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Frequently Asked Questions for &os;
&rel2.relx; and &rel.relx;The &os; Documentation Project19951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020The &os; Documentation Project
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$FreeBSD$This is the Frequently Asked Questions
(FAQ) for &os; versions
&rel.relx; and &rel2.relx;. Every effort has been made to
make this FAQ as informative as possible;
if you have any suggestions as to how it may be improved, send
them to the &a.doc;.The latest version of this document is always available
from the &os;
website. It may also be downloaded as one large
HTML file with HTTP or as
a variety of other formats from the &os; FTP
server.IntroductionWhat is &os;?&os; is a modern operating system for desktops,
laptops, servers, and embedded systems with support for a
large number of platforms.It is based on U.C. Berkeley's
4.4BSD-Lite release, with some
4.4BSD-Lite2 enhancements. It is also
based indirectly on William Jolitz's port of U.C.
Berkeley's Net/2 to the &i386;, known as
386BSD, though very little of the 386BSD
code remains.&os; is used by companies, Internet Service Providers,
researchers, computer professionals, students and home
users all over the world in their work, education and
recreation.For more detailed information on &os;, refer to the
&os;
Handbook.What is the goal of the &os; Project?The goal of the &os; Project is to provide a stable
and fast general purpose operating system that may be used
for any purpose without strings attached.Does the &os; license have any restrictions?Yes. Those restrictions do not control how the code
is used, but how to treat the &os; Project itself.
The license itself is available at
license
and can be summarized like this:Do not claim that you wrote this.Do not sue us if it breaks.Do not remove or modify the license.Many of us have a significant investment in the
project and would certainly not mind a little financial
compensation now and then, but we definitely do not insist
on it. We believe that our first and foremost
mission is to provide code to any and all
comers, and for whatever purpose, so that the code gets
the widest possible use and provides the widest possible
benefit. This, we believe, is one of the most fundamental
goals of Free Software and one that we enthusiastically
support.Code in our source tree which falls under the GNU
General Public License (GPL) or GNU
Library General Public License (LGPL) comes with
slightly more strings attached, though at least on the
side of enforced access rather than the usual opposite.
Due to the additional complexities that can evolve in the
commercial use of GPL software, we do, however, endeavor
to replace such software with submissions under the more
relaxed &os;
license whenever possible.Can &os; replace my current operating system?For most people, yes. But this question is not quite
that cut-and-dried.Most people do not actually use an operating system.
They use applications. The applications are what really
use the operating system. &os; is designed to provide a
robust and full-featured environment for applications. It
supports a wide variety of web browsers, office suites,
email readers, graphics programs, programming
environments, network servers, and much more.
Most of these applications can be
managed through the Ports
Collection.If an application is only available on one operating
system, that operating system cannot just be replaced.
Chances are, there is a very similar application on &os;,
however. As a solid office or Internet server or a
reliable workstation, &os; will almost certainly do
everything you need. Many computer users across the
world, including both novices and experienced &unix;
administrators, use &os; as their only desktop operating
system.Users migrating to &os; from another &unix;-like
environment will find &os; to be similar.
&windows; and &macos; users may be interested in instead
using FuryBSD,
GhostBSD
or MidnightBSD
three &os;-based desktop distributions. Non-&unix; users
should expect to invest some additional time learning the
&unix; way of doing things. This FAQ
and the &os;
Handbook are excellent places to start.Why is it called &os;?It may be used free of charge, even by commercial
users.Full source for the operating system is freely
available, and the minimum possible restrictions have
been placed upon its use, distribution and
incorporation into other work (commercial or
non-commercial).Anyone who has an improvement or bug fix is free
to submit their code and have it added to the source
tree (subject to one or two obvious
provisions).It is worth pointing out that the word
free is being used in two ways here: one
meaning at no cost and the other meaning
do whatever you like. Apart from
one or two things you cannot do with
the &os; code, for example pretending you wrote it, you
can really do whatever you like with it.What are the differences between &os; and NetBSD,
OpenBSD, and other open source BSD operating
systems?James Howard wrote a good explanation of the history
and differences between the various projects, called The
BSD Family Tree which goes a fair way to
answering this question. Some of the information is out
of date, but the history portion in particular remains
accurate.Most of the BSDs share patches and code, even today.
All of the BSDs have common ancestry.The design goals of &os; are described in , above. The design goals of
the other most popular BSDs may be summarized as
follows:OpenBSD aims for operating system security above
all else. The OpenBSD team wrote &man.ssh.1; and
&man.pf.4;, which have both been ported to
&os;.NetBSD aims to be easily ported to other hardware
platforms.DragonFly BSD is a fork of &os; 4.8 that
has since developed many interesting features of its
own, including the HAMMER file system and support for
user-mode vkernels.What is the latest version of &os;?At any point in the development of &os;, there can be
multiple parallel branches. &rel.relx; releases are made
from the &rel.stable; branch, and &rel2.relx; releases are
made from the &rel2.stable; branch.Up until the release of 12.0, the &rel2.relx; series
was the one known as -STABLE.
However, as of &rel.head.relx;, the &rel2.relx; branch
will be designated for an extended support
status and receive only fixes for major problems, such as
security-related fixes.
Releases are made every
few months. While many people stay more
up-to-date with the &os; sources (see the questions on
&os.current; and &os.stable;) than that, doing so
is more of a commitment, as the sources are a moving
target.More information on &os; releases can be found on the
Release
Engineering page and in &man.release.7;.What is &os;-CURRENT?&os.current;
is the development version of the operating system, which
will in due course become the new &os.stable; branch. As
such, it is really only of interest to developers working
on the system and die-hard hobbyists. See the relevant
section in the Handbook
for details on running
-CURRENT.Users not familiar with &os; should not use
&os.current;. This branch sometimes evolves quite quickly
and due to mistake can be un-buildable at times. People
that use &os.current; are expected to be able to analyze,
debug, and report problems.What is the &os;-STABLE
concept?&os;-STABLE is the development branch
from which major releases are made. Changes go into this
branch at a slower pace and with the general assumption
that they have first been tested in &os;-CURRENT.
However, at any given time, the sources for &os;-STABLE
may or may not be suitable for general use, as it may
uncover bugs and corner cases that were not yet found in
&os;-CURRENT. Users who do not have the resources to
perform testing should instead run the most recent release
of &os;.
&os;-CURRENT, on the other hand, has
been one unbroken line since 2.0 was released.For more
detailed information on branches see &os;
Release Engineering: Creating the Release
Branch, the status of the branches and
the upcoming release schedule can be found on the Release
Engineering Information page.Version &rel121.current;
is the latest release from the &rel.stable; branch; it was
released in &rel121.current.date;. Version &rel1.current;
is the latest release from the &rel2.stable; branch; it
was released in &rel1.current.date;.When are &os; releases made?The &a.re; releases a new major version of &os; about
every 18 months and a new minor version about every 8
months, on average. Release dates are announced well in
advance, so that the people working on the system know
when their projects need to be finished and tested. A
testing period precedes each release, to ensure that the
addition of new features does not compromise the stability
of the release. Many users regard this caution as one of
the best things about &os;, even though waiting for all
the latest goodies to reach -STABLE
can be a little frustrating.More information on the release engineering process
(including a schedule of upcoming releases) can be found
on the release
engineering pages on the &os; Web site.For people who need or want a little more excitement,
binary snapshots are made weekly as discussed
above.When are &os; snapshots made?&os; snapshot
releases are made based on the current state of the
-CURRENT and
-STABLE branches. The goals behind
each snapshot release are:To test the latest version of the installation
software.To give people who would like to run
-CURRENT or
-STABLE but who do not have the
time or bandwidth to follow it on a day-to-day basis
an easy way of bootstrapping it onto their
systems.To preserve a fixed reference point for the code
in question, just in case we break something really
badly later. (Although Subversion normally prevents
anything horrible like this happening.)To ensure that all new features and fixes in need
of testing have the greatest possible number of
potential testers.No claims are made that any
-CURRENT snapshot can be considered
production quality for any purpose.
If a stable and fully tested system is needed,
stick to full releases.Snapshot releases are directly available from snapshot.Official snapshots are generated on a regular
basis for all actively developed branches.Who is responsible for &os;?The key decisions concerning the &os; project, such as
the overall direction of the project and who is allowed to
add code to the source tree, are made by a core
team of 9 people. There is a much larger team of
more than 350 committers
who are authorized to make changes directly to the &os;
source tree.However, most non-trivial changes are discussed in
advance in the mailing
lists, and there are no restrictions on who may
take part in the discussion.Where can I get &os;?Every significant release of &os; is available via
anonymous FTP from the &os;
FTP site:The latest &rel.stable; release,
&rel121.current;-RELEASE can be found in the &rel121.current;-RELEASE
directory.Snapshot
releases are made monthly for the -CURRENT and -STABLE branch, these being
of service purely to bleeding-edge testers and
developers.The latest &rel2.stable; release,
&rel1.current;-RELEASE can be found in the &rel1.current;-RELEASE
directory.Information about obtaining &os; on CD, DVD, and other
media can be found in the
Handbook.How do I access the Problem Report database?The Problem Report database of all user change
requests may be queried by using our web-based PR query
interface.The web-based
problem report submission interface can be used
to submit problem reports through a web browser.Before submitting a problem report, read Writing
&os; Problem Reports, an article on how to write
good problem reports.Documentation and SupportWhat good books are there about &os;?The project produces a wide range of documentation,
available online from this link: https://www.FreeBSD.org/docs.html.
