diff --git a/share/man/man5/periodic.conf.5 b/share/man/man5/periodic.conf.5
index 83897c152629..d5526f9b6a52 100644
--- a/share/man/man5/periodic.conf.5
+++ b/share/man/man5/periodic.conf.5
@@ -1,976 +1,976 @@
 .\"-
 .\" Copyright (c) 2000 Brian Somers <brian@Awfulhak.org>
 .\" All rights reserved.
 .\"
 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 .\" are met:
 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 .\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 .\"
 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 .\" SUCH DAMAGE.
 .\"
 .\" $FreeBSD$
 .\"
 .Dd December 25, 2013
 .Dt PERIODIC.CONF 5
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm periodic.conf
 .Nd periodic job configuration information
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The file
 .Nm
 contains a description of how daily, weekly and monthly system maintenance
 jobs should run.
 It resides in the
 .Pa /etc/defaults
 directory and parts may be overridden by a file of the same name in
 .Pa /etc ,
 which itself may be overridden by the
 .Pa /etc/periodic.conf.local
 file.
 .Pp
 The
 .Nm
 file
 is actually sourced as a shell script from each of the periodic scripts
 and is intended to simply provide default configuration variables.
 .Pp
 The following variables are used by
 .Xr periodic 8
 itself:
 .Bl -tag -offset 4n -width 2n
 .It Va local_periodic
 .Pq Vt str
 List of directories to search for periodic scripts.
 This list is always prefixed with
 .Pa /etc/periodic ,
 and is only used when an argument to
 .Xr periodic 8
 is not an absolute directory name.
 .It Ao Ar dir Ac Ns Va _output
 .Pq Vt path No or Vt list
 What to do with the output of the scripts executed from
 the directory
 .Ar dir .
 If this variable is set to an absolute path name, output is logged to
 that file, otherwise it is taken as one or more space separated email
 addresses and mailed to those users.
 If this variable is not set or is empty, output is sent to standard output.
 .Pp
 For an unattended machine, suitable values for
 .Va daily_output ,
 .Va weekly_output ,
 and
 .Va monthly_output
 might be
 .Dq Li /var/log/daily.log ,
 .Dq Li /var/log/weekly.log ,
 and
 .Dq Li /var/log/monthly.log
 respectively, as
 .Xr newsyslog 8
 will rotate these files (if they exists) at the appropriate times.
 .It Ao Ar dir Ac Ns Va _show_success
 .It Ao Ar dir Ac Ns Va _show_info
 .It Ao Ar dir Ac Ns Va _show_badconfig
 .Pq Vt bool
 These variables control whether
 .Xr periodic 8
 will mask the output of the executed scripts based on their return code
 (where
 .Ar dir
 is the base directory name in which each script resides).
 If the return code of a script is
 .Sq 0
 and
 .Ao Ar dir Ac Ns Va _show_success
 is set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 .Xr periodic 8
 will mask the script's output.
 If the return code of a script is
 .Sq 1
 and
 .Ao Ar dir Ac Ns Va _show_info
 is set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 .Xr periodic 8
 will mask the script's output.
 If the return code of a script is
 .Sq 2
 and
 .Ao Ar dir Ac Ns Va _show_badconfig
 is set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 .Xr periodic 8
 will mask the script's output.
 If these variables are set to neither
 .Dq Li YES
 nor
 .Dq Li NO ,
 they default to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 .Dq Li YES
 and
 .Dq Li NO
 respectively.
 .Pp
 Refer to the
 .Xr periodic 8
 manual page for how script return codes are interpreted.
 .El
 .Pp
 The following variables are used by the standard scripts that reside in
 .Pa /etc/periodic/daily :
 .Bl -tag -offset 4n -width 2n
 .It Va daily_clean_disks_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to remove all files matching
 .Va daily_clean_disks_files
 daily.
 .It Va daily_clean_disks_files
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to a list of file names to match.
 Wild cards are permitted.
 .It Va daily_clean_disks_days
 .Pq Vt num
 When
 .Va daily_clean_disks_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 this must also be set to the number of days old that a file's access
 and modification times must be before it is deleted.
 .It Va daily_clean_disks_verbose
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want the removed files to be reported in your daily output.
 .It Va daily_clean_tmps_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to clear temporary directories daily.
 .It Va daily_clean_tmps_dirs
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of directories to clear if
 .Va daily_clean_tmps_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 .It Va daily_clean_tmps_days
 .Pq Vt num
 When
 .Va daily_clean_tmps_enable
 is set, this must also be set to the number of days old that a file's access
 and modification times must be before it is deleted.
 .It Va daily_clean_tmps_ignore
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of files that should not be deleted when
 .Va daily_clean_tmps_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 Wild card characters are permitted.
 .It Va daily_clean_tmps_verbose
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want the removed files to be reported in your daily output.
 .It Va daily_clean_preserve_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you wish to remove old files from
 .Pa /var/preserve .
 .It Va daily_clean_preserve_days
 .Pq Vt num
 Set to the number of days that files must not have been modified before
 they are deleted.
 .It Va daily_clean_preserve_verbose
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want the removed files to be reported in your daily output.
 .It Va daily_clean_msgs_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you wish old system messages to be purged.
 .It Va daily_clean_msgs_days
 .Pq Vt num
 Set to the number of days that files must not have been modified before
 they are deleted.
 If this variable is left blank, the
 .Xr msgs 1
 default is used.
 .It Va daily_clean_rwho_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you wish old files in
 .Pa /var/who
 to be purged.
 .It Va daily_clean_rwho_days
 .Pq Vt num
 Set to the number of days that files must not have been modified before
 they are deleted.
 .It Va daily_clean_rwho_verbose
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want the removed files to be reported in your daily output.
 .It Va daily_clean_hoststat_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to run
 .Nm sendmail Fl bH
 to automatically purge stale entries from
 .Xr sendmail 8 Ns 's
 host status cache.
 Files will be deleted using the same criteria as
 .Xr sendmail 8
 would normally use when determining whether to believe the cached information,
 as configured in
 .Pa /etc/mail/sendmail.cf .
 .It Va daily_backup_passwd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want the
 .Pa /etc/master.passwd
 and
 .Pa /etc/group
 files backed up and reported on.
 Reporting consists of checking both files for modifications and running
 .Xr chkgrp 8
 on the
 .Pa group
 file.
 .It Va daily_backup_aliases_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want the
 .Pa /etc/mail/aliases
 file backed up and modifications to be displayed in your daily output.
 .It Va daily_calendar_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Nm calendar Fl a
 daily.
 .It Va daily_accounting_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to rotate your daily accounting files.
 No rotations are necessary unless
 .Va accounting_enable
 is enabled in
 .Xr rc.conf 5 .
 .It Va daily_accounting_compress
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want your daily accounting files to be compressed using
 .Xr gzip 1 .
 .It Va daily_accounting_save
 .Pq Vt num
 When
 .Va daily_accounting_enable
 is set, this may also be set to the number of daily accounting files that are
 to be saved.
 The default is
 .Dq Li 3 .
 .It Va daily_accounting_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the arguments to pass to the
 .Xr sa 8
 utility (in addition to
 .Fl s )
 when
 .Va daily_accounting_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 The default is
 .Fl q .
 .It Va daily_news_expire_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Pa /etc/news.expire .
 .It Va daily_status_disks_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Xr df 1
 (with the arguments supplied in
 .Va daily_status_disks_df_flags )
 and
 .Nm dump Fl W .
 .It Va daily_status_disks_df_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the arguments for the
 .Xr df 1
 utility when
 .Va daily_status_disks_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 .It Va daily_status_zfs_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Nm zpool Cm status
 on your
 .Xr zfs 8
 pools.
 .It Va daily_status_zfs_zpool_list_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Nm zpool Cm list
 on your
 .Xr zfs 8
 pools.
 Requires
 .Va daily_status_zfs_enable
 to be set to
 .Li YES .
 .It Va daily_status_gmirror_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Nm gmirror Cm status
 on your
 .Xr gmirror 8
 devices.
 .It Va daily_status_graid3_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Nm graid3 Cm status
 on your
 .Xr graid3 8
 devices.
 .It Va daily_status_gstripe_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Nm gstripe Cm status
 on your
 .Xr gstripe 8
 devices.
 .It Va daily_status_gconcat_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Nm gconcat Cm status
 on your
 .Xr gconcat 8
 devices.
 .It Va daily_status_network_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Nm netstat Fl i .
 .It Va daily_status_network_usedns
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Xr netstat 1
 without the
 .Fl n
 option (to do DNS lookups).
 .It Va daily_status_rwho_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Xr uptime 1
 (or
 .Xr ruptime 1
 if
 .Va rwhod_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES
 in
 .Pa /etc/rc.conf ) .
 .It Va daily_status_mailq_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Xr mailq 1 .
 .It Va daily_status_mailq_shorten
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to shorten the
 .Xr mailq 1
 output when
 .Va daily_status_mailq_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 .It Va daily_status_include_submit_mailq
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you also want to run
 .Xr mailq 1
 on the submit mail queue when
 .Va daily_status_mailq_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 This may not work with MTAs other than
 .Xr sendmail 8 .
 .It Va daily_status_security_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run the security check.
 The security check is another set of
 .Xr periodic 8
 scripts.
 The system defaults are in
 .Pa /etc/periodic/security .
 Local scripts should be placed in
 .Pa /usr/local/etc/periodic/security .
 See the
 .Xr periodic 8
 manual page for more information.
 .It Va daily_status_security_inline
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want the security check output inline.
 The default is to either mail or log the output according to the value of
 .Va daily_status_security_output .
 .It Va daily_status_security_output
 .Pq Vt str
 Where to send the output of the security check if
 .Va daily_status_security_inline
 is set to
 .Dq Li NO .
 This variable behaves in the same way as the
 .Va *_output
 variables above, namely it can be set either to one or more email addresses
 or to an absolute file name.
 .It Va daily_status_mail_rejects_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to summarise mail rejections logged to
 .Pa /var/log/maillog
 for the previous day.
 .It Va daily_status_mail_rejects_logs
 .Pq Vt num
 Set to the number of maillog files that should be checked
 for yesterday's mail rejects.
 .It Va daily_status_ntpd
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to enable NTP status check.
 .It Va daily_queuerun_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to manually run the mail queue at least once a day.
 .It Va daily_submit_queuerun
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you also want to manually run the submit mail queue at least once a day
 when
 .Va daily_queuerun_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 .It Va daily_scrub_zfs_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run a zfs scrub periodically.
 .It Va daily_scrub_zfs_pools
 .Pq Vt str
 A space separated list of names of zfs pools to scrub.
 If the list is empty or not set, all zfs pools are scrubbed.
 .It Va daily_scrub_zfs_default_threshold
 .Pq Vt int
 Number of days between a scrub if no pool-specific threshold is set.
 If not set, the default value is 35, corresponding to 5 weeks.
 .It Va daily_scrub_zfs_ Ns Ao Ar poolname Ac Ns Va _threshold
 .Pq Vt int
 The same as
 .Va daily_scrub_zfs_default_threshold
 but specific to the pool
 .Ao Ar poolname Ac Ns .
 .It Va daily_local
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to a list of extra scripts that should be run after all other
 daily scripts.
 All scripts must be absolute path names.
 .El
 .Pp
 The following variables are used by the standard scripts that reside in
 .Pa /etc/periodic/weekly :
 .Bl -tag -offset 4n -width 2n
 .It Va weekly_locate_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Pa /usr/libexec/locate.updatedb .
 This script is run using
 .Nm nice Fl 5
 as user
 .Dq Li nobody ,
 and generates the table used by the
 .Xr locate 1
 command.
 .It Va weekly_whatis_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Pa /usr/libexec/makewhatis.local .
 This script regenerates the database used by the
 .Xr apropos 1
 command.
 .It Va weekly_catman_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to run
 .Pa /usr/libexec/catman.local .
 This script processes all out of date manual pages, speeding up the
 .Xr man 1
 command at the expense of disk space.
 .It Va weekly_noid_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to locate orphaned files on the system.
 An orphaned file is one with an invalid owner or group.
 .It Va weekly_noid_dirs
 .Pq Vt str
 A list of directories under which orphaned files are searched for.
 This would usually be set to
 .Pa / .
 .It Va weekly_status_security_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Weekly counterpart of
 .Va daily_status_securiy_enable .
 .It Va weekly_status_security_inline
 .Pq Vt bool
 Weekly counterpart of
 .Va daily_status_securiy_inline .
 .It Va weekly_status_security_output
 .Pq Vt str
 Weekly counterpart of
 .Va daily_status_securiy_output .
 .It Va weekly_status_pkg_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to use
 .Xr pkg_version 1
 to list installed packages which are out of date.
 .It Va pkg_version
 .Pq Vt str
 When
 .Va weekly_status_pkg_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 this variable specifies the program that is used to determine the out of
 date packages.
 If unset, the
 .Xr pkg_version 1
 program is used.
 As an example, this variable might be set to
 .Dq Li portversion
 if the
 .Pa ports/sysutils/portupgrade
 port has been installed.
 .It Va pkg_version_index
 .Pq Vt str
 This variable specifies the
 .Pa INDEX
 file from
 .Pa /usr/ports
 that should be used by
 .Xr pkg_version 1 .
 Because the dependency tree may be substantially different between versions of
 .Fx ,
 there may be more than one
 .Pa INDEX
 file in
 .Pa /usr/ports .
 .Pp
 Note, if the
 .Va pkg_version
 variable is set to
 .Dq Li portversion ,
 it will also be necessary to arrange that the correct
 .Pa INDEX
 file is specified
 using environment variables and that
 .Va pkg_version_index
 is cleared in
 .Pa /etc/periodic.conf
 .Pq Dq Li pkg_version_index= .
 .It Va weekly_local
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to a list of extra scripts that should be run after all other
 weekly scripts.
 All scripts must be absolute path names.
 .El
 .Pp
 The following variables are used by the standard scripts that reside in
 .Pa /etc/periodic/monthly :
 .Bl -tag -offset 4n -width 2n
 .It Va monthly_accounting_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to do login accounting using the
 .Xr ac 8
 command.
 .It Va monthly_status_security_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Monthly counterpart of
 .Va daily_status_securiy_enable .
 .It Va monthly_status_security_inline
 .Pq Vt bool
 Monthly counterpart of
 .Va daily_status_securiy_inline .
 .It Va monthly_status_security_output
 .Pq Vt str
 Monthly counterpart of
 .Va daily_status_securiy_output .
 .It Va monthly_local
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to a list of extra scripts that should be run after all other
 monthly scripts.
 All scripts must be absolute path names.
 .El
 .Pp
 The following variables are used by the standard scripts that reside in
 .Pa /etc/periodic/security .
 Those scripts are usually run from daily
 .Pq Va daily_status_security_enable ,
 weekly
 .Pq Va weekly_status_security_enable ,
 and monthly
 .Pq Va monthly_status_security_enable
 periodic hooks.
 The
 .Va ..._period
 of each script can be configured as
 .Dq daily ,
 .Dq weekly ,
 .Dq monthly
 or
 .Dq NO .
 Note that when periodic security scripts are run from
 .Xr crontab 5 ,
 they will be always run unless their
 .Va ..._enable
 or
 .Va ..._period
 variable is set to
-.Dq No .
+.Dq NO .
 .Bl -tag -offset 4n -width 2n
 .It Va security_status_diff_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the arguments to pass to the
 .Xr diff 1
 utility when generating differences.
 The default is
 .Fl b u .
 .It Va security_status_chksetuid_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to compare the modes and modification times of setuid executables with
 the previous day's values.
 .It Va security_status_chksetuid_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va security_status_chkportsum_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to verify checksums of all installed packages against the known checksums in
 .Pa /var/db/pkg .
 .It Va security_status_chkportsum_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va security_status_neggrpperm_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to check for files where the group of a file has less permissions than
 the world at large.
 When users are in more than 14 supplemental groups these negative
 permissions may not be enforced via NFS shares.
 .It Va security_status_neggrpperm_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va security_status_chkmounts_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to check for changes mounted file systems to the previous day's values.
 .It Va security_status_chkmounts_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va security_status_noamd
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 if you want to ignore
 .Xr amd 8
 mounts when comparing against yesterday's file system mounts in the
 .Va security_status_chkmounts_enable
 check.
 .It Va security_status_chkuid0_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to check
 .Pa /etc/master.passwd
 for accounts with UID 0.
 .It Va security_status_chkuid0_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va security_status_passwdless_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to check
 .Pa /etc/master.passwd
 for accounts with empty passwords.
 .It Va security_status_passwdless_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va security_status_logincheck_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to check
 .Pa /etc/login.conf
 ownership, see
 .Xr login.conf 5
 for more information.
 .It Va security_status_logincheck_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va security_status_ipfwdenied_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to show log entries for packets denied by
 .Xr ipfw 8
 since yesterday's check.
 .It Va security_status_ipfwdenied_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va security_status_ipfdenied_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to show log entries for packets denied by
 .Xr ipf 8
 since yesterday's check.
 .It Va security_status_ipfdenied_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va security_status_pfdenied_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to show log entries for packets denied by
 .Xr pf 4
 since yesterday's check.
 .It Va security_status_pfdenied_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va security_status_ipfwlimit_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to display
 .Xr ipfw 8
 rules that have reached their verbosity limit.
 .It Va security_status_ipfwlimit_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va security_status_kernelmsg_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to show new
 .Xr dmesg 8
 entries since yesterday's check.
 .It Va security_status_kernelmsg_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va security_status_loginfail_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to display failed logins from
 .Pa /var/log/messages
 in the previous day.
 .It Va security_status_loginfail_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va security_status_tcpwrap_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to display connections denied by tcpwrappers (see
 .Xr hosts_access 5 )
 from
 .Pa /var/log/messages
 during the previous day.
 .It Va security_status_tcpwrap_period
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to either
 .Dq Li daily ,
 .Dq Li weekly ,
 .Dq Li monthly
 or
 .Dq Li NO .
 .El
 .Sh FILES
 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /etc/defaults/periodic.conf"
 .It Pa /etc/defaults/periodic.conf
 The default configuration file.
 This file contains all default variables and values.
 .It Pa /etc/periodic.conf
 The usual system specific variable override file.
 .It Pa /etc/periodic.conf.local
 An additional override file, useful when
 .Pa /etc/periodic.conf
 is shared or distributed.
 .El
 .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr apropos 1 ,
 .Xr calendar 1 ,
 .Xr df 1 ,
 .Xr diff 1 ,
 .Xr gzip 1 ,
 .Xr locate 1 ,
 .Xr man 1 ,
 .Xr msgs 1 ,
 .Xr netstat 1 ,
 .Xr nice 1 ,
 .Xr pkg_version 1 ,
 .Xr login.conf 5 ,
 .Xr rc.conf 5 ,
 .Xr ac 8 ,
 .Xr chkgrp 8 ,
 .Xr dump 8 ,
 .Xr newsyslog 8 ,
 .Xr periodic 8 ,
 .Xr sendmail 8
 .Sh HISTORY
 The
 .Nm
 file appeared in
 .Fx 4.1 .
 .Sh AUTHORS
 .An Brian Somers Aq Mt brian@Awfulhak.org
diff --git a/share/man/man5/pf.conf.5 b/share/man/man5/pf.conf.5
index 4f959333a595..4ed941c40cfc 100644
--- a/share/man/man5/pf.conf.5
+++ b/share/man/man5/pf.conf.5
@@ -1,3059 +1,3059 @@
 .\"    $FreeBSD$
 .\"	$OpenBSD: pf.conf.5,v 1.406 2009/01/31 19:37:12 sobrado Exp $
 .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2002, Daniel Hartmeier
 .\" All rights reserved.
 .\"
 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 .\" are met:
 .\"
 .\"    - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 .\"      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 .\"    - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
 .\"      copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 .\"      disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
 .\"      with the distribution.
 .\"
 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 .\" "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 .\" LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
 .\" FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 .\" COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
 .\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
 .\" BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 .\" LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
 .\" CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
 .\" ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 .\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 .\"
-.Dd June 29 2012
+.Dd June 29, 2012
 .Dt PF.CONF 5
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm pf.conf
 .Nd packet filter configuration file
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The
 .Xr pf 4
 packet filter modifies, drops or passes packets according to rules or
 definitions specified in
 .Nm pf.conf .
 .Sh STATEMENT ORDER
 There are seven types of statements in
 .Nm pf.conf :
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx
 .It Cm Macros
 User-defined variables may be defined and used later, simplifying
 the configuration file.
 Macros must be defined before they are referenced in
 .Nm pf.conf .
 .It Cm Tables
 Tables provide a mechanism for increasing the performance and flexibility of
 rules with large numbers of source or destination addresses.
 .It Cm Options
 Options tune the behaviour of the packet filtering engine.
 .It Cm Traffic Normalization Li (e.g. Em scrub )
 Traffic normalization protects internal machines against inconsistencies
 in Internet protocols and implementations.
 .It Cm Queueing
 Queueing provides rule-based bandwidth control.
 .It Cm Translation Li (Various forms of NAT)
 Translation rules specify how addresses are to be mapped or redirected to
 other addresses.
 .It Cm Packet Filtering
 Packet filtering provides rule-based blocking or passing of packets.
 .El
 .Pp
 With the exception of
 .Cm macros
 and
 .Cm tables ,
 the types of statements should be grouped and appear in
 .Nm pf.conf
 in the order shown above, as this matches the operation of the underlying
 packet filtering engine.
 By default
 .Xr pfctl 8
 enforces this order (see
 .Ar set require-order
 below).
 .Pp
 Comments can be put anywhere in the file using a hash mark
 .Pq Sq # ,
 and extend to the end of the current line.
 .Pp
 Additional configuration files can be included with the
 .Ic include
 keyword, for example:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 include "/etc/pf/sub.filter.conf"
 .Ed
 .Sh MACROS
 Macros can be defined that will later be expanded in context.
 Macro names must start with a letter, and may contain letters, digits
 and underscores.
 Macro names may not be reserved words (for example
 .Ar pass ,
 .Ar in ,
 .Ar out ) .
 Macros are not expanded inside quotes.
 .Pp
 For example,
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 ext_if = \&"kue0\&"
 all_ifs = \&"{\&" $ext_if lo0 \&"}\&"
 pass out on $ext_if from any to any
 pass in  on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port 25
 .Ed
 .Sh TABLES
 Tables are named structures which can hold a collection of addresses and
 networks.
 Lookups against tables in
 .Xr pf 4
 are relatively fast, making a single rule with tables much more efficient,
 in terms of
 processor usage and memory consumption, than a large number of rules which
 differ only in IP address (either created explicitly or automatically by rule
 expansion).
 .Pp
 Tables can be used as the source or destination of filter rules,
 .Ar scrub
 rules
 or
 translation rules such as
 .Ar nat
 or
 .Ar rdr
 (see below for details on the various rule types).
 Tables can also be used for the redirect address of
 .Ar nat
 and
 .Ar rdr
 rules and in the routing options of filter rules, but only for
 .Ar round-robin
 pools.
 .Pp
 Tables can be defined with any of the following
 .Xr pfctl 8
 mechanisms.
 As with macros, reserved words may not be used as table names.
 .Bl -tag -width "manually"
 .It Ar manually
 Persistent tables can be manually created with the
 .Ar add
 or
 .Ar replace
 option of
 .Xr pfctl 8 ,
 before or after the ruleset has been loaded.
 .It Pa pf.conf
 Table definitions can be placed directly in this file, and loaded at the
 same time as other rules are loaded, atomically.
 Table definitions inside
 .Nm pf.conf
 use the
 .Ar table
 statement, and are especially useful to define non-persistent tables.
 The contents of a pre-existing table defined without a list of addresses
 to initialize it is not altered when
 .Nm pf.conf
 is loaded.
 A table initialized with the empty list,
 .Li { } ,
 will be cleared on load.
 .El
 .Pp
 Tables may be defined with the following attributes:
 .Bl -tag -width persist
 .It Ar persist
 The
 .Ar persist
 flag forces the kernel to keep the table even when no rules refer to it.
 If the flag is not set, the kernel will automatically remove the table
 when the last rule referring to it is flushed.
 .It Ar const
 The
 .Ar const
 flag prevents the user from altering the contents of the table once it
 has been created.
 Without that flag,
 .Xr pfctl 8
 can be used to add or remove addresses from the table at any time, even
 when running with
 .Xr securelevel 7
 = 2.
 .It Ar counters
 The
 .Ar counters
 flag enables per-address packet and byte counters which can be displayed with
 .Xr pfctl 8 .
 .El
 .Pp
 For example,
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 table \*(Ltprivate\*(Gt const { 10/8, 172.16/12, 192.168/16 }
 table \*(Ltbadhosts\*(Gt persist
 block on fxp0 from { \*(Ltprivate\*(Gt, \*(Ltbadhosts\*(Gt } to any
 .Ed
 .Pp
 creates a table called private, to hold RFC 1918 private network
 blocks, and a table called badhosts, which is initially empty.
 A filter rule is set up to block all traffic coming from addresses listed in
 either table.
 The private table cannot have its contents changed and the badhosts table
 will exist even when no active filter rules reference it.
 Addresses may later be added to the badhosts table, so that traffic from
 these hosts can be blocked by using
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 # pfctl -t badhosts -Tadd 204.92.77.111
 .Ed
 .Pp
 A table can also be initialized with an address list specified in one or more
 external files, using the following syntax:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 table \*(Ltspam\*(Gt persist file \&"/etc/spammers\&" file \&"/etc/openrelays\&"
 block on fxp0 from \*(Ltspam\*(Gt to any
 .Ed
 .Pp
 The files
 .Pa /etc/spammers
 and
 .Pa /etc/openrelays
 list IP addresses, one per line.
 Any lines beginning with a # are treated as comments and ignored.
 In addition to being specified by IP address, hosts may also be
 specified by their hostname.
 When the resolver is called to add a hostname to a table,
 .Em all
 resulting IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are placed into the table.
 IP addresses can also be entered in a table by specifying a valid interface
 name, a valid interface group or the
 .Em self
 keyword, in which case all addresses assigned to the interface(s) will be
 added to the table.
 .Sh OPTIONS
 .Xr pf 4
 may be tuned for various situations using the
 .Ar set
 command.
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx
 .It Ar set timeout
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "src.track" -compact
 .It Ar interval
 Interval between purging expired states and fragments.
 .It Ar frag
 Seconds before an unassembled fragment is expired.
 .It Ar src.track
 Length of time to retain a source tracking entry after the last state
 expires.
 .El
 .Pp
 When a packet matches a stateful connection, the seconds to live for the
 connection will be updated to that of the
 .Ar proto.modifier
 which corresponds to the connection state.
 Each packet which matches this state will reset the TTL.
 Tuning these values may improve the performance of the
 firewall at the risk of dropping valid idle connections.
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx -compact
 .It Ar tcp.first
 The state after the first packet.
 .It Ar tcp.opening
 The state before the destination host ever sends a packet.
 .It Ar tcp.established
 The fully established state.
 .It Ar tcp.closing
 The state after the first FIN has been sent.
 .It Ar tcp.finwait
 The state after both FINs have been exchanged and the connection is closed.
 Some hosts (notably web servers on Solaris) send TCP packets even after closing
 the connection.
 Increasing
 .Ar tcp.finwait
 (and possibly
 .Ar tcp.closing )
 can prevent blocking of such packets.
 .It Ar tcp.closed
 The state after one endpoint sends an RST.
 .El
 .Pp
 ICMP and UDP are handled in a fashion similar to TCP, but with a much more
 limited set of states:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx -compact
 .It Ar udp.first
 The state after the first packet.
 .It Ar udp.single
 The state if the source host sends more than one packet but the destination
 host has never sent one back.
 .It Ar udp.multiple
 The state if both hosts have sent packets.
 .It Ar icmp.first
 The state after the first packet.
 .It Ar icmp.error
 The state after an ICMP error came back in response to an ICMP packet.
 .El
 .Pp
 Other protocols are handled similarly to UDP:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx -compact
 .It Ar other.first
 .It Ar other.single
 .It Ar other.multiple
 .El
 .Pp
 Timeout values can be reduced adaptively as the number of state table
 entries grows.
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx -compact
 .It Ar adaptive.start
 When the number of state entries exceeds this value, adaptive scaling
 begins.
 All timeout values are scaled linearly with factor
 (adaptive.end - number of states) / (adaptive.end - adaptive.start).
 .It Ar adaptive.end
 When reaching this number of state entries, all timeout values become
 zero, effectively purging all state entries immediately.
 This value is used to define the scale factor, it should not actually
 be reached (set a lower state limit, see below).
 .El
 .Pp
 Adaptive timeouts are enabled by default, with an adaptive.start value
 equal to 60% of the state limit, and an adaptive.end value equal to
 120% of the state limit.
 They can be disabled by setting both adaptive.start and adaptive.end to 0.
 .Pp
 The adaptive timeout values can be defined both globally and for each rule.
 When used on a per-rule basis, the values relate to the number of
 states created by the rule, otherwise to the total number of
 states.
 .Pp
 For example:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 set timeout tcp.first 120
 set timeout tcp.established 86400
 set timeout { adaptive.start 6000, adaptive.end 12000 }
 set limit states 10000
 .Ed
 .Pp
 With 9000 state table entries, the timeout values are scaled to 50%
 (tcp.first 60, tcp.established 43200).
 .It Ar set loginterface
 Enable collection of packet and byte count statistics for the given
 interface or interface group.
 These statistics can be viewed using
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 # pfctl -s info
 .Ed
 .Pp
 In this example
 .Xr pf 4
 collects statistics on the interface named dc0:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 set loginterface dc0
 .Ed
 .Pp
 One can disable the loginterface using:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 set loginterface none
 .Ed
 .It Ar set limit
 Sets hard limits on the memory pools used by the packet filter.
 See
 .Xr zone 9
 for an explanation of memory pools.
 .Pp
 For example,
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 set limit states 20000
 .Ed
 .Pp
 sets the maximum number of entries in the memory pool used by state table
 entries (generated by
 .Ar pass
 rules which do not specify
 .Ar no state )
 to 20000.
 Using
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 set limit frags 20000
 .Ed
 .Pp
 sets the maximum number of entries in the memory pool used for fragment
 reassembly (generated by
 .Ar scrub
 rules) to 20000.
 Using
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 set limit src-nodes 2000
 .Ed
 .Pp
 sets the maximum number of entries in the memory pool used for tracking
 source IP addresses (generated by the
 .Ar sticky-address
 and
 .Ar src.track
 options) to 2000.
 Using
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 set limit tables 1000
 set limit table-entries 100000
 .Ed
 .Pp
 sets limits on the memory pools used by tables.
 The first limits the number of tables that can exist to 1000.
 The second limits the overall number of addresses that can be stored
 in tables to 100000.
 .Pp
 Various limits can be combined on a single line:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 set limit { states 20000, frags 20000, src-nodes 2000 }
 .Ed
 .It Ar set ruleset-optimization
 .Bl -tag -width xxxxxxxx -compact
 .It Ar none
 Disable the ruleset optimizer.
 .It Ar basic
 Enable basic ruleset optimization.
 This is the default behaviour.
 Basic ruleset optimization does four things to improve the
 performance of ruleset evaluations:
 .Pp
 .Bl -enum -compact
 .It
 remove duplicate rules
 .It
 remove rules that are a subset of another rule
 .It
 combine multiple rules into a table when advantageous
 .It
 re-order the rules to improve evaluation performance
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Ar profile
 Uses the currently loaded ruleset as a feedback profile to tailor the
 ordering of quick rules to actual network traffic.
 .El
 .Pp
 It is important to note that the ruleset optimizer will modify the ruleset
 to improve performance.
 A side effect of the ruleset modification is that per-rule accounting
 statistics will have different meanings than before.
 If per-rule accounting is important for billing purposes or whatnot,
 either the ruleset optimizer should not be used or a label field should
 be added to all of the accounting rules to act as optimization barriers.
 .Pp
 Optimization can also be set as a command-line argument to
 .Xr pfctl 8 ,
 overriding the settings in
 .Nm .
 .It Ar set optimization
 Optimize state timeouts for one of the following network environments:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx -compact
 .It Ar normal
 A normal network environment.
 Suitable for almost all networks.
 .It Ar high-latency
 A high-latency environment (such as a satellite connection).
 .It Ar satellite
 Alias for
 .Ar high-latency .
 .It Ar aggressive
 Aggressively expire connections.
 This can greatly reduce the memory usage of the firewall at the cost of
 dropping idle connections early.
 .It Ar conservative
 Extremely conservative settings.
 Avoid dropping legitimate connections at the
 expense of greater memory utilization (possibly much greater on a busy
 network) and slightly increased processor utilization.
 .El
 .Pp
 For example:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 set optimization aggressive
 .Ed
 .It Ar set block-policy
 The
 .Ar block-policy
 option sets the default behaviour for the packet
 .Ar block
 action:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxxxxxx -compact
 .It Ar drop
 Packet is silently dropped.
 .It Ar return
 A TCP RST is returned for blocked TCP packets,
 an ICMP UNREACHABLE is returned for blocked UDP packets,
 and all other packets are silently dropped.
 .El
 .Pp
 For example:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 set block-policy return
 .Ed
 .It Ar set state-policy
 The
 .Ar state-policy
 option sets the default behaviour for states:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width group-bound -compact
 .It Ar if-bound
 States are bound to interface.
 .It Ar floating
 States can match packets on any interfaces (the default).
 .El
 .Pp
 For example:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 set state-policy if-bound
 .Ed
 .It Ar set state-defaults
 The
 .Ar state-defaults
 option sets the state options for states created from rules
 without an explicit
 .Ar keep state .
 For example:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 set state-defaults pflow, no-sync
 .Ed
 .It Ar set hostid
 The 32-bit
 .Ar hostid
 identifies this firewall's state table entries to other firewalls
 in a
 .Xr pfsync 4
 failover cluster.
 By default the hostid is set to a pseudo-random value, however it may be
 desirable to manually configure it, for example to more easily identify the
 source of state table entries.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 set hostid 1
 .Ed
 .Pp
 The hostid may be specified in either decimal or hexadecimal.
 .It Ar set require-order
 By default
 .Xr pfctl 8
 enforces an ordering of the statement types in the ruleset to:
 .Em options ,
 .Em normalization ,
 .Em queueing ,
 .Em translation ,
 .Em filtering .
 Setting this option to
 .Ar no
 disables this enforcement.
 There may be non-trivial and non-obvious implications to an out of
 order ruleset.
 Consider carefully before disabling the order enforcement.
 .It Ar set fingerprints
 Load fingerprints of known operating systems from the given filename.
 By default fingerprints of known operating systems are automatically
 loaded from
 .Xr pf.os 5
 in
 .Pa /etc
 but can be overridden via this option.
 Setting this option may leave a small period of time where the fingerprints
 referenced by the currently active ruleset are inconsistent until the new
 ruleset finishes loading.
 .Pp
 For example:
 .Pp
 .Dl set fingerprints \&"/etc/pf.os.devel\&"
 .It Ar set skip on Aq Ar ifspec
 List interfaces for which packets should not be filtered.
 Packets passing in or out on such interfaces are passed as if pf was
 disabled, i.e. pf does not process them in any way.
 This can be useful on loopback and other virtual interfaces, when
 packet filtering is not desired and can have unexpected effects.
 For example:
 .Pp
 .Dl set skip on lo0
 .It Ar set debug
 Set the debug
 .Ar level
 to one of the following:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxxxxxxxxxx -compact
 .It Ar none
 Don't generate debug messages.
 .It Ar urgent
 Generate debug messages only for serious errors.
 .It Ar misc
 Generate debug messages for various errors.
 .It Ar loud
 Generate debug messages for common conditions.
 .El
 .El
 .Sh TRAFFIC NORMALIZATION
 Traffic normalization is used to sanitize packet content in such
 a way that there are no ambiguities in packet interpretation on
 the receiving side.
 The normalizer does IP fragment reassembly to prevent attacks
 that confuse intrusion detection systems by sending overlapping
 IP fragments.
 Packet normalization is invoked with the
 .Ar scrub
 directive.
 .Pp
 .Ar scrub
 has the following options:
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx
 .It Ar no-df
 Clears the
 .Ar dont-fragment
 bit from a matching IP packet.
 Some operating systems are known to generate fragmented packets with the
 .Ar dont-fragment
 bit set.
 This is particularly true with NFS.
 .Ar Scrub
 will drop such fragmented
 .Ar dont-fragment
 packets unless
 .Ar no-df
 is specified.
 .Pp
 Unfortunately some operating systems also generate their
 .Ar dont-fragment
 packets with a zero IP identification field.
 Clearing the
 .Ar dont-fragment
 bit on packets with a zero IP ID may cause deleterious results if an
 upstream router later fragments the packet.
 Using the
 .Ar random-id
 modifier (see below) is recommended in combination with the
 .Ar no-df
 modifier to ensure unique IP identifiers.
 .It Ar min-ttl Aq Ar number
 Enforces a minimum TTL for matching IP packets.
 .It Ar max-mss Aq Ar number
 Enforces a maximum MSS for matching TCP packets.
 .It Xo Ar set-tos Aq Ar string
 .No \*(Ba Aq Ar number
 .Xc
 Enforces a
 .Em TOS
 for matching IP packets.
 .Em TOS
 may be
 given as one of
 .Ar lowdelay ,
 .Ar throughput ,
 .Ar reliability ,
 or as either hex or decimal.
 .It Ar random-id
 Replaces the IP identification field with random values to compensate
 for predictable values generated by many hosts.
 This option only applies to packets that are not fragmented
 after the optional fragment reassembly.
 .It Ar fragment reassemble
 Using
 .Ar scrub
 rules, fragments can be reassembled by normalization.
 In this case, fragments are buffered until they form a complete
 packet, and only the completed packet is passed on to the filter.
 The advantage is that filter rules have to deal only with complete
 packets, and can ignore fragments.
 The drawback of caching fragments is the additional memory cost.
 But the full reassembly method is the only method that currently works
 with NAT.
 This is the default behavior of a
 .Ar scrub
 rule if no fragmentation modifier is supplied.
 .It Ar fragment crop
 The default fragment reassembly method is expensive, hence the option
 to crop is provided.
 In this case,
 .Xr pf 4
 will track the fragments and cache a small range descriptor.
 Duplicate fragments are dropped and overlaps are cropped.
 Thus data will only occur once on the wire with ambiguities resolving to
 the first occurrence.
 Unlike the
 .Ar fragment reassemble
 modifier, fragments are not buffered, they are passed as soon as they
 are received.
 The
 .Ar fragment crop
 reassembly mechanism does not yet work with NAT.
 .It Ar fragment drop-ovl
 This option is similar to the
 .Ar fragment crop
 modifier except that all overlapping or duplicate fragments will be
 dropped, and all further corresponding fragments will be
 dropped as well.
 .It Ar reassemble tcp
 Statefully normalizes TCP connections.
 .Ar scrub reassemble tcp
 rules may not have the direction (in/out) specified.
 .Ar reassemble tcp
 performs the following normalizations:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width timeout -compact
 .It ttl
 Neither side of the connection is allowed to reduce their IP TTL.
 An attacker may send a packet such that it reaches the firewall, affects
 the firewall state, and expires before reaching the destination host.
 .Ar reassemble tcp
 will raise the TTL of all packets back up to the highest value seen on
 the connection.
 .It timestamp modulation
 Modern TCP stacks will send a timestamp on every TCP packet and echo
 the other endpoint's timestamp back to them.
 Many operating systems will merely start the timestamp at zero when
 first booted, and increment it several times a second.
 The uptime of the host can be deduced by reading the timestamp and multiplying
 by a constant.
 Also observing several different timestamps can be used to count hosts
 behind a NAT device.
 And spoofing TCP packets into a connection requires knowing or guessing
 valid timestamps.
 Timestamps merely need to be monotonically increasing and not derived off a
 guessable base time.
 .Ar reassemble tcp
 will cause
 .Ar scrub
 to modulate the TCP timestamps with a random number.
 .It extended PAWS checks
 There is a problem with TCP on long fat pipes, in that a packet might get
 delayed for longer than it takes the connection to wrap its 32-bit sequence
 space.
 In such an occurrence, the old packet would be indistinguishable from a
 new packet and would be accepted as such.
 The solution to this is called PAWS: Protection Against Wrapped Sequence
 numbers.
 It protects against it by making sure the timestamp on each packet does
 not go backwards.
 .Ar reassemble tcp
 also makes sure the timestamp on the packet does not go forward more
 than the RFC allows.
 By doing this,
 .Xr pf 4
 artificially extends the security of TCP sequence numbers by 10 to 18
 bits when the host uses appropriately randomized timestamps, since a
 blind attacker would have to guess the timestamp as well.
 .El
 .El
 .Pp
 For example,
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 scrub in on $ext_if all fragment reassemble
 .Ed
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar no
 option prefixed to a scrub rule causes matching packets to remain unscrubbed,
 much in the same way as
 .Ar drop quick
 works in the packet filter (see below).
 This mechanism should be used when it is necessary to exclude specific packets
 from broader scrub rules.
 .Sh QUEUEING
 The ALTQ system is currently not available in the GENERIC kernel nor as
 loadable modules.
 In order to use the herein after called queueing options one has to use a
 custom built kernel.
 Please refer to
 .Xr altq 4
 to learn about the related kernel options.
 .Pp
 Packets can be assigned to queues for the purpose of bandwidth
 control.
 At least two declarations are required to configure queues, and later
 any packet filtering rule can reference the defined queues by name.
 During the filtering component of
 .Nm pf.conf ,
 the last referenced
 .Ar queue
 name is where any packets from
 .Ar pass
 rules will be queued, while for
 .Ar block
 rules it specifies where any resulting ICMP or TCP RST
 packets should be queued.
 The
 .Ar scheduler
 defines the algorithm used to decide which packets get delayed, dropped, or
 sent out immediately.
 There are three
 .Ar schedulers
 currently supported.
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx
 .It Ar cbq
 Class Based Queueing.
 .Ar Queues
 attached to an interface build a tree, thus each
 .Ar queue
 can have further child
 .Ar queues .
 Each queue can have a
 .Ar priority
 and a
 .Ar bandwidth
 assigned.
 .Ar Priority
 mainly controls the time packets take to get sent out, while
 .Ar bandwidth
 has primarily effects on throughput.
 .Ar cbq
 achieves both partitioning and sharing of link bandwidth
 by hierarchically structured classes.
 Each class has its own
 .Ar queue
 and is assigned its share of
 .Ar bandwidth .
 A child class can borrow bandwidth from its parent class
 as long as excess bandwidth is available
 (see the option
 .Ar borrow ,
 below).
 .It Ar priq
 Priority Queueing.
 .Ar Queues
 are flat attached to the interface, thus,
 .Ar queues
 cannot have further child
 .Ar queues .
 Each
 .Ar queue
 has a unique
 .Ar priority
 assigned, ranging from 0 to 15.
 Packets in the
 .Ar queue
 with the highest
 .Ar priority
 are processed first.
 .It Ar hfsc
 Hierarchical Fair Service Curve.
 .Ar Queues
 attached to an interface build a tree, thus each
 .Ar queue
 can have further child
 .Ar queues .
 Each queue can have a
 .Ar priority
 and a
 .Ar bandwidth
 assigned.
 .Ar Priority
 mainly controls the time packets take to get sent out, while
 .Ar bandwidth
 primarily affects throughput.
 .Ar hfsc
 supports both link-sharing and guaranteed real-time services.
 It employs a service curve based QoS model,
 and its unique feature is an ability to decouple
 .Ar delay
 and
 .Ar bandwidth
 allocation.
 .El
 .Pp
 The interfaces on which queueing should be activated are declared using
 the
 .Ar altq on
 declaration.
 .Ar altq on
 has the following keywords:
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx
 .It Aq Ar interface
 Queueing is enabled on the named interface.
 .It Aq Ar scheduler
 Specifies which queueing scheduler to use.
 Currently supported values
 are
 .Ar cbq
 for Class Based Queueing,
 .Ar priq
 for Priority Queueing and
 .Ar hfsc
 for the Hierarchical Fair Service Curve scheduler.
 .It Ar bandwidth Aq Ar bw
 The maximum bitrate for all queues on an
 interface may be specified using the
 .Ar bandwidth
 keyword.
 The value can be specified as an absolute value or as a
 percentage of the interface bandwidth.
 When using an absolute value, the suffixes
 .Ar b ,
 .Ar Kb ,
 .Ar Mb ,
 and
 .Ar Gb
 are used to represent bits, kilobits, megabits, and
 gigabits per second, respectively.
 The value must not exceed the interface bandwidth.
 If
 .Ar bandwidth
 is not specified, the interface bandwidth is used
 (but take note that some interfaces do not know their bandwidth,
 or can adapt their bandwidth rates).
 .It Ar qlimit Aq Ar limit
 The maximum number of packets held in the queue.
 The default is 50.
 .It Ar tbrsize Aq Ar size
 Adjusts the size, in bytes, of the token bucket regulator.
 If not specified, heuristics based on the
 interface bandwidth are used to determine the size.
 .It Ar queue Aq Ar list
 Defines a list of subqueues to create on an interface.
 .El
 .Pp
 In the following example, the interface dc0
 should queue up to 5Mbps in four second-level queues using
 Class Based Queueing.
 Those four queues will be shown in a later example.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 altq on dc0 cbq bandwidth 5Mb queue { std, http, mail, ssh }
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Once interfaces are activated for queueing using the
 .Ar altq
 directive, a sequence of
 .Ar queue
 directives may be defined.
 The name associated with a
 .Ar queue
 must match a queue defined in the
 .Ar altq
 directive (e.g. mail), or, except for the
 .Ar priq
 .Ar scheduler ,
 in a parent
 .Ar queue
 declaration.
 The following keywords can be used:
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx
 .It Ar on Aq Ar interface
 Specifies the interface the queue operates on.
 If not given, it operates on all matching interfaces.
 .It Ar bandwidth Aq Ar bw
 Specifies the maximum bitrate to be processed by the queue.
 This value must not exceed the value of the parent
 .Ar queue
 and can be specified as an absolute value or a percentage of the parent
 queue's bandwidth.
 If not specified, defaults to 100% of the parent queue's bandwidth.
 The
 .Ar priq
 scheduler does not support bandwidth specification.
 .It Ar priority Aq Ar level
 Between queues a priority level can be set.
 For
 .Ar cbq
 and
 .Ar hfsc ,
 the range is 0 to 7 and for
 .Ar priq ,
 the range is 0 to 15.
 The default for all is 1.
 .Ar Priq
 queues with a higher priority are always served first.
 .Ar Cbq
 and
 .Ar Hfsc
 queues with a higher priority are preferred in the case of overload.
 .It Ar qlimit Aq Ar limit
 The maximum number of packets held in the queue.
 The default is 50.
 .El
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar scheduler
 can get additional parameters with
 .Xo Aq Ar scheduler
 .Pf ( Aq Ar parameters ) .
 .Xc
 Parameters are as follows:
 .Bl -tag -width Fl
 .It Ar default
 Packets not matched by another queue are assigned to this one.
 Exactly one default queue is required.
 .It Ar red
 Enable RED (Random Early Detection) on this queue.
 RED drops packets with a probability proportional to the average
 queue length.
 .It Ar rio
 Enables RIO on this queue.
 RIO is RED with IN/OUT, thus running
 RED two times more than RIO would achieve the same effect.
 RIO is currently not supported in the GENERIC kernel.
 .It Ar ecn
 Enables ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) on this queue.
 ECN implies RED.
 .El
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar cbq
 .Ar scheduler
 supports an additional option:
 .Bl -tag -width Fl
 .It Ar borrow
 The queue can borrow bandwidth from the parent.
 .El
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar hfsc
 .Ar scheduler
 supports some additional options:
 .Bl -tag -width Fl
 .It Ar realtime Aq Ar sc
 The minimum required bandwidth for the queue.
 .It Ar upperlimit Aq Ar sc
 The maximum allowed bandwidth for the queue.
 .It Ar linkshare Aq Ar sc
 The bandwidth share of a backlogged queue.
 .El
 .Pp
 .Aq Ar sc
 is an acronym for
 .Ar service curve .
 .Pp
 The format for service curve specifications is
 .Ar ( m1 , d , m2 ) .
 .Ar m2
 controls the bandwidth assigned to the queue.
 .Ar m1
 and
 .Ar d
 are optional and can be used to control the initial bandwidth assignment.
 For the first
 .Ar d
 milliseconds the queue gets the bandwidth given as
 .Ar m1 ,
 afterwards the value given in
 .Ar m2 .
 .Pp
 Furthermore, with
 .Ar cbq
 and
 .Ar hfsc ,
 child queues can be specified as in an
 .Ar altq
 declaration, thus building a tree of queues using a part of
 their parent's bandwidth.
 .Pp
 Packets can be assigned to queues based on filter rules by using the
 .Ar queue
 keyword.
 Normally only one
 .Ar queue
 is specified; when a second one is specified it will instead be used for
 packets which have a
 .Em TOS
 of
 .Em lowdelay
 and for TCP ACKs with no data payload.
 .Pp
 To continue the previous example, the examples below would specify the
 four referenced
 queues, plus a few child queues.
 Interactive
 .Xr ssh 1
 sessions get priority over bulk transfers like
 .Xr scp 1
 and
 .Xr sftp 1 .
 The queues may then be referenced by filtering rules (see
 .Sx PACKET FILTERING
 below).
 .Bd -literal
 queue std bandwidth 10% cbq(default)
 queue http bandwidth 60% priority 2 cbq(borrow red) \e
       { employees, developers }
 queue  developers bandwidth 75% cbq(borrow)
 queue  employees bandwidth 15%
 queue mail bandwidth 10% priority 0 cbq(borrow ecn)
 queue ssh bandwidth 20% cbq(borrow) { ssh_interactive, ssh_bulk }
 queue  ssh_interactive bandwidth 50% priority 7 cbq(borrow)
 queue  ssh_bulk bandwidth 50% priority 0 cbq(borrow)
 
