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 .\" Copyright (c) 1986 The Regents of the University of California.
 .\" All rights reserved.
 .\"
 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
 .\" provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
 .\" duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,
 .\" advertising materials, and other materials related to such
 .\" distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
 .\" by the University of California, Berkeley.  The name of the
 .\" University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived
 .\" from this software without specific prior written permission.
 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
 .\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 .\"
 .\"	@(#)intro.me	6.4 (Berkeley) 7/17/89
 .\"
 .\" Modified for groff by jjc@jclark.com.
 .\"UC 7
 .ll 6.5i
 .lt 6.5i
 .ds MO @VERSION@
 .nr si 3n
 .he 'USING GROFF AND \-ME''%'
 .\"eh 'USD:22-%''Writing Papers with NROFF using \-me'
 .\"oh 'Writing Papers with NROFF using \-me''USD:22-%'
 .ds U \s-1UNIX\s0
 .ds N \s-1NROFF\s0
 .ds T \s-1TROFF\s0
 .ds G \s-1GROFF\s0
 .+c
 .(l C
 .sz 14
 .b "Writing Papers with GROFF using \-me"
 .sz
 .sp 2
 .ul
 Eric P. Allman*
 .(f
 *Author's current address:
 Britton Lee, Inc.,
 1919 Addison Suite 105,
 Berkeley, California 94704.
 .)f
 .sp
 Project INGRES
 Electronics Research Laboratory
 University of California, Berkeley
 Berkeley, California  94720
 .sp 2
 .i "Modified for \*G by James Clark"
 .)l
 .sp 4
 .pp
 This document describes
 the text processing facilities
 available on the \*U\(dg
 .(f
 \(dg\*U is a trademark
 of AT&T Bell Laboratories
 .)f
 operating system
 via \*G and the
 \-me
 macro package.
 It is assumed
 that the reader
 already is generally familiar
 with the \*U operating system
 and a text editor
 such as
 .b ex .
 This is intended to be a casual introduction,
 and
 as such not all material is covered.
 In particular,
 many variations and additional features
 of the \-me macro package
 are not explained.
 For a complete discussion of this
 and other issues,
 see
 .ul
 The \-me Reference Manual
 and
 .ul
 The \*N/\*T Reference Manual.
 .pp
 \*G, a computer program
 that runs on the \*U operating system,
 reads an input file
 prepared by the user
 and outputs a formatted paper
 suitable for publication or framing.
 The input consists of
 .i text ,
 or words to be printed,
 and
 .i requests ,
 which give instructions
 to the \*G program
 telling how to format the printed copy.
 .pp
 Section 1
 describes the basics
 of text processing.
 Section 2
 describes the basic requests.
 Section 3
 introduces displays.
 Annotations,
 such as footnotes,
 are handled in
 section 4.
 The more complex requests
 which are not discussed in section 2
 are covered in section 5.
 Finally,
 section 6
 discusses things you will need
 to know
 if you want to typeset documents.
 If you are a novice,
 you probably won't want to read beyond section 4
 until you have tried some of the basic features out.
 .pp
 When you have your raw text ready,
 call the \*G formatter by typing
 as a request to the \*U shell:
 .(b
 groff \-me \-T\c
 .i "type files"
 .)b
 where
 .i type
 describes the type of
 output device you are using.
 A complete description of options
 to the \*G command can be found in
 .b groff (1).
 .pp
 The word
 .i argument
 is used in this manual
 to mean a word or number
 which appears on the same line
 as a request
 which modifies the meaning
 of that request.
 For example,
 the request
 .(b
 \&.sp
 .)b
 spaces one line,
 but
 .(b
 \&.sp 4
 .)b
 spaces four lines.
 The number
 .b 4
 is an
 .i argument
 to the
 .b .sp
 request
 which says to space four lines
 instead of one.
 Arguments are separated from the request
 and from each other
 by spaces.
 .sh 1 "Basics of Text Processing"
 .pp
 The primary function
 of \*G
 is to
 .i collect
 words from input lines,
 .i fill
 output lines with those words,
 .i justify
 the right hand margin by inserting extra spaces
 in the line,
 and output the result.
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 Now is the time
 for all good men
 to come to the aid
 of their party.
 Four score and seven
 years ago,...
 .)b
 will be read,
 packed onto output lines,
 and justified
 to produce:
 .(b F
 Now is the time
 for all good men
 to come to the aid
 of their party.
 Four score and seven
 years ago,...
 .)b
 Sometimes you may want to start a new output line
 even though the line you are on
 is not yet full;
 for example,
 at the end of a paragraph.
 To do this
 you can cause a
 .i break ,
 which
 starts a new output line.
 Some requests
 cause a break automatically,
 as do blank input lines
 and input lines beginning with a space.
 .pp
 Not all input lines
 are text to be formatted.
 Some of the input lines
 are
 .i requests
 which describe
 how to format the text.
 Requests always have a period
 or an apostrophe
 (\c
 .q "\|\(aa\|" )
 as the first character
 of the input line.
 .pp
 The text formatter
 also does more complex things,
 such as automatically numbering pages,
 skipping over page folds,
 putting footnotes in the correct place,
 and so forth.
 .pp
 I can offer you a few hints
 for preparing text
 for input to \*G.
 First,
 keep the input lines short.
 Short input lines are easier to edit,
 and \*G will pack words onto longer lines
 for you anyhow.
 In keeping with this,
 it is helpful
 to begin a new line
 after every period,
 comma,
 or phrase,
 since common corrections
 are to add or delete sentences
 or phrases.
 Second,
 do not put spaces at the end of lines,
 since this can sometimes confuse the \*N
 processor.
 Third,
 do not hyphenate words at the end of lines
 (except words that should have hyphens in them,
 such as
 .q mother-in-law );
 \*G is smart enough to hyphenate words
 for you as needed,
 but is not smart enough
 to take hyphens out
 and join a word back together.
 Also,
 words such as
 .q mother-in-law
 should not be broken
 over a line,
 since then you will get a space
 where not wanted,
 such as
 .tr @-
 .nh
 .q "mother@\ in@law" .
 .br
 .tr @@
 .hy 14
 .sh 1 "Basic Requests"
 .sh 2 "Paragraphs"
 .pp
 Paragraphs are begun
 by using the
 .b .pp
 request.
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 \&.pp
 Now is the time for all good men
 to come to the aid of their party.
 Four score and seven years ago,...
 .)b
 produces a blank line
 followed by an indented first line.
 The result is:
 .(b F
 .ti +\n(piu
 Now is the time for all good men
 to come to the aid of their party.
 Four score and seven years ago,...
 .)b
 .pp
 Notice that the sentences
 of the paragraphs
 .i "must not"
 begin with a space,
 since blank lines
 and lines beginning with spaces
 cause a break.
 For example,
 if I had typed:
 .(b
 \&.pp
 Now is the time for all good men
       to come to the aid of their party.
 Four score and seven years ago,...
 .)b
 The output would be:
 .(b F
 .ti +\n(piu
 Now is the time for all good men
       to come to the aid of their party.
 Four score and seven years ago,...
 .)b
 A new line begins after the word
 .q men
 because the second line began with a space character.
 .pp
 There are many
 fancier
 types of paragraphs,
 which will be described later.
 .sh 2 "Headers and Footers"
 .pp
 Arbitrary headers and footers
 can be put
 at the top and bottom
 of every page.
 Two requests
 of the form
 .b .he \ \c
 .i title
 and
 .b .fo \ \c
 .i title
 define the titles to put at the head and the foot
 of every page,
 respectively.
 The titles are called
 .i three-part
 titles,
 that is,
 there is a left-justified part,
 a centered part,
 and a right-justified part.
 To separate these three parts
 the first character of
 .i title
 (whatever it may be)
 is used as a delimiter.
 Any character may be used,
 but
 backslash
 and double quote marks
 should be avoided.
 The percent sign
 is replaced by the current page number
 whenever found in the title.
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 \&.he \(aa\(aa%\(aa\(aa
 \&.fo \(aaJane Jones\(aa\(aaMy Book\(aa
 .)b
 results in the page number
 centered at the top
 of each page,
 .q "Jane Jones"
 in the lower left corner,
 and
 .q "My Book"
 in the lower right corner.
 .sh 2 "Double Spacing"
 .pp
 .ls 2
 \*G will double space output text automatically if you
 use the request
 .b ".ls\ 2" ,
 as is done in this section.
 You can revert to single spaced mode
 by typing
 .b ".ls\ 1" .
 .ls 1
 .sh 2 "Page Layout"
 .pp
 A number of requests allow
 you to change the way the printed copy looks,
 sometimes called the
 .i layout
 of the output page.
 Most of these requests adjust the placing
 of
 .q "white space"
 (blank lines or spaces).
 In these explanations,
 characters in italics
 should be replaced with values you wish to use;
 bold characters
 represent characters which should actually be typed.
 .pp
 The
 .b .bp
 request
 starts a new page.
 .pp
 The request
 .b .sp \ \c
 .i N
 leaves
 .i N
 lines of blank space.
 .i N
 can be omitted
 (meaning skip a single line)
 or can be of the form
 .i N \^\c
 .b i
 (for
 .i N
 inches)
 or
 .i N \^\c
 .b c
 (for
 .i N
 centimeters).
 For example, the input:
 .(b
 \&.sp 1.5i
 My thoughts on the subject
 \&.sp
 .)b
 leaves one and a half inches of space,
 followed by the line
 .q "My thoughts on the subject" ,
 followed by a single blank line.
 .pp
 The
 .b .in \ \c
 .i +N
 request
 changes the amount of white space
 on the left of the page
 (the
 .i indent ).
 The argument
 .i N
 can be of the form
 .b + \c
 .i N
 (meaning leave
 .i N
 spaces more than you are already leaving),
 .b \- \c
 .i N
 (meaning leave less than you do now),
 or just
 .i N
 (meaning leave exactly
 .i N
 spaces).
 .i N
 can be of the form
 .i N \^\c
 .b i
 or
 .i N \^\c
 .b c
 also.
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 initial text
 \&.in 5
 some text
 \&.in +1i
 more text
 \&.in \-2c
 final text
 .)b
 produces
 .q "some text"
 indented exactly five spaces
 from the left margin,
 .q "more text"
 indented five spaces
 plus one inch
 from the left margin
 (fifteen spaces
 on a pica typewriter),
 and
 .q "final text"
 indented five spaces
 plus one inch
 minus two centimeters
 from the margin.
 That is,
 the output is:
 .(b
 initial text
 .in +5
 some text
 .in +1i
 more text
 .in -2c
 final text
 .)b
 .pp
 The
 .b .ti \ \c
 .i +N
 (temporary indent)
 request is used like
 .b .in \ \c
 .i +N
 when the indent
 should apply to one line only,
 after which it should revert
 to the previous indent.
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 \&.in 1i
 \&.ti 0
 Ware, James R.  The Best of Confucius,
 Halcyon House, 1950.
 An excellent book containing translations of
 most of Confucius\(aa most delightful sayings.
 A definite must for anyone interested in the early foundations
 of Chinese philosophy.
 .)b
 produces:
 .in 1i+\n($iu
 .ti \n($iu
 Ware, James R.  The Best of Confucius,
 Halcyon House, 1950.
 An excellent book containing translations of
 most of Confucius' most delightful sayings.
 A definite must for anyone interested in the early foundations
 of Chinese philosophy.
 .pp
 Text lines can be centered
 by using the
 .b .ce
 request.
 The line after the
 .b .ce
 is centered
 (horizontally)
 on the page.
 To center more than one line,
 use
 .b .ce \ \c
 .i N
 (where
 .i N
 is the number of lines to center),
 followed by the
 .i N
 lines.
