diff --git a/contrib/tzdata/NEWS b/contrib/tzdata/NEWS index 19470cc41c3d..a60847beae81 100644 --- a/contrib/tzdata/NEWS +++ b/contrib/tzdata/NEWS @@ -1,5182 +1,5190 @@ News for the tz database +Release 2021a - 2021-01-24 10:54:57 -0800 + + Changes to future timestamps + + South Sudan changes from +03 to +02 on 2021-02-01 at 00:00. + (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) + + Release 2020f - 2020-12-29 00:17:46 -0800 Change to build procedure 'make rearguard_tarballs' no longer generates a bad rearguard.zi, fixing a 2020e bug. (Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.) Release 2020e - 2020-12-22 15:14:34 -0800 Briefly: Volgograd switches to Moscow time on 2020-12-27 at 02:00. Changes to future timestamps Volgograd changes time zone from +04 to +03 on 2020-12-27 at 02:00. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev and Stepan Golosunov.) Changes to past timestamps Correct many pre-1986 transitions, fixing entries originally derived from Shanks. The fixes include: - Australia: several 1917 through 1971 transitions - Bahamas: several 1941 through 1945 transitions - Bermuda: several 1917 through 1956 transitions - Belize: several 1942 through 1968 transitions - Ghana: several 1915 through 1956 transitions - Israel and Palestine: several 1940 through 1985 transitions - Kenya and adjacent: several 1908 through 1960 transitions - Nigeria and adjacent: correcting LMT in Lagos, and several 1905 through 1919 transitions - Seychelles: the introduction of standard time in 1907, not 1906 - Vanuatu: DST in 1973-1974, and a corrected 1984 transition (Thanks to P Chan.) Because of the Australia change, Australia/Currie (King Island) is no longer needed, as it is identical to Australia/Hobart for all timestamps since 1970 and was therefore created by mistake. Australia/Currie has been moved to the 'backward' file and its corrected data moved to the 'backzone' file. Changes to past time zone abbreviations and DST flags To better match legislation in Turks and Caicos, the 2015 shift to year-round observance of -04 is now modeled as AST throughout before returning to Eastern Time with US DST in 2018, rather than as maintaining EDT until 2015-11-01. (Thanks to P Chan.) Changes to documentation The zic man page now documents zic's coalescing of transitions when a zone falls back just before DST springs forward. Release 2020d - 2020-10-21 11:24:13 -0700 Briefly: Palestine ends DST earlier than predicted, on 2020-10-24. Changes to past and future timestamps Palestine ends DST on 2020-10-24 at 01:00, instead of 2020-10-31 as previously predicted (thanks to Sharef Mustafa.) Its 2019-10-26 fall-back was at 00:00, not 01:00 (thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Its 2015-10-23 transition was at 01:00 not 00:00, and its spring 2020 transition was on March 28 at 00:00, not March 27 (thanks to Pierre Cashon.) This affects Asia/Gaza and Asia/Hebron. Assume future spring and fall transitions will be on the Saturday preceding the last Sunday of March and October, respectively. Release 2020c - 2020-10-16 11:15:53 -0700 Briefly: Fiji starts DST later than usual, on 2020-12-20. Changes to future timestamps Fiji will start DST on 2020-12-20, instead of 2020-11-08 as previously predicted. DST will still end on 2021-01-17. (Thanks to Raymond Kumar and Alan Mintz.) Assume for now that the later-than-usual start date is a one-time departure from the recent pattern. Changes to build procedure Rearguard tarballs now contain an empty file pacificnew. Some older downstream software expects this file to exist. (Problem reported by Mike Cullinan.) Release 2020b - 2020-10-06 18:35:04 -0700 Briefly: Revised predictions for Morocco's changes starting in 2023. Canada's Yukon changes to -07 on 2020-11-01, not 2020-03-08. Macquarie Island has stayed in sync with Tasmania since 2011. Casey, Antarctica is at +08 in winter and +11 in summer. zic no longer supports -y, nor the TYPE field of Rules. Changes to future timestamps Morocco's spring-forward after Ramadan is now predicted to occur no sooner than two days after Ramadan, instead of one day. (Thanks to Milamber.) The first altered prediction is for 2023, now predicted to spring-forward on April 30 instead of April 23. Changes to past and future timestamps Casey Station, Antarctica has been using +08 in winter and +11 in summer since 2018. The most recent transition from +08 to +11 was 2020-10-04 00:01. Also, Macquarie Island has been staying in sync with Tasmania since 2011. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes to past and future time zone abbreviations and DST flags Canada's Yukon, represented by America/Whitehorse and America/Dawson, changes its time zone rules from -08/-07 to permanent -07 on 2020-11-01, not on 2020-03-08 as 2020a had it. This change affects only the time zone abbreviation (MST vs PDT) and daylight saving flag for the period between the two dates. (Thanks to Andrew G. Smith.) Changes to past timestamps Correct several transitions for Hungary for 1918/1983. For example, the 1983-09-25 fall-back was at 01:00, not 03:00. (Thanks to Géza Nyáry.) Also, the 1890 transition to standard time was on 11-01, not 10-01 (thanks to Michael Deckers). The 1891 French transition was on March 16, not March 15. The 1911-03-11 French transition was at midnight, not a minute later. Monaco's transitions were on 1892-06-01 and 1911-03-29, not 1891-03-15 and 1911-03-11. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Changes to code Support for zic's long-obsolete '-y YEARISTYPE' option has been removed and, with it, so has support for the TYPE field in Rule lines, which is now reserved for compatibility with earlier zic. These features were previously deprecated in release 2015f. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) zic now defaults to '-b slim' instead of to '-b fat'. zic's new '-l -' and '-p -' options uninstall any existing localtime and posixrules files, respectively. The undocumented and ineffective tzsetwall function has been removed. Changes to build procedure The Makefile now defaults POSIXRULES to '-', so the posixrules feature (obsolete as of 2019b) is no longer installed by default. Changes to documentation and commentary The long-obsolete files pacificnew, systemv, and yearistype.sh have been removed from the distribution. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Release 2020a - 2020-04-23 16:03:47 -0700 Briefly: Morocco springs forward on 2020-05-31, not 2020-05-24. Canada's Yukon advanced to -07 year-round on 2020-03-08. America/Nuuk renamed from America/Godthab. zic now supports expiration dates for leap second lists. Changes to future timestamps Morocco's second spring-forward transition in 2020 will be May 31, not May 24 as predicted earlier. (Thanks to Semlali Naoufal.) Adjust future-year predictions to use the first Sunday after the day after Ramadan, not the first Sunday after Ramadan. Canada's Yukon, represented by America/Whitehorse and America/Dawson, advanced to -07 year-round, beginning with its spring-forward transition on 2020-03-08, and will not fall back on 2020-11-01. Although a government press release calls this "permanent Pacific Daylight Saving Time", we prefer MST for consistency with nearby Dawson Creek, Creston, and Fort Nelson. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Changes to past timestamps Shanghai observed DST in 1919. (Thanks to Phake Nick.) Changes to timezone identifiers To reflect current usage in English better, America/Godthab has been renamed to America/Nuuk. A backwards-compatibility link remains for the old name. Changes to code localtime.c no longer mishandles timestamps after the last transition in a TZif file with leap seconds and with daylight saving time transitions projected into the indefinite future. For example, with TZ='America/Los_Angeles' with leap seconds, zdump formerly reported a DST transition on 2038-03-14 from 01:59:32.999... to 02:59:33 instead of the correct transition from 01:59:59.999... to 03:00:00. zic -L now supports an Expires line in the leapseconds file, and truncates the TZif output accordingly. This propagates leap second expiration information into the TZif file, and avoids the abovementioned localtime.c bug as well as similar bugs present in many client implementations. If no Expires line is present, zic -L instead truncates the TZif output based on the #expires comment present in leapseconds files distributed by tzdb 2018f and later; however, this usage is obsolescent. For now, the distributed leapseconds file has an Expires line that is commented out, so that the file can be fed to older versions of zic which ignore the commented-out line. Future tzdb distributions are planned to contain a leapseconds file with an Expires line. The configuration macros HAVE_TZNAME and USG_COMPAT should now be set to 1 if the system library supports the feature, and 2 if not. As before, these macros are nonzero if tzcode should support the feature, zero otherwise. The configuration macro ALTZONE now has the same values with the same meaning as HAVE_TZNAME and USG_COMPAT. The code's defense against CRLF in leap-seconds.list is now portable to POSIX awk. (Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.) Although the undocumented tzsetwall function is not changed in this release, it is now deprecated in preparation for removal in future releases. Due to POSIX requirements, tzsetwall has not worked for some time. Any code that uses it should instead use tzalloc(NULL) or, if portability trumps thread-safety, should unset the TZ environment variable. Changes to commentary The Îles-de-la-Madeleine and the Listuguj reserve are noted as following America/Halifax, and comments about Yukon's "south" and "north" have been corrected to say "east" and "west". (Thanks to Jeffery Nichols.) Release 2019c - 2019-09-11 08:59:48 -0700 Briefly: Fiji observes DST from 2019-11-10 to 2020-01-12. Norfolk Island starts observing Australian-style DST. Changes to future timestamps Fiji's next DST transitions will be 2019-11-10 and 2020-01-12 instead of 2019-11-03 and 2020-01-19. (Thanks to Raymond Kumar.) Adjust future guesses accordingly. Norfolk Island will observe Australian-style DST starting in spring 2019. The first transition is on 2019-10-06. (Thanks to Kyle Czech and Michael Deckers.) Changes to past timestamps Many corrections to time in Turkey from 1940 through 1985. (Thanks to Oya Vulaş via Alois Treindl, and to Kıvanç Yazan.) The Norfolk Island 1975-03-02 transition was at 02:00 standard time, not 02:00 DST. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) South Korea observed DST from 1948 through 1951. Although this info was supposed to appear in release 2014j, a typo inadvertently suppressed the change. (Thanks to Alois Treindl.) Detroit observed DST in 1967 and 1968 following the US DST rules, except that its 1967 DST began on June 14 at 00:01. (Thanks to Alois Treindl for pointing out that the old data entries were probably wrong.) Fix several errors in pre-1970 transitions in Perry County, IN. (Thanks to Alois Triendl for pointing out the 1967/9 errors.) Edmonton did not observe DST in 1967 or 1969. In 1946 Vancouver ended DST on 09-29 not 10-13, and Vienna ended DST on 10-07 not 10-06. In 1945 Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) switched from +01/+02 to +02/+03 on 04-10 not 01-01, and its +02/+03 is abbreviated EET/EEST, not CET/CEST. (Thanks to Alois Triendl.) In 1946 Königsberg switched to +03 on 04-07 not 01-01. In 1946 Louisville switched from CST to CDT on 04-28 at 00:01, not 01-01 at 00:00. (Thanks to Alois Treindl and Michael Deckers.) Also, it switched from CST to CDT on 1950-04-30, not 1947-04-27. The 1892-05-01 transition in Brussels was at 00:17:30, not at noon. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Changes to past time zone abbreviations and DST flags Hong Kong Winter Time, observed from 1941-10-01 to 1941-12-25, is now flagged as DST and is abbreviated HKWT not HKT. Changes to code leapseconds.awk now relies only on its input data, rather than also relying on its comments. (Inspired by code from Dennis Ferguson and Chris Woodbury.) The code now defends against CRLFs in leap-seconds.list. (Thanks to Brian Inglis and Chris Woodbury.) Changes to documentation and commentary theory.html discusses leap seconds. (Thanks to Steve Summit.) Nashville's newspapers dueled about the time of day in the 1950s. (Thanks to John Seigenthaler.) Liechtenstein observed Swiss DST in 1941/2. (Thanks to Alois Treindl.) Release 2019b - 2019-07-01 00:09:53 -0700 Briefly: Brazil no longer observes DST. 'zic -b slim' outputs smaller TZif files; please try it out. Palestine's 2019 spring-forward transition was on 03-29, not 03-30. Changes to future timestamps Brazil has canceled DST and will stay on standard time indefinitely. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen, Marcus Diniz, and Daniel Soares de Oliveira.) Predictions for Morocco now go through 2087 instead of 2037, to work around a problem on newlib when using TZif files output by zic 2019a or earlier. (Problem reported by David Gauchard.) Changes to past and future timestamps Palestine's 2019 spring transition was 03-29 at 00:00, not 03-30 at 01:00. (Thanks to Sharef Mustafa and Even Scharning.) Guess future transitions to be March's last Friday at 00:00. Changes to past timestamps Hong Kong's 1941-06-15 spring-forward transition was at 03:00, not 03:30. Its 1945 transition from JST to HKT was on 11-18 at 02:00, not 09-15 at 00:00. In 1946 its spring-forward transition was on 04-21 at 00:00, not the previous day at 03:30. From 1946 through 1952 its fall-back transitions occurred at 04:30, not at 03:30. In 1947 its fall-back transition was on 11-30, not 12-30. (Thanks to P Chan.) Changes to past time zone abbreviations Italy's 1866 transition to Rome Mean Time was on December 12, not September 22. This affects only the time zone abbreviation for Europe/Rome between those dates. (Thanks to Stephen Trainor and Luigi Rosa.) Changes affecting metadata only Add info about the Crimea situation in zone1970.tab and zone.tab. (Problem reported by Serhii Demediuk.) Changes to code zic's new -b option supports a way to control data bloat and to test for year-2038 bugs in software that reads TZif files. 'zic -b fat' and 'zic -b slim' generate larger and smaller output; for example, changing from fat to slim shrinks the Europe/London file from 3648 to 1599 bytes, saving about 56%. Fat and slim files represent the same set of timestamps and use the same TZif format as documented in tzfile(5) and in Internet RFC 8536. Fat format attempts to work around bugs or incompatibilities in older software, notably software that mishandles 64-bit TZif data or uses obsolete TZ strings like "EET-2EEST" that lack DST rules. Slim format is more efficient and does not work around 64-bit bugs or obsolete TZ strings. Currently zic defaults to fat format unless you compile with -DZIC_BLOAT_DEFAULT=\"slim\"; this out-of-the-box default is intended to change in future releases as the buggy software often mishandles timestamps anyway. zic no longer treats a set of rules ending in 2037 specially. Previously, zic assumed that such a ruleset meant that future timestamps could not be predicted, and therefore omitted a POSIX-like TZ string in the TZif output. The old behavior is no longer needed for current tzdata, and caused problems with newlib when used with older tzdata (reported by David Gauchard). zic no longer generates some artifact transitions. For example, Europe/London no longer has a no-op transition in January 1996. Changes to build procedure tzdata.zi now assumes zic 2017c or later. This shrinks tzdata.zi by a percent or so. Changes to documentation and commentary The Makefile now documents the POSIXRULES macro as being obsolete, and similarly, zic's -p POSIXRULES option is now documented as being obsolete. Although the POSIXRULES feature still exists and works as before, in practice it is rarely used for its intended purpose, and it does not work either in the default reference implementation (for timestamps after 2037) or in common implementations such as GNU/Linux (for contemporary timestamps). Since POSIXRULES was designed primarily as a temporary transition facility for System V platforms that died off decades ago, it is being decommissioned rather than institutionalized. New info on Bonin Islands and Marcus (thanks to Wakaba and Phake Nick). Release 2019a - 2019-03-25 22:01:33 -0700 Briefly: Palestine "springs forward" on 2019-03-30 instead of 2019-03-23. Metlakatla "fell back" to rejoin Alaska Time on 2019-01-20 at 02:00. Changes to past and future timestamps Palestine will not start DST until 2019-03-30, instead of 2019-03-23 as previously predicted. Adjust our prediction by guessing that spring transitions will be between 24 and 30 March, which matches recent practice since 2016. (Thanks to Even Scharning and Tim Parenti.) Metlakatla ended its observance of Pacific standard time, rejoining Alaska Time, on 2019-01-20 at 02:00. (Thanks to Ryan Stanley and Tim Parenti.) Changes to past timestamps Israel observed DST in 1980 (08-02/09-13) and 1984 (05-05/08-25). (Thanks to Alois Treindl and Isaac Starkman.) Changes to time zone abbreviations Etc/UCT is now a backward-compatibility link to Etc/UTC, instead of being a separate zone that generates the abbreviation "UCT", which nowadays is typically a typo. (Problem reported by Isiah Meadows.) Changes to code zic now has an -r option to limit the time range of output data. For example, 'zic -r @1000000000' limits the output data to timestamps starting 1000000000 seconds after the Epoch. This helps shrink output size and can be useful for applications not needing the full timestamp history, such as TZDIST truncation; see Internet RFC 8536 section 5.1. (Inspired by a feature request from Christopher Wong, helped along by bug reports from Wong and from Tim Parenti.) Changes to documentation Mention Internet RFC 8536 (February 2019), which documents TZif. tz-link.html now cites tzdata-meta . Release 2018i - 2018-12-30 11:05:43 -0800 Briefly: São Tomé and Príncipe switches from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01. Changes to future timestamps Due to a change in government, São Tomé and Príncipe switches back from +01 to +00 on 2019-01-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Vadim Nasardinov and Michael Deckers.) Release 2018h - 2018-12-23 17:59:32 -0800 Briefly: Qyzylorda, Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21. New zone Asia/Qostanay because Qostanay, Kazakhstan didn't move. Metlakatla, Alaska observes PST this winter only. Guess Morocco will continue to adjust clocks around Ramadan. Add predictions for Iran from 2038 through 2090. Changes to future timestamps Guess that Morocco will continue to fall back just before and spring forward just after Ramadan, the practice since 2012. (Thanks to Maamar Abdelkader.) This means Morocco will observe negative DST during Ramadan in main and vanguard formats, and in rearguard format it stays in the +00 timezone and observes ordinary DST in all months other than Ramadan. As before, extend this guesswork to the year 2037. As a consequence, Morocco is scheduled to observe three DST transitions in some Gregorian years (e.g., 2033) due to the mismatch between the Gregorian and Islamic calendars. The table of exact transitions for Iranian DST has been extended. It formerly cut off before the year 2038 in a nod to 32-bit time_t. It now cuts off before 2091 as there is doubt about how the Persian calendar will treat 2091. This change predicts DST transitions in 2038-9, 2042-3, and 2046-7 to occur one day later than previously predicted. As before, post-cutoff transitions are approximated. Changes to past and future timestamps Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda) oblast in Kazakhstan moved from +06 to +05 on 2018-12-21. This is a zone split as Qostanay (aka Kostanay) did not switch, so create a zone Asia/Qostanay. Metlakatla moved from Alaska to Pacific standard time on 2018-11-04. It did not change clocks that day and remains on -08 this winter. (Thanks to Ryan Stanley.) It will revert to the usual Alaska rules next spring, so this change affects only timestamps from 2018-11-04 through 2019-03-10. Change to past timestamps Kwajalein's 1993-08-20 transition from -12 to +12 was at 24:00, not 00:00. I transcribed the time incorrectly from Shanks. (Thanks to Phake Nick.) Nauru's 1979 transition was on 02-10 at 02:00, not 05-01 at 00:00. (Thanks to Phake Nick.) Guam observed DST irregularly from 1959 through 1977. (Thanks to Phake Nick.) Hong Kong observed DST in 1941 starting 06-15 (not 04-01), then on 10-01 changed standard time to +08:30 (not +08). Its transition back to +08 after WWII was on 1945-09-15, not the previous day. Its 1904-10-30 change took effect at 01:00 +08 (not 00:00 LMT). (Thanks to Phake Nick, Steve Allen, and Joseph Myers.) Also, its 1952 fallback was on 11-02 (not 10-25). This release contains many changes to timestamps before 1946 due to Japanese possession or occupation of Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Kwajalein, Pacific/Majuro, Pacific/Nauru, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei. (Thanks to Phake Nick.) Assume that the Spanish East Indies was like the Philippines and observed American time until the end of 1844. This affects Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Kosrae, Pacific/Palau, and Pacific/Pohnpei. Changes to past tm_isdst flags For the recent Morocco change, the tm_isdst flag should be 1 from 2018-10-27 00:00 to 2018-10-28 03:00. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Give a URL to the official decree. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Release 2018g - 2018-10-26 22:22:45 -0700 Briefly: Morocco switches to permanent +01 on 2018-10-28. Changes to future timestamps Morocco switches from +00/+01 to permanent +01 effective 2018-10-28, so its clocks will not fall back as previously scheduled. (Thanks to Mohamed Essedik Najd and Brian Inglis.) Changes to code When generating TZif files with leap seconds, zic no longer uses a format that trips up older 32-bit clients, fixing a bug introduced in 2018f. (Reported by Daniel Fischer.) Also, the zic workaround for QTBUG-53071 now also works for TZif files with leap seconds. The translator to rearguard format now rewrites the line "Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S" to "Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sun>=9 1:00 0 S". This caters to zic before 2007 and to Oracle TZUpdater 2.2.0 and earlier. (Reported by Christos Zoulas.) Changes to past time zone abbreviations Change HDT to HWT/HPT for WWII-era abbreviations in Hawaii. This reverts to 2011h, as the abbreviation change in 2011i was likely inadvertent. Changes to documentation tzfile.5 has new sections on interoperability issues. Release 2018f - 2018-10-18 00:14:18 -0700 Briefly: Volgograd moves from +03 to +04 on 2018-10-28. Fiji ends DST 2019-01-13, not 2019-01-20. Most of Chile changes DST dates, effective 2019-04-06. Changes to future timestamps Volgograd moves from +03 to +04 on 2018-10-28 at 02:00. (Thanks to Alexander Fetisov and Stepan Golosunov.) Fiji ends DST 2019-01-13 instead of the 2019-01-20 previously predicted. (Thanks to Raymond Kumar.) Adjust future predictions accordingly. Most of Chile will end DST on the first Saturday in April at 24:00 mainland time, and resume DST on the first Saturday in September at 24:00 mainland time. The changes are effective from 2019-04-06, and do not affect the Magallanes region modeled by America/Punta_Arenas. (Thanks to Juan Correa and Tim Parenti.) Adjust future predictions accordingly. Changes to past timestamps The 2018-05-05 North Korea 30-minute time zone change took place at 23:30 the previous day, not at 00:00 that day. China's 1988 spring-forward transition was on April 17, not April 10. Its DST transitions in 1986/91 were at 02:00, not 00:00. (Thanks to P Chan.) Fix several issues for Macau before 1992. Macau's pre-1904 LMT was off by 10 s. Macau switched to +08 in 1904 not 1912, and temporarily switched to +09/+10 during World War II. Macau observed DST in 1942/79, not 1961/80, and there were several errors for transition times and dates. (Thanks to P Chan.) The 1948-1951 fallback transitions in Japan were at 25:00 on September's second Saturday, not at 24:00. (Thanks to Phake Nick.) zic turns this into 01:00 on the day after September's second Saturday, which is the best that POSIX or C platforms can do. Incorporate 1940-1949 Asia/Shanghai DST transitions from a 2014 paper by Li Yu, replacing more-questionable data from Shanks. Changes to time zone abbreviations Use "PST" and "PDT" for Philippine time. (Thanks to Paul Goyette.) Changes to code zic now always generates TZif files where time type 0 is used for timestamps before the first transition. This simplifies the reading of TZif files and should not affect behavior of existing TZif readers because the same set of time types is used; only their internal indexes may have changed. This affects only the legacy zones EST5EDT, CST6CDT, MST7MDT, PST8PDT, CET, MET, and EET, which previously used nonzero types for these timestamps. Because of the type 0 change, zic no longer outputs a dummy transition at time -2**59 (before the Big Bang), as clients should no longer need this to handle historical timestamps correctly. This reverts a change introduced in 2013d and shrinks most TZif files by a few bytes. zic now supports negative time-of-day in Rule and Leap lines, e.g., "Rule X min max - Apr lastSun -6:00 1:00 -" means the transition occurs at 18:00 on the Saturday before the last Sunday in April. This behavior was documented in 2018a but the code did not entirely match the documentation. localtime.c no longer requires at least one time type in TZif files that lack transitions or have a POSIX-style TZ string. This future-proofs the code against possible future extensions to the format that would allow TZif files with POSIX-style TZ strings and without transitions or time types. A read-access subscript error in localtime.c has been fixed. It could occur only in TZif files with timecnt == 0, something that does not happen in practice now but could happen in future versions. localtime.c no longer ignores TZif POSIX-style TZ strings that specify only standard time. Instead, these TZ strings now override the default time type for timestamps after the last transition (or for all timestamps if there are no transitions), just as DST strings specifying DST have always done. leapseconds.awk now outputs "#updated" and "#expires" comments, and supports leap seconds at the ends of months other than June and December. (Inspired by suggestions from Chris Woodbury.) Changes to documentation New restrictions: A Rule name must start with a character that is neither an ASCII digit nor "-" nor "+", and an unquoted name should not use characters in the set "!$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~". The latter restriction makes room for future extensions (a possibility noted by Tom Lane). tzfile.5 now documents what time types apply before the first and after the last transition, if any. Documentation now uses the spelling "timezone" for a TZ setting that determines timestamp history, and "time zone" for a geographic region currently sharing the same standard time. The name "TZif" is now used for the tz binary data format. tz-link.htm now mentions the A0 TimeZone Migration utilities. (Thanks to Aldrin Martoq for the link.) Changes to build procedure New 'make' target 'rearguard_tarballs' to build the rearguard tarball only. This is a convenience on platforms that lack lzip if you want to build the rearguard tarball. (Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.) tzdata.zi is now more stable from release to release. (Problem noted by Tom Lane.) It is also a bit shorter. tzdata.zi now can contain comment lines documenting configuration information, such as which data format was selected, which input files were used, and how leap seconds are treated. (Problems noted by Lester Caine and Brian Inglis.) If the Makefile defaults are used these comment lines are absent, for backward compatibility. A redistributor intending to alter its copy of the files should also append "-LABEL" to the 'version' file's first line, where "LABEL" identifies the redistributor's change. Release 2018e - 2018-05-01 23:42:51 -0700 Briefly: North Korea switches back to +09 on 2018-05-05. The main format uses negative DST again, for Ireland etc. 'make tarballs' now also builds a rearguard tarball. New 's' and 'd' suffixes in SAVE columns of Rule and Zone lines. Changes to past and future timestamps North Korea switches back from +0830 to +09 on 2018-05-05. (Thanks to Kang Seonghoon, Arthur David Olson, Seo Sanghyeon, and Tim Parenti.) Bring back the negative-DST changes of 2018a, except be more compatible with data parsers that do not support negative DST. Also, this now affects historical timestamps in Namibia and the former Czechoslovakia, not just Ireland. The main format now uses negative DST to model timestamps in Europe/Dublin (from 1971 on), Europe/Prague (1946/7), and Africa/Windhoek (1994/2017). This does not affect UT offsets, only time zone abbreviations and the tm_isdst flag. Also, this does not affect rearguard or vanguard formats; effectively the main format now uses vanguard instead of rearguard format. Data parsers that do not support negative DST can still use data from the rearguard tarball described below. Changes to build procedure The command 'make tarballs' now also builds the tarball tzdataVERSION-rearguard.tar.gz, which is like tzdataVERSION.tar.gz except that it uses rearguard format intended for trailing-edge data parsers. Changes to data format and to code The SAVE column of Rule and Zone lines can now have an 's' or 'd' suffix, which specifies whether the adjusted time is standard time or daylight saving time. If no suffix is given, daylight saving time is used if and only if the SAVE column is nonzero; this is the longstanding behavior. Although this new feature is not used in tzdata, it could be used to specify the legal time in Namibia 1994-2017, as opposed to the popular time (see below). Changes to past timestamps From 1994 through 2017 Namibia observed DST in winter, not summer. That is, it used negative DST, as Ireland still does. This change does not affect UTC offsets; it affects only the tm_isdst flag and the abbreviation used during summer, which is now CAT, not WAST. Although (as noted by Michael Deckers) summer and winter time were both simply called "standard time" in Namibian law, in common practice winter time was considered to be DST (as noted by Stephen Colebourne). The full effect of this change is only in vanguard and main format; in rearguard format, the tm_isdst flag is still zero in winter and nonzero in summer. In 1946/7 Czechoslovakia also observed negative DST in winter. The full effect of this change is only in vanguard and main formats; in rearguard format, it is modeled as plain GMT without daylight saving. Also, the dates of some 1944/5 DST transitions in Czechoslovakia have been changed. Release 2018d - 2018-03-22 07:05:46 -0700 Briefly: Palestine starts DST a week earlier in 2018. Add support for vanguard and rearguard data consumers. Add subsecond precision to source data format, though not to data. Changes to future timestamps In 2018, Palestine starts DST on March 24, not March 31. Adjust future predictions accordingly. (Thanks to Sharef Mustafa.) Changes to past and future timestamps Casey Station in Antarctica changed from +11 to +08 on 2018-03-11 at 04:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes to past timestamps Historical transitions for Uruguay, represented by America/Montevideo, have been updated per official legal documents, replacing previous data mainly originating from the inventions of Shanks & Pottenger. This has resulted in adjustments ranging from 30 to 90 minutes in either direction over at least two dozen distinct periods ranging from one day to several years in length. A mere handful of pre-1991 transitions are unaffected; data since then has come from more reliable contemporaneous reporting. These changes affect various timestamps in 1920-1923, 1936, 1939, 1942-1943, 1959, 1966-1970, 1972, 1974-1980, and 1988-1990. Additionally, Uruguay's pre-standard-time UT offset has been adjusted westward by 7 seconds, from UT-03:44:44 to UT-03:44:51, to match the location of the Observatory of the National Meteorological Institute in Montevideo. (Thanks to Jeremie Bonjour, Tim Parenti, and Michael Deckers.) Enderbury and Kiritimati skipped New Year's Eve 1994, not New Year's Day 1995. (Thanks to Kerry Shetline.) Fix the 1912-01-01 transition for Portugal and its colonies. This transition was at 00:00 according to the new UT offset, not according to the old one. Also assume that Cape Verde switched on the same date as the rest, not in 1907. This affects Africa/Bissau, Africa/Sao_Tome, Asia/Macau, Atlantic/Azores, Atlantic/Cape_Verde, Atlantic/Madeira, and Europe/Lisbon. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Fix an off-by-1 error for pre-1913 timestamps in Jamaica and in Turks & Caicos. Changes to past time zone abbreviations MMT took effect in Uruguay from 1908-06-10, not 1898-06-28. There is no clock change associated with the transition. Changes to build procedure The new DATAFORM macro in the Makefile lets the installer choose among three source data formats. The idea is to lessen downstream disruption when data formats are improved. * DATAFORM=vanguard installs from the latest, bleeding-edge format. DATAFORM=main (the default) installs from the format used in the 'africa' etc. files. DATAFORM=rearguard installs from a trailing-edge format. Eventually, elements of today's vanguard format should move to the main format, and similarly the main format's features should eventually move to the rearguard format. * In the current version, the main and rearguard formats are identical and match that of 2018c, so this change does not affect default behavior. The vanguard format currently contains one feature not in the main format: negative SAVE values. This improves support for Ireland, which uses Irish Standard Time (IST, UTC+01) in summer and GMT (UTC) in winter. tzcode has supported negative SAVE values for decades, and this feature should move to the main format soon. However, it will not move to the rearguard format for quite some time because some downstream parsers do not support it. * The build procedure constructs three files vanguard.zi, main.zi, and rearguard.zi, one for each format. Although the files represent essentially the same data, they may have minor discrepancies that users are not likely to notice. The files are intended for downstream data consumers and are not installed. Zoneinfo parsers that do not support negative SAVE values should start using rearguard.zi, so that they will be unaffected when the negative-DST feature moves from vanguard to main. Bleeding-edge Zoneinfo parsers that support the new features already can use vanguard.zi; in this respect, current tzcode is bleeding-edge. The Makefile should now be safe for parallelized builds, and 'make -j to2050new.tzs' is now much faster on a multiprocessor host with GNU Make. When built with -DSUPPRESS_TZDIR, the tzcode library no longer prepends TZDIR/ to file names that do not begin with '/'. This is not recommended for general use, due to its security implications. (From a suggestion by Manuela Friedrich.) Changes to code zic now accepts subsecond precision in expressions like 00:19:32.13, which is approximately the legal time of the Netherlands from 1835 to 1937. However, because it is questionable whether the few recorded uses of non-integer offsets had subsecond precision in practice, there are no plans for tzdata to use this feature. (Thanks to Steve Allen for pointing out the limitations of historical data in this area.) The code is a bit more portable to MS-Windows. Installers can compile with -DRESERVE_STD_EXT_IDS on MS-Windows platforms that reserve identifiers like 'localtime'. (Thanks to Manuela Friedrich.) Changes to documentation and commentary theory.html now outlines tzdb's extensions to POSIX's model for civil time, and has a section "POSIX features no longer needed" that lists POSIX API components that are now vestigial. (From suggestions by Steve Summit.) It also better distinguishes time zones from tz regions. (From a suggestion by Guy Harris.) Commentary is now more consistent about using the phrase "daylight saving time", to match the C name tm_isdst. Daylight saving time need not occur in summer, and need not have a positive offset from standard time. Commentary about historical transitions in Uruguay has been expanded with links to many relevant legal documents. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Commentary now uses some non-ASCII characters with Unicode value less than U+0100, as they can be useful and should work even with older editors such as XEmacs. Release 2018c - 2018-01-22 23:00:44 -0800 Briefly: Revert Irish changes that relied on negative SAVE values. Changes to tm_isdst Revert the 2018a change to Europe/Dublin. As before, this change does not affect UT offsets or abbreviations; it affects only whether timestamps are considered to be standard time or daylight-saving time, as expressed in the tm_isdst flag of C's struct tm type. This reversion is intended to be a temporary workaround for problems discovered with downstream uses of releases 2018a and 2018b, which implemented Irish time by using negative SAVE values in the Eire rules of the 'europe' file. Although negative SAVE values have been part of tzcode for many years and are supported by many platforms, they were not documented before 2018a and ICU and OpenJDK do not currently support them. A mechanism to export data to platforms lacking support for negative DST is planned to be developed before the change is reapplied. (Problems reported by Deborah Goldsmith and Stephen Colebourne.) Changes to past timestamps Japanese DST transitions (1948-1951) were Sundays at 00:00, not Saturdays or Sundays at 02:00. (Thanks to Takayuki Nikai.) Changes to build procedure The build procedure now works around mawk 1.3.3's lack of support for character class expressions. (Problem reported by Ohyama.) Release 2018b - 2018-01-17 23:24:48 -0800 Briefly: Fix a packaging problem in tz2018a, which was missing 'pacificnew'. Changes to build procedure The distribution now contains the file 'pacificnew' again. This file was inadvertantly omitted in the 2018a distribution. (Problem reported by Matias Fonzo.) Release 2018a - 2018-01-12 22:29:21 -0800 Briefly: São Tomé and Príncipe switched from +00 to +01. Brazil's DST will now start on November's first Sunday. Ireland's standard time is now in the summer, not the winter. Use Debian-style installation locations, instead of 4.3BSD-style. New zic option -t. Changes to past and future timestamps São Tomé and Príncipe switched from +00 to +01 on 2018-01-01 at 01:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Michael Deckers.) Changes to future timestamps Starting in 2018 southern Brazil will begin DST on November's first Sunday instead of October's third Sunday. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes to past timestamps A discrepancy of 4 s in timestamps before 1931 in South Sudan has been corrected. The 'backzone' and 'zone.tab' files did not agree with the 'africa' and 'zone1970.tab' files. (Problem reported by Michael Deckers.) The abbreviation invented for Bolivia Summer Time (1931-2) is now BST instead of BOST, to be more consistent with the convention used for Latvian Summer Time (1918-9) and for British Summer Time. Changes to tm_isdst Change Europe/Dublin so that it observes Irish Standard Time (UT +01) in summer and GMT (as negative daylight-saving) in winter, instead of observing standard time (GMT) in winter and Irish Summer Time (UT +01) in summer. This change does not affect UT offsets or abbreviations; it affects only whether timestamps are considered to be standard time or daylight-saving time, as expressed in the tm_isdst flag of C's struct tm type. (Discrepancy noted by Derick Rethans.) Changes to build procedure The default installation locations have been changed to mostly match Debian circa 2017, instead of being designed as an add-on to 4.3BSD circa 1986. This affects the Makefile macros TOPDIR, TZDIR, MANDIR, and LIBDIR. New Makefile macros TZDEFAULT, USRDIR, USRSHAREDIR, BINDIR, ZDUMPDIR, and ZICDIR let installers tailor locations more precisely. (This responds to suggestions from Brian Inglis and from Steve Summit.) The default installation procedure no longer creates the backward-compatibility link US/Pacific-New, which causes confusion during user setup (e.g., see Debian bug 815200). Use 'make BACKWARD="backward pacificnew"' to create the link anyway, for now. Eventually we plan to remove the link entirely. tzdata.zi now contains a version-number comment. (Suggested by Tom Lane.) The Makefile now quotes values like BACKWARD more carefully when passing them to the shell. (Problem reported by Zefram.) Builders no longer need to specify -DHAVE_SNPRINTF on platforms that have snprintf and use pre-C99 compilers. (Problem reported by Jon Skeet.) Changes to code zic has a new option -t FILE that specifies the location of the file that determines local time when TZ is unset. The default for this location can be configured via the new TZDEFAULT makefile macro, which defaults to /etc/localtime. Diagnostics and commentary now distinguish UT from UTC more carefully; see theory.html for more information about UT vs UTC. zic has been ported to GCC 8's -Wstringop-truncation option. (Problem reported by Martin Sebor.) Changes to documentation and commentary The zic man page now documents the longstanding behavior that times and years can be out of the usual range, with negative times counting backwards from midnight and with year 0 preceding year 1. (Problem reported by Michael Deckers.) The theory.html file now mentions the POSIX limit of six chars per abbreviation, and lists alphabetic abbreviations used. The files tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm have been renamed to tz-art.html and tz-link.html, respectively, for consistency with other file names and to simplify web server configuration. Release 2017c - 2017-10-20 14:49:34 -0700 Briefly: Northern Cyprus switches from +03 to +02/+03 on 2017-10-29. Fiji ends DST 2018-01-14, not 2018-01-21. Namibia switches from +01/+02 to +02 on 2018-04-01. Sudan switches from +03 to +02 on 2017-11-01. Tonga likely switches from +13/+14 to +13 on 2017-11-05. Turks & Caicos switches from -04 to -05/-04 on 2018-11-04. A new file tzdata.zi now holds a small text copy of all data. The zic input format has been regularized slightly. Changes to future timestamps Northern Cyprus has decided to resume EU rules starting 2017-10-29, thus reinstituting winter time. Fiji ends DST 2018-01-14 instead of the 2018-01-21 previously predicted. (Thanks to Dominic Fok.) Adjust future predictions accordingly. Namibia will switch from +01 with DST to +02 all year on 2017-09-03 at 02:00. This affects UT offsets starting 2018-04-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Sudan will switch from +03 to +02 on 2017-11-01. (Thanks to Ahmed Atyya and Yahia Abdalla.) South Sudan is not switching, so Africa/Juba is no longer a link to Africa/Khartoum. Tonga has likely ended its experiment with DST, and will not adjust its clocks on 2017-11-05. Although Tonga has not announced whether it will continue to observe DST, the IATA is assuming that it will not. (Thanks to David Wade.) Turks & Caicos will switch from -04 all year to -05 with US DST on 2018-03-11 at 03:00. This affects UT offsets starting 2018-11-04 at 02:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes to past timestamps Namibia switched from +02 to +01 on 1994-03-21, not 1994-04-03. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Detroit did not observe DST in 1967. Use railway time for Asia/Kolkata before 1941, by switching to Madras local time (UT +052110) in 1870, then to IST (UT +0530) in 1906. Also, treat 1941-2's +0630 as DST, like 1942-5. Europe/Dublin's 1946 and 1947 fallback transitions occurred at 02:00 standard time, not 02:00 DST. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Pacific/Apia and Pacific/Pago_Pago switched from Antipodean to American time in 1892, not 1879. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Adjust the 1867 transition in Alaska to better reflect the historical record, by changing it to occur on 1867-10-18 at 15:30 Sitka time rather than at the start of 1867-10-17 local time. Although strictly speaking this is accurate only for Sitka, the rest of Alaska's blanks need to be filled in somehow. Fix off-by-one errors in UT offsets for Adak and Nome before 1867. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Add 7 s to the UT offset in Asia/Yangon before 1920. Changes to zone names Remove Canada/East-Saskatchewan from the 'backward' file, as it exceeded the 14-character limit and was an unused misnomer anyway. Changes to build procedure To support applications that prefer to read time zone data in text form, two zic input files tzdata.zi and leapseconds are now installed by default. The commands 'zic tzdata.zi' and 'zic -L leapseconds tzdata.zi' can reproduce the tzdata binary files without and with leap seconds, respectively. To prevent these two new files from being installed, use 'make TZDATA_TEXT=', and to suppress leap seconds from the tzdata text installation, use 'make TZDATA_TEXT=tzdata.zi'. 'make BACKWARD=' now suppresses backward-compatibility names like 'US/Pacific' that are defined in the 'backward' and 'pacificnew' files. 'make check' now works on systems that lack a UTF-8 locale, or that lack the nsgmls program. Set UTF8_LOCALE to configure the name of a UTF-8 locale, if you have one. Y2K runtime checks are no longer enabled by default. Add -DDEPRECATE_TWO_DIGIT_YEARS to CFLAGS to enable them, instead of adding -DNO_RUN_TIME_WARNINGS_ABOUT_YEAR_2000_PROBLEMS_THANK_YOU to disable them. (New name suggested by Brian Inglis.) The build procedure for zdump now works on AIX 7.1. (Problem reported by Kees Dekker.) Changes to code zic and the reference runtime now reject multiple leap seconds within 28 days of each other, or leap seconds before the Epoch. As a result, support for double leap seconds, which was obsolescent and undocumented, has been removed. Double leap seconds were an error in the C89 standard; they have never existed in civil timekeeping. (Thanks to Robert Elz and Bradley White for noticing glitches in the code that uncovered this problem.) zic now warns about use of the obsolescent and undocumented -y option, and about use of the obsolescent TYPE field of Rule lines. zic now allows unambiguous abbreviations like "Sa" and "Su" for weekdays; formerly it rejected them due to a bug. Conversely, zic no longer considers non-prefixes to be abbreviations; for example, it no longer accepts "lF" as an abbreviation for "lastFriday". Also, zic warns about the undocumented usage with a "last-" prefix, e.g., "last-Fri". Similarly, zic now accepts the unambiguous abbreviation "L" for "Link" in ordinary context and for "Leap" in leap-second context. Conversely, zic no longer accepts non-prefixes such as "La" as abbreviations for words like "Leap". zic no longer accepts leap second lines in ordinary input, or ordinary lines in leap second input. Formerly, zic sometimes warned about this undocumented usage and handled it incorrectly. The new macro HAVE_TZNAME governs whether the tzname external variable is exported, instead of USG_COMPAT. USG_COMPAT now governs only the external variables "timezone" and "daylight". This change is needed because the three variables are not in the same category: although POSIX requires tzname, it specifies the other two variables as optional. Also, USG_COMPAT is now 1 or 0: if not defined, the code attempts to guess it from other macros. localtime.c and difftime.c no longer require stdio.h, and .c files other than zic.c no longer require sys/wait.h. zdump.c no longer assumes snprintf. (Reported by Jonathan Leffler.) Calculation of time_t extrema works around a bug in GCC 4.8.4 (Reported by Stan Shebs and Joseph Myers.) zic.c no longer mistranslates formats of line numbers in non-English locales. (Problem reported by Benno Schulenberg.) Several minor changes have been made to the code to make it a bit easier to port to MS-Windows and Solaris. (Thanks to Kees Dekker for reporting the problems.) Changes to documentation and commentary The two new files 'theory.html' and 'calendars' contain the contents of the removed file 'Theory'. The goal is to document tzdb theory more accessibly. The zic man page now documents abbreviation rules. tz-link.htm now covers how to apply tzdata changes to clients. (Thanks to Jorge Fábregas for the AIX link.) It also mentions MySQL. The leap-seconds.list URL has been updated to something that is more reliable for tzdb. (Thanks to Tim Parenti and Brian Inglis.) Release 2017b - 2017-03-17 07:30:38 -0700 Briefly: Haiti has resumed DST. Changes to past and future timestamps Haiti resumed observance of DST in 2017. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes to past timestamps Liberia changed from -004430 to +00 on 1972-01-07, not 1972-05-01. Use "MMT" to abbreviate Liberia's time zone before 1972, as "-004430" is one byte over the POSIX limit. (Problem reported by Derick Rethans.) Changes to code The reference localtime implementation now falls back on the current US daylight-saving transition rules rather than the 1987-2006 rules. This fallback occurs only when (1) the TZ environment variable has a value like "AST4ADT" that asks for daylight saving time but does not specify the rules, (2) there is no file by that name, and (3) the TZDEFRULES file cannot be loaded. (Thanks to Tom Lane.) Release 2017a - 2017-02-28 00:05:36 -0800 Briefly: Southern Chile moves from -04/-03 to -03, and Mongolia discontinues DST. Changes to future timestamps Mongolia no longer observes DST. (Thanks to Ganbold Tsagaankhuu.) Chile's Region of Magallanes moves from -04/-03 to -03 year-round. Its clocks diverge from America/Santiago starting 2017-05-13 at 23:00, hiving off a new zone America/Punta_Arenas. Although the Chilean government says this change expires in May 2019, for now assume it's permanent. (Thanks to Juan Correa and Deborah Goldsmith.) This also affects Antarctica/Palmer. Changes to past timestamps Fix many entries for historical timestamps for Europe/Madrid before 1979, to agree with tables compiled by Pere Planesas of the National Astronomical Observatory of Spain. As a side effect, this changes some timestamps for Africa/Ceuta before 1929, which are probably guesswork anyway. (Thanks to Steve Allen and Pierpaolo Bernardi for the heads-ups, and to Michael Deckers for correcting the 1901 transition.) Ecuador observed DST from 1992-11-28 to 1993-02-05. (Thanks to Alois Treindl.) Asia/Atyrau and Asia/Oral were at +03 (not +04) before 1930-06-21. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Changes to past and future time zone abbreviations Switch to numeric time zone abbreviations for South America, as part of the ongoing project of removing invented abbreviations. This avoids the need to invent an abbreviation for the new Chilean new zone. Similarly, switch from invented to numeric time zone abbreviations for Afghanistan, American Samoa, the Azores, Bangladesh, Bhutan, the British Indian Ocean Territory, Brunei, Cape Verde, Chatham Is, Christmas I, Cocos (Keeling) Is, Cook Is, Dubai, East Timor, Eucla, Fiji, French Polynesia, Greenland, Indochina, Iran, Iraq, Kiribati, Lord Howe, Macquarie, Malaysia, the Maldives, Marshall Is, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk I, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Pitcairn, Qatar, Réunion, St Pierre & Miquelon, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Is, Tokelau, Tuvalu, Wake, Vanuatu, Wallis & Futuna, and Xinjiang; for 20-minute daylight saving time in Ghana before 1943; for half-hour daylight saving time in Belize before 1944 and in the Dominican Republic before 1975; and for Canary Islands before 1946, for Guinea-Bissau before 1975, for Iceland before 1969, for Indian Summer Time before 1942, for Indonesia before around 1964, for Kenya before 1960, for Liberia before 1973, for Madeira before 1967, for Namibia before 1943, for the Netherlands in 1937-9, for Pakistan before 1971, for Western Sahara before 1977, and for Zaporozhye in 1880-1924. For Alaska time from 1900 through 1967, instead of "CAT" use the abbreviation "AST", the abbreviation commonly used at the time (Atlantic Standard Time had not been standardized yet). Use "AWT" and "APT" instead of the invented abbreviations "CAWT" and "CAPT". Use "CST" and "CDT" instead of invented abbreviations for Macau before 1999 and Taiwan before 1938, and use "JST" instead of the invented abbreviation "JCST" for Japan and Korea before 1938. Change to database entry category Move the Pacific/Johnston link from 'australasia' to 'backward', since Johnston is now uninhabited. Changes to code zic no longer mishandles some transitions in January 2038 when it attempts to work around Qt bug 53071. This fixes a bug affecting Pacific/Tongatapu that was introduced in zic 2016e. localtime.c now contains a workaround, useful when loading a file generated by a buggy zic. (Problem and localtime.c fix reported by Bradley White.) zdump -i now outputs non-hour numeric time zone abbreviations without a colon, e.g., "+0530" rather than "+05:30". This agrees with zic %z and with common practice, and simplifies auditing of zdump output. zdump is now buildable again with -DUSE_LTZ=0. (Problem reported by Joseph Myers.) zdump.c now always includes private.h, to avoid code duplication with private.h. (Problem reported by Kees Dekker.) localtime.c no longer mishandles early or late timestamps when TZ is set to a POSIX-style string that specifies DST. (Problem reported by Kees Dekker.) date and strftime now cause %z to generate "-0000" instead of "+0000" when the UT offset is zero and the time zone abbreviation begins with "-". Changes to documentation and commentary The 'Theory' file now better documents choice of historical time zone abbreviations. (Problems reported by Michael Deckers.) tz-link.htm now covers leap smearing, which is popular in clouds. Release 2016j - 2016-11-22 23:17:13 -0800 Briefly: Saratov, Russia moves from +03 to +04 on 2016-12-04. Changes to future timestamps Saratov, Russia switches from +03 to +04 on 2016-12-04 at 02:00. This hives off a new zone Europe/Saratov from Europe/Volgograd. (Thanks to Yuri Konotopov and Stepan Golosunov.) Changes to past timestamps The new zone Asia/Atyrau for Atyraū Region, Kazakhstan, is like Asia/Aqtau except it switched from +05/+06 to +04/+05 in spring 1999, not fall 1994. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Changes to past time zone abbreviations Asia/Gaza and Asia/Hebron now use "EEST", not "EET", to denote summer time before 1948. The old use of "EET" was a typo. Changes to code zic no longer mishandles file systems that lack hard links, fixing bugs introduced in 2016g. (Problems reported by Tom Lane.) Also, when the destination already contains symbolic links, zic should now work better on systems where the 'link' system call does not follow symbolic links. Changes to documentation and commentary tz-link.htm now documents the relationship between release version numbers and development-repository commit tags. (Suggested by Paul Koning.) The 'Theory' file now documents UT. iso3166.tab now accents "Curaçao", and commentary now mentions the names "Cabo Verde" and "Czechia". (Thanks to Jiří Boháč.) Release 2016i - 2016-11-01 23:19:52 -0700 Briefly: Cyprus split into two time zones on 2016-10-30, and Tonga reintroduces DST on 2016-11-06. Changes to future timestamps Pacific/Tongatapu begins DST on 2016-11-06 at 02:00, ending on 2017-01-15 at 03:00. Assume future observances in Tonga will be from the first Sunday in November through the third Sunday in January, like Fiji. (Thanks to Pulu ʻAnau.) Switch to numeric time zone abbreviations for this zone. Changes to past and future timestamps Northern Cyprus is now +03 year round, causing a split in Cyprus time zones starting 2016-10-30 at 04:00. This creates a zone Asia/Famagusta. (Thanks to Even Scharning and Matt Johnson.) Antarctica/Casey switched from +08 to +11 on 2016-10-22. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes to past timestamps Several corrections were made for pre-1975 timestamps in Italy. These affect Europe/Malta, Europe/Rome, Europe/San_Marino, and Europe/Vatican. First, the 1893-11-01 00:00 transition in Italy used the new UT offset (+01), not the old (+00:49:56). (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Second, rules for daylight saving in Italy were changed to agree with Italy's National Institute of Metrological Research (INRiM) except for 1944, as follows (thanks to Pierpaolo Bernardi, Brian Inglis, and Michael Deckers): The 1916-06-03 transition was at 24:00, not 00:00. The 1916-10-01, 1919-10-05, and 1920-09-19 transitions were at 00:00, not 01:00. The 1917-09-30 and 1918-10-06 transitions were at 24:00, not 01:00. The 1944-09-17 transition was at 03:00, not 01:00. This particular change is taken from Italian law as INRiM's table, (which says 02:00) appears to have a typo here. Also, keep the 1944-04-03 transition for Europe/Rome, as Rome was controlled by Germany then. The 1967-1970 and 1972-1974 fallback transitions were at 01:00, not 00:00. Changes to code The code should now be buildable on AmigaOS merely by setting the appropriate Makefile variables. (From a patch by Carsten Larsen.) Release 2016h - 2016-10-19 23:17:57 -0700 Changes to future timestamps Asia/Gaza and Asia/Hebron end DST on 2016-10-29 at 01:00, not 2016-10-21 at 00:00. (Thanks to Sharef Mustafa.) Predict that future fall transitions will be on the last Saturday of October at 01:00, which is consistent with predicted spring transitions on the last Saturday of March. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Changes to past timestamps In Turkey, transitions in 1986-1990 were at 01:00 standard time not at 02:00, and the spring 1994 transition was on March 20, not March 27. (Thanks to Kıvanç Yazan.) Changes to past and future time zone abbreviations Asia/Colombo now uses numeric time zone abbreviations like "+0530" instead of alphabetic ones like "IST" and "LKT". Various English-language sources use "IST", "LKT" and "SLST", with no working consensus. (Usage of "SLST" mentioned by Sadika Sumanapala.) Changes to code zic no longer mishandles relativizing file names when creating symbolic links like /etc/localtime, when these symbolic links are outside the usual directory hierarchy. This fixes a bug introduced in 2016g. (Problem reported by Andreas Stieger.) Changes to build procedure New rules 'traditional_tarballs' and 'traditional_signatures' for building just the traditional-format distribution. (Requested by Deborah Goldsmith.) The file 'version' is now put into the tzdata tarball too. (Requested by Howard Hinnant.) Changes to documentation and commentary The 'Theory' file now has a section on interface stability. (Requested by Paul Koning.) It also mentions features like tm_zone and localtime_rz that have long been supported by the reference code. tz-link.htm has improved coverage of time zone boundaries suitable for geolocation. (Thanks to heads-ups from Evan Siroky and Matt Johnson.) The US commentary now mentions Allen and the "day of two noons". The Fiji commentary mentions the government's 2016-10-03 press release. (Thanks to Raymond Kumar.) Release 2016g - 2016-09-13 08:56:38 -0700 Changes to future timestamps Turkey switched from EET/EEST (+02/+03) to permanent +03, effective 2016-09-07. (Thanks to Burak AYDIN.) Use "+03" rather than an invented abbreviation for the new time. New leap second 2016-12-31 23:59:60 UTC as per IERS Bulletin C 52. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Changes to past timestamps For America/Los_Angeles, spring-forward transition times have been corrected from 02:00 to 02:01 in 1948, and from 02:00 to 01:00 in 1950-1966. For zones using Soviet time on 1919-07-01, transitions to UT-based time were at 00:00 UT, not at 02:00 local time. The affected zones are Europe/Kirov, Europe/Moscow, Europe/Samara, and Europe/Ulyanovsk. (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky.) Changes to past and future time zone abbreviations The Factory zone now uses the time zone abbreviation -00 instead of a long English-language string, as -00 is now the normal way to represent an undefined time zone. Several zones in Antarctica and the former Soviet Union, along with zones intended for ships at sea that cannot use POSIX TZ strings, now use numeric time zone abbreviations instead of invented or obsolete alphanumeric abbreviations. The affected zones are Antarctica/Casey, Antarctica/Davis, Antarctica/DumontDUrville, Antarctica/Mawson, Antarctica/Rothera, Antarctica/Syowa, Antarctica/Troll, Antarctica/Vostok, Asia/Anadyr, Asia/Ashgabat, Asia/Baku, Asia/Bishkek, Asia/Chita, Asia/Dushanbe, Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Kamchatka, Asia/Khandyga, Asia/Krasnoyarsk, Asia/Magadan, Asia/Omsk, Asia/Sakhalin, Asia/Samarkand, Asia/Srednekolymsk, Asia/Tashkent, Asia/Tbilisi, Asia/Ust-Nera, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yakutsk, Asia/Yekaterinburg, Asia/Yerevan, Etc/GMT-14, Etc/GMT-13, Etc/GMT-12, Etc/GMT-11, Etc/GMT-10, Etc/GMT-9, Etc/GMT-8, Etc/GMT-7, Etc/GMT-6, Etc/GMT-5, Etc/GMT-4, Etc/GMT-3, Etc/GMT-2, Etc/GMT-1, Etc/GMT+1, Etc/GMT+2, Etc/GMT+3, Etc/GMT+4, Etc/GMT+5, Etc/GMT+6, Etc/GMT+7, Etc/GMT+8, Etc/GMT+9, Etc/GMT+10, Etc/GMT+11, Etc/GMT+12, Europe/Kaliningrad, Europe/Minsk, Europe/Samara, Europe/Volgograd, and Indian/Kerguelen. For Europe/Moscow the invented abbreviation MSM was replaced by +05, whereas MSK and MSD were kept as they are not our invention and are widely used. Changes to zone names Rename Asia/Rangoon to Asia/Yangon, with a backward compatibility link. (Thanks to David Massoud.) Changes to code zic no longer generates binary files containing POSIX TZ-like strings that disagree with the local time type after the last explicit transition in the data. This fixes a bug with Africa/Casablanca and Africa/El_Aaiun in some year-2037 timestamps on the reference platform. (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for reporting the bug and suggesting a way forward.) If the installed localtime and/or posixrules files are symbolic links, zic now keeps them symbolic links when updating them, for compatibility with platforms like OpenSUSE where other programs configure these files as symlinks. zic now avoids hard linking to symbolic links, avoids some unnecessary mkdir and stat system calls, and uses shorter file names internally. zdump has a new -i option to generate transitions in a more-compact but still human-readable format. This option is experimental, and the output format may change in future versions. (Thanks to Jon Skeet for suggesting that an option was needed, and thanks to Tim Parenti and Chris Rovick for further comments.) Changes to build procedure An experimental distribution format is available, in addition to the traditional format which will continue to be distributed. The new format is a tarball tzdb-VERSION.tar.lz with signature file tzdb-VERSION.tar.lz.asc. It unpacks to a top-level directory tzdb-VERSION containing the code and data of the traditional two-tarball format, along with extra data that may be useful. (Thanks to Antonio Diaz Diaz, Oscar van Vlijmen, and many others for comments about the experimental format.) The release version number is now more accurate in the usual case where releases are built from a Git repository. For example, if 23 commits and some working-file changes have been made since release 2016g, the version number is now something like '2016g-23-g50556e3-dirty' instead of the misleading '2016g'. Tagged releases use the same version number format as before, e.g., '2016g'. To support the more-accurate version number, its specification has moved from a line in the Makefile to a new source file 'version'. The experimental distribution contains a file to2050.tzs that contains what should be the output of 'zdump -i -c 2050' on primary zones. If this file is available, 'make check' now checks that zdump generates this output. 'make check_web' now works on Fedora-like distributions. Changes to documentation and commentary tzfile.5 now documents the new restriction on POSIX TZ-like strings that is now implemented by zic. Comments now cite URLs for some 1917-1921 Russian DST decrees. (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky.) tz-link.htm mentions JuliaTime (thanks to Curtis Vogt) and Time4J (thanks to Meno Hochschild) and ThreeTen-Extra, and its description of Java 8 has been brought up to date (thanks to Stephen Colebourne). Its description of local time on Mars has been updated to match current practice, and URLs have been updated and some obsolete ones removed. Release 2016f - 2016-07-05 16:26:51 +0200 Changes affecting future timestamps The Egyptian government changed its mind on short notice, and Africa/Cairo will not introduce DST starting 2016-07-07 after all. (Thanks to Mina Samuel.) Asia/Novosibirsk switches from +06 to +07 on 2016-07-24 at 02:00. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Changes to past and future timestamps Asia/Novokuznetsk and Asia/Novosibirsk now use numeric time zone abbreviations instead of invented ones. Changes affecting past timestamps Europe/Minsk's 1992-03-29 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 not 00:00. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Release 2016e - 2016-06-14 08:46:16 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Africa/Cairo observes DST in 2016 from July 7 to the end of October. Guess October 27 and 24:00 transitions. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) For future years, guess April's last Thursday to October's last Thursday except for Ramadan. Changes affecting past timestamps Locations while uninhabited now use '-00', not 'zzz', as a placeholder time zone abbreviation. This is inspired by Internet RFC 3339 and is more consistent with numeric time zone abbreviations already used elsewhere. The change affects several arctic and antarctic locations, e.g., America/Cambridge_Bay before 1920 and Antarctica/Troll before 2005. Asia/Baku's 1992-09-27 transition from +04 (DST) to +04 (non-DST) was at 03:00, not 23:00 the previous day. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Changes to code zic now outputs a dummy transition at time 2**31 - 1 in zones whose POSIX-style TZ strings contain a '<'. This mostly works around Qt bug 53071 . (Thanks to Zhanibek Adilbekov for reporting the Qt bug.) Changes affecting documentation and commentary tz-link.htm says why governments should give plenty of notice for time zone or DST changes, and refers to Matt Johnson's blog post. tz-link.htm mentions Tzdata for Elixir. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Release 2016d - 2016-04-17 22:50:29 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps America/Caracas switches from -0430 to -04 on 2016-05-01 at 02:30. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev for the heads-up.) Asia/Magadan switches from +10 to +11 on 2016-04-24 at 02:00. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev and Matt Johnson.) New zone Asia/Tomsk, split off from Asia/Novosibirsk. It covers Tomsk Oblast, Russia, which switches from +06 to +07 on 2016-05-29 at 02:00. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Changes affecting past timestamps New zone Europe/Kirov, split off from Europe/Volgograd. It covers Kirov Oblast, Russia, which switched from +04/+05 to +03/+04 on 1989-03-26 at 02:00, roughly a year after Europe/Volgograd made the same change. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Russia and nearby locations had daylight-saving transitions on 1992-03-29 at 02:00 and 1992-09-27 at 03:00, instead of on 1992-03-28 at 23:00 and 1992-09-26 at 23:00. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Many corrections to historical time in Kazakhstan from 1991 through 2005. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Replace Kazakhstan's invented time zone abbreviations with numeric abbreviations. Changes to commentary Mention Internet RFCs 7808 (TZDIST) and 7809 (CalDAV time zone references). Release 2016c - 2016-03-23 00:51:27 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Azerbaijan no longer observes DST. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Chile reverts from permanent to seasonal DST. (Thanks to Juan Correa for the heads-up, and to Tim Parenti for corrections.) Guess that future transitions are August's and May's second Saturdays at 24:00 mainland time. Also, call the period from 2014-09-07 through 2016-05-14 daylight saving time instead of standard time, as that seems more appropriate now. Changes affecting past timestamps Europe/Kaliningrad and Europe/Vilnius changed from +03/+04 to +02/+03 on 1989-03-26, not 1991-03-31. Europe/Volgograd changed from +04/+05 to +03/+04 on 1988-03-27, not 1989-03-26. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Changes to commentary Several updates and URLs for historical and proposed Russian changes. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov, Matt Johnson, and Alexander Krivenyshev.) Release 2016b - 2016-03-12 17:30:14 -0800 Compatibility note Starting with release 2016b, some data entries cause zic implementations derived from tz releases 2005j through 2015e to issue warnings like "time zone abbreviation differs from POSIX standard (+03)". These warnings should not otherwise affect zic's output and can safely be ignored on today's platforms, as the warnings refer to a restriction in POSIX.1-1988 that was removed in POSIX.1-2001. One way to suppress the warnings is to upgrade to zic derived from tz releases 2015f and later. Changes affecting future timestamps New zones Europe/Astrakhan and Europe/Ulyanovsk for Astrakhan and Ulyanovsk Oblasts, Russia, both of which will switch from +03 to +04 on 2016-03-27 at 02:00 local time. They need distinct zones since their post-1970 histories disagree. New zone Asia/Barnaul for Altai Krai and Altai Republic, Russia, which will switch from +06 to +07 on the same date and local time. The Astrakhan change is already official; the others have passed the first reading in the State Duma and are extremely likely. Also, Asia/Sakhalin moves from +10 to +11 on 2016-03-27 at 02:00. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev for the heads-up, and to Matt Johnson and Stepan Golosunov for followup.) As a trial of a new system that needs less information to be made up, the new zones use numeric time zone abbreviations like "+04" instead of invented abbreviations like "ASTT". Haiti will not observe DST in 2016. (Thanks to Jean Antoine via Steffen Thorsen.) Palestine's spring-forward transition on 2016-03-26 is at 01:00, not 00:00. (Thanks to Hannah Kreitem.) Guess future transitions will be March's last Saturday at 01:00, not March's last Friday at 24:00. Changes affecting past timestamps Europe/Chisinau observed DST during 1990, and switched from +04 to +03 at 1990-05-06 02:00, instead of switching from +03 to +02. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) 1991 abbreviations in Europe/Samara should be SAMT/SAMST, not KUYT/KUYST. (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.) Changes to code tzselect's diagnostics and checking, and checktab.awk's checking, have been improved. (Thanks to J William Piggott.) tzcode now builds under MinGW. (Thanks to Ian Abbott and Esben Haabendal.) tzselect now tests Julian-date TZ settings more accurately. (Thanks to J William Piggott.) Changes to commentary Comments in zone tables have been improved. (Thanks to J William Piggott.) tzselect again limits its menu comments so that menus fit on a 24×80 alphanumeric display. A new web page tz-how-to.html. (Thanks to Bill Seymour.) In the Theory file, the description of possible time zone abbreviations in tzdata has been cleaned up, as the old description was unclear and inconsistent. (Thanks to Alain Mouette for reporting the problem.) Release 2016a - 2016-01-26 23:28:02 -0800 Changes affecting future timestamps America/Cayman will not observe daylight saving this year after all. Revert our guess that it would. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Asia/Chita switches from +0800 to +0900 on 2016-03-27 at 02:00. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.) Asia/Tehran now has DST predictions for the year 2038 and later, to be March 21 00:00 to September 21 00:00. This is likely better than predicting no DST, albeit off by a day every now and then. Changes affecting past and future timestamps America/Metlakatla switched from PST all year to AKST/AKDT on 2015-11-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) America/Santa_Isabel has been removed, and replaced with a backward compatibility link to America/Tijuana. Its contents were apparently based on a misreading of Mexican legislation. Changes affecting past timestamps Asia/Karachi's two transition times in 2002 were off by a minute. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Changes affecting build procedure An installer can now combine leap seconds with use of the backzone file, e.g., with 'make PACKRATDATA=backzone REDO=posix_right zones'. The old 'make posix_packrat' rule is now marked as obsolescent. (Thanks to Ian Abbott for an initial implementation.) Changes affecting documentation and commentary A new file LICENSE makes it easier to see that the code and data are mostly public-domain. (Thanks to James Knight.) The three non-public-domain files now use the current (3-clause) BSD license instead of older versions of that license. tz-link.htm mentions the BDE library (thanks to Andrew Paprocki), CCTZ (thanks to Tim Parenti), TimeJones.com, and has a new section on editing tz source files (with a mention of Sublime zoneinfo, thanks to Gilmore Davidson). The Theory and asia files now mention the 2015 book "The Global Transformation of Time, 1870-1950", and cite a couple of reviews. The America/Chicago entry now documents the informal use of US central time in Fort Pierre, South Dakota. (Thanks to Rick McDermid, Matt Johnson, and Steve Jones.) Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Turkey's 2015 fall-back transition is scheduled for Nov. 8, not Oct. 25. (Thanks to Fatih.) Norfolk moves from +1130 to +1100 on 2015-10-04 at 02:00 local time. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.) Fiji's 2016 fall-back transition is scheduled for January 17, not 24. (Thanks to Ken Rylander.) Fort Nelson, British Columbia will not fall back on 2015-11-01. It has effectively been on MST (-0700) since it advanced its clocks on 2015-03-08. New zone America/Fort_Nelson. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Changes affecting past timestamps Norfolk observed DST from 1974-10-27 02:00 to 1975-03-02 02:00. Changes affecting code localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037. (Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.) On hosts with signed 32-bit time_t, localtime no longer mishandles Pacific/Fiji after 2038-01-16 14:00 UTC. The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight', and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules, and declares them in case the system does not. (Problems reported by Kees Dekker.) On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL. This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c. (Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.) Changes affecting documentation The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods. (Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.) Release 2015f - 2015-08-10 18:06:56 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps North Korea switches to +0830 on 2015-08-15. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) The abbreviation remains "KST". (Thanks to Robert Elz.) Uruguay no longer observes DST. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Pablo Camargo.) Changes affecting past and future timestamps Moldova starts and ends DST at 00:00 UTC, not at 01:00 UTC. (Thanks to Roman Tudos.) Changes affecting data format and code zic's '-y YEARISTYPE' option is no longer documented. The TYPE field of a Rule line should now be '-'; the old values 'even', 'odd', 'uspres', 'nonpres', 'nonuspres' were already undocumented. Although the implementation has not changed, these features do not work in the default installation, they are not used in the data, and they are now considered obsolescent. zic now checks that two rules don't take effect at the same time. (Thanks to Jon Skeet and Arthur David Olson.) Constraints on simultaneity are now documented. The two characters '%z' in a zone format now stand for the UT offset, e.g., '-07' for seven hours behind UT and '+0530' for five hours and thirty minutes ahead. This better supports time zone abbreviations conforming to POSIX.1-2001 and later. Changes affecting installed data files Comments for America/Halifax and America/Glace_Bay have been improved. (Thanks to Brian Inglis.) Data entries have been simplified for Atlantic/Canary, Europe/Simferopol, Europe/Sofia, and Europe/Tallinn. This yields slightly smaller installed data files for Europe/Simferopol and Europe/Tallinn. It does not affect timestamps. (Thanks to Howard Hinnant.) Changes affecting code zdump and zic no longer warn about valid time zone abbreviations like '-05'. Some Visual Studio 2013 warnings have been suppressed. (Thanks to Kees Dekker.) 'date' no longer sets the time of day and its -a, -d, -n and -t options have been removed. Long obsolescent, the implementation of these features had porting problems. Builders no longer need to configure HAVE_ADJTIME, HAVE_SETTIMEOFDAY, or HAVE_UTMPX_H. (Thanks to Kees Dekker for pointing out the problem.) Changes affecting documentation The Theory file mentions naming issues earlier, as these seem to be poorly publicized (thanks to Gilmore Davidson for reporting the problem). tz-link.htm mentions Time Zone Database Parser (thanks to Howard Hinnant). Mention that Herbert Samuel introduced the term "Summer Time". Release 2015e - 2015-06-13 10:56:02 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Morocco will suspend DST from 2015-06-14 03:00 through 2015-07-19 02:00, not 06-13 and 07-18 as we had guessed. (Thanks to Milamber.) Assume Cayman Islands will observe DST starting next year, using US rules. Although it isn't guaranteed, it is the most likely. Changes affecting data format The file 'iso3166.tab' now uses UTF-8, so that its entries can better spell the names of Åland Islands, Côte d'Ivoire, and Réunion. Changes affecting code When displaying data, tzselect converts it to the current locale's encoding if the iconv command works. (Problem reported by random832.) tzselect no longer mishandles Dominica, fixing a bug introduced in Release 2014f. (Problem reported by Owen Leibman.) zic -l no longer fails when compiled with -DTZDEFAULT=\"/etc/localtime\". This fixes a bug introduced in Release 2014f. (Problem reported by Leonardo Chiquitto.) Release 2015d - 2015-04-24 08:09:46 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Egypt will not observe DST in 2015 and will consider canceling it permanently. For now, assume no DST indefinitely. (Thanks to Ahmed Nazmy and Tim Parenti.) Changes affecting past timestamps America/Whitehorse switched from UT -09 to -08 on 1967-05-28, not 1966-07-01. Also, Yukon's time zone history is documented better. (Thanks to Brian Inglis and Dennis Ferguson.) Change affecting past and future time zone abbreviations The abbreviations for Hawaii-Aleutian standard and daylight times have been changed from HAST/HADT to HST/HDT, as per US Government Printing Office style. This affects only America/Adak since 1983, as America/Honolulu was already using the new style. Changes affecting code zic has some minor performance improvements. Release 2015c - 2015-04-11 08:55:55 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Egypt's spring-forward transition is at 24:00 on April's last Thursday, not 00:00 on April's last Friday. 2015's transition will therefore be on Thursday, April 30 at 24:00, not Friday, April 24 at 00:00. Similar fixes apply to 2026, 2037, 2043, etc. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes affecting past timestamps The following changes affect some pre-1991 Chile-related timestamps in America/Santiago, Antarctica/Palmer, and Pacific/Easter. The 1910 transition was January 10, not January 1. The 1918 transition was September 10, not September 1. The UT -04 time observed from 1932 to 1942 is now considered to be standard time, not year-round DST. Santiago observed DST (UT -03) from 1946-07-15 through 1946-08-31, then reverted to standard time, then switched to -05 on 1947-04-01. Assume transitions before 1968 were at 00:00, since we have no data saying otherwise. The spring 1988 transition was 1988-10-09, not 1988-10-02. The fall 1990 transition was 1990-03-11, not 1990-03-18. Assume no UT offset change for Pacific/Easter on 1890-01-01, and omit all transitions on Pacific/Easter from 1942 through 1946 since we have no data suggesting that they existed. One more zone has been turned into a link, as it differed from an existing zone only for older timestamps. As usual, this change affects UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. The zone's old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. The affected zone is America/Montreal. Changes affecting commentary Mention the TZUpdater tool. Mention "The Time Now". (Thanks to Brandon Ramsey.) Release 2015b - 2015-03-19 23:28:11 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Mongolia will start observing DST again this year, from the last Saturday in March at 02:00 to the last Saturday in September at 00:00. (Thanks to Ganbold Tsagaankhuu.) Palestine will start DST on March 28, not March 27. Also, correct the fall 2014 transition from September 26 to October 24. Adjust future predictions accordingly. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes affecting past timestamps The 1982 zone shift in Pacific/Easter has been corrected, fixing a 2015a regression. (Thanks to Stuart Bishop for reporting the problem.) Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing zones only for older timestamps. As usual, these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. The affected zones are: America/Antigua, America/Cayman, Pacific/Midway, and Pacific/Saipan. Changes affecting time zone abbreviations Correct the 1992-2010 DST abbreviation in Volgograd from "MSK" to "MSD". (Thanks to Hank W.) Changes affecting code Fix integer overflow bug in reference 'mktime' implementation. (Problem reported by Jörg Richter.) Allow -Dtime_tz=time_t compilations, and allow -Dtime_tz=... libraries to be used in the same executable as standard-library time_t functions. (Problems reported by Bradley White.) Changes affecting commentary Cite the recent Mexican decree changing Quintana Roo's time zone. (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.) Likewise for the recent Chilean decree. (Thanks to Eduardo Romero Urra.) Update info about Mars time. Release 2015a - 2015-01-29 22:35:20 -0800 Changes affecting future timestamps The Mexican state of Quintana Roo, represented by America/Cancun, will shift from Central Time with DST to Eastern Time without DST on 2015-02-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Gwillim Law.) Chile will not change clocks in April or thereafter; its new standard time will be its old daylight saving time. This affects America/Santiago, Pacific/Easter, and Antarctica/Palmer. (Thanks to Juan Correa.) New leap second 2015-06-30 23:59:60 UTC as per IERS Bulletin C 49. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Changes affecting past timestamps Iceland observed DST in 1919 and 1921, and its 1939 fallback transition was Oct. 29, not Nov. 29. Remove incorrect data from Shanks about time in Iceland between 1837 and 1908. Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing zones only for older timestamps. As usual, these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. The affected zones are: Asia/Aden, Asia/Bahrain, Asia/Kuwait, and Asia/Muscat. Changes affecting code tzalloc now scrubs time zone abbreviations compatibly with the way that tzset always has, by replacing invalid bytes with '_' and by shortening too-long abbreviations. tzselect ports to POSIX awk implementations, no longer mishandles POSIX TZ settings when GNU awk is used, and reports POSIX TZ settings to the user. (Thanks to Stefan Kuhn.) Changes affecting build procedure 'make check' now checks for links to links in the data. One such link (for Africa/Asmera) has been fixed. (Thanks to Stephen Colebourne for pointing out the problem.) Changes affecting commentary The leapseconds file commentary now mentions the expiration date. (Problem reported by Martin Burnicki.) Update Mexican Library of Congress URL. Release 2014j - 2014-11-10 17:37:11 -0800 Changes affecting current and future timestamps Turks & Caicos' switch from US eastern time to UT -04 year-round did not occur on 2014-11-02 at 02:00. It's currently scheduled for 2015-11-01 at 02:00. (Thanks to Chris Walton.) Changes affecting past timestamps Many pre-1989 timestamps have been corrected for Asia/Seoul and Asia/Pyongyang, based on sources for the Korean-language Wikipedia entry for time in Korea. (Thanks to Sanghyuk Jung.) Also, no longer guess that Pyongyang mimicked Seoul time after World War II, as this is politically implausible. Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing zones only for older timestamps. As usual, these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. The affected zones are: Africa/Addis_Ababa, Africa/Asmara, Africa/Dar_es_Salaam, Africa/Djibouti, Africa/Kampala, Africa/Mogadishu, Indian/Antananarivo, Indian/Comoro, and Indian/Mayotte. Changes affecting commentary The commentary is less enthusiastic about Shanks as a source, and is more careful to distinguish UT from UTC. Release 2014i - 2014-10-21 22:04:57 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Pacific/Fiji will observe DST from 2014-11-02 02:00 to 2015-01-18 03:00. (Thanks to Ken Rylander for the heads-up.) Guess that future years will use a similar pattern. A new Zone Pacific/Bougainville, for the part of Papua New Guinea that plans to switch from UT +10 to +11 on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. (Thanks to Kiley Walbom for the heads-up.) Changes affecting time zone abbreviations Since Belarus is not changing its clocks even though Moscow is, the time zone abbreviation in Europe/Minsk is changing from FET to its more-traditional value MSK on 2014-10-26 at 01:00. (Thanks to Alexander Bokovoy for the heads-up about Belarus.) The new abbreviation IDT stands for the pre-1976 use of UT +08 in Indochina, to distinguish it better from ICT (+07). Changes affecting past timestamps Many timestamps have been corrected for Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh before 1976 (thanks to Trần Ngọc Quân for an indirect pointer to Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book). Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh has been added to zone1970.tab, to give tzselect users in Vietnam two choices, since north and south Vietnam disagreed after our 1970 cutoff. Asia/Phnom_Penh and Asia/Vientiane have been turned into links, as they differed from existing zones only for older timestamps. As usual, these changes affect pre-1970 timestamps only. Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. Changes affecting code The time-related library functions now set errno on failure, and some crashes in the new tzalloc-related library functions have been fixed. (Thanks to Christos Zoulas for reporting most of these problems and for suggesting fixes.) If USG_COMPAT is defined and the requested timestamp is standard time, the tz library's localtime and mktime functions now set the extern variable timezone to a value appropriate for that timestamp; and similarly for ALTZONE, daylight saving time, and the altzone variable. This change is a companion to the tzname change in 2014h, and is designed to make timezone and altzone more compatible with tzname. The tz library's functions now set errno to EOVERFLOW if they fail because the result cannot be represented. ctime and ctime_r now return NULL and set errno when a timestamp is out of range, rather than having undefined behavior. Some bugs associated with the new 2014g functions have been fixed. This includes a bug that largely incapacitated the new functions time2posix_z and posix2time_z. (Thanks to Christos Zoulas.) It also includes some uses of uninitialized variables after tzalloc. The new code uses the standard type 'ssize_t', which the Makefile now gives porting advice about. Changes affecting commentary Updated URLs for NRC Canada (thanks to Matt Johnson and Brian Inglis). Release 2014h - 2014-09-25 18:59:03 -0700 Changes affecting past timestamps America/Jamaica's 1974 spring-forward transition was Jan. 6, not Apr. 28. Shanks says Asia/Novokuznetsk switched from LMT (not "NMT") on 1924-05-01, not 1920-01-06. The old entry was based on a misinterpretation of Shanks. Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing zones only for older timestamps. As usual, these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. The affected zones are: Africa/Blantyre, Africa/Bujumbura, Africa/Gaborone, Africa/Harare, Africa/Kigali, Africa/Lubumbashi, Africa/Lusaka, Africa/Maseru, and Africa/Mbabane. Changes affecting code zdump -V and -v now output gmtoff= values on all platforms, not merely on platforms defining TM_GMTOFF. The tz library's localtime and mktime functions now set tzname to a value appropriate for the requested timestamp, and zdump now uses this on platforms not defining TM_ZONE, fixing a 2014g regression. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.) The tz library no longer sets tzname if localtime or mktime fails. zdump -c no longer mishandles transitions near year boundaries. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.) An access to uninitialized data has been fixed. (Thanks to Jörg Richter for reporting the problem.) When THREAD_SAFE is defined, the code ports to the C11 memory model. A memory leak has been fixed if ALL_STATE and THREAD_SAFE are defined and two threads race to initialize data used by gmtime-like functions. (Thanks to Andy Heninger for reporting the problems.) Changes affecting build procedure 'make check' now checks better for properly-sorted data. Changes affecting documentation and commentary zdump's gmtoff=N output is now documented, and its isdst=D output is now documented to possibly output D values other than 0 or 1. zdump -c's treatment of years is now documented to use the Gregorian calendar and Universal Time without leap seconds, and its behavior at cutoff boundaries is now documented better. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson and Tim Parenti for reporting the problems.) Programs are now documented to use the proleptic Gregorian calendar. (Thanks to Alan Barrett for the suggestion.) Fractional-second GMT offsets have been documented for civil time in 19th-century Chennai, Jakarta, and New York. Release 2014g - 2014-08-28 12:31:23 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Turks & Caicos is switching from US eastern time to UT -04 year-round, modeled as a switch on 2014-11-02 at 02:00. [As noted in 2014j, this switch was later delayed.] Changes affecting past timestamps Time in Russia or the USSR before 1926 or so has been corrected by a few seconds in the following zones: Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Krasnoyarsk, Asia/Omsk, Asia/Samarkand, Asia/Tbilisi, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yakutsk, Europe/Riga, Europe/Samara. For Asia/Yekaterinburg the correction is a few minutes. (Thanks to Vladimir Karpinsky.) The Portuguese decree of 1911-05-26 took effect on 1912-01-01. This affects 1911 timestamps in Africa/Bissau, Africa/Luanda, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira. Also, Lisbon's pre-1912 GMT offset was -0:36:45 (rounded from -0:36:44.68), not -0:36:32. (Thanks to Stephen Colebourne for pointing to the decree.) Asia/Dhaka ended DST on 2009-12-31 at 24:00, not 23:59. A new file 'backzone' contains data which may appeal to connoisseurs of old timestamps, although it is out of scope for the tz database, is often poorly sourced, and contains some data that is known to be incorrect. The new file is not recommended for ordinary use and its entries are not installed by default. (Thanks to Lester Caine for the high-quality Jersey, Guernsey, and Isle of Man entries.) Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing zones only for older timestamps. As usual, these changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file. The affected zones are: Africa/Bangui, Africa/Brazzaville, Africa/Douala, Africa/Kinshasa, Africa/Libreville, Africa/Luanda, Africa/Malabo, Africa/Niamey, and Africa/Porto-Novo. Changes affecting code Unless NETBSD_INSPIRED is defined to 0, the tz library now supplies functions for creating and using objects that represent timezones. The new functions are tzalloc, tzfree, localtime_rz, mktime_z, and (if STD_INSPIRED is also defined) posix2time_z and time2posix_z. They are intended for performance: for example, localtime_rz (unlike localtime_r) is trivially thread-safe without locking. (Thanks to Christos Zoulas for proposing NetBSD-inspired functions, and to Alan Barrett and Jonathan Lennox for helping to debug the change.) zdump now builds with the tz library unless USE_LTZ is defined to 0, This lets zdump use tz features even if the system library lacks them. To build zdump with the system library, use 'make CFLAGS=-DUSE_LTZ=0 TZDOBJS=zdump.o CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES='. zdump now uses localtime_rz if available, as it's significantly faster, and it can help zdump better diagnose invalid timezone names. Define HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ to 0 to suppress this. HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ defaults to 1 if NETBSD_INSPIRED && USE_LTZ. When localtime_rz is not available, zdump now uses localtime_r and tzset if available, as this is a bit cleaner and faster than plain localtime. Compile with -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=0 and/or -DHAVE_TZSET=0 if your system lacks these two functions. If THREAD_SAFE is defined to 1, the tz library is now thread-safe. Although not needed for tz's own applications, which are single-threaded, this supports POSIX better if the tz library is used in multithreaded apps. Some crashes have been fixed when zdump or the tz library is given invalid or outlandish input. The tz library no longer mishandles leap seconds on platforms with unsigned time_t in timezones that lack ordinary transitions after 1970. The tz code now attempts to infer TM_GMTOFF and TM_ZONE if not already defined, to make it easier to configure on common platforms. Define NO_TM_GMTOFF and NO_TM_ZONE to suppress this. Unless the new macro UNINIT_TRAP is defined to 1, the tz code now assumes that reading uninitialized memory yields garbage values but does not cause other problems such as traps. If TM_GMTOFF is defined and UNINIT_TRAP is 0, mktime is now more likely to guess right for ambiguous timestamps near transitions where tm_isdst does not change. If HAVE_STRFTIME_L is defined to 1, the tz library now defines strftime_l for compatibility with recent versions of POSIX. Only the C locale is supported, though. HAVE_STRFTIME_L defaults to 1 on recent POSIX versions, and to 0 otherwise. tzselect -c now uses a hybrid distance measure that works better in Africa. (Thanks to Alan Barrett for noting the problem.) The C source code now ports to NetBSD when GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS is used, or when time_tz is defined. When HAVE_UTMPX_H is set the 'date' command now builds on systems whose file does not define WTMPX_FILE, and when setting the date it updates the wtmpx file if _PATH_WTMPX is defined. This affects GNU/Linux and similar systems. For easier maintenance later, some C code has been simplified, some lint has been removed, and the code has been tweaked so that plain 'make' is more likely to work. The C type 'bool' is now used for boolean values, instead of 'int'. The long-obsolete LOCALE_HOME code has been removed. The long-obsolete 'gtime' function has been removed. Changes affecting build procedure 'zdump' no longer links in ialloc.o, as it's not needed. 'make check_time_t_alternatives' no longer assumes GNU diff. Changes affecting distribution tarballs The files checktab.awk and zoneinfo2tdf.pl are now distributed in the tzdata tarball instead of the tzcode tarball, since they help maintain the data. The NEWS and Theory files are now also distributed in the tzdata tarball, as they're relevant for data. (Thanks to Alan Barrett for pointing this out.) Also, the leapseconds.awk file is no longer distributed in the tzcode tarball, since it belongs in the tzdata tarball (where 2014f inadvertently also distributed it). Changes affecting documentation and commentary A new file CONTRIBUTING is distributed. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for suggesting a CONTRIBUTING file, and to Tony Finch and Walter Harms for debugging it.) The man pages have been updated to use function prototypes, to document thread-safe variants like localtime_r, and to document the NetBSD-inspired functions tzalloc, tzfree, localtime_rz, and mktime_z. The fields in Link lines have been renamed to be more descriptive and more like the parameters of 'ln'. LINK-FROM has become TARGET, and LINK-TO has become LINK-NAME. tz-link.htm mentions the IETF's tzdist working group; Windows Runtime etc. (thanks to Matt Johnson); and HP-UX's tztab. Some broken URLs have been fixed in the commentary. (Thanks to Lester Caine.) Commentary about Philippines DST has been updated, and commentary on pre-1970 time in India has been added. Release 2014f - 2014-08-05 17:42:36 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps Russia will subtract an hour from most of its time zones on 2014-10-26 at 02:00 local time. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.) There are a few exceptions: Magadan Oblast (Asia/Magadan) and Zabaykalsky Krai are subtracting two hours; conversely, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Asia/Anadyr), Kamchatka Krai (Asia/Kamchatka), Kemerovo Oblast (Asia/Novokuznetsk), and the Samara Oblast and the Udmurt Republic (Europe/Samara) are not changing their clocks. The changed zones are Europe/Kaliningrad, Europe/Moscow, Europe/Simferopol, Europe/Volgograd, Asia/Yekaterinburg, Asia/Omsk, Asia/Novosibirsk, Asia/Krasnoyarsk, Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Yakutsk, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Khandyga, Asia/Sakhalin, and Asia/Ust-Nera; Asia/Magadan will have two hours subtracted; and Asia/Novokuznetsk's time zone abbreviation is affected, but not its UTC offset. Two zones are added: Asia/Chita (split from Asia/Yakutsk, and also with two hours subtracted) and Asia/Srednekolymsk (split from Asia/Magadan, but with only one hour subtracted). (Thanks to Tim Parenti for much of the above.) Changes affecting time zone abbreviations Australian eastern time zone abbreviations are now AEST/AEDT not EST, and similarly for the other Australian zones. That is, for eastern standard and daylight saving time the abbreviations are AEST and AEDT instead of the former EST for both; similarly, ACST/ACDT, ACWST/ACWDT, and AWST/AWDT are now used instead of the former CST, CWST, and WST. This change does not affect UT offsets, only time zone abbreviations. (Thanks to Rich Tibbett and many others.) Asia/Novokuznetsk shifts from NOVT to KRAT (remaining on UT +07) effective 2014-10-26 at 02:00 local time. The time zone abbreviation for Xinjiang Time (observed in Ürümqi) has been changed from URUT to XJT. (Thanks to Luther Ma.) Prefer MSK/MSD for Moscow time in Russia, even in other cities. Similarly, prefer EET/EEST for eastern European time in Russia. Change time zone abbreviations in (western) Samoa to use "ST" and "DT" suffixes, as this is more likely to match common practice. Prefix "W" to (western) Samoa time when its standard-time offset disagrees with that of American Samoa. America/Metlakatla now uses PST, not MeST, to abbreviate its time zone. Time zone abbreviations have been updated for Japan's two time zones used 1896-1937. JWST now stands for Western Standard Time, and JCST for Central Standard Time (formerly this was CJT). These abbreviations are now used for time in Korea, Taiwan, and Sakhalin while controlled by Japan. Changes affecting past timestamps China's five zones have been simplified to two, since the post-1970 differences in the other three seem to have been imaginary. The zones Asia/Harbin, Asia/Chongqing, and Asia/Kashgar have been removed; backwards-compatibility links still work, albeit with different behaviors for timestamps before May 1980. Asia/Urumqi's 1980 transition to UT +08 has been removed, so that it is now at +06 and not +08. (Thanks to Luther Ma and to Alois Treindl; Treindl sent helpful translations of two papers by Guo Qingsheng.) Some zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing zones only for older UT offsets where data entries were likely invented. These changes affect UT offsets in pre-1970 timestamps only. This is similar to the change in release 2013e, except this time for western Africa. The affected zones are: Africa/Bamako, Africa/Banjul, Africa/Conakry, Africa/Dakar, Africa/Freetown, Africa/Lome, Africa/Nouakchott, Africa/Ouagadougou, Africa/Sao_Tome, and Atlantic/St_Helena. This also affects the backwards-compatibility link Africa/Timbuktu. (Thanks to Alan Barrett, Stephen Colebourne, Tim Parenti, and David Patte for reporting problems in earlier versions of this change.) Asia/Shanghai's pre-standard-time UT offset has been changed from 8:05:57 to 8:05:43, the location of Xujiahui Observatory. Its transition to standard time has been changed from 1928 to 1901. Asia/Taipei switched to JWST on 1896-01-01, then to JST on 1937-10-01, then to CST on 1945-09-21 at 01:00, and did not observe DST in 1945. In 1946 it observed DST from 05-15 through 09-30; in 1947 from 04-15 through 10-31; and in 1979 from 07-01 through 09-30. (Thanks to Yu-Cheng Chuang.) Asia/Riyadh's transition to standard time is now 1947-03-14, not 1950. Europe/Helsinki's 1942 fall-back transition was 10-04 at 01:00, not 10-03 at 00:00. (Thanks to Konstantin Hyppönen.) Pacific/Pago_Pago has been changed from UT -11:30 to -11 for the period from 1911 to 1950. Pacific/Chatham has been changed to New Zealand standard time plus 45 minutes for the period before 1957, reflecting a 1956 remark in the New Zealand parliament. Europe/Budapest has several pre-1946 corrections: in 1918 the transition out of DST was on 09-16, not 09-29; in 1919 it was on 11-24, not 09-15; in 1945 it was on 11-01, not 11-03; in 1941 the transition to DST was 04-08 not 04-06 at 02:00; and there was no DST in 1920. Africa/Accra is now assumed to have observed DST from 1920 through 1935. Time in Russia before 1927 or so has been corrected by a few seconds in the following zones: Europe/Moscow, Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Tbilisi, Asia/Tashkent, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yekaterinburg, Europe/Helsinki, and Europe/Riga. Also, Moscow's location has been changed to its Kilometer 0 point. (Thanks to Vladimir Karpinsky for the Moscow changes.) Changes affecting data format A new file 'zone1970.tab' supersedes 'zone.tab' in the installed data. The new file's extended format allows multiple country codes per zone. The older file is still installed but is deprecated; its format is not changing and it will still be distributed for a while, but new applications should use the new file. The new file format simplifies maintenance of obscure locations. To test this, it adds coverage for the Crozet Islands and the Scattered Islands. (Thanks to Tobias Conradi and Antoine Leca.) The file 'iso3166.tab' is planned to switch from ASCII to UTF-8. It is still ASCII now, but commentary about the switch has been added. The new file 'zone1970.tab' already uses UTF-8. Changes affecting code 'localtime', 'mktime', etc. now use much less stack space if ALL_STATE is defined. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes for reporting the problem.) 'zic' no longer mishandles input when ignoring case in locales that are not compatible with English, e.g., unibyte Turkish locales when compiled with HAVE_GETTEXT. Error diagnostics of 'zic' and 'yearistype' have been reworded so that they no longer use ASCII '-' as if it were a dash. 'zic' now rejects output file names that contain '.' or '..' components. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.) 'zic -v' now warns about output file names that do not follow POSIX rules, or that contain a digit or '.'. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson for starting the ball rolling on this.) Some lint has been removed when using GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS with GCC 4.9.0. Changes affecting build procedure 'zic' no longer links in localtime.o and asctime.o, as they're not needed. (Thanks to John Cochran.) Changes affecting documentation and commentary The 'Theory' file documents legacy names, the longstanding exceptions to the POSIX-inspired file name rules. The 'zic' documentation clarifies the role of time types when interpreting dates. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Documentation and commentary now prefer UTF-8 to US-ASCII, allowing the use of proper accents in foreign words and names. Code and data have not changed because of this. (Thanks to Garrett Wollman, Ian Abbott, and Guy Harris for helping to debug this.) Non-HTML documentation and commentary now use plain-text URLs instead of HTML insertions, and are more consistent about bracketing URLs when they are not already surrounded by white space. (Thanks to suggestions by Steffen Nurpmeso.) There is new commentary about Xujiahui Observatory, the five time-zone project in China from 1918 to 1949, timekeeping in Japanese-occupied Shanghai, and Tibet Time in the 1950s. The sharp-eyed can spot the warlord Jin Shuren in the data. Commentary about the coverage of each Russian zone has been standardized. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) There is new commentary about contemporary timekeeping in Ethiopia. Obsolete comments about a 2007 proposal for DST in Kuwait has been removed. There is new commentary about time in Poland in 1919. Proper credit has been given to DST inventor George Vernon Hudson. Commentary about time in Metlakatla, AK and Resolute, NU has been improved, with a new source for the former. In zone.tab, Pacific/Easter no longer mentions Salas y Gómez, as it is uninhabited. Commentary about permanent Antarctic bases has been updated. Several typos have been corrected. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for contributing some of these fixes.) tz-link.htm now mentions the JavaScript libraries Moment Timezone, TimezoneJS.Date, Walltime-js, and Timezone. (Thanks to a heads-up from Matt Johnson.) Also, it mentions the Go 'latlong' package. (Thanks to a heads-up from Dirkjan Ochtman.) The files usno1988, usno1989, usno1989a, usno1995, usno1997, and usno1998 have been removed. These obsolescent US Naval Observatory entries were no longer helpful for maintenance. (Thanks to Tim Parenti for the suggestion.) Release 2014e - 2014-06-12 21:53:52 -0700 Changes affecting near-future timestamps Egypt's 2014 Ramadan-based transitions are June 26 and July 31 at 24:00. (Thanks to Imed Chihi.) Guess that from 2015 on Egypt will temporarily switch to standard time at 24:00 the last Thursday before Ramadan, and back to DST at 00:00 the first Friday after Ramadan. Similarly, Morocco's are June 28 at 03:00 and August 2 at 02:00. (Thanks to Milamber Space Network.) Guess that from 2015 on Morocco will temporarily switch to standard time at 03:00 the last Saturday before Ramadan, and back to DST at 02:00 the first Saturday after Ramadan. Changes affecting past timestamps The abbreviation "MSM" (Moscow Midsummer Time) is now used instead of "MSD" for Moscow's double daylight time in summer 1921. Also, a typo "VLASST" has been repaired to be "VLAST" for Vladivostok summer time in 1991. (Thanks to Hank W. for reporting the problems.) Changes affecting commentary tz-link.htm now cites RFC 7265 for jCal, mentions PTP and the draft CalDAV extension, updates URLs for TSP, TZInfo, IATA, and removes stale pointers to World Time Explorer and WORLDTIME. Release 2014d - 2014-05-27 21:34:40 -0700 Changes affecting code zic no longer generates files containing timestamps before the Big Bang. This works around GNOME glib bug 878 (Thanks to Leonardo Chiquitto for reporting the bug, and to Arthur David Olson and James Cloos for suggesting improvements to the fix.) Changes affecting documentation tz-link.htm now mentions GNOME. Release 2014c - 2014-05-13 07:44:13 -0700 Changes affecting near-future timestamps Egypt observes DST starting 2014-05-15 at 24:00. (Thanks to Ahmad El-Dardiry and Gunther Vermier.) Details have not been announced, except that DST will not be observed during Ramadan. Guess that DST will stop during the same Ramadan dates as Morocco, and that Egypt's future spring and fall transitions will be the same as 2010 when it last observed DST, namely April's last Friday at 00:00 to September's last Thursday at 23:00 standard time. Also, guess that Ramadan transitions will be at 00:00 standard time. Changes affecting code zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating guesswork when handling low-valued timestamps. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Port to Cygwin sans glibc. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Changes affecting commentary and documentation Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan. (Thanks to Oleksii Nochovnyi.) Release 2014b - 2014-03-24 21:28:50 -0700 Changes affecting near-future timestamps Crimea switches to Moscow time on 2014-03-30 at 02:00 local time. (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.) Move its zone.tab entry from UA to RU. New entry for Troll station, Antarctica. (Thanks to Paul-Inge Flakstad and Bengt-Inge Larsson.) This is currently an approximation; a better version will require the zic and localtime fixes mentioned below, and the plan is to wait for a while until at least the zic fixes propagate. Changes affecting code 'zic' and 'localtime' no longer reject locations needing four transitions per year for the foreseeable future. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).) Also, 'zic' avoids some unlikely failures due to integer overflow. Changes affecting build procedure 'make check' now detects Rule lines defined but never used. The NZAQ rules, an instance of this problem, have been removed. Changes affecting commentary and documentation Fix Tuesday/Thursday typo in description of time in Israel. (Thanks to Bert Katz via Pavel Kharitonov and Mike Frysinger.) Microsoft Windows 8.1 doesn't support tz database names. (Thanks to Donald MacQueen.) Instead, the Microsoft Windows Store app library supports them. Add comments about Johnston Island time in the 1960s. (Thanks to Lyle McElhaney.) Morocco's 2014 DST start will be as predicted. (Thanks to Sebastien Willemijns.) Release 2014a - 2014-03-07 23:30:29 -0800 Changes affecting near-future timestamps Turkey begins DST on 2014-03-31, not 03-30. (Thanks to Faruk Pasin for the heads-up, and to Tim Parenti for simplifying the update.) Changes affecting past timestamps Fiji ended DST on 2014-01-19 at 02:00, not the previously-scheduled 03:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Ukraine switched from Moscow to Eastern European time on 1990-07-01 (not 1992-01-01), and observed DST during the entire next winter. (Thanks to Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl.) In 1988 Israel observed DST from 04-10 to 09-04, not 04-09 to 09-03. (Thanks to Avigdor Finkelstein.) Changes affecting code A uninitialized-storage bug in 'localtime' has been fixed. (Thanks to Logan Chien.) Changes affecting the build procedure The settings for 'make check_web' now default to Ubuntu 13.10. Changes affecting commentary and documentation The boundary of the US Pacific time zone is given more accurately. (Thanks to Alan Mintz.) Chile's 2014 DST will be as predicted. (Thanks to José Miguel Garrido.) Paraguay's 2014 DST will be as predicted. (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.) Better descriptions of countries with same time zone history as Trinidad and Tobago since 1970. (Thanks to Alan Barrett for suggestion.) Several changes affect tz-link.htm, the main web page. Mention Time.is (thanks to Even Scharning) and WX-now (thanks to David Braverman). Mention xCal (Internet RFC 6321) and jCal. Microsoft has some support for tz database names. CLDR data formats include both XML and JSON. Mention Maggiolo's map of solar vs standard time. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Mention TZ4Net. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Mention the timezone-olson Haskell package. Mention zeitverschiebung.net. (Thanks to Martin Jäger.) Remove moribund links to daylight-savings-time.info and to Simple Timer + Clocks. Update two links. (Thanks to Oscar van Vlijmen.) Fix some formatting glitches, e.g., remove random newlines from abbr elements' title attributes. Release 2013i - 2013-12-17 07:25:23 -0800 Changes affecting near-future timestamps: Jordan switches back to standard time at 00:00 on December 20, 2013. The 2006-2011 transition schedule is planned to resume in 2014. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes affecting past timestamps: In 2004, Cuba began DST on March 28, not April 4. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes affecting code The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits. Changes affecting documentation and commentary The files solar87, solar88, and solar89 are no longer distributed. They were a negative experiment - that is, a demonstration that tz data can represent solar time only with some difficulty and error. Their presence in the distribution caused confusion, as Riyadh civil time was generally not solar time in those years. tz-link.htm now mentions Noda Time. (Thanks to Matt Johnson.) Release 2013h - 2013-10-25 15:32:32 -0700 Changes affecting current and future timestamps: Libya has switched its UT offset back to +02 without DST, instead of +01 with DST. (Thanks to Even Scharning.) Western Sahara (Africa/El_Aaiun) uses Morocco's DST rules. (Thanks to Gwillim Law.) Changes affecting future timestamps: Acre and (we guess) western Amazonas will switch from UT -04 to -05 on 2013-11-10. This affects America/Rio_Branco and America/Eirunepe. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Add entries for DST transitions in Morocco in the year 2038. This avoids some year-2038 glitches introduced in 2013g. (Thanks to Yoshito Umaoka for reporting the problem.) Changes affecting API The 'tzselect' command no longer requires the 'select' command, and should now work with /bin/sh on more platforms. It also works around a bug in BusyBox awk before version 1.21.0. (Thanks to Patrick 'P. J.' McDermott and Alan Barrett.) Changes affecting code Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t. zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow. Changes affecting the build procedure The builder can specify which programs to use, if any, instead of 'ar' and 'ranlib', and libtz.a is now built locally before being installed. (Thanks to Michael Forney.) A dependency typo in the 'zdump' rule has been fixed. (Thanks to Andrew Paprocki.) The Makefile has been simplified by assuming that 'mkdir -p' and 'cp -f' work as specified by POSIX.2-1992 or later; this is portable nowadays. 'make clean' no longer removes 'leapseconds', since it's host-independent and is part of the distribution. The unused makefile macros TZCSRCS, TZDSRCS, DATESRCS have been removed. Changes affecting documentation and commentary tz-link.htm now mentions TC TIMEZONE's draft time zone service protocol (thanks to Mike Douglass) and TimezoneJS.Date (thanks to Jim Fehrle). Update URLs in tz-link page. Add URLs for Microsoft Windows, since 8.1 introduces tz support. Remove URLs for Tru64 and UnixWare (no longer maintained) and for old advisories. SOFA now does C. Release 2013g - 2013-09-30 21:08:26 -0700 Changes affecting current and near-future timestamps Morocco now observes DST from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October, not April to September respectively. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes affecting 'zic' 'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks. (Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.) Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks. 'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e. Changes affecting the build procedure The 'leapseconds' file is again put into the tzdata tarball. Also, 'leapseconds.awk', so tzdata is self-contained. (Thanks to Matt Burgess and Ian Abbott.) The timestamps of these and other dependent files in tarballs are adjusted more consistently. Changes affecting documentation and commentary The README file is now part of the data tarball as well as the code. It now states that files are public domain unless otherwise specified. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram) for asking for clarifications.) Its details about the 1989 release moved to a place of honor near the end of NEWS. Release 2013f - 2013-09-24 23:37:36 -0700 Changes affecting near-future timestamps Tocantins will very likely not observe DST starting this spring. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Jordan will likely stay at UT +03 indefinitely, and will not fall back this fall. Palestine will fall back at 00:00, not 01:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Changes affecting API The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present) have been changed back to 'long'. This is required for 'timezone' by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11. These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the incompatibility until now. The difference matters on x32, where 'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64. (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.) Changes affecting the build procedure Avoid long strings in leapseconds.awk to work around a mawk bug. (Thanks to Cyril Baurand.) Changes affecting documentation and commentary New file 'NEWS' that contains release notes like this one. Paraguay's law does not specify DST transition time; 00:00 is customary. (Thanks to Waldemar Villamayor-Venialbo.) Minor capitalization fixes. Changes affecting version-control only The experimental GitHub repository now contains annotated and signed tags for recent releases, e.g., '2013e' for Release 2013e. Releases are tagged starting with 2012e; earlier releases were done differently, and tags would either not have a simple name or not exactly match what was released. 'make set-timestamps' is now simpler and a bit more portable. Release 2013e - 2013-09-19 23:50:04 -0700 Changes affecting near-future timestamps This year Fiji will start DST on October 27, not October 20. (Thanks to David Wheeler for the heads-up.) For now, guess that Fiji will continue to spring forward the Sunday before the fourth Monday in October. Changes affecting current and future time zone abbreviations Use WIB/WITA/WIT rather than WIT/CIT/EIT for alphabetic Indonesian time zone abbreviations since 1932. (Thanks to George Ziegler, Priyadi Iman Nurcahyo, Zakaria, Jason Grimes, Martin Pitt, and Benny Lin.) This affects Asia/Dili, Asia/Jakarta, Asia/Jayapura, Asia/Makassar, and Asia/Pontianak. Use ART (UT -03, standard time), rather than WARST (also -03, but daylight saving time) for San Luis, Argentina since 2009. Changes affecting Godthåb timestamps after 2037 if version mismatch Allow POSIX-like TZ strings where the transition time's hour can range from -167 through 167, instead of the POSIX-required 0 through 24. E.g., TZ='FJT-12FJST,M10.3.1/146,M1.3.4/75' for the new Fiji rules. This is a more-compact way to represent far-future timestamps for America/Godthab, America/Santiago, Antarctica/Palmer, Asia/Gaza, Asia/Hebron, Asia/Jerusalem, Pacific/Easter, and Pacific/Fiji. Other zones are unaffected by this change. (Derived from a suggestion by Arthur David Olson.) Allow POSIX-like TZ strings where daylight saving time is in effect all year. E.g., TZ='WART4WARST,J1/0,J365/25' for Western Argentina Summer Time all year. This supports a more-compact way to represent the 2013d data for America/Argentina/San_Luis. Because of the change for San Luis noted above this change does not affect the current data. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram) for suggestions that improved this change.) Where these two TZ changes take effect, there is a minor extension to the tz file format in that it allows new values for the embedded TZ-format string, and the tz file format version number has therefore been increased from 2 to 3 as a precaution. Version-2-based client code should continue to work as before for all timestamps before 2038. Existing version-2-based client code (tzcode, GNU/Linux, Solaris) has been tested on version-3-format files, and typically works in practice even for timestamps after 2037; the only known exception is America/Godthab. Changes affecting timestamps before 1970 Pacific/Johnston is now a link to Pacific/Honolulu. This corrects some errors before 1947. Some zones have been turned into links, when they differ from existing zones only in older data entries that were likely invented or that differ only in LMT or transitions from LMT. These changes affect only timestamps before 1943. The affected zones are: Africa/Juba, America/Anguilla, America/Aruba, America/Dominica, America/Grenada, America/Guadeloupe, America/Marigot, America/Montserrat, America/St_Barthelemy, America/St_Kitts, America/St_Lucia, America/St_Thomas, America/St_Vincent, America/Tortola, and Europe/Vaduz. (Thanks to Alois Treindl for confirming that the old Europe/Vaduz zone was wrong and the new link is better for WWII-era times.) Change Kingston Mean Time from -5:07:12 to -5:07:11. This affects America/Cayman, America/Jamaica and America/Grand_Turk timestamps from 1890 to 1912. Change the UT offset of Bern Mean Time from 0:29:44 to 0:29:46. This affects Europe/Zurich timestamps from 1853 to 1894. (Thanks to Alois Treindl.) Change the date of the circa-1850 Zurich transition from 1849-09-12 to 1853-07-16, overriding Shanks with data from Messerli about postal and telegraph time in Switzerland. Changes affecting time zone abbreviations before 1970 For Asia/Jakarta, use BMT (not JMT) for mean time from 1923 to 1932, as Jakarta was called Batavia back then. Changes affecting API The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year window rather than a 400-year window. For the current data, this affects only the Asia/Tehran file. It does not affect any of the timestamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same information as before. (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).) The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD. The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you select a zone based on latitude and longitude. The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that require the new version-3 binary file format. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson for the suggestion.) Support for floating-point time_t has been removed. It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it. (Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point implementation.) The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT offsets. This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to 'int_fast32_t'. (Thanks to Christos Zoulas.) The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump. Changes affecting the zdump utility zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC". "UTC" does not make sense for timestamps that predate the introduction of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does. (Thanks to Steve Allen for clarifying UT vs UTC.) Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands" rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba". Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock, and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing same-country-code zones for post-1970 timestamps. The data entries for these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before. Changes affecting code internals zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers. zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory. tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data, rather than have it hard-coded. Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1. Changes affecting the build procedure The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this. The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'. When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is now made a symbolic link if that is supported. This saves about 2 MB of file system space. The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been moved to the 'backward' file. This affects only nondefault builds that omit 'backward'. Changes affecting version-control only .gitignore now ignores 'date'. Changes affecting documentation and commentary Changes to the 'tzfile' man page It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in future versions by appending data. It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages. Changes to the 'zic' man page It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'. It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another. Its examples are updated to match the latest data. The definition of white space has been clarified slightly. (Thanks to Michael Deckers.) Changes to the 'Theory' file There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database, describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and explaining why so many of the pre-1970 timestamps are wrong or misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett Wollman for discussions that contributed to this). The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a suggestion by Guy Harris). It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition. It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne). Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g., 'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'. It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff. It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as signed integer time_t. (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting typos in an experimental version of this change.) (Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.) Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in general from UTC in particular. (Thanks to Steve Allen.) Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition. (Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.) Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm. (Thanks to Guy Harris.) Release 2013d - 2013-07-05 07:38:01 -0700 Changes affecting future timestamps: Morocco's midsummer transitions this year are July 7 and August 10, not July 9 and August 8. (Thanks to Andrew Paprocki.) Israel now falls back on the last Sunday of October. (Thanks to Ephraim Silverberg.) Changes affecting past timestamps: Specify Jerusalem's location more precisely; this changes the pre-1880 times by 2 s. Changing affecting metadata only: Fix typos in the entries for country codes BQ and SX. Changes affecting code: Rework the code to fix a bug with handling Australia/Macquarie on 32-bit hosts (thanks to Arthur David Olson). Port to platforms like NetBSD, where time_t can be wider than long. Add support for testing time_t types other than the system's. Run 'make check_time_t_alternatives' to try this out. Currently, the tests fail for unsigned time_t; this should get fixed at some point. Changes affecting documentation and commentary: Deemphasize the significance of national borders. Update the zdump man page. Remove obsolete NOID comment (thanks to Denis Excoffier). Update several URLs and comments in the web pages. Spelling fixes (thanks to Kevin Lyda and Jonathan Leffler). Update URL for CLDR Zone->Tzid table (thanks to Yoshito Umaoka). Release 2013c - 2013-04-19 16:17:40 -0700 Changes affecting current and future timestamps: Palestine observed DST starting March 29, 2013. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) From 2013 on, Gaza and Hebron both observe DST, with the predicted rules being the last Thursday in March at 24:00 to the first Friday on or after September 21 at 01:00. Assume that the recent change to Paraguay's DST rules is permanent, by moving the end of DST to the 4th Sunday in March every year. (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.) Changes affecting past timestamps: Fix some historical data for Palestine to agree with that of timeanddate.com, as follows: The spring 2008 change in Gaza and Hebron was on 00:00 Mar 28, not 00:00 Apr 1. The fall 2009 change in Gaza and Hebron on Sep 4 was at 01:00, not 02:00. The spring 2010 change in Hebron was 00:00 Mar 26, not 00:01 Mar 27. The spring 2011 change in Gaza was 00:01 Apr 1, not 12:01 Apr 2. The spring 2011 change in Hebron on Apr 1 was at 00:01, not 12:01. The fall 2011 change in Hebron on Sep 30 was at 00:00, not 03:00. Fix times of habitation for Macquarie to agree with the Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history, which indicates that permanent habitation was 1899-1919 and 1948 on. Changing affecting metadata only: Macquarie Island is politically part of Australia, not Antarctica. (Thanks to Tobias Conradi.) Sort Macquarie more-consistently with other parts of Australia. (Thanks to Tim Parenti.) Release 2013b - 2013-03-10 22:33:40 -0700 Changes affecting current and future timestamps: Haiti uses US daylight-saving rules this year, and presumably future years. This changes timestamps starting today. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Paraguay will end DST on March 24 this year. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) For now, assume it's just this year. Morocco does not observe DST during Ramadan; try to predict Ramadan in Morocco as best we can. (Thanks to Erik Homoet for the heads-up.) Changes affecting commentary: Update URLs in tz-link page. Add URLs for webOS, BB10, iOS. Update URL for Solaris. Mention Internet RFC 6557. Update Internet RFCs 2445->5545, 2822->5322. Switch from FTP to HTTP for Internet RFCs. Release 2013a - 2013-02-27 09:20:35 -0800 Change affecting binary data format: The zone offset at the end of version-2-format zone files is now allowed to be 24:00, as per POSIX.1-2008. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Changes affecting current and future timestamps: Chile's 2013 rules, and we guess rules for 2014 and later, will be the same as 2012, namely Apr Sun>=23 03:00 UTC to Sep Sun>=2 04:00 UTC. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Robert Elz.) New Zones Asia/Khandyga, Asia/Ust-Nera, Europe/Busingen. (Thanks to Tobias Conradi and Arthur David Olson.) Many changes affect historical timestamps before 1940. These were deduced from: Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94 . Changes affecting the code: Fix zic bug that mishandled Egypt's 2010 changes (this also affected the data). (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Fix localtime bug when time_t is unsigned and data files were generated by a signed time_t system. (Thanks to Doug Bailey for reporting and to Arthur David Olson for fixing.) Allow the email address for bug reports to be set by the packager. The default is tz@iana.org, as before. (Thanks to Joseph S. Myers.) Update HTML checking to be compatible with Ubuntu 12.10. Check that files are a safe subset of ASCII. At some point we may relax this requirement to a safe subset of UTF-8. Without the check, some non-UTF-8 encodings were leaking into the distribution. Commentary changes: Restore a comment about copyright notices that was inadvertently deleted. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Improve the commentary about which districts observe what times in Russia. (Thanks to Oscar van Vlijmen and Arthur David Olson.) Add web page links to tz.js. Add "Run by the Monkeys" to tz-art. (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.) Release 2012j - 2012-11-12 18:34:49 -0800 Libya moved to CET this weekend, but with DST planned next year. (Thanks to Even Scharning, Steffen Thorsen, and Tim Parenti.) Signatures now have the extension .asc, not .sign, as that's more standard. (Thanks to Phil Pennock.) The output of 'zdump --version', and of 'zic --version', now uses a format that is more typical for --version. (Thanks to Joseph S. Myers.) The output of 'tzselect --help', 'zdump --help', and 'zic --help' now uses tz@iana.org rather than the old elsie address. zic -v now complains about abbreviations that are less than 3 or more than 6 characters, as per Posix. Formerly, it checked for abbreviations that were more than 3. 'make public' no longer puts its temporary directory under /tmp, and uses the just-built zic rather than the system zic. Various fixes to documentation and commentary. Release 2012i - 2012-11-03 12:57:09 -0700 Cuba switches from DST tomorrow at 01:00. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Linker flags can now be specified via LDFLAGS. AWK now defaults to 'awk', not 'nawk'. The shell in tzselect now defaults to /bin/bash, but this can be overridden by specifying KSHELL. The main web page now mentions the unofficial GitHub repository. (Thanks to Mike Frysinger.) Tarball signatures can now be built by running 'make signatures'. There are also new makefile rules 'tarballs', 'check_public', and separate makefile rules for each tarball and signature file. A few makefile rules are now more portable to strict POSIX. The main web page now lists the canonical IANA URL. Release 2012h - 2012-10-26 22:49:10 -0700 Bahia no longer has DST. (Thanks to Kelley Cook.) Tocantins has DST. (Thanks to Rodrigo Severo.) Israel has new DST rules next year. (Thanks to Ephraim Silverberg.) Jordan stays on DST this winter. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Web page updates. More C modernization, except that at Arthur David Olson's suggestion the instances of 'register' were kept. Release 2012g - 2012-10-17 20:59:45 -0700 Samoa fall 2012 and later. (Thanks to Nicholas Pereira and Robert Elz.) Palestine fall 2012. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Assume C89. To attack the version-number problem, this release ships the file 'Makefile' (which contains the release number) in both the tzcode and the tzdata tarballs. The two Makefiles are identical, and should be identical in any matching pair of tarballs, so it shouldn't matter which order you extract the tarballs. Perhaps we can come up with a better version-number scheme at some point; this scheme does have the virtue of not adding more files. Release 2012f - 2012-09-12 23:17:03 -0700 * australasia (Pacific/Fiji): Fiji DST is October 21 through January 20 this year. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) Release 2012e - 2012-08-02 20:44:55 -0700 * australasia (Pacific/Fakaofo): Tokelau is UT +13, not +14. (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.) * Use a single version number for both code and data. * .gitignore: New file. * Remove trailing white space. Release code2012c-data2012d - 2012-07-19 16:35:33 -0700 Changes for Morocco's timestamps, which take effect in a couple of hours, along with infrastructure changes to accommodate how the tz code and data are released on IANA. Release data2012c - 2012-03-27 12:17:25 -0400 africa Summer time changes for Morocco (to start late April 2012) asia Changes for 2012 for Gaza & the West Bank (Hebron) and Syria northamerica Haiti following US/Canada rules for 2012 (and we're assuming, for now anyway, for the future). Release 2012b - 2012-03-02 12:29:15 +0700 There is just one change to tzcode2012b (compared with 2012a): the Makefile that was accidentally included with 2012a has been replaced with the version that should have been there, which is identical with the previous version (from tzcode2011i). There are just two changes in tzdata2012b compared with 2012a. Most significantly, summer time in Cuba has been delayed 3 weeks (now starts April 1 rather than March 11). Since Mar 11 (the old start date, as listed in 2012a) is just a little over a week away, this change is urgent. Less importantly, an excess tab in one of the changes in zone.tab in 2012a has been removed. Release 2012a - 2012-03-01 18:28:10 +0700 The changes in tzcode2012a (compared to the previous version, 2011i) are entirely to the README and tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm files, if none of those concern you, you can ignore the code update. The changes reflect the changed addresses for the mailing list and the code and data distribution points & methods (and a link to DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile has been added to tz-link.htm). In tzdata2012a (compared to the previous release, which was 2011n) the major changes are: Chile 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 summer time date adjustments. Falkland Islands onto permanent summer time (we're assuming for the foreseeable future, though 2012 is all we're fairly certain of.) Armenia has abolished Summer Time. Tokelau jumped the International Date Line back last December (just the same as their near neighbour, Samoa). America/Creston is a new zone for a small area of British Columbia There will be a leapsecond 2012-06-30 23:59:60 UTC. Other minor changes are: Corrections to 1918 Canadian summer time end dates. Updated URL for UK time zone history (in comments) A few typos in Le Corre's list of free French place names (comments) Release data2011n - 2011-10-30 14:57:54 +0700 There are three changes of note - most urgently, Cuba (America/Havana) has extended summer time by two weeks, now to end on Nov 13, rather than the (already past) Oct 30. Second, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Europe/Tiraspol) decided not to split from the rest of Moldova after all, and consequently that zone has been removed (again) and reinstated in the "backward" file as a link to Europe/Chisinau. And third, the end date for Fiji's summer time this summer was moved forward from the earlier planned Feb 26, to Jan 22. Apart from that, Moldova (MD) returns to a single entry in zone.tab (and the incorrect syntax that was in the 2011m version of that file is so fixed - it would have been fixed in a different way had this change not happened - that's the "missing" sccs version id). Release data2011m - 2011-10-24 21:42:16 +0700 In particular, the typos in comments in the data (2011-11-17 should have been 2011-10-17 as Alan Barrett noted, and spelling of Tiraspol that Tim Parenti noted) have been fixed, and the change for Ukraine has been made in all 4 Ukrainian zones, rather than just Kiev (again, thanks to Tim Parenti, and also Denys Gavrysh) In addition, I added Europe/Tiraspol to zone.tab. This time, all the files have new version numbers... (including the files otherwise unchanged in 2011m that were changed in 2011l but didn't get new version numbers there...) Release data2011l - 2011-10-10 11:15:43 +0700 There are just 2 changes that cause different generated tzdata files from zic, to Asia/Hebron and Pacific/Fiji - the possible change for Bahia, Brazil is included, but commented out. Compared with the diff I sent out last week, this version also includes attributions for the sources for the changes (in much the same format as ado used, but the html tags have not been checked, verified, or used in any way at all, so if there are errors there, please let me know.) Release data2011k - 2011-09-20 17:54:03 -0400 [not summarized] Release data2011j - 2011-09-12 09:22:49 -0400 (contemporary changes for Samoa; past changes for Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania); there are also two spelling corrections to comments in the australasia file (with thanks to Christos Zoulas). Release 2011i - 2011-08-29 05:56:32 -0400 [not summarized] Release data2011h - 2011-06-15 18:41:48 -0400 Russia and Curaçao changes Release 2011g - 2011-04-25 09:07:22 -0400 update the rules for Egypt to reflect its abandonment of DST this year Release 2011f - 2011-04-06 17:14:53 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2011e - 2011-03-31 16:04:38 -0400 Morocco, Chile, and tz-link changes Release 2011d - 2011-03-14 09:18:01 -0400 changes that impact present-day timestamps in Cuba, Samoa, and Turkey Release 2011c - 2011-03-07 09:30:09 -0500 These do affect current timestamps in Chile and Annette Island, Canada. Release 2011b - 2011-02-07 08:44:50 -0500 [not summarized] Release 2011a - 2011-01-24 10:30:16 -0500 [not summarized] Release data2010o - 2010-11-01 09:18:23 -0400 change to the end of DST in Fiji in 2011 Release 2010n - 2010-10-25 08:19:17 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2010m - 2010-09-27 09:24:48 -0400 Hong Kong, Vostok, and zic.c changes Release 2010l - 2010-08-16 06:57:25 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2010k - 2010-07-26 10:42:27 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2010j - 2010-05-10 09:07:48 -0400 changes for Bahía de Banderas and for version naming Release data2010i - 2010-04-16 18:50:45 -0400 the end of DST in Morocco on 2010-08-08 Release data2010h - 2010-04-05 09:58:56 -0400 [not summarized] Release data2010g - 2010-03-24 11:14:53 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2010f - 2010-03-22 09:45:46 -0400 [not summarized] Release data2010e - 2010-03-08 14:24:27 -0500 corrects the Dhaka bug found by Danvin Ruangchan Release data2010d - 2010-03-06 07:26:01 -0500 [not summarized] Release 2010c - 2010-03-01 09:20:58 -0500 changes including KRE's suggestion for earlier initialization of "goahead" and "goback" structure elements Release code2010a - 2010-02-16 10:40:04 -0500 [not summarized] Release data2010b - 2010-01-20 12:37:01 -0500 Mexico changes Release data2010a - 2010-01-18 08:30:04 -0500 changes to Dhaka Release data2009u - 2009-12-26 08:32:28 -0500 changes to DST in Bangladesh Release 2009t - 2009-12-21 13:24:27 -0500 [not summarized] Release data2009s - 2009-11-14 10:26:32 -0500 (cosmetic) Antarctica change and the DST-in-Fiji-in-2009-and-2010 change Release 2009r - 2009-11-09 10:10:31 -0500 "antarctica" and "tz-link.htm" changes Release 2009q - 2009-11-02 09:12:40 -0500 with two corrections as reported by Eric Muller and Philip Newton Release data2009p - 2009-10-23 15:05:27 -0400 Argentina (including San Luis) changes (with the correction from Mariano Absatz) Release data2009o - 2009-10-14 16:49:38 -0400 Samoa (commentary only), Pakistan, and Bangladesh changes Release data2009n - 2009-09-22 15:13:38 -0400 added commentary for Argentina and a change to the end of DST in 2009 in Pakistan Release data2009m - 2009-09-03 10:23:43 -0400 Samoa and Palestine changes Release data2009l - 2009-08-14 09:13:07 -0400 Samoa (comments only) and Egypt Release 2009k - 2009-07-20 09:46:08 -0400 [not summarized] Release data2009j - 2009-06-15 06:43:59 -0400 Bangladesh change (with a short turnaround since the DST change is impending) Release 2009i - 2009-06-08 09:21:22 -0400 updating for DST in Bangladesh this year Release 2009h - 2009-05-26 09:19:14 -0400 [not summarized] Release data2009g - 2009-04-20 16:34:07 -0400 Cairo Release data2009f - 2009-04-10 11:00:52 -0400 correct DST in Pakistan Release 2009e - 2009-04-06 09:08:11 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2009d - 2009-03-23 09:38:12 -0400 Morocco, Tunisia, Argentina, and American Astronomical Society changes Release data2009c - 2009-03-16 09:47:51 -0400 change to the start of Cuban DST Release 2009b - 2009-02-09 11:15:22 -0500 [not summarized] Release 2009a - 2009-01-21 10:09:39 -0500 [not summarized] Release data2008i - 2008-10-21 12:10:25 -0400 southamerica and zone.tab files, with Argentina DST rule changes and United States zone reordering and recommenting Release 2008h - 2008-10-13 07:33:56 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2008g - 2008-10-06 09:03:18 -0400 Fix a broken HTML anchor and update Brazil's DST transitions; there's also a slight reordering of information in tz-art.htm. Release data2008f - 2008-09-09 22:33:26 -0400 [not summarized] Release 2008e - 2008-07-28 14:11:17 -0400 changes by Arthur David Olson and Jesper Nørgaard Welen Release data2008d - 2008-07-07 09:51:38 -0400 changes by Arthur David Olson, Paul Eggert, and Rodrigo Severo Release data2008c - 2008-05-19 17:48:03 -0400 Pakistan, Morocco, and Mongolia Release data2008b - 2008-03-24 08:30:59 -0400 including renaming Asia/Calcutta to Asia/Kolkata, with a backward link provided Release 2008a - 2008-03-08 05:42:16 -0500 [not summarized] Release 2007k - 2007-12-31 10:25:22 -0500 most importantly, changes to the "southamerica" file based on Argentina's readoption of daylight saving time Release 2007j - 2007-12-03 09:51:01 -0500 1. eliminate the "P" (parameter) macro; 2. the "noncontroversial" changes circulated on the time zone mailing list (less the changes to "logwtmp.c"); 3. eliminate "too many transition" errors when "min" is used in time zone rules; 4. changes by Paul Eggert (including updated information for Venezuela). Release data2007i - 2007-10-30 10:28:11 -0400 changes for Cuba and Syria Release 2007h - 2007-10-01 10:05:51 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert, as well as an updated link to the ICU project in tz-link.htm Release 2007g - 2007-08-20 10:47:59 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert The "leapseconds" file has been updated to incorporate the most recent International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) bulletin. There's an addition to tz-art.htm regarding the television show "Medium". Release 2007f - 2007-05-07 10:46:46 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert (including Haiti, Turks and Caicos, and New Zealand) changes to zic.c to allow hour values greater than 24 (along with Paul's improved time value overflow checking) Release 2007e - 2007-04-02 10:11:52 -0400 Syria and Honduras changes by Paul Eggert zic.c variable renaming changes by Arthur David Olson Release 2007d - 2007-03-20 08:48:30 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert the elimination of white space at the ends of lines Release 2007c - 2007-02-26 09:09:37 -0500 changes by Paul Eggert Release 2007b - 2007-02-12 09:34:20 -0500 Paul Eggert's proposed change to the quotation handling logic in zic.c. changes to the commentary in "leapseconds" reflecting the IERS announcement that there is to be no positive leap second at the end of June 2007. Release 2007a - 2007-01-08 12:28:29 -0500 changes by Paul Eggert Derick Rethan's Asmara change Oscar van Vlijmen's Easter Island local mean time change symbolic link changes Release 2006p - 2006-11-27 08:54:27 -0500 changes by Paul Eggert Release 2006o - 2006-11-06 09:18:07 -0500 changes by Paul Eggert Release 2006n - 2006-10-10 11:32:06 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert Release 2006m - 2006-10-02 15:32:35 -0400 changes for Uruguay, Palestine, and Egypt by Paul Eggert (minimalist) changes to zic.8 to clarify "until" information Release data2006l - 2006-09-18 12:58:11 -0400 Paul's best-effort work on this coming weekend's Egypt time change Release 2006k - 2006-08-28 12:19:09 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert Release 2006j - 2006-08-21 09:56:32 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert Release code2006i - 2006-08-07 12:30:55 -0400 localtime.c fixes Ken Pizzini's conversion script Release code2006h - 2006-07-24 09:19:37 -0400 adds public domain notices to four files includes a fix for transition times being off by a second adds a new recording to the "arts" file (information courtesy Colin Bowern) Release 2006g - 2006-05-08 17:18:09 -0400 northamerica changes by Paul Eggert Release 2006f - 2006-05-01 11:46:00 -0400 a missing version number problem is fixed (with thanks to Bradley White for catching the problem) Release 2006d - 2006-04-17 14:33:43 -0400 changes by Paul Eggert added new items to tz-arts.htm that were found by Paul Release 2006c - 2006-04-03 10:09:32 -0400 two sets of data changes by Paul Eggert a fencepost error fix in zic.c changes to zic.c and the "europe" file to minimize differences between output produced by the old 32-bit zic and the new 64-bit version Release 2006b - 2006-02-20 10:08:18 -0500 [tz32code2006b + tz64code2006b + tzdata2006b] 64-bit code All SCCS IDs were bumped to "8.1" for this release. Release 2006a - 2006-01-30 08:59:31 -0500 changes by Paul Eggert (in particular, Indiana time zone moves) an addition to the zic manual page to describe how special-case transitions are handled Release 2005r - 2005-12-27 09:27:13 -0500 Canadian changes by Paul Eggert They also add "
" directives to time zone data files and reflect
   changes to warning message logic in "zdump.c" (but with calls to
   "gettext" kept unbundled at the suggestion of Ken Pizzini).
 
