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 .\"     @(#)intro.3	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
-.\"
-.Dd November 7, 2022
+.Dd November 16, 2023
 .Dt INTRO 3
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm intro
 .Nd introduction to the C libraries
 .Sh SYNOPSIS
 .Nm cc
 .Op Ar flags
 .Ar
 .Op Fl llibrary
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 This section provides an overview of the C
 library functions, their error returns and other
 common definitions and concepts.
 Most of these functions are available from the C library,
 .Em libc .
 Other libraries, such as the math library,
 .Em libm ,
 must be indicated at compile time with the
 .Fl l
 option of the compiler.
 .Pp
 The various libraries (followed by the loader flag):
 .Bl -tag -width "libbluetooth"
 .It Em libbluetooth
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar bluetooth
 The bluetooth library.
 See
 .Xr bluetooth 3 .
 .It Em libc
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar c
 Standard C library functions.
 When using the C compiler
 .Xr cc 1 ,
 it is not necessary
 to supply the loader flag
 .Fl l Ns Ar c
 for these functions.
 There are several `libraries' or groups of functions included inside of
 .Em libc :
 .Bl -tag -width "XXXXXX"
 .It standard I/O routines
 see
 .Xr stdio 3
 .It database routines
 see
 .Xr db 3
 .It bit operators
 see
 .Xr bitstring 3
 .It string operators
 see
 .Xr string 3
 .It character tests and character operators
 .It storage allocation
 see
 .Xr mpool 3
 .It regular-expressions
 see
 .Xr regex 3
 .It remote procedure calls (RPC)
 see
 .Xr rpc 3
 .It time functions
 see
 .Xr time 3
 .It signal handling
 see
 .Xr signal 3
 .El
 .It Em libcalendar
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar calendar
 The calendar arithmetic library.
 See
 .Xr calendar 3 .
 .It Em libcam
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar cam
 The common access method user library.
 See
 .Xr cam 3 .
 .It Em libcrypt
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar crypt
 The crypt library.
 See
 .Xr crypt 3 .
 .It Em libcurses
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar curses Fl l Ns Ar termcap
 Terminal independent screen management routines
 for two dimensional non-bitmap display terminals.
 See
 .Xr ncurses 3 .
 .It Em libcuse
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar cuse
 The userland character device library.
 See
 .Xr cuse 3 .
 .It Em libcompat
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar compat
 Functions which are obsolete but are available for compatibility with
 .Bx 4.3 .
 In particular,
 a number of system call interfaces provided in previous releases of
 .Bx
 have been included for source code compatibility.
 Use of these routines should, for the most part, be avoided.
 The manual page entry for each compatibility routine
 indicates the proper interface to use.
 .It Em libdevinfo
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar devinfo
 The Device and Resource Information Utility library.
 See
 .Xr devinfo 3 .
 .It Em libdevstat
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar devstat
 The Device Statistics library.
 See
 .Xr devstat 3 .
 .It Em libdwarf
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar dwarf
 The DWARF access library.
 See
 .Xr dwarf 3 .
 .It Em libelf
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar elf
 The ELF access library.
 See
 .Xr elf 3 .
 .It Em libfetch
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar fetch
 The file transfer library.
 See
 .Xr fetch 3 .
 .It Em libfigpar
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar figpar
 The configuration file parsing library.
 See
 .Xr figpar 3 .
 .It Em libgpio
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar gpio
 The general-purpose input output library (GPIO).
 See
 .Xr gpio 3 .
 .It Em libgssapi
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar gssapi
 The generic security service application programming
 interface.
 See
 .Xr gssapi 3 .
 .It Em libjail
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar jail
 The jail library.
 See
 .Xr jail 3 .
 .It Em libkvm
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar kvm
 Functions used to access kernel memory are in this library.
 They can be used
 against both a running system and a crash dump.
 See
 .Xr kvm 3 .
 .It Em libl
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar l
 The library for
 .Xr lex 1 .
 .It Em libm
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar m
 The math library.
 See
 .Xr math 3 .
 .It Em libmd
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar md
 The message digest library.
 See
 .Xr md4 3 ,
 .Xr md5 3 ,
 .Xr sha 3 ,
 .Xr sha256 3 ,
 .Xr sha512 3 ,
 .Xr ripemd 3 ,
 .Xr skein 3 .
 .It Em libmp
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar mp
 .It Em libpam
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar pam
 The pluggable authentication module library.
 See
 .Xr pam 3 .
 .It Em libpcap
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar pcap
 The packet capture library.
