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 .\"	$OpenBSD: grep.1,v 1.38 2010/04/05 06:30:59 jmc Exp $
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 .\"	@(#)grep.1	8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
 .\"
 .Dd November 10, 2021
 .Dt GREP 1
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
 .Nm grep ,
 .Nm egrep ,
 .Nm fgrep ,
 .Nm rgrep
 .Nd file pattern searcher
 .Sh SYNOPSIS
 .Nm grep
 .Bk -words
 .Op Fl abcdDEFGHhIiLlmnOopqRSsUVvwxz
 .Op Fl A Ar num
 .Op Fl B Ar num
 .Op Fl C Ar num
 .Op Fl e Ar pattern
 .Op Fl f Ar file
 .Op Fl Fl binary-files= Ns Ar value
 .Op Fl Fl color Ns Op Cm = Ns Ar when
 .Op Fl Fl colour Ns Op Cm = Ns Ar when
 .Op Fl Fl context= Ns Ar num
 .Op Fl Fl label
 .Op Fl Fl line-buffered
 .Op Fl Fl null
 .Op Ar pattern
 .Op Ar
 .Ek
 .Sh DESCRIPTION
 The
 .Nm grep
 utility searches any given input files,
 selecting lines that match one or more patterns.
 By default, a pattern matches an input line if the regular expression
 (RE) in the pattern matches the input line
 without its trailing newline.
 An empty expression matches every line.
 Each input line that matches at least one of the patterns is written
 to the standard output.
 .Pp
 .Nm grep
 is used for simple patterns and
 basic regular expressions
 .Pq BREs ;
 .Nm egrep
 can handle extended regular expressions
 .Pq EREs .
 See
 .Xr re_format 7
 for more information on regular expressions.
 .Nm fgrep
 is quicker than both
 .Nm grep
 and
 .Nm egrep ,
 but can only handle fixed patterns
 (i.e., it does not interpret regular expressions).
 Patterns may consist of one or more lines,
 allowing any of the pattern lines to match a portion of the input.
 .Pp
 The following options are available:
 .Bl -tag -width indent
 .It Fl A Ar num , Fl Fl after-context= Ns Ar num
 Print
 .Ar num
 lines of trailing context after each match.
 See also the
 .Fl B
 and
 .Fl C
 options.
 .It Fl a , Fl Fl text
 Treat all files as ASCII text.
 Normally
 .Nm
 will simply print
 .Dq Binary file ... matches
 if files contain binary characters.
 Use of this option forces
 .Nm
 to output lines matching the specified pattern.
 .It Fl B Ar num , Fl Fl before-context= Ns Ar num
 Print
 .Ar num
 lines of leading context before each match.
 See also the
 .Fl A
 and
 .Fl C
 options.
 .It Fl b , Fl Fl byte-offset
 The offset in bytes of a matched pattern is
 displayed in front of the respective matched line.
 .It Fl C Ar num , Fl Fl context= Ns Ar num
 Print
 .Ar num
 lines of leading and trailing context surrounding each match.
 See also the
 .Fl A
 and
 .Fl B
 options.
 .It Fl c , Fl Fl count
 Only a count of selected lines is written to standard output.
 .It Fl Fl colour= Ns Oo Ar when Oc , Fl Fl color= Ns Oo Ar when Oc
 Mark up the matching text with the expression stored in the
 .Ev GREP_COLOR
 environment variable.
 The possible values of
 .Ar when
 are
 .Dq Cm never ,
 .Dq Cm always
 and
 .Dq Cm auto .
 .It Fl D Ar action , Fl Fl devices= Ns Ar action
 Specify the demanded
 .Ar action
 for devices, FIFOs and sockets.
 The default
 .Ar action
 is
 .Dq Cm read ,
 which means, that they are read as if they were normal files.
 If the
 .Ar action
 is set to
 .Dq Cm skip ,
 devices are silently skipped.
 .It Fl d Ar action , Fl Fl directories= Ns Ar action
 Specify the demanded
 .Ar action
 for directories.