Is the documentation available in other formats, such
as plain text (ASCII), or &postscript;?Yes. The documentation is available in a number of
different formats and compression schemes on the &os; FTP
site, in the /pub/FreeBSD/doc/
directory.The documentation is categorized in a number of
different ways. These include:The document's name, such as
faq, or
handbook.The document's language and encoding. These are
based on the locale names found under
/usr/share/locale on a &os;
system. The current languages and encodings
are as follows:NameMeaningen_US.ISO8859-1English (United States)bn_BD.ISO10646-1Bengali or Bangla (Bangladesh)da_DK.ISO8859-1Danish (Denmark)de_DE.ISO8859-1German (Germany)el_GR.ISO8859-7Greek (Greece)es_ES.ISO8859-1Spanish (Spain)fr_FR.ISO8859-1French (France)hu_HU.ISO8859-2Hungarian (Hungary)it_IT.ISO8859-15Italian (Italy)ja_JP.eucJPJapanese (Japan, EUC encoding)ko_KR.UTF-8Korean (Korea, UTF-8 encoding)mn_MN.UTF-8Mongolian (Mongolia, UTF-8
encoding)nl_NL.ISO8859-1Dutch (Netherlands)pl_PL.ISO8859-2Polish (Poland)pt_BR.ISO8859-1Portuguese (Brazil)ru_RU.KOI8-RRussian (Russia, KOI8-R encoding)tr_TR.ISO8859-9Turkish (Turkey)zh_CN.UTF-8Simplified Chinese (China, UTF-8
encoding)zh_TW.UTF-8Traditional Chinese (Taiwan, UTF-8
encoding)Some documents may not be available in all
languages.The document's format. We produce the
documentation in a number of different output formats.
Each format has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Some formats are better suited for online reading,
while others are meant to be aesthetically pleasing
when printed on paper. Having the documentation
available in any of these formats ensures that our
readers will be able to read the parts they are
interested in, either on their monitor, or on paper
after printing the documents. The currently available
formats are:FormatMeaninghtml-splitA collection of small, linked, HTML
files.htmlOne large HTML file containing the entire
documentpdfAdobe's Portable Document Formatps&postscript;rtfµsoft;'s Rich Text FormattxtPlain textPage numbers are not automatically updated when
loading Rich Text Format into Word. Press CtrlA,
CtrlEnd,
F9 after loading the document, to
update the page numbers.The compression and packaging scheme.Where the format is
html-split, the files are
bundled up using &man.tar.1;. The resulting
.tar is then compressed
using the compression schemes detailed in the next
point.All the other formats generate one file. For
example,
article.pdf,
book.html, and so on.These files are then compressed using either
the zip or
bz2 compression schemes.
&man.tar.1; can be used to uncompress these
files.So the &postscript; version of the Handbook,
compressed using bzip2 will be
stored in a file called
book.ps.bz2 in the
handbook/ directory.After choosing the format and compression mechanism,
download the
compressed files, uncompress them, and then copy
the appropriate documents into place.For example, the split HTML version of the
FAQ, compressed using &man.bzip2.1;,
can be found in
doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.bz2
To download and uncompress that file, type:&prompt.root; fetch https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.bz2
&prompt.root; tar xvf book.html-split.tar.bz2If the file is compressed,
tar will automatically
detect the appropriate format and decompress it correctly,
resulting in a collection of
.html files. The main one is called
index.html, which will contain the
table of contents, introductory material, and links to the
other parts of the document.Where do I find info on the &os; mailing lists? What
&os; news groups are available?Refer to the Handbook
entry on mailing-lists and the Handbook
entry on newsgroups.Are there &os; IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
channels?Yes, most major IRC networks host a &os; chat
channel:Channel #FreeBSDhelp on EFNet
is a channel dedicated to helping &os; users.Channel #FreeBSD on Freenode is
a general help channel with many users at any time.
The conversations have been known to run off-topic for
a while, but priority is given to users with &os;
questions. Other users can help with
the basics, referring to the Handbook whenever
possible and providing links for learning more about
a particular topic. This is primarily an English
speaking channel, though it does have users from all
over the world. Non-native English speakers should
try to ask the question in English first and then
relocate to ##freebsd-lang as
appropriate.Channel #FreeBSD on DALNET is
available at irc.dal.net in
the US and irc.eu.dal.net in
Europe.Channel #FreeBSD on UNDERNET
is available at
us.undernet.org in the US and
eu.undernet.org in Europe.
Since it is a help channel, be prepared to read the
documents you are referred to.Channel #FreeBSD on RUSNET
is a Russian language channel dedicated to
helping &os; users. This is also good place for
non-technical discussions.Channel #bsdchat on Freenode is
a Traditional Chinese (UTF-8 encoding) language
channel dedicated to helping &os; users.
This is also good place for non-technical
discussions.The &os; wiki has a good
list of IRC channels.Each of these channels are distinct and are not
connected to each other. Since their chat styles differ,
try each to find one suited to your
chat style.Are there any web based forums to discuss &os;?The official &os; forums are located at https://forums.FreeBSD.org/.Where can I get commercial &os; training and
support?iXsystems,
Inc., parent company of the &os;
Mall, provides commercial &os; and TrueOS
software support,
in addition to &os; development and tuning
solutions.BSD Certification Group, Inc. provides system
administration certifications for DragonFly BSD,
&os;, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. Refer to their
site for more information.Any other organizations providing training and support
should contact the Project to be listed here.InstallationNikClaytonnik@FreeBSD.orgWhich platform should I download? I have a 64
bit capable &intel; CPU,
but I only see amd64.&arch.amd64; is the term &os; uses for 64-bit
compatible x86 architectures (also known as "x86-64" or
"x64"). Most modern computers should use &arch.amd64;.
Older hardware should use &arch.i386;. When installing
on a non-x86-compatible architecture, select the
platform which best matches the hardware.Which file do I download to get &os;?On the Getting
&os; page, select [iso] next
to the architecture that matches the hardware.Any of the following can be used:filedescriptiondisc1.isoContains enough to install &os; and
a minimal set of packages.dvd1.isoSimilar to disc1.iso
but with additional packages.memstick.imgA bootable image sufficient for writing to a
USB stick.bootonly.isoA minimal image that requires network access
during installation to completely install
&os;.Full instructions on this procedure and a little bit
more about installation issues in general can be found in
the Handbook
entry on installing &os;.What do I do if the install image does not
boot?This can be caused by not downloading the image in
binary mode when using
FTP.Some FTP clients default their transfer mode to
ascii and attempt to change any
end-of-line characters received to match the
conventions used by the client's system. This will
almost invariably corrupt the boot image. Check the
SHA-256 checksum of the downloaded boot image: if it
is not exactly that on the
server, then the download process is suspect.When using a command line FTP client, type
binary at the FTP command prompt
after getting connected to the server and before
starting the download of the image.Where are the instructions for installing &os;?Installation instructions
can be found at Handbook
entry on installing &os;.How can I make my own custom release or install
disk?Customized &os; installation media can be created by
building a custom release. Follow the instructions in the
Release
Engineering article.Can &windows; co-exist with &os;? (x86-specific)If &windows; is installed first, then yes. &os;'s
boot manager will then manage to boot &windows; and &os;.
If &windows; is installed afterwards, it will
overwrite the boot manager. If that
happens, see the next section.Another operating system destroyed my Boot Manager.
How do I get it back? (x86-specific)This depends upon the boot manager.
The &os; boot selection menu can be reinstalled using
&man.boot0cfg.8;. For example, to restore the boot menu
onto the disk ada0:&prompt.root; boot0cfg -B ada0The non-interactive MBR bootloader can be installed
using &man.gpart.8;:&prompt.root; gpart bootcode -b /boot/mbr ada0For more complex situations, including GPT disks, see
&man.gpart.8;.Do I need to install the source?In general, no. There is nothing in the base system
which requires the presence of the source to operate.
