x86: Add stub for Extended Destination ID support

Without an IOMMU, the APIC standard only allows 8 bits of Destination
ID for MSI messages, limiting us to 256 CPUs. While IOMMUs can allow
for more than 256 CPUs to be supported, they are not necessarily
desirable in virtualized environments.

The Extended Destination ID standard authored by David Woodhouse uses
7 "Reserved" bits for the high bits of a 15-bit Extended Destination
ID in order to address this: http://david.woodhou.se/ExtDestId.pdf

Add a loader tunable machdep.apic_ext_dest_id to control the use of
this feature; the default value (-1) means "autodetect" while 0 and
1 mean disabled and enabled respectively.

Code to detect host support in Xen, Hyper-V, KVM, and Bhyve will come
in future commits, as will the code to use this setting in msi_map and
ioapic_program_intpin.

Tested on: EC2 r8i.96xlarge
MFC after: 3 weeks
Sponsored by: Amazon
Differential Revision: https://reviews.freebsd.org/D55890

(cherry picked from commit d9db6d759dfcf4a4559e66e777599bb3fa8ca14c)