 It is
 .Dq Cm read
 by default, which means that the directories
 are read in the same manner as normal files.
 Other possible values are
 .Dq Cm skip
 to silently ignore the directories, and
 .Dq Cm recurse
 to read them recursively, which has the same effect as the
 .Fl R
 and
 .Fl r
 option.
 .It Fl E , Fl Fl extended-regexp
 Interpret
 .Ar pattern
 as an extended regular expression
 (i.e., force
 .Nm grep
 to behave as
 .Nm egrep ) .
 .It Fl e Ar pattern , Fl Fl regexp= Ns Ar pattern
 Specify a
 .Ar pattern
 used during the search of the input:
 an input line is selected if it matches any of the specified patterns.
 This option is most useful when multiple
 .Fl e
 options are used to specify multiple patterns,
 or when a
 .Ar pattern
 begins with a dash
 .Pq Sq - .
 .It Fl Fl exclude Ar pattern
 If specified, it excludes files matching the given
 filename
 .Ar pattern
 from the search.
 Note that
 .Fl Fl exclude
 and
 .Fl Fl include
 patterns are processed in the order given.
 If a name matches multiple patterns, the latest matching rule wins.
 If no
 .Fl Fl include
 pattern is specified, all files are searched that are
 not excluded.
 Patterns are matched to the full path specified,
 not only to the filename component.
 .It Fl Fl exclude-dir Ar pattern
 If
 .Fl R
 is specified, it excludes directories matching the
 given filename
 .Ar pattern
 from the search.
 Note that
 .Fl Fl exclude-dir
 and
 .Fl Fl include-dir
 patterns are processed in the order given.
 If a name matches multiple patterns, the latest matching rule wins.
 If no
 .Fl Fl include-dir
 pattern is specified, all directories are searched that are
 not excluded.
 .It Fl F , Fl Fl fixed-strings
 Interpret
 .Ar pattern
 as a set of fixed strings
 (i.e., force
 .Nm grep
 to behave as
 .Nm fgrep ) .
 .It Fl f Ar file , Fl Fl file= Ns Ar file
 Read one or more newline separated patterns from
 .Ar file .
 Empty pattern lines match every input line.
 Newlines are not considered part of a pattern.
 If
 .Ar file
 is empty, nothing is matched.
 .It Fl G , Fl Fl basic-regexp
 Interpret
 .Ar pattern
 as a basic regular expression
 (i.e., force
 .Nm grep
 to behave as traditional
 .Nm grep ) .
 .It Fl H
 Always print filename headers with output lines.
 .It Fl h , Fl Fl no-filename
 Never print filename headers
 .Pq i.e., filenames
 with output lines.
 .It Fl Fl help
 Print a brief help message.
 .It Fl I
 Ignore binary files.
 This option is equivalent to the
 .Dq Fl Fl binary-file= Ns Cm without-match
 option.
 .It Fl i , Fl Fl ignore-case
 Perform case insensitive matching.
 By default,
 .Nm grep
 is case sensitive.
 .It Fl Fl include Ar pattern
 If specified, only files matching the given filename
 .Ar pattern
 are searched.
 Note that
 .Fl Fl include
 and
 .Fl Fl exclude
 patterns are processed in the order given.
 If a name matches multiple patterns, the latest matching rule wins.
 Patterns are matched to the full path specified,
 not only to the filename component.
 .It Fl Fl include-dir Ar pattern
 If
 .Fl R
 is specified, only directories matching the given filename
 .Ar pattern
 are searched.
 Note that
 .Fl Fl include-dir
 and
 .Fl Fl exclude-dir
 patterns are processed in the order given.
 If a name matches multiple patterns, the latest matching rule wins.
 .It Fl L , Fl Fl files-without-match
 Only the names of files not containing selected lines are written to
 standard output.
 Pathnames are listed once per file searched.
 If the standard input is searched, the string
 .Dq (standard input)
 is written unless a
 .Fl Fl label
 is specified.
 .It Fl l , Fl Fl files-with-matches
 Only the names of files containing selected lines are written to
 standard output.