 If you want to center many lines
 but don't want to count them,
 type:
 .(b
 \&.ce 1000
 lines to center
 \&.ce 0
 .)b
 The
 .b ".ce\ 0"
 request tells \*G to center zero more lines,
 in other words,
 stop centering.
 .pp
 All of these requests
 cause a break;
 that is,
 they always start
 a new line.
 If you want to start a new line
 without performing any other action,
 use
 .b .br .
 .sh 1 "Displays"
 .pp
 Displays are sections of text
 to be set off
 from the body of the paper.
 Major quotes,
 tables,
 and figures
 are types of displays,
 as are all the examples
 used in this document.
 All displays
 except centered blocks
 are output
 single spaced.
 .sh 2 "Major Quotes"
 .pp
 Major quotes
 are quotes which are several lines long,
 and hence are set in from the rest
 of the text
 without quote marks
 around them.
 These can be generated
 using the commands
 .b .(q
 and
 .b .)q
 to surround the quote.
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 As Weizenbaum points out:
 \&.(q
 It is said that to explain is to explain away.
 This maxim is nowhere so well fulfilled
 as in the areas of computer programming,...
 \&.)q
 .)b
 generates as output:
 .lp
 As Weizenbaum points out:
 .(q
 It is said that to explain is to explain away.
 This maxim is nowhere so well fulfilled
 as in the areas of computer programming,...
 .)q
 .sh 2 "Lists"
 .pp
 A
 .i list
 is an indented,
 single spaced,
 unfilled display.
 Lists should be used
 when the material to be printed
 should not be filled and justified
 like normal text,
 such as columns of figures
 or the examples used in this paper.
 Lists are surrounded
 by the requests
 .b .(l
 and
 .b .)l .
 For example,
 type:
 .(b
 Alternatives to avoid deadlock are:
 \&.(l
 Lock in a specified order
 Detect deadlock and back out one process
 Lock all resources needed before proceeding
 \&.)l
 .)b
 will produce:
 .br
 Alternatives to avoid deadlock are:
 .(l
 Lock in a specified order
 Detect deadlock and back out one process
 Lock all resources needed before proceeding
 .)l
 .sh 2 "Keeps"
 .pp
 A
 .i keep
 is a display of lines
 which are kept on a single page
 if possible.
 An example of where you would use a keep
 might be a diagram.
 Keeps differ from lists
 in that lists may be broken
 over a page boundary
 whereas keeps will not.
 .pp
 Blocks are the basic kind of keep.
 They begin with the request
 .b .(b
 and end with the request
 .b .)b .
 If there is not room on the current page
 for everything in the block,
 a new page is begun.
 This has the unpleasant effect
 of leaving blank space
 at the bottom of the page.
 When this is not appropriate,
 you can use the alternative,
 called
 .i "floating keeps" .
 .pp
 .i "Floating keeps"
 move relative to the text.
 Hence,
 they are good for things
 which will be referred to
 by name,
 such as
 .q "See figure 3" .
 A floating keep will appear
 at the bottom of the current page
 if it will fit;
 otherwise,
 it will appear at the top
 of the next page.
 Floating keeps begin with the line
 .b .(z
 and end with the line
 .b .)z .
 For an example of a floating keep,
 see figure 1.
 .(z
 .in 1i
 .xl -1i
 .hl
 \&.(z
 \&.hl
 Text of keep to be floated.
 \&.sp
 \&.ce
 Figure 1.  Example of a Floating Keep.
 \&.hl
 \&.)z
 .sp
 .ce
 Figure 1.  Example of a Floating Keep.
 .hl
 .)z
 The
 .b .hl
 request is used
 to draw a horizontal line
 so that the figure
 stands out from the text.
 .sh 2 "Fancier Displays"
 .pp
 Keeps and lists are normally collected in
 .i nofill
 mode,
 so that they are good for tables and such.
 If you want a display
 in fill mode
 (for text),
 type
 .b ".(l\ F"
 (Throughout this section,
 comments applied to
 .b .(l
 also apply to
 .b .(b
 and
 .b .(z ).
 This kind of display
 will be indented from both margins.
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 \&.(l F
 And now boys and girls,
 a newer, bigger, better toy than ever before!
 Be the first on your block to have your own computer!
 Yes kids, you too can have one of these modern
 data processing devices.
 You too can produce beautifully formatted papers
 without even batting an eye!
 \&.)l
 .)b
 will be output as:
 .(b F
 And now boys and girls,
 a newer, bigger, better toy than ever before!
 Be the first on your block to have your own computer!
 Yes kids, you too can have one of these modern
 data processing devices.
 You too can produce beautifully formatted papers
 without even batting an eye!
 .)b
 .pp
 Lists and blocks are also normally indented
 (floating keeps are normally left justified).
 To get a left-justified list,
 type
 .b ".(l\ L" .
 To get a list centered
 line-for-line,
 type
 .b ".(l C" .
 For example,
 to get a filled,
 left justified list, enter:
 .(b
 \&.(l L F
 text of block
 \&.)l
 .)b
 The input:
 .(b
 \&.(l
 first line of unfilled display
 more lines
 \&.)l
 .)b
 produces the indented text:
 .(b
 first line of unfilled display
 more lines
 .)b
 Typing the character
 .b L
 after the
 .b .(l
 request produces the left justified result:
 .(b L
 first line of unfilled display
 more lines
 .)b
 Using
 .b C
 instead of
 .b L
 produces the line-at-a-time centered output:
 .(b C
 first line of unfilled display
 more lines
 .)b
 .pp
 Sometimes it may be
 that you want to center several lines
 as a group,
 rather than centering them
 one line at a time.
 To do this
 use centered blocks,
 which are surrounded by the requests
 .b .(c
 and
 .b .)c .
 All the lines are centered as a unit,
 such that the longest line is centered
 and the rest are
 lined up around that line.
 Notice that lines
 do not move
 relative to each other
 using centered blocks,
 whereas they do
 using the
 .b C
 argument to keeps.
 .pp
 Centered blocks are
 .i not
 keeps,
 and may be used
 in conjunction
 with keeps.
 For example,
 to center a group of lines
 as a unit
 and keep them
 on one page,
 use:
 .(b
 \&.(b L
 \&.(c
 first line of unfilled display
 more lines
 \&.)c
 \&.)b
 .)b
 to produce:
 .(b L
 .(c
 first line of unfilled display
 more lines
 .)c
 .)b
 If the block requests
 (\c
 .b .(b
 and
 .b .)b )
 had been omitted
 the result would have been the same,
 but with no guarantee
 that the lines of the centered block
 would have all been on one page.
 Note the use of the
 .b L
 argument to
 .b .(b ;
 this causes the centered block
 to center within the entire line
 rather than within the line
 minus the indent.
 Also,
 the center requests
 must
 be nested
 .i inside
 the keep requests.
 .sh 1 "Annotations"
 .pp
 There are a number of requests
 to save text
 for later printing.
 .i Footnotes
 are printed at the bottom of the current page.
 .i "Delayed text"
 is intended to be a variant form
 of footnote;
 the text is printed only 
 when explicitly called for,
 such as at the end of each chapter.
 .i Indexes
 are a type of delayed text
 having a tag
 (usually the page number)
 attached to each entry
 after a row of dots.
 Indexes are also saved
 until called for explicitly.
 .sh 2 "Footnotes"
 .pp
 Footnotes begin with the request
 .b .(f
 and end with the request
 .b .)f .
 The current footnote number is maintained
 automatically,
 and can be used by typing \e**,
 to produce a footnote number\**.
 .(f
 \**Like this.
 .)f
 The number is automatically incremented
 after every footnote.
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 \&.(q
 A man who is not upright
 and at the same time is presumptuous;
 one who is not diligent and at the same time is ignorant;
 one who is untruthful and at the same time is incompetent;
 such men I do not count among acquaintances.\e**
 \&.(f
 \e**James R. Ware,
 \&.ul
 The Best of Confucius,
 Halcyon House, 1950.
 Page 77.
 \&.)f
 \&.)q
 .)b
 generates the result:
 .(q
 A man who is not upright
 and at the same time is presumptuous;
 one who is not diligent and at the same time is ignorant;
 one who is untruthful and at the same time is incompetent;
 such men I do not count among acquaintances.\**
 .(f
 \**James R. Ware,
 .ul
 The Best of Confucius,
 Halcyon House, 1950.
 Page 77.
 .)f
 .)q
 It is important
 that the footnote
 appears
 .i inside
 the quote,
 so that you can be sure
 that the footnote
 will appear
 on the same page
 as the quote.
 .sh 2 "Delayed Text"
 .pp
 Delayed text
 is very similar to a footnote
 except that it is printed
 when called for explicitly.
 This allows a list of
 references to
 appear
 (for example)
 at the end of each chapter,
 as is the convention in some disciplines.
 Use
 .b \e*#
 on delayed text
 instead of
 .b \e**
 as on footnotes.
 .pp
 If you are using delayed text
 as your standard reference mechanism,
 you can still use footnotes,
 except that you may want to reference them
 with special characters*
 .(f
 *Such as an asterisk.
 .)f
 rather than numbers.
 .sh 2 "Indexes"
 .pp
 An
 .q index
 (actually more like a table of contents,
 since the entries are not sorted alphabetically)
 resembles delayed text,
 in that it is saved until called for.
 However,
 each entry has the page number
 (or some other tag)
 appended to the last line
 of the index entry
 after a row of dots.
 .pp
 Index entries begin with the request
 .b .(x
 and end with
 .b .)x .
 The
 .b .)x
 request may have a argument,
 which is the value to print
 as the
 .q "page number" .
 It defaults to the current page number.
 If the page number given is an underscore
 (\c
 .q _ )
 no page number
 or line of dots
 is printed at all.
 To get the line of dots
 without a page number,
 type
 .b ".)x """"" ,
 which specifies an explicitly null page number.
 .pp
 The
 .b .xp
 request prints the index.
 .pp
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 \&.(x
 Sealing wax
 \&.)x
 \&.(x
 Cabbages and kings
 \&.)x _
 \&.(x
 Why the sea is boiling hot
 \&.)x 2.5a
 \&.(x
 Whether pigs have wings
 \&.)x ""
 \&.(x
 This is a terribly long index entry, such as might be used
 for a list of illustrations, tables, or figures; I expect it to
 take at least two lines.
 \&.)x
 \&.xp
 .)b
 generates:
 .(x
 Sealing wax
 .)x
 .(x
 Cabbages and kings
 .)x _
 .(x
 Why the sea is boiling hot
 .)x 2.5a
 .(x
 Whether pigs have wings
 .)x ""
 .(x
 This is a terribly long index entry, such as might be used
 for a list of illustrations, tables, or figures; I expect it to
 take at least two lines.
 .)x
 .xp
 .pp
 The
 .b .(x
 request may have a single character
 argument,
 specifying the
 .q name
 of the index;
 the normal index is
 .b x .
 Thus,
 several
 .q indices
 may be maintained simultaneously
 (such as a list of tables, table of contents, etc.).
 .pp
 Notice that the index must be printed
 at the
 .i end
 of the paper,
 rather than at the beginning
 where it will probably appear
 (as a table of contents);
 the pages may have to be physically rearranged
 after printing.
 .sh 1 "Fancier Features"
 .pp
 A large number of fancier requests
 exist,
 notably requests to provide other sorts of paragraphs,
 numbered sections of the form
 .b 1.2.3
 (such as used in this document),
 and multicolumn output.
 .sh 2 "More Paragraphs"
 .pp
 Paragraphs generally start with
 a blank line
 and with the first line
 indented.
 It is possible to get
 left-justified block-style paragraphs
 by using
 .b .lp
 instead of
 .b .pp ,
 as demonstrated by the next paragraph.
 .lp
 Sometimes you want to use paragraphs
 that have the
 .i body
 indented,
 and the first line
 exdented
 (opposite of indented)
 with a label.