Some ports, like sysutils/lsof, will
not build unless the source is installed. In particular,
if the port builds a kernel module or directly operates on
kernel structures, the source must be installed.Do I need to build a kernel?Usually not. The supplied GENERIC
kernel contains the drivers an ordinary computer will
need. &man.freebsd-update.8;, the &os; binary upgrade
tool, cannot upgrade custom kernels, another reason to
stick with the GENERIC kernel when
possible. For computers with very limited RAM, such as
embedded systems, it may be worthwhile to build a smaller
custom kernel containing just the required drivers.Should I use DES, Blowfish, or MD5 passwords and how
do I specify which form my users receive?&os; uses
SHA512 by
default. DES
passwords are still available for backwards compatibility
with operating systems that still
use the less secure password format. &os; also supports
the Blowfish and MD5 password formats. Which
password format to use for new passwords is controlled by
the passwd_format login capability in
/etc/login.conf, which takes values
of des, blf (if
these are available) or md5. See the
&man.login.conf.5; manual page for more information about
login capabilities.What are the limits for FFS file systems?For FFS file systems, the largest file system is
practically limited by the amount of memory required to
&man.fsck.8; the file system. &man.fsck.8; requires one
bit per fragment, which with the default fragment size of
4 KB equates to 32 MB of memory per TB of disk.
This does mean that on architectures which limit userland
processes to 2 GB (e.g., &i386;), the maximum
&man.fsck.8;'able filesystem is ~60 TB.If there was not a &man.fsck.8; memory limit the
maximum filesystem size would be 2 ^ 64 (blocks)
* 32 KB => 16 Exa * 32 KB => 512
ZettaBytes.The maximum size of a single FFS file is approximately
2 PB with the default block size of 32 KB. Each
32 KB block can point to 4096 blocks. With triple
indirect blocks, the calculation is 32 KB * 12 +
32 KB * 4096 + 32 KB * 4096^2 + 32 KB *
4096^3. Increasing the block size to 64 KB will
increase the max file size by a factor of 16.Why do I get an error message, readin
failed after compiling and booting a new
kernel?The world and kernel are out of sync. This
is not supported. Be sure to use make
buildworld and make
buildkernel to update the kernel.Boot the system by specifying the kernel directly at
the second stage, pressing any key when the
| shows up before loader is
started.Is there a tool to perform post-installation
configuration tasks?Yes. bsdconfig provides a
nice interface to configure &os; post-installation.Hardware CompatibilityGeneralI want to get a piece of hardware for my &os;
system. Which model/brand/type is best?This is discussed continually on the &os; mailing
lists but is to be expected since hardware changes so
quickly. Read through the Hardware Notes
for &os; &rel121.current;
or &rel1.current;
and search the mailing list archives
before asking about the latest and greatest hardware.
Chances are a discussion about that type of hardware
took place just last week.Before purchasing a laptop, check the archives for
- &a.mobile; and &a.questions;, or possibly a specific
+ &a.questions;, or possibly a specific
mailing list for a particular hardware type.What are the limits for memory?&os; as an operating system generally supports
as much physical memory (RAM) as the platform it is
running on does. Keep in mind that different platforms
have different limits for memory; for example &i386;
without PAE supports at most
4 GB of memory (and usually less than that because
of PCI address space) and &i386; with PAE supports at
most 64 GB memory. As of &os; 10, AMD64
platforms support up to 4 TB of physical
memory.Why does &os; report less than 4 GB memory when
installed on an &i386; machine?The total address space on &i386; machines is
32-bit, meaning that at most 4 GB of memory is
addressable (can be accessed). Furthermore, some
addresses in this range are reserved by hardware for
different purposes, for example for using and
controlling PCI devices, for accessing video memory, and
so on. Therefore, the total amount of memory usable by
the operating system for its kernel and applications is
limited to significantly less than 4 GB. Usually,
3.2 GB to 3.7 GB is the maximum usable
physical memory in this configuration.To access more than 3.2 GB to 3.7 GB of
installed memory (meaning up to 4 GB but also more
than 4 GB), a special tweak called
PAE must be used. PAE stands for
Physical Address Extension and is a way for 32-bit x86
CPUs to address more than 4 GB of memory. It
remaps the memory that would otherwise be overlaid by
address reservations for hardware devices above the
4 GB range and uses it as additional physical
memory (see &man.pae.4;). Using PAE has some drawbacks;
this mode of memory access is a little bit slower than
the normal (without PAE) mode and loadable modules (see
&man.kld.4;) are not supported. This means all drivers
must be compiled into the kernel.The most common way to enable PAE is to build a new
kernel with the special ready-provided kernel
configuration file called PAE,
which is already configured to build a safe kernel.
Note that some entries in this kernel configuration file
are too conservative and some drivers marked as unready
to be used with PAE are actually usable. A rule of
thumb is that if the driver is usable on 64-bit
architectures (like AMD64), it is also usable with PAE.
When creating a custom kernel configuration
file, PAE can be enabled by adding the following
line:options PAEPAE is not much used nowadays because most new x86
hardware also supports running in 64-bit mode, known as
AMD64 or &intel; 64. It has a much larger address
space and does not need such tweaks. &os; supports
AMD64 and it is recommended that this version of &os; be
used instead of the &i386; version if 4 GB or more
memory is required.Architectures and ProcessorsDoes &os; support architectures other than the
x86?Yes. &os; divides support into multiple tiers.
Tier 1 architectures, such as i386 or amd64; are fully
supported. Tiers 2 and 3 are supported on a
best-effort basis. A full explanation of the tier
system is available in the Committer's
Guide.A complete list of supported architectures can be
found on the platforms
page.Does &os; support Symmetric Multiprocessing
(SMP)?&os; supports symmetric multi-processor (SMP) on all
non-embedded platforms (e.g, &arch.i386;, &arch.amd64;,
etc.). SMP is also supported in arm and MIPS kernels,
although some CPUs may not support this. &os;'s SMP
implementation uses fine-grained locking, and
performance scales nearly linearly with number of
CPUs.&man.smp.4; has more details.What is microcode?
How do I install &intel; CPU microcode updates?Microcode is a method of programmatically
implementing hardware level instructions. This allows
for CPU bugs to be fixed without replacing the on board
chip.Install sysutils/devcpu-data,
then add:microcode_update_enable="YES"to /etc/rc.confPeripheralsWhat kind of peripherals does &os; support?See the complete list in the Hardware Notes for &os;
&rel121.current;
or &rel1.current;.Keyboards and MiceIs it possible to use a mouse outside the
X Window system?The default console driver,
&man.syscons.4;, provides the ability to use a mouse
pointer in text consoles to cut & paste text. Run
the mouse daemon, &man.moused.8;, and turn on the mouse
pointer in the virtual console:&prompt.root; moused -p /dev/xxxx -t yyyy
&prompt.root; vidcontrol -m onWhere xxxx is the mouse
device name and yyyy is a
protocol type for the mouse. The mouse daemon can
automatically determine the protocol type of most mice,
except old serial mice. Specify the
auto protocol to invoke automatic
detection. If automatic detection does not work, see
the &man.moused.8; manual page for a list of supported
protocol types.For a PS/2 mouse, add
moused_enable="YES" to
/etc/rc.conf to start the mouse
daemon at boot time. Additionally, to
use the mouse daemon on all virtual terminals instead of
just the console, add allscreens_flags="-m
on" to
/etc/rc.conf.When the mouse daemon is running, access to the
mouse must be coordinated between the mouse daemon and
other programs such as X Windows. Refer to the
FAQ
Why does my mouse not work
with X? for more details on this issue.How do I cut and paste text with a mouse in the text
console?It is not possible to remove data using the mouse.
However, it is possible to copy and paste. Once the
mouse daemon is running as described in the previous question, hold down
button 1 (left button) and move the mouse to select a
region of text. Then, press button 2 (middle button) to
paste it at the text cursor. Pressing button 3 (right
button) will extend the selected region
of text.If the mouse does not have a middle button, it is
possible to emulate one or remap buttons using mouse
daemon options. See the &man.moused.8; manual page for
details.My mouse has a fancy wheel and buttons. Can I use
them in &os;?The answer is, unfortunately, It
depends. These mice with additional features
require specialized driver in most cases. Unless the
mouse device driver or the user program has specific
support for the mouse, it will act just like a standard
two, or three button mouse.For the possible usage of wheels in the X Window
environment, refer to that section.How do I use my delete key in sh
and csh?For the Bourne Shell, add
the following lines to ~/.shrc.
See &man.sh.1; and &man.editrc.5;.bind ^[[3~ ed-delete-next-char # for xtermFor the C Shell, add the
following lines to ~/.cshrc.