 
 Release 2005q - 2005-12-13 09:17:09 -0500
 
   Nothing earth-shaking here:
 	1.  Electronic mail addresses have been removed.
 	2.  Casts of the return value of exit have been removed.
 	3.  Casts of the argument of is.* macros have been added.
 	4.  Indentation in one section of zic.c has been fixed.
 	5.  References to dead URLs in the data files have been dealt with.
 
 
 Release 2005p - 2005-12-05 10:30:53 -0500
 
   "systemv", "tz-link.htm", and "zdump.c" changes
   (less the casts of arguments to the is* macros)
 
 
 Release 2005o - 2005-11-28 10:55:26 -0500
 
   Georgia, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Jordan changes by Paul Eggert
 
   zdump.c lint fixes by Arthur David Olson
 
 
 Release 2005n - 2005-10-03 09:44:09 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert (both the Uruguay changes and the Kyrgyzstan
   et al. changes)
 
 
 Release 2005m - 2005-08-29 12:15:40 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert (with a small tweak to the tz-art change)
 
   a declaration of an unused variable has been removed from zdump.c
 
 
 Release 2005l - 2005-08-22 12:06:39 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   overflow/underflow checks by Arthur David Olson, minus changes to
   the "Theory" file about the pending addition of 64-bit data (I grow
   less confident of the changes being accepted with each passing day,
   and the changes no longer increase the data files nine-fold--there's
   less than a doubling in size by my local Sun's reckoning)
 
 
 Release 2005k - 2005-07-14 14:14:24 -0400
 
   The "leapseconds" file has been edited to reflect the recently
   announced leap second at the end of 2005.
 
   I've also deleted electronic mail addresses from the files as an
   anti-spam measure.
 
 
 Release 2005j - 2005-06-13 14:34:13 -0400
 
   These reflect changes to limit the length of time zone abbreviations
   and the characters used in those abbreviations.
 
   There are also changes to handle POSIX-style "quoted" timezone
   environment variables.
 
   The changes were circulated on the time zone mailing list; the only
   change since then was the removal of a couple of minimum-length of
   abbreviation checks.
 
 
 Release data2005i - 2005-04-21 15:04:16 -0400
 
   changes (most importantly to Nicaragua and Haiti) by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 2005h - 2005-04-04 11:24:47 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   minor changes to Makefile and zdump.c to produce more useful output
   when doing a "make typecheck"
 
 
 Release 2005g - 2005-03-14 10:11:21 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert (a change to current DST rules in Uruguay and
   an update to a link to time zone software)
 
 
 Release 2005f - 2005-03-01 08:45:32 -0500
 
   data and documentation changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 2005e - 2005-02-10 15:59:44 -0500
 
   [not summarized]
 
 
 Release code2005d - 2005-01-31 09:21:47 -0500
 
   make zic complain about links to links if the -v flag is used
 
   have "make public" do more code checking
 
   add an include to "localtime.c" for the benefit of gcc systems
 
 
 Release 2005c - 2005-01-17 18:36:29 -0500
 
   get better results when mktime runs on a system where time_t is double
 
   changes to the data files (most importantly to Paraguay)
 
 
 Release 2005b - 2005-01-10 09:19:54 -0500
 
   Get localtime and gmtime working on systems with exotic time_t types.
 
   Update the leap second commentary in the "leapseconds" file.
 
 
 Release 2005a - 2005-01-01 13:13:44 -0500
 
   [not summarized]
 
 
 Release code2004i - 2004-12-14 13:42:58 -0500
 
   Deal with systems where time_t is unsigned.
 
 
 Release code2004h - 2004-12-07 11:40:18 -0500
 
   64-bit-time_t changes
 
 
 Release 2004g - 2004-11-02 09:06:01 -0500
 
   update to Cuba (taking effect this weekend)
 
   other changes by Paul Eggert
 
   correction of the spelling of Oslo
 
   changed versions of difftime.c and private.h
 
 
 Release code2004f - 2004-10-21 10:25:22 -0400
 
   Cope with wide-ranging tm_year values.
 
 
 Release 2004e - 2004-10-11 14:47:21 -0400
 
   Brazil/Argentina/Israel changes by Paul Eggert
 
   changes to tz-link.htm by Paul
 
   one small fix to Makefile
 
 
 Release 2004d - 2004-09-22 08:27:29 -0400
 
   Avoid overflow problems when TM_YEAR_BASE is added to an integer.
 
 
 Release 2004c - 2004-08-11 12:06:26 -0400
 
   asctime-related changes
 
   (variants of) some of the documentation changes suggested by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 2004b - 2004-07-19 14:33:35 -0400
 
   data changes by Paul Eggert - most importantly, updates for Argentina
 
 
 Release 2004a - 2004-05-27 12:00:47 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   Handle DST transitions that occur at the end of a month in some
   years but at the start of the following month in other years.
 
   Add a copy of the correspondence that's the basis for claims about
   DST in the Navajo Nation.
 
 
 Release 2003e - 2003-12-15 09:36:47 -0500
 
   changes by Arthur David Olson (primarily code changes)
 
   changes by Paul Eggert (primarily data changes)
 
   minor changes to "Makefile" and "northamerica" (in the latter case,
   optimization of the "Toronto" rules)
 
 
 Release 2003d - 2003-10-06 09:34:44 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 2003c - 2003-09-16 10:47:05 -0400
 
   Fix bad returns in zic.c's inleap function.
   Thanks to Bradley White for catching the problem!
 
 
 Release 2003b - 2003-09-16 07:13:44 -0400
 
   Add a "--version" option (and documentation) to the zic and zdump commands.
 
   changes to overflow/underflow checking in zic
 
   a localtime typo fix.
 
   Update the leapseconds and tz-art.htm files.
 
 
 Release 2003a - 2003-03-24 09:30:54 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   a few additions and modifications to the tz-art.htm file
 
 
 Release 2002d - 2002-10-15 13:12:42 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert, less the "Britain (UK)" change in iso3166.tab
 
   There's also a new time zone quote in "tz-art.htm".
 
 
 Release 2002c - 2002-04-04 11:55:20 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   Change zic.c to avoid creating symlinks to files that don't exist.
 
 
 Release 2002b - 2002-01-28 12:56:03 -0500
 
   [These change notes are for Release 2002a, which was corrupted.
   2002b was a corrected version of 2002a.]
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   Update the "leapseconds" file to note that there'll be no leap
   second at the end of June, 2002.
 
   Change "zic.c" to deal with a problem in handling the "Asia/Bishkek" zone.
 
   Change to "difftime.c" to avoid sizeof problems.
 
 
 Release 2001d - 2001-10-09 13:31:32 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 2001c - 2001-06-05 13:59:55 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert and Andrew Brown
 
 
 Release 2001b - 2001-04-05 16:44:38 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert (modulo jnorgard's typo fix)
 
   tz-art.htm has been HTMLified.
 
 
 Release 2001a - 2001-03-13 12:57:44 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   An addition to the "leapseconds" file: comments with the text of the
   latest IERS leap second notice.
 
   Trailing white space has been removed from data file lines, and
   repeated spaces in "Rule Jordan" lines in the "asia" file have been
   converted to tabs.
 
 
 Release 2000h - 2000-12-14 15:33:38 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   one typo fix in the "art" file
 
   With providence, this is the last update of the millennium.
 
 
 Release 2000g - 2000-10-10 11:35:22 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   correction of John Mackin's name submitted by Robert Elz
 
   Garry Shandling's Daylight Saving Time joke (!?!) from the recent
   Emmy Awards broadcast.
 
