numbers from real strings, though +content values are formatted as strings before the handler is called. +For version operations, the value parameter contains the version. + +All strings are encoded in UTF-8. + +* The "xo" Utility + +The "xo" utility allows command line access to the functionality of +the libxo library. Using "xo", shell scripts can emit XML, JSON, and +HTML using the same commands that emit text output. + +The style of output can be selected using a specific option: "-X" for +XML, "-J" for JSON, "-H" for HTML, or "-T" for TEXT, which is the +default. The "--style ardinalyayammetersgrayErmissionpay eniedday6otuslay-oyay-eltayay \ No newline at end of file Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/saved/gt_01.XP.err =================================================================== Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/saved/gt_01.XP.out =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/saved/gt_01.XP.out (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/saved/gt_01.XP.out (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ + + amingflay + ordsway + urningbay + ymay + ouchcay + amingflay + ordsway + urningbay + ymay + ouchcay + 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 1234 + 1234 + foop + 4321 + + 1234 + foop + 4321 + + 1234 + foop + 4321 + + 3 + 1.2.3 + Tue Jun 23 18:47:09 UTC 2015 + <__warning> + gt_01.test + Nableuay otay ectulatobjay orwardfay elocipingvay + ectulatobjay + Ermissionpay eniedday + + <__warning> + gt_01.test + automaticyay ynchronizationsay ofyay ardinalyay ammetersgray ailedfay + + ardinalyay + ammetersgray + Ermissionpay eniedday + + 6 + otuslay-oyay-eltayay + Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/strerror.pot =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/strerror.pot (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/strerror.pot (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,468 @@ +# +# Copyright (c) 1982, 1985, 1993 +# The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +# +# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +# are met: +# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +# 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +# may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +# without specific prior written permission. +# +# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +# SUCH DAMAGE. +# +# List of system errors ala strerror() and sys_errlist +# Phil Shafer , 2015. +# +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-07-01 16:15-0400\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" +"Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" +"Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" +"Language: \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +msgid "Received {:received} {N:byte,bytes} from {:from}#{:port} in {:time} ms\n" +msgstr "" + +# 0 - ENOERROR +msgid "No error: 0" +msgstr "" + +# 1 - EPERM +msgid "Operation not permitted" +msgstr "" + +# 2 - ENOENT +msgid "No such file or directory" +msgstr "" + +# 3 - ESRCH +msgid "No such process" +msgstr "" + +# 4 - EINTR +msgid "Interrupted system call" +msgstr "" + +# 5 - EIO +msgid "Input/output error" +msgstr "" + +# 6 - ENXIO +msgid "Device not configured" +msgstr "" + +# 7 - E2BIG +msgid "Argument list too long" +msgstr "" + +# 8 - ENOEXEC +msgid "Exec format error" +msgstr "" + +# 9 - EBADF +msgid "Bad file descriptor" +msgstr "" + +# 10 - ECHILD +msgid "No child processes" +msgstr "" + +# 11 - EDEADLK +msgid "Resource deadlock avoided" +msgstr "" + +# 12 - ENOMEM +msgid "Cannot allocate memory" +msgstr "" + +# 13 - EACCES +msgid "Permission denied" +msgstr "" + +# 14 - EFAULT +msgid "Bad address" +msgstr "" + +# 15 - ENOTBLK +msgid "Block device required" +msgstr "" + +# 16 - EBUSY +msgid "Device busy" +msgstr "" + +# 17 - EEXIST +msgid "File exists" +msgstr "" + +# 18 - EXDEV +msgid "Cross-device link" +msgstr "" + +# 19 - ENODEV +msgid "Operation not supported by device" +msgstr "" + +# 20 - ENOTDIR +msgid "Not a directory" +msgstr "" + +# 21 - EISDIR +msgid "Is a directory" +msgstr "" + +# 22 - EINVAL +msgid "Invalid argument" +msgstr "" + +# 23 - ENFILE +msgid "Too many open files in system" +msgstr "" + +# 24 - EMFILE +msgid "Too many open files" +msgstr "" + +# 25 - ENOTTY +msgid "Inappropriate ioctl for device" +msgstr "" + +# 26 - ETXTBSY +msgid "Text file busy" +msgstr "" + +# 27 - EFBIG +msgid "File too large" +msgstr "" + +# 28 - ENOSPC +msgid "No space left on device" +msgstr "" + +# 29 - ESPIPE +msgid "Illegal seek" +msgstr "" + +# 30 - EROFS +msgid "Read-only file system" +msgstr "" + +# 31 - EMLINK +msgid "Too many links" +msgstr "" + +# 32 - EPIPE +msgid "Broken pipe" +msgstr "" + +# +# math software +# + +# 33 - EDOM +msgid "Numerical argument out of domain" +msgstr "" + +# 34 - ERANGE +msgid "Result too large" +msgstr "" + +# +# non-blocking and interrupt i/o +# + +# 35 - EAGAIN +# 35 - EWOULDBLOCK +msgid "Resource temporarily unavailable" +msgstr "" + +# 36 - EINPROGRESS +msgid "Operation now in progress" +msgstr "" + +# 37 - EALREADY +msgid "Operation already in progress" +msgstr "" + + +# +# ipc/network software -- argument errors +# + +# 38 - ENOTSOCK +msgid "Socket operation on non-socket" +msgstr "" + +# 39 - EDESTADDRREQ +msgid "Destination address required" +msgstr "" + +# 40 - EMSGSIZE +msgid "Message too long" +msgstr "" + +# 41 - EPROTOTYPE +msgid "Protocol wrong type for socket" +msgstr "" + +# 42 - ENOPROTOOPT +msgid "Protocol not available" +msgstr "" + +# 43 - EPROTONOSUPPORT +msgid "Protocol not supported" +msgstr "" + +# 44 - ESOCKTNOSUPPORT +msgid "Socket type not supported" +msgstr "" + +# 45 - EOPNOTSUPP +msgid "Operation not supported" +msgstr "" + +# 46 - EPFNOSUPPORT +msgid "Protocol family not supported" +msgstr "" + +# 47 - EAFNOSUPPORT +msgid "Address family not supported by protocol family" +msgstr "" + +# 48 - EADDRINUSE +msgid "Address already in use" +msgstr "" + +# 49 - EADDRNOTAVAIL +msgid "Can't assign requested address" +msgstr "" + +# +# ipc/network software -- operational errors +# + +# 50 - ENETDOWN +msgid "Network is down" +msgstr "" + +# 51 - ENETUNREACH +msgid "Network is unreachable" +msgstr "" + +# 52 - ENETRESET +msgid "Network dropped connection on reset" +msgstr "" + +# 53 - ECONNABORTED +msgid "Software caused connection abort" +msgstr "" + +# 54 - ECONNRESET +msgid "Connection reset by peer" +msgstr "" + +# 55 - ENOBUFS +msgid "No buffer space available" +msgstr "" + +# 56 - EISCONN +msgid "Socket is already connected" +msgstr "" + +# 57 - ENOTCONN +msgid "Socket is not connected" +msgstr "" + +# 58 - ESHUTDOWN +msgid "Can't send after socket shutdown" +msgstr "" + +# 59 - ETOOMANYREFS +msgid "Too many references: can't splice" +msgstr "" + +# 60 - ETIMEDOUT +msgid "Operation timed out" +msgstr "" + +# 61 - ECONNREFUSED +msgid "Connection refused" +msgstr "" + +# 62 - ELOOP +msgid "Too many levels of symbolic links" +msgstr "" + +# 63 - ENAMETOOLONG +msgid "File name too long" +msgstr "" + +# +# should be rearranged +# + +# 64 - EHOSTDOWN +msgid "Host is down" +msgstr "" + +# 65 - EHOSTUNREACH +msgid "No route to host" +msgstr "" + +# 66 - ENOTEMPTY +msgid "Directory not empty" +msgstr "" + +# +# quotas & mush +# + +# 67 - EPROCLIM +msgid "Too many processes" +msgstr "" + +# 68 - EUSERS +msgid "Too many users" +msgstr "" + +# 69 - EDQUOT +msgid "Disc quota exceeded" +msgstr "" + +# +# Network File System +# + +# 70 - ESTALE +msgid "Stale NFS file handle" +msgstr "" + +# 71 - EREMOTE +msgid "Too many levels of remote in path" +msgstr "" + +# 72 - EBADRPC +msgid "RPC struct is bad" +msgstr "" + +# 73 - ERPCMISMATCH +msgid "RPC version wrong" +msgstr "" + +# 74 - EPROGUNAVAIL +msgid "RPC prog. not avail" +msgstr "" + +# 75 - EPROGMISMATCH +msgid "Program version wrong" +msgstr "" + +# 76 - EPROCUNAVAIL +msgid "Bad procedure for program" +msgstr "" + +# 77 - ENOLCK +msgid "No locks available" +msgstr "" + +# 78 - ENOSYS +msgid "Function not implemented" +msgstr "" + +# 79 - EFTYPE +msgid "Inappropriate file type or format" +msgstr "" + +# 80 - EAUTH +msgid "Authentication error" +msgstr "" + +# 81 - ENEEDAUTH +msgid "Need authenticator" +msgstr "" + +# 82 - EIDRM +msgid "Identifier removed" +msgstr "" + +# 83 - ENOMSG +msgid "No message of desired type" +msgstr "" + +# 84 - EOVERFLOW +msgid "Value too large to be stored in data type" +msgstr "" + +# 85 - ECANCELED +msgid "Operation canceled" +msgstr "" + +# 86 - EILSEQ +msgid "Illegal byte sequence" +msgstr "" + +# 87 - ENOATTR +msgid "Attribute not found" +msgstr "" + +# +# General +# + +# 88 - EDOOFUS +msgid "Programming error" +msgstr "" + +# 89 - EBADMSG +msgid "Bad message" +msgstr "" + +# 90 - EMULTIHOP +msgid "Multihop attempted" +msgstr "" + +# 91 - ENOLINK +msgid "Link has been severed" +msgstr "" + +# 92 - EPROTO +msgid "Protocol error" +msgstr "" + +# 93 - ENOTCAPABLE +msgid "Capabilities insufficient" +msgstr "" + +# 94 - ECAPMODE +msgid "Not permitted in capability mode" +msgstr "" + +# 95 - ENOTRECOVERABLE +msgid "State not recoverable" +msgstr "" + +# 96 - EOWNERDEAD +msgid "Previous owner died" +msgstr "" Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/gt_01.c =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/gt_01.c (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/gt_01.c (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +/* + * Copyright (c) 2015, Juniper Networks, Inc. + * All rights reserved. + * This SOFTWARE is licensed under the LICENSE provided in the + * ../Copyright file. By downloading, installing, copying, or otherwise + * using the SOFTWARE, you agree to be bound by the terms of that + * LICENSE. + * Phil Shafer, June 2015 + */ + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#include "xo.h" + +int +main (int argc, char **argv) +{ + static char domainname[] = "gt_01"; + static char path[MAXPATHLEN]; + const char *tzone = "EST"; + const char *lang = "pig_latin"; + + argc = xo_parse_args(argc, argv); + if (argc < 0) + return 1; + + for (argc = 1; argv[argc]; argc++) { + if (strcmp(argv[argc], "tz") == 0) + tzone = argv[++argc]; + else if (strcmp(argv[argc], "lang") == 0) + lang = argv[++argc]; + else if (strcmp(argv[argc], "po") == 0) + strlcpy(path, argv[++argc], sizeof(path)); + } + + setenv("LANG", lang, 1); + setenv("TZ", tzone, 1); + + if (path[0] == 0) { + getcwd(path, sizeof(path)); + strlcat(path, "/po", sizeof(path)); + } + + setlocale(LC_ALL, ""); + bindtextdomain(domainname, path); + bindtextdomain("ldns", path); + bindtextdomain("strerror", path); + textdomain(domainname); + tzset(); + + xo_open_container("top"); + + xo_emit("{G:}Your {qg:adjective} {g:noun} is {g:verb} {qg:owner} {g:target}\n", + "flaming", "sword", "burning", "my", "couch"); + + xo_emit("{G:}The {qg:adjective} {g:noun} was {g:verb} {qg:owner} {g:target}\n", + "flaming", "sword", "burning", "my", "couch"); + + + int i; + for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) + xo_emit("{lw:bytes/%d}{Ngp:byte,bytes}\n", i); + + xo_emit("{G:}{L:total} {:total/%u}\n", 1234); + + xo_emit("{G:ldns}Received {:received/%zu} {Ngp:byte,bytes} " + "from {:from/%s}#{:port/%d} in {:time/%d} ms\n", + (size_t) 1234, "foop", 4321, 32); + + xo_emit("{G:}Received {:received/%zu} {Ngp:byte,bytes} " + "from {:from/%s}#{:port/%d} in {:time/%d} ms\n", + (size_t) 1234, "foop", 4321, 32); + + xo_emit("{G:/%s}Received {:received/%zu} {Ngp:byte,bytes} " + "from {:from/%s}#{:port/%d} in {:time/%d} ms\n", + "ldns", (size_t) 1234, "foop", 4321, 32); + + struct timeval tv; + tv.tv_sec = 1435085229; + tv.tv_usec = 123456; + + struct tm tm; + (void) gmtime_r(&tv.tv_sec, &tm); + + char date[64]; + strftime(date, sizeof(date), "%+", &tm); + + xo_emit("{G:}Only {:marzlevanes/%d} {Ngp:marzlevane,marzlevanes} " + "are functioning correctly\n", 3); + + xo_emit("{G:}Version {:version} {:date}\n", "1.2.3", date); + + errno = EACCES; + xo_emit_warn("{G:}Unable to {g:verb/objectulate} forward velociping"); + xo_emit_warn("{G:}{g:style/automatic} synchronization of {g:type/cardinal} " + "{g:target/grammeters} failed"); + xo_emit("{G:}{Lwcg:hydrocoptic marzlevanes}{:marzlevanes/%d}\n", 6); + + xo_emit("{G:}{Lwcg:Windings}{g:windings}\n", "lotus-o-delta"); + + xo_close_container("top"); + xo_finish(); + + return 0; +} Property changes on: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/gt_01.c ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:eol-style ## -0,0 +1 ## +native \ No newline at end of property Added: svn:keywords ## -0,0 +1 ## +FreeBSD=%H \ No newline at end of property Added: svn:mime-type ## -0,0 +1 ## +text/plain \ No newline at end of property Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/gt_01.pot =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/gt_01.pot (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/gt_01.pot (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. +# This file is put in the public domain. +# FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. +# +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-07-01 16:15-0400\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" +"Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" +"Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" +"Language: \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#: gt_01.c:42 +#, c-format +msgid "{:bytes}{N:byte,bytes}\n" +msgstr "" + +#: gt_01.c:44 +#, c-format +msgid "{L:total} {:total}\n" +msgstr "" + +#: gt_01.c:60 +#, c-format +msgid "Only {:marzlevanes} {N:marzlevane,marzlevanes} are functioning correctly\n" +msgstr "" + +#: gt_01.c:63 +msgid "Version {:version} {:date}\n" +msgstr "" + +#: gt_01.c:66 +msgid "Unable to {:verb} forward velociping" +msgstr "" + +#: gt_01.c:67 +msgid "{:style} synchronization of {:type} {:target} failed" +msgstr "" + +#: gt_01.c:69 +#, c-format +msgid "{L:hydrocoptic marzlevanes}{:marzlevanes}\n" +msgstr "" + +#: gt_01.c:71 +msgid "{L:Windings}{:windings}\n" +msgstr "" + +msgid "byte" +msgid_plural "bytes" +msgstr[0] "" +msgstr[1] "" + +msgid "marzlevane" +msgid_plural "marzlevanes" +msgstr[0] "" +msgstr[1] "" + +msgid "lotus-o-delta" +msgstr "" + +msgid "cardinal" +msgstr "" + +msgid "automatic" +msgstr "" + +msgid "grammeters" +msgstr "" + +msgid "objectulate" +msgstr "" + +msgid "hydrocoptic marzlevanes" +msgstr "" + +msgid "Windings" +msgstr "" + +msgid "Your {:adjective} {:noun} is {:verb} {:owner} {:target}\n" +msgstr "" + +msgid "The {:adjective} {:noun} was {:verb} {:owner} {:target}\n" +msgstr "" + +msgid "flaming" +msgstr "" + +msgid "sword" +msgstr "" + +msgid "burning" +msgstr "" + +msgid "my" +msgstr "" + +msgid "couch" +msgstr "" Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/ldns.pot =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/ldns.pot (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext/ldns.pot (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. +# This file is put in the public domain. +# FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. +# +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" +"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-07-01 16:15-0400\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" +"Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" +"Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" +"Language: \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#: gt_01.c:46 +#, c-format +msgid "Received {:received} {N:byte,bytes} from {:from}#{:port} in {:time} ms\n" +msgstr "" + +msgid "byte" +msgid_plural "bytes" +msgstr[0] "" +msgstr[1] "" + Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext (revision 319730) Property changes on: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/gettext ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:ignore ## -0,0 +1 ## +Makefile.in Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/Makefile.am =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/Makefile.am (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/Makefile.am (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +# +# $Id$ +# +# Copyright 2014, Juniper Networks, Inc. +# All rights reserved. +# This SOFTWARE is licensed under the LICENSE provided in the +# ../Copyright file. By downloading, installing, copying, or otherwise +# using the SOFTWARE, you agree to be bound by the terms of that +# LICENSE. + +AM_CFLAGS = -I${top_srcdir} -I${top_srcdir}/libxo + +# Ick: maintained by hand! +TEST_CASES = \ +xo_01.sh + +X=\ +xo_02.sh \ +xo_03.sh \ +xo_04.sh \ +xo_05.sh \ +xo_06.sh + +# TEST_CASES := $(shell cd ${srcdir} ; echo *.c ) + +EXTRA_DIST = \ + ${TEST_CASES} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.T.err}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.T.out}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.XP.err}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.XP.out}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.JP.err}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.JP.out}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.HP.err}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.HP.out}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.X.err}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.X.out}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.J.err}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.J.out}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.H.err}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.H.out}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.HIPx.err}} \ + ${addprefix saved/, ${TEST_CASES:.sh=.HIPx.out}} + +S2O = | ${SED} '1,/@@/d' + +all: + +#TEST_TRACE = set -x ; + +XO=../../xo/xo + +TEST_ONE = \ + ${CHECKER} sh ${srcdir}/$$base.sh "${XO} --libxo:W$$fmt" ${TEST_OPTS} \ + > out/$$base.$$fmt.out 2> out/$$base.$$fmt.err ; \ + ${DIFF} -Nu ${srcdir}/saved/$$base.$$fmt.out out/$$base.$$fmt.out ${S2O} ; \ + ${DIFF} -Nu ${srcdir}/saved/$$base.$$fmt.err out/$$base.