See &man.csh.1;.bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char # for xtermOther HardwareWorkarounds for no sound from my &man.pcm.4; sound
card?Some sound cards set their output volume to 0 at
every boot. Run the following command every time the
machine boots:&prompt.root; mixer pcm 100 vol 100 cd 100Does &os; support power management on my
laptop?&os; supports the ACPI features
found in modern hardware. Further information can be
found in &man.acpi.4;.TroubleshootingWhy is &os; finding the wrong amount of memory on
&i386; hardware?The most likely reason is the difference between
physical memory addresses and virtual addresses.The convention for most PC hardware is to use the
memory area between 3.5 GB and 4 GB for a
special purpose (usually for PCI). This address space is
used to access PCI hardware. As a result real, physical
memory cannot be accessed by that address space.What happens to the memory that should appear in that
location is hardware dependent. Unfortunately,
some hardware does nothing and the ability to use that
last 500 MB of RAM is entirely lost.Luckily, most hardware remaps the memory to a higher
location so that it can still be used. However, this can
cause some confusion when watching the boot
messages.On a 32-bit version of &os;, the memory appears lost,
since it will be remapped above 4 GB, which a 32-bit
kernel is unable to access. In this case, the solution is
to build a PAE enabled kernel. See the entry on memory
limits for more information.On a 64-bit version of &os;, or when running a
PAE-enabled kernel, &os; will correctly detect and remap
the memory so it is usable. During boot, however, it may
seem as if &os; is detecting more memory than the system
really has, due to the described remapping. This is
normal and the available memory will be corrected as the
boot process completes.Why do my programs occasionally die with
Signal 11 errors?Signal 11 errors are caused when a process has
attempted to access memory which the operating system has
not granted it access to. If something like this is
happening at seemingly random intervals,
start investigating the cause.These problems can usually be attributed to
either:If the problem is occurring only in a specific
custom application, it is
probably a bug in the code.If it is a problem with part of the base &os;
system, it may also be buggy code, but more often than
not these problems are found and fixed long before us
general FAQ readers get to use
these bits of code (that is what -CURRENT is
for).It is probably
not a &os; bug if the
problem occurs compiling a program, but the activity
that the compiler is carrying out changes each
time.For example, if make
buildworld fails while trying
to compile ls.c into
ls.o and, when run again, it fails
in the same place, this is a broken build. Try
updating source and try again. If the compile fails
elsewhere, it is almost certainly due to hardware.In the first case, use a debugger such as
&man.gdb.1; to find the point in the program which is
attempting to access a bogus address and fix
it.In the second case, verify which piece of
hardware is at fault.Common causes of this include:The hard disks might be overheating: Check that
the fans are still working, as the disk and
other hardware might be overheating.The processor running is overheating: This might
be because the processor has been overclocked, or the
fan on the processor might have died. In either case,
ensure that the hardware is running at
what it is specified to run at, at least while trying
to solve this problem. If it is not, clock it back
to the default settings.)Regarding overclocking, it is far
cheaper to have a slow system than a fried system that
needs replacing! Also the community is not
sympathetic to problems on overclocked systems.Dodgy memory: if multiple memory
SIMMS/DIMMS are installed, pull them all out and try
running the machine with each SIMM or DIMM
individually to narrow the problem down to either the
problematic DIMM/SIMM or perhaps even a
combination.Over-optimistic motherboard settings: the BIOS
settings, and some motherboard jumpers, provide
options to set various timings. The defaults
are often sufficient, but sometimes setting the wait
states on RAM too low, or setting the RAM
Speed: Turbo option
will cause strange behavior. A possible idea is to
set to BIOS defaults, after noting
the current settings first.Unclean or insufficient power to the motherboard.
Remove any unused I/O boards, hard disks, or
CD-ROMs,
or disconnect the power cable from them, to see if
the power supply can manage a smaller load. Or try
another power supply, preferably one with a little
more power. For instance, if the current power supply
is rated at 250 Watts, try one rated at
300 Watts.Read the section on
Signal 11 for a further
explanation and a discussion on how memory testing
software or hardware can still pass faulty memory. There
is an extensive FAQ on this at the SIG11
problem FAQ.Finally, if none of this has helped, it is possibly
a bug in &os;.
Follow these instructions
to send a problem report.My system crashes with either Fatal trap
12: page fault in kernel mode, or
panic:, and spits out a bunch of
information. What should I do?The &os; developers are interested in these
errors, but need more information than just the error
message. Copy the full crash message. Then consult the
FAQ section on kernel
panics, build a debugging kernel, and get a
backtrace. This might sound difficult, but does not
require any programming skills. Just follow the
instructions.What is the meaning of the error maxproc
limit exceeded by uid %i, please see tuning(7) and
login.conf(5)?The &os; kernel will only allow a certain number of
processes to exist at one time. The number is based on
the kern.maxusers &man.sysctl.8;
variable. kern.maxusers also affects
various other in-kernel limits, such as network buffers.
If the machine is heavily loaded,
increase kern.maxusers. This will
increase these other system limits in addition to the
maximum number of processes.To adjust the kern.maxusers value,
see the File/Process
Limits section of the Handbook. While that
section refers to open files, the same limits apply to
processes.If the machine is lightly loaded but running a very
large number of processes, adjust the
kern.maxproc tunable by defining it in
/boot/loader.conf. The tunable will
not get adjusted until the system is rebooted. For more
information about tuning tunables, see
&man.loader.conf.5;. If these processes are being run by
a single user, adjust
kern.maxprocperuid to be one less than
the new kern.maxproc value. It must
be at least one less because one system program,
&man.init.8;, must always be running.Why do full screen applications on remote machines
misbehave?The remote machine may be setting the terminal type to
something other than xterm which is
required by the &os; console. Alternatively the kernel
may have the wrong values for the width and height of the
terminal.Check the value of the TERM
environment variable is xterm. If the
remote machine does not support that try
vt100.Run stty -a to check what the
kernel thinks the terminal dimensions are. If they are
incorrect, they can be changed by running
stty rows RR cols
CC.Alternatively, if the client machine has
x11/xterm installed, then running
resize will query the terminal for the
correct dimensions and set them.Why does it take so long to connect to my computer via
ssh or
telnet?The symptom: there is a long delay between the time
the TCP connection is established and the time when the
client software asks for a password (or, in
&man.telnet.1;'s case, when a login prompt
appears).The problem: more likely than not, the delay is caused
by the server software trying to resolve the client's IP
address into a hostname. Many servers, including the
Telnet and
SSH servers that come with
&os;, do this to store the hostname in a log file for
future reference by the administrator.The remedy: if the problem occurs whenever connecting
the client computer to any server, the problem
is with the client. If the problem only occurs
when someone connects to the server computer, the
problem is with the server.If the problem is with the client, the only remedy is
to fix the DNS so the server can resolve it. If this is
on a local network, consider it a server problem and keep
reading. If this is on the Internet,
contact your ISP.If the problem is with the server on a
local network, configure the server
to resolve address-to-hostname queries for the local
address range. See &man.hosts.5; and &man.named.8;
for more information. If this is on the
Internet, the problem may be that the local server's
resolver is not functioning correctly. To check, try to
look up another host such as
www.yahoo.com. If it does not
work, that is the problem.Following a fresh install of &os;, it is also possible
that domain and name server information is missing from
/etc/resolv.conf. This will often
cause a delay in SSH, as the
option UseDNS is set to
yes by default in
/etc/ssh/sshd_config. If this is
causing the problem, either fill in the
missing information in
/etc/resolv.conf or set
UseDNS to no in
sshd_config as a temporary
workaround.Why does file: table is full
show up repeatedly in &man.dmesg.8;?This error message indicates that the number of
available file descriptors have been exhausted on the
system. Refer to the kern.maxfiles
section of the Tuning
Kernel Limits section of the Handbook for a
discussion and solution.Why does the clock on my computer keep incorrect
time?The computer has two or more clocks, and &os; has
chosen to use the wrong one.Run &man.dmesg.8;, and check for lines that contain
Timecounter. The one with the highest
quality value that &os; chose.&prompt.root; dmesg | grep Timecounter
Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 0
Timecounter "ACPI-fast" frequency 3579545 Hz quality 1000
Timecounter "TSC" frequency 2998570050 Hz quality 800
Timecounters tick every 1.000 msecConfirm this by checking the
kern.timecounter.hardware
&man.sysctl.3;.&prompt.root; sysctl kern.timecounter.hardware
kern.timecounter.hardware: ACPI-fastIt may be a broken ACPI timer. The simplest solution
is to disable the ACPI timer in
/boot/loader.conf:debug.acpi.disabled="timer"Or the BIOS may modify the TSC clock—perhaps to
change the speed of the processor when running from
batteries, or going into a power saving mode, but &os; is
unaware of these adjustments, and appears to gain or lose
time.In this example, the i8254 clock is