 block return out on dc0 inet all queue std
 pass out on dc0 inet proto tcp from $developerhosts to any port 80 \e
       queue developers
 pass out on dc0 inet proto tcp from $employeehosts to any port 80 \e
       queue employees
 pass out on dc0 inet proto tcp from any to any port 22 \e
       queue(ssh_bulk, ssh_interactive)
 pass out on dc0 inet proto tcp from any to any port 25 \e
       queue mail
 .Ed
 .Sh TRANSLATION
 Translation rules modify either the source or destination address of the
 packets associated with a stateful connection.
 A stateful connection is automatically created to track packets matching
 such a rule as long as they are not blocked by the filtering section of
 .Nm pf.conf .
 The translation engine modifies the specified address and/or port in the
 packet, recalculates IP, TCP and UDP checksums as necessary, and passes it to
 the packet filter for evaluation.
 .Pp
 Since translation occurs before filtering the filter
 engine will see packets as they look after any
 addresses and ports have been translated.
 Filter rules will therefore have to filter based on the translated
 address and port number.
 Packets that match a translation rule are only automatically passed if
 the
 .Ar pass
 modifier is given, otherwise they are
 still subject to
 .Ar block
 and
 .Ar pass
 rules.
 .Pp
 The state entry created permits
 .Xr pf 4
 to keep track of the original address for traffic associated with that state
 and correctly direct return traffic for that connection.
 .Pp
 Various types of translation are possible with pf:
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx
 .It Ar binat
 A
 .Ar binat
 rule specifies a bidirectional mapping between an external IP netblock
 and an internal IP netblock.
 .It Ar nat
 A
 .Ar nat
 rule specifies that IP addresses are to be changed as the packet
 traverses the given interface.
 This technique allows one or more IP addresses
 on the translating host to support network traffic for a larger range of
 machines on an "inside" network.
 Although in theory any IP address can be used on the inside, it is strongly
 recommended that one of the address ranges defined by RFC 1918 be used.
 These netblocks are:
 .Bd -literal
 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (all of net 10, i.e., 10/8)
 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (i.e., 172.16/12)
 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (i.e., 192.168/16)
 .Ed
 .It Pa rdr
 The packet is redirected to another destination and possibly a
 different port.
 .Ar rdr
 rules can optionally specify port ranges instead of single ports.
 rdr ... port 2000:2999 -\*(Gt ... port 4000
 redirects ports 2000 to 2999 (inclusive) to port 4000.
 rdr ... port 2000:2999 -\*(Gt ... port 4000:*
 redirects port 2000 to 4000, 2001 to 4001, ..., 2999 to 4999.
 .El
 .Pp
 In addition to modifying the address, some translation rules may modify
 source or destination ports for
 .Xr tcp 4
 or
 .Xr udp 4
 connections; implicitly in the case of
 .Ar nat
 rules and explicitly in the case of
 .Ar rdr
 rules.
 Port numbers are never translated with a
 .Ar binat
 rule.
 .Pp
 Evaluation order of the translation rules is dependent on the type
 of the translation rules and of the direction of a packet.
 .Ar binat
 rules are always evaluated first.
 Then either the
 .Ar rdr
 rules are evaluated on an inbound packet or the
 .Ar nat
 rules on an outbound packet.
 Rules of the same type are evaluated in the same order in which they
 appear in the ruleset.
 The first matching rule decides what action is taken.
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar no
 option prefixed to a translation rule causes packets to remain untranslated,
 much in the same way as
 .Ar drop quick
 works in the packet filter (see below).
 If no rule matches the packet it is passed to the filter engine unmodified.
 .Pp
 Translation rules apply only to packets that pass through
 the specified interface, and if no interface is specified,
 translation is applied to packets on all interfaces.
 For instance, redirecting port 80 on an external interface to an internal
 web server will only work for connections originating from the outside.
 Connections to the address of the external interface from local hosts will
 not be redirected, since such packets do not actually pass through the
 external interface.
 Redirections cannot reflect packets back through the interface they arrive
 on, they can only be redirected to hosts connected to different interfaces
 or to the firewall itself.
 .Pp
 Note that redirecting external incoming connections to the loopback
 address, as in
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 rdr on ne3 inet proto tcp to port smtp -\*(Gt 127.0.0.1 port spamd
 .Ed
 .Pp
 will effectively allow an external host to connect to daemons
 bound solely to the loopback address, circumventing the traditional
 blocking of such connections on a real interface.
 Unless this effect is desired, any of the local non-loopback addresses
 should be used as redirection target instead, which allows external
 connections only to daemons bound to this address or not bound to
 any address.
 .Pp
 See
 .Sx TRANSLATION EXAMPLES
 below.
 .Sh PACKET FILTERING
 .Xr pf 4
 has the ability to
 .Ar block
 and
 .Ar pass
 packets based on attributes of their layer 3 (see
 .Xr ip 4
 and
 .Xr ip6 4 )
 and layer 4 (see
 .Xr icmp 4 ,
 .Xr icmp6 4 ,
 .Xr tcp 4 ,
 .Xr udp 4 )
 headers.
 In addition, packets may also be
 assigned to queues for the purpose of bandwidth control.
 .Pp
 For each packet processed by the packet filter, the filter rules are
 evaluated in sequential order, from first to last.
 The last matching rule decides what action is taken.
 If no rule matches the packet, the default action is to pass
 the packet.
 .Pp
 The following actions can be used in the filter:
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx
 .It Ar block
 The packet is blocked.
 There are a number of ways in which a
 .Ar block
 rule can behave when blocking a packet.
 The default behaviour is to
 .Ar drop
 packets silently, however this can be overridden or made
 explicit either globally, by setting the
 .Ar block-policy
 option, or on a per-rule basis with one of the following options:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx -compact
 .It Ar drop
 The packet is silently dropped.
 .It Ar return-rst
 This applies only to
 .Xr tcp 4
 packets, and issues a TCP RST which closes the
 connection.
 .It Ar return-icmp
 .It Ar return-icmp6
 This causes ICMP messages to be returned for packets which match the rule.
 By default this is an ICMP UNREACHABLE message, however this
 can be overridden by specifying a message as a code or number.
 .It Ar return
 This causes a TCP RST to be returned for
 .Xr tcp 4
 packets and an ICMP UNREACHABLE for UDP and other packets.
 .El
 .Pp
 Options returning ICMP packets currently have no effect if
 .Xr pf 4
 operates on a
 .Xr if_bridge 4 ,
 as the code to support this feature has not yet been implemented.
 .Pp
 The simplest mechanism to block everything by default and only pass
 packets that match explicit rules is specify a first filter rule of:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 block all
 .Ed
 .It Ar pass
 The packet is passed;
 state is created unless the
 .Ar no state
 option is specified.
 .El
 .Pp
 By default
 .Xr pf 4
 filters packets statefully; the first time a packet matches a
 .Ar pass
 rule, a state entry is created; for subsequent packets the filter checks
 whether the packet matches any state.
 If it does, the packet is passed without evaluation of any rules.
 After the connection is closed or times out, the state entry is automatically
 removed.
 .Pp
 This has several advantages.
 For TCP connections, comparing a packet to a state involves checking
 its sequence numbers, as well as TCP timestamps if a
 .Ar scrub reassemble tcp
 rule applies to the connection.
 If these values are outside the narrow windows of expected
 values, the packet is dropped.
 This prevents spoofing attacks, such as when an attacker sends packets with
 a fake source address/port but does not know the connection's sequence
 numbers.
 Similarly,
 .Xr pf 4
 knows how to match ICMP replies to states.
 For example,
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 pass out inet proto icmp all icmp-type echoreq
 .Ed
 .Pp
 allows echo requests (such as those created by
 .Xr ping 8 )
 out statefully, and matches incoming echo replies correctly to states.
 .Pp
 Also, looking up states is usually faster than evaluating rules.
 If there are 50 rules, all of them are evaluated sequentially in O(n).
 Even with 50000 states, only 16 comparisons are needed to match a
 state, since states are stored in a binary search tree that allows
 searches in O(log2 n).
 .Pp
 Furthermore, correct handling of ICMP error messages is critical to
 many protocols, particularly TCP.
 .Xr pf 4
 matches ICMP error messages to the correct connection, checks them against
 connection parameters, and passes them if appropriate.
 For example if an ICMP source quench message referring to a stateful TCP
 connection arrives, it will be matched to the state and get passed.
 .Pp
 Finally, state tracking is required for
 .Ar nat , binat No and Ar rdr
 rules, in order to track address and port translations and reverse the
 translation on returning packets.
 .Pp
 .Xr pf 4
 will also create state for other protocols which are effectively stateless by
 nature.
 UDP packets are matched to states using only host addresses and ports,
 and other protocols are matched to states using only the host addresses.
 .Pp
 If stateless filtering of individual packets is desired,
 the
 .Ar no state
 keyword can be used to specify that state will not be created
 if this is the last matching rule.
 A number of parameters can also be set to affect how
 .Xr pf 4
 handles state tracking.
 See
 .Sx STATEFUL TRACKING OPTIONS
 below for further details.
 .Sh PARAMETERS
 The rule parameters specify the packets to which a rule applies.
 A packet always comes in on, or goes out through, one interface.
 Most parameters are optional.
 If a parameter is specified, the rule only applies to packets with
 matching attributes.
 Certain parameters can be expressed as lists, in which case
 .Xr pfctl 8
 generates all needed rule combinations.
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx
 .It Ar in No or Ar out
 This rule applies to incoming or outgoing packets.
 If neither
 .Ar in
 nor
 .Ar out
 are specified, the rule will match packets in both directions.
 .It Ar log
 In addition to the action specified, a log message is generated.
 Only the packet that establishes the state is logged,
 unless the
 .Ar no state
 option is specified.
 The logged packets are sent to a
 .Xr pflog 4
 interface, by default
 .Ar pflog0 .
 This interface is monitored by the
 .Xr pflogd 8
 logging daemon, which dumps the logged packets to the file
 .Pa /var/log/pflog
 in
 .Xr pcap 3
 binary format.
 .It Ar log (all)
 Used to force logging of all packets for a connection.
 This is not necessary when
 .Ar no state
 is explicitly specified.
 As with
 .Ar log ,
 packets are logged to
 .Xr pflog 4 .
 .It Ar log (user)
 Logs the
 .Ux
 user ID of the user that owns the socket and the PID of the process that
 has the socket open where the packet is sourced from or destined to
 (depending on which socket is local).
 This is in addition to the normal information logged.
 .Pp
 Only the first packet
 logged via
 .Ar log (all, user)
 will have the user credentials logged when using stateful matching.
 .It Ar log (to Aq Ar interface )
 Send logs to the specified
 .Xr pflog 4
 interface instead of
 .Ar pflog0 .
 .It Ar quick
 If a packet matches a rule which has the
 .Ar quick
 option set, this rule
 is considered the last matching rule, and evaluation of subsequent rules
 is skipped.
 .It Ar on Aq Ar interface
 This rule applies only to packets coming in on, or going out through, this
 particular interface or interface group.
 For more information on interface groups,
 see the
 .Ic group
 keyword in
 .Xr ifconfig 8 .
 .It Aq Ar af
 This rule applies only to packets of this address family.
 Supported values are
 .Ar inet
 and
 .Ar inet6 .
 .It Ar proto Aq Ar protocol
 This rule applies only to packets of this protocol.
 Common protocols are
 .Xr icmp 4 ,
 .Xr icmp6 4 ,
 .Xr tcp 4 ,
 and
 .Xr udp 4 .
 For a list of all the protocol name to number mappings used by
 .Xr pfctl 8 ,
 see the file
 .Pa /etc/protocols .
 .It Xo
 .Ar from Aq Ar source
 .Ar port Aq Ar source
 .Ar os Aq Ar source
 .Ar to Aq Ar dest
 .Ar port Aq Ar dest
 .Xc
 This rule applies only to packets with the specified source and destination
 addresses and ports.
 .Pp
 Addresses can be specified in CIDR notation (matching netblocks), as
 symbolic host names, interface names or interface group names, or as any
 of the following keywords:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxxxxxxxxxxxx -compact
 .It Ar any
 Any address.
 .It Ar no-route
 Any address which is not currently routable.
 .It Ar urpf-failed
 Any source address that fails a unicast reverse path forwarding (URPF)
 check, i.e. packets coming in on an interface other than that which holds
 the route back to the packet's source address.
 .It Aq Ar table
 Any address that matches the given table.
 .El
 .Pp
 Ranges of addresses are specified by using the
 .Sq -
 operator.
 For instance:
 .Dq 10.1.1.10 - 10.1.1.12
 means all addresses from 10.1.1.10 to 10.1.1.12,
 hence addresses 10.1.1.10, 10.1.1.11, and 10.1.1.12.
 .Pp
 Interface names and interface group names can have modifiers appended:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxxxxxxxxxx -compact
 .It Ar :network
 Translates to the network(s) attached to the interface.
 .It Ar :broadcast
 Translates to the interface's broadcast address(es).
 .It Ar :peer
 Translates to the point-to-point interface's peer address(es).
 .It Ar :0
 Do not include interface aliases.
 .El
 .Pp
 Host names may also have the
 .Ar :0
 option appended to restrict the name resolution to the first of each
 v4 and v6 address found.
 .Pp
 Host name resolution and interface to address translation are done at
 ruleset load-time.
 When the address of an interface (or host name) changes (under DHCP or PPP,
 for instance), the ruleset must be reloaded for the change to be reflected
 in the kernel.
 Surrounding the interface name (and optional modifiers) in parentheses
 changes this behaviour.
 When the interface name is surrounded by parentheses, the rule is
 automatically updated whenever the interface changes its address.
 The ruleset does not need to be reloaded.
 This is especially useful with
 .Ar nat .
 .Pp
 Ports can be specified either by number or by name.
 For example, port 80 can be specified as
 .Em www .
 For a list of all port name to number mappings used by
 .Xr pfctl 8 ,
 see the file
 .Pa /etc/services .
 .Pp
 Ports and ranges of ports are specified by using these operators:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 =	(equal)
 !=	(unequal)
 \*(Lt	(less than)
 \*(Le	(less than or equal)
 \*(Gt	(greater than)
 \*(Ge	(greater than or equal)
 :	(range including boundaries)
 \*(Gt\*(Lt	(range excluding boundaries)
 \*(Lt\*(Gt	(except range)
 .Ed
 .Pp
 .Sq \*(Gt\*(Lt ,
 .Sq \*(Lt\*(Gt
 and
 .Sq \&:
 are binary operators (they take two arguments).
 For instance:
 .Bl -tag -width Fl
 .It Ar port 2000:2004
 means
 .Sq all ports \*(Ge 2000 and \*(Le 2004 ,
 hence ports 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004.
 .It Ar port 2000 \*(Gt\*(Lt 2004
 means
 .Sq all ports \*(Gt 2000 and \*(Lt 2004 ,
 hence ports 2001, 2002 and 2003.
 .It Ar port 2000 \*(Lt\*(Gt 2004
 means
 .Sq all ports \*(Lt 2000 or \*(Gt 2004 ,
 hence ports 1-1999 and 2005-65535.
 .El
 .Pp
 The operating system of the source host can be specified in the case of TCP
 rules with the
 .Ar OS
 modifier.
 See the
 .Sx OPERATING SYSTEM FINGERPRINTING
 section for more information.
 .Pp
 The host, port and OS specifications are optional, as in the following examples:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 pass in all
 pass in from any to any
 pass in proto tcp from any port \*(Le 1024 to any
 pass in proto tcp from any to any port 25
 pass in proto tcp from 10.0.0.0/8 port \*(Gt 1024 \e
       to ! 10.1.2.3 port != ssh
 pass in proto tcp from any os "OpenBSD"
 .Ed
 .It Ar all
 This is equivalent to "from any to any".
 .It Ar group Aq Ar group
 Similar to
 .Ar user ,
 this rule only applies to packets of sockets owned by the specified group.
 .It Ar user Aq Ar user
 This rule only applies to packets of sockets owned by the specified user.
 For outgoing connections initiated from the firewall, this is the user
 that opened the connection.
 For incoming connections to the firewall itself, this is the user that
 listens on the destination port.
 For forwarded connections, where the firewall is not a connection endpoint,
 the user and group are
 .Em unknown .
 .Pp
 All packets, both outgoing and incoming, of one connection are associated
 with the same user and group.
 Only TCP and UDP packets can be associated with users; for other protocols
 these parameters are ignored.
 .Pp
 User and group refer to the effective (as opposed to the real) IDs, in
 case the socket is created by a setuid/setgid process.
 User and group IDs are stored when a socket is created;
 when a process creates a listening socket as root (for instance, by
 binding to a privileged port) and subsequently changes to another
 user ID (to drop privileges), the credentials will remain root.
 .Pp
 User and group IDs can be specified as either numbers or names.
 The syntax is similar to the one for ports.
 The value
 .Em unknown
 matches packets of forwarded connections.
 .Em unknown
 can only be used with the operators
 .Cm =
 and
 .Cm != .
 Other constructs like
 .Cm user \*(Ge unknown
 are invalid.
 Forwarded packets with unknown user and group ID match only rules
 that explicitly compare against
 .Em unknown
 with the operators
 .Cm =
 or
 .Cm != .
 For instance
 .Cm user \*(Ge 0
 does not match forwarded packets.
 The following example allows only selected users to open outgoing
 connections:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 block out proto { tcp, udp } all
 pass  out proto { tcp, udp } all user { \*(Lt 1000, dhartmei }
 .Ed
 .It Xo Ar flags Aq Ar a
 .Pf / Ns Aq Ar b
 .No \*(Ba / Ns Aq Ar b
 .No \*(Ba any
 .Xc
 This rule only applies to TCP packets that have the flags
 .Aq Ar a
 set out of set
 .Aq Ar b .
 Flags not specified in
 .Aq Ar b
 are ignored.
 For stateful connections, the default is
 .Ar flags S/SA .
 To indicate that flags should not be checked at all, specify
 .Ar flags any .
 The flags are: (F)IN, (S)YN, (R)ST, (P)USH, (A)CK, (U)RG, (E)CE, and C(W)R.
 .Bl -tag -width Fl
 .It Ar flags S/S
 Flag SYN is set.
 The other flags are ignored.
 .It Ar flags S/SA
 This is the default setting for stateful connections.
 Out of SYN and ACK, exactly SYN may be set.
 SYN, SYN+PSH and SYN+RST match, but SYN+ACK, ACK and ACK+RST do not.
 This is more restrictive than the previous example.
 .It Ar flags /SFRA
 If the first set is not specified, it defaults to none.
 All of SYN, FIN, RST and ACK must be unset.
 .El
 .Pp
 Because
 .Ar flags S/SA
 is applied by default (unless
 .Ar no state
 is specified), only the initial SYN packet of a TCP handshake will create
 a state for a TCP connection.
 It is possible to be less restrictive, and allow state creation from
 intermediate
 .Pq non-SYN
 packets, by specifying
 .Ar flags any .
 This will cause
 .Xr pf 4
 to synchronize to existing connections, for instance
 if one flushes the state table.
 However, states created from such intermediate packets may be missing
 connection details such as the TCP window scaling factor.
 States which modify the packet flow, such as those affected by
 .Ar nat , binat No or Ar rdr
 rules,
 .Ar modulate No or Ar synproxy state
 options, or scrubbed with
 .Ar reassemble tcp
 will also not be recoverable from intermediate packets.
 Such connections will stall and time out.
 .It Xo Ar icmp-type Aq Ar type
 .Ar code Aq Ar code
 .Xc
 .It Xo Ar icmp6-type Aq Ar type
 .Ar code Aq Ar code
 .Xc
 This rule only applies to ICMP or ICMPv6 packets with the specified type
 and code.
 Text names for ICMP types and codes are listed in
 .Xr icmp 4
 and
 .Xr icmp6 4 .
 This parameter is only valid for rules that cover protocols ICMP or
 ICMP6.
 The protocol and the ICMP type indicator
 .Po
 .Ar icmp-type
 or
 .Ar icmp6-type
 .Pc
 must match.
 .It Xo Ar tos Aq Ar string
 .No \*(Ba Aq Ar number
 .Xc
 This rule applies to packets with the specified
 .Em TOS
 bits set.
 .Em TOS
 may be
 given as one of
 .Ar lowdelay ,
 .Ar throughput ,
 .Ar reliability ,
 or as either hex or decimal.
 .Pp
 For example, the following rules are identical:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 pass all tos lowdelay
 pass all tos 0x10
 pass all tos 16
 .Ed
 .It Ar allow-opts
 By default, IPv4 packets with IP options or IPv6 packets with routing
 extension headers are blocked.
 When
 .Ar allow-opts
 is specified for a
 .Ar pass
 rule, packets that pass the filter based on that rule (last matching)
 do so even if they contain IP options or routing extension headers.
 For packets that match state, the rule that initially created the
 state is used.
 The implicit
 .Ar pass
 rule that is used when a packet does not match any rules does not
 allow IP options.
 .It Ar label Aq Ar string
 Adds a label (name) to the rule, which can be used to identify the rule.
 For instance,
 pfctl -s labels
 shows per-rule statistics for rules that have labels.
 .Pp
 The following macros can be used in labels:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width $srcaddr -compact -offset indent
 .It Ar $if
 The interface.
 .It Ar $srcaddr
 The source IP address.
 .It Ar $dstaddr
 The destination IP address.
 .It Ar $srcport
 The source port specification.
 .It Ar $dstport
 The destination port specification.
 .It Ar $proto
 The protocol name.
 .It Ar $nr
 The rule number.
 .El
 .Pp
 For example:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 ips = \&"{ 1.2.3.4, 1.2.3.5 }\&"
 pass in proto tcp from any to $ips \e
       port \*(Gt 1023 label \&"$dstaddr:$dstport\&"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 expands to
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 pass in inet proto tcp from any to 1.2.3.4 \e
       port \*(Gt 1023 label \&"1.2.3.4:\*(Gt1023\&"
 pass in inet proto tcp from any to 1.2.3.5 \e
       port \*(Gt 1023 label \&"1.2.3.5:\*(Gt1023\&"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 The macro expansion for the
 .Ar label
 directive occurs only at configuration file parse time, not during runtime.
 .It Xo Ar queue Aq Ar queue
 .No \*(Ba ( Aq Ar queue ,
 .Aq Ar queue )
 .Xc
 Packets matching this rule will be assigned to the specified queue.
 If two queues are given, packets which have a
 .Em TOS
 of
 .Em lowdelay
 and TCP ACKs with no data payload will be assigned to the second one.
 See
 .Sx QUEUEING
 for setup details.
 .Pp
 For example:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 pass in proto tcp to port 25 queue mail
 pass in proto tcp to port 22 queue(ssh_bulk, ssh_prio)
 .Ed
 .It Ar tag Aq Ar string
 Packets matching this rule will be tagged with the
 specified string.
 The tag acts as an internal marker that can be used to
 identify these packets later on.
 This can be used, for example, to provide trust between
 interfaces and to determine if packets have been
 processed by translation rules.
 Tags are
 .Qq sticky ,
 meaning that the packet will be tagged even if the rule
 is not the last matching rule.
 Further matching rules can replace the tag with a
 new one but will not remove a previously applied tag.
 A packet is only ever assigned one tag at a time.
 Packet tagging can be done during
 .Ar nat ,
 .Ar rdr ,
 or
 .Ar binat
 rules in addition to filter rules.
 Tags take the same macros as labels (see above).
 .It Ar tagged Aq Ar string
 Used with filter, translation or scrub rules
 to specify that packets must already
 be tagged with the given tag in order to match the rule.
 Inverse tag matching can also be done
 by specifying the
 .Cm !\&
 operator before the
 .Ar tagged
 keyword.
 .It Ar rtable Aq Ar number
 Used to select an alternate routing table for the routing lookup.
 Only effective before the route lookup happened, i.e. when filtering inbound.
 .It Xo Ar divert-to Aq Ar host
 .Ar port Aq Ar port
 .Xc
 Used to redirect packets to a local socket bound to
 .Ar host
 and
 .Ar port .
 The packets will not be modified, so
 .Xr getsockname 2
 on the socket will return the original destination address of the packet.
 .It Ar divert-reply
 Used to receive replies for sockets that are bound to addresses
 which are not local to the machine.
 See
 .Xr setsockopt 2
 for information on how to bind these sockets.
 .It Ar probability Aq Ar number
 A probability attribute can be attached to a rule, with a value set between
 0 and 1, bounds not included.
 In that case, the rule will be honoured using the given probability value
 only.
 For example, the following rule will drop 20% of incoming ICMP packets:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 block in proto icmp probability 20%
 .Ed
 .El
 .Sh ROUTING
 If a packet matches a rule with a route option set, the packet filter will
 route the packet according to the type of route option.
 When such a rule creates state, the route option is also applied to all
 packets matching the same connection.
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx
 .It Ar fastroute
 The
 .Ar fastroute
 option does a normal route lookup to find the next hop for the packet.
 .It Ar route-to
 The
 .Ar route-to
 option routes the packet to the specified interface with an optional address
 for the next hop.
 When a
 .Ar route-to
 rule creates state, only packets that pass in the same direction as the
 filter rule specifies will be routed in this way.
 Packets passing in the opposite direction (replies) are not affected
 and are routed normally.
 .It Ar reply-to
 The
 .Ar reply-to
 option is similar to
 .Ar route-to ,
 but routes packets that pass in the opposite direction (replies) to the
 specified interface.
 Opposite direction is only defined in the context of a state entry, and
 .Ar reply-to
 is useful only in rules that create state.
 It can be used on systems with multiple external connections to
 route all outgoing packets of a connection through the interface
 the incoming connection arrived through (symmetric routing enforcement).
 .It Ar dup-to
 The
 .Ar dup-to
 option creates a duplicate of the packet and routes it like
 .Ar route-to .
 The original packet gets routed as it normally would.
 .El
 .Sh POOL OPTIONS
 For
 .Ar nat
 and
 .Ar rdr
 rules, (as well as for the
 .Ar route-to ,
 .Ar reply-to
 and
 .Ar dup-to
 rule options) for which there is a single redirection address which has a
 subnet mask smaller than 32 for IPv4 or 128 for IPv6 (more than one IP
 address), a variety of different methods for assigning this address can be
 used:
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx
 .It Ar bitmask
 The
 .Ar bitmask
 option applies the network portion of the redirection address to the address
 to be modified (source with
 .Ar nat ,
 destination with
 .Ar rdr ) .
 .It Ar random
 The
 .Ar random
 option selects an address at random within the defined block of addresses.
 .It Ar source-hash
 The
 .Ar source-hash
 option uses a hash of the source address to determine the redirection address,
 ensuring that the redirection address is always the same for a given source.
 An optional key can be specified after this keyword either in hex or as a
 string; by default
 .Xr pfctl 8
 randomly generates a key for source-hash every time the
 ruleset is reloaded.
 .It Ar round-robin
 The
 .Ar round-robin
 option loops through the redirection address(es).
 .Pp
 When more than one redirection address is specified,
 .Ar round-robin
 is the only permitted pool type.
 .It Ar static-port
 With
 .Ar nat
 rules, the
 .Ar static-port
 option prevents
 .Xr pf 4
 from modifying the source port on TCP and UDP packets.
 .El
 .Pp
 Additionally, the
 .Ar sticky-address
 option can be specified to help ensure that multiple connections from the
 same source are mapped to the same redirection address.
 This option can be used with the
 .Ar random
 and
 .Ar round-robin
 pool options.
 Note that by default these associations are destroyed as soon as there are
 no longer states which refer to them; in order to make the mappings last
 beyond the lifetime of the states, increase the global options with
 .Ar set timeout src.track .
 See
 .Sx STATEFUL TRACKING OPTIONS
 for more ways to control the source tracking.
 .Sh STATE MODULATION
 Much of the security derived from TCP is attributable to how well the
 initial sequence numbers (ISNs) are chosen.
 Some popular stack implementations choose
 .Em very
 poor ISNs and thus are normally susceptible to ISN prediction exploits.
 By applying a
 .Ar modulate state
 rule to a TCP connection,
 .Xr pf 4
 will create a high quality random sequence number for each connection
 endpoint.
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar modulate state
 directive implicitly keeps state on the rule and is
 only applicable to TCP connections.
 .Pp
 For instance:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 block all
 pass out proto tcp from any to any modulate state
 pass in  proto tcp from any to any port 25 flags S/SFRA modulate state
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Note that modulated connections will not recover when the state table
 is lost (firewall reboot, flushing the state table, etc...).
 .Xr pf 4
 will not be able to infer a connection again after the state table flushes
 the connection's modulator.
 When the state is lost, the connection may be left dangling until the
 respective endpoints time out the connection.
 It is possible on a fast local network for the endpoints to start an ACK
 storm while trying to resynchronize after the loss of the modulator.
 The default
 .Ar flags
 settings (or a more strict equivalent) should be used on
 .Ar modulate state
 rules to prevent ACK storms.
 .Pp
 Note that alternative methods are available
 to prevent loss of the state table
 and allow for firewall failover.
 See
 .Xr carp 4
 and
 .Xr pfsync 4
 for further information.
 .Sh SYN PROXY
 By default,
 .Xr pf 4
 passes packets that are part of a
 .Xr tcp 4
 handshake between the endpoints.
 The
 .Ar synproxy state
 option can be used to cause
 .Xr pf 4
 itself to complete the handshake with the active endpoint, perform a handshake
 with the passive endpoint, and then forward packets between the endpoints.
 .Pp
 No packets are sent to the passive endpoint before the active endpoint has
 completed the handshake, hence so-called SYN floods with spoofed source
 addresses will not reach the passive endpoint, as the sender can't complete the
 handshake.
 .Pp
 The proxy is transparent to both endpoints, they each see a single
 connection from/to the other endpoint.
 .Xr pf 4
 chooses random initial sequence numbers for both handshakes.
 Once the handshakes are completed, the sequence number modulators
 (see previous section) are used to translate further packets of the
 connection.
 .Ar synproxy state
 includes
 .Ar modulate state .
 .Pp
 Rules with
 .Ar synproxy
 will not work if
 .Xr pf 4
 operates on a
 .Xr bridge 4 .
 .Pp
 Example:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 pass in proto tcp from any to any port www synproxy state
 .Ed
 .Sh STATEFUL TRACKING OPTIONS
 A number of options related to stateful tracking can be applied on a
 per-rule basis.
 .Ar keep state ,
 .Ar modulate state
 and
 .Ar synproxy state
 support these options, and
 .Ar keep state
 must be specified explicitly to apply options to a rule.
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx -compact
 .It Ar max Aq Ar number
 Limits the number of concurrent states the rule may create.
 When this limit is reached, further packets that would create
 state will not match this rule until existing states time out.
 .It Ar no-sync
 Prevent state changes for states created by this rule from appearing on the
 .Xr pfsync 4
 interface.
 .It Xo Aq Ar timeout
 .Aq Ar seconds
 .Xc
 Changes the timeout values used for states created by this rule.
 For a list of all valid timeout names, see
 .Sx OPTIONS
 above.
 .It Ar sloppy
 Uses a sloppy TCP connection tracker that does not check sequence
 numbers at all, which makes insertion and ICMP teardown attacks way
 easier.
 This is intended to be used in situations where one does not see all
 packets of a connection, e.g. in asymmetric routing situations.
 Cannot be used with modulate or synproxy state.
 .It Ar pflow
 States created by this rule are exported on the
 .Xr pflow 4
 interface.
 .El
 .Pp
 Multiple options can be specified, separated by commas:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 pass in proto tcp from any to any \e
       port www keep state \e
       (max 100, source-track rule, max-src-nodes 75, \e
       max-src-states 3, tcp.established 60, tcp.closing 5)
 .Ed
 .Pp
 When the
 .Ar source-track
 keyword is specified, the number of states per source IP is tracked.
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx -compact
 .It Ar source-track rule
 The maximum number of states created by this rule is limited by the rule's
 .Ar max-src-nodes
 and
 .Ar max-src-states
 options.
 Only state entries created by this particular rule count toward the rule's
 limits.
 .It Ar source-track global
 The number of states created by all rules that use this option is limited.
 Each rule can specify different
 .Ar max-src-nodes
 and
 .Ar max-src-states
 options, however state entries created by any participating rule count towards
 each individual rule's limits.
 .El
 .Pp
 The following limits can be set:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx -compact
 .It Ar max-src-nodes Aq Ar number
 Limits the maximum number of source addresses which can simultaneously
 have state table entries.
 .It Ar max-src-states Aq Ar number
 Limits the maximum number of simultaneous state entries that a single
 source address can create with this rule.
 .El
 .Pp
 For stateful TCP connections, limits on established connections (connections
 which have completed the TCP 3-way handshake) can also be enforced
 per source IP.
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx -compact
 .It Ar max-src-conn Aq Ar number
 Limits the maximum number of simultaneous TCP connections which have
 completed the 3-way handshake that a single host can make.
 .It Xo Ar max-src-conn-rate Aq Ar number
 .No / Aq Ar seconds
 .Xc
 Limit the rate of new connections over a time interval.
 The connection rate is an approximation calculated as a moving average.
 .El
 .Pp
 Because the 3-way handshake ensures that the source address is not being
 spoofed, more aggressive action can be taken based on these limits.
 With the
 .Ar overload Aq Ar table
 state option, source IP addresses which hit either of the limits on
 established connections will be added to the named table.
 This table can be used in the ruleset to block further activity from
 the offending host, redirect it to a tarpit process, or restrict its
 bandwidth.
 .Pp
 The optional
 .Ar flush
 keyword kills all states created by the matching rule which originate
 from the host which exceeds these limits.
 The
 .Ar global
 modifier to the flush command kills all states originating from the
 offending host, regardless of which rule created the state.
 .Pp
 For example, the following rules will protect the webserver against
 hosts making more than 100 connections in 10 seconds.
 Any host which connects faster than this rate will have its address added
 to the
 .Aq bad_hosts
 table and have all states originating from it flushed.
 Any new packets arriving from this host will be dropped unconditionally
 by the block rule.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 block quick from \*(Ltbad_hosts\*(Gt
 pass in on $ext_if proto tcp to $webserver port www keep state \e
 	(max-src-conn-rate 100/10, overload \*(Ltbad_hosts\*(Gt flush global)
 .Ed
 .Sh OPERATING SYSTEM FINGERPRINTING
 Passive OS Fingerprinting is a mechanism to inspect nuances of a TCP
 connection's initial SYN packet and guess at the host's operating system.
 Unfortunately these nuances are easily spoofed by an attacker so the
 fingerprint is not useful in making security decisions.
 But the fingerprint is typically accurate enough to make policy decisions
 upon.
 .Pp
 The fingerprints may be specified by operating system class, by
 version, or by subtype/patchlevel.
 The class of an operating system is typically the vendor or genre
 and would be
 .Ox
 for the
 .Xr pf 4
 firewall itself.
 The version of the oldest available
 .Ox
 release on the main FTP site
 would be 2.6 and the fingerprint would be written
 .Pp
 .Dl \&"OpenBSD 2.6\&"
 .Pp
 The subtype of an operating system is typically used to describe the
 patchlevel if that patch led to changes in the TCP stack behavior.
 In the case of
 .Ox ,
 the only subtype is for a fingerprint that was
 normalized by the
 .Ar no-df
 scrub option and would be specified as
 .Pp
 .Dl \&"OpenBSD 3.3 no-df\&"
 .Pp
 Fingerprints for most popular operating systems are provided by
 .Xr pf.os 5 .
 Once
 .Xr pf 4
 is running, a complete list of known operating system fingerprints may
 be listed by running:
 .Pp
 .Dl # pfctl -so
 .Pp
 Filter rules can enforce policy at any level of operating system specification
 assuming a fingerprint is present.
 Policy could limit traffic to approved operating systems or even ban traffic
 from hosts that aren't at the latest service pack.
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar unknown
 class can also be used as the fingerprint which will match packets for
 which no operating system fingerprint is known.
 .Pp
 Examples:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 pass  out proto tcp from any os OpenBSD
 block out proto tcp from any os Doors
 block out proto tcp from any os "Doors PT"
 block out proto tcp from any os "Doors PT SP3"
 block out from any os "unknown"
 pass on lo0 proto tcp from any os "OpenBSD 3.3 lo0"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Operating system fingerprinting is limited only to the TCP SYN packet.
 This means that it will not work on other protocols and will not match
 a currently established connection.
 .Pp
 Caveat: operating system fingerprints are occasionally wrong.
 There are three problems: an attacker can trivially craft his packets to
 appear as any operating system he chooses;
 an operating system patch could change the stack behavior and no fingerprints
 will match it until the database is updated;
 and multiple operating systems may have the same fingerprint.
 .Sh BLOCKING SPOOFED TRAFFIC
 "Spoofing" is the faking of IP addresses, typically for malicious
 purposes.
 The
 .Ar antispoof
 directive expands to a set of filter rules which will block all
 traffic with a source IP from the network(s) directly connected
 to the specified interface(s) from entering the system through
 any other interface.
 .Pp
 For example, the line
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 antispoof for lo0
 .Ed
 .Pp
 expands to
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 block drop in on ! lo0 inet from 127.0.0.1/8 to any
 block drop in on ! lo0 inet6 from ::1 to any
 .Ed
 .Pp
 For non-loopback interfaces, there are additional rules to block incoming
 packets with a source IP address identical to the interface's IP(s).
 For example, assuming the interface wi0 had an IP address of 10.0.0.1 and a
 netmask of 255.255.255.0,
 the line
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 antispoof for wi0 inet
 .Ed
 .Pp
 expands to
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 block drop in on ! wi0 inet from 10.0.0.0/24 to any
 block drop in inet from 10.0.0.1 to any
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Caveat: Rules created by the
 .Ar antispoof
 directive interfere with packets sent over loopback interfaces
 to local addresses.
 One should pass these explicitly.
 .Sh FRAGMENT HANDLING
 The size of IP datagrams (packets) can be significantly larger than the
 maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the network.
 In cases when it is necessary or more efficient to send such large packets,
 the large packet will be fragmented into many smaller packets that will each
 fit onto the wire.
 Unfortunately for a firewalling device, only the first logical fragment will
 contain the necessary header information for the subprotocol that allows
 .Xr pf 4
 to filter on things such as TCP ports or to perform NAT.
 .Pp
 Besides the use of
 .Ar scrub
 rules as described in
 .Sx TRAFFIC NORMALIZATION
 above, there are three options for handling fragments in the packet filter.
 .Pp
 One alternative is to filter individual fragments with filter rules.
 If no
 .Ar scrub
 rule applies to a fragment, it is passed to the filter.
 Filter rules with matching IP header parameters decide whether the
 fragment is passed or blocked, in the same way as complete packets
 are filtered.
 Without reassembly, fragments can only be filtered based on IP header
 fields (source/destination address, protocol), since subprotocol header
 fields are not available (TCP/UDP port numbers, ICMP code/type).
 The
 .Ar fragment
 option can be used to restrict filter rules to apply only to
 fragments, but not complete packets.
 Filter rules without the
 .Ar fragment
 option still apply to fragments, if they only specify IP header fields.
 For instance, the rule
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 pass in proto tcp from any to any port 80
 .Ed
 .Pp
 never applies to a fragment, even if the fragment is part of a TCP
 packet with destination port 80, because without reassembly this information
 is not available for each fragment.
 This also means that fragments cannot create new or match existing
 state table entries, which makes stateful filtering and address
 translation (NAT, redirection) for fragments impossible.
 .Pp
 It's also possible to reassemble only certain fragments by specifying
 source or destination addresses or protocols as parameters in
 .Ar scrub
 rules.
 .Pp
 In most cases, the benefits of reassembly outweigh the additional
 memory cost, and it's recommended to use
 .Ar scrub
 rules to reassemble
 all fragments via the
 .Ar fragment reassemble
 modifier.
 .Pp
 The memory allocated for fragment caching can be limited using
 .Xr pfctl 8 .
 Once this limit is reached, fragments that would have to be cached
 are dropped until other entries time out.
 The timeout value can also be adjusted.
 .Pp
 Currently, only IPv4 fragments are supported and IPv6 fragments
 are blocked unconditionally.
 .Sh ANCHORS
 Besides the main ruleset,
 .Xr pfctl 8
 can load rulesets into
 .Ar anchor
 attachment points.
 An
 .Ar anchor
 is a container that can hold rules, address tables, and other anchors.
 .Pp
 An
 .Ar anchor
 has a name which specifies the path where
 .Xr pfctl 8
 can be used to access the anchor to perform operations on it, such as
 attaching child anchors to it or loading rules into it.
 Anchors may be nested, with components separated by
 .Sq /
 characters, similar to how file system hierarchies are laid out.
 The main ruleset is actually the default anchor, so filter and
 translation rules, for example, may also be contained in any anchor.
 .Pp
 An anchor can reference another
 .Ar anchor
 attachment point
 using the following kinds
 of rules:
 .Bl -tag -width xxxx
 .It Ar nat-anchor Aq Ar name
 Evaluates the
 .Ar nat
 rules in the specified
 .Ar anchor .
 .It Ar rdr-anchor Aq Ar name
 Evaluates the
 .Ar rdr
 rules in the specified
 .Ar anchor .
 .It Ar binat-anchor Aq Ar name
 Evaluates the
 .Ar binat
 rules in the specified
 .Ar anchor .
 .It Ar anchor Aq Ar name
 Evaluates the filter rules in the specified
 .Ar anchor .
 .It Xo Ar load anchor
 .Aq Ar name
 .Ar from Aq Ar file
 .Xc
 Loads the rules from the specified file into the
 anchor
 .Ar name .
 .El
 .Pp
 When evaluation of the main ruleset reaches an
 .Ar anchor
 rule,
 .Xr pf 4
 will proceed to evaluate all rules specified in that anchor.
 .Pp
 Matching filter and translation rules marked with the
 .Ar quick
 option are final and abort the evaluation of the rules in other
 anchors and the main ruleset.
 If the
 .Ar anchor
 itself is marked with the
 .Ar quick
 option,
 ruleset evaluation will terminate when the anchor is exited if the packet is
 matched by any rule within the anchor.
 .Pp
 .Ar anchor
 rules are evaluated relative to the anchor in which they are contained.
 For example, all
 .Ar anchor
 rules specified in the main ruleset will reference anchor
 attachment points underneath the main ruleset, and
 .Ar anchor
 rules specified in a file loaded from a
 .Ar load anchor
 rule will be attached under that anchor point.
 .Pp
 Rules may be contained in
 .Ar anchor
 attachment points which do not contain any rules when the main ruleset
 is loaded, and later such anchors can be manipulated through
 .Xr pfctl 8
 without reloading the main ruleset or other anchors.
 For example,
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 ext_if = \&"kue0\&"
 block on $ext_if all
 anchor spam
 pass out on $ext_if all
 pass in on $ext_if proto tcp from any \e
       to $ext_if port smtp
 .Ed
 .Pp
 blocks all packets on the external interface by default, then evaluates
 all rules in the
 .Ar anchor
 named "spam", and finally passes all outgoing connections and
 incoming connections to port 25.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 # echo \&"block in quick from 1.2.3.4 to any\&" \&| \e
       pfctl -a spam -f -
 .Ed
 .Pp
 This loads a single rule into the
 .Ar anchor ,
 which blocks all packets from a specific address.
 .Pp
 The anchor can also be populated by adding a
 .Ar load anchor
 rule after the
 .Ar anchor
 rule:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 anchor spam
 load anchor spam from "/etc/pf-spam.conf"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 When
 .Xr pfctl 8
 loads
 .Nm pf.conf ,
 it will also load all the rules from the file
 .Pa /etc/pf-spam.conf
 into the anchor.
 .Pp
 Optionally,
 .Ar anchor
 rules can specify packet filtering parameters using the same syntax as
 filter rules.
 When parameters are used, the
 .Ar anchor
 rule is only evaluated for matching packets.
 This allows conditional evaluation of anchors, like:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 block on $ext_if all
 anchor spam proto tcp from any to any port smtp
 pass out on $ext_if all
 pass in on $ext_if proto tcp from any to $ext_if port smtp
 .Ed
 .Pp
 The rules inside
 .Ar anchor
 spam are only evaluated for
 .Ar tcp
 packets with destination port 25.
 Hence,
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 # echo \&"block in quick from 1.2.3.4 to any" \&| \e
       pfctl -a spam -f -
 .Ed
 .Pp
 will only block connections from 1.2.3.4 to port 25.
 .Pp
 Anchors may end with the asterisk
 .Pq Sq *
 character, which signifies that all anchors attached at that point
 should be evaluated in the alphabetical ordering of their anchor name.
 For example,
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 anchor "spam/*"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 will evaluate each rule in each anchor attached to the
 .Li spam
 anchor.
 Note that it will only evaluate anchors that are directly attached to the
 .Li spam
 anchor, and will not descend to evaluate anchors recursively.
 .Pp
 Since anchors are evaluated relative to the anchor in which they are
 contained, there is a mechanism for accessing the parent and ancestor
 anchors of a given anchor.
 Similar to file system path name resolution, if the sequence
 .Dq ..
 appears as an anchor path component, the parent anchor of the current
 anchor in the path evaluation at that point will become the new current
 anchor.
 As an example, consider the following:
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 # echo ' anchor "spam/allowed" ' | pfctl -f -
 # echo -e ' anchor "../banned" \en pass' | \e
       pfctl -a spam/allowed -f -
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Evaluation of the main ruleset will lead into the
 .Li spam/allowed
 anchor, which will evaluate the rules in the
 .Li spam/banned
 anchor, if any, before finally evaluating the
 .Ar pass
 rule.
 .Pp
 Filter rule
 .Ar anchors
 can also be loaded inline in the ruleset within a brace ('{' '}') delimited
 block.
 Brace delimited blocks may contain rules or other brace-delimited blocks.
 When anchors are loaded this way the anchor name becomes optional.
 .Bd -literal -offset indent
 anchor "external" on egress {
 	block
 	anchor out {
 		pass proto tcp from any to port { 25, 80, 443 }
 	}
 	pass in proto tcp to any port 22
 }
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Since the parser specification for anchor names is a string, any
 reference to an anchor name containing
 .Sq /
 characters will require double quote
 .Pq Sq \&"
 characters around the anchor name.
 .Sh TRANSLATION EXAMPLES
 This example maps incoming requests on port 80 to port 8080, on
 which a daemon is running (because, for example, it is not run as root,
 and therefore lacks permission to bind to port 80).
 .Bd -literal
 # use a macro for the interface name, so it can be changed easily
 ext_if = \&"ne3\&"
 