 .Nm grep
 will only search a file until a match has been found,
 making searches potentially less expensive.
 Pathnames are listed once per file searched.
 If the standard input is searched, the string
 .Dq (standard input)
 is written unless a
 .Fl Fl label
 is specified.
 .It Fl Fl label
 Label to use in place of
 .Dq (standard input)
 for a file name where a file name would normally be printed.
 This option applies to
 .Fl H ,
 .Fl L ,
 and
 .Fl l .
 .It Fl Fl mmap
 Use
 .Xr mmap 2
 instead of
 .Xr read 2
 to read input, which can result in better performance under some
 circumstances but can cause undefined behaviour.
 .It Fl m Ar num , Fl Fl max-count= Ns Ar num
 Stop reading the file after
 .Ar num
 matches.
 .It Fl n , Fl Fl line-number
 Each output line is preceded by its relative line number in the file,
 starting at line 1.
 The line number counter is reset for each file processed.
 This option is ignored if
 .Fl c ,
 .Fl L ,
 .Fl l ,
 or
 .Fl q
 is
 specified.
 .It Fl Fl null
 Prints a zero-byte after the file name.
 .It Fl O
 If
 .Fl R
 is specified, follow symbolic links only if they were explicitly listed
 on the command line.
 The default is not to follow symbolic links.
 .It Fl o , Fl Fl only-matching
 Prints only the matching part of the lines.
 .It Fl p
 If
 .Fl R
 is specified, no symbolic links are followed.
 This is the default.
 .It Fl q , Fl Fl quiet , Fl Fl silent
 Quiet mode:
 suppress normal output.
 .Nm grep
 will only search a file until a match has been found,
 making searches potentially less expensive.
 .It Fl R , Fl r , Fl Fl recursive
 Recursively search subdirectories listed.
 (i.e., force
 .Nm grep
 to behave as
 .Nm rgrep ) .
 .It Fl S
 If
 .Fl R
 is specified, all symbolic links are followed.
 The default is not to follow symbolic links.
 .It Fl s , Fl Fl no-messages
 Silent mode.
 Nonexistent and unreadable files are ignored
 (i.e., their error messages are suppressed).
 .It Fl U , Fl Fl binary
 Search binary files, but do not attempt to print them.
 .It Fl u
 This option has no effect and is provided only for compatibility with GNU grep.
 .It Fl V , Fl Fl version
 Display version information and exit.
 .It Fl v , Fl Fl invert-match
 Selected lines are those
 .Em not
 matching any of the specified patterns.
 .It Fl w , Fl Fl word-regexp
 The expression is searched for as a word (as if surrounded by
 .Sq [[:<:]]
 and
 .Sq [[:>:]] ;
 see
 .Xr re_format 7 ) .
 This option has no effect if
 .Fl x
 is also specified.
 .It Fl x , Fl Fl line-regexp
 Only input lines selected against an entire fixed string or regular
 expression are considered to be matching lines.
 .It Fl y
 Equivalent to
 .Fl i .
 Obsoleted.
 .It Fl z , Fl Fl null-data
 Treat input and output data as sequences of lines terminated by a
 zero-byte instead of a newline.
 .It Fl Fl binary-files= Ns Ar value
 Controls searching and printing of binary files.
 Options are:
 .Bl -tag -compact -width "binary (default)"
 .It Cm binary No (default)
 Search binary files but do not print them.
 .It Cm without-match
 Do not search binary files.
 .It Cm text
 Treat all files as text.
 .El
 .It Fl Fl line-buffered
 Force output to be line buffered.
 By default, output is line buffered when standard output is a terminal
 and block buffered otherwise.
 .El
 .Pp
 If no file arguments are specified, the standard input is used.
 Additionally,
 .Dq Cm -
 may be used in place of a file name, anywhere that a file name is accepted, to
 read from standard input.
 This includes both
 .Fl f
 and file arguments.