also available, and can be selected by writing its name to
the kern.timecounter.hardware
&man.sysctl.3;.&prompt.root; sysctl kern.timecounter.hardware=i8254
kern.timecounter.hardware: TSC -> i8254The computer should now start keeping more accurate
time.To have this change automatically run at boot time,
add the following line to
/etc/sysctl.conf:kern.timecounter.hardware=i8254What does the error swap_pager: indefinite
wait buffer: mean?This means that a process is trying to page memory
from
disk, and the page attempt has hung trying to access the
disk for more than 20 seconds. It might be caused by bad
blocks on the disk drive, disk wiring, cables, or any
other disk I/O-related hardware. If the drive itself is
bad, disk errors will appear in
/var/log/messages and in the output
of dmesg. Otherwise, check the cables
and connections.What is a lock order
reversal?The &os; kernel uses a number of resource locks to
arbitrate contention for certain resources. When multiple
kernel threads try to obtain multiple resource locks,
there's always the potential for a deadlock, where two
threads have each obtained one of the locks and blocks
forever waiting for the other thread to release one of the
other locks. This sort of locking problem can be avoided
if all threads obtain the locks in the same order.A run-time lock diagnostic system called
&man.witness.4;, enabled in &os.current; and disabled by
default for stable branches and releases, detects the
potential for deadlocks due to locking errors, including
errors caused by obtaining multiple resource locks with a
different order from different parts of the kernel. The
&man.witness.4; framework tries to detect this problem as
it happens, and reports it by printing a message to the
system console about a lock order
reversal (often referred to also as
LOR).It is possible to get false positives, as
&man.witness.4; is conservative. A true positive report
does not mean that a system is
dead-locked; instead it should be understood as a warning
that a deadlock could have happened here.Problematic LORs tend to get
fixed quickly, so check the &a.current; before posting
to it.What does Called ... with the following
non-sleepable locks held mean?This means that a function that may sleep was called
while a mutex (or other unsleepable) lock was held.The reason this is an error is because mutexes are not
intended to be held for long periods of time; they are
supposed to only be held to maintain short periods of
synchronization. This programming contract allows device
drivers to use mutexes to synchronize with the rest of the
kernel during interrupts. Interrupts (under &os;) may not
sleep. Hence it is imperative that no subsystem in the
kernel block for an extended period while holding a
mutex.To catch such errors, assertions may be added to the
kernel that interact with the &man.witness.4; subsystem to
emit a warning or fatal error (depending on the system
configuration) when a potentially blocking call is made
while holding a mutex.In summary, such warnings are non-fatal, however with
unfortunate timing they could cause undesirable effects
ranging from a minor blip in the system's responsiveness
to a complete system lockup.For additional information about locking in &os; see
&man.locking.9;.Why does
buildworld/installworld
die with the message touch: not
found?This error does not mean that the &man.touch.1;
utility is missing. The error is instead probably due to
the dates of the files being set sometime in the future.
If the CMOS clock is set to local time, run
adjkerntz -i to adjust
the kernel clock when booting into single-user
mode.User ApplicationsWhere are all the user applications?Refer to the ports
page for info on software packages ported to
&os;.Most ports should work on all supported versions of
&os;. Those that do not are specifically marked as such.
Each time a &os; release is made, a snapshot of the ports
tree at the time of release in also included in the
ports/ directory.&os; supports compressed binary packages to easily
install and uninstall ports. Use &man.pkg.7; to control
the installation of packages.How do I download the Ports tree? Should I be using
Subversion?Any of the methods listed here work:Use portsnap for most use cases. Refer to Using
the Ports Collection for instructions on how to
use this tool.Use Subversion if custom patches to the
ports tree are needed. Refer to Using
Subversion for details.Why can I not build this port on my
&rel2.relx; -, or
&rel.relx; -STABLE machine?If the installed &os; version lags significantly
behind -CURRENT or
-STABLE, update the Ports Collection
using the instructions in Using
the Ports Collection. If the system is
up-to-date, someone might have committed a change to the
port which works for -CURRENT but
which broke the port for -STABLE.
Submit
a bug report, since the Ports Collection is supposed to
work for both the -CURRENT and
-STABLE branches.I just tried to build INDEX using
make index, and it failed. Why?First, make sure that the Ports Collection is
up-to-date. Errors that affect building
INDEX from an up-to-date copy of the
Ports Collection are high-visibility and are thus almost
always fixed immediately.There are rare cases where INDEX
will not build due to odd cases involving
OPTIONS_SET
being set in make.conf. If
you suspect that this is the case, try to make
INDEX with those variables
turned off before reporting it to &a.ports;.I updated the sources, now how do I update my
installed ports?&os; does not include a port upgrading tool, but it
does have some tools to make the upgrade process somewhat
easier. Additional tools are available to simplify
port handling and are described the Upgrading
Ports section in the &os; Handbook.Do I need to recompile every port each time I perform
a major version update?Yes! While a recent system will run with
software compiled under an older release,
things will randomly crash and fail to work once
other ports are installed or updated.When the system is upgraded, various shared libraries,
loadable modules, and other parts of the system will be
replaced with newer versions. Applications linked against
the older versions may fail to start or, in other cases,
fail to function properly.For more information, see the
section on upgrades in the &os; Handbook.Do I need to recompile every port each time I perform
a minor version update?In general, no. &os; developers do their utmost to
guarantee binary compatibility across all releases with
the same major version number. Any exceptions will be
documented in the Release Notes, and advice given there
should be followed.Why is /bin/sh so minimal? Why
does &os; not use bash or another
shell?Many people need to write shell scripts which will be
portable across many systems. That is why &posix;
specifies the shell and utility commands in great detail.
Most scripts are written in Bourne shell (&man.sh.1;), and
because several important programming interfaces
(&man.make.1;, &man.system.3;, &man.popen.3;, and
analogues in higher-level scripting languages like Perl
and Tcl) are specified to use the Bourne shell to
interpret commands. Because the Bourne shell is so often
and widely used, it is important for it to be quick to
start, be deterministic in its behavior, and have a small
memory footprint.The existing implementation is our best effort at
meeting as many of these requirements simultaneously as we
can. To keep /bin/sh small, we have
not provided many of the convenience features that other
shells have. That is why other more featureful shells
like bash, scsh,
&man.tcsh.1;, and zsh are available.
Compare the memory utilization of
these shells by looking at the VSZ and
RSS columns in a ps -u
listing.Kernel ConfigurationI would like to customize my kernel. Is it
difficult?Not at all! Check out the kernel
config section of the Handbook.The new kernel will be
installed to the /boot/kernel
directory along with its modules, while the old kernel
and its modules will be moved to the
/boot/kernel.old directory. If
a mistake is made in the
configuration, simply boot the previous version of the
kernel.Why is my kernel so big?GENERIC kernels shipped with &os;
are compiled in debug mode.
Kernels built in debug mode contain debug data in
separate files that are used for debugging.
&os; releases prior to 11.0 store these debug files in
the same directory as the kernel itself,
/boot/kernel/.
In &os; 11.0 and later the debug files are stored in
/usr/lib/debug/boot/kernel/.
Note that there will be little or no performance loss from
running a debug kernel, and it is useful to keep one
around in case of a system panic.When running low on disk space, there
are different options to reduce the size of
/boot/kernel/ and
/usr/lib/debug/.To not install the symbol files,
make sure the following line exists in
/etc/src.conf:WITHOUT_KERNEL_SYMBOLS=yesFor more information see &man.src.conf.5;.If you want to avoid building debug files altogether,
make sure that both of the following are true:This line does not exist in the kernel
configuration file:makeoptions DEBUG=-gDo not run &man.config.8; with
.Either of the above settings will cause the kernel to
be built in debug mode.To build and install only the specified modules, list
them in
/etc/make.conf:MODULES_OVERRIDE= accf_http ipfwReplace accf_httpd ipfw with a
list of needed modules. Only the listed modules will be
built. This reduces the size of the kernel
directory and decreases the amount of time needed to
build the kernel. For more information, read
/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf.Unneeded devices can be removed from the kernel
to further reduce the size. See for more information.To put any of these options into effect, follow the
instructions to build
and install the new kernel.For reference, the &os; 11 &arch.amd64; kernel
(/boot/kernel/kernel) is
approximately 25 MB.Why does every kernel I try to build fail to compile,
even GENERIC?There are a number of possible causes for this
problem:The source
tree is different from the one used to build the
currently running system. When attempting an upgrade,
read /usr/src/UPDATING, paying
particular attention to the COMMON
ITEMS section at the end.The make buildkernel did not
complete successfully. The make
buildkernel target relies on files
generated by the make buildworld
target to complete its job correctly.Even when building &os;-STABLE, it is possible
that the source tree was fetched at a time when it was
either being modified or it was broken.