$$fmt.err ${S2O} + +TEST_FORMATS = T XP JP HP X J H HIPx + +test tests: ${bin_PROGRAMS} + @${MKDIR} -p out + -@ ${TEST_TRACE} (for test in ${TEST_CASES} ; do \ + base=`${BASENAME} $$test .sh` ; \ + (for fmt in ${TEST_FORMATS}; do \ + echo "... $$test ... $$fmt ..."; \ + ${TEST_ONE}; \ + true; \ + done) \ + done) + +one: + -@(test=${TEST_CASE}; data=${TEST_DATA}; ${TEST_ONE} ; true) + +accept: + -@(for test in ${TEST_CASES} ; do \ + base=`${BASENAME} $$test .sh` ; \ + (for fmt in ${TEST_FORMATS}; do \ + echo "... $$test ... $$fmt ..."; \ + ${CP} out/$$base.$$fmt.out ${srcdir}/saved/$$base.$$fmt.out ; \ + ${CP} out/$$base.$$fmt.err ${srcdir}/saved/$$base.$$fmt.err ; \ + done) \ + done) + +CLEANFILES = +CLEANDIRS = out + +clean-local: + rm -rf ${CLEANDIRS} Property changes on: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/Makefile.am ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:eol-style ## -0,0 +1 ## +native \ No newline at end of property Added: svn:keywords ## -0,0 +1 ## +FreeBSD=%H \ No newline at end of property Added: svn:mime-type ## -0,0 +1 ## +text/plain \ No newline at end of property Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.H.err =================================================================== Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.H.out =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.H.out (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.H.out (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +
Item
one
is
number
001
,
color
:
red
Item
two
is
number
002
,
color
:
blue
Item
three
is
number
003
,
color
:
green
Item
four
is
number
004
,
color
:
yellow
\ No newline at end of file Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.HIPx.err =================================================================== Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.HIPx.out =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.HIPx.out (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.HIPx.out (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +
+
Item
+
one
+
is
+
number
+
+
001
+
,
+
color
+
:
+
+
red
+
+
+
Item
+
two
+
is
+
number
+
+
002
+
,
+
color
+
:
+
+
blue
+
+
+
Item
+
three
+
is
+
number
+
+
003
+
,
+
color
+
:
+
+
green
+
+
+
Item
+
four
+
is
+
number
+
+
004
+
,
+
color
+
:
+
+
yellow
+
Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.HP.err =================================================================== Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.HP.out =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.HP.out (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.HP.out (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +
+
Item
+
one
+
is
+
number
+
+
001
+
,
+
color
+
:
+
+
red
+
+
+
Item
+
two
+
is
+
number
+
+
002
+
,
+
color
+
:
+
+
blue
+
+
+
Item
+
three
+
is
+
number
+
+
003
+
,
+
color
+
:
+
+
green
+
+
+
Item
+
four
+
is
+
number
+
+
004
+
,
+
color
+
:
+
+
yellow
+
Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.J.err =================================================================== Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.J.out =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.J.out (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.J.out (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"top": {"item": {"name":"one","value":1,"color":"red"}, "item": {"name":"two","value":2,"color":"blue"}, "item": {"name":"three","value":3,"color":"green"}, "item": {"name":"four","value":4,"color":"yellow"}} Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.JP.err =================================================================== Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.JP.out =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.JP.out (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.JP.out (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +"top": { + "item": { + "name": "one", + "value": 1, + "color": "red" + }, + "item": { + "name": "two", + "value": 2, + "color": "blue" + }, + "item": { + "name": "three", + "value": 3, + "color": "green" + }, + "item": { + "name": "four", + "value": 4, + "color": "yellow" + } +} Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.T.err =================================================================== Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.T.out =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.T.out (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.T.out (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +Item one is number 001, color: red +Item two is number 002, color: blue +Item three is number 003, color: green +Item four is number 004, color: yellow Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.X.err =================================================================== Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.X.out =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.X.out (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.X.out (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +one1redtwo2bluethree3greenfour4yellow \ No newline at end of file Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.XP.err =================================================================== Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.XP.out =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.XP.out (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/saved/xo_01.XP.out (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ + + + one + 1 + red + + + two + 2 + blue + + + three + 3 + green + + + four + 4 + yellow + + Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/xo_01.sh =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/xo_01.sh (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/xo_01.sh (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +# +# $Id$ +# +# Copyright 2014, Juniper Networks, Inc. +# All rights reserved. +# This SOFTWARE is licensed under the LICENSE provided in the +# ../Copyright file. By downloading, installing, copying, or otherwise +# using the SOFTWARE, you agree to be bound by the terms of that +# LICENSE. + +XO=$1 +shift + +XOP="${XO} --warn --depth 1 --leading-xpath /top" + +${XO} --open top + +NF= +for i in one:1:red two:2:blue three:3:green four:4:yellow ; do + set `echo $i | sed 's/:/ /g'` + ${XOP} ${NF} --wrap item \ + 'Item {k:name} is {Lw:number}{:value/%03d/%d}, {Lwc:color}{:color}\n' \ + $1 $2 $3 + NF=--not-first +done + +${XO} --close top \ No newline at end of file Property changes on: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo/xo_01.sh ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:eol-style ## -0,0 +1 ## +native \ No newline at end of property Added: svn:executable ## -0,0 +1 ## +* \ No newline at end of property Added: svn:keywords ## -0,0 +1 ## +FreeBSD=%H \ No newline at end of property Added: svn:mime-type ## -0,0 +1 ## +text/plain \ No newline at end of property Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo (revision 319730) Property changes on: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/xo ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:ignore ## -0,0 +1 ## +Makefile.in Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/Makefile.am =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/Makefile.am (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/Makefile.am (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +# +# Copyright 2014, Juniper Networks, Inc. +# All rights reserved. +# This SOFTWARE is licensed under the LICENSE provided in the +# ../Copyright file. By downloading, installing, copying, or otherwise +# using the SOFTWARE, you agree to be bound by the terms of that +# LICENSE. + +SUBDIRS = core xo + +if HAVE_GETTEXT +SUBDIRS += gettext +endif + +test tests: + @(cur=`pwd` ; for dir in $(SUBDIRS) ; do \ + cd $$dir ; \ + $(MAKE) tests ; \ + cd $$cur ; \ + done) + +accept: + @(cur=`pwd` ; for dir in $(SUBDIRS) ; do \ + cd $$dir ; \ + $(MAKE) accept ; \ + cd $$cur ; \ + done) + +valgrind: + @echo '## Running the regression tests under Valgrind' + @echo '## Go get a cup of coffee it is gonna take a while ...' + ${MAKE} VALGRIND='valgrind -q' tests Property changes on: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests/Makefile.am ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:eol-style ## -0,0 +1 ## +native \ No newline at end of property Added: svn:keywords ## -0,0 +1 ## +FreeBSD=%H \ No newline at end of property Added: svn:mime-type ## -0,0 +1 ## +text/plain \ No newline at end of property Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests (revision 319730) Property changes on: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/tests ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:ignore ## -0,0 +1 ## +Makefile.in Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/xo/xo.1 =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/xo/xo.1 (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/xo/xo.1 (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ +.\" # +.\" # Copyright (c) 2014, Juniper Networks, Inc. +.\" # All rights reserved. +.\" # This SOFTWARE is licensed under the LICENSE provided in the +.\" # ../Copyright file. By downloading, installing, copying, or +.\" # using the SOFTWARE, you agree to be bound by the terms of that +.\" # LICENSE. +.\" # Phil Shafer, July 2014 +.\" +.Dd December 4, 2014 +.Dt XO 1 +.Os +.Sh NAME +.Nm xo +.Nd emit formatted output based on format string and arguments +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.Nm +.Op Fl options +.Op Ar argument... +.Sh DESCRIPTION +The +.Nm +utility allows command line access to the functionality of +the +.Nm libxo +library. +Using +.Nm , +shell scripts can emit +.Em XML , +.Em JSON , +or +.Em HTML +using the same commands that emit text output. +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width indent +.It Ic --close Ar path +Close tags for the given path +.It Ic --depth Ar num +Set the depth for pretty printing +.It Ic --help +Display help text +.It Ic -H | Ic --html +Generate HTML output +.It Ic -J | Ic --json +Generate JSON output +.It Ic --leading-xpath Ar path +Add a prefix to generated XPaths (HTML) +.It Ic --open Ar path +Open tags for the given path +.It Ic -p | Ic --pretty +Make 'pretty' output (add indent, newlines) +.It Ic --style Ar style +Generate given style (xml, json, text, html) +.It Ic -T | Ic --text +Generate text output (the default style) +.It Ic --version +Display version information +.It Ic -W | Ic --warn +Display warnings in text on stderr +.It Ic --warn-xml +Display warnings in xml on stdout +.It Ic --wrap Ar path +Wrap output in a set of containers +.It Ic -X | Ic --xml +Generate XML output +.It Ic --xpath +Add XPath data to HTML output +.El +.Pp +The +.Nm +utility accepts a format string suitable for +.Xr xo_emit 3 +and a set of zero or more arguments used to supply data for that string. +.Pp +In addition, +.Nm +accepts any of the +.Nm libxo +options listed in +.Xr xo_options 7 . +.Sh EXAMPLES +In this example, +.Nm +is used to emit the same data encoded in text and then in XML by +adding the "-p" (pretty) and "-X" (XML output) flags: +.Bd -literal -offset indent + % xo 'The {:product} is {:status}\\n' stereo "in route" + The stereo is in route + % xo -p -X 'The {:product} is {:status}\\n' stereo "in route" + stereo + in route +.Ed +.Pp +In this example, the output from a +.Nm +command is shown in several styles: +.Bd -literal -offset indent + xo "The {k:name} weighs {:weight/%d} pounds.\\n" fish 6 +.Pp + TEXT: + The fish weighs 6 pounds. + XML: + fish + 6 + JSON: + "name": "fish", + "weight": 6 + HTML: +
+
The
+
fish
+
weighs
+
6
+
pounds.
+
+.Ed +.Pp +The +.Fl "-wrap " +option can be used to wrap emitted content in a +specific hierarchy. +The path is a set of hierarchical names separated +by the '/' character. +.Bd -literal -offset indent + xo --wrap top/a/b/c '{:tag}' value +.Pp + XML: + + + + + value + + + + + JSON: + "top": { + "a": { + "b": { + "c": { + "tag": "value" + } + } + } + } +.Ed +.Pp +The +.Fl "\-open " +and +.Fl "\-close " +can be used to emit +hierarchical information without the matching close and open +tag. +This allows a shell script to emit open tags, data, and +then close tags. +The +.Fl \-depth +option may be used to set the +depth for indentation. +The +.Fl "\-leading-xpath" +may be used to +prepend data to the XPath values used for HTML output style. +.Bd -literal -offset indent + #!/bin/sh + xo --open top/data + xo --depth 2 '{tag}' value + xo --close top/data +.Pp + XML: + + + value + + + JSON: + "top": { + "data": { + "tag": "value" + } + } +.Ed +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr libxo 3 , +.Xr xo_emit 3 , +.Xr xo_options 7 Property changes on: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/xo/xo.1 ___________________________________________________________________ Added: svn:eol-style ## -0,0 +1 ## +native \ No newline at end of property Added: svn:keywords ## -0,0 +1 ## +FreeBSD=%H \ No newline at end of property Added: svn:mime-type ## -0,0 +1 ## +text/plain \ No newline at end of property Index: vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/xo/xo.c =================================================================== --- vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/xo/xo.c (nonexistent) +++ vendor/Juniper/libxo/0.8.1/xo/xo.c (revision 319730) @@ -0,0 +1,440 @@ +/* + * Copyright (c) 2014, Juniper