 This can be done with the
 .b .ip
 request.
 A word specified on the same line as
 .b .ip
 is printed in the margin,
 and the body is lined up
 at a prespecified position
 (normally five spaces).
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 \&.ip one
 This is the first paragraph.
 Notice how the first line
 of the resulting paragraph lines up
 with the other lines in the paragraph.
 \&.ip two
 And here we are at the second paragraph already.
 You may notice that the argument to \c
 .b .ip
 appears
 in the margin.
 \&.lp
 We can continue text...
 .)b
 produces as output:
 .ip one
 This is the first paragraph.
 Notice how the first line of the resulting paragraph lines up
 with the other lines in the paragraph.
 .ip two
 And here we are at the second paragraph already.
 You may notice that the argument to
 .b .ip
 appears
 in the margin.
 .lp
 We can continue text without starting a new indented
 paragraph
 by using the
 .b .lp
 request.
 .pp
 If you have spaces in the label of a
 .b .ip
 request,
 you must use an
 .q "unpaddable space"
 instead of a regular space.
 This is typed as a backslash character
 (\c
 .q \e )
 followed by a space.
 For example,
 to print the label
 .q "Part 1" ,
 enter:
 .(b
 \&.ip "Part\e 1"
 .)b
 .pp
 If a label of an indented paragraph
 (that is, the argument to
 .b .ip )
 is longer than the space allocated for the label,
 .b .ip
 will begin a new line after the label.
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 \&.ip longlabel
 This paragraph had a long label.
 The first character of text on the first line
 will not line up with the text on second and subsequent lines,
 although they will line up with each other.
 .)b
 will produce:
 .ip longlabel
 This paragraph had a long label.
 The first character of text on the first line
 will not line up with the text on second and subsequent lines,
 although they will line up with each other.
 .pp
 It is possible to change the size of the label
 by using a second argument
 which is the size of the label.
 For example,
 the above example could be done correctly
 by saying:
 .(b
 \&.ip longlabel 10
 .)b
 which will make the paragraph indent
 10 spaces for this paragraph only.
 If you have many paragraphs to indent
 all the same amount,
 use the
 .i "number register"
 .b ii .
 For example, to leave one inch of space
 for the label,
 type:
 .(b
 \&.nr ii 1i
 .)b
 somewhere before the first call to
 .b .ip .
 Refer to the reference manual
 for more information.
 .pp
 If
 .b .ip
 is used
 with no argument at all
 no hanging tag will be printed.
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 \&.ip [a]
 This is the first paragraph of the example.
 We have seen this sort of example before.
 \&.ip
 This paragraph is lined up with the previous paragraph,
 but it has no tag in the margin.
 .)b
 produces as output:
 .ip [a]
 This is the first paragraph of the example.
 We have seen this sort of example before.
 .ip
 This paragraph is lined up with the previous paragraph,
 but it has no tag in the margin.
 .pp
 A special case of
 .b .ip
 is
 .b .np ,
 which automatically
 numbers paragraphs sequentially from 1.
 The numbering is reset at the next
 .b .pp ,
 .b .lp ,
 or
 .b .sh
 (to be described in the next section)
 request.
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 \&.np
 This is the first point.
 \&.np
 This is the second point.
 Points are just regular paragraphs
 which are given sequence numbers automatically
 by the .np request.
 \&.pp
 This paragraph will reset numbering by .np.
 \&.np
 For example,
 we have reverted to numbering from one now.
 .)b
 generates:
 .np
 This is the first point.
 .np
 This is the second point.
 Points are just regular paragraphs
 which are given sequence numbers automatically
 by the .np request.
 .pp
 This paragraph will reset numbering by .np.
 .np
 For example,
 we have reverted to numbering from one now.
 .pp
 The
 .b .bu
 request gives lists of this sort that are identified with
 bullets rather than numbers.
 The paragraphs are also crunched together.
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 \&.bu
 \&One egg yolk
 \&.bu
 \&One tablespoon cream or top milk
 \&.bu
 \&Salt, cayenne, and lemon juice to taste
 \&.bu
 \&A generous two tablespoonfuls of butter
 .)b
 produces\**:
 .(f
 \**By the way,
 if you put the first three ingredients in a a heavy, deep pan
 and whisk the ingredients madly over a medium flame
 (never taking your hand off the handle of the pot)
 until the mixture reaches the consistency of custard
 (just a minute or two),
 then mix in the butter off-heat,
 you will have a wonderful Hollandaise sauce.
 .)f
 .bu
 One egg yolk
 .bu
 One tablespoon cream or top milk
 .bu
 Salt, cayenne, and lemon juice to taste
 .bu
 A generous two tablespoonfuls of butter
 .sh 2 "Section Headings"
 .pp
 Section numbers
 (such as the ones used in this document)
 can be automatically generated
 using the
 .b .sh
 request.
 You must tell
 .b .sh
 the
 .i depth
 of the section number
 and a section title.
 The depth
 specifies how many numbers
 are to appear
 (separated by decimal points)
 in the section number.
 For example,
 the section number
 .b 4.2.5
 has a depth of three.
 .pp
 Section numbers
 are incremented
 in a fairly intuitive fashion.
 If you add a number
 (increase the depth),
 the new number starts out
 at one.
 If you subtract section numbers
 (or keep the same number)
 the final number is incremented.
 For example,
 the input:
 .(b
 \&.sh 1 "The Preprocessor"
 \&.sh 2 "Basic Concepts"
 \&.sh 2 "Control Inputs"
 \&.sh 3
 \&.sh 3
 \&.sh 1 "Code Generation"
 \&.sh 3
 .)b
 produces as output the result:
 .(b
 .b
 1.  The Preprocessor
 1.1.  Basic Concepts
 1.2.  Control Inputs
 1.2.1.
 1.2.2.
 2.  Code Generation
 2.1.1.
 .)b
 .pp
 You can specify the section number to begin
 by placing the section number after the section title,
 using spaces instead of dots.
 For example,
 the request:
 .(b
 \&.sh 3 "Another section" 7 3 4
 .)b
 will begin the section numbered
 .b 7.3.4 ;
 all subsequent
 .b .sh
 requests will number relative to this number.
 .pp
 There are more complex features
 which will cause each section to be indented
 proportionally to the depth of the section.
 For example, if you enter:
 .(b
 \&.nr si \c
 .i N
 .)b
 each section will be indented by an amount
 .i N .
 .i N
 must have a scaling factor attached,
 that is, it must be of the form
 .i Nx ,
 where
 .i x
 is a character telling what units
 .i N
 is in.
 Common values for
 .i x
 are
 .b i
 for inches,
 .b c
 for centimeters,
 and
 .b n
 for
 .i ens
 (the width of a single character).
 For example,
 to indent each section
 one-half inch,
 type:
 .(b
 \&.nr si 0.5i
 .)b
 After this,
 sections will be indented by
 one-half inch
 per level of depth in the section number.
 For example,
 this document was produced
 using the request
 .(b
 \&.nr si 3n
 .)b
 at the beginning of the input file,
 giving three spaces of indent
 per section depth.
 .pp
 Section headers without automatically generated numbers
 can be done using:
 .(b
 \&.uh "Title"
 .)b
 which will do a section heading,
 but will put no number on the section.
 .sh 2 "Parts of the Basic Paper"
 .pp
 There are some requests
 which assist in setting up
 papers.
 The
 .b .tp
 request
 initializes for a title page.
 There are no headers or footers
 on a title page,
 and unlike other pages
 you can space down
 and leave blank space
 at the top.
 For example,
 a typical title page might appear as:
 .(b
 \&.tp
 \&.sp 2i
 \&.(l C
 THE GROWTH OF TOENAILS
 IN UPPER PRIMATES
 \&.sp
 by
 \&.sp
 Frank N. Furter
 \&.)l
 \&.bp
 .)b
 .pp
 The
 .b .+c \ \c
 .i T
 request can be used
 to start chapters.
 Each chapter is automatically numbered
 from one,
 and a heading is printed at the top of each chapter
 with the chapter number
 and the chapter name
 .i T .
 For example,
 to begin a chapter called
 .q Conclusions ,
 use the request:
 .(b
 \&.+c "CONCLUSIONS"
 .)b
 which will produce,
 on a new page,
 the lines
 .(b C
 CHAPTER 5
 CONCLUSIONS
 .)b
 with appropriate spacing for a thesis.
 Also, the header is moved to the foot of the page
 on the first page of a chapter.
 Although the
 .b .+c
 request was not designed to work only with the
 .b .th
 request,
 it is tuned for the format acceptable
 for a PhD thesis
 at Berkeley.
 .pp
 If the
 title parameter
 .i T
 is omitted from the
 .b .+c
 request,
 the result is a chapter with no heading.
 This can also be used at the beginning
 of a paper;
 for example,
 .b .+c
 was used to generate page one
 of this document.
 .pp
 Although
 papers traditionally have the abstract,
 table of contents,
 and so forth at the front of the paper,
 it is more convenient to format
 and print them last
 when using \*G.
 This is so that index entries
 can be collected and then printed
 for the table of contents
 (or whatever).
 At the end of the paper,
 issue the
 .b ".++ P"
 request,
 which begins the preliminary part
 of the paper.
 After issuing this request,
 the
 .b .+c
 request will begin a preliminary section
 of the paper.
 Most notably,
 this prints the page number
 restarted from one
 in lower case Roman numbers.
 .b .+c
 may be used repeatedly
 to begin different parts of the
 front material
 for example,
 the abstract,
 the table of contents,
 acknowledgments,
 list of illustrations,
 etc.
 The request
 .b ".++ B"
 may also be used
 to begin the bibliographic section
 at the end of the paper.
 For example,
 the paper might appear
 as outlined in figure 2.
 (In this figure,
 comments begin with the sequence
 .b \e" .)
 .(z
 .hl
 .if t .in 0.5i
 .if t .ta 2i
 .if n .ta 3i
 \&.th	\e" set for thesis mode
 \&.fo \(aa\(aaDRAFT\(aa\(aa	\e" define footer for each page
 \&.tp	\e" begin title page
 \&.(l C	\e" center a large block
 THE GROWTH OF TOENAILS
 IN UPPER PRIMATES
 \&.sp
 by
 \&.sp
 Frank Furter
 \&.)l	\e" end centered part
 \&.+c INTRODUCTION	\e" begin chapter named "INTRODUCTION"
 \&.(x t	\e" make an entry into index `t'
 Introduction
 \&.)x	\e" end of index entry
 text of chapter one
 \&.+c "NEXT CHAPTER"	\e" begin another chapter
 \&.(x t	\e" enter into index `t' again
 Next Chapter
 \&.)x
 text of chapter two
 \&.+c CONCLUSIONS
 \&.(x t
 Conclusions
 \&.)x
 text of chapter three
 \&.++ B	\e" begin bibliographic information
 \&.+c BIBLIOGRAPHY	\e" begin another `chapter'
 \&.(x t
 Bibliography
 \&.)x
 text of bibliography
 \&.++ P	\e" begin preliminary material
 \&.+c "TABLE OF CONTENTS"
 \&.xp t	\e" print index `t' collected above
 \&.+c PREFACE	\e" begin another preliminary section
 text of preface
 .sp 2
 .in 0
 .ce
 Figure 2.  Outline of a Sample Paper
 .hl
 .)z
 .sh 2 "Equations and Tables"
 .pp
 Two special \*U programs exist
 to format special types of material.
 .b Eqn
 sets equations.
 .b Tbl
 arranges to print
 extremely pretty tables
 in a variety of formats.
 This document will only describe
 the embellishments
 to the standard features;
 consult the reference manuals
 for those processors
 for a description of their use.
 .pp
 The
 .b eqn
 program is described fully
 in the document
 .ul
 Typesetting Mathematics \- User's Guide
 by Brian W. Kernighan
 and Lorinda L. Cherry.