Only releases are guaranteed to be
buildable, although &os;-STABLE builds fine the
majority of the time. Try re-fetching the source tree
and see if the problem goes away. Try using a
different mirror in case the previous one is having
problems.Which scheduler is in use on a
running system?The name of the scheduler currently being used is
directly available as the value of the
kern.sched.name sysctl:&prompt.user; sysctl kern.sched.name
kern.sched.name: ULEWhat is kern.sched.quantum?kern.sched.quantum is the maximum
number of ticks a process can run without being preempted
in the 4BSD scheduler.Disks, File Systems, and Boot LoadersHow can I add my new hard disk to my &os;
system?See the Adding
Disks section in the &os; Handbook.How do I move my system over to my huge new
disk?The best way is to reinstall the operating system on
the new disk, then move the user data over. This is
highly recommended when tracking
-STABLE for more than one release or
when updating a release instead of installing a new one.
Install booteasy on both disks with &man.boot0cfg.8; and
dual boot until you are happy with the new configuration.
Skip the next paragraph to find out how to move the data
after doing this.Alternatively, partition and label the new disk with
either &man.sade.8; or &man.gpart.8;. If the disks are
MBR-formatted, booteasy can be installed on both disks
with &man.boot0cfg.8; so that the computer can dual boot
to the old or new system after the copying is done.Once the new disk set up,
the data cannot just be copied. Instead, use tools that
understand device files and system flags, such as
&man.dump.8;. Although it is recommended
to move the data while in single-user mode, it
is not required.When the disks are formatted with
UFS, never use anything but
&man.dump.8; and &man.restore.8; to move the root file
system. These commands should also be used when moving a
single partition to another empty partition. The sequence
of steps to use dump to move the data
from one UFS partitions to a new
partition is:newfs the new partition.mount it on a temporary mount
point.cd to that directory.dump the old partition, piping
output to the new one.For example, to move
/dev/ada1s1a with
/mnt as the temporary mount point,
type:&prompt.root; newfs /dev/ada1s1a
&prompt.root; mount /dev/ada1s1a /mnt
&prompt.root; cd /mnt
&prompt.root; dump 0af - / | restore rf -Rearranging partitions with
dump takes a bit more work. To merge a
partition like /var into its parent,
create the new partition large enough for both, move the
parent partition as described above, then move the child
partition into the empty directory that the first move
created:&prompt.root; newfs /dev/ada1s1a
&prompt.root; mount /dev/ada1s1a /mnt
&prompt.root; cd /mnt
&prompt.root; dump 0af - / | restore rf -
&prompt.root; cd var
&prompt.root; dump 0af - /var | restore rf -To split a directory from its parent, say putting
/var on its own partition when it was
not before, create both partitions, then mount the child
partition on the appropriate directory in the temporary
mount point, then move the old single partition:&prompt.root; newfs /dev/ada1s1a
&prompt.root; newfs /dev/ada1s1d
&prompt.root; mount /dev/ada1s1a /mnt
&prompt.root; mkdir /mnt/var
&prompt.root; mount /dev/ada1s1d /mnt/var
&prompt.root; cd /mnt
&prompt.root; dump 0af - / | restore rf -The &man.cpio.1; and &man.pax.1; utilities are also
available for moving user data. These are known to lose
file flag information, so use them with caution.Which partitions can safely use Soft Updates? I have
heard that Soft Updates on / can
cause problems. What about Journaled Soft Updates?Short answer: Soft Updates can usually be safely used
on all partitions.Long answer: Soft Updates has two characteristics
that may be undesirable on certain partitions. First, a
Soft Updates partition has a small chance of losing data
during a system crash. The partition will not be
corrupted as the data will simply be lost. Second, Soft
Updates can cause temporary space shortages.When using Soft Updates, the kernel can take up to
thirty seconds to write changes to the physical disk.
When a large file is deleted the file still resides on
disk until the kernel actually performs the deletion.
This can cause a very simple race condition. Suppose
one large file is deleted and another large file is
immediately created. The first large file is not yet
actually removed from the physical disk, so the disk might
not have enough room for the second large file. This will
produce an error that the partition does not have enough
space, even though a large chunk of space has just been
released. A few seconds later, the file creation works as
expected.If a system should crash after the kernel accepts a
chunk of data for writing to disk, but before that data is
actually written out, data could be lost. This risk is
extremely small, but generally manageable.These issues affect all partitions using Soft Updates.
So, what does this mean for the root partition?Vital information on the root partition changes very
rarely. If the system crashed during the thirty-second
window after such a change is made, it is possible that
data could be lost. This risk is negligible for most
applications, but be aware that it exists. If
the system cannot tolerate this much risk, do not use
Soft Updates on the root file system!/ is traditionally one of the
smallest partitions. If
/tmp is on
/, there may be intermittent
space problems. Symlinking /tmp to
/var/tmp will solve this
problem.Finally, &man.dump.8; does not work in live mode (-L)
on a filesystem, with Journaled Soft Updates
(SU+J).Can I mount other foreign file systems under
&os;?&os; supports a variety of other file systems.UFSUFS CD-ROMs can be mounted directly on &os;.
Mounting disk partitions from Digital UNIX and other
systems that support UFS may be more complex,
depending on the details of the disk partitioning
for the operating system in question.ext2/ext3&os; supports ext2fs and
ext3fs partitions. See
&man.ext2fs.5; for more information.NTFSFUSE based NTFS support is available as a port
(sysutils/fusefs-ntfs). For more
information see ntfs-3g.FAT&os; includes a read-write FAT driver. For more
information, see &man.mount.msdosfs.8;.ZFS&os; includes a port of &sun;'s ZFS driver. The
current recommendation is to use it only on
&arch.amd64; platforms with sufficient memory. For
more information, see &man.zfs.8;.&os; includes the Network File System
NFS and the &os; Ports Collection
provides several FUSE applications to support many other
file systems.How do I mount a secondary DOS partition?The secondary DOS partitions are found after
all the primary partitions. For
example, if E is the
second DOS partition on the second SCSI drive, there will
be a device file for slice 5 in
/dev. To mount it:&prompt.root; mount -t msdosfs /dev/da1s5 /dos/eIs there a cryptographic file system for &os;?Yes, &man.gbde.8; and &man.geli.8;.
See the Encrypting
Disk Partitions section of the &os;
Handbook.How do I boot &os; and &linux; using
GRUB?To boot &os; using GRUB,
add the following to either
/boot/grub/menu.lst or
/boot/grub/grub.conf, depending upon
which is used by the &linux; distribution.title &os; 9.1
root (hd0,a)
kernel /boot/loaderWhere hd0,a points to the
root partition on the first disk. To specify
the slice number, use something like this
(hd0,2,a). By default, if the
slice number is omitted, GRUB
searches the first slice
which has the a partition.How do I boot &os; and &linux; using
BootEasy?Install LILO at the start of the &linux; boot
partition instead of in the Master Boot Record. Then boot
LILO from BootEasy.This is recommended when running &windows; and &linux;
as it makes it simpler to get &linux; booting again if
&windows; is reinstalled.How do I change the boot prompt from
??? to something more
meaningful?This cannot be accomplished with the standard boot
manager without rewriting it. There are a number of other
boot managers in the sysutils
category of the Ports Collection.How do I use a new removable drive?If the drive already has a file system on it,
use a command like this:&prompt.root; mount -t msdosfs /dev/da0s1 /mntIf the drive will only be used with &os; systems,
partition it with UFS or
ZFS. This will provide long filename
support, improvement in performance, and stability. If
the drive will be used by other operating systems, a more
portable choice, such as msdosfs, is better.&prompt.root; dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/da0 count=2
&prompt.root; gpart create -s GPT /dev/da0
&prompt.root; gpart add -t freebsd-ufs /dev/da0Finally, create a new file system:&prompt.root; newfs /dev/da0p1and mount it:&prompt.root; mount /dev/da0s1 /mntIt is a good idea to add a line to
/etc/fstab (see &man.fstab.5;) so you
can just type mount /mnt in the
future:/dev/da0p1 /mnt ufs rw,noauto 0 0Why do I get Incorrect super
block when mounting a CD?The type of device to mount must be specified. This
is described in the Handbook section on Using
Data CDs.Why do I get Device not
configured when mounting a CD?This generally means that there is no CD in the
drive, or the drive is not visible on the bus.
Refer to the Using
Data CDs section of the Handbook for a detailed
discussion of this issue.Why do all non-English characters in filenames show up
as ? on my CDs when mounted in &os;?The CD probably uses the Joliet
extension for storing information about files and
directories. This is discussed in the Handbook section on
Using
Data CD-ROMs.A CD burned under &os; cannot be read
under any other operating system. Why?This means a raw file was burned to the CD, rather
than creating an ISO 9660 file system. Take a look
at the Handbook section on Using
Data CDs.How can I create an image of a data CD?This is discussed in the Handbook section on Writing
Data to an ISO File System.