 
 Release 2000f - 2000-08-10 09:31:58 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   Added information in "tz-art.htm" on a Seinfeld reference to DST.
 
   Error checking and messages in the "yearistype" script have been
   improved.
 
 
 Release 2000e - 2000-07-31 09:27:54 -0400
 
   data changes by Paul Eggert
 
   a change to the default value of the defined constant HAVE_STRERROR
 
   the addition of a Dave Barry quote on DST to the tz-arts file
 
 
 Release 2000d - 2000-04-20 15:43:04 -0400
 
   changes to the documentation and code of strftime for C99 conformance
 
   a bug fix for date.c
 
   These are based on (though modified from) changes by Paul Eggert.
 
 
 Release 2000c - 2000-03-04 10:31:43 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 2000b - 2000-02-21 12:16:29 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert and Joseph Myers
 
   modest tweaks to the tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm files
 
 
 Release 2000a - 2000-01-18 09:21:26 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   The two hypertext documents have also been renamed.
 
 
 Release code1999i-data1999j - 1999-11-15 18:43:22 -0500
 
   Paul Eggert's changes
 
   additions to the "zic" manual page and the "Arts.htm" file
 
 
 Release code1999h-data1999i - 1999-11-08 14:55:21 -0500
 
   [not summarized]
 
 
 Release data1999h - 1999-10-07 03:50:29 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert to "europe" (most importantly, fixing
   Lithuania and Estonia)
 
 
 Release 1999g - 1999-09-28 11:06:18 -0400
 
   data changes by Paul Eggert (most importantly, the change for
   Lebanon that buys correctness for this coming Sunday)
 
   The "code" file contains changes to "Makefile" and "checktab.awk" to
   allow better checking of time zone files before they are published.
 
 
 Release 1999f - 1999-09-23 09:48:14 -0400
 
   changes by Arthur David Olson and Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release 1999e - 1999-08-17 15:20:54 -0400
 
   changes circulated by Paul Eggert, although the change to handling
   of DST-specifying timezone names has been commented out for now
   (search for "XXX" in "localtime.c" for details).  These files also
   do not make any changes to the start of DST in Brazil.
 
   In addition to Paul's changes, there are updates to "Arts.htm" and
   cleanups of URLs.
 
 
 Release 1999d - 1999-03-30 11:31:07 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   The Makefile's "make public" rule has also been changed to do a test
   compile of each individual time zone data file (which should help
   avoid problems such as the one we had with Nicosia).
 
 
 Release 1999c - 1999-03-25 09:47:47 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert, most importantly the change for Chile.
 
 
 Release 1999b - 1999-02-01 17:51:44 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   code changes (suggested by Mani Varadarajan, mani at be.com) for
   correct handling of symbolic links when building using a relative directory
 
   code changes to generate correct messages for failed links
 
   updates to the URLs in Arts.htm
 
 
 Release 1999a - 1999-01-19 16:20:29 -0500
 
   error message internationalizations and corrections in zic.c and
   zdump.c (as suggested by Vladimir Michl, vladimir.michl at upol.cz,
   to whom thanks!)
 
 
 Release code1998h-data1998i - 1998-10-01 09:56:10 -0400
 
   changes for Brazil, Chile, and Germany
 
   support for use of "24:00" in the input files for the time zone compiler
 
 
 Release code1998g-data1998h - 1998-09-24 10:50:28 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
   correction to a define in the "private.h" file
 
 
 Release data1998g - 1998-08-11 03:28:35 -0000
   [tzdata1998g.tar.gz is missing!]
 
   Lithuanian change provided by mgedmin at pub.osf.it
 
   Move creation of the GMT link with Etc/GMT to "etcetera" (from
   "backward") to ensure that the GMT file is created even where folks
   don't want the "backward" links (as suggested by Paul Eggert).
 
 
 Release data1998f - 1998-07-20 13:50:00 -0000
   [tzdata1998f.tar.gz is missing!]
 
   Update the "leapseconds" file to include the newly-announced
   insertion at the end of 1998.
 
 
 Release code1998f - 1998-06-01 10:18:31 -0400
 
   addition to localtime.c by Guy Harris
 
 
 Release 1998e - 1998-05-28 09:56:26 -0400
 
   The Makefile is changed to produce zoneinfo-posix rather than
   zoneinfo/posix, and to produce zoneinfo-leaps rather than
   zoneinfo/right.
 
   data changes by Paul Eggert
 
   changes from Guy Harris to provide asctime_r and ctime_r
 
   A usno1998 file (substantially identical to usno1997) has been added.
 
 
 Release 1998d - 1998-05-14 11:58:34 -0400
 
   changes to comments (in particular, elimination of references to CIA maps).
   "Arts.htm", "WWW.htm", "asia", and "australasia" are the only places
   where changes occur.
 
 
 Release 1998c - 1998-02-28 12:32:26 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert (save the "French correction," on which I'll
   wait for the dust to settle)
 
   symlink changes
 
   changes and additions to Arts.htm
 
 
 Release 1998b - 1998-01-17 14:31:51 -0500
 
   URL cleanups and additions
 
 
 Release 1998a - 1998-01-13 12:37:35 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release code1997i-data1997k - 1997-12-29 09:53:41 -0500
 
   changes by Paul Eggert, with minor modifications from Arthur David
   Olson to make the files more browser friendly
 
 
 Release code1997h-data1997j - 1997-12-18 17:47:35 -0500
 
   minor changes to put "TZif" at the start of each timezone information file
 
   a rule has also been added to the Makefile so you can
 	make zones
   to just recompile the zone information files (rather than doing a
   full "make install" with its other effects).
 
 
 Release data1997i - 1997-10-07 08:45:38 -0400
 
   changes to Africa by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release code1997g-data1997h - 1997-09-04 16:56:54 -0400
 
   corrections for Uruguay (and other locations)
 
   Arthur David Olson's simple-minded fix allowing mktime to both
   correctly handle leap seconds and correctly handle tm_sec values
   upon which arithmetic has been performed.
 
 
 Release code1997f-data1997g - 1997-07-19 13:15:02 -0400
 
   Paul Eggert's updates
 
   a small change to a function prototype;
 
   "Music" has been renamed "Arts.htm", HTMLified, and augmented to
   include information on Around the World in Eighty Days.
 
 
 Release code1997e-data1997f - 1997-05-03 18:52:34 -0400
 
   fixes to zic's error handling
 
   changes inspired by the item circulated on Slovenia
 
   The description of Web resources has been HTMLified for browsing
   convenience.
 
   A new piece of tz-related music has been added to the "Music" file.
 
 
 Release code1997d-data1997e - 1997-03-29 12:48:52 -0500
 
   Paul Eggert's latest suggestions
 
 
 Release code1997c-data1997d - 1997-03-07 20:37:54 -0500
 
   changes to "zic.c" to correct performance of the "-s" option
 
   a new file "usno1997"
 
 
 Release data1997c - 1997-03-04 09:58:18 -0500
 
   changes in Israel
 
 
 Release 1997b - 1997-02-27 18:34:19 -0500
 
   The data file incorporates the 1997 leap second.
 
   The code file incorporates Arthur David Olson's take on the
   zic/multiprocessor/directory-creation situation.
 
 
 Release 1997a - 1997-01-21 09:11:10 -0500
 
   Paul Eggert's Antarctica (and other changes)
 
   Arthur David Olson finessed the "getopt" issue by checking against
   both -1 and EOF (regardless of POSIX, SunOS 4.1.1's manual says -1
   is returned while SunOS 5.5's manual says EOF is returned).
 
 
 Release code1996o-data1996n - 1996-12-27 21:42:05 -0500
 
   Paul Eggert's latest changes
 
 
 Release code1996n - 1996-12-16 09:42:02 -0500
 
   link snapping fix from Bruce Evans (via Garrett Wollman)
 
 
 Release data1996m - 1996-11-24 02:37:34 -0000
   [tzdata1996m.tar.gz is missing!]
 
   Paul Eggert's batch of changes
 
 
 Release code1996m-data1996l - 1996-11-05 14:00:12 -0500
 
   No functional changes here; the files have simply been changed to
   make more use of ISO style dates in comments. The names of the above
   files now include the year in full.
 
 
 Release code96l - 1996-09-08 17:12:20 -0400
 
   tzcode96k was missing a couple of pieces.
 
 
 Release 96k - 1996-09-08 16:06:22 -0400
 
   the latest round of changes from Paul Eggert
 
   the recent Year 2000 material
 
 
 Release code96j - 1996-07-30 13:18:53 -0400
 
   Set sp->typecnt as suggested by Timothy Patrick Murphy.
 
 
 Release code96i - 1996-07-27 20:11:35 -0400
 
   Paul's suggested patch for strftime %V week numbers
 
 
 Release data96i - 1996-07-01 18:13:04 -0400
 
   "northamerica" and "europe" changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release code96h - 1996-06-05 08:02:21 -0400
 
   fix for handling transitions specified in Universal Time
 
   Some "public domain" notices have also been added.
 
 
 Release code96g - 1996-05-16 14:00:26 -0400
 
   fix for the simultaneous-DST-and-zone-change challenge
 
 
 Release data96h - 1996-05-09 17:40:51 -0400
 
   changes by Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release code96f-data96g - 1996-05-03 03:09:59 -0000
   [tzcode96f.tar.gz + tzdata96g.tar.gz are both missing!]
 
   The changes get us some of the way to fixing the problems noted in Paul
   Eggert's letter yesterday (in addition to a few others).  The approach
   has been to make zic a bit smarter about figuring out what time zone
   abbreviations apply just after the time specified in the "UNTIL" part
   of a zone line.  Putting the smarts in zic means avoiding having
   transition times show up in both "Zone" lines and "Rule" lines, which
   in turn avoids multiple transition time entries in time zone files.
   (This also makes the zic input files such as "europe" a bit shorter and
   should ease maintenance.)
 
 
 Release data96f - 1996-04-19 19:20:03 -0000
   [tzdata96f.tar.gz is missing!]
 
   The only changes are to the "northamerica" file; the time zone
   abbreviation for Denver is corrected to MST (and MDT), and the
   comments for Mexico have been updated.
 
 
 Release data96e - 1996-03-19 17:37:26 -0500
 
   Proposals by Paul Eggert, in particular the Portugal change that
   comes into play at the end of this month.
 
 
 Release data96d - 1996-03-18 20:49:39 -0500
 
   [not summarized]
 
 
 Release code96e - 1996-02-29 15:43:27 -0000
   [tzcode96e.tar.gz is missing!]
 
   internationalization changes and the fix to the documentation for strftime
 
 
 Release code96d-data96c - 1996-02-12 11:05:27 -0500
 
   The "code" file simply updates Bob Kridle's electronic address.
 
   The "data" file updates rules for Mexico.
 
 
 Release data96b - 1996-01-27 15:44:42 -0500
 
   Kiribati change
 
 
 Release code96c - 1996-01-16 16:58:15 -0500
 
   leap-year streamlining and binary-search changes
 
   fix to newctime.3
 
 
 Release code96b - 1996-01-10 20:42:39 -0500
 
   fixes and enhancements from Paul Eggert, including code that
   emulates the behavior of recent versions of the SunOS "date"
   command.
 
 
 Release 96a - 1996-01-06 09:08:24 -0500
 
   Israel updates
 
   fixes to strftime.c for correct ISO 8601 week number generation,
   plus support for two new formats ('G' and 'g') to give ISO 8601 year
   numbers (which are not necessarily the same as calendar year numbers)
 
 
 Release code95i-data95m - 1995-12-21 12:46:47 -0500
 
   The latest revisions from Paul Eggert are included, the usno1995
   file has been updated, and a new file ("WWW") covering useful URLs
   has been added.
 
 
 Release code95h-data95l - 1995-12-19 18:10:12 -0500
 
   A simplification of a macro definition, a change to data for Sudan,
   and (for last minute shoppers) notes in the "Music" file on the CD
   "Old Man Time".
 
 
 Release code95g-data95k - 1995-10-30 10:32:47 -0500
 
   (slightly reformatted) 8-bit-clean proposed patch
 
   minor patch: US/Eastern -> America/New_York
 
   snapshot of the USNO's latest data ("usno1995")
 
   some other minor cleanups
 
 
 Release code95f-data95j - 1995-10-28 21:01:34 -0000
   [tzcode95f.tar.gz + tzdata95j.tar.gz are both missing!]
 
   European cleanups
 
   support for 64-bit time_t's
 
   optimization in localtime.c
 
 
 Release code95e - 1995-10-13 13:23:57 -0400
 
   the mktime change to scan from future to past when trying to find time zone
   offsets
 
 
 Release data95i - 1995-09-26 10:43:26 -0400
 
   For Canada/Central, guess that the Sun customer's "one week too
   early" was just a approximation, and the true error is one month
   too early.  This is consistent with the rest of Canada.
 
 
 Release data95h - 1995-09-21 11:26:48 -0400
 
   latest changes from Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release code95d - 1995-09-14 11:14:45 -0400
 
   the addition of a "Music" file, which documents four recorded
   versions of the tune "Save That Time".
 
 
 Release data95g - 1995-09-01 17:21:36 -0400
 
   "yearistype" correction
 
 
 Release data95f - 1995-08-28 20:46:56 -0400
 
   Paul Eggert's change to the australasia file
 
 
 Release data95e - 1995-07-08 18:02:34 -0400
 
   The only change is a leap second at the end of this year.
   Thanks to Bradley White for forwarding news on the leap second.
 
 
 Release data95d - 1995-07-03 13:26:22 -0400
 
   Paul Eggert's changes
 
 
 Release data95c - 1995-07-02 19:19:28 -0400
 
   changes to "asia", "backward", "europe", and "southamerica"
   (read: northamericacentrics need not apply)
 
 
 Release code95c - 1995-03-13 14:00:46 -0500
 
   one-line fix for sign extension problems in detzcode
 
 
 Release 95b - 1995-03-04 11:22:38 -0500
 
   Minor changes in both:
 
   The "code" file contains a workaround for the lack of "unistd.h" in
   Microsoft C++ version 7.
 
   The "data" file contains a fixed "Link" for America/Shiprock.
 
 
 Release 94h - 1994-12-10 12:51:14 -0500
 
   The files:
 
   *	incorporate the changes to "zdump" and "date" to make changes to
 	the "TZ" environment variable permanent;
 
   *	incorporate the table changes by Paul Eggert;
 
   *	include (and document) support for universal time specifications in
 	data files - but do not (yet) include use of this feature in the
 	data files.
 
   Think of this as "TZ Classic" - the software has been set up not to break if
   universal time shows up in its input, and data entries have been
   left as is so as not to break existing implementations.
 
 
 Release data94f - 1994-08-20 12:56:09 -0400
 
   (with thanks!) the latest data updates from Paul Eggert
 
 
 Release data94e - 1994-06-04 13:13:53 -0400
 
   [not summarized]
 
 
 Release code94g - 1994-05-05 12:14:07 -0400
 
   fix missing "optind.c" and a reference to it in the Makefile
 
 
 Release code94f - 1994-05-05 13:00:33 -0000
   [tzcode94f.tar.gz is missing!]
 
   changes to avoid overflow in difftime, as well as changes to cope
   with the 52/53 challenge in strftime
 
 
 Release code94e - 1994-03-30 23:32:59 -0500
 
   change for the benefit of PCTS
 
 
 Release 94d - 1994-02-24 15:42:25 -0500
 
   Avoid clashes with POSIX semantics for zones such as GMT+4.
 
   Some other very minor housekeeping is also present.
 
 
 Release code94c - 1994-02-10 08:52:40 -0500
 
   Fix bug where mkdirs was broken unless you compile with
   -fwritable-strings (which is generally losing to do).
 
 
 Release 94b - 1994-02-07 10:04:33 -0500
 
   work by Paul Eggert who notes:
 
   I found another book of time zone histories by E W Whitman; it's not
   as extensive as Shanks but has a few goodies of its own.  I used it
   to update the tables.  I also fixed some more as a result of
   correspondence with Adam David and Peter Ilieve, and move some stray
   links from 'europe' to 'backward'.  I corrected some scanning errors
   in usno1989.
 
   As far as the code goes, I fixed zic to allow years in the range
   INT_MIN to INT_MAX; this fixed a few boundary conditions around 1900.
   And I cleaned up the zic documentation a little bit.
 
 
 Release data94a - 1994-02-03 08:58:54 -0500
 
   It simply incorporates the recently announced leap second into the
   "leapseconds" file.
 
 
 Release 93g - 1993-11-22 17:28:27 -0500
 
   Paul Eggert has provided a good deal of historic information (based
   on Shanks), and there are some code changes to deal with the buglets
   that crawled out in dealing with the new information.
 
 
 Release 93f - 1993-10-15 12:27:46 -0400
 
   Paul Eggert's changes
 
 
 Release 93e - 1993-09-05 21:21:44 -0400
 
   This has updated data for Israel, England, and Kwajalein.  There's
   also an update to "zdump" to cope with Kwajalein's 24-hour jump.
   Thanks to Paul Eggert and Peter Ilieve for the changes.
 
 
 Release 93d - 1993-06-17 23:34:17 -0400
 
   new fix and new data on Israel
 
 
 Release 93c - 1993-06-06 19:31:55 -0400
 
   [not summarized]
 
 
 Release 93b - 1993-02-02 14:53:58 -0500
 
   updated "leapseconds" file
 
 
 Release 93 - 1993-01-08 07:01:06 -0500
 
   At kre's suggestion, the package has been split in two - a code piece
   (which also includes documentation) that's only of use to folks who
   want to recompile things and a data piece useful to anyone who can
   run "zic".
 
   The new version has a few changes to the data files, a few
   portability changes, and an off-by-one fix (with thanks to
   Tom Karzes at deshaw.com for providing a description and a
   solution).
 
 
 Release 92c - 1992-11-21 17:35:36 -0000
   [tz92c.tar.Z is missing!]
 
   The fallout from the latest round of DST transitions.
 
   There are changes for Portugal, Saskatchewan, and "Pacific-New";
   there's also a change to "zic.c" that makes it portable to more systems.
 
 
 Release 92 - 1992-04-25 18:17:03 -0000
   [tz92.tar.Z is missing!]
 
   By popular demand (well, at any rate, following a request by kre at munnari)
 
 
 The 1989 update of the time zone package featured:
 
   *	POSIXization (including interpretation of POSIX-style TZ environment
 	variables, provided by Guy Harris),
   *	ANSIfication (including versions of "mktime" and "difftime"),
   *	SVIDulation (an "altzone" variable)
   *	MACHination (the "gtime" function)
   *	corrections to some time zone data (including corrections to the rules
 	for Great Britain and New Zealand)
   *	reference data from the United States Naval Observatory for folks who
 	want to do additional time zones
   *	and the 1989 data for Saudi Arabia.
 
   (Since this code will be treated as "part of the implementation" in some
   places and as "part of the application" in others, there's no good way to
   name functions, such as timegm, that are not part of the proposed ANSI C
   standard; such functions have kept their old, underscore-free names in this
   update.)
 
   And the "dysize" function has disappeared; it was present to allow
   compilation of the "date" command on old BSD systems, and a version of "date"
   is now provided in the package.  The "date" command is not created when you
   "make all" since it may lack options provided by the version distributed with
   your operating system, or may not interact with the system in the same way
   the native version does.
 
   Since POSIX frowns on correct leap second handling, the default behavior of
   the "zic" command (in the absence of a "-L" option) has been changed to omit
   leap second information from its output files.
 
 
 -----
 Notes
 
 This file contains copies of the part of each release announcement
 that talks about the changes in that release.  The text has been
 adapted and reformatted for the purposes of this file.
 
 Traditionally a release R consists of a pair of tarball files,
 tzcodeR.tar.gz and tzdataR.tar.gz.  However, some releases (e.g.,
 code2010a, data2012c) consist of just one or the other tarball, and a
 few (e.g., code2012c-data2012d) have tarballs with mixed version
 numbers.  Recent releases also come in an experimental format
 consisting of a single tarball tzdb-R.tar.lz with extra data.
 
 Release timestamps are taken from the release's commit (for newer,
 Git-based releases), from the newest file in the tarball (for older
 releases, where this info is available) or from the email announcing
 the release (if all else fails; these are marked with a time zone
 abbreviation of -0000 and an "is missing!" comment).
 
 Earlier versions of the code and data were not announced on the tz
 list and are not summarized here.
 
 This file is in the public domain.
 
 Local Variables:
 coding: utf-8
 End:
diff --git a/contrib/tzdata/africa b/contrib/tzdata/africa
index 59cf501ec954..28168cfc17f8 100644
--- a/contrib/tzdata/africa
+++ b/contrib/tzdata/africa
@@ -1,1645 +1,1651 @@
 # tzdb data for Africa and environs
 
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-27):
 #
 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
 #
 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
 # of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
 # I found in the UCLA library.
 #
 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
 #
 # European-style abbreviations are commonly used along the Mediterranean.
 # For sub-Saharan Africa abbreviations were less standardized.
 # Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
 # for UT +00 through +03, respectively,
 # but in 1997 Mark R V Murray reported that
 # 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +02 in the country of South Africa,
 # 'CAT' is commonly used for +02 in countries north of South Africa, and
 # 'WAT' is probably the best name for +01, as the common phrase for
 # the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
 #
 # To summarize, the following abbreviations seemed to have some currency:
 #	 +00	GMT	Greenwich Mean Time
 #	 +02	CAT	Central Africa Time
 #	 +02	SAST	South Africa Standard Time
 # and Murray suggested the following abbreviation:
 #	 +01	WAT	West Africa Time
 # Murray's suggestion seems to have caught on in news reports and the like.
 # I vaguely recall 'WAT' also being used for -01 in the past but
 # cannot now come up with solid citations.
 #
 # I invented the following abbreviations in the 1990s:
 #	 +02	WAST	West Africa Summer Time
 #	 +03	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time
 #	 +03	SAST	South Africa Summer Time
 #	 +03	EAT	East Africa Time
 # 'EAT' seems to have caught on and is in current timestamps, and though
 # the other abbreviations are rarer and are only in past timestamps,
 # they are paired with better-attested non-DST abbreviations.
 # Corrections are welcome.
 
 # Algeria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Algeria	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1921	only	-	Jun	21	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1939	only	-	Sep	11	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1971	only	-	Apr	25	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1971	only	-	Sep	26	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1977	only	-	May	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1977	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Mar	24	 1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Sep	22	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Apr	25	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	-
 # See Europe/Paris for PMT-related transitions.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 16
 			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
 			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1940 Feb 25  2:00
 			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1946 Oct  7
 			0:00	-	WET	1956 Jan 29
 			1:00	-	CET	1963 Apr 14
 			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1977 Oct 21
 			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1979 Oct 26
 			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1981 May
 			1:00	-	CET
 
 # Angola
 # Benin
 # See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Botswana
 # See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Burkina Faso
 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Burundi
 # See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Cameroon
 # See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Cape Verde / Cabo Verde
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
 # Shanks gives 1907 for the transition to +02.
 # For now, ignore that and follow the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
 # (see Europe/Lisbon).
 #
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1912 Jan 01  2:00u # Praia
 			-2:00	-	-02	1942 Sep
 			-2:00	1:00	-01	1945 Oct 15
 			-2:00	-	-02	1975 Nov 25  2:00
 			-1:00	-	-01
 
 # Central African Republic
 # See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Chad
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912        # N'Djamena
 			1:00	-	WAT	1979 Oct 14
 			1:00	1:00	WAST	1980 Mar  8
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Comoros
 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Democratic Republic of the Congo
 # See Africa/Lagos for the western part and Africa/Maputo for the eastern.
 
 # Republic of the Congo
 # See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Côte d'Ivoire / Ivory Coast
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Abidjan	-0:16:08 -	LMT	1912
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Bamako	# Mali
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Banjul	# Gambia
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Conakry	# Guinea
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Dakar	# Senegal
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Freetown	# Sierra Leone
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Lome		# Togo
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Nouakchott	# Mauritania
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Ouagadougou	# Burkina Faso
 Link Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/St_Helena	# St Helena
 
 # Djibouti
 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Egypt
 
 # Milne says Cairo used 2:05:08.9, the local mean time of the Abbasizeh
 # observatory; round to nearest.  Milne also says that the official time for
 # Egypt was mean noon at the Great Pyramid, 2:04:30.5, but apparently this
 # did not apply to Cairo, Alexandria, or Port Said.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1941	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1941	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1942	1944	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1942	only	-	Oct	27	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1943	1945	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1945	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1958	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1959	1981	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1959	1965	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1966	1994	-	Oct	 1	3:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	1982	only	-	Jul	25	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1983	only	-	Jul	12	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1984	1988	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1989	only	-	May	 6	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1990	1994	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 # IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00.
 # Go with IATA starting in 1995, except correct 1995 entry from 09-30 to 09-29.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-04-20):
 # "...Egypt's interim cabinet decided on Wednesday to cancel daylight
 # saving time after a poll posted on its website showed the majority of
 # Egyptians would approve the cancellation."
 #
 # Egypt to cancel daylight saving time
 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168
 # or
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html
 Rule	Egypt	1995	2010	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):
 # The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:
 # Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday
 # after observing the daylight saving time since May.
 # http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf
 Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
 # From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):
 # I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight
 # saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
 # http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
 # http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
 Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	24:00	0	-
 # From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):
 # Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter
 # than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each
 # year. This year it will be observed September 13 (September is quite
 # hot in Egypt), and the idea is to make fasting easier for workers by
 # shifting business hours one hour out of daytime heat. Consequently,
 # unless discontinued, next DST may end Thursday 28 August 2008.
 # From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
 # For lack of better info, assume the new rule is last Thursday in August.
 
 # From Petr Machata (2009-04-06):
 # The following appeared in Red Hat bugzilla[1] (edited):
 #
 # > $ zdump -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo | grep 2009
 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Apr 23 21:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
 # Apr 23
 # > 23:59:59 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Apr 23 22:00:00 2009 UTC = Fri =
 # Apr 24
 # > 01:00:00 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Aug 27 20:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
 # Aug 27
 # > 23:59:59 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Aug 27 21:00:00 2009 UTC = Thu =
 # Aug 27
 # > 23:00:00 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
 #
 # > end date should be Thu Sep 24 2009 (Last Thursday in September at 23:59=
 # :59)
 # > http://support.microsoft.com/kb/958729/
 #
 # timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
 #
 # [1] https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
 # [2] https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
 # [3] https://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
 # In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
 # Thursday in September; Egypt is expected to revert to the last Thursday
 # in September.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
 # We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
 # Information and Decision Support Center:
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
 #
 # The Middle East News Agency
 # https://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
 # also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
 # today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
 # Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
 # and can be found by searching for "winter" in their search engine
 # (at least today).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):
 # According to News from Egypt - Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
 # decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during
 # Ramadan.
 #
 # Arabic translation:
 # "Clocks to go back during Ramadan - and then forward again"
 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html
 
 # From Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07):
 # Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15
 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx
 
 # From Gunther Vermier (2014-05-13):
 # our Egypt office confirms that the change will be at 15 May "midnight" (24:00)
 
 # From Imed Chihi (2014-06-04):
 # We have finally "located" a precise official reference about the DST changes
 # in Egypt.  The Ministers Cabinet decision is explained at
 # http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/Media/CabinetMeetingsDetails.aspx?id=347 ...
 # [T]his (Arabic) site is not accessible outside Egypt, but the page ...
 # translates into: "With regard to daylight saving time, it is scheduled to
 # take effect at exactly twelve o'clock this evening, Thursday, 15 MAY 2014,
 # to be suspended by twelve o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 26 JUN 2014,
 # and re-established again at the end of the month of Ramadan, at twelve
 # o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 31 JUL 2014."  This statement has been
 # reproduced by other (more accessible) sites[, e.g.,]...
 # http://elgornal.net/news/news.aspx?id=4699258
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-04):
 # Sarah El Deeb and Lee Keath of AP report that the Egyptian government says
 # the change is because of blackouts in Cairo, even though Ahram Online (cited
 # above) says DST had no affect on electricity consumption.  There is
 # no information about when DST will end this fall.  See:
 # http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/el-sissi-pushes-egyptians-line-23614833
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-04-08):
 # Egypt will start DST on midnight after Thursday, April 30, 2015.
 # This is based on a law (no 35) from May 15, 2014 saying it starts the last
 # Thursday of April....  Clocks will still be turned back for Ramadan, but
 # dates not yet announced....
 # http://almogaz.com/news/weird-news/2015/04/05/1947105 ...
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-starts-dst-2015.html
 
 # From Ahmed Nazmy (2015-04-20):
 # Egypt's ministers cabinet just announced ... that it will cancel DST at
 # least for 2015.
 #
 # From Tim Parenti (2015-04-20):
 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/WriterArticles/NewsContentP/1/128195/Egypt/No-daylight-saving-this-summer-Egypts-prime-minist.aspx
 # "Egypt's cabinet agreed on Monday not to switch clocks for daylight saving
 # time this summer, and carry out studies on the possibility of canceling the
 # practice altogether in future years."
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2015-04-24):
 # Yesterday the office of Egyptian President El-Sisi announced his
 # decision to abandon DST permanently.  See Ahram Online 2015-04-24.
 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/128509/Egypt/Politics-/Sisi-cancels-daylight-saving-time-in-Egypt.aspx
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-04-29):
 # Egypt will have DST from July 7 until the end of October....
 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/204655/Egypt/Daylight-savings-time-returning-to-Egypt-on--July.aspx
 # From Mina Samuel (2016-07-04):
 # Egyptian government took the decision to cancel the DST,
 
 Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	10	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	 9	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	May	15	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jun	26	24:00	0	-
 Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jul	31	24:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct
 			2:00	Egypt	EE%sT
 
 # Equatorial Guinea
 # See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Eritrea
 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)
 # See Africa/Johannesburg.
 
