diff --git a/share/man/man4/pcm.4 b/share/man/man4/pcm.4 index 95ac7f71688f..1803eaca42eb 100644 --- a/share/man/man4/pcm.4 +++ b/share/man/man4/pcm.4 @@ -1,764 +1,737 @@ .\" .\" Copyright (c) 2009-2011 Joel Dahl .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" -.Dd December 26, 2020 +.Dd December 2, 2023 .Dt SOUND 4 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm sound , .Nm pcm , .Nm snd .Nd .Fx PCM audio device infrastructure .Sh SYNOPSIS To compile this driver into the kernel, place the following line in your kernel configuration file: .Bd -ragged -offset indent .Cd "device sound" .Ed .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Nm driver is the main component of the .Fx sound system. It works in conjunction with a bridge device driver on supported devices and provides PCM audio record and playback once it attaches. Each bridge device driver supports a specific set of audio chipsets and needs to be enabled together with the .Nm driver. PCI and ISA PnP audio devices identify themselves so users are usually not required to add anything to .Pa /boot/device.hints . .Pp Some of the main features of the .Nm driver are: multichannel audio, per-application volume control, dynamic mixing through virtual sound channels, true full duplex operation, bit perfect audio, rate conversion and low latency modes. .Pp The .Nm driver is enabled by default, along with several bridge device drivers. Those not enabled by default can be loaded during runtime with .Xr kldload 8 or during boot via .Xr loader.conf 5 . The following bridge device drivers are available: .Pp .Bl -bullet -compact .It .Xr snd_ai2s 4 (enabled by default on powerpc) .It .Xr snd_als4000 4 .It .Xr snd_atiixp 4 .It .Xr snd_cmi 4 (enabled by default on amd64, i386) .It .Xr snd_cs4281 4 .It .Xr snd_csa 4 (enabled by default on amd64, i386) .It .Xr snd_davbus 4 (enabled by default on powerpc) .It .Xr snd_emu10k1 4 .It .Xr snd_emu10kx 4 (enabled by default on amd64, i386) .It .Xr snd_envy24 4 .It .Xr snd_envy24ht 4 .It .Xr snd_es137x 4 (enabled by default on amd64, i386) .It .Xr snd_fm801 4 .It .Xr snd_hda 4 (enabled by default on amd64, i386) .It .Xr snd_hdspe 4 .It .Xr snd_ich 4 (enabled by default on amd64, i386) .It .Xr snd_maestro3 4 .It .Xr snd_neomagic 4 .It .Xr snd_solo 4 .It .Xr snd_spicds 4 .It .Xr snd_uaudio 4 (enabled by default on amd64, i386, powerpc) .It .Xr snd_via8233 4 (enabled by default on amd64, i386) .It .Xr snd_via82c686 4 .It .Xr snd_vibes 4 .El .Pp Refer to the manual page for each bridge device driver for driver specific settings and information. -.Ss Legacy Hardware -For old legacy -.Tn ISA -cards, the driver looks for -.Tn MSS -cards at addresses -.Dv 0x530 -and -.Dv 0x604 . -These values can be overridden in -.Pa /boot/device.hints . -Non-PnP sound cards require the following lines in -.Xr device.hints 5 : -.Bd -literal -offset indent -hint.pcm.0.at="isa" -hint.pcm.0.irq="5" -hint.pcm.0.drq="1" -hint.pcm.0.flags="0x0" -.Ed -.Pp -Apart from the usual parameters, the flags field is used to specify -the secondary -.Tn DMA -channel (generally used for capture in full duplex cards). -Flags are set to 0 for cards not using a secondary -.Tn DMA -channel, or to 0x10 + C to specify channel C. .Ss Boot Variables In general, the module .Pa snd_foo corresponds to .Cd "device snd_foo" and can be loaded by the boot .Xr loader 8 via .Xr loader.conf 5 or from the command line using the .Xr kldload 8 utility. Options which can be specified in .Pa /boot/loader.conf include: .Bl -tag -width ".Va snd_driver_load" -offset indent .It Va snd_driver_load .Pq Dq Li NO If set to .Dq Li YES , this option loads all available drivers. .It Va snd_hda_load .Pq Dq Li NO If set to .Dq Li YES , only the Intel High Definition Audio bridge device driver and dependent modules will be loaded. .It Va snd_foo_load .Pq Dq Li NO If set to .Dq Li YES , load driver for card/chipset foo. .El .Pp To define default values for the different mixer channels, set the channel to the preferred value using hints, e.g.: .Va hint.pcm.0.line Ns = Ns Qq Li 0 . This will mute the input channel per default. .Ss Multichannel Audio Multichannel audio, popularly referred to as .Dq surround sound is supported and enabled by default. The FreeBSD multichannel matrix processor supports up to 18 interleaved channels, but the limit is currently set to 8 channels (as commonly used for 7.1 surround sound). The internal matrix mapping can handle reduction, expansion or re-routing of channels. This provides a base interface for related multichannel .Fn ioctl support. Multichannel audio works both with and without .Tn VCHANs . .Pp Most bridge device drivers are still missing multichannel matrixing support, but in most cases this should be trivial to implement. Use the .Va dev.pcm.