 Equations are centered,
 and are kept on one page.
 They are introduced by the
 .b .EQ
 request and terminated by the
 .b .EN
 request.
 .pp
 The
 .b .EQ
 request may take an
 equation number as an
 optional argument,
 which is printed vertically centered
 on the right hand side
 of the equation.
 If the equation becomes too long
 it should be split
 between two lines.
 To do this, type:
 .(b
 \&.EQ (eq 34)
 text of equation 34
 \&.EN C
 \&.EQ
 continuation of equation 34
 \&.EN
 .)b
 The
 .b C
 on the
 .b .EN
 request
 specifies that the equation
 will be continued.
 .pp
 The
 .b tbl
 program produces tables.
 It is fully described
 (including numerous examples)
 in the document
 .ul
 Tbl \- A Program to Format Tables
 by M. E. Lesk.
 Tables begin with the
 .b .TS
 request
 and end with the
 .b .TE
 request.
 Tables are normally kept on a single page.
 If you have a table which is too big
 to fit on a single page,
 so that you know it will extend
 to several pages,
 begin the table with the request
 .b ".TS\ H"
 and put the request
 .b .TH
 after the part of the table
 which you want
 duplicated at the top of every page
 that the table is printed on.
 For example, a table definition
 for a long table might look like:
 .ds TA \|\h'.4n'\v'-.2n'\s-4\zT\s0\v'.2n'\h'-.4n'\(ci\|
 .if n .ds TA \ \o'-T'\ \"
 .(b
 \&.TS H
 c s s
 n n n.
 THE TABLE TITLE
 \&.TH
 text of the table
 \&.TE
 .)b
 .pp
 .sh 2 "Two Column Output"
 .pp
 You can get two column output
 automatically
 by using the request
 .b .2c .
 This causes everything after it
 to be output in two-column form.
 The request
 .b .bc
 will start a new column;
 it differs from
 .b .bp
 in that
 .b .bp
 may leave a totally blank column
 when it starts a new page.
 To revert to single column output,
 use
 .b .1c .
 .sh 2 "Defining Macros"
 .pp
 A
 .i macro
 is a collection of requests and text
 which may be used
 by stating a simple request.
 Macros begin with the line
 .b ".de" \ \c
 .i xx
 (where
 .i xx
 is the name of the macro to be defined)
 and end with the line consisting of two dots.
 After defining the macro,
 stating the line
 .b . \c
 .i xx
 is the same as stating all the other lines.
 For example,
 to define a macro
 that spaces 3 lines
 and then centers the next input line,
 enter:
 .(b
 \&.de SS
 \&.sp 3
 \&.ce
 \&..
 .)b
 and use it by typing:
 .(b
 \&.SS
 \&Title Line
 (beginning of text)
 .)b
 .pp
 Macro names may be one or two characters.
 In order to avoid conflicts
 with names in \-me,
 always use upper case letters as names.
 The only names to avoid are
 .b TS ,
 .b TH ,
 .b TE ,
 .b EQ ,
 and
 .b EN .
 .sh 2 "Annotations Inside Keeps"
 .pp
 Sometimes you may want to put
 a footnote
 or index entry inside a keep.
 For example,
 if you want to maintain a
 .q "list of figures"
 you will want to do something like:
 .(b
 \&.(z
 \&.(c
 text of figure
 \&.)c
 \&.ce
 Figure 5.
 \&.(x f
 Figure 5
 \&.)x
 \&.)z
 .)b
 which you may hope
 will give you a figure
 with a label
 and an entry in the index
 .b f
 (presumably a list of figures index).
 Unfortunately,
 the
 index entry
 is read and interpreted
 when the keep is read,
 not when it is printed,
 so the page number in the index is likely to be wrong.
 The solution is to use the magic string
 .b \e!
 at the beginning of all the lines dealing with the index.
 In other words,
 you should use:
 .(b
 \&.(z
 \&.(c
 Text of figure
 \&.)c
 \&.ce
 Figure 5.
 \e!.(x f
 \e!Figure 5
 \e!.)x
 \&.)z
 .)b
 which will defer the processing of the index
 until the figure is output.
 This will guarantee
 that the page number in the index
 is correct.
 The same comments apply
 to
 blocks
 (with
 .b .(b
 and
 .b .)b )
 as well.
 .sh 1 "\*T and the Photosetter"
 .pp
 With a little care,
 you can prepare
 documents that
 will print nicely
 on either a regular terminal
 or when phototypeset
 using the \*T formatting program.
 .sh 2 "Fonts"
 .pp
 A
 .i font
 is a style of type.
 There are three fonts
 that are available simultaneously,
 Times Roman,
 Times Italic,
 and Times Bold,
 plus the special math font.
 The normal font is Roman.
 .pp
 There are ways of switching between fonts.
 The requests
 .b .r ,
 .b .i ,
 .b .b ,
 and
 .b .bi
 switch to Roman,
 italic,
 bold,
 and bold-italic fonts respectively.
 You can set a single word
 in some font
 by typing (for example):
 .(b
 \&.i word
 .)b
 which will set
 .i word
 in italics
 but does not affect the surrounding text.
 .pp
 Notice that if you are setting more than one word
 in whatever font,
 you must surround that word with double quote marks
 (`\|"\|')
 so that it will appear to the \*G processor as a single word.
 The quote marks will not appear in the formatted text.
 If you do want a quote mark to appear,
 you should quote the entire string
 (even if a single word),
 and use
 .i two
 quote marks where you want one to appear.
 For example,
 if you want to produce the text:
 .(b
 .i """Master Control\|"""
 .)b
 in italics, you must type:
 .(b
 \&.i """Master Control\e|"""
 .)b
 The
 .b \e|
 produces a very narrow space
 so that the
 .q l
 does not overlap the quote sign in \*G,
 like this:
 .(b
 .i """Master Control"""
 .)b
 .pp
 There are also some
 .q pseudo-fonts
 available.
 The input:
 .(b
 \&.(b
 \&.u underlined
 \&.bx "words in a box"
 \&.)b
 .)b
 generates
 .(b
 .u underlined
 .bx "words in a box"
 .)b
 Notice that pseudo font requests
 set only the single parameter in the pseudo font;
 ordinary font requests will begin setting all text
 in the special font
 if you do not provide a parameter.
 No more than one word
 should appear
 with these three font requests
 in the middle of lines.
 This is because
 of the way \*G justifies text.
 For example,
 if you were to issue the requests:
 .(b
 \&.u "some bold italics"
 and
 \&.bx "words in a box"
 .)b
 in the middle of a line
 \*G would produce
 .u "some bold italics"
 and
 .bx "words in a box" ,\p
 which I think you will agree does not look good.
 .pp
 The second parameter
 of all font requests
 is set in the original font.
 For example,
 the font request:
 .(b
 \&.b bold face
 .)b
 generates
 .q bold
 in bold font,
 but sets
 .q face
 in the font of the surrounding text,
 resulting in:
 .(b
 .b bold face.
 .)b
 To set the two words
 .b bold
 and
 .b face
 both in
 .b "bold face" ,
 type:
 .(b
 \&.b "bold face"
 .)b
 .pp
 You can mix fonts in a word by using the
 special sequence
 .b \ec
 at the end of a line
 to indicate
 .q "continue text processing" ;
 this allows input lines
 to be joined together
 without a space between them.
 For example, the input:
 .(b
 \&.u under \ec
 \&.i italics
 .)b
 generates
 .u under \c
 .i italics ,
 but if we had typed:
 .(b
 \&.u under
 \&.i italics
 .)b
 the result would have been
 .u under
 .i italics
 as two words.
 .sh 2 "Point Sizes"
 .pp
 The phototypesetter
 supports different sizes of type,
 measured in points.
 The default point size
 is 10 points
 for most text,
 8 points for footnotes.
 To change the pointsize,
 type:
 .(b
 \&.sz \c
 .i +N
 .)b
 where
 .i N
 is the size wanted in points.
 The
 .i "vertical spacing"
 (distance between the bottom of most letters
 (the
 .i baseline )
 between adjacent lines)
 is set to be proportional
 to the type size.
 .pp
 These pointsize changes are
 .i temporary !!!
 For example,
 to reset the pointsize of basic text to twelve point, use:
 .(b
 \&.nr pp 12
 \&.nr sp 12
 \&.nr tp 12
 .)b
 to reset the default pointsize of
 paragraphs,
 section headers,
 and titles respectively.
 If you only want to set the names of sections in a larger pointsize,
 use:
 .(b
 \&.nr sp 11
 .)b
 alone \*- this sets section titles
 (e.g.,
 .b "Point Sizes"
 above)
 in a larger font than the default.
 .pp
 A single word or phrase can be set in a smaller pointsize
 than the surrounding text
 using the
 .b .sm
 request.
 This is especially convenient for words that are all capitals,
 due to the optical illusion that makes them look even larger
 than they actually are.
 For example:
 .(b
 \&.sm UNIX
 .)b
 prints as
 .sm UNIX
 rather than
 UNIX.
 .pp
 Warning:
 changing point sizes
 on the phototypesetter
 is a slow mechanical operation.
 On laser printers it may require loading new fonts.
 Size changes
 should be considered carefully.
 .sh 2 "Quotes"
 .pp
 It is conventional when using
 the typesetter to
 use pairs of grave and acute accents
 to generate double quotes,
 rather than the
 double quote character
 (`\|"\|').
 This is because it looks better
 to use grave and acute accents;
 for example, compare
 "quote" to
 ``quote''.
 .pp
 You may use the sequences
 .b \e*(lq
 and
 .b \e*(rq
 to stand for the left and right quote
 respectively.
 For example,
 use:
 .(b
 \e*(lqSome things aren\(aat true
 even if they did happen.\e*(rq
 .)b
 to generate the result:
 .(b
 .q "Some things aren't true even if they did happen."
 .)b
 As a shorthand,
 the special font request:
 .(b
 \&.q "quoted text"
 .)b
 will generate
 .q "quoted text" .
 Notice that you must surround
 the material to be quoted
 with double quote marks
 if it is more than one word.
 .sh 0
 .sp 1i
 .b Acknowledgments
 .pp
 I would like to thank
 Bob Epstein,
 Bill Joy,
 and Larry Rowe
 for having the courage
 to use the \-me macros
 to produce non-trivial papers
 during the development stages;
 Ricki Blau,
 Pamela Humphrey,
 and Jim Joyce
 for their help with the documentation phase;
 peter kessler
 for numerous complaints years after I was
 .q done
 with this project,
 most accompanied by fixes
 (hence forcing me to fix several small bugs);
 and the plethora of people who have contributed ideas
 and have given support for the project.
 .sp 1i
-This document was
-\*G'ed
-on \*(td
-and applies to the version of the \-me macros
+This document applies to the version of the \-me macros
 included with \*G version \*(MO.
diff --git a/contrib/groff/doc/meref.me b/contrib/groff/doc/meref.me
index e99bfd07eab3..a48dd6d7a97a 100644
--- a/contrib/groff/doc/meref.me
+++ b/contrib/groff/doc/meref.me
@@ -1,2208 +1,2206 @@
 .\" Copyright (c) 1986 The Regents of the University of California.
 .\" All rights reserved.
 .\"
 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
 .\" provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
 .\" duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,
 .\" advertising materials, and other materials related to such
 .\" distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
 .\" by the University of California, Berkeley.  The name of the
 .\" University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived
 .\" from this software without specific prior written permission.
 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
 .\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 .\"
 .\"	@(#)ref.me	6.4 (Berkeley) 7/17/89
 .\"
 .\" Modified by jjc@jclark.com for groff.
 .\"UC 7
 .ll 6.5i
 .lt 6.5i
 .\"pn 0
 .ds MO @VERSION@
 .de TL			\" *** title line
 .lp
 .di XX
 ..