 # map daemon on 8080 to appear to be on 80
 rdr on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port 80 -\*(Gt 127.0.0.1 port 8080
 .Ed
 .Pp
 If the
 .Ar pass
 modifier is given, packets matching the translation rule are passed without
 inspecting the filter rules:
 .Bd -literal
 rdr pass on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port 80 -\*(Gt 127.0.0.1 \e
       port 8080
 .Ed
 .Pp
 In the example below, vlan12 is configured as 192.168.168.1;
 the machine translates all packets coming from 192.168.168.0/24 to 204.92.77.111
 when they are going out any interface except vlan12.
 This has the net effect of making traffic from the 192.168.168.0/24
 network appear as though it is the Internet routable address
 204.92.77.111 to nodes behind any interface on the router except
 for the nodes on vlan12.
 (Thus, 192.168.168.1 can talk to the 192.168.168.0/24 nodes.)
 .Bd -literal
 nat on ! vlan12 from 192.168.168.0/24 to any -\*(Gt 204.92.77.111
 .Ed
 .Pp
 In the example below, the machine sits between a fake internal 144.19.74.*
 network, and a routable external IP of 204.92.77.100.
 The
 .Ar no nat
 rule excludes protocol AH from being translated.
 .Bd -literal
 # NO NAT
 no nat on $ext_if proto ah from 144.19.74.0/24 to any
 nat on $ext_if from 144.19.74.0/24 to any -\*(Gt 204.92.77.100
 .Ed
 .Pp
 In the example below, packets bound for one specific server, as well as those
 generated by the sysadmins are not proxied; all other connections are.
 .Bd -literal
 # NO RDR
 no rdr on $int_if proto { tcp, udp } from any to $server port 80
 no rdr on $int_if proto { tcp, udp } from $sysadmins to any port 80
 rdr on $int_if proto { tcp, udp } from any to any port 80 -\*(Gt 127.0.0.1 \e
       port 80
 .Ed
 .Pp
 This longer example uses both a NAT and a redirection.
 The external interface has the address 157.161.48.183.
 On localhost, we are running
 .Xr ftp-proxy 8 ,
 waiting for FTP sessions to be redirected to it.
 The three mandatory anchors for
 .Xr ftp-proxy 8
 are omitted from this example; see the
 .Xr ftp-proxy 8
 manpage.
 .Bd -literal
 # NAT
 # Translate outgoing packets' source addresses (any protocol).
 # In this case, any address but the gateway's external address is mapped.
 nat on $ext_if inet from ! ($ext_if) to any -\*(Gt ($ext_if)
 