For more on working with CD-ROMs, see the Creating
CDs Section in the Storage chapter in the
Handbook.Why can I not mount an audio
CD?Trying to mount an audio CD will produce an error
like cd9660: /dev/cd0: Invalid
argument. This is because
mount only works on file systems.
Audio CDs do not have file systems; they just have data.
Instead, use a program that reads audio CDs, such as the
audio/xmcd package or port.How do I mount a multi-session
CD?By default, &man.mount.8; will attempt to mount the
last data track (session) of a CD. To
load an earlier session, use the
command line argument. Refer to
&man.mount.cd9660.8; for specific examples.How do I let ordinary users mount CD-ROMs, DVDs,
USB drives, and other removable media?As root set
the sysctl variable vfs.usermount to
1.&prompt.root; sysctl vfs.usermount=1To make this persist across reboots, add the line
vfs.usermount=1 to
/etc/sysctl.conf so that it is reset
at system boot time.Users can only mount devices they have read
permissions to. To allow users to mount a device
permissions must be set in
/etc/devfs.conf.For example, to allow users to mount the first USB
drive add:# Allow all users to mount a USB drive.
own /dev/da0 root:operator
perm /dev/da0 0666All users can now mount devices they could read onto a
directory that they own:&prompt.user; mkdir ~/my-mount-point
&prompt.user; mount -t msdosfs /dev/da0 ~/my-mount-pointUnmounting the device is simple:&prompt.user; umount ~/my-mount-pointEnabling vfs.usermount, however,
has negative security implications. A better way to
access &ms-dos; formatted media is to use the
emulators/mtools package in the Ports
Collection.The device name used in the previous examples must
be changed according to the configuration.The du and df
commands show different amounts of disk space available.
What is going on?This is due to how these commands actually work.
du goes through the directory tree,
measures how large each file is, and presents the totals.
df just asks the file system how much
space it has left. They seem to be the same thing, but a
file without a directory entry will affect
df but not
du.When a program is using a file, and the file is
deleted, the file is not really removed from the file
system until the program stops using it. The file is
immediately deleted from the directory listing, however.
As an example, consider a file large enough
to affect the output of
du and df. A
file being viewed with more can be
deleted wihout causing an error.
The entry is
removed from the directory so no other program or user can
access it. However, du shows that it
is gone as it has walked the directory tree and the
file is not listed. df shows that it
is still there, as the file system knows that
more is still using that space. Once
the more session ends,
du and df will
agree.This situation is common on web servers. Many people
set up a &os; web server and forget to rotate the log
files. The access log fills up /var.
The new administrator deletes the file, but the system
still complains that the partition is full. Stopping and
restarting the web server program would free the file,
allowing the system to release the disk space. To prevent
this from happening, set up &man.newsyslog.8;.Note that Soft Updates can delay the freeing of disk
space and it can take up to 30 seconds for the
change to be visible.How can I add more swap space?This section of
the Handbook describes how to do this.Why does &os; see my disk as smaller than the
manufacturer says it is?Disk manufacturers calculate gigabytes as a billion
bytes each, whereas &os; calculates them as
1,073,741,824 bytes each. This explains why, for
example, &os;'s boot messages will report a disk that
supposedly has 80 GB as holding
76,319 MB.Also note that &os; will (by default) reserve 8% of the
disk space.How is it possible for a partition to be more than
100% full?A portion of each UFS partition (8%, by default) is
reserved for use by the operating system and the
root user.
&man.df.1; does not count that space when calculating the
Capacity column, so it can exceed 100%.
Notice that the Blocks
column is always greater than the sum of the
Used and Avail
columns, usually by a factor of 8%.For more details, look up in
&man.tunefs.8;.ZFSWhat is the minimum amount of RAM one should have to
run ZFS?A minimum of 4GB of RAM is required for comfortable
usage, but individual workloads can vary widely.What is the ZIL and when does it get used?The ZIL (ZFS
intent log) is a write log used to implement posix write
commitment semantics across crashes. Normally writes are
bundled up into transaction groups and written to disk
when filled (Transaction Group Commit).
However syscalls like &man.fsync.2; require a commitment
that the data is written to stable storage before
returning. The ZIL is needed for writes that have been
acknowledged as written but which are not yet on disk as
part of a transaction. The transaction groups are
timestamped. In the event of a crash the last valid
timestamp is found and missing data is merged in from the
ZIL.Do I need a SSD for ZIL?By default, ZFS stores the ZIL in the pool with all
the data. If an application has a heavy write load,
storing the ZIL in a separate device that has very fast
synchronous, sequential write performance can improve
overall system performance. For other workloads, a SSD
is unlikely to make much of an improvement.What is the L2ARC?The L2ARC is a read cache stored on
a fast device such as an SSD. This
cache is not persistent across reboots. Note that RAM is
used as the first layer of cache and the L2ARC is only
needed if there is insufficient RAM.L2ARC needs space in the ARC to index it. So,
perversely, a working set that fits perfectly in the ARC
will not fit perfectly any more if a L2ARC is used because
part of the ARC is holding the L2ARC index, pushing part
of the working set into the L2ARC which is slower than
RAM.Is enabling deduplication advisable?Generally speaking, no.Deduplication takes up a significant amount of RAM and
may slow down read and write disk access times. Unless
one is storing data that is very heavily duplicated, such
as virtual machine images or user backups, it is possible
that deduplication will do more harm than good. Another
consideration is the inability to revert deduplication
status. If data is written when deduplication is enabled,
disabling dedup will not cause those blocks which were
deduplicated to be replicated until they are next
modified.Deduplication can also lead to some unexpected
situations. In particular, deleting files may become much
slower.I cannot delete or create files on my ZFS pool. How
can I fix this?This could happen because the pool is 100% full. ZFS
requires space on the disk to write transaction metadata.
To restore the pool to a usable state, truncate the file
to delete:&prompt.user; truncate -s 0 unimportant-fileFile truncation works because a new transaction is not
started, new spare blocks are created instead.On systems with additional ZFS dataset tuning, such
as deduplication, the space may not be immediately
availableDoes ZFS support TRIM for Solid State Drives?ZFS TRIM support was added to &os; 10-CURRENT
with revision r240868. ZFS TRIM
support was added to all &os;-STABLE branches in
r252162 and
r251419, respectively.ZFS TRIM is enabled by default, and can be turned off
by adding this line to
/etc/sysctl.conf:vfs.zfs.trim.enabled=0ZFS TRIM may not work with all configurations, such
as a ZFS filesystem on a GELI-backed device.System AdministrationWhere are the system start-up configuration
files?The primary configuration file is
/etc/defaults/rc.conf which is
described in &man.rc.conf.5;. System startup scripts
such as /etc/rc and
/etc/rc.d, which are described in
&man.rc.8;, include this file. Do not edit this
file! Instead, to edit an entry in
/etc/defaults/rc.conf, copy the line
into /etc/rc.conf and change it
there.For example, if to start &man.named.8;, the
included DNS server:&prompt.root; echo 'named_enable="YES"' >> /etc/rc.confTo start up local services, place shell scripts in the
/usr/local/etc/rc.d directory. These
shell scripts should be set executable, the default file
mode is 555.How do I add a user easily?Use the &man.adduser.8; command, or the &man.pw.8;
command for more complicated situations.To remove the user, use the &man.rmuser.8; command or,
if necessary, &man.pw.8;.Why do I keep getting messages like root:
not found after editing
/etc/crontab?This is normally caused by editing the system crontab.
This is not the correct way to do things as the system
crontab has a different format to the per-user crontabs.
The system
crontab has an extra field, specifying which user to run
the command as. &man.cron.8; assumes this user is the
first word of the command to execute. Since no such
command exists, this error message is displayed.To delete the extra, incorrect crontab:&prompt.root; crontab -rWhy do I get the error, you are not in the
correct group to su root when I try to
su to root?This is a security feature. In order to
su to
root, or any
other account with superuser privileges, the user account
must be a member of the
wheel group.