%d.[play|rec].vchanformat .Xr sysctl 8 to adjust the number of channels used. The current multichannel interleaved structure and arrangement was implemented by inspecting various popular UNIX applications. There were no single standard, so much care has been taken to try to satisfy each possible scenario, despite the fact that each application has its own conflicting standard. .Ss EQ The Parametric Software Equalizer (EQ) enables the use of .Dq tone controls (bass and treble). Commonly used for ear-candy or frequency compensation due to the vast difference in hardware quality. EQ is disabled by default, but can be enabled with the .Va hint.pcm.%d.eq tunable. .Ss VCHANs Each device can optionally support more playback and recording channels than physical hardware provides by using .Dq virtual channels or .Tn VCHANs . .Tn VCHAN options can be configured via the .Xr sysctl 8 interface but can only be manipulated while the device is inactive. .Ss VPC FreeBSD supports independent and individual volume controls for each active application, without touching the master .Nm volume. This is sometimes referred to as Volume Per Channel (VPC). The .Tn VPC feature is enabled by default. .Ss Loader Tunables The following loader tunables are used to set driver configuration at the .Xr loader 8 prompt before booting the kernel, or they can be stored in .Pa /boot/loader.conf in order to automatically set them before booting the kernel. It is also possible to use .Xr kenv 1 to change these tunables before loading the .Nm driver. The following tunables can not be changed during runtime using .Xr sysctl 8 . .Bl -tag -width indent .It Va hint.pcm.%d.eq Set to 1 or 0 to explicitly enable (1) or disable (0) the equalizer. Requires a driver reload if changed. Enabling this will make bass and treble controls appear in mixer applications. This tunable is undefined by default. Equalizing is disabled by default. .It Va hint.pcm.%d.vpc Set to 1 or 0 to explicitly enable (1) or disable (0) the .Tn VPC feature. This tunable is undefined by default. .Tn VPC is however enabled by default. .El .Ss Runtime Configuration There are a number of .Xr sysctl 8 variables available which can be modified during runtime. These values can also be stored in .Pa /etc/sysctl.conf in order to automatically set them during the boot process. .Va hw.snd.* are global settings and .Va dev.pcm.* are device specific. .Bl -tag -width indent .It Va hw.snd.compat_linux_mmap Linux .Xr mmap 2 compatibility. The following values are supported (default is 0): .Bl -tag -width 2n .It -1 Force disabling/denying PROT_EXEC .Xr mmap 2 requests. .It 0 Auto detect proc/ABI type, allow .Xr mmap 2 for Linux applications, and deny for everything else. .It 1 Always allow PROT_EXEC page mappings. .El .It Va hw.snd.default_auto Automatically assign the default sound unit. The following values are supported (default is 1): .Bl -tag -width 2n .It 0 Do not assign the default sound unit automatically. .It 1 Use the best available sound device based on playing and recording capabilities of the device. .It 2 Use the most recently attached device. .El .It Va hw.snd.default_unit Default sound card for systems with multiple sound cards. When using .Xr devfs 5 , the default device for .Pa /dev/dsp . Equivalent to a symlink from .Pa /dev/dsp to .Pa /dev/dsp Ns Va ${hw.snd.default_unit} . .It Va hw.snd.feeder_eq_exact_rate Only certain rates are allowed for precise processing. The default behavior is however to allow sloppy processing for all rates, even the unsupported ones. Enable to toggle this requirement and only allow processing for supported rates. .It