diff --git a/contrib/tzdata/africa b/contrib/tzdata/africa index 029e5c22467b..fbf0b65ab544 100644 --- a/contrib/tzdata/africa +++ b/contrib/tzdata/africa @@ -1,1290 +1,1293 @@ # 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
 #
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
 #
 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
 #
 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
 # .
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
 # Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
 # for +0:00 through +3:00, respectively,
 # but Mark R V Murray reports that
 # `SAST' is the official abbreviation for +2:00 in the country of South Africa,
 # `CAT' is commonly used for +2:00 in countries north of South Africa, and
 # `WAT' is probably the best name for +1:00, as the common phrase for
 # the area that includes Nigeria is ``West Africa''.
 # He has heard of ``Western Sahara Time'' for +0:00 but can find no reference.
 #
 # To make things confusing, `WAT' seems to have been used for -1:00 long ago;
 # I'd guess that this was because people needed _some_ name for -1:00,
 # and at the time, far west Africa was the only major land area in -1:00.
 # This usage is now obsolete, as the last use of -1:00 on the African
 # mainland seems to have been 1976 in Western Sahara.
 #
 # To summarize, the following abbreviations seem to have some currency:
 #	-1:00	WAT	West Africa Time (no longer used)
 #	 0:00	GMT	Greenwich Mean Time
 #	 2:00	CAT	Central Africa Time
 #	 2:00	SAST	South Africa Standard Time
 # and Murray suggests the following abbreviation:
 #	 1:00	WAT	West Africa Time
 # I realize that this leads to `WAT' being used for both -1:00 and 1:00
 # for times before 1976, but this is the best I can think of
 # until we get more information.
 #
 # I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!
 #	 2:00	WAST	West Africa Summer Time
 #	 2:30	BEAT	British East Africa Time (no longer used)
 #	 2:45	BEAUT	British East Africa Unified Time (no longer used)
 #	 3:00	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
 #	 3:00	SAST	South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
 #	 3:00	EAT	East Africa Time
 #	 4:00	EAST	East Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
 
 # Algeria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Algeria	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1921	only	-	Jun	21	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1939	only	-	Sep	11	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1971	only	-	Apr	25	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1971	only	-	Sep	26	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1977	only	-	May	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1977	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Mar	24	 1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Sep	22	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Apr	25	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
 # more precise 0:09:21.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
 			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
 			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1940 Feb 25 2:00
 			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1946 Oct  7
 			0:00	-	WET	1956 Jan 29
 			1:00	-	CET	1963 Apr 14
 			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1977 Oct 21
 			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1979 Oct 26
 			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1981 May
 			1:00	-	CET
 
 # Angola
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892
 			0:52:04	-	AOT	1911 May 26 # Angola Time
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Benin
 # Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1946, not 1934;
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Porto-Novo	0:10:28	-	LMT	1912
 			0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Botswana
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
 # Milne says they were regulated by the Cape Town Signal in 1899;
 # assume they switched to 2:00 when Cape Town did.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Gaborone	1:43:40 -	LMT	1885
 			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	CAT	1943 Sep 19 2:00
 			2:00	1:00	CAST	1944 Mar 19 2:00
 			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # Burkina Faso
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Ouagadougou	-0:06:04 -	LMT	1912
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Burundi
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Bujumbura	1:57:28	-	LMT	1890
 			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # Cameroon
 # Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1920; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Douala	0:38:48	-	LMT	1912
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Cape Verde
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1907			# Praia
 			-2:00	-	CVT	1942 Sep
 			-2:00	1:00	CVST	1945 Oct 15
 			-2:00	-	CVT	1975 Nov 25 2:00
 			-1:00	-	CVT
 
 # Central African Republic
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Bangui	1:14:20	-	LMT	1912
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Chad
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912
 			1:00	-	WAT	1979 Oct 14
 			1:00	1:00	WAST	1980 Mar  8
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Comoros
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Comoro	2:53:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul   # Moroni, Gran Comoro
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Democratic Republic of Congo
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Kinshasa	1:01:12 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
 			1:00	-	WAT
 Zone Africa/Lubumbashi	1:49:52 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
 			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # Republic of the Congo
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Brazzaville	1:01:08 -	LMT	1912
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Cote D'Ivoire
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Abidjan	-0:16:08 -	LMT	1912
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Djibouti
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Djibouti	2:52:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Egypt
 
 # Milne says Cairo used 2:05:08.9, the local mean time of the Abbasizeh
 # observatory; round to nearest.  Milne also says that the official time for
 # Egypt was mean noon at the Great Pyramid, 2:04:30.5, but apparently this
 # did not apply to Cairo, Alexandria, or Port Said.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1941	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1941	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1942	1944	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1942	only	-	Oct	27	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1943	1945	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1945	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1958	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1959	1981	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1959	1965	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1966	1994	-	Oct	 1	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1982	only	-	Jul	25	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1983	only	-	Jul	12	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1984	1988	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1989	only	-	May	 6	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1990	1994	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 # IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00.
 # Go with IATA starting in 1995, except correct 1995 entry from 09-30 to 09-29.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-04-20):
 # "...Egypt's interim cabinet decided on Wednesday to cancel daylight
 # saving time after a poll posted on its website showed the majority of
 # Egyptians would approve the cancellation."
 #
 # Egypt to cancel daylight saving time
 # 
 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168
 # 
 # or
 # 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html
 # 
 Rule	Egypt	1995	2010	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):
 # The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:
 # Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday
 # after observing the daylight saving time since May.
 # http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf
 Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	23:00s	0	-
 # From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):
 # I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight
 # saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
 # http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
 # http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
 Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	23:00s	0	-
 # From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):
 # Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter
 # than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each
 # year. This year it will be observed September 13 (September is quite
 # hot in Egypt), and the idea is to make fasting easier for workers by
 # shifting business hours one hour out of daytime heat. Consequently,
 # unless discontinued, next DST may end Thursday 28 August 2008.
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
 # For lack of better info, assume the new rule is last Thursday in August.
 
 # From Petr Machata (2009-04-06):
 # The following appeared in Red Hat bugzilla[1] (edited):
 #
 # > $ zdump -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo | grep 2009
 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Apr 23 21:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
 # Apr 23
 # > 23:59:59 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Apr 23 22:00:00 2009 UTC = Fri =
 # Apr 24
 # > 01:00:00 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Aug 27 20:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
 # Aug 27
 # > 23:59:59 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Aug 27 21:00:00 2009 UTC = Thu =
 # Aug 27
 # > 23:00:00 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
 #
 # > end date should be Thu Sep 24 2009 (Last Thursday in September at 23:59=
 # :59)
 # > http://support.microsoft.com/kb/958729/
 #
 # timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
 #
 # [1] 
 # https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
 # 
 # [2] 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
 # 
 # [3] 
 # http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
 # 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
 # In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
 # Thursday in September; Egypt is expected to revert to the last Thursday
 # in September.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
 # We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
 # Information and Decision Support Center:
 # 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
 # 
 #
 # The Middle East News Agency
 # 
 # http://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
 # 
 # also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
 # today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
 # Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
 # and can be found by searching for "winter" in their search engine
 # (at least today).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):
 # According to News from Egypt -  Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
 # decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during
 # Ramadan.
 #
 # Arabic translation:
 # "Clocks to go back during Ramadan--and then forward again"
 # 
 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again
 # 
 # or
 # 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html
 # 
 
 Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	10	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	23:00s	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct
 			2:00	Egypt	EE%sT
 
 # Equatorial Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Malabo	0:35:08 -	LMT	1912
 			0:00	-	GMT	1963 Dec 15
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Eritrea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Asmara	2:35:32 -	LMT	1870
 			2:35:32	-	AMT	1890	      # Asmara Mean Time
 			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May 5    # Adis Dera MT
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Ethiopia
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Ethiopia had six narrowly-spaced time zones
 # between 1870 and 1890, and that they merged to 38E50 (2:35:20) in 1890.
 # We'll guess that 38E50 is for Adis Dera.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa	2:34:48 -	LMT	1870
 			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May 5    # Adis Dera MT
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Gabon
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Libreville	0:37:48 -	LMT	1912
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Gambia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Banjul	-1:06:36 -	LMT	1912
 			-1:06:36 -	BMT	1935	# Banjul Mean Time
 			-1:00	-	WAT	1964
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Ghana
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to ``the present'';
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Ghana	1936	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	GHST
 Rule	Ghana	1936	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	GMT
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1918
 			 0:00	Ghana	%s
 
 # Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Conakry	-0:54:52 -	LMT	1912
 			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
 			-1:00	-	WAT	1960
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Guinea-Bissau
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1911 May 26
 			-1:00	-	WAT	1975
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Kenya
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1928 Jul
 			3:00	-	EAT	1930
 			2:30	-	BEAT	1940
 			2:45	-	BEAUT	1960
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Lesotho
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Maseru	1:50:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	SAST	1943 Sep 19 2:00
 			2:00	1:00	SAST	1944 Mar 19 2:00
 			2:00	-	SAST
 
 # Liberia
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch
 # from a UTC offset that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.
 # Howse reports that it was in honor of their president's birthday.
 # Shank & Pottenger report the date as May 1, whereas Howse reports Jan;
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 # For Liberia before 1972, Shanks & Pottenger report -0:44, whereas Howse and
 # Whitman each report -0:44:30; go with the more precise figure.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 			-0:43:08 -	MMT	1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
 			-0:44:30 -	LRT	1972 May # Liberia Time
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Libya
 
 # From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
 # Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
 # http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
 # Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
 #
 # Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
 #
 # From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
 # Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
 # The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe
 # (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
 # lastFri instead of lastSun).
 
 # From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
 # The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
 # cancelled yesterday....
 # http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
 # For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UTC+2.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Libya	1951	only	-	Oct	14	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1952	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1953	only	-	Oct	 9	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1954	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1955	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1956	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1982	1984	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1982	1985	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1985	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Mar	lastFri	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Oct	lastFri	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1959
 			2:00	-	EET	1982
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1990 May  4
 # The 1996 and 1997 entries are from Shanks & Pottenger;
 # the IATA SSIM data contain some obvious errors.
 			2:00	-	EET	1996 Sep 30
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1997 Oct  4
 			2:00	-	EET	2012 Nov 10 2:00
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	2013 Oct 25 2:00
 			2:00	-	EET
 
 # Madagascar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Indian/Antananarivo 3:10:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul
 			3:00	-	EAT	1954 Feb 27 23:00s
 			3:00	1:00	EAST	1954 May 29 23:00s
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Malawi
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # Mali
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Bamako	-0:32:00 -	LMT	1912
 			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
 			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Jun 20
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Mauritania
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
 			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
 			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Nov 28
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Mauritius
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-06-25):
 # Mauritius plans to observe DST from 2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31 on a trial
 # basis....
 # It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to
 # 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successful....
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-25):
 # http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-06-30):
 # The www.timeanddate.com article cited by Steffen Thorsen notes that "A
 # final decision has yet to be made on the times that daylight saving
 # would begin and end on these dates." As a place holder, use midnight.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
 # Follow Thorsen on DST in 1982/1983, instead of Shanks & Pottenger.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10):
 # According to
 # 
 # http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216
 # 
 # (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier
 # than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31).  The new start
 # date is 2008-10-26 at 02:00 and the new end date is 2009-03-27 (no time
 # given, but it is probably at either 2 or 3 wall clock time).
 #
 # A little strange though, since the article says that they moved the date
 # to align itself with Europe and USA which also change time on that date,
 # but that means they have not paid attention to what happened in
 # USA/Canada last year (DST ends first Sunday in November). I also wonder
 # why that they end on a Friday, instead of aligning with Europe which
 # changes two days later.
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-07-11):
 # Seems that English language article "The revival of daylight saving
 # time:  Energy conservation?"-# No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally
 # published on Monday, June 30, 2008...
 #
 # I guess that article in French "Le gouvernement avance l'introduction
 # de l'heure d'ete" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
 # and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one.
 # ...
 # 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mauritius02.html
 # 
 
 # From Riad M. Hossen Ally (2008-08-03):
 # The Government of Mauritius weblink
 # 
 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
 # 
 # Cabinet Decision of July 18th, 2008 states as follows:
 #
 # 4. ...Cabinet has agreed to the introduction into the National Assembly
 # of the Time Bill which provides for the introduction of summer time in
 # Mauritius. The summer time period which will be of one hour ahead of
 # the standard time, will be aligned with that in Europe and the United
 # States of America. It will start at two o'clock in the morning on the
 # last Sunday of October and will end at two o'clock in the morning on
 # the last Sunday of March the following year. The summer time for the
 # year 2008 - 2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
 # and end on 29 March 2009.
 