 .ie \n(.g \{\
 .de DE
 \?\h'|\\n(DIu'\c\?
 ..
 .\}
 .el \{\
 .de DE
 \\\\h'|\\\\n(DIu'\\\\c
 ..
 .\}
 .am DE
 .br
 .di
 .in +\\n(DIu
 .ti 0
 .cu 1000
 .XX
 .rm XX
 .cu 0
 ..
 .ds G \s-1GROFF\s0
 .ds N \s-1NROFF\s0
 .ds T \s-1TROFF\s0
 .nr DI 1.5i
 .he '\-ME REFERENCE MANUAL''%'
 .de NR
 .b "\en\\$1" "\\$2"
 ..
 .de ST
 .b "\e*\\$1" "\\$2"
 ..
 .\"sc
 .\"eh 'USD:23-%''\-me Reference Manual'
 .\"oh '\-me Reference Manual''USD:23-%'
 .+c
 .ce 20
 .sz 14
 .b "\-ME REFERENCE MANUAL"
 .sz
 .sp
 .i "\*G Version \*(MO\(dg"
 .(f
 \(dgBased on Berkeley Release 2.31.
 .)f
 .sp 2
 .ul
 Eric P. Allman*
 .(f
 *Author's current address:
 Britton Lee, Inc.,
 1919 Addison Suite 105,
 Berkeley, California 94704.
 .)f
 .sp
 Project INGRES
 Electronics Research Laboratory
 University of California, Berkeley
 Berkeley, California  94720
 .sp 2
 .i "Modified for \*G by James Clark"
 .ce 0
 .sp 4
 .pp
 This document describes
 in extremely terse form
 the features
 of the
 .b \-me
 macro package
 for \*G.
 Some familiarity is assumed
 with
 \*G.
 Specifically,
 the reader should understand
 breaks,
 fonts,
 pointsizes,
 the use and definition of number registers
 and strings,
 how to define macros,
 and scaling factors for ens, points,
 .b v 's
 (vertical line spaces),
 etc.
 .pp
 For a more casual introduction
 to text processing
 using \*G,
 refer to the document
 .ul
 Writing Papers with \*G using \-me.
 .pp
 There are a number of macro parameters
 that may be adjusted.
 Fonts may be set to a font number only.
 Font 0 is no font change;
 the font of the surrounding text
 is used instead.
 Notice that font 0 is a
 .q pseudo-font ;
 that is,
 it is simulated by the macros.
 This means that although it is legal to set a font register
 to zero,
 it is not legal to use the escape character form,
 such as:
 .(b
 \ef0
 .)b
 .pp
 All distances
 are in basic units,
 so it is nearly always necessary
 to use a scaling factor.
 For example,
 the request
 to set the paragraph indent
 to eight one-en spaces is:
 .(b
 \&.nr pi 8n
 .)b
 and not
 .(b
 \&.nr pi 8
 .)b
 which would set the paragraph indent to eight basic units,
 or about 0.02 inch.
 Default parameter values are given in brackets
 in the remainder of this document.
 .pp
 Registers and strings
 of the form
 .b $ \c
 .i x
 may be used in expressions
 but should not be changed.
 Macros of the form
 .b $ \c
 .i x
 perform some function
 (as described)
 and may be redefined
 to change this function.
 This may be a sensitive operation;
 look at the body of the original macro
 before changing it.
 .pp
 All names in \-me
 follow a rigid naming convention.
 The user may define number registers,
 strings,
 and macros,
 provided that s/he
 uses single character upper case names
 or double character names
 consisting of letters and digits,
 with at least one upper case letter.
 In no case should special characters
 be used in user-defined names.
 Locally defined macros
 should all be of the form
 .b .* \c
 .i X ,
 where
 .i X
 is any letter
 (upper or lower case)
 or digit.
 .pp
-This documentation was \*G'ed
-on \*(td
-and applies to \*G version
+This documentation applies to \*G version
 \*(MO
 of the \-me macros.
 .sh 1 "Paragraphing"
 .pp
 These macros are used
 to begin paragraphs.
 The standard paragraph macro
 is
 .b .pp ;
 the others are all variants
 to be used for special purposes.
 .pp
 After the first call to one of the paragraphing macros
 defined in this section
 or the
 .b .sh
 macro
 (defined in the next session),
 the effects of changing parameters
 which will have a global effect
 on the format of the page
 (notably page length and header and footer margins)
 are not well defined
 and should be avoided.
 .TL
 .b .lp
 .DE
 Begin left-justified paragraph.
 Centering and underlining
 are turned off if they were on,
 the font is set to
 .NR (pf
 [1]
 the type size
 is set to
 .NR (pp
 [10p],
 and a
 .NR (ps
 space is inserted
 before the paragraph
 [0.35v]
 The indent is reset
 to
 .NR ($i
 [0]
 plus
 .NR (po
 [0]
 unless the paragraph
 is inside a display.
 (see
 .b .ba ).
 At least
 the first two lines
 of the paragraph
 are kept together
 on a page.
 .TL
 .b .pp
 .DE
 Like
 .b .lp ,
 except that it puts
 .NR (pi
 [5n]
 units of indent.
 This is the standard paragraph macro.
 .TL
 .b .ip
 .i T
 .i I
 .DE
 Indented paragraph
 with hanging tag.
 The body of the following paragraph
 is indented
 .i I
 spaces
 (or
 .NR (ii
 [5n]
 spaces
 if
 .i I
 is not specified)
 more than a non-indented paragraph
 (such as with
 .b .pp )
 is.
 The title
 .i T
 is exdented (opposite of indented).
 The result is a paragraph
 with an even left edge
 and
 .i T
 printed in the margin.
 Any spaces in
 .i T
 must be unpaddable.
 If
 .i T
 will not fit in the space provided,
 .b .ip
 will start a new line.
 .TL
 .b .np
 .DE
 A variant of .ip which numbers paragraphs.
 Numbering is reset
 after a
 .b .lp ,
 .b .pp ,
 or
 .b .sh .
 The current paragraph number
 is in
 .NR ($p .
 .TL
 .b .bu
 .DE
 Like
 .b .np
 except that paragraphs are marked with bullets (\(bu).
 Leading space is eliminated to create compact lists.
 .sh 1 "Section Headings"
 .pp
 Numbered sections
 are similar to paragraphs
 except that a
 section number
 is automatically
 generated for each one.
 The section numbers are of the form
 .b 1.2.3 .
 The
 .i depth
 of the section
 is the count of numbers
 (separated by decimal points)
 in the section number.
 .pp
 Unnumbered section headings are similar,
 except that no number is attached
 to the heading.
 .TL
 .b .sh
 .i +N
 .i T
 .i "a b c d e f"
 .DE
 Begin numbered section
 of depth
 .i N .
 If
 .i N
 is missing
 the current depth
 (maintained in
 the number register
 .NR ($0 )
 is used.
 The values of
 the individual parts of the section number
 are maintained in
 .NR ($1
 through
 .NR ($6 .
 There is a
 .NR (ss
 [1v]
 space before the section.
 .i T
 is printed
 as a section title
 in font
 .NR (sf
 [8]
 and size
 .NR (sp
 [10p].
 The
 .q name
 of the section may be accessed via
 .ST ($n .
 If
 .NR (si
 is non-zero,
 the base indent
 is set to
 .NR (si
 times the section depth,
 and the section title
 is exdented.
 (See
 .b .ba .)
 Also,
 an additional indent of
 .NR (so
 [0]
 is added to the section title
 (but not to the body of the section).
 The font is then set
 to the paragraph font,
 so that more information may occur
 on the line
 with the section number
 and title.
 .b .sh
 insures that there is enough room
 to print the section head
 plus the beginning of a paragraph
 (about 3 lines total).
 If
 .i a
 through
 .i f
 are specified,
 the section number is set to that number
 rather than incremented automatically.
 If any of
 .i a
 through
 .i f
 are a hyphen
 that number is not reset.
 If
 .i T
 is a single underscore
 (\c
 .q _ )
 then the section depth and numbering is reset,
 but the base indent is not reset
 and nothing is printed out.
 This is useful to automatically
 coordinate section numbers with
 chapter numbers.
 .TL
 .b .sx
 .i +N
 .DE
 Go to section depth
 .i N
 [\c
 .b \-1 ],
 but do not print the number
 and title,
 and do not increment the section number
 at level
 .i N .
 This has the effect
 of starting a new paragraph
 at level
 .i N .
 .TL
 .b .uh
 .i T
 .DE
 Unnumbered section heading.
 The title
 .i T
 is printed
 with the same rules for spacing,
 font, etc.,
 as for
 .b .sh .
 .TL
 .b .$p
 .i T
 .i B
 .i N
 .DE
 Print section heading.
 May be redefined
 to get fancier headings.
 .i T
 is the title passed on the
 .b .sh
 or
 .b .uh
 line;
 .i B
 is the section number for this section,
 and
 .i N
 is the depth of this section.
 These parameters are not always present;
 in particular,
 .b .sh
 passes all three,
 .b .uh
 passes only the first,
 and
 .b .sx
 passes three,
 but the first two
 are null strings.
 Care should be taken if this macro
 is redefined;
 it is quite complex and subtle.
 .TL
 .b .$0
 .i T
 .i B
 .i N
 .DE
 This macro is called automatically
 after every call to
 .b .$p .
 It is normally undefined,
 but may be used
 to automatically put
 every section title
 into the table of contents
 or for some similar function.
 .i T
 is the section title
 for the section title which was just printed,
 .i B
 is the section number,
 and
 .i N
 is the section depth.
 .TL
 .b .$1
 \-
 .b .$6
 .DE
 Traps called just before printing that depth section.
 May be defined to
 (for example)
 give variable spacing
 before sections.
 These macros are called from
 .b .$p ,
 so if you redefine that macro
 you may lose this feature.
 .sh 1 "Headers and Footers"
 .ds TP \fI\(aal\|\(aam\^\(aar\^\(aa\fP
 .pp
 Headers and footers
 are put at the top and bottom
 of every page
 automatically.
 They are set in font
 .NR (tf
 [3]
 and size
 .NR (tp
 [10p].
 Each of the definitions
 apply as of the
 .i next
 page.
 Three-part titles
 must be quoted
 if there are two blanks adjacent
 anywhere in the title
 or more than eight blanks total.
 .pp
 The spacing
 of headers and footers
 are controlled by three number registers.
 .NR (hm
 [4v]
 is the distance from the top of the page
 to the top of the header,
 .NR (fm
 [3v]
 is the distance from the bottom of the page
 to the bottom of the footer,
 .NR (tm
 [7v]
 is the distance from the top of the page
 to the top of the text,
 and
 .NR (bm
 [6v]
 is the distance from the bottom of the page
 to the bottom of the text
 (nominal).
 The macros
 .b .m1 ,
 .b .m2 ,
 .b .m3 ,
 and
 .b .m4
 are also supplied for compatibility
 with
 \s-1ROFF\s0 documents.
 .TL
 .b .he
 \*(TP
 .DE
 Define three-part header,
 to be printed on the top
 of every page.
 .TL
 .b .fo
 \*(TP
 .DE
 Define footer,
 to be printed at the bottom
 of every page.
 .TL
 .b .eh
 \*(TP
 .DE
 Define header,
 to be printed at the top of every
 even-numbered page.
 .TL
 .b .oh
 \*(TP
 .DE
 Define header,
 to be printed at the top of every
 odd-numbered page.
 .TL
 .b .ef
 \*(TP
 .DE
 Define footer,
 to be printed at the bottom
 of every even-numbered page.
 .TL
 .b .of
 \*(TP
 .DE
 Define footer,
 to be printed at the bottom
 of every odd-numbered page.
 .TL
 .b .hx
 .DE
 Suppress headers and footers
 on the next page.