Va hw.snd.feeder_rate_max Maximum allowable sample rate. .It Va hw.snd.feeder_rate_min Minimum allowable sample rate. .It Va hw.snd.feeder_rate_polyphase_max Adjust to set the maximum number of allowed polyphase entries during the process of building resampling filters. Disabling polyphase resampling has the benefit of reducing memory usage, at the expense of slower and lower quality conversion. Only applicable when the SINC interpolator is used. Default value is 183040. Set to 0 to disable polyphase resampling. .It Va hw.snd.feeder_rate_quality Sample rate converter quality. Default value is 1, linear interpolation. Available options include: .Bl -tag -width 2n .It 0 Zero Order Hold, ZOH. Very fast, but with poor quality. .It 1 Linear interpolation. Fast, quality is subject to personal preference. Technically the quality is poor however, due to the lack of anti-aliasing filtering. .It 2 Bandlimited SINC interpolator. Implements polyphase banking to boost the conversion speed, at the cost of memory usage, with multiple high quality polynomial interpolators to improve the conversion accuracy. 100% fixed point, 64bit accumulator with 32bit coefficients and high precision sample buffering. Quality values are 100dB stopband, 8 taps and 85% bandwidth. .It 3 Continuation of the bandlimited SINC interpolator, with 100dB stopband, 36 taps and 90% bandwidth as quality values. .It 4 Continuation of the bandlimited SINC interprolator, with 100dB stopband, 164 taps and 97% bandwidth as quality values. .El .It Va hw.snd.feeder_rate_round Sample rate rounding threshold, to avoid large prime division at the cost of accuracy. All requested sample rates will be rounded to the nearest threshold value. Possible values range between 0 (disabled) and 500. Default is 25. .It Va hw.snd.latency Configure the buffering latency. Only affects applications that do not explicitly request blocksize / fragments. This tunable provides finer granularity than the .Va hw.snd.latency_profile tunable. Possible values range between 0 (lowest latency) and 10 (highest latency). .It Va hw.snd.latency_profile Define sets of buffering latency conversion tables for the .Va hw.snd.latency tunable. A value of 0 will use a low and aggressive latency profile which can result in possible underruns if the application cannot keep up with a rapid irq rate, especially during high workload. The default value is 1, which is considered a moderate/safe latency profile. .It Va hw.snd.maxautovchans Global .Tn VCHAN setting that only affects devices with at least one playback or recording channel available. The sound system will dynamically create up to this many .Tn VCHANs . Set to .Dq 0 if no .Tn VCHANs are desired. Maximum value is 256. .It Va hw.snd.report_soft_formats Controls the internal format conversion if it is available transparently to the application software. When disabled or not available, the application will only be able to select formats the device natively supports. .It Va hw.snd.report_soft_matrix Enable seamless channel matrixing even if the hardware does not support it. Makes it possible to play multichannel streams even with a simple stereo sound card. .It Va hw.snd.verbose Level of verbosity for the .Pa /dev/sndstat device. Higher values include more output and the highest level, four, should be used when reporting problems. Other options include: .Bl -tag -width 2n .It 0 Installed devices and their allocated bus resources. .It 1 The number of playback, record, virtual channels, and flags per device. .It 2 Channel information per device including the channel's current format, speed, and pseudo device statistics such as buffer overruns and buffer underruns. .It 3 File names and versions of the currently loaded sound modules. .It 4 Various messages intended for debugging. .El .It Va hw.snd.vpc_0db Default value for .Nm volume. Increase to give more room for attenuation control. Decrease for more amplification, with the possible cost of sound clipping. .It Va hw.snd.vpc_autoreset When a channel is closed the channel volume will be reset to 0db. This means that any changes to the volume will be lost. Enabling this will preserve the volume, at the cost of possible confusion when applications tries to re-open the same device. .It Va hw.snd.vpc_mixer_bypass The recommended way to use the .Tn VPC feature is to teach applications to use the correct .Fn ioctl : .Dv SNDCTL_DSP_GETPLAYVOL, SNDCTL_DSP_SETPLAYVOL, .Dv SNDCTL_DSP_SETRECVOL, SNDCTL_DSP_SETRECVOL. This is however not always possible. Enable this to allow applications to use their own existing mixer logic to control their own channel volume. .It Va hw.snd.vpc_reset Enable to restore all channel volumes back to the default value of 0db. .It Va dev.pcm.