 # From Ed Maste (2008-10-07):
 # THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the
 # beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the
 # morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March.
 # 
 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/bill2708.pdf
 # 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05):
 # According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe
 # DST the coming summer...
 #
 # Some sources, in French:
 # 
 # http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
 # 
 # 
 # http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
 # 
 #
 # Our wrap-up:
 # 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
 # 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
 # The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
 # "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour
 # at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule Mauritius	1982	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Mauritius	1983	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	-
 Rule Mauritius	2008	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule Mauritius	2009	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907		# Port Louis
 			4:00 Mauritius	MU%sT	# Mauritius Time
 # Agalega Is, Rodriguez
 # no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
 
 # Mayotte
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul	# Mamoutzou
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Morocco
 # See the `europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
 # Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
 # 1 June, 2008 and 27 September, 2008.
 #
 # "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
 # be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
 # Communication Minister and Gov ernment Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
 #
 # 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
 # 
 # OR
 # 
 # http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
 # 
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
 # The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe Presse:
 # 
 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view
 # 
 #
 # Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through September 27, Govt.
 # spokesman.
 
 # From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
 # According to this article:
 # 
 # http://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
 # 
 # (and republished here:
 # 
 # http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html
 # 
 # )
 # the changes occurs at midnight:
 #
 # saturday night may 31st at midnight (which in french is to be
 # intrepreted as the night between saturday and sunday)
 # sunday night the 28th  at midnight
 #
 # Seeing that the 28th is monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
 # the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between sunday and
 # monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
 # june1st to sept 27th.
 #
 # The decision was taken by decree *2-08-224 *but I can't find the decree
 # published on the web.
 #
 # It's also confirmed here:
 # 
 # http://www.maroc.ma/NR/exeres/FACF141F-D910-44B0-B7FA-6E03733425D1.htm
 # 
 # on a government portal as being  between june 1st and sept 27th (not yet
 # posted in english).
 #
 # The following google query will generate many relevant hits:
 # 
 # http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
 # 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
 # Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
 # and September 1. They originally planned to observe DST to near the end
 # of September:
 #
 # One article about it (in French):
 # 
 # http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
 # 
 #
 # We have some further details posted here:
 # 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
 # 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
 # Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
 # to many sources, such as
 # 
 # http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html
 # 
 # 
 # http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312
 # 
 # (French)
 #
 # Our summary:
 # 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
 # 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
 # Ministere de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
 #
 # Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 june 1967)
 # concerning the amendment of the legal time, the Ministry of Modernization of
 # Public Sectors announced that the official time in the Kingdom will be
 # advanced 60 minutes from Sunday 31 May 2009 at midnight.
 #
 # 
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/francais/Actualites_fr/PDF_Actualites_Fr/HeureEte_FR.pdf
 # 
 #
 # 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco03.html
 # 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13):
 # Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization
 # of Public Sectors has announced that Morocco will have DST from
 # 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08.
 #
 # Example:
 # 
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
 # 
 # (French)
 # Our page:
 # 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
 # 
 
 # From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
 # ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
 # The 3rd april 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd april 1:00:00
 # The 31th july 2011 at 00:59:59,  [it] will be 31th July 00:00:00
 # ...Official links of change in morocco
 # The change was broadcast on the FM Radio
 # I ve called ANRT (telecom regulations in Morocco) at
 # +212.537.71.84.00
 # 
 # http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/
 # 
 # They said that
 # 
 # http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/accueil/l_heure_legale_au_ma/view
 # 
 # is the official publication to look at.
 # They said that the decision was already taken.
 #
 # More articles in the press
 # 
 # http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-lev
 # 
 # e.html
 # 
 # http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
 # 
 # 
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT%2B1-a-partir-de-dim
 # anche-prochain-5538.html
 # 
 
 # From Petr Machata (2011-03-30):
 # They have it written in English here:
 # 
 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view
 # 
 #
 # It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31,
 # 2011 at midnight." Now they don't say whether they mean midnight of
 # wall clock time (i.e. 11pm UTC), but that's what I would assume. It has
 # also been like that in the past.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09):
 # According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
 # on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
 # Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
 # 
 # http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-l%C3%A9gale-le-maroc-adopte-officiellement-lheure-d%C3%A9t%C3%A9
 # 
 # Governing Council adopted draft decree, that Morocco DST starts on
 # the last Sunday of March (March 25, 2012) and ends on
 # last Sunday of September (September 30, 2012)
 # except the month of Ramadan.
 # or (brief)
 # 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco06.html
 # 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-10):
 # The infomediaire.ma source indicates that the system is to be in
 # effect every year. It gives 03H00 as the "fall back" time of day;
 # it lacks a "spring forward" time of day; assume 2:00 XXX.
 # Wait on specifying the Ramadan exception for details about
 # start date, start time of day, end date, and end time of day XXX.
 
 # From Christophe Tropamer (2012-03-16):
 # Seen Morocco change again:
 # 
 # http://www.le2uminutes.com/actualite.php
 # 
 # "...à partir du dernier dimance d'avril et non fins mars,
 # comme annoncé précédemment."
 
 # From Milamber Space Network (2012-07-17):
 # The official return to GMT is announced by the Moroccan government:
 # 
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288 [in French]
 # 
 #
 # Google translation, lightly edited:
 # Back to the standard time of the Kingdom (GMT)
 # Pursuant to Decree No. 2-12-126 issued on 26 Jumada (I) 1433 (April 18,
 # 2012) and in accordance with the order of Mr. President of the
 # Government No. 3-47-12 issued on 24 Sha'ban (11 July 2012), the Ministry
 # of Public Service and Administration Modernization announces the return
 # of the legal time of the Kingdom (GMT) from Friday, July 20, 2012 until
 # Monday, August 20, 2012.  So the time will be delayed by 60 minutes from
 # 3:00 am Friday, July 20, 2012 and will again be advanced by 60 minutes
 # August 20, 2012 from 2:00 am.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-03-06):
 # Morocco's daylight-saving transitions due to Ramadan seem to be
 # announced a bit in advance.  On 2012-07-11 the Moroccan government
 # announced that year's Ramadan daylight-saving transitions would be
 # 2012-07-20 and 2012-08-20; see
 # .
 
 # From Andrew Paprocki (2013-07-02):
 # Morocco announced that the year's Ramadan daylight-savings
 # transitions would be 2013-07-07 and 2013-08-10; see:
 # http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/morocco-suspends-daylight-saving-time-july-7-aug10
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-28):
 # Morocco extends DST by one month, on very short notice, just 1 day
 # before it was going to end.  There is a new decree (2.13.781) for
 # this, where DST from now on goes from last Sunday of March at 02:00
 # to last Sunday of October at 03:00, similar to EU rules.  Official
 # source (French):
 # http://www.maroc.gov.ma/fr/actualites/lhoraire-dete-gmt1-maintenu-jusquau-27-octobre-2013
 # Another source (specifying the time for start and end in the decree):
 # http://www.lemag.ma/Heure-d-ete-au-Maroc-jusqu-au-27-octobre_a75620.html
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-03):
+# From Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18):
+# http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-19):
 # To estimate what the Moroccan government will do in future years,
 # transition dates for 2014 through 2038 were determined by running
 # the following program under GNU Emacs 24.3:
 #
 # (let ((islamic-year 1435))
 #   (while (< islamic-year 1461)
 #     (let ((a
 #	     (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
 #	      (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year))))
 #	    (b
 #	     (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
 #	      (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year)))))
 #	(insert
 #	 (format
 #	  (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t %2d\t 3:00\t0\t-\n"
 #		  "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t %2d\t 2:00\t1:00\tS\n")
 #	  (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
 #	  (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
 #     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
 #
 # with spring-forward transitions removed for 2023-2025, when the
 # normal spring-forward date falls during the estimated Ramadan; with
 # all transitions removed for 2026-2035, where the estimated Ramadan
 # falls entirely outside daylight-saving time; and with fall-back
 # transitions removed for 2036-2037, where the normal fall-back
 # date falls during the estimated Ramadan.  Normally, the table would
 # stop after 2037 because 32-bit time_t values roll around early in 2038,
 # but that would imply a prediction of perpetual DST after March 2038
 # due to the year-2037 glitches.  So, this table instead stops after
 # 2038, the first non-glitchy year after the 32-bit rollover.
 # An advantage of stopping after 2038 is that it lets zic guess
 # TZ='WET0WEST,M3.5.0,M10.5.0/3' for time stamps far in the future.
 
 # RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 
 Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	1945	only	-	Nov	18	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Jun	11	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	 21	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	May	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	Aug	 8	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	 31	 0	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2012	2013	-	Apr	 lastSun 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Sep	 30	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Jul	 20	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	 20	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Jul	  7	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Aug	 10	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2013	2035	-	Oct	 lastSun 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2014	2022	-	Mar	 lastSun 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jun	 29	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jul	 29	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jun	 18	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jul	 18	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jun	  7	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jul	  7	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	May	 27	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	Jun	 26	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	May	 16	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	Jun	 15	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	May	  6	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	Jun	  5	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	Apr	 24	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	May	 24	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	Apr	 13	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	 13	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	Apr	  3	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	  3	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Apr	 22	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Apr	 10	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Mar	 31	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2026	max	-	Mar	 lastSun 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Oct	 21	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Oct	 11	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2038	only	-	Sep	 30	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2038	only	-	Oct	 30	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Morocco	2038	max	-	Oct	 lastSun 3:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Casablanca	-0:30:20 -	LMT	1913 Oct 26
 			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
 			 1:00	-	CET	1986
 			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT
 
 # Western Sahara
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22):
 # A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters
 # ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
 # Morocco does.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
 # Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
 # since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
 
 Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan
 			-1:00	-	WAT	1976 Apr 14
 			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT
 
 # Mozambique
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Maputo	2:10:20 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # Namibia
 # The 1994-04-03 transition is from Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Shanks & Pottenger report no DST after 1998-04; go with IATA.
 
 # From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30) in
 # :
 # While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
 # settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
 # rises and sets earlier compared to other regions.  Chief of
 # Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
 # the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
 # of the country.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-31):
 # Apparently the Caprivi Strip informally observes Botswana time, but
 # we have no details.  In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
 
 # RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Namibia	1994	max	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Namibia	1995	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Windhoek	1:08:24 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
 			1:30	-	SWAT	1903 Mar	# SW Africa Time
 			2:00	-	SAST	1942 Sep 20 2:00
 			2:00	1:00	SAST	1943 Mar 21 2:00
 			2:00	-	SAST	1990 Mar 21 # independence
 			2:00	-	CAT	1994 Apr  3
 			1:00	Namibia	WA%sT
 
 # Niger
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Niamey	 0:08:28 -	LMT	1912
 			-1:00	-	WAT	1934 Feb 26
 			 0:00	-	GMT	1960
 			 1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Nigeria
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Lagos	0:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Sep
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Reunion
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun	# Saint-Denis
 			4:00	-	RET	# Reunion Time
 #
 # Scattered Islands (Iles Eparses) administered from Reunion are as follows.
 # The following information about them is taken from
 # Iles Eparses (www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm, 1997-07-22, in French;
 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
 # We have no info about their time zone histories.
 #
 # Bassas da India - uninhabited
 # Europa Island - inhabited from 1905 to 1910 by two families
 # Glorioso Is - inhabited until at least 1958
 # Juan de Nova - uninhabited
 # Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
 
 # Rwanda
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Kigali	2:00:16 -	LMT	1935 Jun
 			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # St Helena
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/St_Helena	-0:22:48 -	LMT	1890		# Jamestown
 			-0:22:48 -	JMT	1951	# Jamestown Mean Time
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 # The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
 #	Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
 #	Ascension: on GMT, says usno1995 and the CIA
 #	Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
 #		on GMT, says the CIA
 #	Inaccessible, Nightingale: no information, but probably GMT
 
 # Sao Tome and Principe
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Sao_Tome	 0:26:56 -	LMT	1884
 			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1912	# Lisbon Mean Time
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Senegal
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Dakar	-1:09:44 -	LMT	1912
 			-1:00	-	WAT	1941 Jun
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Seychelles
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun	# Victoria
 			4:00	-	SCT	# Seychelles Time
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
 # Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
 # Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
 # in 1965 and returned to Seychelles control in 1976.  We don't know
 # whether this affected their time zone, so omit this for now.
 # Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
 
 # Sierra Leone
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Whitman gives Mar 31 - Aug 31 for 1931 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Jun	 1	0:00	0:40	SLST
 Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	WAT
 Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	SLST
 Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	GMT
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Freetown	-0:53:00 -	LMT	1882
 			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jun # Freetown Mean Time
 			-1:00	SL	%s	1957
 			 0:00	SL	%s
 
