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 .\"
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 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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 .\"
-.Dd July 6, 2023
+.Dd February 6, 2024
 .Dt HIER 7
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm hier
 .Nd layout of file systems
 .Sh SYNOPSIS
 An overview of the file system hierarchy.
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 .Bl -tag -width "/libexec/"
 .It Pa /
 root directory
 .It Pa /bin/
 user utilities that are fundamental to single-user and multi-user modes
 .It Pa /boot/
 programs and configuration files used during bootstrap of the operating system
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "nvmecontrol/" -compact
 .It Pa defaults/
 default bootstrap configuration files; see
 .Xr loader.conf 5
 .It Pa dtb/
 compiled flattened device tree (FDT) files; see
 .Xr fdt 4
 and
 .Xr dtc 1
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "overlays/" -compact
 .It Pa overlays/
 compiled flattened device tree (FDT) overlays; these can be applied using the
 .Va fdt_overlays
 setting in
 .Xr loader.conf 5
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa efi/
 mount point for the EFI System Partition (ESP) on UEFI systems
 .It Pa firmware/
 loadable kernel modules containing binary firmware, for hardware to which
 firmware must be downloaded
 .It Pa kernel/
 pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory at boot time)
 and kernel modules
 .It Pa modules/
 third-party loadable kernel modules, such as those associated with
 .Xr ports 7
 .It Pa zfs/
 .Xr zfs 8
 pool cache files
 .El
 .It Pa /compat/
 files supporting binary compatibility with other operating systems
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "nvmecontrol/" -compact
 .It Pa linux/
 default location for
 .Xr linux 4
 compatibility run-time
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa /dev/
 the normal mount point for
 .Xr devfs 5
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "nvmecontrol/" -compact
 .It Pa fd/
 file descriptor files; see
 .Xr fd 4
 .El
 .It Pa /etc/
 system configuration files and scripts
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "nvmecontrol/" -compact
 .It Pa bluetooth/
 bluetooth configuration files
 .It Pa defaults/
 default system configuration files; see
 .Xr rc 8
 .It Pa localtime
 local timezone information; see
 .Xr ctime 3
 .It Pa mail/
 .Xr sendmail 8
 control files
 .It Pa mtree/
 .Xr mtree 8
 configuration files
 .It Pa pam.d/
 configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) library; see
 .Xr pam 3
 .It Pa periodic/
 scripts that are run daily, weekly, or monthly by
 .Xr cron 8 ;
 see
 .Xr periodic 8
 .It Pa ppp/
 PPP configuration files; see
 .Xr ppp 8
 .It Pa rc.d/
 system and daemon startup/control scripts; see
 .Xr rc 8
 .It Pa security/
 OpenBSM audit configuration files; see
 .Xr audit 8
 .It Pa ssh/
 OpenSSH configuration files; see
 .Xr ssh 1
 .It Pa ssl/
 OpenSSL configuration files
 .El
 .It Pa /home/
 users' home directories; whilst the layout is not standardized, the typical home for an interactive user
 .Dv beastie
 would be
 .Pa /home/beastie/
 .It Pa /lib/
 system libraries that are critical to binaries in
 .Pa /bin
 and
 .Pa /sbin
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "nvmecontrol/" -compact
-.It Pa casper/
-service-specific
-.Xr libcasper 3
-Capsicum support libraries
 .It Pa geom/
 class-specific libraries for the
 .Xr geom 8
 utility
 .It Pa nvmecontrol/
 vendor-specific libraries to extend the
 .Xr nvmecontrol 8
 utility
 .El
 .It Pa /libexec/
 system utilities that are critical to binaries in
 .Pa /bin
 and
 .Pa /sbin
 .It Pa /media/
 empty directory commonly containing mount points for removable media such as
 USB drives, CDs, and DVDs
 .It Pa /mnt/
 empty directory commonly used by system administrators as a temporary mount
 point
 .It Pa /net/
 automounted NFS shares; see
 .Xr auto_master 5
 .It Pa /nonexistent/
 a non-existent directory; conventionally, a home directory for special user
 accounts that do not require a home directory.  See also
 .Pa /var/empty/
 .It Pa /proc/
 process file system; see
 .Xr procfs 5
 .It Pa /rescue/
 statically-linked programs for emergency recovery; see
 .Xr rescue 8
 .It Pa /root/
 home directory of the root user
 .It Pa /sbin/
 system programs and administration utilities that are fundamental to
 single-user and multi-user modes
 .It Pa /tmp/
 temporary files that may be removed by