%d.bitperfect Enable or disable bitperfect mode. When enabled, channels will skip all dsp processing, such as channel matrixing, rate converting and equalizing. The pure .Nm stream will be fed directly to the hardware. If .Tn VCHANs are enabled, the bitperfect mode will use the .Tn VCHAN format/rate as the definitive format/rate target. The recommended way to use bitperfect mode is to disable .Tn VCHANs and enable this sysctl. Default is disabled. .It Va dev.pcm.%d.[play|rec].vchans The current number of .Tn VCHANs allocated per device. This can be set to preallocate a certain number of .Tn VCHANs . Setting this value to .Dq 0 will disable .Tn VCHANs for this device. .It Va dev.pcm.%d.[play|rec].vchanformat Format for .Tn VCHAN mixing. All playback paths will be converted to this format before the mixing process begins. By default only 2 channels are enabled. Available options include: .Bl -tag -width 2n .It s16le:1.0 Mono. .It s16le:2.0 Stereo, 2 channels (left, right). .It s16le:2.1 3 channels (left, right, LFE). .It s16le:3.0 3 channels (left, right, rear center). .It s16le:4.0 Quadraphonic, 4 channels (front/rear left and right). .It s16le:4.1 5 channels (4.0 + LFE). .It s16le:5.0 5 channels (4.0 + center). .It s16le:5.1 6 channels (4.0 + center + LFE). .It s16le:6.0 6 channels (4.0 + front/rear center). .It s16le:6.1 7 channels (6.0 + LFE). .It s16le:7.1 8 channels (4.0 + center + LFE + left and right side). .El .It Va dev.pcm.%d.[play|rec].vchanmode .Tn VCHAN format/rate selection. Available options include: .Bl -tag -width 2n .It fixed Channel mixing is done using fixed format/rate. Advanced operations such as digital passthrough will not work. Can be considered as a .Dq legacy mode. This is the default mode for hardware channels which lack support for digital formats. .It passthrough Channel mixing is done using fixed format/rate, but advanced operations such as digital passthrough also work. All channels will produce sound as usual until a digital format playback is requested. When this happens all other channels will be muted and the latest incoming digital format will be allowed to pass through undisturbed. Multiple concurrent digital streams are supported, but the latest stream will take precedence and mute all other streams. .It adaptive Works like the .Dq passthrough mode, but is a bit smarter, especially for multiple .Nm channels with different format/rate. When a new channel is about to start, the entire list of virtual channels will be scanned, and the channel with the best format/rate (usually the highest/biggest) will be selected. This ensures that mixing quality depends on the best channel. The downside is that the hardware DMA mode needs to be restarted, which may cause annoying pops or clicks. .El .It Va dev.pcm.%d.[play|rec].vchanrate Sample rate speed for .Tn VCHAN mixing. All playback paths will be converted to this sample rate before the mixing process begins. .It Va dev.pcm.%d.polling Experimental polling mode support where the driver operates by querying the device state on each tick using a .Xr callout 9 mechanism. Disabled by default and currently only available for a few device drivers. .El .Ss Recording Channels On devices that have more than one recording source (ie: mic and line), there is a corresponding .Pa /dev/dsp%d.r%d device. The .Xr mixer 8 utility can be used to start and stop recording from an specific device. .Ss Statistics Channel statistics are only kept while the device is open. So with situations involving overruns and underruns, consider the output while the errant application is open and running. .Ss IOCTL Support The driver supports most of the .Tn OSS .Fn ioctl functions, and most applications work unmodified. A few differences exist, while memory mapped playback is supported natively and in .Tn Linux emulation, memory mapped recording is not due to .Tn VM system design. As a consequence, some applications may need to be recompiled with a slightly modified audio module. See .In sys/soundcard.h for a complete list of the supported .Fn ioctl functions. .Sh FILES The .Nm drivers may create the following device nodes: .Pp .Bl -tag -width ".Pa /dev/audio%d.