 # Somalia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Mogadishu	3:01:28 -	LMT	1893 Nov
 			3:00	-	EAT	1931
 			2:30	-	BEAT	1957
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # South Africa
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	SA	1942	1943	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	SA	1943	1944	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
 			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
 			2:00	SA	SAST
 # Marion and Prince Edward Is
 # scientific station since 1947
 # no information
 
 # Sudan
 #
 # From 
 # Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13)
 # , also reported by Michael De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
 # Saturday....  This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
 # Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	1985	-	Oct	15	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Sudan	1971	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Sudan	1972	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Khartoum	2:10:08 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # South Sudan
 Link Africa/Khartoum Africa/Juba
 
 # Swaziland
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Mbabane	2:04:24 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	SAST
 
 # Tanzania
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
 			3:00	-	EAT	1948
 			2:45	-	BEAUT	1961
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Togo
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
 			0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Tunisia
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
 # My correspondent, Risto Nykanen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
 # this time in Tunisia.  According to Yahoo France News
 # , in a story attributed to AP
 # and dated 2005-04-26, "Tunisia has decided to advance its official time by
 # one hour, starting on Sunday, May 1.  Henceforth, Tunisian time will be
 # UTC+2 instead of UTC+1.  The change will take place at 23:00 UTC next
 # Saturday."  (My translation)
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02):
 # LaPresse, the first national daily newspaper ...
 # 
 # ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30,
 # 1h standard time.
 #
 # From Atef Loukil (2006-03-28):
 # The daylight saving time will be the same each year:
 # Beginning      : the last Sunday of March at 02:00
 # Ending         : the last Sunday of October at 03:00 ...
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1188&Itemid=50
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16):
 # According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
 # (Arabic)
 # 
 # http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
 # 
 # 
 # http://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
 # 
 #
 # We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
 # We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
 # 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
 # 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
 #
 # Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
 #
 # (in English)
 # 
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&Itemid=157
 # 
 #
 # (in Arabic)
 # 
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61240&Itemid=1
 # 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009--3-18):
 # The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is due to the fact
 # that the fasting month of ramadan coincides with the period concerned by summer time.
 # Therefore, the standard time will be kept unchanged the whole year long."
 # So foregoing DST seems to be an exception (albeit one that may be repeated in the  future).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27):
 # According to some news reports Tunis confirmed not to use DST in 2010
 #
 # (translation):
 # "The Tunisian government has decided to abandon DST, which was scheduled on
 # Sunday...
 # Tunisian authorities had suspended the DST for the first time last year also
 # coincided with the month of Ramadan..."
 #
 # (in Arabic)
 # 
 # http://www.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=358861&pg=1
 # 
 # http://www.almadenahnews.com/newss/news.php?c=118&id=38036
 # or
 # 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_tunis02.html
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Tunisia	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1940	only	-	Feb	25	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Apr	25	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1977	only	-	Apr	30	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1977	only	-	Sep	24	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1978	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1988	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1988	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1989	only	-	Mar	26	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1990	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	2005	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	2005	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
 # more precise 0:09:21.
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the 1911 switch was on Mar 9; go with Howse's Mar 11.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tunis	0:40:44 -	LMT	1881 May 12
 			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
 			1:00	Tunisia	CE%sT
 
 # Uganda
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Kampala	2:09:40 -	LMT	1928 Jul
 			3:00	-	EAT	1930
 			2:30	-	BEAT	1948
 			2:45	-	BEAUT	1957
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Zambia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Lusaka	1:53:08 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # Zimbabwe
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Harare	2:04:12 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	CAT
diff --git a/contrib/tzdata/antarctica b/contrib/tzdata/antarctica
index 5333b7b3d45a..8f8e408d0094 100644
--- a/contrib/tzdata/antarctica
+++ b/contrib/tzdata/antarctica
@@ -1,364 +1,381 @@
 # 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-11-15):
 # To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round; see
 # 
 # COMNAP - Stations and Bases
 # 
 # and
 # 
 # Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1998-07-23)
 # 
 # for information.
 # Unless otherwise specified, we have no time zone information.
 #
 # Except for the French entries,
 # I made up all time zone abbreviations mentioned here; corrections welcome!
 # FORMAT is 'zzz' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
 
 # These rules are stolen from the 'southamerica' file.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	ArgAQ	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	ArgAQ	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	ArgAQ	1967	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	ArgAQ	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	ArgAQ	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	ArgAQ	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	ArgAQ	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	1972	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	ChileAQ	1987	only	-	Apr	12	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	1988	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	1988	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	4:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	ChileAQ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	ChileAQ	1990	only	-	Mar	18	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	ChileAQ	1991	1996	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	ChileAQ	1997	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	1998	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	ChileAQ	1999	only	-	Apr	 4	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	1999	2010	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	ChileAQ	2000	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 # N.B.: the end of March 29 in Chile is March 30 in Universal time,
 # which is used below in specifying the transition.
 Rule	ChileAQ	2008	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	2009	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	2010	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	2011	only	-	May	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	ChileAQ	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
 Rule	ChileAQ	2012	max	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
 
 # Argentina - year-round bases
 # Belgrano II, Confin Coast, -770227-0343737, since 1972-02-05
 # Esperanza, San Martin Land, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
 # Jubany, Potter Peninsula, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
 # Marambio, Seymour I, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
 # Orcadas, Laurie I, -6016-04444, since 1904-02-22
 # San Martin, Debenham I, -6807-06708, since 1951-03-21
 #	(except 1960-03 / 1976-03-21)
 
 # Australia - territories
 # Heard Island, McDonald Islands (uninhabited)
 #	previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered
 #	
 #	Margaret Turner reports
 #	 (1999-09-30) that they're UTC+5, with no DST;
 #	presumably this is when they have visitors.
 #
 # year-round bases
 # Casey, Bailey Peninsula, -6617+11032, since 1969
 # Davis, Vestfold Hills, -6835+07759, since 1957-01-13
 #	(except 1964-11 - 1969-02)
 # Mawson, Holme Bay, -6736+06253, since 1954-02-13
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-11):
 # Three Australian stations in Antarctica have changed their time zone:
 # Casey moved from UTC+8 to UTC+11
 # Davis moved from UTC+7 to UTC+5
 # Mawson moved from UTC+6 to UTC+5
 # The changes occurred on 2009-10-18 at 02:00 (local times).
 #
 # Government source: (Australian Antarctic Division)
 # 
 # http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=37079
 # 
 #
 # We have more background information here:
 # 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html
 # 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: ...
 #
 # - Casey station reverted to its normal time of UTC+8 on 5 March 2010.
 # The change to UTC+11 is being considered as a regular summer thing but
 # has not been decided yet.
 #
 # - Davis station will revert to its normal time of UTC+7 at 10 March 2010
 # 20:00 UTC.
 #
 # - Mawson station stays on UTC+5.
 #
 # Background:
 # 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html
 # 
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	zzz	1969
 			8:00	-	WST	2009 Oct 18 2:00
 						# Western (Aus) Standard Time
 			11:00	-	CAST	2010 Mar 5 2:00
 						# Casey Time
 			8:00	-	WST	2011 Oct 28 2:00
 			11:00	-	CAST	2012 Feb 21 17:00u
 			8:00	-	WST
 Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 13
 			7:00	-	DAVT	1964 Nov # Davis Time
 			0	-	zzz	1969 Feb
 			7:00	-	DAVT	2009 Oct 18 2:00
 			5:00	-	DAVT	2010 Mar 10 20:00u
 			7:00	-	DAVT	2011 Oct 28 2:00
 			5:00	-	DAVT	2012 Feb 21 20:00u
 			7:00	-	DAVT
 Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	zzz	1954 Feb 13
 			6:00	-	MAWT	2009 Oct 18 2:00
 						# Mawson Time
 			5:00	-	MAWT
 # References:
 # 
 # Casey Weather (1998-02-26)
 # 
 # 
 # Davis Station, Antarctica (1998-02-26)
 # 
 # 
 # Mawson Station, Antarctica (1998-02-25)
 # 
 
 # Brazil - year-round base
 # Comandante Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4
 
 # Chile - year-round bases and towns
 # Escudero, South Shetland Is, -621157-0585735, since 1994
 # Presidente Eduadro Frei, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
 # General Bernardo O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
 # Capitan Arturo Prat, -6230-05941
 # Villa Las Estrellas (a town), around the Frei base, since 1984-04-09
 # These locations have always used Santiago time; use TZ='America/Santiago'.
 
 # China - year-round bases
 # Great Wall, King George Island, -6213-05858, since 1985-02-20
 # Zhongshan, Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, -6922+07623, since 1989-02-26
 
 # France - year-round bases
 #
 # From Antoine Leca (1997-01-20):
 # Time data are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP
 # (French Institute for Polar Research and Technology).
 # She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adelie bases
 # don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adelie supplies came
 # from Tasmania.
 #
 # French Southern Territories with year-round inhabitants
 #
 # Martin-de-Vivies Base, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
 # Alfred-Faure Base, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964
 # Port-aux-Francais, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
 #	whaling & sealing station operated 1908/1914, 1920/1929, and 1951/1956
 #
 # St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited
 #	fishing stations operated variously 1819/1931
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	zzz	1950	# Port-aux-Francais
 			5:00	-	TFT	# ISO code TF Time
 #
 # year-round base in the main continent
 # Dumont-d'Urville, Ile des Petrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
 #
 # Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
 # It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	zzz	1947
 			10:00	-	PMT	1952 Jan 14 # Port-Martin Time
 			0	-	zzz	1956 Nov
 			10:00	-	DDUT	# Dumont-d'Urville Time
 # Reference:
 # 
 # Dumont d'Urville Station (2005-12-05)
 # 
 
 # Germany - year-round base
 # Georg von Neumayer, -7039-00815
 
 # India - year-round base
 # Dakshin Gangotri, -7005+01200
 
 # Japan - year-round bases
 # Dome Fuji, -7719+03942
 # Syowa, -690022+0393524
 #
 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):
 # In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.
 #
 # Syowa station, which is the first antarctic station of Japan,
 # was established on 1957-01-29.  Since Syowa station is still the main
 # station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
 			3:00	-	SYOT	# Syowa Time
 # See:
 # 
 # NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
 # 
 
 # S Korea - year-round base
 # King Sejong, King George Island, -6213-05847, since 1988
 
 # New Zealand - claims
 # Balleny Islands (never inhabited)
 # Scott Island (never inhabited)
 #
 # year-round base
 # Scott Base, Ross Island, since 1957-01.
 # See Pacific/Auckland.
-#
-# These rules for New Zealand are stolen from the 'australasia' file.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	NZAQ	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1989	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
-Rule	NZAQ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	NZAQ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 
 # Norway - territories
 # Bouvet (never inhabited)
 #
 # claims
 # Peter I Island (never inhabited)
+#
+# year-round base
+# Troll, Queen Maud Land, -720041+0023206, since 2005-02-12
+#
+# From Paul-Inge Flakstad (2014-03-10):
+# I recently had a long dialog about this with the developer of timegenie.com.
+# In the absence of specific dates, he decided to choose some likely ones:
+#   GMT +1 - From March 1 to the last Sunday in March
+#   GMT +2 - From the last Sunday in March until the last Sunday in October
+#   GMT +1 - From the last Sunday in October until November 7
+#   GMT +0 - From November 7 until March 1
+# The dates for switching to and from UTC+0 will probably not be absolutely
+# correct, but they should be quite close to the actual dates.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-21):
+# The CET-switching Troll rules require zic from tzcode 2014b or later, so as
+# suggested by Bengt-Inge Larsson comment them out for now, and approximate
+# with only UTC and CEST.  Uncomment them when 2014b is more prevalent.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	 1	1:00u	1:00	CET
+Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	2:00	CEST
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	CET
+#Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Nov	 7	1:00u	0:00	UTC
+# Remove the following line when uncommenting the above '#Rule' lines.
+Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	0:00	UTC
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Troll	0	-	zzz	2005 Feb 12
+     			0:00	Troll	%s
 
 # Poland - year-round base
 # Arctowski, King George Island, -620945-0582745, since 1977
 
 # Russia - year-round bases
 # Bellingshausen, King George Island, -621159-0585337, since 1968-02-22
 # Mirny, Davis coast, -6633+09301, since 1956-02
 # Molodezhnaya, Alasheyev Bay, -6740+04551,
 #	year-round from 1962-02 to 1999-07-01
 # Novolazarevskaya, Queen Maud Land, -7046+01150,
 #	year-round from 1960/61 to 1992
 
 # Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11
 # 
 # From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15):
 # Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same
 # time as Moscow, Russia.
 #
 # From Lee Hotz (2001-03-08):
 # I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is
 # what they had to say about time there:
 # "in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
 # time, which is 12 hours ahead of GMT. The Russian Station Vostok was
 # 6 hours behind that (although only 2 miles away, i.e. 6 hours ahead
 # of GMT). This is a time zone I think two hours east of Moscow. The
 # natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT."
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):
 # This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it
 # in person.  He said that some Antartic locations set their local
 # time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this
 # changes during the year and does not necessarily correspond to mean
 # solar noon.  So the Vostok time might have been whatever the clocks
 # happened to be during their visit.  So we still don't really know what time
 # it is at Vostok.  But we'll guess UTC+6.
 #
 Zone Antarctica/Vostok	0	-	zzz	1957 Dec 16
 			6:00	-	VOST	# Vostok time
 
 # S Africa - year-round bases
 # Marion Island, -4653+03752
 # Sanae, -7141-00250
 
 # UK
 #
 # British Antarctic Territories (BAT) claims
 # South Orkney Islands
 #	scientific station from 1903
 #	whaling station at Signy I 1920/1926
 # South Shetland Islands
 #
 # year-round bases
 # Bird Island, South Georgia, -5400-03803, since 1983
 # Deception Island, -6259-06034, whaling station 1912/1931,
 #	scientific station 1943/1967,
 #	previously sealers and a scientific expedition wintered by accident,
 #	and a garrison was deployed briefly
 # Halley, Coates Land, -7535-02604, since 1956-01-06
 #	Halley is on a moving ice shelf and is periodically relocated
 #	so that it is never more than 10km from its nominal location.
 # Rothera, Adelaide Island, -6734-6808, since 1976-12-01
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-10-22)
 #  says Rothera is -03 all year.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Antarctica/Rothera	0	-	zzz	1976 Dec  1
 			-3:00	-	ROTT	# Rothera time
 
 # Uruguay - year round base
 # Artigas, King George Island, -621104-0585107
 
 # USA - year-round bases
 #
 # Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
 #
 # From Ethan Dicks (1996-10-06):
 # It keeps the same time as Punta Arenas, Chile, because, just like us
 # and the South Pole, that's the other end of their supply line....
 # I verified with someone who was there that since 1980,
 # Palmer has followed Chile.  Prior to that, before the Falklands War,
 # Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	zzz	1965
 			-4:00	ArgAQ	AR%sT	1969 Oct 5
 			-3:00	ArgAQ	AR%sT	1982 May
 			-4:00	ChileAQ	CL%sT
 #
 #
 # McMurdo Station, Ross Island, since 1955-12
 # Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
 #
 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-27):
 # Siple, the first commander of the South Pole station,
 # stated that he would have liked to have kept GMT at the station,
 # but that he found it more convenient to keep GMT+12
 # as supplies for the station were coming from McMurdo Sound,
 # which was on GMT+12 because New Zealand was on GMT+12 all year
 # at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 degrees SOUTH.)
 #
 # From Susan Smith
 # http://www.cybertours.com/whs/pole10.html
 # (1995-11-13 16:24:56 +1300, no longer available):
 # We use the same time as McMurdo does.
 # And they use the same time as Christchurch, NZ does....
 # One last quirk about South Pole time.
 # All the electric clocks are usually wrong.
 # Something about the generators running at 60.1hertz or something
 # makes all of the clocks run fast.  So every couple of days,
 # we have to go around and set them back 5 minutes or so.
 # Maybe if we let them run fast all of the time, we'd get to leave here sooner!!
 #
 # See 'australasia' for Antarctica/McMurdo.
diff --git a/contrib/tzdata/australasia b/contrib/tzdata/australasia
index f7fa628ce3b6..a61c184fcf4e 100644
--- a/contrib/tzdata/australasia
+++ b/contrib/tzdata/australasia
@@ -1,1771 +1,1786 @@
 # 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
 
 # Notes are at the end of this file
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Australia
 
 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	-
 Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	-
 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that
 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Northern Territory
 Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			 9:00	-	CST	1899 May
 			 9:30	Aus	CST
 # Western Australia
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
 			 8:00	Aus	WST	1943 Jul
 			 8:00	AW	WST
 Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
 			 8:45	Aus	CWST	1943 Jul
 			 8:45	AW	CWST
 
 # Queensland
 #
 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
 # Queensland ceased to.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
 # so use Lindeman.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
 			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
 			10:00	AQ	EST
 Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
 			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
 			10:00	AQ	EST	1992 Jul
 			10:00	Holiday	EST
 
 # South Australia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
 			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
 			9:30	AS	CST
 
 # Tasmania
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
 # 
 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
 			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
 			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
 			10:00	Aus	EST	1967
 			10:00	AT	EST
 Zone Australia/Currie	9:35:28	-	LMT	1895 Sep
 			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
 			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
 			10:00	Aus	EST	1971 Jul
 			10:00	AT	EST
 
 # Victoria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
 			10:00	AV	EST
 
 # New South Wales
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	-
 Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			10:00	Aus	EST	1971
 			10:00	AN	EST
 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			10:00	-	EST	1896 Aug 23
 			9:00	-	CST	1899 May
 			9:30	Aus	CST	1971
 			9:30	AN	CST	2000
 			9:30	AS	CST
 
 # Lord Howe Island
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
 Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	-
 Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
 Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
 Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-
 Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
 Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	-
 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			10:00	-	EST	1981 Mar
 			10:30	LH	LHST
 
 # Australian miscellany
 #
 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
 # no times are set
 #
 # Coral Sea Is
 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
 # no times are set
 #
 # Macquarie
 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the
 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
 # 
 # .
 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
 # on 4 April.
 #
 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
 # will produce a binary file with an EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	zzz	1899 Nov
 			10:00	-	EST	1916 Oct 1 2:00
 			10:00	1:00	EST	1917 Feb
 			10:00	Aus	EST	1919 Apr 1 0:00s
 			0	-	zzz	1948 Mar 25
 			10:00	Aus	EST	1967
 			10:00	AT	EST	2010 Apr 4 3:00
 			11:00	-	MIST	# Macquarie I Standard Time
 
 # Christmas
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			7:00	-	CXT	# Christmas Island Time
 
 # Cook Is
 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
 Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901		# Avarua
 			-10:30	-	CKT	1978 Nov 12	# Cook Is Time
 			-10:00	Cook	CK%sT
 
 # Cocos
 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
 			6:30	-	CCT	# Cocos Islands Time
 
 # Fiji
 
 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation,  Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
 # from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
 #
 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
 # 
 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
 # 
 # or
 # 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
 # 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
 # amendments:
 # 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
 # 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
 #
 # Official source:
 # 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
 # 
 #
 # A bit more background info here:
 # 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
 # 
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
 # 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
 # 
 # or
 # 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
 # 
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
 #
 # 
 # www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
 # 
 # which says
 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
 # 2am on February 26 next year.
 
 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
 #
 # 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
 # 
 # states:
 #
 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
 # on the  23rd of October, 2011.
 
 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
 
 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-01-10):
 # For now, guess that Fiji springs forward the Sunday before the fourth
 # Monday in October, and springs back the penultimate Sunday in January.
 # This is ad hoc, but matches recent practice.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Fiji	2014	max	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26	# Suva
 			12:00	Fiji	FJ%sT	# Fiji Time
 
 # French Polynesia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Rikitea
 			 -9:00	-	GAMT	# Gambier Time
 Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct
 			 -9:30	-	MART	# Marquesas Time
 Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Papeete
 			-10:00	-	TAHT	# Tahiti Time
 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
 # it is uninhabited.
 
 # Guam
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901		# Agana
 			10:00	-	GST	2000 Dec 23	# Guam
 			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
 
 # Kiribati
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901		# Bairiki
 			 12:00	-	GILT		 # Gilbert Is Time
 Zone Pacific/Enderbury	-11:24:20 -	LMT	1901
 			-12:00	-	PHOT	1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
 			-11:00	-	PHOT	1995
 			 13:00	-	PHOT
 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
 			-10:40	-	LINT	1979 Oct # Line Is Time
 			-10:00	-	LINT	1995
 			 14:00	-	LINT
 
 # N Mariana Is
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 			 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
 			 9:00	-	MPT	1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
 			10:00	-	MPT	2000 Dec 23
 			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
 
 # Marshall Is
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Majuro	11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
 			11:00	-	MHT	1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
 			12:00	-	MHT
 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
 			11:00	-	MHT	1969 Oct
 			-12:00	-	KWAT	1993 Aug 20	# Kwajalein Time
 			12:00	-	MHT
 
 # Micronesia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Chuuk	10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
 			10:00	-	CHUT			# Chuuk Time
 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	10:32:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kolonia
 			11:00	-	PONT			# Pohnpei Time
 Zone Pacific/Kosrae	10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
 			11:00	-	KOST	1969 Oct	# Kosrae Time
 			12:00	-	KOST	1999
 			11:00	-	KOST
 
 # Nauru
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15	# Uaobe
 			11:30	-	NRT	1942 Mar 15	# Nauru Time
 			9:00	-	JST	1944 Aug 15
 			11:30	-	NRT	1979 May
 			12:00	-	NRT
 
 # New Caledonia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
 Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
 Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13
 			11:00	NC	NC%sT
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # New Zealand
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	NZ	1927	only	-	Nov	 6	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Mar	 4	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1928	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	S
 Rule	NZ	1929	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
 Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
 Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
 # convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
 Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
 Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	S
 Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	D
 Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
 Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	D
 Rule	NZ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
 Rule	NZ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	S
 Rule	NZ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
 Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	D
 Rule	NZ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
 Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
 			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
 			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
 Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1957 Jan  1
 			12:45	Chatham	CHA%sT
 
 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
 
 # Auckland Is
 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
 # and scientific personnel have wintered
 
 # Campbell I
 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 # Niue
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901		# Alofi
 			-11:20	-	NUT	1951	# Niue Time
 			-11:30	-	NUT	1978 Oct 1
 			-11:00	-	NUT
 
 # Norfolk
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kingston
 			11:12	-	NMT	1951	# Norfolk Mean Time
 			11:30	-	NFT		# Norfolk Time
 
 # Palau (Belau)
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901		# Koror
 			9:00	-	PWT	# Palau Time
 
 # Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
 			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895	# Port Moresby Mean Time
 			10:00	-	PGT		# Papua New Guinea Time
 
 # Pitcairn
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901		# Adamstown
 			-8:30	-	PNT	1998 Apr 27 00:00
 			-8:00	-	PST	# Pitcairn Standard Time
 
 # American Samoa
 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
 			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
 			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
 			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
 			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa
 
 # Samoa
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
 # the following info:
 #
 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
 # Sunday of April 2011."
 #
 # Background info:
 # 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
 # 
 #
 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
 # contain any dates:
 # 
 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
 # 
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
 # Please see
 # 
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
 # ,
 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
 # I believe this will be posted shortly on the website
 # 
 # www.mcil.gov.ws
 # 
 #
 # PUBLIC NOTICE ON DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME
 #
 # Pursuant to the Daylight Saving Act 2009 and Cabinets decision,
 # businesses and the general public are hereby advised that daylight
 # saving time is on the first Saturday of April 2011 (02/04/11).
 #
 # The public is therefore advised that when the standard time strikes
 # the hour of four oclock (4.00am or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011,
 # then all instruments used to measure standard time are to be
 # adjusted/changed to three oclock (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
 #
 # Margaret Fruean ACTING CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER MINISTRY OF COMMERCE,
 # INDUSTRY AND LABOUR 28th February 2011
 
 # From David Zuelke (2011-05-09):
 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
 #
 # 
 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
 # 
 
 # From Mark Sim-Smith (2011-08-17):
 # I have been in contact with Leilani Tuala Warren from the Samoa Law
 # Reform Commission, and she has sent me a copy of the Bill that she
 # confirmed has been passed...Most of the sections are about maps rather
 # than the time zone change, but I'll paste the relevant bits below. But
 # the essence is that at midnight 29 Dec (UTC-11 I suppose), Samoa
 # changes from UTC-11 to UTC+13:
 #
 # International Date Line Bill 2011
 #
 # AN ACT to provide for the change to standard time in Samoa and to make
 # consequential amendments to the position of the International Date
 # Line, and for related purposes.
 #
 # BE IT ENACTED by the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in Parliament
 # assembled as follows:
 #
 # 1. Short title and commencement-(1) This Act may be cited as the
 # International Date Line Act 2011. (2) Except for section 5(3) this Act
 # commences at 12 o'clock midnight, on Thursday 29th December 2011. (3)
 # Section 5(3) commences on the date of assent by the Head of State.
 #
 # [snip]
 #
 # 3. Interpretation - [snip] "Samoa standard time" in this Act and any
 # other statute of Samoa which refers to 'Samoa standard time' means the
 # time 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated Universal Time.
 #
 # 4. Samoa standard time - (1) Upon the commencement of this Act, Samoa
 # standard time shall be set at 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated
 # Universal Time for the whole of Samoa. (2) All references to Samoa's
 # time zone and to Samoa standard time in Samoa in all legislation and
 # instruments after the commencement of this Act shall be references to
 # Samoa standard time as provided for in this Act. (3) Nothing in this
 # Act affects the provisions of the Daylight Saving Act 2009, except that
 # it defines Samoa standard time....
 