 .TL
 .b .m1
 .i +N
 .DE
 Set the space between the top of the page
 and the header
 [4v].
 .TL
 .b .m2
 .i +N
 .DE
 Set the space between the header
 and the first line of text
 [2v].
 .TL
 .b .m3
 .i +N
 .DE
 Set the space
 between the bottom of the text
 and the footer
 [2v].
 .TL
 .b .m4
 .i +N
 .DE
 Set the space
 between the footer
 and the bottom of the page
 [4v].
 .TL
 .b .ep
 .DE
 End this page,
 but do not begin the next page.
 Useful for forcing out footnotes,
 but other than
 that hardly every used.
 Must be followed by a
 .b .bp
 or the end of input.
 .TL
 .b .$h
 .DE
 Called at every page
 to print the header.
 May be redefined
 to provide fancy
 (e.g.,
 multi-line)
 headers,
 but doing so
 loses the function of the
 .b .he ,
 .b .fo ,
 .b .eh ,
 .b .oh ,
 .b .ef ,
 and
 .b .of
 requests,
 as well as the chapter-style title feature
 of
 .b .+c .
 .TL
 .b .$f
 .DE
 Print footer;
 same comments apply
 as in
 .b .$h .
 .TL
 .b .$H
 .DE
 A normally undefined macro
 which is called
 at the top of each page
 (after putting out
 the header,
 initial saved floating keeps,
 etc.);
 in other words,
 this macro is called immediately before
 printing text
 on a page.
 It can be used for column headings
 and the like.
 .sh 1 "Displays"
 .pp
 All displays except centered blocks
 and block quotes
 are preceded and followed
 by an extra
 .NR (bs
 [same as
 .NR (ps ]
 space.
 Quote spacing is stored in a separate register;
 centered blocks have no default initial or trailing space.
 The vertical spacing of all displays except quotes
 and centered blocks
 is stored in register
 .NR ($V
 instead of
 .NR ($v .
 .TL
 .b .(l
 .i m
 .i f
 .DE
 Begin list.
 Lists are single spaced,
 unfilled text.
 If
 .i f
 is
 .b F ,
 the list will be filled.
 If
 .i m
 [\c
 .b I ]
 is
 .b I
 the list is indented by
 .NR (bi
 [4m];
 if
 .b M
 the list is indented to the left margin;
 if
 .b L
 the list is left justified with respect to the text
 (different from
 .b M
 only if the base indent
 (stored in
 .NR ($i
 and set with
 .b .ba )
 is not zero);
 and if
 .b C
 the list is centered on a line-by-line basis.
 The list is set in font
 .NR (df
 [0].
 Must be matched by a
 .b .)l .
 This macro is almost like
 .b .(b
 except that no attempt is made
 to keep the display on one page.
 .TL
 .b .)l
 .DE
 End list.
 .TL
 .b .(q
 .DE
 Begin major quote.
 These are single spaced,
 filled,
 moved in from the text
 on both sides
 by
 .NR (qi
 [4n],
 preceded and followed
 by
 .NR (qs
 [same as
 .NR (bs ]
 space,
 and are set in point size
 .NR (qp
 [one point smaller than surrounding text].
 .TL
 .b .)q
 .DE
 End major quote.
 .TL
 .b .(b
 .i m
 .i f
 .DE
 Begin block.
 Blocks are a form of
 .i keep ,
 where the text of a keep
 is kept together on one page
 if possible
 (keeps are useful
 for tables and figures
 which should not be broken
 over a page).
 If the block will not fit
 on the current page
 a new page is begun,
 .i unless
 that would leave more than
 .NR (bt
 [0]
 white space
 at the bottom of the text.
 If
 .NR (bt
 is zero, the threshold feature
 is turned off.
 Blocks are not filled
 unless
 .i f
 is
 .b F ,
 when they are filled.
 The block will be left-justified
 if
 .i m
 is
 .b L ,
 indented by
 .NR (bi
 [4m]
 if
 .i m
 is
 .b I
 or absent,
 centered
 (line-for-line)
 if
 .i m
 is
 .b C ,
 and left justified to the margin
 (not to the base indent)
 if
 .i m
 is
 .b M .
 The block is set in font
 .NR (df
 [0].
 .TL
 .b .)b
 .DE
 End block.
 .TL
 .b .(z
 .i m
 .i f
 .DE
 Begin floating keep.
 Like
 .b .(b
 except that the keep is
 .i floated
 to the bottom of the page
 or the top of the next page.
 Therefore,
 its position relative to the text changes.
 The floating keep is preceded and followed
 by
 .NR (zs
 [1v]
 space.
 Also,
 it defaults to mode
 .b M .
 .TL
 .b .)z
 .DE
 End floating keep.
 .TL
 .b .(c
 .DE
 Begin centered block.
 The next keep
 is centered as a block,
 rather than on a line-by-line basis
 as with
 .b ".(b C" .
 This call may be nested
 inside keeps.
 .TL
 .b .)c
 .DE
 End centered block.
 .sh 1 Annotations
 .TL
 .b .(d
 .DE
 Begin delayed text.
 Everything in the next keep
 is saved for output
 later with
 .b .pd ,
 in a manner
 similar to footnotes.
 .TL
 .b .)d
 .i n
 .DE
 End delayed text.
 The delayed text number register
 .NR ($d
 and the associated string
 .ST #
 are incremented if
 .ST #
 has been referenced.
 .TL
 .b .pd
 .DE
 Print delayed text.
 Everything diverted via
 .b .(d
 is printed and truncated.
 This might be used
 at the end of each chapter.
 .TL
 .b .(f
 .DE
 Begin footnote.
 The text of the footnote
 is floated to the bottom
 of the page
 and set in font
 .NR (ff
 [1]
 and size
 .NR (fp
 [8p].
 Each entry
 is preceded by
 .NR (fs
 [0.2v]
 space,
 is indented
 .NR (fi
 [3n]
 on the first line,
 and is indented
 .NR (fu
 [0]
 from the right margin.
 Footnotes line up underneath
 two column output.
 If the text of the footnote
 will not all fit on one page
 it will be carried over
 to the next page.
 .TL
 .b .)f
 .i n
 .DE
 End footnote.
 The number register
 .NR ($f
 and the associated string
 .ST *
 are incremented
 if they have been referenced.
 .TL
 .b .$s
 .DE
 The macro to output the footnote separator.
 This macro may be redefined
 to give other size lines or other types
 of separators.
 Currently
 it draws a 1.5i line.
 .TL
 .b .(x
 .i x
 .DE
 Begin index entry.
 Index entries are saved in the index
 .i x
 [\c
 .b x ]
 until called up with
 .b .xp.
 Each entry is preceded
 by a
 .NR (xs
 [0.2v]
 space.
 Each entry is
 .q undented
 by
 .NR (xu
 [0.5i];
 this register tells how far the page number
 extends into the right margin.
 .TL
 .b .)x
 .i P
 .i A
 .DE
 End index entry.
 The index entry
 is finished with a row of dots
 with
 .i A
 [null]
 right justified on the last line
 (such as for an author's name),
 followed by P
 [\c
 .NR % ].
 If
 .i A
 is specified,
 .i P
 must be specified;
 .NR %
 can be used to print the current page number.
 If
 .i P
 is an underscore,
 no page number
 and no row of dots
 are printed.
 .TL
 .b .xp
 .i x
 .DE
 Print index
 .i x
 [\c
 .b x ].
 The index is formatted in the font, size, and so forth
 in effect at the time it is printed,
 rather than at the time it is collected.
 .sh 1 "Columned Output"
 .TL
 .b .2c
 .i +S
 .i N
 .DE
 Enter two-column mode.
 The column separation is set to
 .i +S
 [4n, 0.5i in ACM mode]
 (saved in
 .NR ($s ).
 The column width,
 calculated to fill the single column line length
 with both columns,
 is stored in
 .NR ($l .
 The current column
 is in
 .NR ($c .
 You can test register
 .NR ($m
 [1]
 to see if you are in single column
 or double column mode.
 Actually,
 the request enters
 .i N
 [2]
 column output.
 .TL
 .b .1c
 .DE
 Revert to single-column mode.
 .TL
 .b .bc
 .DE
 Begin column.
 This is like
 .b .bp
 except that it begins a new column
 on a new page
 only if necessary,
 rather than forcing a whole new page
 if there is another column left
 on the current page.
 .sh 1 "Fonts and Sizes"
 .TL
 .b .sz
 .i +P
 .DE
 The pointsize is set to
 .i P
 [10p],
 and the line spacing is set proportionally.
 The line spacing as a percentage of the pointsize expressed in units
 is stored in
 .NR ($v .
 The percentage used internally
 by displays and annotations
 is stored in
 .NR ($V
 (although this is not used by
 .b .sz ).
 This size is
 .i not
 sticky beyond many macros:
 in particular,
 .NR (pp
 (paragraph pointsize)
 modifies the pointsize every time a new paragraph is begun
 using the
 .b \&.pp ,
 .b \&.lp ,
 .b \&.ip ,
 .b \&.np ,
 or
 .b \&.bu
 macros.
 Also,
 .NR (fp
 (footnote pointsize),
 .NR (qp
 (quote pointsize),
 .NR (sp
 (section header pointsize),
 and
 .NR (tp
 (title pointsize)
 may modify the pointsize.
 .TL
 .b .r
 .i W
 .i X
 .DE
 Set
 .i W
 in roman font,
 appending
 .i X
 in the previous font.
 To append different font requests,
 use
 .i X
 =
 .b \ec .
 If no parameters,
 change to roman font.
 .TL
 .b .i
 .i W
 .i X
 .DE
 Set
 .i W
 in italics,
 appending
 .i X
 in the previous font.
 If no parameters,
 change to italic font.
 .TL
 .b .b
 .i W
 .i X
 .DE
 Set
 .i W
 in bold font
 and append
 .i X
 in the previous font.
 If no parameters,
 switch to bold font.
 .TL
 .b .u
 .i W
 .i X
 .DE
 Underline
 .i W
 and append
 .i X .
 This is a true underlining,
 as opposed to the
 .b .ul
 request,
 which changes to
 .q "underline font"
 (usually italics in \*G).
 It won't work right
 if
 .i W
 is spread or broken (including hyphenated).
 In other words,
 it is safe in nofill mode only.
 .TL
 .b .q
 .i W
 .i X
 .DE
 Quote
 .i W
 and append
 .i X .
 In \*G
 this surrounds
 .i W
 with
 .b \*(lq ,
 and
 .b \*(rq .
 .TL
 .b .bi
 .i W
 .i X
 .DE
 Set
 .i W
 in bold italics
 and append
 .i X .
 .TL
 .b .bx
 .i W
 .i X
 .DE
 Sets
 .i W
 in a box,
 with
 .i X
 appended.
 It won't work right
 if
 .i W
 is spread or broken (including hyphenated).
 In other words,
 it is safe in nofill mode only.
 .TL
 .b .sm
 .i W
 .i X
 .DE
 Sets
 .i W
 in a smaller pointsize,
 with
 .i X
 appended.
 .sh 1 "Roff Support"
 .TL
 .b .ix
 .i +N
 .DE
 Indent,
 no break.
 Equivalent to
 .b \(aain
 .i N .
 .TL
 .b .bl
 .i N
 .DE
 Leave
 .i N
 contiguous white space,
 on the next page if not enough room
 on this page.
 Equivalent to a
 .b .sp
 .i N
 inside a block.
 .TL
 .b .pa
 .i +N
 .DE
 Equivalent to
 .b .bp .
 .TL
 .b .ro
 .DE
 Set page number
 in roman numerals.
 Equivalent to
 .b ".af % i" .
 .TL
 .b .ar
 .DE
 Set page number in Arabic.
 Equivalent to
 .b ".af % 1" .