 # Ethiopia
 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 #
 # Unfortunately tzdb records only Western clock time in use in Ethiopia,
 # as the tzdb format is not up to properly recording a common Ethiopian
 # timekeeping practice that is based on solar time.  See:
 # Mortada D. If you have a meeting in Ethiopia, you'd better double
 # check the time. PRI's The World. 2015-01-30 15:15 -05.
 # https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-01-30/if-you-have-meeting-ethiopia-you-better-double-check-time
 
 # Gabon
 # See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Gambia
 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Ghana
 
 # From P Chan (2020-11-20):
 # Interpretation Amendment Ordinance, 1915 (No.24 of 1915) [1915-11-02]
 # Ordinances of the Gold Coast, Ashanti, Northern Territories 1915, p 69-71
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=ErA-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA70
 # This Ordinance added "'Time' shall mean Greenwich Mean Time" to the
 # Interpretation Ordinance, 1876.
 #
 # Determination of the Time Ordinance, 1919 (No. 18 of 1919) [1919-11-24]
 # Ordinances of the Gold Coast, Ashanti, Northern Territories 1919, p 75-76
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=MbA-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA75
 # This Ordinance removed the previous definition of time and introduced DST.
 #
 # Time Determination Ordinance (Cap. 214)
 # The Laws of the Gold Coast (including Togoland Under British Mandate)
 # Vol. II (1937), p 2328
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7M-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA2328
 # Revised edition of the 1919 Ordinance.
 #
 # Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1940 (No. 9 of 1940) [1940-04-06]
 # Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
 # Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1940, p 22
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=1ao-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA22
 # This Ordinance changed the forward transition from September to May.
 #
 # Defence (Time Determination Ordinance Amendment) Regulations, 1942
 # (Regulations No. 6 of 1942) [1942-01-31, commenced on 1942-02-08]
 # Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
 # Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1942, p 48
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=Das-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA48
 # These regulations advanced the [standard] time by thirty minutes.
 #
 # Defence (Time Determination Ordinance Amendment (No.2)) Regulations,
 # 1942 (Regulations No. 28 of 1942) [1942-04-25]
 # Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
 # Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1942, p 87
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=Das-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA87
 # These regulations abolished DST and changed the time to GMT+0:30.
 #
 # Defence (Revocation) (No.4) Regulations, 1945 (Regulations No. 45 of
 # 1945) [1945-10-24, commenced on 1946-01-06]
 # Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
 # Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1945, p 256
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=9as-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA256
 # These regulations revoked the previous two sets of Regulations.
 #
 # Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1945 (No. 18 of 1945) [1946-01-06]
 # Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
 # Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1945, p 69
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=9as-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA69
 # This Ordinance abolished DST.
 #
 # Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1950 (No. 26 of 1950) [1950-07-22]
 # Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
 # Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1950, p 35
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=e60-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35
 # This Ordinance restored DST but with thirty minutes offset.
 #
 # Time Determination Ordinance (Cap. 264)
 # The Laws of the Gold Coast, Vol. V (1954), p 380
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=Mqc-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA380
 # Revised edition of the Time Determination Ordinance.
 #
 # Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1956 (No. 21 of 1956) [1956-08-29]
 # Annual Volume of the Ordinances of the Gold Coast Enacted During the
 # Year 1956, p 83
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=VLE-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA83
 # This Ordinance abolished DST.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Ghana	1919	only	-	Nov	24	0:00	0:20	+0020
 Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Jan	 1	2:00	0	GMT
 Rule	Ghana	1920	1939	-	Sep	 1	2:00	0:20	+0020
 Rule	Ghana	1940	1941	-	May	 1	2:00	0:20	+0020
 Rule	Ghana	1950	1955	-	Sep	 1	2:00	0:30	+0030
 Rule	Ghana	1951	1956	-	Jan	 1	2:00	0	GMT
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1915 Nov  2
 			 0:00	Ghana	%s	1942 Feb  8
 			 0:30	-	+0030	1946 Jan  6
 			 0:00	Ghana	%s
 
 # Guinea
 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Guinea-Bissau
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
 # Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
 # evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
 # (see Europe/Lisbon) with the date that it took effect.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  1:00u
 			-1:00	-	-01	1975
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Kenya
 
 # From P Chan (2020-10-24):
 #
 # The standard time of GMT+2:30 was adopted in the East Africa Protectorate....
 # [The Official Gazette, 1908-05-01, p 274]
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=e-cAC-sjPSEC&pg=PA274
 #
 # At midnight on 30 June 1928 the clocks throughout Kenya was put forward
 # half an hour by the Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1928.
 # https://gazettes.africa/archive/ke/1928/ke-government-gazette-dated-1928-05-11-no-28.pdf
 # [Ordinance No. 11 of 1928, The Offical Gazette, 1928-06-26, p 813]
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=2S0S6os32ZUC&pg=PA813
 #
 # The 1928 ordinance was repealed by the Alteration of Time (repeal) Ordinance,
 # 1929 and the time was restored to GMT+2:30 at midnight on 4 January 1930.
 # [Ordinance No. 97 of 1929, The Official Gazette, 1929-12-31, p 2701]
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=_g18jIZQlwwC&pg=PA2701
 #
 # The Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1936 changed the time to GMT+2:45
 # and repealed the previous ordinance at midnight on 31 December 1936.
 # [The Official Gazette, 1936-07-21, p 705]
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=K7j41z0aC5wC&pg=PA705
 #
 # The Defence (Amendment of Laws No. 120) Regulations changed the time
 # to GMT+3 at midnight on 31 July 1942.
 # [Kenya Official Gazette Supplement No. 32, 1942-07-21, p 331]
 # https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh-TW&id=c_E-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA331
 # The provision of the 1936 ordinance was not repealed and was later
 # incorporated in the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance in 1948.
 # Although it was overridden by the 1942 regulations.
 # [The Laws of Kenya in force on 1948-09-21, Title I, Chapter 1, 31]
 # https://dds.crl.edu/item/217517 (p.101)
 # In 1950 the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance was amended to adopt
 # GMT+3 permanently as the 1942 regulations were due to expire on 10 December.
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=jvR8mUDAwR0C&pg=PA787
 # [Ordinance No. 44 of 1950, Kenya Ordinances 1950, Vol. XXIX, p 294]
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=-_dQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA294
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2020-10-24):
 # The 1908-05-01 announcement does not give an effective date,
 # so just say "1908 May".
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1908 May
 			2:30	-	+0230	1928 Jun 30 24:00
 			3:00	-	EAT	1930 Jan  4 24:00
 			2:30	-	+0230	1936 Dec 31 24:00
 			2:45	-	+0245	1942 Jul 31 24:00
 			3:00	-	EAT
 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa	 # Ethiopia
 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara	 # Eritrea
 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam # Tanzania
 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala	 # Uganda
 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu	 # Somalia
 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo	 # Madagascar
 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Comoro
 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte
 
 # Lesotho
 # See Africa/Johannesburg.
 
 # Liberia
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-03-02):
 #
 # The Nautical Almanac for the Year 1970, p 264, is the source for -0:44:30.
 #
 # In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch from a UT offset
 # that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.  The 1972 change was on
 # 1972-01-07, according to an entry dated 1972-01-04 on p 330 of:
 # Presidential Papers: First year of the administration of
 # President William R. Tolbert, Jr., July 23, 1971-July 31, 1972.
 # Monrovia: Executive Mansion.
 #
 # Use the abbreviation "MMT" before 1972, as the more-accurate numeric
 # abbreviation "-004430" would be one byte over the POSIX limit.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 			-0:43:08 -	MMT	1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
 			-0:44:30 -	MMT	1972 Jan 7 # approximately MMT
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Libya
 
 # From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
 # Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
 # https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
 # Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
 #
 # Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
 #
 # From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
 # Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
 # The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe
 # (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
 # lastFri instead of lastSun).
 
 # From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
 # The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
 # cancelled yesterday....
 # https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
 # For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UT +02.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Libya	1951	only	-	Oct	14	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1952	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1953	only	-	Oct	 9	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1954	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1955	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1956	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1982	1984	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1982	1985	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1985	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Mar	lastFri	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Oct	lastFri	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1959
 			2:00	-	EET	1982
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1990 May  4
 # The 1996 and 1997 entries are from Shanks & Pottenger;
 # the IATA SSIM data entries contain some obvious errors.
 			2:00	-	EET	1996 Sep 30
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1997 Oct  4
 			2:00	-	EET	2012 Nov 10  2:00
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	2013 Oct 25  2:00
 			2:00	-	EET
 
 # Madagascar
 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Malawi
 # See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Mali
 # Mauritania
 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Mauritius
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-06-25):
 # Mauritius plans to observe DST from 2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31 on a trial
 # basis....
 # It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to
 # 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successful....
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-25):
 # http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-06-30):
 # The www.timeanddate.com article cited by Steffen Thorsen notes that "A
 # final decision has yet to be made on the times that daylight saving
 # would begin and end on these dates." As a place holder, use midnight.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
 # Follow Thorsen on DST in 1982/1983, instead of Shanks & Pottenger.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10):
 # According to
 # http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216
 # (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier
 # than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31).  The new start
 # date is 2008-10-26 at 02:00 and the new end date is 2009-03-27 (no time
 # given, but it is probably at either 2 or 3 wall clock time).
 #
 # A little strange though, since the article says that they moved the date
 # to align itself with Europe and USA which also change time on that date,
 # but that means they have not paid attention to what happened in
 # USA/Canada last year (DST ends first Sunday in November). I also wonder
 # why that they end on a Friday, instead of aligning with Europe which
 # changes two days later.
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-07-11):
 # Seems that English language article "The revival of daylight saving
 # time: Energy conservation?"- No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally
 # published on Monday, June 30, 2008...
 #
 # I guess that article in French "Le gouvernement avance l'introduction
 # de l'heure d'été" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
 # and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one....
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mauritius02.html
 
 # From Riad M. Hossen Ally (2008-08-03):
 # The Government of Mauritius weblink
 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
 # Cabinet Decision of July 18th, 2008 states as follows:
 #
 # 4. ...Cabinet has agreed to the introduction into the National Assembly
 # of the Time Bill which provides for the introduction of summer time in
 # Mauritius. The summer time period which will be of one hour ahead of
 # the standard time, will be aligned with that in Europe and the United
 # States of America. It will start at two o'clock in the morning on the
 # last Sunday of October and will end at two o'clock in the morning on
 # the last Sunday of March the following year. The summer time for the
 # year 2008-2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
 # and end on 29 March 2009.
 
 # From Ed Maste (2008-10-07):
 # THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the
 # beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the
 # morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March.
 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/bill2708.pdf
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05):
 # According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe
 # DST the coming summer...
 #
 # Some sources, in French:
 # http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
 # http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
 #
 # Our wrap-up:
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
 # The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
 # "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour
 # at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule Mauritius	1982	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	1:00	-
 Rule Mauritius	1983	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	-
 Rule Mauritius	2008	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule Mauritius	2009	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
 			4:00 Mauritius	+04/+05
 # Agalega Is, Rodriguez
 # no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
 
 # Mayotte
 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Morocco
 # See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
 # Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
 # 1 June, 2008 and 27 September, 2008.
 #
 # "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
 # be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
 # Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
 #
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
 # http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
 
 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
 # The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe
 # Presse:
 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view
 #
 # Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through September 27, Govt.
 # spokesman.
 
 # From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
 # According to this article:
 # https://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
 # (and republished here: )
 # the changes occur at midnight:
 #
 # Saturday night May 31st at midnight (which in French is to be
 # interpreted as the night between Saturday and Sunday)
 # Sunday night the 28th at midnight
 #
 # Seeing that the 28th is Monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
 # the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between Sunday and
 # Monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
 # June 1st to Sept 27th.
 #
 # The decision was taken by decree *2-08-224 *but I can't find the decree
 # published on the web.
 #
 # It's also confirmed here:
 # http://www.maroc.ma/NR/exeres/FACF141F-D910-44B0-B7FA-6E03733425D1.htm
 # on a government portal as being between June 1st and Sept 27th (not yet
 # posted in English).
 #
 # The following Google query will generate many relevant hits:
 # https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
 # Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
 # and September 1. They originally planned to observe DST to near the end
 # of September:
 #
 # One article about it (in French):
 # http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
 #
 # We have some further details posted here:
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
 # Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
 # to many sources, such as
 # http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html
 # http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312
 # (French)
 #
 # Our summary:
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
 # Ministère de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
 #
 # Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 June 1967)
 # concerning the amendment of the legal time, the Ministry of Modernization of
 # Public Sectors announced that the official time in the Kingdom will be
 # advanced 60 minutes from Sunday 31 May 2009 at midnight.
 #
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/francais/Actualites_fr/PDF_Actualites_Fr/HeureEte_FR.pdf
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco03.html
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13):
 # Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization
 # of Public Sectors has announced that Morocco will have DST from
 # 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08.
 #
 # Example:
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
 # (French)
 # Our page:
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
 
 # From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
 # ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
 # The 3rd April 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd April 01:00:00
 # The 31st July 2011 at 00:59:59, [it] will be 31st July 00:00:00
 # ...Official links of change in morocco
 # The change was broadcast on the FM Radio
 # I ve called ANRT (telecom regulations in Morocco) at
 # +212.537.71.84.00
 # http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/
 # They said that
 # http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/accueil/l_heure_legale_au_ma/view
 # is the official publication to look at.
 # They said that the decision was already taken.
 #
 # More articles in the press
 # https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
 # http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT%2B1-a-partir-de-dim
 
 # From Petr Machata (2011-03-30):
 # They have it written in English here:
 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view
 #
 # It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31,
 # 2011 at midnight." Now they don't say whether they mean midnight of
 # wall clock time (i.e. 11pm UTC), but that's what I would assume. It has
 # also been like that in the past.
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09):
 # According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
 # on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
 # Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
 # http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-l%C3%A9gale-le-maroc-adopte-officiellement-lheure-d%C3%A9t%C3%A9
 # Governing Council adopted draft decree, that Morocco DST starts on
 # the last Sunday of March (March 25, 2012) and ends on
 # last Sunday of September (September 30, 2012)
 # except the month of Ramadan.
 # or (brief)
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco06.html
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-10):
 # The infomediaire.ma source indicates that the system is to be in
 # effect every year. It gives 03H00 as the "fall back" time of day;
 # it lacks a "spring forward" time of day; assume 2:00 XXX.
 # Wait on specifying the Ramadan exception for details about
 # start date, start time of day, end date, and end time of day XXX.
 
 # From Christophe Tropamer (2012-03-16):
 # Seen Morocco change again:
 # http://www.le2uminutes.com/actualite.php
 # "...à partir du dernier dimanche d'avril et non fins mars,
 # comme annoncé précédemment."
 
 # From Milamber Space Network (2012-07-17):
 # The official return to GMT is announced by the Moroccan government:
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288 [in French]
 #
 # Google translation, lightly edited:
 # Back to the standard time of the Kingdom (GMT)
 # Pursuant to Decree No. 2-12-126 issued on 26 Jumada (I) 1433 (April 18,
 # 2012) and in accordance with the order of Mr. President of the
 # Government No. 3-47-12 issued on 24 Sha'ban (11 July 2012), the Ministry
 # of Public Service and Administration Modernization announces the return
 # of the legal time of the Kingdom (GMT) from Friday, July 20, 2012 until
 # Monday, August 20, 2012.  So the time will be delayed by 60 minutes from
 # 3:00 am Friday, July 20, 2012 and will again be advanced by 60 minutes
 # August 20, 2012 from 2:00 am.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-03-06):
 # Morocco's daylight-saving transitions due to Ramadan seem to be
 # announced a bit in advance.  On 2012-07-11 the Moroccan government
 # announced that year's Ramadan daylight-saving transitions would be
 # 2012-07-20 and 2012-08-20; see
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288
 
 # From Andrew Paprocki (2013-07-02):
 # Morocco announced that the year's Ramadan daylight-savings
 # transitions would be 2013-07-07 and 2013-08-10; see:
 # http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/morocco-suspends-daylight-saving-time-july-7-aug10
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-28):
 # Morocco extends DST by one month, on very short notice, just 1 day
 # before it was going to end.  There is a new decree (2.13.781) for
 # this, where DST from now on goes from last Sunday of March at 02:00
 # to last Sunday of October at 03:00, similar to EU rules.  Official
 # source (French):
 # http://www.maroc.gov.ma/fr/actualites/lhoraire-dete-gmt1-maintenu-jusquau-27-octobre-2013
 # Another source (specifying the time for start and end in the decree):
 # http://www.lemag.ma/Heure-d-ete-au-Maroc-jusqu-au-27-octobre_a75620.html
 
 # From Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18):
 # http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp
 
 # From Milamber Space Network (2014-06-05):
 # The Moroccan government has recently announced that the country will return
 # to standard time at 03:00 on Saturday, June 28, 2014 local time....  DST
 # will resume again at 02:00 on Saturday, August 2, 2014....
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=586
 
 # From Milamber (2015-06-08):
 # (Google Translation) The hour will thus be delayed 60 minutes
 # Sunday, June 14 at 3:00, the ministry said in a statement, adding
 # that the time will be advanced again 60 minutes Sunday, July 19,
 # 2015 at 2:00.  The move comes under 2.12.126 Decree of 26 Jumada I
 # 1433 (18 April 2012) and the decision of the Head of Government of
 # 16 N. 3-29-15 Chaaban 1435 (4 June 2015).
 # Source (french):
 # https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/
 #
 # From Milamber (2015-06-09):
 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=863
 #
 # From Michael Deckers (2015-06-09):
 # [The gov.ma announcement] would (probably) make the switch on 2015-07-19 go
 # from 03:00 to 04:00 rather than from 02:00 to 03:00, as in the patch....
 # I think the patch is correct and the quoted text is wrong; the text in
 #  agrees
 # with the patch.
 
 # From Mohamed Essedik Najd (2018-10-26):
 # Today, a Moroccan government council approved the perpetual addition
 # of 60 minutes to the regular Moroccan timezone.
 # From Matt Johnson (2018-10-28):
 # http://www.sgg.gov.ma/Portals/1/BO/2018/BO_6720-bis_Ar.pdf
 #
 # From Maamar Abdelkader (2018-11-01):
 # We usually move clocks back the previous week end and come back to the +1
 # the week end after....  The government does not announce yet the decision
 # about this temporary change.  But it s 99% sure that it will be the case,
 # as in previous years.  An unofficial survey was done these days, showing
 # that 64% of asked people are ok for moving from +1 to +0 during Ramadan.
 # https://leconomiste.com/article/1035870-enquete-l-economiste-sunergia-64-des-marocains-plebiscitent-le-gmt-pendant-ramadan
 
 # From Naoufal Semlali (2019-04-16):
 # Morocco will be on GMT starting from Sunday, May 5th 2019 at 3am.
 # The switch to GMT+1 will occur on Sunday, June 9th 2019 at 2am....
 # http://fr.le360.ma/societe/voici-la-date-du-retour-a-lheure-legale-au-maroc-188222
 
 # From Semlali Naoufal (2020-04-14):
 # Following the announcement by the Moroccan government, the switch to
 # GMT time will take place on Sunday, April 19, 2020 from 3 a.m. and
 # the return to GMT+1 time will take place on Sunday, May 31, 2020 at 2 a.m....
 # https://maroc-diplomatique.net/maroc-le-retour-a-lheure-gmt-est-prevu-dimanche-prochain/
 # http://aujourdhui.ma/actualite/gmt1-retour-a-lheure-normale-dimanche-prochain-1
 #
 # From Milamber (2020-05-31)
 # In Morocco (where I live), the end of Ramadan (Arabic month) is followed by
 # the Eid al-Fitr, and concretely it's 1 or 2 day offs for the people (with
 # traditional visiting of family, big lunches/dinners, etc.).  So for this
 # year the astronomical calculations don't include the following 2 days off in
 # the calc.  These 2 days fall in a Sunday/Monday, so it's not acceptable by
 # people to have a time shift during these 2 days off.  Perhaps you can modify
 # the (predicted) rules for next years: if the end of Ramadan is a (probable)
 # Friday or Saturday (and so the 2 days off are on a weekend), the next time
 # shift will be the next weekend.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2020-05-31):
 # For now, guess that in the future Morocco will fall back at 03:00
 # the last Sunday before Ramadan, and spring forward at 02:00 the
 # first Sunday after two days after Ramadan.  To implement this,
 # transition dates and times for 2019 through 2087 were determined by
 # running the following program under GNU Emacs 26.3.  (This algorithm
 # also produces the correct transition dates for 2016 through 2018,
 # though the times differ due to Morocco's time zone change in 2018.)
 # (let ((islamic-year 1440))
 #   (require 'cal-islam)
 #   (while (< islamic-year 1511)
 #     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
 #           (b (+ 2 (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year))))
 #           (sunday 0))
 #       (while (/= sunday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
 #       (while (/= sunday (mod b 7))
 #         (setq b (1+ b)))
 #       (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
 #       (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
 #       (insert
 #        (format
 #         (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 3:00\t-1:00\t-\n"
 #                 "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 2:00\t0\t-\n")
 #         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
 #         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
 #     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1945	only	-	Nov	18	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Jun	11	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	21	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	May	 2	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	Aug	 8	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	31	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2012	2013	-	Apr	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Jul	20	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Jul	 7	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2013	2018	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2014	2018	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jun	28	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Aug	 2	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jun	14	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jul	19	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jun	 5	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jul	10	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	May	21	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	Jul	 2	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	May	13	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	Jun	17	 2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	May	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	Jun	 9	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	Apr	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	May	31	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	Apr	11	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	16	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	Mar	27	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	 8	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Mar	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Apr	30	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Mar	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Apr	14	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Feb	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Apr	 6	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2026	only	-	Feb	15	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2026	only	-	Mar	22	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2027	only	-	Feb	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2027	only	-	Mar	14	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2028	only	-	Jan	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2028	only	-	Mar	 5	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Jan	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Feb	18	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2029	only	-	Dec	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Feb	10	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2030	only	-	Dec	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Feb	 2	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2031	only	-	Dec	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Jan	18	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2032	only	-	Nov	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Jan	 9	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Nov	20	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2033	only	-	Dec	25	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2034	only	-	Nov	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2034	only	-	Dec	17	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2035	only	-	Oct	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2035	only	-	Dec	 9	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Oct	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Nov	23	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Nov	15	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2038	only	-	Sep	26	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2038	only	-	Nov	 7	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2039	only	-	Sep	18	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2039	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2040	only	-	Sep	 2	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2040	only	-	Oct	14	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2041	only	-	Aug	25	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2041	only	-	Sep	29	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2042	only	-	Aug	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2042	only	-	Sep	21	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2043	only	-	Aug	 2	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2043	only	-	Sep	13	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2044	only	-	Jul	24	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2044	only	-	Aug	28	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2045	only	-	Jul	 9	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2045	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2046	only	-	Jul	 1	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2046	only	-	Aug	12	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2047	only	-	Jun	23	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2047	only	-	Jul	28	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2048	only	-	Jun	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2048	only	-	Jul	19	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2049	only	-	May	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2049	only	-	Jul	 4	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2050	only	-	May	15	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2050	only	-	Jun	26	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2051	only	-	May	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2051	only	-	Jun	18	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2052	only	-	Apr	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2052	only	-	Jun	 2	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2053	only	-	Apr	13	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2053	only	-	May	25	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2054	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2054	only	-	May	17	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2055	only	-	Mar	28	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2055	only	-	May	 2	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2056	only	-	Mar	12	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2056	only	-	Apr	23	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2057	only	-	Mar	 4	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2057	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2058	only	-	Feb	17	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2058	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2059	only	-	Feb	 9	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2059	only	-	Mar	23	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2060	only	-	Feb	 1	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2060	only	-	Mar	 7	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2061	only	-	Jan	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2061	only	-	Feb	27	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2062	only	-	Jan	 8	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2062	only	-	Feb	19	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2062	only	-	Dec	31	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2063	only	-	Feb	 4	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2063	only	-	Dec	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2064	only	-	Jan	27	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2064	only	-	Dec	 7	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2065	only	-	Jan	11	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2065	only	-	Nov	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2066	only	-	Jan	 3	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2066	only	-	Nov	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2066	only	-	Dec	26	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2067	only	-	Nov	 6	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2067	only	-	Dec	11	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2068	only	-	Oct	21	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2068	only	-	Dec	 2	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2069	only	-	Oct	13	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2069	only	-	Nov	24	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2070	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2070	only	-	Nov	 9	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2071	only	-	Sep	20	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2071	only	-	Nov	 1	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2072	only	-	Sep	11	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2072	only	-	Oct	16	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2073	only	-	Aug	27	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2073	only	-	Oct	 8	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2074	only	-	Aug	19	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2074	only	-	Sep	30	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2075	only	-	Aug	11	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2075	only	-	Sep	15	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2076	only	-	Jul	26	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2076	only	-	Sep	 6	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2077	only	-	Jul	18	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2077	only	-	Aug	29	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2078	only	-	Jul	10	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2078	only	-	Aug	14	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2079	only	-	Jun	25	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2079	only	-	Aug	 6	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2080	only	-	Jun	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2080	only	-	Jul	21	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2081	only	-	Jun	 1	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2081	only	-	Jul	13	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2082	only	-	May	24	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2082	only	-	Jul	 5	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2083	only	-	May	16	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2083	only	-	Jun	20	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2084	only	-	Apr	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2084	only	-	Jun	11	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2085	only	-	Apr	22	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2085	only	-	Jun	 3	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2086	only	-	Apr	14	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2086	only	-	May	19	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Morocco	2087	only	-	Mar	30	 3:00	-1:00	-
 Rule	Morocco	2087	only	-	May	11	 2:00	0	-
 # For dates after the somewhat-arbitrary cutoff of 2087, assume that
 # Morocco will no longer observe DST.  At some point this table will
 # need to be extended, though quite possibly Morocco will change the
 # rules first.
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Casablanca	-0:30:20 -	LMT	1913 Oct 26
 			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	1984 Mar 16
 			 1:00	-	+01	1986
 			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	2018 Oct 28  3:00
 			 1:00	Morocco	+01/+00
 
 # Western Sahara
 #
 # From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22):
 # A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters
 # ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
 # Morocco does.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
 # Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
 # since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
 
 Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan # El Aaiún
 			-1:00	-	-01	1976 Apr 14
 			 0:00	Morocco	+00/+01	2018 Oct 28  3:00
 			 1:00	Morocco	+01/+00
 
 # Mozambique
 #
 # Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
 # Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
 # https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
 # merely made it official?
 #
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Maputo	2:10:20 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	CAT
 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre	# Malawi
 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura	# Burundi
 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone	# Botswana
 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare	# Zimbabwe
 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali	# Rwanda
 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi	# E Dem. Rep. of Congo
 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka	# Zambia
 
 
 # Namibia
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2017-08-09):
 # The text of the "Namibia Time Act, 1994" is available online at
 # www.lac.org.na/laws/1994/811.pdf
 # and includes this nugget:
 # Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2) of section 1, the
 # first winter period after the commencement of this Act shall
 # commence at OOhOO on Monday 21 March 1994 and shall end at 02h00 on
 # Sunday 4 September 1994.
 