 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
 # 
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
 # 
 #
 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
 #
 # DST
 # Year	End	Time	Start	Time
 # 2011	- - -	- - -	24 September	3:00am to 4:00am
 # 2012	01 April	4:00am to 3:00am	- - -	- - -
 #
 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
 # Thursday 29th December 2011	23:59:59 Hours
 # Saturday 31st December 2011	00:00:00 Hours
 #
 # Clarification by Tim Parenti (2012-01-03):
 # Although Samoa has used Daylight Saving Time in the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012
 # seasons, there is not yet any indication that this trend will continue on
 # a regular basis. For now, we have explicitly listed the transitions below.
 #
 # From Nicky (2012-09-10):
 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013.
 #
 # Please find link below for more information.
 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
 #
 # That publication also includes dates for Summer of 2013/4 as well
 # which give the impression of a pattern in selecting dates for the
 # future, so for now, we will guess this will continue.
 
 # Western Samoa
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	D
 Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
 			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
 			-11:00	-	WST	2010 Sep 26
 			-11:00	1:00	WSDT	2011 Apr 2 4:00
 			-11:00	-	WST	2011 Sep 24 3:00
 			-11:00	1:00	WSDT	2011 Dec 30
 			 13:00	1:00	WSDT	2012 Apr Sun>=1 4:00
 			 13:00	WS	WS%sT
 
 # Solomon Is
 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Honiara
 			11:00	-	SBT	# Solomon Is Time
 
 # Tokelau Is
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
 # December 31 this year ...
 #
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
 # Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
 # actually was to UTC-11 back then.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
 # , page 65, says Tokelau
 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
 			-11:00	-	TKT 2011 Dec 30	# Tokelau Time
 			13:00	-	TKT
 
 # Tonga
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
 			12:20	-	TOT	1941 # Tonga Time
 			13:00	-	TOT	1999
 			13:00	Tonga	TO%sT
 
 # Tuvalu
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
 			12:00	-	TVT	# Tuvalu Time
 
 
 # US minor outlying islands
 
 # Howland, Baker
 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
 # uninhabited thereafter.
 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT-10:30) in 1937;
 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
 # until they were abandoned after the war.
 
 # Jarvis
 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
 # uninhabited thereafter.
 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
 
 # Johnston
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-03):
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-11):
+# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
+# Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
+# treat it like Hawaii for now.
+#
 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
 #  (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and
 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
-# We have no better information, so for now, assume this has been true
-# indefinitely into the past.
+#
+# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
+# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
+# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
+# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the
+# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
+# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
+# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
+# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976
+# .
+# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
+# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
+# Minus One Hour".
 #
 # See 'northamerica' for Pacific/Johnston.
 
 # Kingman
 # uninhabited
 
 # Midway
 #
 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast.  As it uses some time zone
 # designations that I've never seen before:....
 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I.   H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
 #  "   3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A  "
 #
 Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
 			-11:00	-	NST	1956 Jun  3
 			-11:00	1:00	NDT	1956 Sep  2
 			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
 			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
 			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa
 
 # Palmyra
 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
 
 # Wake
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901
 			12:00	-	WAKT	# Wake Time
 
 
 # Vanuatu
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13		# Vila
 			11:00	Vanuatu	VU%sT	# Vanuatu Time
 
 # Wallis and Futuna
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 			12:00	-	WFT	# Wallis & Futuna Time
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # NOTES
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
 #
 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
 #
 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
 # .
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
 #		std dst
 #		LMT	Local Mean Time
 #	  8:00	WST WST	Western Australia
 #	  8:45	CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
 #	  9:00	JST	Japan
 #	  9:30	CST CST	Central Australia
 #	 10:00	EST EST	Eastern Australia
 #	 10:00	ChST	Chamorro
 #	 10:30	LHST LHST Lord Howe*
 #	 11:30	NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
 #	 12:00	NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
 #	 12:45	CHAST CHADT Chatham*
 #	-11:00	SST	Samoa
 #	-10:00	HST	Hawaii
 #	- 8:00	PST	Pitcairn*
 #
 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Australia
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
 # 
 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
 #  summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
 # 
 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
 #  covers New South Wales in particular.
 
 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
 # It is called `summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
 # time'.
 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
 # or `Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
 #	CST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
 #	WST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
 #	EST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
 
 # From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
 # I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
 # 
 # And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
 # 
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
 # versus "AEST" etc.:
 #
 # I see the following points of dispute:
 #
 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
 #
 #   Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
 #   Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
 #   operation of software.  We have other instances of ambiguity
 #   (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
 #   Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
 #   In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
 #   abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
 #   think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
 #
 #   On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
 #   abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion.  This is
 #   particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
 #   time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
 #
 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
 #
 #   Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
 #   many other countries.  We Americans are currently disagreeing about
 #   which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
 #   Time, for example.
 #
 #   Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
 #   refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
 #   tiebreaker.
 #
 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
 #   Summer Time"?  Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
 #   the word "Australian"?
 #
 #   My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
 #   common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
 #   popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
 #   often than not.  I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
 #   following count of page hits:
 #
 #     1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
 #       971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
 #       613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
 #       127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
 #
 #   Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
 #   particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
 #   say.  The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
 #   Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
 #
 #   For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
 #   ambiguity.  Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
 #   many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones.  But here
 #   are the hit counts anyway:
 #
 #     161,304 "EST" and domain:au
 #      25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
 #      18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
 #      10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
 #
 #      14,538 "CST" and domain:au
 #       5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
 #         176 "ACST" and domain:au
 #          29 "ACDT" and domain:au
 #
 #       7,539 "WST" and domain:au
 #          68 "AWST" and domain:au
 #
 #   This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
 #   practice.  The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
 #   the ambiguities involved.
 #
 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
 #
 #   If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
 #   against.  One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
 #   saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
 #   understood in Australia.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
 #
 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
 # relevant entries in this database.
 #
 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
 # 
 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
 # 
 # ACT
 # 
 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
 # 
 # SA
 # 
 # Standard Time Act, 1898
 # 
 
 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
 # to extend DST together in 2006.
 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
 # allude to it.
 # But not Queensland
 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
 
 # Northern Territory
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY..  [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
 # #					[ Nov 1990 ]
 # #	N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
 # ...
 # Zone        Australia/North         9:30    -       CST
 
 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
 
 # Western Australia
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #  The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA..  [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
 # #						[ Nov 1990 ]
 # #	W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
 # #	DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
 # #	usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
 # #	before reaching parliament.
 # ...
 # Zone	Australia/West		8:00	AW	%sST
 # ...
 # Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
 # Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
 
 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
 
 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
 # work at 9.00am.)
 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
 # everybody again.
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
 # it matches what was used in the past.
 
 # 
 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
 #  (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
 
 # Queensland
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
 # #						[ Dec 1990 ]
 # ...
 # Zone	Australia/Queensland	10:00	AQ	%sST
 # ...
 # Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	E
 # Rule	AQ	1989	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	AQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E
 
 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
 # October 1989).
 
 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
 
 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
 # end on Sunday, 3 March.  I don't know at what hour, though.  (It surprised
 # me.)
 
 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
 # ...
 # Rule	QLD	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	QLD	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
 # ...
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
 
 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
 # from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
 # 
 
 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
 # southern coast....  South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
 # Australia does not.  The two states are one and a half hours apart.  The
 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
 # Australia and Western Australia....
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
 # .
 #
 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
 # coast of the continent.
 #
 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
 # the largest population centre in this zone....
 #
 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
 #
 # (2006-12-09):
 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
 # of this time zone.  My hunch is that it's been around since well
 # before 1975.  I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
 
 
 # southeast Australia
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
 
 
 # South Australia
 
 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #   The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
 # #						[ Nov 1990 ]
 # ...
 # Zone	Australia/South		9:30	AS	%sST
 # ...
 # Rule	 AS	1971	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	 AS	1972	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
 # Rule	 AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	3:00	0	C
 # Rule	 AS	1991	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
 
 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
 # contained the following exchange:  "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
 
 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
 # numbered year (from 1990).  That's when the Adelaide Festival
 # is on...
 
 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
 
 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
 
 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
 
 # Tasmania
 
 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #  The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
 # #					[ Nov 1990 ]
 
 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
 # (but nothing new about that).
 
 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
 
 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
 
 # Victoria
 
 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # #   The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
 # #						[ Nov 1990 ]
 
 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
 # interesting story about daylight savings time.  Dr. John Heilbron was
 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
 # in Melbourne, Australia.
 #
 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
 # fallen WWI soldiers.  And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
 # expected time.
 #
 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?).  Perhaps
 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
 #
 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
 
 # New South Wales
 
 # From Arthur David Olson:
 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
 # who notes:
 #	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
 #	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
 #	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
 #	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
 #	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
 #	I have researched New South Wales time only...
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
 # October in 2000.  [See: Matthew Moore,
 # 
 # Two months more daylight saving
 # 
 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
 # See the following official NSW source:
 # 
 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
 # 
 #
 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
 # daylight saving next year.  See:
 # 
 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
 #  (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
 #
 # Victoria will following NSW.  See:
 # 
 # Vic to extend daylight saving
 #  (1999-07-28).
 #
 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
 # 
 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
 #  (1999-07-19).
 #
 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
 # 
 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
 #  (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
 #
 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
 # 
 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
 #  (1999-07-21).
 
 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
 # towns to use Queensland time.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
 
 # Yancowinna
 
 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
 # #					[ Dec 1990 ]
 # ...
 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
 # # presently available.
 # Zone	Australia/Yancowinna	9:30	 AY	%sST
 # ...
 # Rule	 AY	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	 AY	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	C
 # [followed by other Rules]
 
 # Lord Howe Island
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # LHI...		[ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
 #					[ Dec 1990 ]
 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
 # hour ahead of NSW time.
 
 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27).  For your information the
 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
 # instead of only 30 minutes.  [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
 # arrangements.  The starting date for summer time on the Island will
 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
 
 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
 # Lonergan thereafter.  For times we use Lonergan.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
 # summer (southern hemisphere).
 #
 # From
 # 
 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
 # 
 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
 #
 # We have a wrap-up here:
 # 
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
 # 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # New Zealand
 
 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
 
 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
 # # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
 # #				   or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
 # #	[ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
 # #				[ Nov 1990 ]
 # ...
 # Rule	NZ      1974    1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	NZ	1989	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 # Rule	NZ      1975    1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
 # Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	S
 # ...
 # Zone	NZ			12:00	NZ		NZ%sT	# New Zealand
 # Zone	NZ-CHAT			12:45	-		NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
 # rather than the October 1 value.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
 #
 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
 
 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
 # first Sunday in April.  The changes take effect this year, meaning
 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 
 # Fiji
 
 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
 
 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28.  Each year the DST period will
 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.
 
 # From the BBC World Service in
 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
 # of the new millennium.
 
 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
 
 # Johnston
 
 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
 
 
 # Kiribati
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
 # ``declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
 
 
 # Kwajalein
 
 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
 # 1993-08-20.  Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
 
 
 # N Mariana Is, Guam
 
 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
 # see Asia/Manila.
 
 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time".  There is no official abbreviation,
 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
 
 
 # Micronesia
 
 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
 # 
 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
 #  (1999-01-26)
 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
 
 
 # Midway
 
 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
 #  (2002-12-31):
 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
 # Saving Time.  This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
 # your time down there in New Zealand.  Starting September 2, 1956
 # we'll again go back to Standard Time.  This'll mean that we'll go to
 # air at 6am your time.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
 # started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
 
 
 # Pitcairn
 
 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time.  The Proclamation is as follows.
 #
 #	The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
 #	Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
 #	as Pitcairn Standard Time.
 #
 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
 
 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
 # ... at midnight.
 
 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
 
 
 # Samoa
 
 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
 
 
 # Tonga
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
 
 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
 # 
 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
 # :
 
 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
 #
 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
 #
 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
 # minutes we have lost?"
 #
 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
 # to say your prayers in the morning."
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
 
 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
 # Government.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
 #
 # I was given this link by John Letts:
 # 
 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
 # 
 #
 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
 # According to 
 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
 # :
 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
 # third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
 # set back an hour on the closing date."
 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
 
 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
 
 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
 
 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am.  At 2:00am on the last Sunday
 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
 # hour to 1:00am.
 