 # NAT PROXYING
 # Map outgoing packets' source port to an assigned proxy port instead of
 # an arbitrary port.
 # In this case, proxy outgoing isakmp with port 500 on the gateway.
 nat on $ext_if inet proto udp from any port = isakmp to any -\*(Gt ($ext_if) \e
       port 500
 
 # BINAT
 # Translate outgoing packets' source address (any protocol).
 # Translate incoming packets' destination address to an internal machine
 # (bidirectional).
 binat on $ext_if from 10.1.2.150 to any -\*(Gt $ext_if
 
 # RDR
 # Translate incoming packets' destination addresses.
 # As an example, redirect a TCP and UDP port to an internal machine.
 rdr on $ext_if inet proto tcp from any to ($ext_if) port 8080 \e
       -\*(Gt 10.1.2.151 port 22
 rdr on $ext_if inet proto udp from any to ($ext_if) port 8080 \e
       -\*(Gt 10.1.2.151 port 53
 
 # RDR
 # Translate outgoing ftp control connections to send them to localhost
 # for proxying with ftp-proxy(8) running on port 8021.
 rdr on $int_if proto tcp from any to any port 21 -\*(Gt 127.0.0.1 port 8021
 .Ed
 .Pp
 In this example, a NAT gateway is set up to translate internal addresses
 using a pool of public addresses (192.0.2.16/28) and to redirect
 incoming web server connections to a group of web servers on the internal
 network.
 .Bd -literal
 # NAT LOAD BALANCE
 # Translate outgoing packets' source addresses using an address pool.
 # A given source address is always translated to the same pool address by
 # using the source-hash keyword.
 nat on $ext_if inet from any to any -\*(Gt 192.0.2.16/28 source-hash
 
 # RDR ROUND ROBIN
 # Translate incoming web server connections to a group of web servers on
 # the internal network.
 rdr on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port 80 \e
       -\*(Gt { 10.1.2.155, 10.1.2.160, 10.1.2.161 } round-robin
 .Ed
 .Sh FILTER EXAMPLES
 .Bd -literal
 # The external interface is kue0
 # (157.161.48.183, the only routable address)
 # and the private network is 10.0.0.0/8, for which we are doing NAT.
 
 # use a macro for the interface name, so it can be changed easily
 ext_if = \&"kue0\&"
 
 # normalize all incoming traffic
 scrub in on $ext_if all fragment reassemble
 
 # block and log everything by default
 block return log on $ext_if all
 
 # block anything coming from source we have no back routes for
 block in from no-route to any
 
 # block packets whose ingress interface does not match the one in
 # the route back to their source address
 block in from urpf-failed to any
 
 # block and log outgoing packets that do not have our address as source,
 # they are either spoofed or something is misconfigured (NAT disabled,
 # for instance), we want to be nice and do not send out garbage.
 block out log quick on $ext_if from ! 157.161.48.183 to any
 
 # silently drop broadcasts (cable modem noise)
 block in quick on $ext_if from any to 255.255.255.255
 
 # block and log incoming packets from reserved address space and invalid
 # addresses, they are either spoofed or misconfigured, we cannot reply to
 # them anyway (hence, no return-rst).
 block in log quick on $ext_if from { 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, \e
       192.168.0.0/16, 255.255.255.255/32 } to any
 
 # ICMP
 
 # pass out/in certain ICMP queries and keep state (ping)
 # state matching is done on host addresses and ICMP id (not type/code),
 # so replies (like 0/0 for 8/0) will match queries
 # ICMP error messages (which always refer to a TCP/UDP packet) are
 # handled by the TCP/UDP states
 pass on $ext_if inet proto icmp all icmp-type 8 code 0
 
 # UDP
 
 # pass out all UDP connections and keep state
 pass out on $ext_if proto udp all
 
 # pass in certain UDP connections and keep state (DNS)
 pass in on $ext_if proto udp from any to any port domain
 
 # TCP
 
 # pass out all TCP connections and modulate state
 pass out on $ext_if proto tcp all modulate state
 
 # pass in certain TCP connections and keep state (SSH, SMTP, DNS, IDENT)
 pass in on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port { ssh, smtp, domain, \e
       auth }
 
 # Do not allow Windows 9x SMTP connections since they are typically
 # a viral worm. Alternately we could limit these OSes to 1 connection each.
 block in on $ext_if proto tcp from any os {"Windows 95", "Windows 98"} \e
       to any port smtp
 
 # IPv6
 # pass in/out all IPv6 traffic: note that we have to enable this in two
 # different ways, on both our physical interface and our tunnel
 pass quick on gif0 inet6
 pass quick on $ext_if proto ipv6
 
 # Packet Tagging
 
 # three interfaces: $int_if, $ext_if, and $wifi_if (wireless). NAT is
 # being done on $ext_if for all outgoing packets. tag packets in on
 # $int_if and pass those tagged packets out on $ext_if.  all other
 # outgoing packets (i.e., packets from the wireless network) are only
 # permitted to access port 80.
 
 pass in on $int_if from any to any tag INTNET
 pass in on $wifi_if from any to any
 
 block out on $ext_if from any to any
 pass out quick on $ext_if tagged INTNET
 pass out on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port 80
 
 # tag incoming packets as they are redirected to spamd(8). use the tag
 # to pass those packets through the packet filter.
 
 rdr on $ext_if inet proto tcp from \*(Ltspammers\*(Gt to port smtp \e
 	tag SPAMD -\*(Gt 127.0.0.1 port spamd
 
 block in on $ext_if
 pass in on $ext_if inet proto tcp tagged SPAMD
 .Ed
 .Sh GRAMMAR
 Syntax for
 .Nm
 in BNF:
 .Bd -literal
 line           = ( option | pf-rule | nat-rule | binat-rule | rdr-rule |
                  antispoof-rule | altq-rule | queue-rule | trans-anchors |
                  anchor-rule | anchor-close | load-anchor | table-rule |
                  include )
 
 option         = "set" ( [ "timeout" ( timeout | "{" timeout-list "}" ) ] |
                  [ "ruleset-optimization" [ "none" | "basic" | "profile" ]] |
                  [ "optimization" [ "default" | "normal" |
                  "high-latency" | "satellite" |
                  "aggressive" | "conservative" ] ]
                  [ "limit" ( limit-item | "{" limit-list "}" ) ] |
                  [ "loginterface" ( interface-name | "none" ) ] |
                  [ "block-policy" ( "drop" | "return" ) ] |
                  [ "state-policy" ( "if-bound" | "floating" ) ]
                  [ "state-defaults" state-opts ]
                  [ "require-order" ( "yes" | "no" ) ]
                  [ "fingerprints" filename ] |
                  [ "skip on" ifspec ] |
                  [ "debug" ( "none" | "urgent" | "misc" | "loud" ) ] )
 
 pf-rule        = action [ ( "in" | "out" ) ]
                  [ "log" [ "(" logopts ")"] ] [ "quick" ]
                  [ "on" ifspec ] [ "fastroute" | route ] [ af ] [ protospec ]
                  hosts [ filteropt-list ]
 
 logopts        = logopt [ "," logopts ]
 logopt         = "all" | "user" | "to" interface-name
 
 filteropt-list = filteropt-list filteropt | filteropt
 filteropt      = user | group | flags | icmp-type | icmp6-type | "tos" tos |
                  ( "no" | "keep" | "modulate" | "synproxy" ) "state"
                  [ "(" state-opts ")" ] |
                  "fragment" | "no-df" | "min-ttl" number | "set-tos" tos |
                  "max-mss" number | "random-id" | "reassemble tcp" |
                  fragmentation | "allow-opts" |
                  "label" string | "tag" string | [ ! ] "tagged" string |
                  "queue" ( string | "(" string [ [ "," ] string ] ")" ) |
                  "rtable" number | "probability" number"%"
 
 nat-rule       = [ "no" ] "nat" [ "pass" [ "log" [ "(" logopts ")" ] ] ]
                  [ "on" ifspec ] [ af ]
                  [ protospec ] hosts [ "tag" string ] [ "tagged" string ]
                  [ "-\*(Gt" ( redirhost | "{" redirhost-list "}" )
                  [ portspec ] [ pooltype ] [ "static-port" ] ]
 
 binat-rule     = [ "no" ] "binat" [ "pass" [ "log" [ "(" logopts ")" ] ] ]
                  [ "on" interface-name ] [ af ]
                  [ "proto" ( proto-name | proto-number ) ]
                  "from" address [ "/" mask-bits ] "to" ipspec
                  [ "tag" string ] [ "tagged" string ]
                  [ "-\*(Gt" address [ "/" mask-bits ] ]
 
 rdr-rule       = [ "no" ] "rdr" [ "pass" [ "log" [ "(" logopts ")" ] ] ]
                  [ "on" ifspec ] [ af ]
                  [ protospec ] hosts [ "tag" string ] [ "tagged" string ]
                  [ "-\*(Gt" ( redirhost | "{" redirhost-list "}" )
                  [ portspec ] [ pooltype ] ]
 
 antispoof-rule = "antispoof" [ "log" ] [ "quick" ]
                  "for" ifspec [ af ] [ "label" string ]
 
 table-rule     = "table" "\*(Lt" string "\*(Gt" [ tableopts-list ]
 tableopts-list = tableopts-list tableopts | tableopts
 tableopts      = "persist" | "const" | "counters" | "file" string |
                  "{" [ tableaddr-list ] "}"
 tableaddr-list = tableaddr-list [ "," ] tableaddr-spec | tableaddr-spec
 tableaddr-spec = [ "!" ] tableaddr [ "/" mask-bits ]
 tableaddr      = hostname | ifspec | "self" |
                  ipv4-dotted-quad | ipv6-coloned-hex
 
 altq-rule      = "altq on" interface-name queueopts-list
                  "queue" subqueue
 queue-rule     = "queue" string [ "on" interface-name ] queueopts-list
                  subqueue
 
 anchor-rule    = "anchor" [ string ] [ ( "in" | "out" ) ] [ "on" ifspec ]
                  [ af ] [ protospec ] [ hosts ] [ filteropt-list ] [ "{" ]
 
 anchor-close   = "}"
 
 trans-anchors  = ( "nat-anchor" | "rdr-anchor" | "binat-anchor" ) string
                  [ "on" ifspec ] [ af ] [ "proto" ] [ protospec ] [ hosts ]
 
 load-anchor    = "load anchor" string "from" filename
 
 queueopts-list = queueopts-list queueopts | queueopts
 queueopts      = [ "bandwidth" bandwidth-spec ] |
                  [ "qlimit" number ] | [ "tbrsize" number ] |
                  [ "priority" number ] | [ schedulers ]
 schedulers     = ( cbq-def | priq-def | hfsc-def )
 bandwidth-spec = "number" ( "b" | "Kb" | "Mb" | "Gb" | "%" )
 
 action         = "pass" | "block" [ return ] | [ "no" ] "scrub"
 return         = "drop" | "return" | "return-rst" [ "( ttl" number ")" ] |
                  "return-icmp" [ "(" icmpcode [ [ "," ] icmp6code ] ")" ] |
                  "return-icmp6" [ "(" icmp6code ")" ]
 icmpcode       = ( icmp-code-name | icmp-code-number )
 icmp6code      = ( icmp6-code-name | icmp6-code-number )
 
 ifspec         = ( [ "!" ] ( interface-name | interface-group ) ) |
                  "{" interface-list "}"
 interface-list = [ "!" ] ( interface-name | interface-group )
                  [ [ "," ] interface-list ]
 route          = ( "route-to" | "reply-to" | "dup-to" )
                  ( routehost | "{" routehost-list "}" )
                  [ pooltype ]
 af             = "inet" | "inet6"
 
 protospec      = "proto" ( proto-name | proto-number |
                  "{" proto-list "}" )
 proto-list     = ( proto-name | proto-number ) [ [ "," ] proto-list ]
 
 hosts          = "all" |
                  "from" ( "any" | "no-route" | "urpf-failed" | "self" | host |
                  "{" host-list "}" ) [ port ] [ os ]
                  "to"   ( "any" | "no-route" | "self" | host |
                  "{" host-list "}" ) [ port ]
 
 ipspec         = "any" | host | "{" host-list "}"
 host           = [ "!" ] ( address [ "/" mask-bits ] | "\*(Lt" string "\*(Gt" )
 redirhost      = address [ "/" mask-bits ]
 routehost      = "(" interface-name [ address [ "/" mask-bits ] ] ")"
 address        = ( interface-name | interface-group |
                  "(" ( interface-name | interface-group ) ")" |
                  hostname | ipv4-dotted-quad | ipv6-coloned-hex )
 host-list      = host [ [ "," ] host-list ]
 redirhost-list = redirhost [ [ "," ] redirhost-list ]
 routehost-list = routehost [ [ "," ] routehost-list ]
 
 port           = "port" ( unary-op | binary-op | "{" op-list "}" )
 portspec       = "port" ( number | name ) [ ":" ( "*" | number | name ) ]
 os             = "os"  ( os-name | "{" os-list "}" )
 user           = "user" ( unary-op | binary-op | "{" op-list "}" )
 group          = "group" ( unary-op | binary-op | "{" op-list "}" )
 
 unary-op       = [ "=" | "!=" | "\*(Lt" | "\*(Le" | "\*(Gt" | "\*(Ge" ]
                  ( name | number )
 binary-op      = number ( "\*(Lt\*(Gt" | "\*(Gt\*(Lt" | ":" ) number
 op-list        = ( unary-op | binary-op ) [ [ "," ] op-list ]
 
 os-name        = operating-system-name
 os-list        = os-name [ [ "," ] os-list ]
 
 flags          = "flags" ( [ flag-set ] "/"  flag-set | "any" )
 flag-set       = [ "F" ] [ "S" ] [ "R" ] [ "P" ] [ "A" ] [ "U" ] [ "E" ]
                  [ "W" ]
 
 icmp-type      = "icmp-type" ( icmp-type-code | "{" icmp-list "}" )
 icmp6-type     = "icmp6-type" ( icmp-type-code | "{" icmp-list "}" )
 icmp-type-code = ( icmp-type-name | icmp-type-number )
                  [ "code" ( icmp-code-name | icmp-code-number ) ]
 icmp-list      = icmp-type-code [ [ "," ] icmp-list ]
 
 tos            = ( "lowdelay" | "throughput" | "reliability" |
                  [ "0x" ] number )
 
 state-opts     = state-opt [ [ "," ] state-opts ]
 state-opt      = ( "max" number | "no-sync" | timeout | "sloppy" | "pflow" |
                  "source-track" [ ( "rule" | "global" ) ] |
                  "max-src-nodes" number | "max-src-states" number |
                  "max-src-conn" number |
                  "max-src-conn-rate" number "/" number |
                  "overload" "\*(Lt" string "\*(Gt" [ "flush" ] |
                  "if-bound" | "floating" )
 
 fragmentation  = [ "fragment reassemble" | "fragment crop" |
                  "fragment drop-ovl" ]
 
 timeout-list   = timeout [ [ "," ] timeout-list ]
 timeout        = ( "tcp.first" | "tcp.opening" | "tcp.established" |
                  "tcp.closing" | "tcp.finwait" | "tcp.closed" |
                  "udp.first" | "udp.single" | "udp.multiple" |
                  "icmp.first" | "icmp.error" |
                  "other.first" | "other.single" | "other.multiple" |
                  "frag" | "interval" | "src.track" |
                  "adaptive.start" | "adaptive.end" ) number
 
 limit-list     = limit-item [ [ "," ] limit-list ]
 limit-item     = ( "states" | "frags" | "src-nodes" ) number
 
 pooltype       = ( "bitmask" | "random" |
                  "source-hash" [ ( hex-key | string-key ) ] |
                  "round-robin" ) [ sticky-address ]
 