 See
 .Xr pcap 3 .
 .It Em libpmc
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar pmc
 The performance counters library.
 See
 .Xr pmc 3 .
 .It Em libpthread
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar pthread
 The POSIX threads library.
 See
 .Xr pthread 3 .
 .It Em libstdthreads
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar stdthreads
 The ISO C11 standard
 .In threads.h
 library.
 See
 .Xr thrd_create 3 .
 .It Em libsysdecode
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar sysdecode
 The system argument decoding library.
 See
 .Xr sysdecode 3 .
 .It Em libtermcap
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar termcap
 The terminal independent operation library package.
 See
 .Xr termcap 3 .
 .It Em libusb
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar usb
 The USB access library.
 See
 .Xr usb 3 .
 .It Em libvgl
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar vgl
 The video graphics library.
 See
 .Xr vgl 3 .
 .It Em liby
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar y
 The library for
 .Xr yacc 1 .
 .It Em libz
 .Pq Fl l Ns Ar z
 The general-purpose data compression library.
 See
 .Xr zlib 3 .
 .El
 .Sh FILES
 .Bl -tag -width /usr/lib/libm_p.a -compact
 .It Pa /usr/lib/libc.a
 the C library
 .It Pa /usr/lib/libc_p.a
 the C library compiled for profiling
 .It Pa /usr/lib/libm.a
 the math library
 .It Pa /usr/lib/libm_p.a
 the math library compiled for profiling
 .El
+.Sh LIBRARY TYPES
+The system libraries are located in
+.Pa /lib
+and
+.Pa /usr/lib .
+A library has the following naming convention:
+.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
+libc.so.7
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Libraries with an
+.Sq .a
+suffix are static.
+When a program is linked against a static library, all necessary library code
+will be included in the binary.
+This means the binary can be run even when the libraries are unavailable.
+However, it can be inefficient with both disk space and memory usage
+during execution.
+The C compiler,
+.Xr cc 1 ,
+can be instructed to link statically by specifying the
+.Fl static
+flag.
+.Pp
+Libraries with a
+.Sq .so.X
+suffix are dynamic libraries.
+When code is linked dynamically, the library code that the application needs
+is not included in the binary.
+Instead, data structures are added containing information about which dynamic
+libraries to link with.
+When the binary is executed, the run-time linker
+.Xr ld.so 1
+reads these data structures and loads them into the
+process virtual address space.
+.Xr rtld 1
+loads the shared libraries when the program is executed.
+.Pp
+.Sq X
+represents the library version number of the library.
+In the example above, a binary linked with
+.Pa libc.so.8
+would not be usable on a system where only
+.Pa libc.so.7
+is available.
+.Pp
+The advantages of dynamic libraries are that multiple instances of the same
+library can share address space, and the physical size of the binary is
+smaller.
+A namespace per shared library is available via hidden visibility,
+allowing multiple compilation units in a library to share things without
+making them available to other libraries.
+It is possible to load libraries dynamically via
+.Xr dlopen 3 .
+The disadvantage is the added complexity that comes with loading the
+libraries dynamically, and the extra time taken to load the libraries.
+Of course, if the libraries are not available, the binary will be unable
+to execute.
+Calls across shared libraries are also slightly slower and cannot be
+inlined, not even with link time optimization.
+The C compiler,
+.Xr cc 1 ,
+can be instructed to link dynamically by specifying the
+.Fl shared
+flag.
+.Pp
+Shared libraries, as well as static libraries on architectures which produce
+position-independent executables
+.Pq PIEs
+by default, contain position-independent code
+.Pq PIC .
+Normally, compilers produce relocatable code.
+Relocatable code needs to be modified at run-time, depending on where in
+memory it is to be run.
+The C compiler,
+.Xr cc 1 ,
+can be instructed to generate PIC code by specifying the
+.Fl fPIC
+flag.
+.Pp
+Static libraries are generated using the
+.Xr ar 1
+utility.
+The libraries contain an index to the contents of the library,
+stored within the library itself.
+The index lists each symbol defined by a member of a library that is a
+relocatable object file.
+This speeds up linking to the library, and allows routines in the library
+to call each other regardless of their placement within the library.
 .Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr ar 1 ,
 .Xr cc 1 ,
 .Xr ld 1 ,
 .Xr nm 1 ,
 .Xr intro 2 ,
 .Xr math 3 ,
-.Xr stdio 3
+.Xr stdio 3 ,
+.Xr make.conf 5 ,
+.Xr src.conf 5
 .Sh HISTORY
 An
 .Nm
 manual appeared in
 .At v7 .