 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.
 
 
 # Wake
 
 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
 #
 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ...  The time was all the
 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we
 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
 # impossible.
 #
 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # The International Date Line
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
 #
 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
 # convention, or treaty.  Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
 #
 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati.  Even that line
 # has a rather arbitrary nature.  The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC.  And, since the IDL is not
 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
 # correct date is ambiguous.
 
 # From Wikipedia  (2005-08-31):
 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon).  During 1917, at the
 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
 # on the high seas.  Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
 # nation it would use that nation's standard time.  The captain was permitted
 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
 # entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight.  These zones were
 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
 
 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
 # (2005-03-20):
 #
 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
 # 
 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
diff --git a/contrib/tzdata/europe b/contrib/tzdata/europe
index 553735e5cc22..f9a33921e85e 100644
--- a/contrib/tzdata/europe
+++ b/contrib/tzdata/europe
@@ -1,3043 +1,3047 @@
 # 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
 #
 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
 #
 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
 #
 # Other sources occasionally used include:
 #
 #	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 #	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
 #	which I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 #	
 #	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
 #	 (1914-03)
 #
 #	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
 #	.  He writes:
 #	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
 #	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
 #	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
 #
 #	Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
 #	
 #	History of Summer Time
 #	 (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
 
 #
 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
 # Corrections are welcome!
 #                   std dst  2dst
 #                   LMT           Local Mean Time
 #       -4:00       AST ADT       Atlantic
 #       -3:00       WGT WGST      Western Greenland*
 #       -1:00       EGT EGST      Eastern Greenland*
 #        0:00       GMT BST  BDST Greenwich, British Summer
 #        0:00       GMT IST       Greenwich, Irish Summer
 #        0:00       WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
 #        0:19:32.13 AMT NST       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
 #        0:20       NET NEST      Netherlands (1937-1940)*
 #        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
 #        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*
 #        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe
 #        3:00       MSK MSD       Moscow
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
 # ...
 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
 # ...
 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
 # in the Directive.
 
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
 #
 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
 # of the text said:
 #
 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
 #
 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
 #
 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
 #
 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
 # (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
 # railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
 # one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
 #
 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
 # subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
 
 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
 #	-- 
 #	"A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
 #	
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
 #
 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
 
 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
 # From: Jonathan Leffler
 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
 
 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
 
 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
 # which is to be introduced in May....
 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
 # so we use 'BDST'.
 
 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
 # and extending this list, which can be found in
 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
 # 
 # History of legal time in Britain
 # 
 # Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
 # exists, and the article can now be found at:
 # 
 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
 # 
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
 #
 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
 # 
 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
 # .
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 #
 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
 #
 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
 # are incorrect:
 #     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
 #	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
 #     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
 # It actually just had one transition.
 #     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
 #     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
 #
 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
 #     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
 #	to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
 #	conform with Great Britain.
 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
 #
 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
 # we'll ignore it for now.
 #     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
 #
 #
 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
 # Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
 # to London.  For example:
 #
 #   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
 #   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
 
 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie.  These include
 # various relating to legal time, for example:
 #
 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
 #
 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
 #
 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
 #
 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
 #
 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
 # .]
 #
 # (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
 #
 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
 # being GMT+1.)
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
 # Clive Feather (, 1997-03-31)
 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
 # Julian Hill (, 1998-09-30) reports that
 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
 # and Frethun run in CT.
 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
 
 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Summer Time Act, 1916
 Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
 Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
 Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
 Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
 Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
 Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
 Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
 Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
 Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
 Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
 Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
 Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	Sun>=23	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
 Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
 Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
 Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
 Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
 Rule	GB-Eire	1945	1946	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Oct	31	2:00s	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Oct	30	2:00s	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
 Rule	GB-Eire	1953	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST
 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
 #	(no summer time)
 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
 Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
 Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
 #
 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1 0:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
 			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey
 Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
 Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
 			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00
 			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25 2:00
 			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6 2:00
 			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16 2:00
 			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2 2:00
 			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18 2:00
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
 			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Europe
 
 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
 # Common Market, etc.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
 Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
 # 
 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
 # 
 
 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
 Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
 
 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
 Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	C-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
 #
 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
 # tz database itself, as seen below:
 #
 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
 #
 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
 #    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
 #
 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
 #    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
 #
 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
 #
 # The rule line to be changed is:
 #
 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
 #
 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
 # CET and MET:
 #
 # Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
 # Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
 #
 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
 #
 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
 #
 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
 Rule	C-Eur	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	C-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	C-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	C-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 
 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
 Rule	E-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	E-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	E-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST	# Moscow Summer Time
 Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT	# Moscow Mean Time
 Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST	# Moscow Double Summer Time
 Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
 Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
 Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
 Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
 Rule	Russia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 #
 Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	 23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1993	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
 #
 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
 # 
 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
 # 
 #
 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
 # 
 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
 # 
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
 # to be standard.
 
 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	WET		0:00	EU	WE%sT
 Zone	CET		1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT
 Zone	MET		1:00	C-Eur	ME%sT
 Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
 
 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
 # The official German names ... are
 #
 #	Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
 #	Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
 #
 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
 #
 #	Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
 #	Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
 #	Postfach 3345
 #	D-38023 Braunschweig
 #	phone: +49 531 592-0
 #
 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
 # department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
 #
 #	Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
 #	Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
 
 
 # Albania
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Apr	10	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
 			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
 			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1984 Jul
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Andorra
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
 			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
 			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31 2:00
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Austria
 
 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1946	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
 			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1 2:00s
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12 2:00s
 			1:00	-	CET	1946
 			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Belarus
 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
 #
 # Sources (Russian language):
 # 1.
 # 
 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
 # 
 # 2.
 # 
 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
 # 
 # 3.
 # 
 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
 # 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
 			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
 			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
 			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 0:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 0:00s
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			3:00	-	FET # Further-eastern European Time
 
 # Belgium
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
 #	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
 #	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
 #	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
 #	pp 8-9.
 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
 #	Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1922	1927	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
 Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1928	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
 			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00 # Brussels MT
 			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
 			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
 			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 20  2:00s
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep  3
 			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Bulgaria
 #
 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
 			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
 			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr 2 3:00
 			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
 			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  2:00
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Croatia
 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Cyprus
 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
 
 # Czech Republic
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17 2:00s
 			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
 
 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
 
 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
 #
 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
 #
 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
 #
 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00.  If this is true, this differs slightly from
 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00.  We don't know
 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
 # was suspended on that night):
 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
 
 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
 Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Aug	15	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
 			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
 			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
 			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
 			 0:00	-	WET	1981
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
 # rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
 # rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
 
 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
 #  (2001-03-15),
 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
 #
 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
 # is according to the following time line:
 #
 # The military zone near Thule	UTC-4
 # Standard Greenland time	UTC-3
 # Scoresbysund			UTC-1
 # Danmarkshavn			UTC
 #
 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
 # introduced.
 
 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
 #
 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
 # info from earlier correspondence.]
 #
 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
 #
 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
 # email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
 #
 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
 #
 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
 #
 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
 # maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time.  This area might be
 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
 
 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
 # there at 2:00 AM.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
 			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
 			-3:00	EU	WG%sT	1996
 			0:00	-	GMT
 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
 			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
 			-2:00	C-Eur	CG%sT	1981 Mar 29
 			-1:00	EU	EG%sT
 Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
 			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
 			-3:00	EU	WG%sT
 Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
 			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
 
 # Estonia
 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
 #
 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
 # human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
 # summer time next spring."
 
 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
 # 
 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
 # 
 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
 #
 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
 
 # From The Baltic Times (1999-09-09)
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
 # Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
 # for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
 # after that.
 
 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
 # the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
 
 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
 # Now we are using again EU rules.
 #
 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
 			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998 Sep 22
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Nov  1
 			2:00	-	EET	2002 Feb 21
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Finland
 
 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
 
 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
 #
 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
 # according to the central European standards.
 #
 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
 # Finnish) at
 #
 # 
 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
 # 
 #
 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
 #
 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
 #
 # 
 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
 # 
 #
 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
 # exist tonight."
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:52 -	LMT	1878 May 31
 			1:39:52	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
 			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Aaland Is
 Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
 
 
 # France
 
 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
 #
 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
 #
 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
 # Paris, 1991
 #
 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
 
 
 #
 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
 Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
 # Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
 			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01  # Paris MT
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
 			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Germany
 
 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
 
 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
 # 
 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
 # 
 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
 # 
 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Go with the PTB.
 Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	3:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
 
 Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24 2:00
 			1:00 SovietZone	CE%sT	1946
 			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
 # Busingen , surrounded by the Swiss canton
 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
 #
 # Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
 # Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
 
 Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
 
 # Georgia
 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
 # is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
 
 # Gibraltar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2 0:00s
 			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14 2:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1982
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Greece
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
 			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
 			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
 			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
 			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
 			# Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
 			# go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Hungary
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Sep	15	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
 			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  6  2:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Iceland
 #
 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
 #
 # (1993-12-05):
 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
 # Iceland Almanak.
 #
 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
 #
 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
 #
 # (1993-12-10):
 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
 #	the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
 #	(old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
 # might mean something else (???).
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Iceland	1917	1918	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1918	only	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Nov	29	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Nov	 3	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Mar	 2	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Nov	 2	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Oct	25	 1:00s	0	-
 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
 Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Iceland	1943	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
 Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
 Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
 			-1:27:48 -	RMT	1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
 			-1:00	Iceland	IS%sT	1968 Apr 7 1:00s
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Italy
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
 # so record only the time in Rome.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
 # F. Pollastri
 # 
 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
 # 
 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
 #
 # year	FP	Shanks&P. (S)	Whitman (W)	Go with:
 # 1916	06-03	06-03 24:00	06-03 00:00	FP & W
 #	09-30	09-30 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
 # 1917	04-01	03-31 24:00	03-31 00:00	FP & S
 #	09-30	09-29 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP & W
 # 1918	03-09	03-09 24:00	03-09 00:00	FP & S
 #	10-06	10-05 24:00	10-06 01:00	FP & W
 # 1919	03-01	03-01 24:00	03-01 00:00	FP & S
 #	10-04	10-04 24:00	10-04 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
 # 1920	03-20	03-20 24:00	03-20 00:00	FP & S
 #	09-18	09-18 24:00	10-01 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
 # 1944	04-02	04-03 02:00			S (see C-Eur)
 #	09-16	10-02 03:00			FP; guess 24:00s
 # 1945	09-14	09-16 24:00			FP; guess 24:00s
 # 1970	05-21	05-31 00:00			S
 #	09-20	09-27 00:00			S
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	10	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 2	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	21	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	19	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	15	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1966	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
 			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Nov  1 0:00s # Rome Mean
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
 Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 
 # Latvia
 
 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
 
 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
 #
 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
 #
 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
 #
 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
 #
 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
 
 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
 # 
 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79), in Latvian for subscribers only).
 
 # 
 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
 # 
 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
 # clocks one hour in the spring....
 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
 # appears that they will not do so....
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
 			1:36:24	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
 			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
 			1:36:24	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1 2:00
 			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1919 May 22 3:00
 			1:36:24	-	RMT	1926 May 11
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
 			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2000 Feb 29
 			2:00	-	EET	2001 Jan  2
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Liechtenstein
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
 
 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
 #    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
 #    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
 #    central European time was in force throughout the year.
 #    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
 #    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
 
 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
 
 
 # Lithuania
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
 
 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
 
 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
 # via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
 # already done by Estonia.
 
 # From the 
 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
 #  (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
 
 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
 
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
 			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917	    # Warsaw Mean Time
 			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
 			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
 			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
 			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
 			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29 1:00u
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31 1:00u
 			2:00	-	EET	2003 Jan  1
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Luxembourg
 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Sep	17	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Oct	24	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Oct	26	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1924	1928	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
 			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
 			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6 2:00s
 			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14 3:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18 3:00
 			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Macedonia
 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Malta
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2 0:00s # Valletta
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
 			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Moldova
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
 # But [two people] separately reported via
 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
 # to the Winter Time).
 #
 # News (in Russian):
 # 
 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
 # 
 #
 # 
 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
 # 
 #
 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
 #
 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
 #
 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
 #
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
 # News from Moldova (in russian):
 # 
 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
 # 
 
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
 			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
 			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
 			3:00	-	MSK	1990 May 6
 			2:00	-	EET	1991
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Monaco
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
 # more precise 0:09:21.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
 			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16 3:00
 			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Montenegro
 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Netherlands
 
 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
 
 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
 #
 # (2001-04-08):
 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
 #
 # (2001-04-09):
 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
 # actually followed.
 #
 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
 #
 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
 # Amsterdam mean time.
 