 .TL
 .b .n1
 .DE
 Number lines in margin from one
 on each page.
 .TL
 .b .n2
 .i N
 .DE
 Number lines from
 .i N ,
 stop if
 .i N
 = 0.
 .TL
 .b .sk
 .DE
 Leave the next output page blank,
 except for headers and footers.
 This is used to leave space
 for a full-page diagram
 which is produced externally
 and pasted in later.
 To get a partial-page paste-in display,
 say
 .b .sv \ \c
 .i N ,
 where
 .i N
 is the amount of space
 to leave;
 this space will be output immediately
 if there is room,
 and will otherwise be output
 at the top of the next page.
 However, be warned:
 if
 .i N
 is greater than the amount of available space
 on an empty page,
 no space will ever be output.
 .sh 1 "Preprocessor Support"
 .TL
 .b .EQ
 .i m
 .i T
 .DE
 Begin equation.
 The equation is centered
 if
 .i m
 is
 .b C
 or omitted,
 indented
 .NR (bi
 [4m]
 if
 .i m
 is
 .b I ,
 and left justified if
 .i m
 is
 .b L .
 .i T
 is a title printed on the right margin
 next to the equation.
 See
 .i "Typesetting Mathematics \- User's Guide"
 by Brian W. Kernighan
 and Lorinda L. Cherry.
 .TL
 .b .EN
 .i c
 .DE
 End equation.
 If
 .i c
 is
 .b C
 the equation must be continued
 by immediately following
 with another
 .b .EQ ,
 the text of which
 can be centered
 along with this one.
 Otherwise,
 the equation is printed,
 always on one page,
 with
 .NR (es
 [0.5v]
 space
 above and below it.
 .TL
 .b .TS
 .i h
 .DE
 Table start.
 Tables are single spaced
 and kept on one page
 if possible.
 If you have a large table
 which will not fit on one page,
 use
 .i h
 =
 .b H
 and follow the header part
 (to be printed on every page of the table)
 with a
 .b .TH .
 See
 .i "Tbl \- A Program to Format Tables"
 by M. E. Lesk.
 .TL
 .b .TH
 .DE
 With
 .b ".TS H" ,
 ends the header portion of the table.
 .TL
 .b .TE
 .DE
 Table end.
 Note that this table
 does not float,
 in fact,
 it is not even guaranteed to stay on one page
 if you use requests such as
 .b .sp
 intermixed with the text
 of the table.
 If you want it to float
 (or if you use requests
 inside the table),
 surround the entire table
 (including the
 .b .TS
 and
 .b .TE
 requests)
 with the requests
 .b .(z
 and
 .b .)z .
 .TL
 .b .PS
 .i h
 .i w
 .DE
 Begin
 .i pic
 picture.
 .i H
 is the height and
 .i w
 is the width,
 both in basic units.
 .TL
 .b .PE
 .DE
 End picture.
 .TL
 .b .IS
 .DE
 Begin
 .i ideal
 picture.
 .TL
 .b .IE
 .DE
 End
 .i ideal
 picture.
 .TL
 .b .IF
 .DE
 End
 .i ideal
 picture (alternate form).
 .TL
 .b .GS
 .i x
 .DE
 Begin
 .i gremlin
 picture.
 .i X
 can be either
 .b C ,
 .b L ,
 or
 .b R
 to center, left, or right justify the
 whole picture.
 Default is centering the image.
 .TL
 .b .GE
 .DE
 End
 .i gremlin
 picture.
 .TL
 .b .GF
 .DE
 End
 .i gremlin
 picture (alternate form).
 .sh 1 "Miscellaneous"
 .TL
 .b .re
 .DE
 Reset tabs every 0.5i.
 .TL
 .b .ba
 .i +N
 .DE
 Set the base indent
 to
 .i +N
 [0]
 (saved in
 .NR ($i ).
 All paragraphs,
 sections,
 and displays
 come out indented by this amount.
 Titles and footnotes
 are unaffected.
 The
 .b .sh
 request performs a
 .b .ba
 request
 if
 .NR (si
 [0] is not zero,
 and sets the base indent to
 .NR (si \c
 .b * \c
 .NR ($0 .
 .TL
 .b .xl
 .i +N
 .DE
 Set the line length to
 .i N
 [6.0i].
 This differs
 from
 .b .ll
 because it only affects the current environment.
 .TL
 .b .ll
 .i +N
 .DE
 Set line length in all environments
 to
 .i N
 [6.0i].
 This should not be used
 after output has begun,
 and particularly not in two-column output.
 The current line length is stored in
 .NR ($l .
 .TL
 .b .hl
 .DE
 Draws a horizontal line
 the length of the page.
 This is useful
 inside floating keeps
 to differentiate
 between the text
 and the figure.
 .sh 1 "Standard Papers"
 .TL
 .b .tp
 .DE
 Begin title page.
 Spacing at the top of the page
 can occur,
 and headers and footers are suppressed.
 Also,
 the page number
 is not incremented
 for this page.
 .TL
 .b .++
 .i m
 .i H
 .DE
 This request defines the section of the paper
 which we are entering.
 The section type is defined by
 .i m .
 .b C
 means that we are entering the chapter portion
 of the paper,
 .b A
 means that we are entering the appendix portion
 of the paper,
 .b P
 means that the material following
 should be the preliminary portion
 (abstract, table of contents, etc.)
 portion of the paper,
 .b AB
 means that we are entering the abstract
 (numbered independently from 1
 in Arabic numerals),
 and
 .b B
 means that we are entering the bibliographic
 portion at the end of the paper.
 Also, the variants
 .b RC
 and
 .b RA
 are allowed,
 which specify renumbering of pages
 from one at the beginning of each
 chapter or appendix,
 respectively.
 The
 .i H
 parameter defines the new header.
 If there are any spaces in it,
 the entire header must be quoted.
 If you want the header to have the chapter number
 in it,
 Use the string
 .b "\e\e\e\en(ch" .
 For example, to number appendixes
 .b A.1
 etc.,
 type
 .b ".++ RA \(aa\(aa\(aa\e\e\e\en(ch.%\(aa" .
 Each section
 (chapter, appendix, etc.)
 should be preceded by the
 .b .+c
 request.
 It should be mentioned
 that it is easier when using
 \*T to put the front material
 at the end of the paper,
 so that the table of contents
 can be collected and put out;
 this material can then be physically
 moved to the beginning of the paper.
 .TL
 .b .+c
 .i T
 .DE
 Begin chapter with title
 .i T .
 The chapter number
 is maintained in
 .NR (ch .
 This register is incremented
 every time
 .b .+c
 is called with a parameter.
 The title and chapter number
 are printed by
 .b .$c .
 The header is moved to the footer
 on the first page
 of each chapter.
 If
 .i T
 is omitted,
 .b .$c
 is not called;
 this is useful for doing your own
 .q "title page"
 at the beginning of papers
 without a title page proper.
 .b .$c
 calls
 .b .$C
 as a hook so that chapter titles can be inserted
 into a table of contents automatically.
 The footnote numbering is reset to one.
 .TL
 .b .$c
 .i T
 .DE
 Print chapter number
 (from
 .NR (ch )
 and
 .i T .
 This macro can be redefined to your liking.
 It is defined by default
 to be acceptable
 for a PhD thesis
 at Berkeley.
 This macro calls
 .b $C ,
 which can be defined to make index entries,
 or whatever.
 .TL
 .b .$C
 .i K
 .i N
 .i T
 .DE
 This macro is called by
 .b .$c .
 It is normally undefined,
 but can be used to automatically insert
 index entries,
 or whatever.
 .i K
 is a keyword,
 either
 .q Chapter
 or
 .q Appendix
 (depending on the
 .b .++
 mode);
 .i N
 is the chapter or appendix number,
 and
 .i T
 is the chapter or appendix title.
 .sh 1 "Predefined Strings"
 .TL
 .ST *
 .DE
 Footnote number, actually
 .ST [ \c
 .NR ($f \c
 .ST ] .
 This macro is incremented
 after each call to
 .b .)f .
 .TL
 .ST #
 .DE
 Delayed text number.
 Actually
 [\c
 .NR ($d ].
 .TL
 .ST {
 .DE
 Superscript.
 This string gives upward movement
 and a change to a smaller point size.
 Extra space is left above the line
 to allow room for the superscript.
 .TL
 .ST }
 .DE
 Unsuperscript.
 Inverse to
 .ST { .
 For example,
 to produce a superscript
 you might type
 .b x \c
 .ST { \c
 .b 2 \c
 .ST } ,
 which will produce
 .b x\*{2\*} .
 .TL
 .ST <
 .DE
 Subscript.
 Extra space is left below the line
 to allow for the subscript.
 .TL
 .ST >
 .DE
 Inverse to
 .ST < .
 .TL
 .ST (dw
 .DE
 The day of the week,
 as a word.
 .TL
 .ST (mo
 .DE
 The month,
 as a word.
 .TL
 .ST (td
 .DE
 Today's date,
 directly printable.
-The date is of the form \*(td.
+The date is of the form February 15, 2003.
 Other forms of the date can be used
 by using
 .NR (dy
 (the day of the month;
-for example, \n(dy),
+for example, 15),
 .ST (mo
 (as noted above)
 or
 .NR (mo
 (the same,
 but as an ordinal number;
-for example, \*(mo is \n(mo),
+for example, February is 2),
 .NR (y4
 (the current year),
 and
 .NR (y2
 (the last two digits of the current year).
 .TL
 .ST (lq
 .DE
 Left quote marks.
 .TL
 .ST (rq
 .DE
 Right quote.
 .TL
 .ST \-
 .DE
 .ie \w'\(34'>0 \(34
 .el 3/4
 em dash.
 .sh 1 "Special Characters and Marks"
 .pp
 There are a number of special characters
 and diacritical marks
 (such as accents)
 available through \-me.
 .ta 15 +5 +6
 .nf
 Name	Usage	Example
 Acute accent	\e*\(aa	a\e*\(aa	a\*'
 Grave accent	\e*\(ga	e\e*\(ga	e\*`
 Umlaut	\e*:	u\e*:	u\*:
 Tilde	\e*~	n\e*~	n\*~
 Caret	\e*^	e\e*^	e\*^
 Cedilla	\e*,	c\e*,	c\*,
 Czech	\e*v	e\e*v	e\*v
 Circle	\e*o	A\e*o	A\*o
 There exists	\e*(qe		\*(qe
 For all	\e*(qa		\*(qa
 .fi
 .sp 1i
 .b Acknowledgments
 .pp
 I would like to thank
 Bob Epstein,
 Bill Joy,
 and Larry Rowe
 for having the courage
 to use the \-me macros
 to produce non-trivial papers
 during the development stages;
 Ricki Blau,
 Pamela Humphrey,
 and Jim Joyce
 for their help with the documentation phase;
 peter kessler
 for numerous complaints,
 most accompanied by fixes;
 and the plethora of people who have contributed ideas
 and have given support for the project.
 .bp
 .b Summary
 .pp
 This alphabetical list summarizes all macros, strings, and number registers
 available in the \-me macros.
 Selected
 .i troff
 commands, registers, and functions are included as well;
 those listed can generally be used with impunity.
 .pp
 The columns are the name of the
 command, macro, register, or string;
 the type of the object,
 and the description.
 Types are
 .b M
 for macro or builtin command
 (invoked with
 .b \&.
 or
 .b \&\'
 in the first input column),
 .b S
 for a string
 (invoked with
 .b \e*
 or
 .b \e*( ),
 .b R
 for a number register
 (invoked with
 .b \en
 or
 .b \en( ),
 and
 .b F
 for a
 .i troff
 builtin function
 (invoked by preceding it with a single backslash).
 .pp
 Lines marked with \(sc are
 .i troff
 internal codes.