 .Xr rc 8 ;
 see the
 .Va clear_tmp_enable
 variable of
 .Xr rc.conf 5
 .It Pa /usr/
 contains the majority of user utilities and applications
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "freebsd-dist/" -compact
 .It Pa bin/
 common utilities, programming tools, and applications
 .It Pa freebsd-dist/
 distribution files
 .Pq like base.txz ; see
 .Xr release 7
 and
 .Xr bsdinstall 8
 .It Pa include/
 standard C include files
 .It Pa lib/
 shared and archive
 .Xr ar 1 Ns -type
 libraries
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa compat/
 shared libraries for compatibility
 .It Pa debug/
 standalone debug data for the kernel and base system libraries and binaries
 .It Pa dtrace/
 DTrace library scripts
 .It Pa engines/
 OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa libdata/
 miscellaneous utility data files
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa gcc/
 GCC configuration data
 .It Pa ldscripts/
 linker scripts; see
 .Xr ld 1
 .It Pa pkgconfig/
 .Xr pc 5 Pq Pa ports/devel/pkgconf
 files; collections of compiler flags, linker flags, and other information
 relevant to library use
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa libexec/
 system daemons and system utilities that are executed by other programs
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa aout/
 utilities to manipulate a.out executables
 .It Pa elf/
 utilities to manipulate ELF executables
 .It Pa lpr/
 utilities and filters for LP print system; see
 .Xr lpr 1
 .It Pa sendmail/
 the
 .Xr sendmail 8
 binary; see
 .Xr mailwrapper 8
 .It Pa sm.bin/
 restricted shell for
 .Xr sendmail 8 ;
 see
 .Xr smrsh 8
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa local/
 local executables, libraries, etc.
 Also used as the default destination for the
 .Xr ports 7
 framework.
 Within
 .Pa local/ ,
 the general layout sketched out by
 .Nm
 for
 .Pa /usr
 should be used.
 Exceptions are the ports documentation
 .Po in
 .Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc ,
 and
 .Pa /usr/local/etc
 .Po mimics
 .Pa /etc Ns Pc .
 .It Pa obj/
 architecture-specific target tree produced by building
 .Fx
 from source; see
 .Xr build 7
 .It Pa ports/
 .Fx
 ports collection; see
 .Xr ports 7
 .It Pa sbin/
 system daemons and system utilities that are executed by users
 .It Pa share/
 architecture-independent files
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa calendar/
 system-wide calendar files; see
 .Xr calendar 1
 .It Pa dict/
 word lists; see
 .Xr look 1
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa freebsd
 .Fx Ns -specific
 terms, proper names, and jargon
 .It Pa web2
 words from Webster's Second International
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa doc/
 miscellaneous documentation
 .It Pa examples/
 various examples for users and programmers
 .It Pa firmware/
 firmware images loaded by userland programs
 .It Pa games/
 used by various games
 .It Pa keys/
 known trusted and revoked keys
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa pkg/
 fingerprints for
 .Xr pkg 7
 and
 .Xr pkg 8
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa locale/
 localization files; see
 .Xr setlocale 3
 .It Pa man/
 manual pages
 .It Pa misc/
 miscellaneous system-wide files
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa termcap
 terminal characteristics database; see
 .Xr termcap 5
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa mk/
 templates for make; see
 .Xr make 1
 .It Pa nls/
 national language support files
 .It Pa security/
 data files for security policies such as
 .Xr mac_lomac 4
 .It Pa sendmail/
 .Xr sendmail 8
 configuration files
 .It Pa skel/
 example
 .Pa .\&
 (dot) files for new accounts
 .It Pa snmp/
 MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa defs/
 tree definition files for use with
 .Xr gensnmptree 1
 .It Pa mibs/
 MIB files
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa syscons/
 .Xr syscons 4
 files
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa fonts/
 console fonts; see
 .Xr vidcontrol 1
 and
 .Xr vidfont 1
 .It Pa keymaps/
 console keyboard maps; see
 .Xr kbdcontrol 1
 and
 .Xr kbdmap 1
 .It Pa scrnmaps/
 console screen maps
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa sysroot/
 files necessary for the -sysroot compiler/linker argument to build non-native
 binaries
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa VERSION/
 files for
 .Fx
 release VERSION.
 By convention,
 .Dq VERSION
 matches
 .Xr uname 1
 .Fl r .