 subqueue       = string | "{" queue-list "}"
 queue-list     = string [ [ "," ] string ]
 cbq-def        = "cbq" [ "(" cbq-opt [ [ "," ] cbq-opt ] ")" ]
 priq-def       = "priq" [ "(" priq-opt [ [ "," ] priq-opt ] ")" ]
 hfsc-def       = "hfsc" [ "(" hfsc-opt [ [ "," ] hfsc-opt ] ")" ]
 cbq-opt        = ( "default" | "borrow" | "red" | "ecn" | "rio" )
 priq-opt       = ( "default" | "red" | "ecn" | "rio" )
 hfsc-opt       = ( "default" | "red" | "ecn" | "rio" |
                  linkshare-sc | realtime-sc | upperlimit-sc )
 linkshare-sc   = "linkshare" sc-spec
 realtime-sc    = "realtime" sc-spec
 upperlimit-sc  = "upperlimit" sc-spec
 sc-spec        = ( bandwidth-spec |
                  "(" bandwidth-spec number bandwidth-spec ")" )
 include        = "include" filename
 .Ed
 .Sh FILES
 .Bl -tag -width "/etc/protocols" -compact
 .It Pa /etc/hosts
 Host name database.
 .It Pa /etc/pf.conf
 Default location of the ruleset file.
 .It Pa /etc/pf.os
 Default location of OS fingerprints.
 .It Pa /etc/protocols
 Protocol name database.
 .It Pa /etc/services
 Service name database.
 .El
 .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr altq 4 ,
 .Xr carp 4 ,
 .Xr icmp 4 ,
 .Xr icmp6 4 ,
 .Xr ip 4 ,
 .Xr ip6 4 ,
 .Xr pf 4 ,
 .Xr pflow 4 ,
 .Xr pfsync 4 ,
 .Xr tcp 4 ,
 .Xr udp 4 ,
 .Xr hosts 5 ,
 .Xr pf.os 5 ,
 .Xr protocols 5 ,
 .Xr services 5 ,
 .Xr ftp-proxy 8 ,
 .Xr pfctl 8 ,
 .Xr pflogd 8
 .Sh HISTORY
 The
 .Nm
 file format first appeared in
 .Ox 3.0 .
diff --git a/share/man/man5/pf.os.5 b/share/man/man5/pf.os.5
index 593052572951..18c72468e64a 100644
--- a/share/man/man5/pf.os.5
+++ b/share/man/man5/pf.os.5
@@ -1,223 +1,223 @@
 .\"	$OpenBSD: pf.os.5,v 1.8 2007/05/31 19:19:58 jmc Exp $
 .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 2003 Mike Frantzen <frantzen@w4g.org>
 .\"
 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
 .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
 .\"
 .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
 .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
 .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
 .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
 .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
 .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 .\"
 .\" $FreeBSD$
 .\"
-.Dd May 31 2007
+.Dd May 31, 2007
 .Dt PF.OS 5
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm pf.os
 .Nd format of the operating system fingerprints file
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The
 .Xr pf 4
 firewall and the
 .Xr tcpdump 1
 program can both fingerprint the operating system of hosts that
 originate an IPv4 TCP connection.
 The file consists of newline-separated records, one per fingerprint,
 containing nine colon
 .Pq Ql \&:
 separated fields.
 These fields are as follows:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Description -offset indent -compact
 .It window
 The TCP window size.
 .It TTL
 The IP time to live.
 .It df
 The presence of the IPv4 don't fragment bit.
 .It packet size
 The size of the initial TCP packet.
 .It TCP options
 An ordered list of the TCP options.
 .It class
 The class of operating system.
 .It version
 The version of the operating system.
 .It subtype
 The subtype of patchlevel of the operating system.
 .It description
 The overall textual description of the operating system, version and subtype.
 .El
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar window
 field corresponds to the th->th_win field in the TCP header and is the
 source host's advertised TCP window size.
 It may be between zero and 65,535 inclusive.
 The window size may be given as a multiple of a constant by prepending
 the size with a percent sign
 .Sq %
 and the value will be used as a modulus.
 Three special values may be used for the window size:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width xxx -offset indent -compact
 .It *
 An asterisk will wildcard the value so any window size will match.
 .It S
 Allow any window size which is a multiple of the maximum segment size (MSS).
 .It T
 Allow any window size which is a multiple of the maximum transmission unit
 (MTU).
 .El
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar ttl
 value is the initial time to live in the IP header.
 The fingerprint code will account for the volatility of the packet's TTL
 as it traverses a network.
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar df
 bit corresponds to the Don't Fragment bit in an IPv4 header.
 It tells intermediate routers not to fragment the packet and is used for
 path MTU discovery.
 It may be either a zero or a one.
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar packet size
 is the literal size of the full IP packet and is a function of all of
 the IP and TCP options.
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar TCP options
 field is an ordered list of the individual TCP options that appear in the
 SYN packet.
 Each option is described by a single character separated by a comma and
 certain ones may include a value.
 The options are:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Description -offset indent -compact
 .It Mnnn
 maximum segment size (MSS) option.
 The value is the maximum packet size of the network link which may
 include the
 .Sq %
 modulus or match all MSSes with the
 .Sq *
 value.
 .It N
 the NOP option (NO Operation).
 .It T[0]
 the timestamp option.
 Certain operating systems always start with a zero timestamp in which
 case a zero value is added to the option; otherwise no value is appended.
 .It S
 the Selective ACKnowledgement OK (SACKOK) option.
 .It Wnnn
 window scaling option.
 The value is the size of the window scaling which may include the
 .Sq %
 modulus or match all window scalings with the
 .Sq *
 value.
 .El
 .Pp
 No TCP options in the fingerprint may be given with a single dot
 .Sq \&. .
 .Pp
 An example of OpenBSD's TCP options are:
 .Pp
 .Dl M*,N,N,S,N,W0,N,N,T
 .Pp
 The first option
 .Ar M*
 is the MSS option and will match all values.
 The second and third options
 .Ar N
 will match two NOPs.
 The fourth option
 .Ar S
 will match the SACKOK option.
 The fifth
 .Ar N
 will match another NOP.
 The sixth
 .Ar W0
 will match a window scaling option with a zero scaling size.
 The seventh and eighth
 .Ar N
 options will match two NOPs.
 And the ninth and final option
 .Ar T
 will match the timestamp option with any time value.
 .Pp
 The TCP options in a fingerprint will only match packets with the
 exact same TCP options in the same order.
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar class
 field is the class, genre or vendor of the operating system.
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar version
 is the version of the operating system.
 It is used to distinguish between different fingerprints of operating
 systems of the same class but different versions.
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar subtype
 is the subtype or patch level of the operating system version.
 It is used to distinguish between different fingerprints of operating
 systems of the same class and same version but slightly different
 patches or tweaking.
 .Pp
 The
 .Ar description
 is a general description of the operating system, its version,
 patchlevel and any further useful details.
 .Sh EXAMPLES
 The fingerprint of a plain
 .Ox 3.3
 host is:
 .Bd -literal
   16384:64:1:64:M*,N,N,S,N,W0,N,N,T:OpenBSD:3.3::OpenBSD 3.3
 .Ed
 .Pp
 The fingerprint of an
 .Ox 3.3
 host behind a PF scrubbing firewall with a no-df rule would be:
 .Bd -literal
   16384:64:0:64:M*,N,N,S,N,W0,N,N,T:OpenBSD:3.3:!df:OpenBSD 3.3 scrub no-df
 .Ed
 .Pp
 An absolutely braindead embedded operating system fingerprint could be:
 .Bd -literal
   65535:255:0:40:.:DUMMY:1.1:p3:Dummy embedded OS v1.1p3
 .Ed
 .Pp
 The
 .Xr tcpdump 1
 output of
 .Bd -literal
   # tcpdump -s128 -c1 -nv 'tcp[13] == 2'
   03:13:48.118526 10.0.0.1.3377 > 10.0.0.2.80: S [tcp sum ok] \e
       534596083:534596083(0) win 57344 <mss 1460> (DF) [tos 0x10] \e
       (ttl 64, id 11315, len 44)
 .Ed
 .Pp
 almost translates into the following fingerprint
 .Bd -literal
   57344:64:1:44:M1460:	exampleOS:1.0::exampleOS 1.0
 .Ed
 .Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr tcpdump 1 ,
 .Xr pf 4 ,
 .Xr pf.conf 5 ,
-.Xr pfctl 8 ,
-.Xr tcpdump 1
+.Xr pfctl 8
diff --git a/share/man/man5/rc.conf.5 b/share/man/man5/rc.conf.5
index 09583ec10423..5c4803fcb87b 100644
--- a/share/man/man5/rc.conf.5
+++ b/share/man/man5/rc.conf.5
@@ -1,4574 +1,4574 @@
 .\" Copyright (c) 1995
 .\"	Jordan K. Hubbard
 .\"
 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 .\" are met:
 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 .\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 .\"
 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND
 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE
 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 .\" SUCH DAMAGE.
 .\"
 .\" $FreeBSD$
 .\"
 .Dd September 11, 2014
 .Dt RC.CONF 5
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm rc.conf
 .Nd system configuration information
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The file
 .Nm
 contains descriptive information about the local host name, configuration
 details for any potential network interfaces and which services should be
 started up at system initial boot time.
 In new installations, the
 .Nm
 file is generally initialized by the system installation utility.
 .Pp
 The purpose of
 .Nm
 is not to run commands or perform system startup actions
 directly.
 Instead, it is included by the
 various generic startup scripts in
 .Pa /etc
 which conditionalize their
 internal actions according to the settings found there.
 .Pp
 The
 .Pa /etc/rc.conf
 file is included from the file
 .Pa /etc/defaults/rc.conf ,
 which specifies the default settings for all the available options.
 Options need only be specified in
 .Pa /etc/rc.conf
 when the system administrator wishes to override these defaults.
 The file
 .Pa /etc/rc.conf.local
 is used to override settings in
 .Pa /etc/rc.conf
 for historical reasons.
 .Pp
 In addition to
 .Pa /etc/rc.conf.local
 you can also place smaller configuration files for each
 .Xr rc 8
 script in the
 .Pa /etc/rc.conf.d
 directory or
 .Ao Ar dir Ac Ns Pa /rc.conf.d
 directories specified in
 .Va local_startup ,
 which will be included by the
 .Va load_rc_config
 function.
 For jail configurations you could use the file
 .Pa /etc/rc.conf.d/jail
 to store jail specific configuration options.
 If
 .Va local_startup
 contains
 .Pa /usr/local/etc/rc.d
 and
 .Pa /opt/conf ,
 .Pa /usr/local/rc.conf.d/jail
 and
 .Pa /opt/conf/rc.conf.d/jail
 will be loaded.
 If
 .Ao Ar dir Ac Ns Pa /rc.conf.d/ Ns Ao Ar name Ac
 is a directory,
 all of files in the directory will be loaded.
 Also see the
 .Va rc_conf_files
 variable below.
 .Pp
 Options are set with
 .Dq Ar name Ns Li = Ns Ar value
 assignments that use
 .Xr sh 1
 syntax.
 The following list provides a name and short description for each
 variable that can be set in the
 .Nm
 file:
 .Bl -tag -width indent-two
 .It Va rc_debug
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 enable output of debug messages from rc scripts.
 This variable can be helpful in diagnosing mistakes when
 editing or integrating new scripts.
 Beware that this produces copious output to the terminal and
 .Xr syslog 3 .
 .It Va rc_info
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 disable informational messages from the rc scripts.
 Informational messages are displayed when
 a condition that is not serious enough to warrant a warning or
 an error occurs.
 .It Va rc_startmsgs
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 show
 .Dq Starting foo:
 when faststart is used (e.g., at boot time).
 .It Va early_late_divider
 .Pq Vt str
 The name of the script that should be used as the
 delimiter between the
 .Dq early
 and
 .Dq late
 stages of the boot process.
 The early stage should contain all the services needed to
 get the disks (local or remote) mounted so that the late
 stage can include scripts contained in the directories
 listed in the
 .Va local_startup
 variable (see below).
 Thus, the two likely candidates for this value are
 .Pa mountcritlocal
 for the typical system, and
 .Pa mountcritremote
 if the system needs remote file
 systems mounted to get access to the
 .Va local_startup
 directories; for example when
 .Pa /usr/local
 is NFS mounted.
 For
 .Pa rc.conf
 within a
 .Xr jail 8
 .Pa NETWORKING
 is likely to be an appropriate value.
 Extreme care should be taken when changing this value,
 and before changing it one should ensure that there are
 adequate provisions to recover from a failed boot
 (such as physical contact with the machine,
 or reliable remote console access).
 .It Va always_force_depends
 .Pq Vt bool
 Various
 .Pa rc.d
 scripts use the force_depend function to check whether required
 services are already running, and to start them if necessary.
 By default during boot time this check is bypassed if the
 required service is enabled in
 .Pa /etc/rc.conf[.local] .
 Setting this option will bypass that check at boot time and
 always test whether or not the service is actually running.
 Enabling this option is likely to increase your boot time if
 services are enabled that utilize the force_depend check.
 .It Ao Ar name Ac Ns Va _chroot
 .Pq Vt str
 .Xr chroot
 to this directory before running the service.
 .It Ao Ar name Ac Ns Va _user
 .Pq Vt str
 Run the service under this user account.
 .It Ao Ar name Ac Ns Va _group
 .Pq Vt str
 Run the chrooted service under this system group. Unlike the _user
 setting, this setting has no effect if the service is not chrooted.
 .It Ao Ar name Ac Ns Va _fib
 .Pq Vt int
 The
 .Xr setfib 1
 value to run the service under.
 .It Ao Ar name Ac Ns Va _nice
 .Pq Vt int
 The
 .Xr nice 1
 value to run the service under.
 .It Va apm_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 enable support for Automatic Power Management with
 the
 .Xr apm 8
 command.
 .It Va apmd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Run
 .Xr apmd 8
 to handle APM event from userland.
 This also enables support for APM.
 .It Va apmd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va apmd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr apmd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va devd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Run
 .Xr devd 8
 to handle device added, removed or unknown events from the kernel.
 .It Va ddb_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Run
 .Xr ddb 8
 to install
 .Xr ddb 4
 scripts at boot time.
 .It Va ddb_config
 .Pq Vt str
 Configuration file for
 .Xr ddb 8 .
 Default
 .Pa /etc/ddb.conf .
 .It Va kld_list
 .Pq Vt str
 A list of kernel modules to load right after the local
 disks are mounted.
 Loading modules at this point in the boot process is
 much faster than doing it via
 .Pa /boot/loader.conf
 for those modules not necessary for mounting local disk.
 .It Va kldxref_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 by default.
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to automatically rebuild
 .Pa linker.hints
 files with
 .Xr kldxref 8
 at boot time.
 .It Va kldxref_clobber
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 by default.
 If
 .Va kldxref_enable
 is true,
 setting to
 .Dq Li YES
 will overwrite existing
 .Pa linker.hints
 files at boot time.
 Otherwise,
 only missing
 .Pa linker.hints
 files are generated.
 .It Va kldxref_module_path
 .Pq Vt str
 Empty by default.
 A semi-colon
 .Pq Ql \&;
 delimited list of paths containing
 .Xr kld 4
 modules.
 If empty,
 the contents of the
 .Va kern.module_path
 .Xr sysctl 8
 are used.
 .It Va powerd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 enable the system power control facility with the
 .Xr powerd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va powerd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va powerd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr powerd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va tmpmfs
 Controls the creation of a
 .Pa /tmp
 memory file system.
 Always happens if set to
 .Dq Li YES
 and never happens if set to
 .Dq Li NO .
 If set to anything else, a memory file system is created if
 .Pa /tmp
 is not writable.
 .It Va tmpsize
 Controls the size of a created
 .Pa /tmp
 memory file system.
 .It Va tmpmfs_flags
 Extra options passed to the
 .Xr mdmfs 8
 utility when the memory file system for
 .Pa /tmp
 is created.
 The default is
 .Dq Li "-S" ,
 which inhibits the use of softupdates on
 .Pa /tmp
 so that file system space is freed without delay
 after file truncation or deletion.
 See
 .Xr mdmfs 8
 for other options you can use in
 .Va tmpmfs_flags .
 .It Va varmfs
 Controls the creation of a
 .Pa /var
 memory file system.
 Always happens if set to
 .Dq Li YES
 and never happens if set to
 .Dq Li NO .
 If set to anything else, a memory file system is created if
 .Pa /var
 is not writable.
 .It Va varsize
 Controls the size of a created
 .Pa /var
 memory file system.
 .It Va varmfs_flags
 Extra options passed to the
 .Xr mdmfs 8
 utility when the memory file system for
 .Pa /var
 is created.
 The default is
 .Dq Li "-S" ,
 which inhibits the use of softupdates on
 .Pa /var
 so that file system space is freed without delay
 after file truncation or deletion.
 See
 .Xr mdmfs 8
 for other options you can use in
 .Va varmfs_flags .
 .It Va populate_var
 Controls the automatic population of the
 .Pa /var
 file system.
 Always happens if set to
 .Dq Li YES
 and never happens if set to
 .Dq Li NO .
 If set to anything else, a memory file system is created if
 .Pa /var
 is not writable.
 Note that this process requires access to certain commands in
 .Pa /usr
 before
 .Pa /usr
 is mounted on normal systems.
 .It Va cleanvar_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Clean the
 .Pa /var
 directory.
 .It Va local_startup
 .Pq Vt str
 List of directories to search for startup script files.
 .It Va script_name_sep
 .Pq Vt str
 The field separator to use for breaking down the list of startup script files
 into individual filenames.
 The default is a space.
 It is not necessary to change this unless there are startup scripts with names
 containing spaces.
 .It Va hostapd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to start
 .Xr hostapd 8
 at system boot time.
 .It Va hostname
 .Pq Vt str
 The fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of this host on the network.
 This should almost certainly be set to something meaningful, even if
 there is no network connection.
 If
 .Xr dhclient 8
 is used to set the hostname via DHCP,
 this variable should be set to an empty string.
 If this value remains unset when the system is done booting
 your console login will display the default hostname of
 .Dq Amnesiac .
 .It Va nisdomainname
 .Pq Vt str
 The NIS domain name of this host, or
 .Dq Li NO
 if NIS is not used.
 .It Va dhclient_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to the DHCP client program
 .Pa ( /sbin/dhclient ,
 the
 .Ox
 DHCP client,
 is the default).
 .It Va dhclient_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Additional flags to pass to the DHCP client program.
 For the
 .Ox
 DHCP client, see the
 .Xr dhclient 8
 manpage for a description of the command line options available.
 .It Va dhclient_flags_ Ns Aq Ar iface
 Additional flags to pass to the DHCP client program running on
 .Ar iface
 only.
 When specified, this variable overrides
 .Va dhclient_flags .
 .It Va background_dhclient
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to start the DHCP client in background.
 This can cause trouble with applications depending on
 a working network, but it will provide a faster startup
 in many cases.
 .It Va background_dhclient_ Ns Aq Ar iface
 When specified, this variable overrides the
 .Va background_dhclient
 variable for interface
 .Ar iface
 only.
 .It Va synchronous_dhclient
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to start
 .Xr dhclient 8
 synchronously at startup.
 This behavior can be overridden on a per-interface basis by replacing
 the
 .Dq Li DHCP
 keyword in the
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable with
 .Dq Li SYNCDHCP
 or
 .Dq Li NOSYNCDHCP .
 .It Va defaultroute_delay
 .Pq Vt int
 When set to a positive value, wait up to this long after configuring
 DHCP interfaces at startup to give the interfaces time to receive a lease.
 .It Va firewall_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to load firewall rules at startup.
 If the kernel was not built with
 .Cd "options IPFIREWALL" ,
 the
 .Pa ipfw.ko
 kernel module will be loaded.
 See also
 .Va ipfilter_enable .
 .It Va firewall_script
 .Pq Vt str
 This variable specifies the full path to the firewall script to run.
 The default is
 .Pa /etc/rc.firewall .
 .It Va firewall_type
 .Pq Vt str
 Names the firewall type from the selection in
 .Pa /etc/rc.firewall ,
 or the file which contains the local firewall ruleset.
 Valid selections from
 .Pa /etc/rc.firewall
 are:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width ".Li simple" -compact
 .It Li open
 unrestricted IP access
 .It Li closed
 all IP services disabled, except via
 .Dq Li lo0
 .It Li client
 basic protection for a workstation
 .It Li simple
 basic protection for a LAN.
 .El
 .Pp
 If a filename is specified, the full path
 must be given.
 .It Va firewall_quiet
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to disable the display of firewall rules on the console during boot.
 .It Va firewall_logging
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to enable firewall event logging.
 This is equivalent to the
 .Dv IPFIREWALL_VERBOSE
 kernel option.
 .It Va firewall_logif
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to create pseudo interface
 .Li ipfw0
 for logging.
 For more details, see
 .Xr ipfw 8
 manual page.
 .It Va firewall_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Flags passed to
 .Xr ipfw 8
 if
 .Va firewall_type
 specifies a filename.
 .It Va firewall_coscripts
 .Pq Vt str
 List of executables and/or rc scripts to run after firewall starts/stops.
 Default is empty.
 .\" ----- firewall_nat_enable setting --------------------------------
 .It Va firewall_nat_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 The
 .Xr ipfw 8
 equivalent of
 .Va natd_enable .
 Setting this to
 .Dq Li YES
 enables kernel NAT.
 .Va firewall_enable
 must also be set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 .It Va firewall_nat_interface
 .Pq Vt str
 The
 .Xr ipfw 8
 equivalent of
 .Va natd_interface .
 This is the name of the public interface or IP address on which
 kernel NAT should run.
 .It Va firewall_nat_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Additional configuration parameters for kernel NAT should be placed here.
 .It Va dummynet_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Setting this to
 .Dq Li YES
 will automatically load the
 .Xr dummynet 4
 module if
 .Va firewall_enable
 is also set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 .\" -------------------------------------------------------------------
 .It Va natd_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr natd 8 .
 .It Va natd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to enable
 .Xr natd 8 .
 .Va firewall_enable
 must also be set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 and
 .Xr divert 4
 sockets must be enabled in the kernel.
 If the kernel was not built with
 .Cd "options IPDIVERT" ,
 the
 .Pa ipdivert.ko
 kernel module will be loaded.
 .It Va natd_interface
 .Pq Vt str
 This is the name of the public interface on which
 .Xr natd 8
 should run.
 The interface may be given as an interface name or as an IP address.
 .It Va natd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Additional
 .Xr natd 8
 flags should be placed here.
 The
 .Fl n
 or
 .Fl a
 flag is automatically added with the above
 .Va natd_interface
 as an argument.
 .\" ----- ipfilter_enable setting --------------------------------
 .It Va ipfilter_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 by default.
 Setting this to
 .Dq Li YES
 enables
 .Xr ipf 8
 packet filtering.
 .Pp
 Typical usage will require putting
 .Bd -literal
 ipfilter_enable="YES"
 ipnat_enable="YES"
 ipmon_enable="YES"
 ipfs_enable="YES"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 into
 .Pa /etc/rc.conf
 and editing
 .Pa /etc/ipf.rules
 and
 .Pa /etc/ipnat.rules
 appropriately.
 .Pp
 Note that
 .Va ipfilter_enable
 and
 .Va ipnat_enable
 can be enabled independently.
 .Va ipmon_enable
 and
 .Va ipfs_enable
 both require at least one of
 .Va ipfilter_enable
 and
 .Va ipnat_enable
 to be enabled.
 .Pp
 Having
 .Bd -literal
 options IPFILTER
 options IPFILTER_LOG
 options IPFILTER_DEFAULT_BLOCK
 .Ed
 .Pp
 in the kernel configuration file is a good idea, too.
 .\" ----- ipfilter_program setting ------------------------------
 .It Va ipfilter_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr ipf 8
 (default
 .Pa /sbin/ipf ) .
 .\" ----- ipfilter_rules setting --------------------------------
 .It Va ipfilter_rules
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to
 .Pa /etc/ipf.rules
 by default.
 This variable contains the name of the filter rule definition file.
 The file is expected to be readable for the
 .Xr ipf 8
 command to execute.
 .\" ----- ipv6_ipfilter_rules setting ---------------------------
 .It Va ipv6_ipfilter_rules
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to
 .Pa /etc/ipf6.rules
 by default.
 This variable contains the IPv6 filter rule definition file.
 The file is expected to be readable for the
 .Xr ipf 8
 command to execute.
 .\" ----- ipfilter_flags setting --------------------------------
 .It Va ipfilter_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Empty by default.
 This variable contains flags passed to the
 .Xr ipf 8
 program.
 .\" ----- ipnat_enable setting ----------------------------------
 .It Va ipnat_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 by default.
 Set it to
 .Dq Li YES
 to enable
 .Xr ipnat 8
 network address translation.
 See
 .Va ipfilter_enable
 for a detailed discussion.
 .\" ----- ipnat_program setting ---------------------------------
 .It Va ipnat_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr ipnat 8
 (default
 .Pa /sbin/ipnat ) .
 .\" ----- ipnat_rules setting -----------------------------------
 .It Va ipnat_rules
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to
 .Pa /etc/ipnat.rules
 by default.
 This variable contains the name of the file
 holding the network address translation definition.
 This file is expected to be readable for the
 .Xr ipnat 8
 command to execute.
 .\" ----- ipnat_flags setting -----------------------------------
 .It Va ipnat_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Empty by default.
 This variable contains flags passed to the
 .Xr ipnat 8
 program.
 .\" ----- ipmon_enable setting ----------------------------------
 .It Va ipmon_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 by default.
 Set it to
 .Dq Li YES
 to enable
 .Xr ipmon 8
 monitoring (logging
 .Xr ipf 8
 and
 .Xr ipnat 8
 events).
 Setting this variable needs setting
 .Va ipfilter_enable
 or
 .Va ipnat_enable
 too.
 See
 .Va ipfilter_enable
 for a detailed discussion.
 .\" ----- ipmon_program setting ---------------------------------
 .It Va ipmon_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr ipmon 8
 (default
 .Pa /sbin/ipmon ) .
 .\" ----- ipmon_flags setting -----------------------------------
 .It Va ipmon_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to
 .Dq Li -Ds
 by default.
 This variable contains flags passed to the
 .Xr ipmon 8
 program.
 Another typical example would be
 .Dq Fl D Pa /var/log/ipflog
 to have
 .Xr ipmon 8
 log directly to a file bypassing
 .Xr syslogd 8 .
 Make sure to adjust
 .Pa /etc/newsyslog.conf
 in such case like this:
 .Bd -literal
 /var/log/ipflog  640  10  100  *  Z  /var/run/ipmon.pid
 .Ed
 .\" ----- ipfs_enable setting -----------------------------------
 .It Va ipfs_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 by default.
 Set it to
 .Dq Li YES
 to enable
 .Xr ipfs 8
 saving the filter and NAT state tables during shutdown
 and reloading them during startup again.
 Setting this variable needs setting
 .Va ipfilter_enable
 or
 .Va ipnat_enable
 to
 .Dq Li YES
 too.
 See
 .Va ipfilter_enable
 for a detailed discussion.
 Note that if
 .Va kern_securelevel
 is set to 3,
 .Va ipfs_enable
 cannot be used
 because the raised securelevel will prevent
 .Xr ipfs 8
 from saving the state tables at shutdown time.
 .\" ----- ipfs_program setting ----------------------------------
 .It Va ipfs_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr ipfs 8
 (default
 .Pa /sbin/ipfs ) .
 .\" ----- ipfs_flags setting ------------------------------------
 .It Va ipfs_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Empty by default.
 This variable contains flags passed to the
 .Xr ipfs 8
 program.
 .\" ----- end of added ipf hook ---------------------------------
 .It Va pf_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 by default.
 Setting this to
 .Dq Li YES
 enables
 .Xr pf 4
 packet filtering.
 .Pp
 Typical usage will require putting
 .Pp
 .Dl pf_enable="YES"
 .Pp
 into
 .Pa /etc/rc.conf
 and editing
 .Pa /etc/pf.conf
 appropriately.
 Adding
 .Pp
 .Dl "device pf"
 .Pp
 builds support for
 .Xr pf 4
 into the kernel, otherwise the
 kernel module will be loaded.
 .It Va pf_rules
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr pf 4
 ruleset configuration file
 (default
 .Pa /etc/pf.conf ) .
 .It Va pf_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr pfctl 8
 (default
 .Pa /sbin/pfctl ) .
 .It Va pf_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va pf_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these flags are passed to the
 .Xr pfctl 8
 program when loading the ruleset.
 .It Va pflog_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 by default.
 Setting this to
 .Dq Li YES
 enables
 .Xr pflogd 8
 which logs packets from the
 .Xr pf 4
 packet filter.
 .It Va pflog_logfile
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va pflog_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES
 this controls where
 .Xr pflogd 8
 stores the logfile
 (default
 .Pa /var/log/pflog ) .
 Check
 .Pa /etc/newsyslog.conf
 to adjust logfile rotation for this.
 .It Va pflog_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr pflogd 8
 (default
 .Pa /sbin/pflogd ) .
 .It Va pflog_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Empty by default.