 Lines marked with \(dg or \(dd
 may be defined by the user to get special functions;
 \(dd indicates that these are defined by default
 and changing them may have unexpected side effects.
 Lines marked with \(de
 are specific to
 .i ditroff
 (device-independent
 .i troff ).
 .de $H
 .ev 1
 .ta \w'\e(space)\(sc\ 'u +\w'TYPE  'u
 NAME	TYPE	DESCRIPTION
 .ev
 ..
 .(l
 .$H
 \e(space)	F\(sc	unpaddable space
 \e"	F\(sc	comment (to end of line)
 \e*#	S	optional delayed text tag string
 \e$\fI\&N\fP	F\(sc	interpolate argument \fI\&N\fP
 \en($0	R	section depth
 \&.$0	M\(dg	invoked after section title printed
 \en($1	R	first section number
 \&.$1	M\(dg	invoked before printing depth 1 section
 \en($2	R	second section number
 \&.$2	M\(dg	invoked before printing depth 2 section
 \en($3	R	third section number
 \&.$3	M\(dg	invoked before printing depth 3 section
 \en($4	R	fourth section number
 \&.$4	M\(dg	invoked before printing depth 4 section
 \en($5	R	fifth section number
 \&.$5	M\(dg	invoked before printing depth 5 section
 \en($6	R	sixth section number
 \&.$6	M\(dg	invoked before printing depth 6 section
 \&.$C	M\(dg	called at beginning of chapter
 \&.$H	M\(dg	text header
 \en($V	R\(dd	relative vertical spacing in displays
 \en($c	R	current column number
 \&.$c	M\(dd	print chapter title
 \en($d	R	delayed text number
 \en($f	R	footnote number
 \&.$f	M\(dd	print footer
 \&.$h	M\(dd	print header
 \en($i	R	paragraph base indent
 \en($l	R	column width
 \en($m	R	number of columns in effect
 \e*($n	S	section name
 \en($p	R	numbered paragraph number
 \&.$p	M\(dd	print section heading (internal macro)
 \en($s	R	column indent
 \&.$s	M\(dd	footnote separator (from text)
 \en($v	R\(dd	relative vertical spacing in text
 \en%	R\(sc	current page number
 \e&	F\(sc	zero width character, useful for hiding controls
 \e(\fI\&xx\fP	F\(sc	interpolate special character \fI\&xx\fP
 \&.(b	M	begin block
 \&.(c	M	begin centered block
 \&.(d	M	begin delayed text
 \&.(f	M	begin footnote
 \&.(l	M	begin list
 \&.(q	M	begin quote
 \&.(x	M	begin index entry
 \&.(z	M	begin floating keep
 \&.)b	M	end block
 \&.)c	M	end centered block
 \&.)d	M	end delayed text
 \&.)f	M	end footnote
 \&.)l	M	end list
 \&.)q	M	end quote
 \&.)x	M	end index entry
 \&.)z	M	end floating keep
 \e*\fI\&x\fP	F\(sc	interpolate string \fI\&x\fP
 \e*(\fI\&xx\fP	F\(sc	interpolate string \fI\&xx\fP
 \e**	S	optional footnote tag string
 \&.++	M	set paper section type
 \&.+c	M	begin chapter
 \e*,	S	cedilla
 \e\-	F\(sc	minus sign
 \e*\-	S	3/4 em dash
 \e0	F\(sc	unpaddable digit-width space
 \&.1c	M	revert to single column output
 \&.2c	M	begin two column output
 \e*:	S	umlaut
 \e*<	S	begin subscript
 \e*>	S	end subscript
 \&.EN	M	end equation
 \&.EQ	M	begin equation
 \eL\'\fI\&d\fP\'	F\(sc	vertical line drawing function for distance \fI\&d\fP
 \&.GE	M\(de	end \fIgremlin\fP picture
 \&.GF	M\(de	end \fIgremlin\fP picture (with flyback)
 \&.GS	M\(de	start \fIgremlin\fP picture
 \&.IE	M\(de	end \fIideal\fP picture
 \&.IF	M\(de	end \fIideal\fP picture (with flyback)
 \&.IS	M\(de	start \fIideal\fP picture
 \&.PE	M\(de	end \fIpic\fP picture
 \&.PF	M\(de	end \fIpic\fP picture (with flyback)
 \&.PS	M\(de	start \fIpic\fP picture
 \&.TE	M	end table
 \&.TH	M	end header of table
 \&.TS	M	begin table
 \e*{	S	begin superscript
 \en(\&.$	R\(sc	number of arguments to macro
 \en(\&.i	R\(sc	current indent
 \en(\&.l	R\(sc	current line length
 \en(\&.s	R\(sc	current point size
 \e*(\&\'	S	acute accent
 \e*(\&\`	S	grave accent
 \e(\'	F\(sc	acute accent
 \e(\`	F\(sc	grave accent
 \e*}	S	end superscript
 \e^	F\(sc	1/12 em narrow space
 \e*^	S	caret
 \&.ad	M\(sc	set text adjustment
 \&.af	M\(sc	assign format to register
 \&.am	M\(sc	append to macro
 \&.ar	M	set page numbers in Arabic
 \&.as	M\(sc	append to string
 \&.b	M	bold font
 \&.ba	M	set base indent
 \&.bc	M	begin new column
 \&.bi	M	bold italic
 \en(bi	R	display (block) indent
 \&.bl	M	blank lines (even at top of page)
 \en(bm	R	bottom title margin
 \&.bp	M\(sc	begin page
 \&.br	M\(sc	break (start new line)
 \en(bs	R	display (block) pre/post spacing
 \en(bt	R	block keep threshold
 \&.bx	M	boxed
 \ec	F\(sc	continue input
 \&.ce	M\(sc	center lines
 \en(ch	R	current chapter number
 \&.de	M\(sc	define macro
 \en(df	R	display font
 \&.ds	M\(sc	define string
 \en(dw	R\(sc	current day of week
 \e*(dw	S	current day of week
 \en(dy	R\(sc	day of month
 \ee	F\(sc	printable version of \e
 \&.ef	M	set footer (even numbered pages only)
 \&.eh	M	set header (even numbered pages only)
 \&.el	M\(sc	else part of conditional
 \&.ep	M	end page
 \en(es	R	equation pre/post space
 \ef\fI\&f\fP	F\(sc	inline font change to font \fI\&f\fP
 \ef(\fI\&ff\fP	F\(sc	inline font change to font \fI\&ff\fP
 \&.fc	M\(sc	set field characters
 \en(ff	R	footnote font
 \&.fi	M\(sc	fill output lines
 \en(fi	R	footnote indent (first line only)
 \en(fm	R	footer margin
 \&.fo	M	set footer
 \en(fp	R	footnote pointsize
 \en(fs	R	footnote prespace
 \en(fu	R	footnote undent (from right margin)
 \eh\'\fI\&d\fP\'	F\(sc	local horizontal motion for distance \fI\&d\fP
 \&.hc	M\(sc	set hyphenation character
 \&.he	M	set header
 \&.hl	M	draw horizontal line
 \en(hm	R	header margin
 \&.hx	M	suppress headers and footers on next page
 \&.hy	M\(sc	set hyphenation mode
 \&.i	M	italic font
 \&.ie	M\(sc	conditional with else
 \&.if	M\(sc	conditional
 \en(ii	R	indented paragraph indent
 \&.in	M\(sc	indent (transient, use .ba for pervasive)
 \&.ip	M	begin indented paragraph
 \&.ix	M	indent, no break
 \el\'\fI\&d\fP\'	F\(sc	horizontal line drawing function for distance \fI\&d\fP
 \&.lc	M\(sc	set leader repetition character
 \&.ll	M	set line length
 \&.lp	M	begin left justified paragraph
 \e*(lq	S	left quote marks
 \&.ls	M\(sc	set multi-line spacing
 \&.m1	M	set space from top of page to header
 \&.m2	M	set space from header to text
 \&.m3	M	set space from text to footer
 \&.m4	M	set space from footer to bottom of page
 \&.mc	M\(sc	insert margin character
 \&.mk	M\(sc	mark vertical position
 \en(mo	R\(sc	month of year
 \e*(mo	S	current month
 \en\fI\&x\fP	F\(sc	interpolate number register \fI\&x\fP
 \en(\fI\&xx\fP	F\(sc	interpolate number register \fI\&xx\fP
 \&.n1	M	number lines in margin
 \&.n2	M	number lines in margin
 \&.na	M\(sc	turn off text adjustment
 \&.ne	M\(sc	need vertical space
 \&.nf	M\(sc	don't fill output lines
 \&.nh	M\(sc	turn off hyphenation
 \&.np	M	begin numbered paragraph
 \&.nr	M\(sc	set number register
 \&.ns	M\(sc	no space mode
 \e*o	S	circle (e.g., for Norse A\*o)
 \&.of	M	set footer (odd numbered pages only)
 \&.oh	M	set header (odd numbered pages only)
 \&.pa	M	begin page
 \&.pd	M	print delayed text
 \en(pf	R	paragraph font
 \en(pi	R	paragraph indent
 \&.pl	M\(sc	set page length
 \&.pn	M\(sc	set next page number
 \&.po	M\(sc	page offset
 \en(po	R	simulated page offset
 \&.pp	M	begin paragraph
 \en(pp	R	paragraph pointsize
 \en(ps	R	paragraph prespace
 \&.q	M	quoted
 \e*(qa	S	for all
 \e*(qe	S	there exists
 \en(qi	R	quote indent (also shortens line)
 \en(qp	R	quote pointsize
 \en(qs	R	quote pre/post space
 \&.r	M	roman font
 \&.rb	M	real bold font
 \&.re	M	reset tabs
 \&.rm	M\(sc	remove macro or string
 \&.rn	M\(sc	rename macro or string
 \&.ro	M	set page numbers in roman
 \e*(rq	S	right quote marks
 \&.rr	M\(sc	remove register
 \&.rs	M\(sc	restore spacing
 \&.rt	M\(sc	return to vertical position
 \es\fI\&S\fP	F\(sc	inline size change to size \fI\&S\fP
 \en(sf	R	section title font
 \&.sh	M	begin numbered section
 \en(si	R	relative base indent per section depth
 \&.sk	M	skip next page
 \&.sm	M	set argument in a smaller pointsize
 \&.so	M\(sc	source input file
 \en(so	R	additional section title offset
 \&.sp	M\(sc	vertical space
 \en(sp	R	section title pointsize
 \en(ss	R	section prespace
 \&.sx	M	change section depth
 \&.sz	M	set pointsize and vertical spacing
 \&.ta	M\(sc	set tab stops
 \&.tc	M\(sc	set tab repetition character
 \e*(td	S	today's date
 \en(tf	R	title font
 \&.ti	M\(sc	temporary indent (next line only)
 \&.tl	M\(sc	three part title
 \en(tm	R	top title margin
 \&.tp	M	begin title page
 \en(tp	R	title pointsize
 \&.tr	M\(sc	translate
 \&.u	M	underlined
 \&.uh	M	unnumbered section
 \&.ul	M\(sc	underline next line
 \ev\'\fI\&d\fP\'	F\(sc	local vertical motion for distance \fI\&d\fP
 \e*v	S	inverted `v' for czeck ``e\*v''
 \ew\'\fI\&S\fP\'	F\(sc	return width of string \fI\&S\fP
 \&.xl	M	set line length (local)
 \&.xp	M	print index
 \en(xs	R	index entry prespace
 \en(xu	R	index undent (from right margin)
 \en(y2	R	year (last two digits only)
 \en(y4	R	year (all digits)
 \en(yr	R\(sc	year minus 1900
 \en(zs	R	floating keep pre/post space
 \e{	F\(sc	begin conditional group
 \e|	F\(sc	1/6 em narrow space
 \e}	F\(sc	end conditional group
 \e*~	S	tilde
 .)l
 .rm $H