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa MACHINE.MACHINE_ARCH/
 represent the binary ABI for these files.
 .Dq MACHINE
 matches
 .Xr uname 1
 .Fl m .
 .Dq MACHINE_ARCH
 matches
 .Xr uname 1
 .Fl p .
 .El
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa tabset/
 tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in the termcap file;
 see
 .Xr termcap 5
 .It Pa vi/
 localization support and utilities for
 .Xr vi 1
 .It Pa vt/
 .Xr vt 4
 files
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa fonts/
 console fonts; see
 .Xr vidcontrol 1
 and
 .Xr vidfont 1
 .It Pa keymaps/
 console keyboard maps; see
 .Xr kbdcontrol 1
 and
 .Xr kbdmap 1
 .\" .It Pa scrnmaps/
 .\" console screen maps
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa zoneinfo/
 timezone configuration information; see
 .Xr tzfile 5
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa src/
 .Fx
 source code; see
 .Xr development 7 .
 The layout of the source tree is described by the top-level
 .Pa README.md
 file.
 .Pp
 .It Pa tests/
 the
 .Fx
 test suite; see
 .Xr tests 7
 .El
 .It Pa /var/
 log, temporary, transient, and spool files
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact
 .It Pa account/
 system accounting files
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa acct
 execution accounting file; see
 .Xr acct 5
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa at/
 timed command scheduling files; see
 .Xr at 1
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa jobs/
 job files
 .It Pa spool/
 output spool files
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa backups/
 miscellaneous backup files
 .It Pa cache/
 miscellaneous cache files
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa pkg/
 cached packages for
 .Xr pkg 8
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa crash/
 default directory for kernel crash dumps; see
 .Xr crash 8
 and
 .Xr savecore 8
 .It Pa cron/
 .Xr cron 8
 files
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa tabs/
 .Xr crontab 5
 files
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa db/
 miscellaneous automatically-generated system-specific database files
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "freebsd-update/" -compact
 .It Pa freebsd-update/
 temporary files and downloads for
 .Xr freebsd-update 8
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa empty/
 for use by programs that require an empty directory.
 Uses include privilege separation by
 .Xr sshd 8
 .It Pa games/
 miscellaneous game status and score files
 .It Pa heimdal/
 Kerberos server databases; see
 .Xr kdc 8
 .It Pa log/
 miscellaneous system log files
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "utx.lastlogin" -compact
 .It Pa utx.lastlogin
 last login log; see
 .Xr getutxent 3
 .It Pa utx.log
 login/logout log; see
 .Xr getutxent 3
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa mail/
 user mailbox files
 .It Pa msgs/
 system messages database; see
 .Xr msgs 1
 .It Pa preserve/
 unused, present for historical reasons
 .It Pa quotas/
 file system quota information files
 .It Pa run/
 files containing information about the operating system since it was booted
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
 .It Pa bhyve/
 .Xr bhyve 8
 virtual machine
 .Xr unix 4 Ns -domain sockets
 .It Pa ppp/
 writable by the
 .Dq network
 group for command connection sockets; see
 .Xr ppp 8
 .It Pa utx.active
 database of current users; see
 .Xr getutxent 3
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa rwho/
 rwho data files; see
 .Xr rwhod 8 ,
 .Xr rwho 1 ,
 and
 .Xr ruptime 1
 .It Pa spool/
 miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "clientmqueue/" -compact
 .It Pa clientmqueue/
 undelivered submission mail queue; see
 .Xr sendmail 8
 .It Pa ftp/
 ftp root directory; see
 .Xr ftpd 8
 .It Pa mqueue/
 undelivered mail queue; see
 .Xr sendmail 8
 .It Pa output/
 line printer spooling directories
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa tmp/
 temporary files that are not removed by
 .Xr rc 8
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width "vi.recover/" -compact
 .It Pa vi.recover/
 .Xr vi 1
 recovery files
 .El
 .Pp
 .It Pa yp/
 the NIS maps; see
 .Xr yp 8
 .El
 .El
 .Sh NOTES
 This manual page documents the default
 .Fx
 file system layout.
 The actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system
 administrator's discretion.
 A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of
 this document.
 .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr apropos 1 ,
 .Xr find 1 ,
 .Xr grep 1 ,
 .Xr ls 1 ,
 .Xr whereis 1 ,
 .Xr which 1
 .Sh HISTORY
 A
 .Nm
 manual page appeared in
 .At v7 .