 This variable contains additional flags passed to the
 .Xr pflogd 8
 program.
 .It Va pflog_instances
 .Pq Vt str
 If logging to more than one
 .Xr pflog 4
 interface is desired,
 .Va pflog_instances
 is set to the list of
 .Xr pflogd 8
 instances that should be started at system boot time. If
 .Va pflog_instances
 is set, for each whitespace-seperated
 .Ar element
 in the list,
 .Ao Ar element Ac Ns Va _dev
 and
 .Ao Ar element Ac Ns Va _logfile
 elements are assumed to exist.
 .Ao Ar element Ac Ns Va _dev
 must contain the
 .Xr pflog 4
 interface to be watched by the named
 .Xr pflogd 8
 instance.
 .Ao Ar element Ac Ns Va _logfile
 must contain the name of the logfile that will be used by the
 .Xr pflogd 8
 instance.
 .It Va ftpproxy_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 by default.
 Setting this to
 .Dq Li YES
 enables
 .Xr ftp-proxy 8
 which supports the
 .Xr pf 4
 packet filter in translating ftp connections.
 .It Va ftpproxy_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Empty by default.
 This variable contains additional flags passed to the
 .Xr ftp-proxy 8
 program.
 .It Va ftpproxy_instances
 .Pq Vt str
 Empty by default. If multiple instances of
 .Xr ftp-proxy 8
 are desired at boot time,
 .Va ftpproxy_instances
 should contain a whitespace-seperated list of instance names. For each
 .Ar element
 in the list, a variable named
 .Ao Ar element Ac Ns Va _flags
 should be defined, containing the command-line flags to be passed to the
 .Xr ftp-proxy 8
 instance.
 .It Va pfsync_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 by default.
 Setting this to
 .Dq Li YES
 enables exposing
 .Xr pf 4
 state changes to other hosts over the network by means of
 .Xr pfsync 4 .
 The
 .Va pfsync_syncdev
 variable
 must also be set then.
 .It Va pfsync_syncdev
 .Pq Vt str
 Empty by default.
 This variable specifies the name of the network interface
 .Xr pfsync 4
 should operate through.
 It must be set accordingly if
 .Va pfsync_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 .It Va pfsync_syncpeer
 .Pq Vt str
 Empty by default.
 This variable is optional.
 By default, state change messages are sent out on the synchronisation
 interface using IP multicast packets.
 The protocol is IP protocol 240, PFSYNC, and the multicast group used is
 224.0.0.240.
 When a peer address is specified using the
 .Va pfsync_syncpeer
 option, the peer address is used as a destination for the pfsync
 traffic, and the traffic can then be protected using
 .Xr ipsec 4 .
 See the
 .Xr pfsync 4
 manpage for more details about using
 .Xr ipsec 4
 with
 .Xr pfsync 4
 interfaces.
 .It Va pfsync_ifconfig
 .Pq Vt str
 Empty by default.
 This variable can contain additional options to be passed to the
 .Xr ifconfig 8
 command used to set up
 .Xr pfsync 4 .
 .It Va tcp_extensions
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 by default.
 Setting this to
 .Dq Li NO
 disables certain TCP options as described by
 .Rs
 .%T "RFC 1323"
 .Re
 Setting this to
 .Dq Li NO
 might help remedy such problems with connections as randomly hanging
 or other weird behavior.
 Some network devices are known
 to be broken with respect to these options.
 .It Va log_in_vain
 .Pq Vt int
 Set to 0 by default.
 The
 .Xr sysctl 8
 variables,
 .Va net.inet.tcp.log_in_vain
 and
 .Va net.inet.udp.log_in_vain ,
 as described in
 .Xr tcp 4
 and
 .Xr udp 4 ,
 are set to the given value.
 .It Va tcp_keepalive
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 by default.
 Setting to
 .Dq Li NO
 will disable probing idle TCP connections to verify that the
 peer is still up and reachable.
 .It Va tcp_drop_synfin
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 by default.
 Setting to
 .Dq Li YES
 will cause the kernel to ignore TCP frames that have both
 the SYN and FIN flags set.
 This prevents OS fingerprinting, but may
 break some legitimate applications.
 .It Va icmp_drop_redirect
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 by default.
 Setting to
 .Dq Li YES
 will cause the kernel to ignore ICMP REDIRECT packets.
 Refer to
 .Xr icmp 4
 for more information.
 .It Va icmp_log_redirect
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 by default.
 Setting to
 .Dq Li YES
 will cause the kernel to log ICMP REDIRECT packets.
 Note that
 the log messages are not rate-limited, so this option should only be used
 for troubleshooting networks.
 Refer to
 .Xr icmp 4
 for more information.
 .It Va icmp_bmcastecho
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to respond to broadcast or multicast ICMP ping packets.
 Refer to
 .Xr icmp 4
 for more information.
 .It Va ip_portrange_first
 .Pq Vt int
 If not set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 this is the first port in the default portrange.
 Refer to
 .Xr ip 4
 for more information.
 .It Va ip_portrange_last
 .Pq Vt int
 If not set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 this is the last port in the default portrange.
 Refer to
 .Xr ip 4
 for more information.
 .It Va network_interfaces
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of network interfaces to configure on this host or
 .Dq Li AUTO
 (the default) for all current interfaces.
 Setting the
 .Va network_interfaces
 variable to anything other than the default is deprecated.
 Interfaces that the administrator wishes to store configuration for,
 but not start at boot should be configured with the
 .Dq Li NOAUTO
 keyword in their
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variables as described below.
 .Pp
 An
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable is also assumed to exist for each value of
 .Ar interface .
 When an interface name contains any of the characters
 .Dq Li .-/+
 they are translated to
 .Dq Li _
 before lookup.
 The variable can contain arguments to
 .Xr ifconfig 8 ,
 as well as special case-insensitive keywords described below.
 Such keywords are removed before passing the value to
 .Xr ifconfig 8
 while the order of the other arguments is preserved.
 .Pp
 It is possible to add IP alias entries using
 .Xr ifconfig 8
 syntax with the address family keyword such as
 .Li inet .
 Assuming that the interface in question was
 .Li ed0 ,
 it might look something like this:
 .Bd -literal
 ifconfig_ed0_alias0="inet 127.0.0.253 netmask 0xffffffff"
 ifconfig_ed0_alias1="inet 127.0.0.254 netmask 0xffffffff"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 It also possible to configure multiple IP addresses in Classless
 Inter-Domain Routing
 .Pq CIDR
 address notation,
 whose each address component can be a range like
 .Li inet 192.0.2.5-23/24
 or
 .Li inet6 2001:db8:1-f::1/64 .
 This notation allows address and prefix length part only,
 not the other address modifiers.
 Note that the maximum number of the generated addresses from a range
 specification is limited to an integer value specified in
 .Va netif_ipexpand_max
 in
 .Xr rc.conf 5
 because a small typo can unexpectedly generate a large number of addresses.
 The default value is
 .Li 2048 .
 It can be increased by adding the following line into
 .Xr rc.conf 5 :
 .Bd -literal
 netif_ipexpand_max="4096"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 In the case of
 .Li 192.0.2.5-23/24 ,
 the address 192.0.2.5 will be configured with the
 netmask /24 and the addresses 192.0.2.6 to 192.0.2.23 with
 the non-conflicting netmask /32 as explained in the
 .Xr ifconfig 8
 alias section.
 Note that this special netmask handling is only for
 .Li inet ,
 not for the other address families such as
 .Li inet6 .
 .Pp
 With the interface in question being
 .Li ed0 ,
 an example could look like:
 .Bd -literal
 ifconfig_ed0_alias2="inet 192.0.2.129/27"
 ifconfig_ed0_alias3="inet 192.0.2.1-5/28"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 and so on.
 .Pp
 Note that
 .Va ipv4_addrs_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable was supported for IPv4 CIDR address notation.
 It is now deprecated because the functionality was integrated into
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns Va _alias Ns Aq Ar n
 though
 .Va ipv4_addrs_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 is still supported for backward compatibility.
 .Pp
 For each
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns Va _alias Ns Aq Ar n
 entry with an address family keyword,
 its contents are passed to
 .Xr ifconfig 8 .
 Execution stops at the first unsuccessful access, so if
 something like this is present:
 .Bd -literal
 ifconfig_ed0_alias0="inet 127.0.0.251 netmask 0xffffffff"
 ifconfig_ed0_alias1="inet 127.0.0.252 netmask 0xffffffff"
 ifconfig_ed0_alias2="inet 127.0.0.253 netmask 0xffffffff"
 ifconfig_ed0_alias4="inet 127.0.0.254 netmask 0xffffffff"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Then note that alias4 would
 .Em not
 be added since the search would
 stop with the missing
 .Dq Li alias3
 entry.
 Because of this difficult to manage behavior,
 there is
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns Va _aliases
 variable, which has the same functionality as
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns Va _alias Ns Aq Ar n
 and can have all of entries in a variable like the following:
 .Bd -literal
 ifconfig_ed0_aliases="\\
 	inet 127.0.0.251 netmask 0xffffffff \\
 	inet 127.0.0.252 netmask 0xffffffff \\
 	inet 127.0.0.253 netmask 0xffffffff \\
 	inet 127.0.0.254 netmask 0xffffffff"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 It also supports CIDR notation.
 .Pp
 If the
 .Pa /etc/start_if. Ns Aq Ar interface
 file is present, it is read and executed by the
 .Xr sh 1
 interpreter
 before configuring the interface as specified in the
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 and
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns Va _alias Ns Aq Ar n
 variables.
 .Pp
 If a
 .Va vlans_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable is set,
 a
 .Xr vlan 4
 interface will be created for each item in the list with the
 .Ar vlandev
 argument set to
 .Ar interface .
 If a vlan interface's name is a number,
 then that number is used as the vlan tag and the new vlan interface is
 named
 .Ar interface . Ns Ar tag .
 Otherwise,
 the vlan tag must be specified via a
 .Va vlan
 parameter in the
 .Va create_args_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable.
 .Pp
 To create a vlan device named
 .Li em0.101
 on
 .Li em0
 with the vlan tag 101 and the optional the IPv4 address 192.0.2.1/24:
 .Bd -literal
 vlans_em0="101"
 ifconfig_em0_101="inet 192.0.2.1/24"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 To create a vlan device named
 .Li myvlan
 on
 .Li em0
 with the vlan tag 102:
 .Bd -literal
 vlans_em0="myvlan"
 create_args_myvlan="vlan 102"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 If a
 .Va wlans_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable is set,
 an
 .Xr wlan 4
 interface will be created for each item in the list with the
 .Ar wlandev
 argument set to
 .Ar interface .
 Further wlan cloning arguments may be passed to the
 .Xr ifconfig 8
 .Cm create
 command by setting the
 .Va create_args_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable.
 One or more
 .Xr wlan 4
 devices must be created for each wireless devices as of
 .Fx 8.0 .
 Debugging flags for
 .Xr wlan 4
 devices as set by
 .Xr wlandebug 8
 may be specified with an
 .Va wlandebug_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable.
 The contents of this variable will be passed directly to
 .Xr wlandebug 8 .
 .Pp
 If the
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 contains the keyword
 .Dq Li NOAUTO
 then the interface will not be configured
 at boot or by
 .Pa /etc/pccard_ether
 when
 .Va network_interfaces
 is set to
 .Dq Li AUTO .
 .Pp
 It is possible to bring up an interface with DHCP by adding
 .Dq Li DHCP
 to the
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable.
 For instance, to initialize the
 .Li ed0
 device via DHCP,
 it is possible to use something like:
 .Bd -literal
 ifconfig_ed0="DHCP"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 If you want to configure your wireless interface with
 .Xr wpa_supplicant 8
 for use with WPA, EAP/LEAP or WEP, you need to add
 .Dq Li WPA
 to the
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable.
 .Pp
 On the other hand, if you want to configure your wireless interface with
 .Xr hostapd 8 ,
 you need to add
 .Dq Li HOSTAP
 to the
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable.
 .Xr hostapd 8
 will use the settings from
 .Pa /etc/hostapd- Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns .conf
 .Pp
 Finally, you can add
 .Xr ifconfig 8
 options in this variable, in addition to the
 .Pa /etc/start_if. Ns Aq Ar interface
 file.
 For instance, to configure an
 .Xr ath 4
 wireless device in station mode with an address obtained
 via DHCP, using WPA authentication and 802.11b mode, it is
 possible to use something like:
 .Bd -literal
 wlans_ath0="wlan0"
 ifconfig_wlan0="DHCP WPA mode 11b"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 In addition to the
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 form, a fallback variable
 .Va ifconfig_DEFAULT
 may be configured.
 It will be used for all interfaces with no
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable.
 This is intended to replace the no longer supported
 .Va pccard_ifconfig
 variable.
 .Pp
 It is also possible to rename an interface by doing:
 .Bd -literal
 ifconfig_ed0_name="net0"
 ifconfig_net0="inet 192.0.2.1 netmask 0xffffff00"
 .Ed
 .It Va ipv6_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 This variable is deprecated.
 Use
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns _ipv6
 and
 .Va ipv6_activate_all_interfaces
 if necessary.
 .Pp
 If the variable is
 .Dq Li YES ,
 .Dq Li inet6 accept_rtadv
 is added to all of
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns _ipv6
 and the
 .Va ipv6_activate_all_interfaces
 is defined as
 .Dq Li YES .
 .It Va ipv6_prefer
 .Pq Vt bool
 This variable is deprecated.
 Use
 .Va ip6addrctl_policy
 instead.
 .Pp
 If the variable is
 .Dq Li YES ,
 the default address selection policy table set by
 .Xr ip6addrctl 8
 will be IPv6-preferred.
 .Pp
 If the variable is
 .Dq Li NO ,
 the default address selection policy table set by
 .Xr ip6addrctl 8
 will be IPv4-preferred.
 .It Va ipv6_activate_all_interfaces
 .Pq Vt bool
 This controls initial configuration on IPv6-capable
 interfaces with no corresponding
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns _ipv6
 variable.
 Note that it is not always necessary to set this variable to
 .Dq YES
 to use IPv6 functionality on
 .Fx .
 In most cases, just configuring
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns _ipv6
 variables works.
 .Pp
 If the variable is
 .Dq Li NO ,
 all interfaces which do not have a corresponding
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns _ipv6
 variable will be marked as
 .Dq Li IFDISABLED
 at creation.
 This means that all of IPv6 functionality on that interface
 is completely disabled to enforce a security policy.
 If the variable is set to
 .Dq YES ,
 the flag will be cleared on all of the interfaces.
 .Pp
 In most cases, just defining an
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns _ipv6
 for an IPv6-capable interface should be sufficient.
 However, if an interface is added dynamically
 .Pq by some tunneling protocols such as PPP, for example ,
 it is often difficult to define the variable in advance.
 In such a case, configuring the
 .Dq Li IFDISABLED
 flag can be disabled by setting this variable to
 .Dq YES .
 .Pp
 For more details of the
 .Dq Li IFDISABLED
 flag and keywords
 .Dq Li inet6 ifdisabled ,
 see
 .Xr ifconfig 8 .
 .Pp
 Default is
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va ipv6_privacy
 .Pq Vt bool
 If the variable is
 .Dq Li YES
 privacy addresses will be generated for each IPv6
 interface as described in RFC 4941.
 .It Va ipv6_network_interfaces
 .Pq Vt str
 This is the IPv6 equivalent of
 .Va network_interfaces .
 Normally manual configuration of this variable is not needed.
 .It Va ipv6_cpe_wanif
 .Pq Vt str
 If the variable is set to an interface name,
 the
 .Xr ifconfig 8
 options
 .Dq inet6 -no_radr accept_rtadv
 will be added to the specified interface automatically before evaluating
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns _ipv6 ,
 and two
 .Xr sysctl 8
 variables
 .Va net.inet6.ip6.rfc6204w3
 and
 .Va net.inet6.ip6.no_radr
 will be set to 1.
 .Pp
 This means the specified interface will accept ICMPv6 Router
 Advertisement messages on that link and add the discovered
 routers into the Default Router List.
 While the other interfaces can still accept RA messages if the
 .Dq inet6 accept_rtadv
 option is specified, adding
 routes into the Default Router List will be disabled by
 .Dq inet6 no_radr
 option by default.
 See
 .Xr ifconfig 8
 for more details.
 .Pp
 Note that ICMPv6 Router Advertisement messages will be
 accepted even when
 .Va net.inet6.ip6.forwarding
 is 1
 .Pq packet forwarding is enabled
 when
 .Va net.inet6.ip6.rfc6204w3
 is set to 1.
 .Pp
 Default is
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns _ipv6
 .Pq Vt str
 IPv6 functionality on an interface should be configured by
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns _ipv6 ,
 instead of setting ifconfig parameters in
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface .
 If this variable is empty, all of IPv6 configurations on the
 specified interface by other variables such as
 .Va ipv6_prefix_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac
 will be ignored.
 .Pp
 Aliases should be set by
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns Va _alias Ns Aq Ar n
 with
 .Dq Li inet6
 keyword.
 For example:
 .Bd -literal
 ifconfig_ed0_ipv6="inet6 2001:db8:1::1 prefixlen 64"
 ifconfig_ed0_alias0="inet6 2001:db8:2::1 prefixlen 64"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Interfaces that have an
 .Dq Li inet6 accept_rtadv
 keyword in
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns _ipv6
 setting will be automatically configured by SLAAC
 .Pq StateLess Address AutoConfiguration
 described in
 .Rs
 .%T "RFC 4862"
 .Re
 .Pp
 Note that a link-local address will be automatically configured in
 addition to the configured global-scope addresses because the IPv6
 specifications require it on each link.
 The address is calculated from the MAC address by using an algorithm
 defined in
 .Rs
 .%T "RFC 4862"
 .%O "Section 5.3"
 .Re
 .Pp
 If only a link-local address is needed on the interface,
 the following configuration can be used:
 .Bd -literal
 ifconfig_ed0_ipv6="inet6 auto_linklocal"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 A link-local address can also be configured manually.
 This is useful for the default router address of an IPv6 router
 so that it does not change when the network interface
 card is replaced.
 For example:
 .Bd -literal
 ifconfig_ed0_ipv6="inet6 fe80::1 prefixlen 64"
 .Ed
 .It Va ipv6_prefix_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 .Pq Vt str
 If one or more prefixes are defined in
 .Va ipv6_prefix_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 addresses based on each prefix and the EUI-64 interface index will be
 configured on that interface.
 Note that this variable will be ignored when
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Ao Ar interface Ac Ns _ipv6
 is empty.
 .Pp
 For example, the following configuration
 .Bd -literal
 ipv6_prefix_ed0="2001:db8:1:0 2001:db8:2:0"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 is equivalent to the following:
 .Bd -literal
 ifconfig_ed0_alias0="inet6 2001:db8:1:: eui64 prefixlen 64"
 ifconfig_ed0_alias1="inet6 2001:db8:1:: prefixlen 64 anycast"
 ifconfig_ed0_alias2="inet6 2001:db8:2:: eui64 prefixlen 64"
 ifconfig_ed0_alias3="inet6 2001:db8:2:: prefixlen 64 anycast"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 These Subnet-Router anycast addresses will be added only when
 .Va ipv6_gateway_enable
 is YES.
 .It Va ipv6_default_interface
 .Pq Vt str
 If not set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 this is the default output interface for scoped addresses.
 This works only with ipv6_gateway_enable="NO".
 .It Va ip6addrctl_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 This variable is to enable configuring default address selection policy table
 .Pq RFC 3484 .
 The table can be specified in another variable
 .Va ip6addrctl_policy .
 For
 .Va ip6addrctl_policy
 the following keywords can be specified:
 .Dq Li ipv4_prefer ,
 .Dq Li ipv6_prefer ,
 or
 .Dq Li AUTO .
 .Pp
 If
 .Dq Li ipv4_prefer
 or
 .Dq Li ipv6_prefer
 is specified,
 .Xr ip6addrctl 8
 installs a pre-defined policy table described in Section 2.1
 .Pq IPv6-preferred
 or 10.3
 .Pq IPv4-preferred
 of RFC 3484.
 .Pp
 If
 .Dq Li AUTO
 is specified, it attempts to read a file
 .Pa /etc/ip6addrctl.conf
 first.
 If this file is found,
 .Xr ip6addrctl 8
 reads and installs it.
 If not found, a policy is automatically set
 according to
 .Va ipv6_activate_all_interfaces
 variable; if the variable is set to
 .Dq Li YES
 the IPv6-preferred one is used.
 Otherwise IPv4-preferred.
 .Pp
 The default value of
 .Va ip6addrctl_enable
 and
 .Va ip6addrctl_policy
 are
 .Dq Li YES
 and
 .Dq Li AUTO ,
 respectively.
 .It Va cloned_interfaces
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of clonable network interfaces to create on this host.
 Further cloning arguments may be passed to the
 .Xr ifconfig 8
 .Cm create
 command for each interface by setting the
 .Va create_args_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable.
 If an interface name is specified with
 .Dq :sticky
 keyword,
 the interface will not be destroyed even when
 .Pa rc.d/netif
 script is invoked with
 .Dq stop
 argument.
 This is useful when reconfiguring the interface without destroying it.
 Entries in
 .Va cloned_interfaces
 are automatically appended to
 .Va network_interfaces
 for configuration.
 .It Va cloned_interfaces_sticky
 .Pq Vt bool
 This variable is to globally enable functionality of
 .Dq :sticky
 keyword in
 .Va cloned_interfaces
 for all interfaces.
 The default value is
 .Dq NO .
 Even if this variable is specified to
 .Dq YES ,
 .Dq :nosticky
 keyword can be used to override it on per interface basis.
 .It Va gif_interfaces
 .Pq Vt str
 This variable is deprecated in favor of
 .Va cloned_interfaces .
 Set to the list of
 .Xr gif 4
 tunnel interfaces to configure on this host.
 A
 .Va gifconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable is assumed to exist for each value of
 .Ar interface .
 The value of this variable is used to configure the link layer of the
 tunnel according to the syntax of the
 .Cm tunnel
 option to
 .Xr ifconfig 8 .
 Additionally, this option ensures that each listed interface is created
 via the
 .Cm create
 option to
 .Xr ifconfig 8
 before attempting to configure it.
 .It Va sppp_interfaces
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of
 .Xr sppp 4
 interfaces to configure on this host.
 A
 .Va spppconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 variable is assumed to exist for each value of
 .Ar interface .
 Each interface should also be configured by a general
 .Va ifconfig_ Ns Aq Ar interface
 setting.
 Refer to
 .Xr spppcontrol 8
 for more information about available options.
 .It Va ppp_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr ppp 8
 daemon.
 .It Va ppp_profile
 .Pq Vt str
 The name of the profile to use from
 .Pa /etc/ppp/ppp.conf .
 Also used for per-profile overrides of
 .Va ppp_mode
 and
 .Va ppp_nat ,
 and
 .Va ppp_ Ns Ao Ar profile Ac Ns _unit .
 When the profile name contains any of the characters
 .Dq Li .-/+
 they are translated to
 .Dq Li _
 for the proposes of the override variable names.
 .It Va ppp_mode
 .Pq Vt str
 Mode in which to run the
 .Xr ppp 8
 daemon.
 .It Va ppp_ Ns Ao Ar profile Ac Ns _mode
 .Pq Vt str
 Overrides the global
 .Va ppp_mode
 for
 .Ar profile .
 Accepted modes are
 .Dq Li auto ,
 .Dq Li ddial ,
 .Dq Li direct
 and
 .Dq Li dedicated .
 See the manual for a full description.
 .It Va ppp_nat
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 enables network address translation.
 Used in conjunction with
 .Va gateway_enable
 allows hosts on private network addresses access to the Internet using
 this host as a network address translating router.
 .It Va ppp_ Ns Ao Ar profile Ac Ns _nat
 .Pq Vt str
 Overrides the global
 .Va ppp_nat
 for
 .Ar profile .
 .It Va ppp_ Ns Ao Ar profile Ac Ns _unit
 .Pq Vt int
 Set the unit number to be used for this profile.
 See the manual description of
 .Fl unit Ns Ar N
 for details.
 .It Va ppp_user
 .Pq Vt str
 The name of the user under which
 .Xr ppp 8
 should be started.
 By
 default,
 .Xr ppp 8
 is started as
 .Dq Li root .
 .It Va rc_conf_files
 .Pq Vt str
 This option is used to specify a list of files that will override
 the settings in
 .Pa /etc/defaults/rc.conf .
 The files will be read in the order in which they are specified and should
 include the full path to the file.
 By default, the files specified are
 .Pa /etc/rc.conf
 and
 .Pa /etc/rc.conf.local
 .It Va zfs_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 .Pa /etc/rc.d/zfs
 will attempt to automatically mount ZFS file systems and initialize ZFS volumes
 (ZVOLs).
 .It Va gptboot_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 .Pa /etc/rc.d/gptboot
 will log if the system successfully (or not) booted from a GPT partition,
 which had the
 .Ar bootonce
 attribute set using
 .Xr gpart 8
 utility.
 .It Va gbde_autoattach_all
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 .Pa /etc/rc.d/gbde
 will attempt to automatically initialize your .bde devices in
 .Pa /etc/fstab .
 .It Va gbde_devices
 .Pq Vt str
 List the devices that the script should try to attach,
 or
 .Dq Li AUTO .
 .It Va gbde_lockdir
 .Pq Vt str
 The directory where the
 .Xr gbde 4
 lockfiles are located.
 The default lockfile directory is
 .Pa /etc .
 .Pp
 The lockfile for each individual
 .Xr gbde 4
 device can be overridden by setting the variable
 .Va gbde_lock_ Ns Aq Ar device ,
 where
 .Ar device
 is the encrypted device without the
 .Dq Pa /dev/
 and
 .Dq Pa .bde
 parts.
 .It Va gbde_attach_attempts
 .Pq Vt int
 Number of times to attempt attaching to a
 .Xr gbde 4
 device, i.e., how many times the user is asked for the pass-phrase.
 Default is 3.
 .It Va geli_devices
 .Pq Vt str
 List of devices to automatically attach on boot.
 Note that .eli devices from
 .Pa /etc/fstab
 are automatically appended to this list.
 .It Va geli_tries
 .Pq Vt int
 Number of times user is asked for the pass-phrase.
 If empty, it will be taken from
 .Va kern.geom.eli.tries
 sysctl variable.
 .It Va geli_default_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Default flags to use by
 .Xr geli 8
 when configuring disk encryption.
 Flags can be configured for every device separately by defining
 .Va geli_ Ns Ao Ar device Ac Ns Va _flags
 variable.
 .It Va geli_autodetach
 .Pq Vt str
 Specifies if GELI devices should be marked for detach on last close after
 file systems are mounted.
 Default is
 .Dq Li YES .
 This can be changed for every device separately by defining
 .Va geli_ Ns Ao Ar device Ac Ns Va _autodetach
 variable.
 .It Va root_rw_mount
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 by default.
 After the file systems are checked at boot time, the root file system
 is remounted as read-write if this is set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 Diskless systems that mount their root file system from a read-only remote
 NFS share should set this to
 .Dq Li NO
 in their
 .Pa rc.conf .
 .It Va fsck_y_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 .Xr fsck 8
 will be run with the
 .Fl y
 flag if the initial preen
 of the file systems fails.
 .It Va background_fsck
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 the system will attempt to run
 .Xr fsck 8
 in the background where possible.
 .It Va background_fsck_delay
 .Pq Vt int
 The amount of time in seconds to sleep before starting a background
 .Xr fsck 8 .
 It defaults to sixty seconds to allow large applications such as
 the X server to start before disk I/O bandwidth is monopolized by
 .Xr fsck 8 .
 If set to a negative number, the background file system check will be
 delayed indefinitely to allow the administrator to run it at a more
 convenient time.
 For example it may be run from
 .Xr cron 8
 by adding a line like
 .Pp
 .Dl "0 4 * * * root /etc/rc.d/bgfsck forcestart"
 .Pp
 to
 .Pa /etc/crontab .
 .It Va netfs_types
 .Pq Vt str
 List of file system types that are network-based.
 This list should generally not be modified by end users.
 Use
 .Va extra_netfs_types
 instead.
 .It Va extra_netfs_types
 .Pq Vt str
 If set to something other than
 .Dq Li NO
 (the default),
 this variable extends the list of file system types
 for which automatic mounting at startup by
 .Xr rc 8
 should be delayed until the network is initialized.
 It should contain
 a whitespace-separated list of network file system descriptor pairs,
 each consisting of a file system type as passed to
 .Xr mount 8
 and a human-readable, one-word description,
 joined with a colon
 .Pq Ql \&: .
 Extending the default list in this way is only necessary
 when third party file system types are used.
 .It Va syslogd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr syslogd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va syslogd_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr syslogd 8
 (default
 .Pa /usr/sbin/syslogd ) .
 .It Va syslogd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va syslogd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to
 .Xr syslogd 8 .
 .It Va inetd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr inetd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va inetd_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr inetd 8
 (default
 .Pa /usr/sbin/inetd ) .
 .It Va inetd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va inetd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to
 .Xr inetd 8 .
 .It Va hastd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr hastd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va hastd_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr hastd 8
 (default
 .Pa /sbin/hastd ) .
 .It Va hastd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va hastd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to
 .Xr hastd 8 .
 .It Va local_unbound_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr unbound 8