 .Sh EXIT STATUS
 The
 .Nm grep
 utility exits with one of the following values:
 .Pp
 .Bl -tag -width flag -compact
 .It Li 0
 One or more lines were selected.
 .It Li 1
 No lines were selected.
 .It Li \*(Gt1
 An error occurred.
 .El
 .Sh EXAMPLES
 .Bl -dash
 .It
 Find all occurrences of the pattern
 .Sq patricia
 in a file:
 .Pp
 .Dl $ grep 'patricia' myfile
 .It
 Same as above but looking only for complete words:
 .Pp
 .Dl $ grep -w 'patricia' myfile
 .It
 Count occurrences of the exact pattern
 .Sq FOO
 :
 .Pp
 .Dl $ grep -c FOO myfile
 .It
 Same as above but ignoring case:
 .Pp
 .Dl $ grep -c -i FOO myfile
 .It
 Find all occurrences of the pattern
 .Ql .Pp
 at the beginning of a line:
 .Pp
 .Dl $ grep '^\e.Pp' myfile
 .Pp
 The apostrophes ensure the entire expression is evaluated by
 .Nm grep
 instead of by the user's shell.
 The caret
 .Ql ^
 matches the null string at the beginning of a line,
 and the
 .Ql \e
 escapes the
 .Ql \&. ,
 which would otherwise match any character.
 .It
 Find all lines in a file which do not contain the words
 .Sq foo
 or
 .Sq bar :
 .Pp
 .Dl $ grep -v -e 'foo' -e 'bar' myfile
 .It
 Peruse the file
 .Sq calendar
 looking for either 19, 20, or 25 using extended regular expressions:
 .Pp
 .Dl $ egrep '19|20|25' calendar
 .It
 Show matching lines and the name of the
 .Sq *.h
 files which contain the pattern
 .Sq FIXME .
 Do the search recursively from the
 .Pa /usr/src/sys/arm
 directory
 .Pp
-.Dl $ grep -H -R FIXME --include=*.h /usr/src/sys/arm/
+.Dl $ grep -H -R FIXME --include="*.h" /usr/src/sys/arm/
 .It
 Same as above but show only the name of the matching file:
 .Pp
-.Dl $ grep -l -R FIXME --include=*.h /usr/src/sys/arm/
+.Dl $ grep -l -R FIXME --include="*.h" /usr/src/sys/arm/
 .It
 Show lines containing the text
 .Sq foo .
 The matching part of the output is colored and every line is prefixed with
 the line number and the offset in the file for those lines that matched.
 .Pp
 .Dl $ grep -b --colour -n foo myfile
 .It
 Show lines that match the extended regular expression patterns read from the
 standard input:
 .Pp
 .Dl $ echo -e 'Free\enBSD\enAll.*reserved' | grep -E -f - myfile
 .It
 Show lines from the output of the
 .Xr pciconf 8
 command matching the specified extended regular expression along with
 three lines of leading context and one line of trailing context:
 .Pp
 .Dl $ pciconf -lv | grep -B3 -A1 -E 'class.*=.*storage'
 .It
 Suppress any output and use the exit status to show an appropriate message:
 .Pp
 .Dl $ grep -q foo myfile && echo File matches
 .El
 .Sh SEE ALSO
 .Xr ed 1 ,
 .Xr ex 1 ,
 .Xr sed 1 ,
 .Xr zgrep 1 ,
 .Xr re_format 7
 .Sh STANDARDS
 The
 .Nm
 utility is compliant with the
 .St -p1003.1-2008
 specification.
 .Pp
 The flags
 .Op Fl AaBbCDdGHhILmopRSUVw
 are extensions to that specification, and the behaviour of the
 .Fl f
 flag when used with an empty pattern file is left undefined.
 .Pp
 All long options are provided for compatibility with
 GNU versions of this utility.
 .Pp
 Historic versions of the
 .Nm grep
 utility also supported the flags
 .Op Fl ruy .
 This implementation supports those options;
 however, their use is strongly discouraged.
 .Sh HISTORY
 The
 .Nm grep
 command first appeared in
 .At v6 .