%d" -compact .It Pa /dev/audio%d.%d Sparc-compatible audio device. .It Pa /dev/dsp%d.%d Digitized voice device. .It Pa /dev/dspW%d.%d Like .Pa /dev/dsp , but 16 bits per sample. .It Pa /dev/dsp%d.p%d Playback channel. .It Pa /dev/dsp%d.r%d Record channel. .It Pa /dev/dsp%d.vp%d Virtual playback channel. .It Pa /dev/dsp%d.vr%d Virtual recording channel. .It Pa /dev/sndstat Current .Nm status, including all channels and drivers. .El .Pp The first number in the device node represents the unit number of the .Nm device. All .Nm devices are listed in .Pa /dev/sndstat . Additional messages are sometimes recorded when the device is probed and attached, these messages can be viewed with the .Xr dmesg 8 utility. .Pp The above device nodes are only created on demand through the dynamic .Xr devfs 5 clone handler. Users are strongly discouraged to access them directly. For specific sound card access, please instead use .Pa /dev/dsp or .Pa /dev/dsp%d . .Sh EXAMPLES Use the sound metadriver to load all .Nm bridge device drivers at once (for example if it is unclear which the correct driver to use is): .Pp .Dl kldload snd_driver .Pp Load a specific bridge device driver, in this case the Intel High Definition Audio driver: .Pp .Dl kldload snd_hda .Pp Check the status of all detected .Nm devices: .Pp .Dl cat /dev/sndstat .Pp Change the default sound device, in this case to the second device. This is handy if there are multiple .Nm devices available: .Pp .Dl sysctl hw.snd.default_unit=1 .Sh DIAGNOSTICS .Bl -diag .It pcm%d:play:%d:dsp%d.p%d: play interrupt timeout, channel dead The hardware does not generate interrupts to serve incoming (play) or outgoing (record) data. .It unsupported subdevice XX A device node is not created properly. .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr snd_ai2s 4 , .Xr snd_als4000 4 , .Xr snd_atiixp 4 , .Xr snd_cmi 4 , .Xr snd_cs4281 4 , .Xr snd_csa 4 , .Xr snd_davbus 4 , .Xr snd_emu10k1 4 , .Xr snd_emu10kx 4 , .Xr snd_envy24 4 , .Xr snd_envy24ht 4 , .Xr snd_es137x 4 , .Xr snd_fm801 4 , .Xr snd_hda 4 , .Xr snd_hdspe 4 , .Xr snd_ich 4 , .Xr snd_maestro3 4 , .Xr snd_neomagic 4 , .Xr snd_solo 4 , .Xr snd_spicds 4 , .Xr snd_t4dwave 4 , .Xr snd_uaudio 4 , .Xr snd_via8233 4 , .Xr snd_via82c686 4 , .Xr snd_vibes 4 , .Xr devfs 5 , .Xr device.hints 5 , .Xr loader.conf 5 , .Xr dmesg 8 , .Xr kldload 8 , .Xr mixer 8 , .Xr sysctl 8 .Rs .%T "Cookbook formulae for audio EQ biquad filter coefficients (Audio-EQ-Cookbook.txt), by Robert Bristow-Johnson" .%U "https://www.musicdsp.org/en/latest/Filters/197-rbj-audio-eq-cookbook.html" .Re .Rs .%T "Julius O'Smith's Digital Audio Resampling" .%U "http://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/resample/" .Re .Rs .%T "Polynomial Interpolators for High-Quality Resampling of Oversampled Audio, by Olli Niemitalo" .%U "http://yehar.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/deip.pdf" .Re .Rs .%T "The OSS API" .%U "http://www.opensound.com/pguide/oss.pdf" .Re .Sh HISTORY The .Nm device driver first appeared in .Fx 2.2.6 as .Nm pcm , written by .An Luigi Rizzo . It was later rewritten in .Fx 4.0 by .An Cameron Grant . The API evolved from the VOXWARE standard which later became OSS standard. .Sh AUTHORS .An -nosplit .An Luigi Rizzo Aq Mt luigi@iet.unipi.it initially wrote the .Nm pcm device driver and this manual page. .An Cameron Grant Aq Mt gandalf@vilnya.demon.co.uk later revised the device driver for .Fx 4.0 . .An Seigo Tanimura Aq Mt tanimura@r.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp revised this manual page. It was then rewritten for .Fx 5.2 . .Sh BUGS Some features of your sound card (e.g., global volume control) might not be supported on all devices.