 daemon as a local caching resolver.
 .It Va kerberos5_server_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to start a Kerberos 5 authentication server
 at boot time.
 .It Va kerberos5_server
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va kerberos5_server_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES
 this is the path to Kerberos 5 Authentication Server.
 .It Va kerberos5_server_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Empty by default.
 This variable contains additional flags to be passed to the Kerberos 5
 authentication server.
 .It Va kadmind5_server_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to start
 .Xr kadmind 8 ,
 the Kerberos 5 Administration Daemon; set to
 .Dq Li NO
 on a slave server.
 .It Va kadmind5_server
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va kadmind5_server_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES
 this is the path to Kerberos 5 Administration Daemon.
 .It Va kpasswdd_server_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to start
 .Xr kpasswdd 8 ,
 the Kerberos 5 Password-Changing Daemon; set to
 .Dq Li NO
 on a slave server.
 .It Va kpasswdd_server
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va kpasswdd_server_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES
 this is the path to Kerberos 5 Password-Changing Daemon.
 .It Va kfd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to start
 .Xr kfd 8 ,
 the Kerberos 5 ticket forwarding daemon, at the boot time.
 .It Va kfd_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr kfd 8
 (default
 .Pa /usr/libexec/kfd ) .
 .It Va rwhod_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr rwhod 8
 daemon at boot time.
 .It Va rwhod_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va rwhod_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to it.
 .It Va amd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr amd 8
 daemon at boot time.
 .It Va amd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va amd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to it.
 See the
 .Xr amd 8
 manpage for more information.
 .It Va amd_map_program
 .Pq Vt str
 If set,
 the specified program is run to get the list of
 .Xr amd 8
 maps.
 For example, if the
 .Xr amd 8
 maps are stored in NIS, one can set this to
 run
 .Xr ypcat 1
 to get a list of
 .Xr amd 8
 maps from the
 .Pa amd.master
 NIS map.
 .It Va update_motd
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 .Pa /etc/motd
 will be updated at boot time to reflect the kernel release
 being run.
 If set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 .Pa /etc/motd
 will not be updated.
 .It Va nfs_client_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the NFS client daemons at boot time.
 .It Va nfs_access_cache
 .Pq Vt int
 If
 .Va nfs_client_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 this can be set to
 .Dq Li 0
 to disable NFS ACCESS RPC caching, or to the number of seconds for which
 NFS ACCESS
 results should be cached.
 A value of 2-10 seconds will substantially reduce network
 traffic for many NFS operations.
 .It Va nfs_server_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the NFS server daemons at boot time.
 .It Va nfs_server_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va nfs_server_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr nfsd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va nfsv4_server_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If
 .Va nfs_server_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES
 and
 .Va nfsv4_server_enable
 are set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 enable the server for NFSv4 as well as NFSv2 and NFSv3.
 .It Va nfsuserd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If
 .Va nfsuserd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the nfsuserd daemon, which is needed for NFSv4 in order
 to map between user/group names vs uid/gid numbers.
 If
 .Va nfsv4_server_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 this will be forced enabled.
 .It Va nfsuserd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va nfsuserd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr nfsuserd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va nfscbd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If
 .Va nfscbd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the nfscbd daemon, which enables callbacks/delegations for the NFSv4 client.
 .It Va nfscbd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va nfscbd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr nfscbd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va oldnfs_server_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If
 .Va oldnfs_server_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 force the NFS server daemons to run the old NFS server code
 that does not support NFSv4.
 .It Va mountd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 and no
 .Va nfs_server_enable
 is set, start
 .Xr mountd 8 ,
 but not
 .Xr nfsd 8
 daemon.
 It is commonly needed to run CFS without real NFS used.
 .It Va mountd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va mountd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr mountd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va weak_mountd_authentication
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 allow services like PCNFSD to make non-privileged mount
 requests.
 .It Va nfs_reserved_port_only
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 provide NFS services only on a secure port.
 .It Va nfs_bufpackets
 .Pq Vt int
 If set to a number, indicates the number of packets worth of
 socket buffer space to reserve on an NFS client.
 The kernel default is typically 4.
 Using a higher number may be
 useful on gigabit networks to improve performance.
 The minimum value is
 2 and the maximum is 64.
 .It Va rpc_lockd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES
 and also an NFS server or client, run
 .Xr rpc.lockd 8
 at boot time.
 .It Va rpc_lockd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va rpc_lockd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr rpc.lockd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va rpc_statd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES
 and also an NFS server or client, run
 .Xr rpc.statd 8
 at boot time.
 .It Va rpc_statd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va rpc_statd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr rpc.statd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va rpcbind_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr rpcbind 8
 (default
 .Pa /usr/sbin/rpcbind ) .
 .It Va rpcbind_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr rpcbind 8
 service at boot time.
 .It Va rpcbind_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va rpcbind_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr rpcbind 8
 daemon.
 .It Va keyserv_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr keyserv 8
 daemon on boot for running Secure RPC.
 .It Va keyserv_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va keyserv_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to
 .Xr keyserv 8
 daemon.
 .It Va pppoed_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr pppoed 8
 daemon at boot time to provide PPP over Ethernet services.
 .It Va pppoed_ Ns Aq Ar provider
 .Pq Vt str
 .Xr pppoed 8
 listens to requests to this
 .Ar provider
 and ultimately runs
 .Xr ppp 8
 with a
 .Ar system
 argument of the same name.
 .It Va pppoed_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Additional flags to pass to
 .Xr pppoed 8 .
 .It Va pppoed_interface
 .Pq Vt str
 The network interface to run
 .Xr pppoed 8
 on.
 This is mandatory when
 .Va pppoed_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 .It Va timed_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr timed 8
 service at boot time.
 This command is intended for networks of
 machines where a consistent
 .Dq "network time"
 for all hosts must be established.
 This is often useful in large NFS
 environments where time stamps on files are expected to be consistent
 network-wide.
 .It Va timed_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va timed_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr timed 8
 service.
 .It Va ntpdate_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run
 .Xr ntpdate 8
 at system startup.
 This command is intended to
 synchronize the system clock only
 .Em once
 from some standard reference.
 .It Va ntpdate_config
 .Pq Vt str
 Configuration file for
 .Xr ntpdate 8 .
 Default
 .Pa /etc/ntp.conf .
 .It Va ntpdate_hosts
 .Pq Vt str
 A whitespace-separated list of NTP servers to synchronize with at startup.
 The default is to use the servers listed in
 .Va ntpdate_config ,
 if that file exists.
 .It Va ntpdate_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr ntpdate 8
 (default
 .Pa /usr/sbin/ntpdate ) .
 .It Va ntpdate_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va ntpdate_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr ntpdate 8
 command (typically a hostname).
 .It Va ntpd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr ntpd 8
 command at boot time.
 .It Va ntpd_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr ntpd 8
 (default
 .Pa /usr/sbin/ntpd ) .
 .It Va ntpd_config
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr ntpd 8
 configuration file.
 Default
 .Pa /etc/ntp.conf .
 .It Va ntpd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va ntpd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr ntpd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va ntpd_sync_on_start
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 .Xr ntpd 8
 is run with the
 .Fl g
 flag, which syncs the system's clock on startup.
 See
 .Xr ntpd 8
 for more information regarding the
 .Fl g
 option.
 This is a preferred alternative to using
 .Xr ntpdate 8
 or specifying the
 .Va ntpdate_enable
 variable.
 .It Va nis_client_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr ypbind 8
 service at system boot time.
 .It Va nis_client_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va nis_client_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr ypbind 8
 service.
 .It Va nis_ypset_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr ypset 8
 daemon at system boot time.
 .It Va nis_ypset_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va nis_ypset_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr ypset 8
 daemon.
 .It Va nis_server_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr ypserv 8
 daemon at system boot time.
 .It Va nis_server_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va nis_server_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr ypserv 8
 daemon.
 .It Va nis_ypxfrd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr rpc.ypxfrd 8
 daemon at system boot time.
 .It Va nis_ypxfrd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va nis_ypxfrd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr rpc.ypxfrd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va nis_yppasswdd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr rpc.yppasswdd 8
 daemon at system boot time.
 .It Va nis_yppasswdd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va nis_yppasswdd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr rpc.yppasswdd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va rpc_ypupdated_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Nm rpc.ypupdated
 daemon at system boot time.
 .It Va bsnmpd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr bsnmpd 1
 daemon at system boot time.
 Be sure to understand the security implications of running SNMP daemon
 on your host.
 .It Va bsnmpd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va bsnmpd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr bsnmpd 1
 daemon.
 .It Va defaultrouter
 .Pq Vt str
 If not set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 create a default route to this host name or IP address
 (use an IP address if this router is also required to get to the
 name server!).
 .It Va ipv6_defaultrouter
 .Pq Vt str
 The IPv6 equivalent of
 .Va defaultrouter .
 .It Va static_arp_pairs
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of static ARP pairs that are to be added at system
 boot time.
 For each whitespace separated
 .Ar element
 in the value, a
 .Va static_arp_ Ns Aq Ar element
 variable is assumed to exist whose contents will later be passed to a
 .Dq Nm arp Cm -S
 operation.
 For example
 .Bd -literal
 static_arp_pairs="gw"
 static_arp_gw="192.168.1.1 00:01:02:03:04:05"
 .Ed
 .It Va static_ndp_pairs
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of static NDP pairs that are to be added at system
 boot time.
 For each whitespace separated
 .Ar element
 in the value, a
 .Va static_ndp_ Ns Aq Ar element
 variable is assumed to exist whose contents will later be passed to a
 .Dq Nm ndp Cm -s
 operation.
 For example
 .Bd -literal
 static_ndp_pairs="gw"
 static_ndp_gw="2001:db8:3::1 00:01:02:03:04:05"
 .Ed
 .It Va static_routes
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of static routes that are to be added at system
 boot time.
 If not set to
 .Dq Li NO
 then for each whitespace separated
 .Ar element
 in the value, a
 .Va route_ Ns Aq Ar element
 variable is assumed to exist
 whose contents will later be passed to a
 .Dq Nm route Cm add
 operation.
 For example:
 .Bd -literal
 static_routes="ext mcast:gif0 gif0local:gif0"
 route_ext="-net 10.0.0.0/24 -gateway 192.168.0.1"
 route_mcast="-net 224.0.0.0/4 -iface gif0"
 route_gif0local="-host 169.254.1.1 -iface lo0"
 .Ed
 .Pp
 When an
 .Ar element
 is in the form of
 .Li name:ifname ,
 the route is specific to the interface
 .Li ifname .
 .It Va ipv6_static_routes
 .Pq Vt str
 The IPv6 equivalent of
 .Va static_routes .
 If not set to
 .Dq Li NO
 then for each whitespace separated
 .Ar element
 in the value, a
 .Va ipv6_route_ Ns Aq Ar element
 variable is assumed to exist
 whose contents will later be passed to a
 .Dq Nm route Cm add Fl inet6
 operation.
 .It Va natm_static_routes
 .Pq Vt str
 The
 .Xr natmip 4
 equivalent of
 .Va static_routes .
 If not empty then for each whitespace separated
 .Ar element
 in the value, a
 .Va route_ Ns Aq Ar element
 variable is assumed to exist whose contents will later be passed to a
 .Dq Nm atmconfig Cm natm Cm add
 operation.
 .It Va gateway_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 configure host to act as an IP router, e.g.\& to forward packets
 between interfaces.
 .It Va ipv6_gateway_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 The IPv6 equivalent of
 .Va gateway_enable .
 .It Va routed_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run a routing daemon of some sort, based on the
 settings of
 .Va routed_program
 and
 .Va routed_flags .
 .It Va route6d_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 The IPv6 equivalent of
 .Va routed_enable .
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run a routing daemon of some sort, based on the
 settings of
 .Va route6d_program
 and
 .Va route6d_flags .
 .It Va routed_program
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va routed_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 this is the name of the routing daemon to use.
 .It Va route6d_program
 .Pq Vt str
 The IPv6 equivalent of
 .Va routed_program .
 .It Va routed_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va routed_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the routing daemon.
 .It Va route6d_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 The IPv6 equivalent of
 .Va routed_flags .
 .It Va mrouted_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the multicast routing daemon,
 .Xr mrouted 8 .
 .It Va mroute6d_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 The IPv6 equivalent of
 .Va mrouted_enable .
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the IPv6 multicast routing daemon.
 .Pp
 Note that multicast routing daemons are no longer included in the
 .Fx
 base system, however, both
 .Xr mrouted 8
 and
 .Xr pim6dd 8
 may be installed from the
 .Fx
 Ports Collection.
 .It Va mrouted_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va mrouted_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr mrouted 8
 daemon.
 .It Va mroute6d_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 The IPv6 equivalent of
 .Va mrouted_flags .
 If
 .Va mroute6d_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags passed to the IPv6 multicast routing daemon.
 .It Va mroute6d_program
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va mroute6d_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 this is the path to the IPv6 multicast routing daemon.
 .It Va rtadvd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr rtadvd 8
 daemon at boot time.
 The
 .Xr rtadvd 8
 utility sends ICMPv6 Router Advertisement messages to
 the interfaces specified in
 .Va rtadvd_interfaces .
 This should only be enabled with great care.
 You may want to fine-tune
 .Xr rtadvd.conf 5 .
 .It Va rtadvd_interfaces
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va rtadvd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES
 this is the list of interfaces to use.
 .It Va arpproxy_all
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 enable global proxy ARP.
 .It Va forward_sourceroute
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES
 and
 .Va gateway_enable
 is also set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 source-routed packets are forwarded.
 .It Va accept_sourceroute
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 the system will accept source-routed packets directed at it.
 .It Va rarpd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr rarpd 8
 daemon at system boot time.
 .It Va rarpd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va rarpd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr rarpd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va bootparamd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr bootparamd 8
 daemon at system boot time.
 .It Va bootparamd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va bootparamd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr bootparamd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va stf_interface_ipv4addr
 .Pq Vt str
 If not set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 this is the local IPv4 address for 6to4 (IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling
 interface).
 Specify this entry to enable the 6to4 interface.
 .It Va stf_interface_ipv4plen
 .Pq Vt int
 Prefix length for 6to4 IPv4 addresses, to limit peer address range.
 An effective value is 0-31.
 .It Va stf_interface_ipv6_ifid
 .Pq Vt str
 IPv6 interface ID for
 .Xr stf 4 .
 This can be set to
 .Dq Li AUTO .
 .It Va stf_interface_ipv6_slaid
 .Pq Vt str
 IPv6 Site Level Aggregator for
 .Xr stf 4 .
 .It Va ipv6_ipv4mapping
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES
 this enables IPv4 mapped IPv6 address communication (like
 .Li ::ffff:a.b.c.d ) .
 .It Va rtsold_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to enable the
 .Xr rtsold 8
 daemon to send ICMPv6 Router Solicitation messages.
 .It Va rtsold_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va rtsold_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to
 .Xr rtsold 8 .
 .It Va rtsol_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 For interfaces configured with the
 .Dq Li inet6 accept_rtadv
 keyword, these are the flags to pass to
 .Xr rtsol 8 .
 .Pp
 Note that
 .Va rtsold_enable
 is mutually exclusive to
 .Va rtsol_flags ;
 .Va rtsold_enable
 takes precedence.
 .It Va atm_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to enable the configuration of ATM interfaces at system boot time.
 For all of the ATM variables described below, please refer to the
 .Xr atm 8
 manual page for further details on the available command parameters.
 Also refer to the files in
 .Pa /usr/share/examples/atm
 for more detailed configuration information.
 .It Va atm_load
 .Pq Vt str
 This is a list of physical ATM interface drivers to load.
 Typical values are
 .Dq Li hfa_pci
 and/or
 .Dq Li hea_pci .
 .It Va atm_netif_ Ns Aq Ar intf
 .Pq Vt str
 For the ATM physical interface
 .Ar intf ,
 this variable defines the name prefix and count for the ATM network
 interfaces to be created.
 The value will be passed as the parameters of an
 .Dq Nm atm Cm "set netif" Ar intf
 command.
 .It Va atm_sigmgr_ Ns Aq Ar intf
 .Pq Vt str
 For the ATM physical interface
 .Ar intf ,
 this variable defines the ATM signalling manager to be used.
 The value will be passed as the parameters of an
 .Dq Nm atm Cm attach Ar intf
 command.
 .It Va atm_prefix_ Ns Aq Ar intf
 .Pq Vt str
 For the ATM physical interface
 .Ar intf ,
 this variable defines the NSAP prefix for interfaces using a UNI signalling
 manager.
 If set to
 .Dq Li ILMI ,
 the prefix will automatically be set via the
 .Xr ilmid 8
 daemon.
 Otherwise, the value will be passed as the parameters of an
 .Dq Nm atm Cm "set prefix" Ar intf
 command.
 .It Va atm_macaddr_ Ns Aq Ar intf
 .Pq Vt str
 For the ATM physical interface
 .Ar intf ,
 this variable defines the MAC address for interfaces using a UNI signalling
 manager.
 If set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 the hardware MAC address contained in the ATM interface card will be used.
 Otherwise, the value will be passed as the parameters of an
 .Dq Nm atm Cm "set mac" Ar intf
 command.
 .It Va atm_arpserver_ Ns Aq Ar netif
 .Pq Vt str
 For the ATM network interface
 .Ar netif ,
 this variable defines the ATM address for a host which is to provide ATMARP
 service.
 This variable is only applicable to interfaces using a UNI signalling
 manager.
 If set to
 .Dq Li local ,
 this host will become an ATMARP server.
 The value will be passed as the parameters of an
 .Dq Nm atm Cm "set arpserver" Ar netif
 command.
 .It Va atm_scsparp_ Ns Aq Ar netif
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 SCSP/ATMARP service for the network interface
 .Ar netif
 will be initiated using the
 .Xr scspd 8
 and
 .Xr atmarpd 8
 daemons.
 This variable is only applicable if
 .Va atm_arpserver_ Ns Aq Ar netif
 is set to
 .Dq Li local .
 .It Va atm_pvcs
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of ATM PVCs to be added at system
 boot time.
 For each whitespace separated
 .Ar element
 in the value, an
 .Va atm_pvc_ Ns Aq Ar element
 variable is assumed to exist.
 The value of each of these variables
 will be passed as the parameters of an
 .Dq Nm atm Cm "add pvc"
 command.
 .It Va atm_arps
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of permanent ATM ARP entries to be added
 at system boot time.
 For each whitespace separated
 .Ar element
 in the value, an
 .Va atm_arp_ Ns Aq Ar element
 variable is assumed to exist.
 The value of each of these variables
 will be passed as the parameters of an
 .Dq Nm atm Cm "add arp"
 command.
 .It Va natm_interfaces
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of
 .Xr natm 4
 interfaces that will also be used for HARP through
 .Xr harp 4 .
 If this list is not empty all interfaces in the list will be brought up
 with
 .Xr ifconfig 8
 and
 .Xr harp 4
 will be loaded.
 For this to work the interface drivers must be either compiled into the
 kernel or must reside on the root partition.
 .It Va keybell
 .Pq Vt str
 The keyboard bell sound.
 Set to
 .Dq Li normal ,
 .Dq Li visual ,
 .Dq Li off ,
 or
 .Dq Li NO
 if the default behavior is desired.
 For details, refer to the
 .Xr kbdcontrol 1
 manpage.
 .It Va keyboard
 .Pq Vt str
 If set to a non-null string, the virtual console's keyboard input is
 set to this device.
 .It Va keymap
 .Pq Vt str
 If set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 no keymap is installed, otherwise the value is used to install
 the keymap file found in
 .Pa /usr/share/syscons/keymaps/ Ns Ao Ar value Ac Ns Pa .kbd
 (if using
 .Xr syscons 4 ) or
 .Pa /usr/share/vt/keymaps/ Ns Ao Ar value Ac Ns Pa .kbd
 (if using
 .Xr vt 4 ) .
 .It Va keyrate
 .Pq Vt str
 The keyboard repeat speed.
 Set to
 .Dq Li slow ,
 .Dq Li normal ,
 .Dq Li fast ,
 or
 .Dq Li NO
 if the default behavior is desired.
 .It Va keychange
 .Pq Vt str
 If not set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 attempt to program the function keys with the value.
 The value should
 be a single string of the form:
 .Dq Ar funkey_number new_value Op Ar funkey_number new_value ... .
 .It Va cursor
 .Pq Vt str
 Can be set to the value of
 .Dq Li normal ,
 .Dq Li blink ,
 .Dq Li destructive ,
 or
 .Dq Li NO
 to set the cursor behavior explicitly or choose the default behavior.
 .It Va scrnmap
 .Pq Vt str
 If set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 no screen map is installed, otherwise the value is used to install
 the screen map file in
 .Pa /usr/share/syscons/scrnmaps/ Ns Aq Ar value .
 This parameter is ignored when using
 .Xr vt 4
 as the console driver.
 .It Va font8x16
 .Pq Vt str
 If set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 the default 8x16 font value is used for screen size requests, otherwise
 the value in
 .Pa /usr/share/syscons/fonts/ Ns Aq Ar value
 or
 .Pa /usr/share/vt/fonts/ Ns Aq Ar value
 is used (depending on the console driver being used).
 .It Va font8x14
 .Pq Vt str
 If set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 the default 8x14 font value is used for screen size requests, otherwise
 the value in
 .Pa /usr/share/syscons/fonts/ Ns Aq Ar value
 or
 .Pa /usr/share/vt/fonts/ Ns Aq Ar value
 is used (depending on the console driver being used).
 .It Va font8x8
 .Pq Vt str
 If set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 the default 8x8 font value is used for screen size requests, otherwise
 the value in
 .Pa /usr/share/syscons/fonts/ Ns Aq Ar value
 or
 .Pa /usr/share/vt/fonts/ Ns Aq Ar value
 is used (depending on the console driver being used).
 .It Va blanktime
 .Pq Vt int
 If set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 the default screen blanking interval is used, otherwise it is set
 to
 .Ar value
 seconds.
 .It Va saver
 .Pq Vt str
 If not set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 this is the actual screen saver to use
 .Li ( blank , snake , daemon ,
 etc).
 .It Va moused_nondefault_enable
 .Pq Vt str
 If set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 the mouse device specified on
 the command line is not automatically treated as enabled by the
 .Pa /etc/rc.d/moused
 script.
 Having this variable set to
 .Dq Li YES
 allows a
 .Xr usb 4
 mouse,
 for example,
 to be enabled as soon as it is plugged in.
 .It Va moused_enable
 .Pq Vt str
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 the
 .Xr moused 8
 daemon is started for doing cut/paste selection on the console.
 .It Va moused_type
 .Pq Vt str
 This is the protocol type of the mouse connected to this host.
 This variable must be set if
 .Va moused_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 The
 .Xr moused 8
 daemon
 is able to detect the appropriate mouse type automatically in many cases.
 Set this variable to
 .Dq Li auto
 to let the daemon detect it, or
 select one from the following list if the automatic detection fails.
 .Pp
 If the mouse is attached to the PS/2 mouse port, choose
 .Dq Li auto
 or
 .Dq Li ps/2 ,
 regardless of the brand and model of the mouse.
 Likewise, if the
 mouse is attached to the bus mouse port, choose
 .Dq Li auto
 or
 .Dq Li busmouse .
 All other protocols are for serial mice and will not work with
 the PS/2 and bus mice.
 If this is a USB mouse,
 .Dq Li auto
 is the only protocol type which will work.
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width ".Li x10mouseremote" -compact
 .It Li microsoft
 Microsoft mouse (serial)
 .It Li intellimouse
 Microsoft IntelliMouse (serial)
 .It Li mousesystems
 Mouse systems Corp.\& mouse (serial)
 .It Li mmseries
 MM Series mouse (serial)
 .It Li logitech
 Logitech mouse (serial)
 .It Li busmouse
 A bus mouse
 .It Li mouseman
 Logitech MouseMan and TrackMan (serial)
 .It Li glidepoint
 ALPS GlidePoint (serial)
 .It Li thinkingmouse
 Kensington ThinkingMouse (serial)
 .It Li ps/2
 PS/2 mouse
 .It Li mmhittab
 MM HitTablet (serial)
 .It Li x10mouseremote
 X10 MouseRemote (serial)
 .It Li versapad
 Interlink VersaPad (serial)
 .El
 .Pp
 Even if the mouse is not in the above list, it may be compatible
 with one in the list.
 Refer to the manual page for
 .Xr moused 8
 for compatibility information.
 .Pp
 It should also be noted that while this is enabled, any
 other client of the mouse (such as an X server) should access
 the mouse through the virtual mouse device,
 .Pa /dev/sysmouse ,
 and configure it as a
 .Dq Li sysmouse
 type mouse, since all
 mouse data is converted to this single canonical format when
 using
 .Xr moused 8 .
 If the client program does not support the
 .Dq Li sysmouse
 type,
 specify the
 .Dq Li mousesystems
 type.
 It is the second preferred type.
 .It Va moused_port
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va moused_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 this is the actual port the mouse is on.
 It might be
 .Pa /dev/cuau0
 for a COM1 serial mouse,
 .Pa /dev/psm0
 for a PS/2 mouse or
 .Pa /dev/mse0
 for a bus mouse, for example.
 .It Va moused_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va moused_flags
 is set, its value is used as an additional set of flags to pass to the
 .Xr moused 8
 daemon.
 .It Va "moused_" Ns Ar XXX Ns Va "_flags"
 When
 .Va moused_nondefault_enable
 is enabled, and a
 .Xr moused 8
 daemon is started for a non-default port, the
 .Va "moused_" Ns Ar XXX Ns Va "_flags"
 set of options has precedence over and replaces the default
 .Va moused_flags
 (where
 .Ar XXX
 is the name of the non-default port, i.e.,\&
 .Ar ums0 ) .
 By setting
 .Va "moused_" Ns Ar XXX Ns Va "_flags"
 it is possible to set up a different set of default flags for each
 .Xr moused 8
 instance.
 For example, you can use
 .Dq Li "-3"
 for the default
 .Va moused_flags
 to make your laptop's touchpad more comfortable to use,
 but an empty set of options for
 .Va moused_ums0_flags
 when your
 .Xr usb 4
 mouse has three or more buttons.
 .It Va mousechar_start
 .Pq Vt int
 If set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 the default mouse cursor character range
 .Li 0xd0 Ns - Ns Li 0xd3
 is used,
 otherwise the range start is set
 to
 .Ar value
 character, see
 .Xr vidcontrol 1 .
 Use if the default range is occupied in the language code table.
 .It Va allscreens_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If set,