 # From Michael Deckers (2017-04-06):
 # ... both summer and winter time are called "standard"
 # (which differs from the use in Ireland) ...
 
 # From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
 # http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
 # While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
 # settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
 # rises and sets earlier compared to other regions.  Chief of
 # Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
 # the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
 # of the country.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
 # Although the Zambezi Region (formerly known as Caprivi) informally
 # observes Botswana time, we have no details about historical practice.
 # In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
 # See: Immanuel S. The Namibian. 2017-02-23.
 # https://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2017-08-09):
 # Namibia is going to change their time zone to what is now their DST:
 # https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
 # This video is from the government decision:
 # https://www.nbc.na/news/na-passes-namibia-time-bill-repealing-1994-namibia-time-act.8665
 # We have made the assumption so far that they will change their time zone at
 # the same time they would normally start DST, the first Sunday in September:
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/namibia-new-time-zone.html
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-09):
 # Before the change, summer and winter time were both standard time legally.
 # However in common parlance, winter time was considered to be DST.  See, e.g.:
 # http://www.nbc.na/news/namibias-winter-time-could-be-scrapped.2706
 # https://zone.my.na/news/times-are-changing-in-namibia
 # https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
 # Use plain "WAT" and "CAT" for the time zone abbreviations, to be compatible
 # with Namibia's neighbors.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
 Rule	Namibia	1994	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	-1:00	WAT
 Rule	Namibia	1994	2017	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	0	CAT
 Rule	Namibia	1995	2017	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	-1:00	WAT
 # Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
 #Rule	Namibia	1994	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	WAT
 #Rule	Namibia	1994	2017	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	CAT
 #Rule	Namibia	1995	2017	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	WAT
 # End of rearguard section.
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Windhoek	1:08:24 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
 			1:30	-	+0130	1903 Mar
 			2:00	-	SAST	1942 Sep 20  2:00
 			2:00	1:00	SAST	1943 Mar 21  2:00
 			2:00	-	SAST	1990 Mar 21 # independence
 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
 			2:00	Namibia	%s
 # Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
 #			2:00	-	CAT	1994 Mar 21  0:00
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-07):
 # The official date of the 2017 rule change was 2017-10-24.  See:
 # http://www.lac.org.na/laws/annoSTAT/Namibian%20Time%20Act%209%20of%202017.pdf
 #			1:00	Namibia	%s	2017 Oct 24
 #			2:00	-	CAT
 # End of rearguard section.
 
 # Niger
 # See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Nigeria
 
 # From P Chan (2020-12-03):
 # GMT was adopted as the standard time of Lagos on 1905-07-01.
 # Lagos Weekly Record, 1905-06-24, p 3
 # http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31558#?c=0&m=668&s=0&cv=2&r=0&xywh=1446%2C5221%2C1931%2C1235
 # says "It is officially notified that on and after the 1st of July 1905
 # Greenwich Mean Solar Time will be adopted thought the Colony and
 # Protectorate, and that it will be necessary to put all clocks 13 minutes and
 # 35 seconds back, recording local mean time."
 #
 # It seemed that Lagos returned to LMT on 1908-07-01.
 # [The Lagos Standard], 1908-07-01, p 5
 # http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31556#?c=0&m=78&s=0&cv=4&r=0&xywh=-92%2C3590%2C3944%2C2523
 # says "Scarcely have the people become accustomed to this new time, when
 # another official notice has now appeared announcing that from and after the
 # 1st July next, return will be made to local mean time."
 #
 # From P Chan (2020-11-27):
 # On 1914-01-01, standard time of GMT+0:30 was adopted for the unified Nigeria.
 # Colonial Reports - Annual. No. 878. Nigeria. Report for 1914. (April 1916),
 # p 27
 # https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/3064634/3064634_1914/3064634_1914_opt.pdf#page=27
 # "On January 1st [1914], a universal standard time for Nigeria was adopted,
 # viz., half an hour fast on Greenwich mean time, corresponding to the meridian
 # 7 [degrees] 30' E. long."
 # Lloyd's Register of Shipping (1915) says "Hitherto the time observed in Lagos
 # was the local mean time. On 1st January, 1914, standard time for the whole of
 # Nigeria was introduced ... Lagos time has been advanced about 16 minutes
 # accordingly."
 #
 # In 1919, standard time was changed to GMT+1.
 # Interpretation Ordinance (Cap 2)
 # The Laws of Nigeria, Containing the Ordinances of Nigeria, in Force on the
 # 1st Day of January, 1923, Vol.I [p 16]
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=BOMrAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA16
 # "The expression 'Standard time' means standard time as used in Nigeria:
 # namely, 60 minutes in advance of Greenwich mean time.  (As amended by 18 of
 # 1919, s. 2.)"
 # From Tim Parenti (2020-12-10):
 # The Lagos Weekly Record, 1919-09-20, p 3 details discussion on the first
 # reading of this Bill by the Legislative Council of the Colony of Nigeria on
 # Thursday 1919-08-28:
 # http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/31558?terms&item_id=303484#?m=1118&c=1&s=0&cv=2&r=0&xywh=1261%2C3408%2C2994%2C1915
 # "The proposal is that the Globe should be divided into twelve zones East and
 # West of Greenwich, of one hour each, Nigeria falling into the zone with a
 # standard of one hour fast on Greenwich Mean Time.  Nigeria standard time is
 # now 30 minutes in advance of Greenwich Mean Time ... according to the new
 # proposal, standard time will be advanced another 30 minutes".  It was further
 # proposed that the firing of the time guns likewise be adjusted by 30 minutes
 # to compensate.
 # From Tim Parenti (2020-12-10), per P Chan (2020-12-11):
 # The text of Ordinance 18 of 1919, published in Nigeria Gazette, Vol 6, No 52,
 # shows that the change was assented to the following day and took effect "on
 # the 1st day of September, 1919."
 # Nigeria Gazette and Supplements 1919 Jan-Dec, Reference: 73266B-40,
 # img 245-246
 # https://microform.digital/boa/collections/77/volumes/539/nigeria-lagos-1887-1919
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Lagos	0:13:35 -	LMT	1905 Jul  1
 			0:00	-	GMT	1908 Jul  1
 			0:13:35	-	LMT	1914 Jan  1
 			0:30	-	+0030	1919 Sep  1
 			1:00	-	WAT
 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui	     # Central African Republic
 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville # Rep. of the Congo
 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala	     # Cameroon
 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa    # Dem. Rep. of the Congo (west)
 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville  # Gabon
 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda	     # Angola
 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo	     # Equatorial Guinea
 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey	     # Niger
 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo  # Benin
 
 # Réunion
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
 			4:00	-	+04
 #
 # Crozet Islands also observes Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
 #
 # Scattered Islands (Îles Éparses) administered from Réunion are as follows.
 # The following information about them is taken from
 # Îles Éparses (, 1997-07-22,
 # in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
 # We have no info about their time zone histories.
 #
 # Bassas da India - uninhabited
 # Europa Island - inhabited from 1905 to 1910 by two families
 # Glorioso Is - inhabited until at least 1958
 # Juan de Nova - uninhabited
 # Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
 
 # Rwanda
 # See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # St Helena
 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 # The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
 #	Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
 #	Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
 #	Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
 #		on GMT, says the CIA
 #	Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
 
 # São Tomé and Príncipe
 
 # See Europe/Lisbon for info about the 1912 transition.
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2018-01-08):
 # Multiple sources tell that São Tomé changed from UTC to UTC+1 as
 # they entered the year 2018.
 # From Michael Deckers (2018-01-08):
 # the switch is from 01:00 to 02:00 ... [Decree No. 25/2017]
 # http://www.mnec.gov.st/index.php/publicacoes/documentos/file/90-decreto-lei-n-25-2017
 
 # From Vadim Nasardinov (2018-12-29):
 # São Tomé and Príncipe is about to do the following on Jan 1, 2019:
 # https://www.stp-press.st/2018/12/05/governo-jesus-ja-decidiu-repor-hora-legal-sao-tomense/
 #
 # From Michael Deckers (2018-12-30):
 # https://www.legis-palop.org/download.jsp?idFile=102818
 # ... [The legal time of the country, which coincides with universal
 # coordinated time, will be restituted at 2 o'clock on day 1 of January, 2019.]
 
 Zone	Africa/Sao_Tome	 0:26:56 -	LMT	1884
 			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1 00:00u # Lisbon MT
 			 0:00	-	GMT	2018 Jan  1 01:00
 			 1:00	-	WAT	2019 Jan  1 02:00
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Senegal
 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Seychelles
 
 # From P Chan (2020-11-27):
 # Standard Time was adopted on 1907-01-01.
 #
 # Standard Time Ordinance (Chapter 237)
 # The Laws of Seychelles in Force on the 31st December, 1971, Vol. 6, p 571
 # https://books.google.com/books?id=efE-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA571
 #
 # From Tim Parenti (2020-12-05):
 # A footnote on https://books.google.com/books?id=DYdDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1689
 # confirms that Ordinance No. 9 of 1906 "was brought into force on the 1st
 # January, 1907."
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1907 Jan  1 # Victoria
 			4:00	-	+04
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
 # Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
 # Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
 # in 1965 and returned to Seychelles control in 1976.  We don't know
 # whether this affected their time zone, so omit this for now.
 # Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
 
 # Sierra Leone
 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Somalia
 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # South Africa
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	SA	1942	1943	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	-
 Rule	SA	1943	1944	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
 			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
 			2:00	SA	SAST
 Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru	   # Lesotho
 Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane    # Eswatini
 #
 # Marion and Prince Edward Is
 # scientific station since 1947
 # no information
 
 # Sudan
 
 # From 
 # Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13),
 # also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
 # Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
 # Saturday....  This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
 # Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
 
 # From Ahmed Atyya, National Telecommunications Corp. (NTC), Sudan (2017-10-17):
 # ... the Republic of Sudan is going to change the time zone from (GMT+3:00)
 # to (GMT+ 2:00) starting from Wednesday 1 November 2017.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
 # A scanned copy (in Arabic) of Cabinet Resolution No. 352 for the
 # year 2017 can be found as an attachment in email today from Yahia
 # Abdalla of NTC, archived at:
 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2017-October/025333.html
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Sudan	1970	1985	-	Oct	15	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Sudan	1971	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Sudan	1972	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Khartoum	2:10:08 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
 			3:00	-	EAT	2017 Nov  1
 			2:00	-	CAT
 
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2021-01-18):
+# "South Sudan will change its time zone by setting the clock back 1
+# hour on February 1, 2021...."
+# from https://eyeradio.org/south-sudan-adopts-new-time-zone-makuei/
+
 # South Sudan
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:28 -	LMT	1931
 			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
-			3:00	-	EAT
+			3:00	-	EAT	2021 Feb  1 00:00
+			2:00	-	CAT
 
 # Tanzania
 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Togo
 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Tunisia
 
 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
 # My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
 # this time in Tunisia.  According to Yahoo France News
 # , in a story attributed to AP
 # and dated 2005-04-26, "Tunisia has decided to advance its official time by
 # one hour, starting on Sunday, May 1.  Henceforth, Tunisian time will be
 # UTC+2 instead of UTC+1.  The change will take place at 23:00 UTC next
 # Saturday."  (My translation)
 #
 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02):
 # La Presse, the first national daily newspaper ...
 # http://www.lapresse.tn/archives/archives280405/actualites/lheure.html
 # ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30,
 # 1h standard time.
 #
 # From Atef Loukil (2006-03-28):
 # The daylight saving time will be the same each year:
 # Beginning      : the last Sunday of March at 02:00
 # Ending         : the last Sunday of October at 03:00 ...
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1188&Itemid=50
 
 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16):
 # According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
 # (Arabic)
 # http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
 # https://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
 #
 # We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
 # We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
 # Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
 #
 # Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
 #
 # (in English)
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&Itemid=157
 #
 # (in Arabic)
 # http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61240&Itemid=1
 
 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-18):
 # The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is
 # due to the fact that the fasting month of Ramadan coincides with the period
 # concerned by summer time.  Therefore, the standard time will be kept
 # unchanged the whole year long."  So foregoing DST seems to be an exception
 # (albeit one that may be repeated in the future).
 
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27):
 # According to some news reports Tunis confirmed not to use DST in 2010
 #
 # (translation):
 # "The Tunisian government has decided to abandon DST, which was scheduled on
 # Sunday...
 # Tunisian authorities had suspended the DST for the first time last year also
 # coincided with the month of Ramadan..."
 #
 # (in Arabic)
 # http://www.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=358861&pg=1
 # http://www.almadenahnews.com/newss/news.php?c=118&id=38036
 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_tunis02.html
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Tunisia	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1940	only	-	Feb	25	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Apr	25	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1977	only	-	Apr	30	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1977	only	-	Sep	24	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1978	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1988	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1988	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	1989	only	-	Mar	26	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	1990	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	2005	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	2005	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 
 # See Europe/Paris for PMT-related transitions.
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tunis	0:40:44 -	LMT	1881 May 12
 			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
 			1:00	Tunisia	CE%sT
 
 # Uganda
 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Zambia
 # Zimbabwe
 # See Africa/Maputo.
diff --git a/contrib/tzdata/leap-seconds.list b/contrib/tzdata/leap-seconds.list
index e897a867e164..3198d65146a5 100644
--- a/contrib/tzdata/leap-seconds.list
+++ b/contrib/tzdata/leap-seconds.list
@@ -1,255 +1,255 @@
 #
 #	In the following text, the symbol '#' introduces
 #	a comment, which continues from that symbol until
 #	the end of the line. A plain comment line has a
 #	whitespace character following the comment indicator.
 #	There are also special comment lines defined below.
 #	A special comment will always have a non-whitespace
 #	character in column 2.
 #
 #	A blank line should be ignored.
 #
 #	The following table shows the corrections that must
 #	be applied to compute International Atomic Time (TAI)
 #	from the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) values that
 #	are transmitted by almost all time services.
 #
 #	The first column shows an epoch as a number of seconds
 #	since 1 January 1900, 00:00:00 (1900.0 is also used to
 #	indicate the same epoch.) Both of these time stamp formats
 #	ignore the complexities of the time scales that were
 #	used before the current definition of UTC at the start
 #	of 1972. (See note 3 below.)
 #	The second column shows the number of seconds that
 #	must be added to UTC to compute TAI for any timestamp
 #	at or after that epoch. The value on each line is
 #	valid from the indicated initial instant until the
 #	epoch given on the next one or indefinitely into the
 #	future if there is no next line.
 #	(The comment on each line shows the representation of
 #	the corresponding initial epoch in the usual
 #	day-month-year format. The epoch always begins at
 #	00:00:00 UTC on the indicated day. See Note 5 below.)
 #
 #	Important notes:
 #
 #	1. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is often referred to
 #	as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The GMT time scale is no
 #	longer used, and the use of GMT to designate UTC is
 #	discouraged.
 #
 #	2. The UTC time scale is realized by many national
 #	laboratories and timing centers. Each laboratory
 #	identifies its realization with its name: Thus
 #	UTC(NIST), UTC(USNO), etc. The differences among
 #	these different realizations are typically on the
 #	order of a few nanoseconds (i.e., 0.000 000 00x s)
 #	and can be ignored for many purposes. These differences
 #	are tabulated in Circular T, which is published monthly
 #	by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures
 #	(BIPM). See www.bipm.org for more information.
 #
 #	3. The current definition of the relationship between UTC
 #	and TAI dates from 1 January 1972. A number of different
 #	time scales were in use before that epoch, and it can be
 #	quite difficult to compute precise timestamps and time
 #	intervals in those "prehistoric" days. For more information,
 #	consult:
 #
 #		The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical
 #		Ephemeris.
 #	or
 #		Terry Quinn, "The BIPM and the Accurate Measurement
 #		of Time," Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 79, pp. 894-905,
 #		July, 1991. 
 #		reprinted in:
 #		   Christine Hackman and Donald B Sullivan (eds.)
 #		   Time and Frequency Measurement
 #		   American Association of Physics Teachers (1996)
 #		   , pp. 75-86
 #
 #	4. The decision to insert a leap second into UTC is currently
 #	the responsibility of the International Earth Rotation and
 #	Reference Systems Service. (The name was changed from the
 #	International Earth Rotation Service, but the acronym IERS
 #	is still used.)
 #
 #	Leap seconds are announced by the IERS in its Bulletin C.
 #
 #	See www.iers.org for more details.
 #
 #	Every national laboratory and timing center uses the
 #	data from the BIPM and the IERS to construct UTC(lab),
 #	their local realization of UTC.
 #
 #	Although the definition also includes the possibility
 #	of dropping seconds ("negative" leap seconds), this has
 #	never been done and is unlikely to be necessary in the
 #	foreseeable future.
 #
 #	5. If your system keeps time as the number of seconds since
 #	some epoch (e.g., NTP timestamps), then the algorithm for
 #	assigning a UTC time stamp to an event that happens during a positive
 #	leap second is not well defined. The official name of that leap
 #	second is 23:59:60, but there is no way of representing that time
 #	in these systems.
 #	Many systems of this type effectively stop the system clock for
 #	one second during the leap second and use a time that is equivalent
 #	to 23:59:59 UTC twice. For these systems, the corresponding TAI
 #	timestamp would be obtained by advancing to the next entry in the
 #	following table when the time equivalent to 23:59:59 UTC
 #	is used for the second time. Thus the leap second which
 #	occurred on 30 June 1972 at 23:59:59 UTC would have TAI
 #	timestamps computed as follows:
 #
 #	...
 #	30 June 1972 23:59:59 (2287785599, first time):	TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
 #	30 June 1972 23:59:60 (2287785599,second time):	TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
 #	1  July 1972 00:00:00 (2287785600)		TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
 #	...
 #
 #	If your system realizes the leap second by repeating 00:00:00 UTC twice
 #	(this is possible but not usual), then the advance to the next entry
 #	in the table must occur the second time that a time equivalent to
 #	00:00:00 UTC is used. Thus, using the same example as above:
 #
 #	...
 #       30 June 1972 23:59:59 (2287785599):		TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
 #       30 June 1972 23:59:60 (2287785600, first time):	TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
 #       1  July 1972 00:00:00 (2287785600,second time):	TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
 #	...
 #
 #	in both cases the use of timestamps based on TAI produces a smooth
 #	time scale with no discontinuity in the time interval. However,
 #	although the long-term behavior of the time scale is correct in both
 #	methods, the second method is technically not correct because it adds
 #	the extra second to the wrong day.
 #
 #	This complexity would not be needed for negative leap seconds (if they
 #	are ever used). The UTC time would skip 23:59:59 and advance from
 #	23:59:58 to 00:00:00 in that case. The TAI offset would decrease by
 #	1 second at the same instant. This is a much easier situation to deal
 #	with, since the difficulty of unambiguously representing the epoch
 #	during the leap second does not arise.
 #
 #	Some systems implement leap seconds by amortizing the leap second
 #	over the last few minutes of the day. The frequency of the local
 #	clock is decreased (or increased) to realize the positive (or
 #	negative) leap second. This method removes the time step described
 #	above. Although the long-term behavior of the time scale is correct
 #	in this case, this method introduces an error during the adjustment
 #	period both in time and in frequency with respect to the official
 #	definition of UTC.
 #
 #	Questions or comments to:
 #		Judah Levine
 #		Time and Frequency Division
 #		NIST
 #		Boulder, Colorado
 #		Judah.Levine@nist.gov
 #
 #	Last Update of leap second values:   8 July 2016
 #
 #	The following line shows this last update date in NTP timestamp
 #	format. This is the date on which the most recent change to
 #	the leap second data was added to the file. This line can
 #	be identified by the unique pair of characters in the first two
 #	columns as shown below.
 #
 #$	 3676924800
 #
 #	The NTP timestamps are in units of seconds since the NTP epoch,
 #	which is 1 January 1900, 00:00:00. The Modified Julian Day number
 #	corresponding to the NTP time stamp, X, can be computed as
 #
 #	X/86400 + 15020
 #
 #	where the first term converts seconds to days and the second
 #	term adds the MJD corresponding to the time origin defined above.
 #	The integer portion of the result is the integer MJD for that
 #	day, and any remainder is the time of day, expressed as the
 #	fraction of the day since 0 hours UTC. The conversion from day
 #	fraction to seconds or to hours, minutes, and seconds may involve
 #	rounding or truncation, depending on the method used in the
 #	computation.
 #
 #	The data in this file will be updated periodically as new leap
 #	seconds are announced. In addition to being entered on the line
 #	above, the update time (in NTP format) will be added to the basic
 #	file name leap-seconds to form the name leap-seconds..
 #	In addition, the generic name leap-seconds.list will always point to
 #	the most recent version of the file.
 #
 #	This update procedure will be performed only when a new leap second
 #	is announced.
 #
 #	The following entry specifies the expiration date of the data
 #	in this file in units of seconds since the origin at the instant
 #	1 January 1900, 00:00:00. This expiration date will be changed
 #	at least twice per year whether or not a new leap second is
 #	announced. These semi-annual changes will be made no later
 #	than 1 June and 1 December of each year to indicate what
 #	action (if any) is to be taken on 30 June and 31 December,
 #	respectively. (These are the customary effective dates for new
 #	leap seconds.) This expiration date will be identified by a
 #	unique pair of characters in columns 1 and 2 as shown below.
 #	In the unlikely event that a leap second is announced with an
 #	effective date other than 30 June or 31 December, then this
 #	file will be edited to include that leap second as soon as it is
 #	announced or at least one month before the effective date
 #	(whichever is later).
 #	If an announcement by the IERS specifies that no leap second is
 #	scheduled, then only the expiration date of the file will
 #	be advanced to show that the information in the file is still
 #	current -- the update time stamp, the data and the name of the file
 #	will not change.
 #
-#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C60
-#	File expires on:  28 June 2021
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C61
+#	File expires on:  28 December 2021
 #
-#@	3833827200
+#@	3849638400
 #
 2272060800	10	# 1 Jan 1972
 2287785600	11	# 1 Jul 1972
 2303683200	12	# 1 Jan 1973
 2335219200	13	# 1 Jan 1974
 2366755200	14	# 1 Jan 1975
 2398291200	15	# 1 Jan 1976
 2429913600	16	# 1 Jan 1977
 2461449600	17	# 1 Jan 1978
 2492985600	18	# 1 Jan 1979
 2524521600	19	# 1 Jan 1980
 2571782400	20	# 1 Jul 1981
 2603318400	21	# 1 Jul 1982
 2634854400	22	# 1 Jul 1983
 2698012800	23	# 1 Jul 1985
 2776982400	24	# 1 Jan 1988
 2840140800	25	# 1 Jan 1990
 2871676800	26	# 1 Jan 1991
 2918937600	27	# 1 Jul 1992
 2950473600	28	# 1 Jul 1993
 2982009600	29	# 1 Jul 1994
 3029443200	30	# 1 Jan 1996
 3076704000	31	# 1 Jul 1997
 3124137600	32	# 1 Jan 1999
 3345062400	33	# 1 Jan 2006
 3439756800	34	# 1 Jan 2009
 3550089600	35	# 1 Jul 2012
 3644697600	36	# 1 Jul 2015
 3692217600	37	# 1 Jan 2017
 #
 #	the following special comment contains the
 #	hash value of the data in this file computed
 #	use the secure hash algorithm as specified
 #	by FIPS 180-1. See the files in ~/pub/sha for
 #	the details of how this hash value is
 #	computed. Note that the hash computation
 #	ignores comments and whitespace characters
 #	in data lines. It includes the NTP values
 #	of both the last modification time and the
 #	expiration time of the file, but not the
 #	white space on those lines.
 #	the hash line is also ignored in the
 #	computation.
 #
-#h 	064356a8 39268b92 76e4d5ef 3e22fae1 0cca529c
+#h 	2ab8253d d4380d28 75f01343 381504f8 8f8a4bfc
diff --git a/contrib/tzdata/leapseconds b/contrib/tzdata/leapseconds
index bf0d2d749214..cf0df04c3c8e 100644
--- a/contrib/tzdata/leapseconds
+++ b/contrib/tzdata/leapseconds
@@ -1,82 +1,82 @@
 # Allowance for leap seconds added to each time zone file.
 
 # This file is in the public domain.
 
 # This file is generated automatically from the data in the public-domain
 # NIST format leap-seconds.list file, which can be copied from
 # 
 # or .
 # The NIST file is used instead of its IERS upstream counterpart
 # 
 # because under US law the NIST file is public domain
 # whereas the IERS file's copyright and license status is unclear.
 # For more about leap-seconds.list, please see
 # The NTP Timescale and Leap Seconds
 # .
 
 # The rules for leap seconds are specified in Annex 1 (Time scales) of:
 # Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions.
 # International Telecommunication Union - Radiocommunication Sector
 # (ITU-R) Recommendation TF.460-6 (02/2002)
 # .
 # The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS)
 # periodically uses leap seconds to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1
 # (a proxy for Earth's angle in space as measured by astronomers)
 # and publishes leap second data in a copyrighted file
 # .
 # See: Levine J. Coordinated Universal Time and the leap second.
 # URSI Radio Sci Bull. 2016;89(4):30-6. doi:10.23919/URSIRSB.2016.7909995
 # .
 
 # There were no leap seconds before 1972, as no official mechanism
 # accounted for the discrepancy between atomic time (TAI) and the earth's
 # rotation.  The first ("1 Jan 1972") data line in leap-seconds.list
 # does not denote a leap second; it denotes the start of the current definition
 # of UTC.
 
 # All leap-seconds are Stationary (S) at the given UTC time.
 # The correction (+ or -) is made at the given time, so in the unlikely
 # event of a negative leap second, a line would look like this:
 # Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:59	-	S
 # Typical lines look like this:
 # Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1972	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1972	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1973	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1974	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1975	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1976	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1977	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1978	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1979	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1981	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1982	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1983	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1985	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1987	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1989	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1990	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1992	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1993	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1994	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1995	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1997	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	1998	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2005	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2008	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2012	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2015	Jun	30	23:59:60	+	S
 Leap	2016	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
 
 # UTC timestamp when this leap second list expires.
 # Any additional leap seconds will come after this.
 # This Expires line is commented out for now,
 # so that pre-2020a zic implementations do not reject this file.
-#Expires 2021	Jun	28	00:00:00
+#Expires 2021	Dec	28	00:00:00
 
 # POSIX timestamps for the data in this file:
 #updated 1467936000 (2016-07-08 00:00:00 UTC)
-#expires 1624838400 (2021-06-28 00:00:00 UTC)
+#expires 1640649600 (2021-12-28 00:00:00 UTC)
 
-#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C60
-#	File expires on:  28 June 2021
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C61
+#	File expires on:  28 December 2021
diff --git a/contrib/tzdata/version b/contrib/tzdata/version
index a481df8cb9d4..1d590958afd8 100644
--- a/contrib/tzdata/version
+++ b/contrib/tzdata/version
@@ -1 +1 @@
-2020f
+2021a