 # The data before 1945 are taken from
 # .
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
 Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
 Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	AMT
 Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	lastMon	2:00s	0	AMT
 Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1922	1936	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
 Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1925	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
 Rule	Neth	1926	1931	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1932	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1933	1936	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 #
 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
 			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
 			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
 			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Norway
 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
 # Pottenger.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1940 Aug 10 23:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
 # time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html).  The law/regulation
 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
 # since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
 #
 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
 # keeping Berlin time.
 #
 #  says that the meteorologists
 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
 # frequent air ttacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
 #
 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
 # ).  The Svalbard FAQ
 #  says that the Germans were
 # expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
 # 
 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
 #
 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
 # for these regions.
 Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
 
 # Poland
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
 # 
 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
 # He also gives these further references:
 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) 
 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) 
 Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
 			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16 3:00
 			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
 			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23 2:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
 			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1988
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Portugal
 #
 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
 #
 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1917	1921	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1931	1932	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1934	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
 Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
 Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
 # Willett says 1912-01-01.  Go with Willett.
 Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:32 -	LMT	1884
 			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  # Lisbon Mean Time
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00
 			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26 1:00
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
 			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31 1:00u
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884		# Ponta Delgada
 			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
 			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
 			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
 			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28 1:00u
 			-1:00	EU	AZO%sT
 Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884		# Funchal
 			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
 			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 
 # Romania
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
 # 
 # Nine O'clock (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
 # the same year as Bulgaria.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24	# Bucharest MT
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29 2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Russia
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
 # (Government document
 # 
 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
 # 
 # in Russian)
 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
 # 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
 # 
 
 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
 # 
 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
 # changed in September 2011:
 #
 # One source is
 # < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/>
 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
 # 
 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
 #
 # Another source is
 # 
 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
 # 
 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
 #
 # Another source is
 # 
 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
 # 
 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
 #
 # The Wikipedia article refers to
 # 
 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
 # 
 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
 #
 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
 # September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
 #
 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
 #
 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
 # are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
 #
 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
 #
 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
 #
 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
 #
 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
 # since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			 2:00	Poland	CE%sT	1946
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			 3:00	-	FET # Further-eastern European Time
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
 Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:20 -	LMT	1880
 			 2:30	-	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
 			 2:30:48 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
 			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			 4:00	-	MSK
 #
 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
 # Volgogradskaya oblast'.  Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300.  Perhaps it switched after the
 # others?  But we have no data.
 Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
 			 3:00	-	TSAT	1925 Apr  6 # Tsaritsyn Time
 			 3:00	-	STAT	1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
 			 4:00	-	STAT	1961 Nov 11
 			 4:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
 			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 4:00	-	VOLT	1992 Mar 29 2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			 4:00	-	VOLT
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
 Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1 2:00
 			 3:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21
 			 4:00	-	SAMT	1935 Jan 27
 			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
 			 3:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 2:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
 			 3:00	-	KUYT	1991 Oct 20 3:00
 			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
 			 3:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			 4:00	-	SAMT
 
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:24 -	LMT	1919 Jul 15 4:00
 			 4:00	-	SVET	1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
 			 5:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 4:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 5:00	Russia	YEK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			 6:00	-	YEKT	# Yekaterinburg Time
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
 Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:36 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
 			 5:00	-	OMST	1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
 			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 5:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			 7:00	-	OMST
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6:00
 			 6:00	-	NOVT	1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
 			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
 			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			 7:00	-	NOVT
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
 # March 28, 2010:
 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
 #
 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
 #
 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
 # 
 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
 # 
 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
 # 
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
 # 
 #
 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
 #
 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
 
 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	NMT	1920 Jan  6
 			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
 			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			 7:00	-	NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
 
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
 # Krasnoyarskij kraj,
 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:20 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
 			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
 			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			 8:00	-	KRAT
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
 Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:20 -	LMT	1880
 			 6:57:20 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
 			 7:00	-	IRKT	1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
 			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			 9:00	-	IRKT
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
 
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
 # ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
 # Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
 # YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
 
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
 # Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
 
 Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
 			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
 			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			 10:00	-	YAKT
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
 
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
 # The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
 Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:44 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
 			 9:00	-	VLAT	1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
 			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 9:00	Russia	VLA%sST	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			11:00	-	VLAT
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
 # in 2011.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
 #
 Zone Asia/Khandyga	 9:02:13 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
 			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
 			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2004
 			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			11:00	-	VLAT	2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
 			10:00	-	YAKT
 
 #
 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
 Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
 			 9:00	-	CJT	1938
 			 9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 25
 			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
 			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			11:00	-	SAKT
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
 
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
 # Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
 Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
 			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			12:00	-	MAGT
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
 # Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
 			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
 			 9:00	Russia	YAKT	1981 Apr  1
 			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			12:00	-	MAGT	2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
 			11:00	-	VLAT
 
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
 #
 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
 Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
 			11:00	-	PETT	1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
 			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			12:00	-	PETT
 #
 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
 Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			12:00	-	ANAT	1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
 			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1982 Apr  1 0:00s
 			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2010 Mar 28 2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2011 Mar 27 2:00s
 			12:00	-	ANAT
 
 # San Marino
 # See Europe/Rome.
 
 # Serbia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
 			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	-	CET	1945 May 8 2:00s
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
 			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica	# Montenegro
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo	# Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# Macedonia
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
 
 # Slovakia
 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
 
 # Slovenia
 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 
 # Spain
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Spain	1917	only	-	May	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1917	1919	-	Oct	 6	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1946	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Spain	1977	1978	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
 Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1  0:00s
 			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1946 Sep 30
 			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1901
 			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
 			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
 			 0:00	-	WET	1924
 			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
 			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
 			 1:00	-	CET	1986
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
 			-1:00	-	CANT	1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
 			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6 0:00s
 			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28 0:00s
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
 
 # Sweden
 
 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
 #
 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
 #
 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
 #
 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
 # 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
 #
 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
 #
 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
 # in Swedish):  (type
 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
 # the Sok-button).
 #
 # (2001-05-13):
 #
 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
 # hour before the event took place.
 #
 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1	# Swedish Time
 			1:00	-	CET	1916 May 14 23:00
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1 01:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Switzerland
 # From Howse:
 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 # Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
 # Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
 # Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 
 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
 #
 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
 #
 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
 # government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
 # federal law collection)...
 #
 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
 #
 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
 #
 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
 # other years are made.
 #
 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
 #
 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
 #
 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
 # Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
 #
 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
 #
 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
 # the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
 #
 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
 # The Federal regulations say
 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26'22.50".
 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
 
 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
 # the "Circulaire du conseil federal" (December 11 1893)
 #  ...
 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
 # hour before the beginning of service.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
 #
 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
 #
 #	Jakob Messerli. Gleichmassig, punktlich, schnell: Zeiteinteilung und
 #	Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
 #	ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
 #
 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
 # agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
 # "Bundesgesetz uber die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
 # (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
 			0:29:46	-	BMT	1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
 			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Turkey
 
 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
 # ... The latest rules are available at -
 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time.  I am not sure
 # what happened before that.  One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
 
 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
 #
 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
 # Turkish:
 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
 
 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
 # Turkish Local election....
 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-02-17):
 # Here is an English-language source:
 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/turkey/129016/turkey-switches-to-daylight-saving-time-march-31
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1947	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	19	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	May	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Nov	 4	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	5:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1975	1976	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1977	only	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1979	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1979	1982	-	Oct	Mon>=11	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1986	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1991	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1991	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1996	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
 			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
 			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Oct 15
 			3:00	Turkey	TR%sT	1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
 			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27 1:00u
 			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28 1:00u
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30 1:00u
 			2:00	-	EET	2014 Mar 31 1:00u
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 
 # Ukraine
 #
 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
 #
 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
 # approval from 266 deputies.
 #
 # Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
 #
 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
 #
 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
 #
 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
 # time this year after all.
 #
 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
 # to Russia) was reverted today:
 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
 #
 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
 # The law documents themselves are at
 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
 
 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
 #       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
 #       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
 #
 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
 # "summer time" was still in action):
 #       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
 #
 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
 #       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
 #
 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
 #       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
 # This is an answer.
 #
 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
 #       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
 #       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
 Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul  1 2:00
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 3:00
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	-	CET	1940
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
 			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
 			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31 3:00
 			2:00	-	EET	1992
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
 # portable Posix file names.
 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
 			2:20	-	CUT	1924 May  2 # Central Ukraine T
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
 Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 			2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
 			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1 2:00
 			2:00	-	EET	1992
 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
 # changed in May.
 			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
 			3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31 3:00s
 			3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27 3:00s
 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
 			3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
+# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
+# http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30 2:00
+			4:00	-	MSK
 
 # Vatican City
 # See Europe/Rome.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
 #
 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
 # uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
 
 # ...
 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
 # From: Tom Hofmann
 # ...
 #
 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST.  Before that year, only
 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
 # to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
 # years...
 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
 #
 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
 #
 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
 # ...
 
 # ...
 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
 # From: Dik T. Winter
 # ...
 #
 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
 # about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
 #
 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
 # the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
 # dates...
 #
 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
 # in advance of normal time.
 #
 # ...
 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
 # ...
 