 .Xr vidcontrol 1
 is run with these options for each of the virtual terminals
 .Pq Pa /dev/ttyv* .
 For example,
 .Dq Fl m Cm on
 will enable the mouse pointer on all virtual terminals
 if
 .Va moused_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES .
 .It Va allscreens_kbdflags
 .Pq Vt str
 If set,
 .Xr kbdcontrol 1
 is run with these options for each of the virtual terminals
 .Pq Pa /dev/ttyv* .
 For example,
 .Dq Fl h Li 200
 will set the
 .Xr syscons 4
 or
 .Xr vt 4
 scrollback (history) buffer to 200 lines.
 .It Va cron_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr cron 8
 daemon at system boot time.
 .It Va cron_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr cron 8
 (default
 .Pa /usr/sbin/cron ) .
 .It Va cron_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va cron_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to
 .Xr cron 8 .
 .It Va cron_dst
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 enable the special handling of transitions to and from the
 Daylight Saving Time in
 .Xr cron 8
 (equivalent to using the flag
 .Fl s ) .
 .It Va lpd_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr lpd 8
 (default
 .Pa /usr/sbin/lpd ) .
 .It Va lpd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr lpd 8
 daemon at system boot time.
 .It Va lpd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va lpd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr lpd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va chkprintcap_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run the
 .Xr chkprintcap 8
 command before starting the
 .Xr lpd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va chkprintcap_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va lpd_enable
 and
 .Va chkprintcap_enable
 are set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr chkprintcap 8
 program.
 The default is
 .Dq Li -d ,
 which causes missing directories to be created.
 .It Va mta_start_script
 .Pq Vt str
 This variable specifies the full path to the script to run to start
 a mail transfer agent.
 The default is
 .Pa /etc/rc.sendmail .
 The
 .Va sendmail_*
 variables which
 .Pa /etc/rc.sendmail
 uses are documented in the
 .Xr rc.sendmail 8
 manual page.
 .It Va dumpdev
 .Pq Vt str
 Indicates the device (usually a swap partition) to which a crash dump
 should be written in the event of a system crash.
 If the value of this variable is
 .Dq Li AUTO ,
 the first suitable swap device listed in
 .Pa /etc/fstab
 will be used as dump device.
 Otherwise, the value of this variable is passed as the argument to
 .Xr dumpon 8 .
 To disable crash dumps, set this variable to
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va dumpdir
 .Pq Vt str
 When the system reboots after a crash and a crash dump is found on the
 device specified by the
 .Va dumpdev
 variable,
 .Xr savecore 8
 will save that crash dump and a copy of the kernel to the directory
 specified by the
 .Va dumpdir
 variable.
 The default value is
 .Pa /var/crash .
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 to not run
 .Xr savecore 8
 at boot time when
 .Va dumpdir
 is set.
 .It Va savecore_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If crash dumps are enabled, these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr savecore 8
 utility.
 .It Va quota_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to turn on user and group disk quotas on system startup via the
 .Xr quotaon 8
 command for all file systems marked as having quotas enabled in
 .Pa /etc/fstab .
 The kernel must be built with
 .Cd "options QUOTA"
 for disk quotas to function.
 .It Va check_quotas
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to enable user and group disk quota checking via the
 .Xr quotacheck 8
 command.
 .It Va quotacheck_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va quota_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 and
 .Va check_quotas
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr quotacheck 8
 utility.
 The default is
 .Dq Li "-a" ,
 which checks quotas for all file systems with quotas enabled in
 .Pa /etc/fstab .
 .It Va quotaon_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va quota_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr quotaon 8
 utility.
 The default is
 .Dq Li "-a" ,
 which enables quotas for all file systems with quotas enabled in
 .Pa /etc/fstab .
 .It Va quotaoff_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va quota_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr quotaoff 8
 utility when shutting down the quota system.
 The default is
 .Dq Li "-a" ,
 which disables quotas for all file systems with quotas enabled in
 .Pa /etc/fstab .
 .It Va accounting_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to enable system accounting through the
 .Xr accton 8
 facility.
 .It Va ibcs2_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to enable iBCS2 (SCO) binary emulation at system initial boot
 time.
 .It Va ibcs2_loaders
 .Pq Vt str
 If not set to
 .Dq Li NO
 and if
 .Va ibcs2_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 this specifies a list of additional iBCS2 loaders to enable.
 .It Va firstboot_sentinel
 .Pq Vt str
 This variable specifies the full path to a
 .Dq first boot
 sentinel file.
 If a file exists with this path,
 .Pa rc.d
 scripts with the
 .Dq firstboot
 keyword will be run on startup and the sentinel file will be deleted
 after the boot process completes.
 The sentinel file must be located on a writable file system which is
 mounted no later than
 .Va early_late_divider
 to function properly.
 The default is
 .Pa /firstboot .
 .It Va linux_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to enable Linux/ELF binary emulation at system initial
 boot time.
 .It Va svr4_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 enable SysVR4 emulation at boot time.
 .It Va sysvipc_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 load System V IPC primitives at boot time.
 .It Va clear_tmp_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to have
 .Pa /tmp
 cleaned at startup.
 .It Va clear_tmp_X
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 to disable removing of X11 lock files,
 and the removal and (secure) recreation
 of the various socket directories for X11
 related programs.
 .It Va ldconfig_paths
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of shared library paths to use with
 .Xr ldconfig 8 .
 NOTE:
 .Pa /usr/lib
 will always be added first, so it need not appear in this list.
 .It Va ldconfig32_paths
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of 32-bit compatibility shared library paths to
 use with
 .Xr ldconfig 8 .
 .It Va ldconfig_paths_aout
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of shared library paths to use with
 .Xr ldconfig 8
 legacy
 .Xr a.out 5
 support.
 .It Va ldconfig_insecure
 .Pq Vt bool
 The
 .Xr ldconfig 8
 utility normally refuses to use directories
 which are writable by anyone except root.
 Set this variable to
 .Dq Li YES
 to disable that security check during system startup.
 .It Va ldconfig_local_dirs
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of local
 .Xr ldconfig 8
 directories.
 The names of all files in the directories listed will be
 passed as arguments to
 .Xr ldconfig 8 .
 .It Va ldconfig_local32_dirs
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of local 32-bit compatibility
 .Xr ldconfig 8
 directories.
 The names of all files in the directories listed will be
 passed as arguments to
 .Dq Nm ldconfig Fl 32 .
 .It Va kern_securelevel_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to set the kernel security level at system startup.
 .It Va kern_securelevel
 .Pq Vt int
 The kernel security level to set at startup.
 The allowed range of
 .Ar value
 ranges from \-1 (the compile time default) to 3 (the
 most secure).
 See
 .Xr security 7
 for the list of possible security levels and their effect
 on system operation.
 .It Va sshd_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to the SSH server program
 .Pa ( /usr/sbin/sshd
 is the default).
 .It Va sshd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to start
 .Xr sshd 8
 at system boot time.
 .It Va sshd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va sshd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr sshd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va ftpd_program
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to the FTP server program
 .Pa ( /usr/libexec/ftpd
 is the default).
 .It Va ftpd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to start
 .Xr ftpd 8
 as a stand-alone daemon at system boot time.
 .It Va ftpd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va ftpd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the additional flags to pass to the
 .Xr ftpd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va watchdogd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 start the
 .Xr watchdogd 8
 daemon at boot time.
 This requires that the kernel have been compiled with a
 .Xr watchdog 4
 compatible device.
 .It Va watchdogd_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va watchdogd_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags passed to the
 .Xr watchdogd 8
 daemon.
 .It Va devfs_rulesets
 .Pq Vt str
 List of files containing sets of rules for
 .Xr devfs 8 .
 .It Va devfs_system_ruleset
 .Pq Vt str
 Rule name(s) to apply to the system
 .Pa /dev
 itself.
 .It Va devfs_set_rulesets
 .Pq Vt str
 Pairs of already-mounted
 .Pa dev
 directories and rulesets that should be applied to them.
 For example: /mount/dev=ruleset_name
 .It Va devfs_load_rulesets
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set, always load the default rulesets listed in
 .Va devfs_rulesets .
 .It Va performance_cx_lowest
 .Pq Vt str
 CPU idle state to use while on AC power.
 The string
 .Dq Li LOW
 indicates that
 .Xr acpi 4
 should use the lowest power state available while
 .Dq Li HIGH
 indicates that the lowest latency state (less power savings) should be used.
 .It Va performance_cpu_freq
 .Pq Vt str
 CPU clock frequency to use while on AC power.
 The string
 .Dq Li LOW
 indicates that
 .Xr cpufreq 4
 should use the lowest frequency available while
 .Dq Li HIGH
 indicates that the highest frequency (less power savings) should be used.
 .It Va economy_cx_lowest
 .Pq Vt str
 CPU idle state to use when off AC power.
 The string
 .Dq Li LOW
 indicates that
 .Xr acpi 4
 should use the lowest power state available while
 .Dq Li HIGH
 indicates that the lowest latency state (less power savings) should be used.
 .It Va economy_cpu_freq
 .Pq Vt str
 CPU clock frequency to use when off AC power.
 The string
 .Dq Li LOW
 indicates that
 .Xr cpufreq 4
 should use the lowest frequency available while
 .Dq Li HIGH
 indicates that the highest frequency (less power savings) should be used.
 .It Va jail_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li NO ,
 any configured jails will not be started.
 .It Va jail_conf
 .Pq Vt str
 The configuration filename used by
 .Xr jail 8
 utility.
 The default value is
 .Pa /etc/jail.conf .
 .It Va jail_parallel_start
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 all configured jails will be started in the background (in parallel).
 .It Va jail_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 Unset by default.
 When set, use as default value for
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _flags
 for every jail in
 .Va jail_list .
 .It Va jail_list
 .Pq Vt str
 A space separated list of names for jails.
 If this variable is empty,
 all of
 .Xr jail 8
 instances in the configuration file will be configured.
 This is purely a configuration aid to help identify and
 configure multiple jails.
 The names specified in this list will be used to
 identify settings common to an instance of a jail,
 and should contain alphanumeric characters only.
 The literal jail name of
 .Dq Li 0
 .Pq zero
 is not allowed.
 .It Va jail_* variables
 Note that older releases supported per-jail configuration via
 .Xr rc.conf 5
 variables.
 For example,
 hostname of a jail named
 .Li vjail
 was able to be set by
 .Li jail_vjail_hostname .
 These per-jail configuration variables are now obsolete in favor of
 .Xr jail 8
 configuration file.
 For backward compatibility,
 when per-jail configuration variables are defined,
 .Xr jail 8
 configuration files are created as
 .Pa /var/run/jail. Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Pa .conf
 and used.
 .Pp
 The following per-jail parameters are handled by
 .Pa rc.d/jail
 script out of their corresponding
 .Nm
 variables.
 In addition to them, parameters in
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _parameters
 will be added to the configuration file.
 They must be a semi-colon
 .Pq Ql \&;
 delimited list of
 .Dq key=value .
 For more details,
 see
 .Xr jail 8
 manual page.
 .Bl  -tag -width "host.hostname" -offset indent
 .It Li path
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _rootdir
 .It Li host.hostname
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _hostname
 .It Li exec.consolelog
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _consolelog .
 The default value is
 .Pa /var/log/jail_ Ao Ar jname Ac Pa _console.log .
 .It Li interface
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _interface .
 .It Li vnet.interface
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _vnet_interface .
 This implies
 .Li vnet
 parameter will be enabled and cannot be specified with
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _interface ,
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _ip
 and/or
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _ip_multi Ns Aq Ar n
 at the same time.
 .It Li fstab
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _fstab
 .It Li mount
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _procfs_enable .
 .It Li exec.fib
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _fib
 .It Li exec.start
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _exec_start .
 The parameter name was
 .Li command
 in some older releases.
 .It Li exec.prestart
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _exec_prestart
 .It Li exec.poststart
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _exec_poststart
 .It Li exec.stop
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _exec_stop
 .It Li exec.prestop
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _exec_prestop
 .It Li exec.poststop
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _exec_poststop
 .It Li ip4.addr
 set if
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _ip
 or
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _ip_multi Ns Aq Ar n
 contain IPv4 addresses
 .It Li ip6.addr
 set if
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _ip
 or
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _ip_multi Ns Aq Ar n
 contain IPv6 addresses
 .It Li allow.mount
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _mount_enable
 .It Li mount.devfs
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _devfs_enable
 .It Li devfs_ruleset
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _devfs_ruleset .
 This must be an integer,
 not a string.
 .It Li mount.fdescfs
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _fdescfs_enable
 .It Li allow.set_hostname
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _set_hostname_allow
 .It Li allow.rawsocket
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _socket_unixiproute_only
 .It Li allow.sysvipc
 set from
 .Va jail_ Ns Ao Ar jname Ac Ns Va _sysvipc_allow
 .El
 .\" -----------------------------------------------------
 .It Va harvest_interrupt
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to use hardware interrupts as an entropy source.
 Refer to
 .Xr random 4
 for more information.
 .It Va harvest_ethernet
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to use LAN traffic as an entropy source.
 Refer to
 .Xr random 4
 for more information.
 .It Va harvest_p_to_p
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to use serial line traffic as an entropy source.
 Refer to
 .Xr random 4
 for more information.
 .It Va entropy_dir
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 to disable caching entropy via
 .Xr cron 8 .
 Otherwise set to the directory used to store entropy files in.
 .It Va entropy_file
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 to disable caching entropy through reboots.
 Otherwise set to the filename used to store cached entropy through
 reboots.
 This file should be located on the root file system to seed the
 .Xr random 4
 device as early as possible in the boot process.
 .It Va entropy_save_sz
 .Pq Vt int
 Size of the entropy cache files saved by
 .Nm save-entropy
 periodically.
 .It Va entropy_save_num
 .Pq Vt int
 Number of entropy cache files to save by
 .Nm save-entropy
 periodically.
 .It Va ipsec_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to run
 .Xr setkey 8
 on
 .Va ipsec_file
 at boot time.
 .It Va ipsec_file
 .Pq Vt str
 Configuration file for
 .Xr setkey 8 .
 .It Va dmesg_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to save
 .Xr dmesg 8
 to
 .Pa /var/run/dmesg.boot
 on boot.
 .It Va rcshutdown_timeout
 .Pq Vt int
 If set, start a watchdog timer in the background which will terminate
 .Pa rc.shutdown
 if
 .Xr shutdown 8
 has not completed within the specified time (in seconds).
 Notice that in addition to this soft timeout,
 .Xr init 8
 also applies a hard timeout for the execution of
 .Pa rc.shutdown .
 This is configured via
 .Xr sysctl 8
 variable
 .Va kern.init_shutdown_timeout
 and defaults to 120 seconds.
 Setting the value of
 .Va rcshutdown_timeout
 to more than 120 seconds will have no effect until the
 .Xr sysctl 8
 variable
 .Va kern.init_shutdown_timeout
 is also increased.
 .It Va virecover_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li NO
 to prevent the system from trying to
 recover pre-maturely terminated
 .Xr vi 1
 sessions.
 .It Va ugidfw_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to load the
 .Xr mac_bsdextended 4
 module upon system initialization and load a default
 ruleset file.
 .It Va bsdextended_script
 .Pq Vt str
 The default
 .Xr mac_bsdextended 4
 ruleset file to load.
 The default value of this variable is
 .Pa /etc/rc.bsdextended .
 .It Va newsyslog_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 run
 .Xr newsyslog 8
 command at startup.
 .It Va newsyslog_flags
 .Pq Vt str
 If
 .Va newsyslog_enable
 is set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 these are the flags to pass to the
 .Xr newsyslog 8
 program.
 The default is
 .Dq Li -CN ,
 which causes log files flagged with a
 .Cm C
 to be created.
 .It Va mdconfig_md Ns Aq Ar X
 .Pq Vt str
 Arguments to
 .Xr mdconfig 8
 for
 .Xr md 4
 device
 .Ar X .
 At minimum a
 .Fl t Ar type
 must be specified and either a
 .Fl s Ar size
 for malloc or swap backed
 .Xr md 4
 devices or a
 .Fl f Ar file
 for vnode backed
 .Xr md 4
 devices.
 Note that
 .Va mdconfig_md Ns Aq Ar X
 variables are evaluated until one variable is unset or null.
 .It Va mdconfig_md Ns Ao Ar X Ac Ns Va _newfs
 .Pq Vt str
 Optional arguments passed to
 .Xr newfs 8
 to initialize
 .Xr md 4
 device
 .Ar X .
 .It Va mdconfig_md Ns Ao Ar X Ac Ns Va _owner
 .Pq Vt str
 An ownership specification passed to
 .Xr chown 8
 after the specified
 .Xr md 4
 device
 .Ar X
 has been mounted.
 Both the
 .Xr md 4
 device and the mount point will be changed.
 .It Va mdconfig_md Ns Ao Ar X Ac Ns Va _perms
 .Pq Vt str
 A mode string passed to
 .Xr chmod 1
 after the specified
 .Xr md 4
 device
 .Ar X
 has been mounted.
 Both the
 .Xr md 4
 device and the mount point will be changed.
 .It Va mdconfig_md Ns Ao Ar X Ac Ns Va _files
 .Pq Vt str
 Files to be copied to the mount point of the
 .Xr md 4
 device
 .Ar X
 after it has been mounted.
 .It Va mdconfig_md Ns Ao Ar X Ac Ns Va _cmd
 .Pq Vt str
 Command to execute after the specified
 .Xr md 4
 device
 .Ar X
 has been mounted.
 Note that the command is passed to
 .Ic eval
 and that both
 .Va _dev
 and
 .Va _mp
 variables can be used to reference respectively the
 .Xr md 4
 device and the mount point.
 Assuming that the
 .Xr md 4
 device is
 .Li md0 ,
 one could set the following:
 .Bd -literal
 mdconfig_md0_cmd="tar xfzC /var/file.tgz \e${_mp}"
 .Ed
 .It Va autobridge_interfaces
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to the list of bridge interfaces that will have newly arriving interfaces
 checked against to be automatically added.
 If not set to
 .Dq Li NO
 then for each whitespace separated
 .Ar element
 in the value, a
 .Va autobridge_ Ns Aq Ar element
 variable is assumed to exist which has a whitespace separated list of interface
 names to match, these names can use wildcards.
 For example:
 .Bd -literal
 autobridge_interfaces="bridge0"
 autobridge_bridge0="tap* dc0 vlan[345]"
 .Ed
 .It Va mixer_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 enable support for sound mixer.
 .It Va hcsecd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 enable Bluetooth security daemon.
 .It Va hcsecd_config
 .Pq Vt str
 Configuration file for
 .Xr hcsecd 8 .
 Default
 .Pa /etc/bluetooth/hcsecd.conf .
 .It Va sdpd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 enable Bluetooth Service Discovery Protocol daemon.
 .It Va sdpd_control
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to
 .Xr sdpd 8
 control socket.
 Default
 .Pa /var/run/sdp .
 .It Va sdpd_groupname
 .Pq Vt str
 Sets
 .Xr sdpd 8
 group to run as after it initializes.
 Default
 .Dq Li nobody .
 .It Va sdpd_username
 .Pq Vt str
 Sets
 .Xr sdpd 8
 user to run as after it initializes.
 Default
 .Dq Li nobody .
 .It Va bthidd_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 enable Bluetooth Human Interface Device daemon.
 .It Va bthidd_config
 .Pq Vt str
 Configuration file for
 .Xr bthidd 8 .
 Default
 .Pa /etc/bluetooth/bthidd.conf .
 .It Va bthidd_hids
 .Pq Vt str
 Path to a file, where
 .Xr bthidd 8
 will store information about known HID devices.
 Default
 .Pa /var/db/bthidd.hids .
 .It Va rfcomm_pppd_server_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 enable Bluetooth RFCOMM PPP wrapper daemon.
 .It Va rfcomm_pppd_server_profile
 .Pq Vt str
 The name of the profile to use from
 .Pa /etc/ppp/ppp.conf .
 Multiple profiles can be specified here.
 Also used to specify per-profile overrides.
 When the profile name contains any of the characters
 .Dq Li .-/+
 they are translated to
 .Dq Li _
 for the proposes of the override variable names.
 .It Va rfcomm_pppd_server_ Ns Ao Ar profile Ac Ns _bdaddr
 .Pq Vt str
 Overrides local address to listen on.
 By default
 .Xr rfcomm_pppd 8
 will listen on
 .Dq Li ANY
 address.
 The address can be specified as BD_ADDR or name.
 .It Va rfcomm_pppd_server_ Ns Ao Ar profile Ac Ns _channel
 .Pq Vt str
 Overrides local RFCOMM channel to listen on.
 By default
 .Xr rfcomm_pppd 8
 will listen on RFCOMM channel 1.
 Must set properly if multiple profiles used in the same time.
 .It Va rfcomm_pppd_server_ Ns Ao Ar profile Ac Ns _register_sp
 .Pq Vt bool
 Tells
 .Xr rfcomm_pppd 8
 if it should register Serial Port service on the specified RFCOMM channel.
 Default
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va rfcomm_pppd_server_ Ns Ao Ar profile Ac Ns _register_dun
 .Pq Vt bool
 Tells
 .Xr rfcomm_pppd 8
 if it should register Dial-Up Networking service on the specified
 RFCOMM channel.
 Default
 .Dq Li NO .
 .It Va ubthidhci_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 change the USB Bluetooth controller from HID mode to HCI mode.
 You also need to specify the location of USB Bluetooth controller with the
 .Va ubthidhci_busnum
 and
 .Va ubthidhci_addr
 variables.
 .It Va ubthidhci_busnum
 Bus number where the USB Bluetooth controller is located.
 Check the output of
 .Xr usbconfig 8
 on your system to find this information.
 .It Va ubthidhci_addr
 Bus address of the USB Bluetooth controller.
 Check the output of
 .Xr usbconfig 8
 on your system to find this information.
 .It Va netwait_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 If set to
 .Dq Li YES ,
 delays the start of network-reliant services until
 .Va netwait_if
 is up and ICMP packets to a destination defined in
 .Va netwait_ip
 are flowing.
 Link state is examined first, followed by
 .Dq Li pinging
 an IP address to verify network usability.
 If no destination can be reached or timeouts are exceeded,
 network services are started anyway with no guarantee that
 the network is usable.
 Use of this variable requires both
 .Va netwait_ip
 and
 .Va netwait_if
 to be set.
 .It Va netwait_ip
 .Pq Vt str
 Empty by default.
 This variable contains a space-delimited list of IP addresses to
 .Xr ping 8 .
 DNS hostnames should not be used as resolution is not guaranteed
 to be functional at this point.
 If multiple IP addresses are specified,
 each will be tried until one is successful or the list is exhausted.
 .It Va netwait_timeout
 .Pq Vt int
 Indicates the total number of seconds to perform a
 .Dq Li ping
 against each IP address in
 .Va netwait_ip ,
 at a rate of one ping per second.
 If any of the pings are successful,
 full network connectivity is considered reliable.
 The default is 60.
 .It Va netwait_if
 .Pq Vt str
 Empty by default.
 Defines the name of the network interface on which watch for link.
 .Xr ifconfig 8
 is used to monitor the interface, looking for
 .Dq Li status: no carrier .
 Once gone, the link is considered up.
 This can be a
 .Xr vlan 4
 interface if desired.
 .It Va netwait_if_timeout
 .Pq Vt int
 Defines the total number of seconds to wait for link to become usable,
 polled at a 1-second interval.
 The default is 30.
 .It Va rctl_enable
 .Pq Vt bool
 Set to
 .Dq Li YES
 to load
 .Xr rctl 8
 rules from the defined ruleset.
 The kernel must be built with
 .Cd "options RACCT"
 and
 .Cd "options RCTL" .
 .It Va rctl_rules
 .Pq Vt str
 Set to
 .Pa /etc/rctl.conf
 by default.
 This variables contains the
 .Xr rctl.conf 5
 ruleset to load for
 .Xr rctl 8 .
 .El
 .Sh FILES
 .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /etc/defaults/rc.conf" -compact
 .It Pa /etc/defaults/rc.conf
 .It Pa /etc/rc.conf
 .It Pa /etc/rc.conf.local
 .El
 .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr catman 1 ,
 .Xr chmod 1 ,
 .Xr gdb 1 ,
 .Xr info 1 ,
 .Xr kbdcontrol 1 ,
 .Xr makewhatis 1 ,
 .Xr sh 1 ,
 .Xr vi 1 ,
 .Xr vidcontrol 1 ,
 .Xr bridge 4 ,
 .Xr dummynet 4 ,
 .Xr ip 4 ,
 .Xr ipf 4 ,
 .Xr ipfw 4 ,
 .Xr ipnat 4 ,
 .Xr kld 4 ,
 .Xr pf 4 ,
 .Xr pflog 4 ,
 .Xr pfsync 4 ,
 .Xr tcp 4 ,
 .Xr udp 4 ,
 .Xr exports 5 ,
 .Xr fstab 5 ,
 .Xr ipf 5 ,
 .Xr ipnat 5 ,
 .Xr jail.conf 5 ,
 .Xr motd 5 ,
 .Xr newsyslog.conf 5 ,
 .Xr pf.conf 5 ,
 .Xr security 7 ,
 .Xr accton 8 ,
 .Xr amd 8 ,
 .Xr apm 8 ,
 .Xr atm 8 ,
 .Xr bthidd 8 ,
 .Xr chkprintcap 8 ,
 .Xr chown 8 ,
 .Xr cron 8 ,
 .Xr devfs 8 ,
 .Xr dhclient 8 ,
 .Xr ftpd 8 ,
 .Xr geli 8 ,
 .Xr hcsecd 8 ,
 .Xr ifconfig 8 ,
 .Xr inetd 8 ,
 .Xr ipf 8 ,
 .Xr ipfw 8 ,
 .Xr ipnat 8 ,
 .Xr jail 8 ,
 .Xr kldxref 8 ,
 .Xr lpd 8 ,
 .Xr mdconfig 8 ,
 .Xr mdmfs 8 ,
 .Xr mixer 8 ,
 .Xr mountd 8 ,
 .Xr moused 8 ,
 .Xr mrouted 8 ,
 .Xr newfs 8 ,
 .Xr newsyslog 8 ,
 .Xr nfsd 8 ,
 .Xr ntpd 8 ,
 .Xr ntpdate 8 ,
 .Xr pfctl 8 ,
 .Xr pflogd 8 ,
 .Xr ping 8 ,
 .Xr powerd 8 ,
 .Xr quotacheck 8 ,
 .Xr quotaon 8 ,
 .Xr rc 8 ,
 .Xr rc.sendmail 8 ,
 .Xr rfcomm_pppd 8 ,
 .Xr route 8 ,
 .Xr routed 8 ,
-.Xr rpcbind 8 ,
 .Xr rpc.lockd 8 ,
 .Xr rpc.statd 8 ,
+.Xr rpcbind 8 ,
 .Xr rwhod 8 ,
 .Xr savecore 8 ,
 .Xr sdpd 8 ,
 .Xr sshd 8 ,
 .Xr swapon 8 ,
 .Xr sysctl 8 ,
 .Xr syslogd 8 ,
 .Xr timed 8 ,
 .Xr unbound 8 ,
 .Xr usbconfig 8 ,
 .Xr wlandebug 8 ,
 .Xr yp 8 ,
 .Xr ypbind 8 ,
 .Xr ypserv 8 ,
 .Xr ypset 8
 .Sh HISTORY
 The
 .Nm
 file appeared in
 .Fx 2.2.2 .
 .Sh AUTHORS
 .An Jordan K. Hubbard .
diff --git a/share/man/man5/services.5 b/share/man/man5/services.5
index 6469cfce7a07..adda70a92dab 100644
--- a/share/man/man5/services.5
+++ b/share/man/man5/services.5
@@ -1,103 +1,103 @@
 .\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
 .\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 .\"
 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 .\" are met:
 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 .\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 .\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 .\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 .\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 .\"    without specific prior written permission.
 .\"
 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 .\" SUCH DAMAGE.
 .\"
 .\"     @(#)services.5	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
 .\" $FreeBSD$
 .\"
 .Dd April 4, 2010
 .Dt SERVICES 5
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm services
 .Nd service name data base
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The
 .Nm
 file contains information regarding
 the known services available in the
 Internet.
 For each service a single line should be present
 with the following information:
 .Bd -unfilled -offset indent
 official service name
 port number
 protocol name
 aliases
 .Ed
 .Pp
 Items are separated by any number of blanks and/or tab characters.
 The port number and protocol name are considered a single
 .Em item ;
 a ``/'' is used to
 separate the port and protocol (e.g.\& ``512/tcp'').
 A ``#'' indicates the beginning of
 a comment; subsequent characters up to the end of the line are
 not interpreted by the routines which search the file.
 .Pp
 Service names may contain any printable
 character other than a field delimiter, newline,
 or comment character.
 .Pp
 If
 .Dq db
 is specified as source in the
 .Xr nsswitch.conf 5 ,
 .Pa /var/db/services.db
 is searched.
 The database in
 .Pa /var/db/services.db
 needs to be updated with
 .Xr services_mkdb 8
 after changes to the services file have been applied.
 .Sh NIS INTERACTION
 Access to the NIS
 .Pa services.byname
 map can be enabled by adding a single ``+'' on a line by itself
 in the
 .Pa /etc/services
 file.
 This causes the contents of the NIS services map to be inserted
 at the location where the ``+'' appears.
 .Sh FILES
 .Bl -tag -width /etc/services -compact
 .It Pa /etc/services
 The
 .Nm
 file resides in
 .Pa /etc .
 .El
 .Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr getservent 3
-.Xr nsswitch.conf 5
+.Xr getservent 3 ,
+.Xr nsswitch.conf 5 ,
 .Xr services_mkdb 8
 .Sh HISTORY
 The
 .Nm
 file format appeared in
 .Bx 4.2 .
 .Sh BUGS
 A name server should be used instead of a static file.