Networks, Inc. + * All rights reserved. + * This SOFTWARE is licensed under the LICENSE provided in the + * ../Copyright file. By downloading, installing, copying, or otherwise + * using the SOFTWARE, you agree to be bound by the terms of that + * LICENSE. + * Phil Shafer, July 2014 + */ + +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#include "xo_config.h" +#include "xo.h" + +#include /* Include after xo.h for testing */ + +#ifndef UNUSED +#define UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__)) +#endif /* UNUSED */ + +static int opt_warn; /* Enable warnings */ + +static char **save_argv; +static char **checkpoint_argv; + +static char * +next_arg (void) +{ + char *cp = *save_argv; + + if (cp == NULL) + xo_errx(1, "missing argument"); + + save_argv += 1; + return cp; +} + +static void +prep_arg (char *fmt) +{ + char *cp, *fp; + + for (cp = fp = fmt; *cp; cp++, fp++) { + if (*cp != '\\') { + if (cp != fp) + *fp = *cp; + continue; + } + + switch (*++cp) { + case 'n': + *fp = '\n'; + break; + + case 'r': + *fp = '\r'; + break; + + case 'b': + *fp = '\b'; + break; + + case 'e': + *fp = '\e'; + break; + + default: + *fp = *cp; + } + } + + *fp = '\0'; +} + +static void +checkpoint (xo_handle_t *xop UNUSED, va_list vap UNUSED, int restore) +{ + if (restore) + save_argv = checkpoint_argv; + else + checkpoint_argv = save_argv; +} + +/* + * Our custom formatter is responsible for combining format string pieces + * with our command line arguments to build strings. This involves faking + * some printf-style logic. + */ +static xo_ssize_t +formatter (xo_handle_t *xop, char *buf, xo_ssize_t bufsiz, + const char *fmt, va_list vap UNUSED) +{ + int lflag UNUSED = 0; /* Parse long flag, though currently ignored */ + int hflag = 0, jflag = 0, tflag = 0, + zflag = 0, qflag = 0, star1 = 0, star2 = 0; + int rc = 0; + int w1 = 0, w2 = 0; + const char *cp; + + for (cp = fmt + 1; *cp; cp++) { + if (*cp == 'l') + lflag += 1; + else if (*cp == 'h') + hflag += 1; + else if (*cp == 'j') + jflag += 1; + else if (*cp == 't') + tflag += 1; + else if (*cp == 'z') + zflag += 1; + else if (*cp == 'q') + qflag += 1; + else if (*cp == '*') { + if (star1 == 0) + star1 = 1; + else + star2 = 1; + } else if (strchr("diouxXDOUeEfFgGaAcCsSp", *cp) != NULL) + break; + else if (*cp == 'n' || *cp == 'v') { + if (opt_warn) + xo_error_h(xop, "unsupported format: '%s'", fmt); + return -1; + } + } + + char fc = *cp; + + /* Handle "%*.*s" */ + if (star1) + w1 = strtol(next_arg(), NULL, 0); + if (star2 > 1) + w2 = strtol(next_arg(), NULL, 0); + + if (fc == 'D' || fc == 'O' || fc == 'U') + lflag = 1; + + if (strchr("diD", fc) != NULL) { + long long value = strtoll(next_arg(), NULL, 0); + if (star1 && star2) + rc = snprintf(buf, bufsiz, fmt, w1, w2, value); + else if (star1) + rc = snprintf(buf, bufsiz, fmt, w1, value); + else + rc = snprintf(buf, bufsiz, fmt, value); + + } else if (strchr("ouxXOUp", fc) != NULL) { + unsigned long long value = strtoull(next_arg(), NULL, 0); + if (star1 && star2) + rc = snprintf(buf, bufsiz, fmt, w1, w2, value); + else if (star1) + rc = snprintf(buf, bufsiz, fmt, w1, value); + else + rc = snprintf(buf, bufsiz, fmt, value); + + } else if (strchr("eEfFgGaA", fc) != NULL) { + double value = strtold(next_arg(), NULL); + if (star1 && star2) + rc = snprintf(buf, bufsiz, fmt, w1, w2, value); + else if (star1) + rc = snprintf(buf, bufsiz, fmt, w1, value); + else + rc = snprintf(buf, bufsiz, fmt, value); + + } else if (fc == 'C' || fc == 'c' || fc == 'S' || fc == 's') { + char *value = next_arg(); + if (star1 && star2) + rc = snprintf(buf, bufsiz, fmt, w1, w2, value); + else if (star1) + rc = snprintf(buf, bufsiz, fmt, w1, value); + else + rc = snprintf(buf, bufsiz, fmt, value); + } + + return rc; +} + +static void +print_version (void) +{ + fprintf(stderr, "libxo version %s%s\n", + xo_version, xo_version_extra); + fprintf(stderr, "xo version %s%s\n", + LIBXO_VERSION, LIBXO_VERSION_EXTRA); +} + +static void +print_help (void) +{ + fprintf(stderr, +"Usage: xo [options] format [fields]\n" +" --close Close tags for the given path\n" +" --depth Set the depth for pretty printing\n" +" --help Display this help text\n" +" --html OR -H Generate HTML output\n" +" --json OR -J Generate JSON output\n" +" --leading-xpath OR -l " + "Add a prefix to generated XPaths (HTML)\n" +" --open Open tags for the given path\n" +" --option -or -O Give formatting options\n" +" --pretty OR -p Make 'pretty' output (add indent, newlines)\n" +" --style