 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 # ...
 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
 # Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
 # ...
 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
 # ...
diff --git a/contrib/tzdata/zone.tab b/contrib/tzdata/zone.tab
index ac4e5a70011a..1354794a088d 100644
--- a/contrib/tzdata/zone.tab
+++ b/contrib/tzdata/zone.tab
@@ -1,452 +1,453 @@
 # TZ zone descriptions
 #
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-14):
 #
 # This file contains a table where each row stands for an area that is
 # the intersection of a region identified by a country code and of a
 # zone where civil clocks have agreed since 1970.  The columns of the
 # table are as follows:
 #
 # 1.  ISO 3166 2-character country code.
 #     See the file '/usr/share/misc/iso3166.tab'.
 # 2.  Latitude and longitude of the area's principal location
 #     in ISO 6709 sign-degrees-minutes-seconds format,
 #     either +-DDMM+-DDDMM or +-DDMMSS+-DDDMMSS,
 #     first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east).
 # 3.  Zone name used in value of TZ environment variable.
 #     Please see the 'Theory' file for how zone names are chosen.
 #     If multiple zones overlap a country, each has a row in the
 #     table, with column 1 being duplicated.
 # 4.  Comments; present if and only if the country has multiple rows.
 #
 # Columns are separated by a single tab.
 # The table is sorted first by country, then an order within the country that
 # (1) makes some geographical sense, and
 # (2) puts the most populous areas first, where that does not contradict (1).
 #
 # Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
 #
 # This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
 # zone data appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended
 # to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
 #
 #country-
 #code	coordinates	TZ			comments
 AD	+4230+00131	Europe/Andorra
 AE	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai
 AF	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul
 AG	+1703-06148	America/Antigua
 AI	+1812-06304	America/Anguilla
 AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
 AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
 AO	-0848+01314	Africa/Luanda
 AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	McMurdo, South Pole, Scott (New Zealand time)
 AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera Station, Adelaide Island
 AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer Station, Anvers Island
 AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson Station, Holme Bay
 AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis Station, Vestfold Hills
 AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey Station, Bailey Peninsula
 AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok Station, Lake Vostok
 AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville Station, Terre Adelie
 AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa Station, E Ongul I
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll Station, Queen Maud Land
 AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
 AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	most locations (CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
 AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	(SA, LP, NQ, RN)
 AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
 AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucuman (TM)
 AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
 AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
 AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
 AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
 AR	-3319-06621	America/Argentina/San_Luis	San Luis (SL)
 AR	-5138-06913	America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos	Santa Cruz (SC)
 AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
 AS	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago
 AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
 AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
 AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
 AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania - most locations
 AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania - King Island
 AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
 AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales - most locations
 AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales - Yancowinna
 AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland - most locations
 AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland - Holiday Islands
 AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
 AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
 AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia - most locations
 AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia - Eucla area
 AW	+1230-06958	America/Aruba
 AX	+6006+01957	Europe/Mariehamn
 AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
 BA	+4352+01825	Europe/Sarajevo
 BB	+1306-05937	America/Barbados
 BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka
 BE	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
 BF	+1222-00131	Africa/Ouagadougou
 BG	+4241+02319	Europe/Sofia
 BH	+2623+05035	Asia/Bahrain
 BI	-0323+02922	Africa/Bujumbura
 BJ	+0629+00237	Africa/Porto-Novo
 BL	+1753-06251	America/St_Barthelemy
 BM	+3217-06446	Atlantic/Bermuda
 BN	+0456+11455	Asia/Brunei
 BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
 BQ	+120903-0681636	America/Kralendijk
 BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
 BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Amapa, E Para
 BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	NE Brazil (MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
 BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
 BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
 BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
 BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
 BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	S & SE Brazil (GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
 BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
 BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
 BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	W Para
 BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	Rondonia
 BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
 BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	E Amazonas
 BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	W Amazonas
 BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
 BS	+2505-07721	America/Nassau
 BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
 BW	-2439+02555	Africa/Gaborone
 BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
 BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
 CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland Time, including SE Labrador
 CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia (most places), PEI
 CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic Time - Nova Scotia - places that did not observe DST 1966-1971
 CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic Time - New Brunswick
 CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic Time - Labrador - most locations
 CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	Atlantic Standard Time - Quebec - Lower North Shore
 CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - most locations
 CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern Time - Ontario & Quebec - places that did not observe DST 1967-1973
 CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern Time - Thunder Bay, Ontario
 CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern Time - east Nunavut - most locations
 CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern Time - Pangnirtung, Nunavut
 CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central Standard Time - Resolute, Nunavut
 CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	Eastern Standard Time - Atikokan, Ontario and Southampton I, Nunavut
 CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central Time - central Nunavut
 CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central Time - Manitoba & west Ontario
 CA	+4843-09434	America/Rainy_River	Central Time - Rainy River & Fort Frances, Ontario
 CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	Central Standard Time - Saskatchewan - most locations
 CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	Central Standard Time - Saskatchewan - midwest
 CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain Time - Alberta, east British Columbia & west Saskatchewan
 CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain Time - west Nunavut
 CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain Time - central Northwest Territories
 CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain Time - west Northwest Territories
 CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	Mountain Standard Time - Creston, British Columbia
 CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	Mountain Standard Time - Dawson Creek & Fort Saint John, British Columbia
 CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific Time - west British Columbia
 CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific Time - south Yukon
 CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific Time - north Yukon
 CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
 CD	-0418+01518	Africa/Kinshasa	west Dem. Rep. of Congo
 CD	-1140+02728	Africa/Lubumbashi	east Dem. Rep. of Congo
 CF	+0422+01835	Africa/Bangui
 CG	-0416+01517	Africa/Brazzaville
 CH	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich
 CI	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
 CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
 CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most locations
 CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island & Sala y Gomez
 CM	+0403+00942	Africa/Douala
 CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	east China - Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai, etc.
 CN	+4545+12641	Asia/Harbin	Heilongjiang (except Mohe), Jilin
 CN	+2934+10635	Asia/Chongqing	central China - Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Guizhou, etc.
 CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	most of Tibet & Xinjiang
 CN	+3929+07559	Asia/Kashgar	west Tibet & Xinjiang
 CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
 CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
 CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
 CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
 CW	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
 CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
 CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia
 CZ	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
 DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	most locations
 DE	+4742+00841	Europe/Busingen	Busingen
 DJ	+1136+04309	Africa/Djibouti
 DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
 DM	+1518-06124	America/Dominica
 DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
 DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
 EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	mainland
 EC	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galapagos Islands
 EE	+5925+02445	Europe/Tallinn
 EG	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo
 EH	+2709-01312	Africa/El_Aaiun
 ER	+1520+03853	Africa/Asmara
 ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	mainland
 ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta & Melilla
 ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
 ET	+0902+03842	Africa/Addis_Ababa
 FI	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
 FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
 FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
 FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk (Truk) and Yap
 FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei (Ponape)
 FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
 FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
 FR	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
 GA	+0023+00927	Africa/Libreville
 GB	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
 GD	+1203-06145	America/Grenada
 GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
 GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
 GG	+4927-00232	Europe/Guernsey
 GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
 GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
 GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	most locations
 GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	east coast, north of Scoresbysund
 GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund / Ittoqqortoormiit
 GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule / Pituffik
 GM	+1328-01639	Africa/Banjul
 GN	+0931-01343	Africa/Conakry
 GP	+1614-06132	America/Guadeloupe
 GQ	+0345+00847	Africa/Malabo
 GR	+3758+02343	Europe/Athens
 GS	-5416-03632	Atlantic/South_Georgia
 GT	+1438-09031	America/Guatemala
 GU	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam
 GW	+1151-01535	Africa/Bissau
 GY	+0648-05810	America/Guyana
 HK	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong
 HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
 HR	+4548+01558	Europe/Zagreb
 HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
 HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
 ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java & Sumatra
 ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	west & central Borneo
 ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	east & south Borneo, Sulawesi (Celebes), Bali, Nusa Tengarra, west Timor
 ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	west New Guinea (Irian Jaya) & Malukus (Moluccas)
 IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
 IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
 IM	+5409-00428	Europe/Isle_of_Man
 IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
 IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
 IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
 IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
 IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
 IT	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
 JE	+4912-00207	Europe/Jersey
 JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
 JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
 JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
 KE	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
 KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
 KH	+1133+10455	Asia/Phnom_Penh
 KI	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilbert Islands
 KI	-0308-17105	Pacific/Enderbury	Phoenix Islands
 KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
 KM	-1141+04316	Indian/Comoro
 KN	+1718-06243	America/St_Kitts
 KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
 KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
 KW	+2920+04759	Asia/Kuwait
 KY	+1918-08123	America/Cayman
 KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	most locations
 KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda (Kyzylorda, Kzyl-Orda)
 KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtobe (Aktobe)
 KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Atyrau (Atirau, Gur'yev), Mangghystau (Mankistau)
 KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
 LA	+1758+10236	Asia/Vientiane
 LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
 LC	+1401-06100	America/St_Lucia
 LI	+4709+00931	Europe/Vaduz
 LK	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo
 LR	+0618-01047	Africa/Monrovia
 LS	-2928+02730	Africa/Maseru
 LT	+5441+02519	Europe/Vilnius
 LU	+4936+00609	Europe/Luxembourg
 LV	+5657+02406	Europe/Riga
 LY	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli
 MA	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca
 MC	+4342+00723	Europe/Monaco
 MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
 ME	+4226+01916	Europe/Podgorica
 MF	+1804-06305	America/Marigot
 MG	-1855+04731	Indian/Antananarivo
 MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	most locations
 MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
 MK	+4159+02126	Europe/Skopje
 ML	+1239-00800	Africa/Bamako
 MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Rangoon
 MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	most locations
 MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Olgiy, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
 MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sukhbaatar
 MO	+2214+11335	Asia/Macau
 MP	+1512+14545	Pacific/Saipan
 MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
 MR	+1806-01557	Africa/Nouakchott
 MS	+1643-06213	America/Montserrat
 MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
 MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
 MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
 MW	-1547+03500	Africa/Blantyre
 MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time - most locations
 MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Central Time - Quintana Roo
 MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Central Time - Campeche, Yucatan
 MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Mexican Central Time - Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas away from US border
 MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	US Central Time - Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas near US border
 MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - S Baja, Nayarit, Sinaloa
 MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mexican Mountain Time - Chihuahua away from US border
 MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	US Mountain Time - Chihuahua near US border
 MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Mountain Standard Time - Sonora
 MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	US Pacific Time - Baja California near US border
 MX	+3018-11452	America/Santa_Isabel	Mexican Pacific Time - Baja California away from US border
 MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Mexican Central Time - Bahia de Banderas
 MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	peninsular Malaysia
 MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah & Sarawak
 MZ	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo
 NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
 NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
 NE	+1331+00207	Africa/Niamey
 NF	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk
 NG	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos
 NI	+1209-08617	America/Managua
 NL	+5222+00454	Europe/Amsterdam
 NO	+5955+01045	Europe/Oslo
 NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
 NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
 NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
 NZ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	most locations
 NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
 OM	+2336+05835	Asia/Muscat
 PA	+0858-07932	America/Panama
 PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
 PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
 PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
 PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
 PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby
 PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
 PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
 PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
 PM	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon
 PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
 PR	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico
 PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
 PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
 PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	mainland
 PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
 PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
 PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
 PY	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion
 QA	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
 RE	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion
 RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
 RS	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
 RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	Moscow-01 - Kaliningrad
 RU	+5545+03735	Europe/Moscow	Moscow+00 - west Russia
 RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	Moscow+00 - Caspian Sea
 RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	Moscow+00 - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	Moscow+00 - Crimea
 RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	Moscow+02 - Urals
 RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	Moscow+03 - west Siberia
 RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	Moscow+03 - Novosibirsk
 RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	Moscow+03 - Novokuznetsk
 RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	Moscow+04 - Yenisei River
 RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	Moscow+05 - Lake Baikal
 RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	Moscow+06 - Lena River
 RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	Moscow+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
 RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	Moscow+07 - Amur River
 RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	Moscow+07 - Sakhalin Island
 RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	Moscow+07 - Oymyakonsky
 RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	Moscow+08 - Magadan
 RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	Moscow+08 - Kamchatka
 RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	Moscow+08 - Bering Sea
 RW	-0157+03004	Africa/Kigali
 SA	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
 SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
 SC	-0440+05528	Indian/Mahe
 SD	+1536+03232	Africa/Khartoum
 SE	+5920+01803	Europe/Stockholm
 SG	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore
 SH	-1555-00542	Atlantic/St_Helena
 SI	+4603+01431	Europe/Ljubljana
 SJ	+7800+01600	Arctic/Longyearbyen
 SK	+4809+01707	Europe/Bratislava
 SL	+0830-01315	Africa/Freetown
 SM	+4355+01228	Europe/San_Marino
 SN	+1440-01726	Africa/Dakar
 SO	+0204+04522	Africa/Mogadishu
 SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
 SS	+0451+03136	Africa/Juba
 ST	+0020+00644	Africa/Sao_Tome
 SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
 SX	+180305-0630250	America/Lower_Princes
 SY	+3330+03618	Asia/Damascus
 SZ	-2618+03106	Africa/Mbabane
 TC	+2128-07108	America/Grand_Turk
 TD	+1207+01503	Africa/Ndjamena
 TF	-492110+0701303	Indian/Kerguelen
 TG	+0608+00113	Africa/Lome
 TH	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok
 TJ	+3835+06848	Asia/Dushanbe
 TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
 TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
 TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
 TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
 TO	-2110-17510	Pacific/Tongatapu
 TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
 TT	+1039-06131	America/Port_of_Spain
 TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
 TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
 TZ	-0648+03917	Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
 UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	most locations
 UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Ruthenia
 UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye, E Lugansk / Zaporizhia, E Luhansk
-UA	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	central Crimea
 UG	+0019+03225	Africa/Kampala
 UM	+1645-16931	Pacific/Johnston	Johnston Atoll
 UM	+2813-17722	Pacific/Midway	Midway Islands
 UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
 US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern Time
 US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern Time - Michigan - most locations
 US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern Time - Kentucky - Louisville area
 US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern Time - Kentucky - Wayne County
 US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern Time - Indiana - most locations
 US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern Time - Indiana - Daviess, Dubois, Knox & Martin Counties
 US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern Time - Indiana - Pulaski County
 US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern Time - Indiana - Crawford County
 US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern Time - Indiana - Pike County
 US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern Time - Indiana - Switzerland County
 US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central Time
 US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central Time - Indiana - Perry County
 US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central Time - Indiana - Starke County
 US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central Time - Michigan - Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron & Menominee Counties
 US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central Time - North Dakota - Oliver County
 US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central Time - North Dakota - Morton County (except Mandan area)
 US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central Time - North Dakota - Mercer County
 US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain Time
 US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain Time - south Idaho & east Oregon
 US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	Mountain Standard Time - Arizona (except Navajo)
 US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific Time
 US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska Time
 US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle
 US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska Time - southeast Alaska panhandle
 US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska Time - Alaska panhandle neck
 US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska Time - west Alaska
 US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
 US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Metlakatla Time - Annette Island
 US	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
 UY	-3453-05611	America/Montevideo
 UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	west Uzbekistan
 UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	east Uzbekistan
 VA	+415408+0122711	Europe/Vatican
 VC	+1309-06114	America/St_Vincent
 VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
 VG	+1827-06437	America/Tortola
 VI	+1821-06456	America/St_Thomas
 VN	+1045+10640	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh
 VU	-1740+16825	Pacific/Efate
 WF	-1318-17610	Pacific/Wallis
 WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
 YE	+1245+04512	Asia/Aden
 YT	-1247+04514	Indian/Mayotte
 ZA	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg
 ZM	-1525+02817	Africa/Lusaka
 ZW	-1750+03103	Africa/Harare