If this feature were not there, anybody with an
account on a system who also found out root's password would be
able to gain superuser level access to the system.To allow someone to su to
root, put
them in the wheel group using
pw:&prompt.root; pw groupmod wheel -m lisaThe above example will add user lisa to the group
wheel.I made a mistake in rc.conf, or
another startup file, and now I cannot edit it because the
file system is read-only. What should I do?Restart the system using boot
-s at the loader prompt to enter single-user
mode. When prompted for a shell pathname, press
Enter and run mount -urw
/ to re-mount the root file system in
read/write mode. You may also need to run mount
-a -t ufs to mount the file system where your
favorite editor is defined. If that editor is on a
network file system, either configure the network manually
before mounting the network file systems, or use an editor
which resides on a local file system, such as
&man.ed.1;.In order to use a full screen editor such as
&man.vi.1; or &man.emacs.1;, run
export TERM=xterm
so that these editors can load the correct data from the
&man.termcap.5; database.After performing these steps, edit
/etc/rc.conf to
fix the syntax error. The error message displayed
immediately after the kernel boot messages should indicate
the number of the line in the file which is at
fault.Why am I having trouble setting up my printer?See the Handbook
entry on printing for troubleshooting
tips.How can I correct the keyboard mappings for my
system?Refer to the Handbook section on using
localization, specifically the section on console
setup.Why can I not get user quotas to work properly?It is possible that the kernel is not configured
to use quotas. In this case,
add the following line to the kernel configuration
file and recompile the kernel:options QUOTARefer to the Handbook
entry on quotas for full details.Do not turn on quotas on
/.Put the quota file on the file system that the
quotas are to be enforced on:File SystemQuota file/usr/usr/admin/quotas/home/home/admin/quotas……Does &os; support System V IPC primitives?Yes, &os; supports System V-style IPC, including
shared memory, messages and semaphores, in the
GENERIC kernel. With a custom
kernel, support may be loaded with the
sysvshm.ko,
sysvsem.ko and
sysvmsg.ko kernel modules, or
enabled in the custom kernel by adding the following lines
to the kernel configuration file:options SYSVSHM # enable shared memory
options SYSVSEM # enable for semaphores
options SYSVMSG # enable for messagingRecompile and install the kernel.What other mail-server software can I use instead of
Sendmail?The Sendmail
server is the default mail-server software for &os;, but
it can be replaced with another
MTA installed from the Ports Collection. Available ports
include mail/exim,
mail/postfix, and
mail/qmail. Search the mailing lists
for discussions regarding the advantages and disadvantages
of the available MTAs.I have forgotten the root password! What do I
do?Do not panic! Restart the system, type
boot -s at the
Boot: prompt to enter single-user mode.
At the question about the shell to use, hit
Enter which will display a
&prompt.root; prompt. Enter mount
-urw / to remount the root file system
read/write, then run mount -a to
remount all the file systems. Run passwd
root to change the root password then run
&man.exit.1; to continue booting.If you are still prompted to give the root password when
entering the single-user mode, it means that the console
has been marked as insecure in
/etc/ttys. In this case, it will
be required to boot from a &os; installation disk,
choose the Live CD or
Shell at the beginning of the
install process and issue the commands mentioned above.
Mount the specific partition in this
case and then chroot to it. For example, replace
mount -urw / with
mount /dev/ada0p1 /mnt; chroot /mnt
for a system on
ada0p1.If the root partition cannot be mounted from
single-user mode, it is possible that the partitions are
encrypted and it is impossible to mount them without the
access keys. For more information see the section
about encrypted disks in the &os; Handbook.How do I keep ControlAltDelete
from rebooting the system?When using &man.syscons.4;, the default console
driver, build and install a new kernel with this line in
the configuration file:options SC_DISABLE_REBOOTThis can also be done by setting the following
&man.sysctl.8; which does not require a reboot or kernel
recompile:&prompt.root; sysctl hw.syscons.kbd_reboot=0The above two methods are exclusive: The
&man.sysctl.8; does not exist if the kernel is compiled
with SC_DISABLE_REBOOT.How do I reformat DOS text files to &unix;
ones?Use this &man.perl.1; command:&prompt.user; perl -i.bak -npe 's/\r\n/\n/g' file(s)where file(s) is one or
more files to process. The modification is done in-place,
with the original file stored with a
.bak extension.Alternatively, use &man.tr.1;:&prompt.user; tr -d '\r' < dos-text-file > unix-filedos-text-file is the file
containing DOS text while
unix-file will contain the
converted output. This can be quite a bit faster than
using perl.Yet another way to reformat DOS text files is to use
the converters/dosunix port from the
Ports Collection. Consult its documentation about the
details.How do I re-read /etc/rc.conf and
re-start /etc/rc without a
reboot?Go into single-user mode and then back to multi-user
mode:&prompt.root; shutdown now
&prompt.root; return
&prompt.root; exitI tried to update my system to the latest
-STABLE, but got
-BETAx,
-RC or
-PRERELEASE! What is going
on?Short answer: it is just a name.
RC stands for Release
Candidate. It signifies that a release is
imminent. In &os;, -PRERELEASE is
typically synonymous with the code freeze before a
release. (For some releases, the
-BETA label was used in the same way
as -PRERELEASE.)Long answer: &os; derives its releases from one of two
places. Major, dot-zero, releases, such as 9.0-RELEASE
are branched from the head of the development stream,
commonly referred to as -CURRENT. Minor releases, such
as 6.3-RELEASE or 5.2-RELEASE, have been snapshots of the
active -STABLE branch.
Starting with 4.3-RELEASE, each release also now has its
own branch which can be tracked by people requiring an
extremely conservative rate of development (typically only
security advisories).When a release is about to be made, the branch from
which it will be derived from has to undergo a certain
process. Part of this process is a code freeze. When a
code freeze is initiated, the name of the branch is
changed to reflect that it is about to become a release.
For example, if the branch used to be called 6.2-STABLE,
its name will be changed to 6.3-PRERELEASE to signify the
code freeze and signify that extra pre-release testing
should be happening. Bug fixes can still be committed to
be part of the release. When the source code is in shape
for the release the name will be changed to 6.3-RC to
signify that a release is about to be made from it. Once
in the RC stage, only the most critical bugs found can be
fixed. Once the release (6.3-RELEASE in this example) and
release branch have been made, the branch will be renamed
to 6.3-STABLE.For more information on version numbers and the
various Subversion branches, refer to the Release
Engineering article.I tried to install a new kernel, and the
&man.chflags.1; failed. How do I get around this?Short answer: the security level is
greater than 0. Reboot directly to single-user mode to
install the kernel.Long answer: &os; disallows changing system flags at
security levels greater than 0. To check the current
security level:&prompt.root; sysctl kern.securelevelThe security level cannot be lowered in multi-user
mode, so boot to single-user mode to install the kernel,
or change the security level in
/etc/rc.conf then reboot. See the
&man.init.8; manual page for details on
securelevel, and see
/etc/defaults/rc.conf and the
&man.rc.conf.5; manual page for more information on
rc.conf.I cannot change the time on my system by more than one
second! How do I get around this?Short answer: the system is at a security level
greater than 1. Reboot directly to single-user mode to
change the date.Long answer: &os; disallows changing the time by more
that one second at security levels greater than 1. To
check the security level:&prompt.root; sysctl kern.securelevelThe security level cannot be lowered in multi-user
mode. Either boot to single-user mode to change the date
or change the security level in
/etc/rc.conf and reboot. See the
&man.init.8; manual page for details on
securelevel, and see
/etc/defaults/rc.conf and the
&man.rc.conf.5; manual page for more information on
rc.conf.Why is rpc.statd using 256 MB
of memory?No, there is no memory leak, and it is not using
256 MB of memory. For convenience,
rpc.statd maps an obscene amount of
memory into its address space. There is nothing terribly
wrong with this from a technical standpoint; it just
throws off things like &man.top.1; and &man.ps.1;.&man.rpc.statd.8; maps its status file (resident on
/var) into its address space; to save
worrying about remapping the status file later when it
needs to grow, it maps the status file with a generous
size. This is very evident from the source code, where
one can see that the length argument to &man.mmap.2; is
0x10000000, or one sixteenth of the
address space on an IA32, or exactly 256 MB.Why can I not unset the schg file
flag?The system is running at securelevel greater than 0.
Lower the securelevel and try again. For more
information, see the
FAQ entry on securelevel and
the &man.init.8; manual page.What is vnlru?vnlru flushes and frees vnodes when
the system hits the kern.maxvnodes
limit. This kernel thread sits mostly idle, and only
activates when there is a huge amount of RAM and users are
accessing tens of thousands of tiny files.What do the various memory states displayed by
top mean?Active: pages recently
statistically used.Inactive: pages recently
statistically unused.Cache: (most often) pages that
have percolated from inactive to a status where they
maintain their data, but can often be immediately
reused (either with their old association, or reused
with a new association). There can be certain
immediate transitions from active
to cache state if the page is known
to be clean (unmodified), but that transition is a
matter of policy, depending upon the algorithm choice
of the VM system maintainer.Free: pages without data
content, and can be immediately used in certain
circumstances where cache pages might be ineligible.
Free pages can be reused at interrupt or process
state.Wired: pages that are fixed
into memory, usually for kernel purposes, but also
sometimes for special use in processes.Pages are most often written to disk (sort of a VM
sync) when they are in the inactive state, but active
pages can also be synced. This depends upon the CPU
tracking of the modified bit being available, and in
certain situations there can be an advantage for a block
of VM pages to be synced, whether they are active or
inactive. In most common cases, it is best to think of
the inactive queue to be a queue of relatively unused
pages that might or might not be in the process of being
written to disk. Cached pages are already synced, not
mapped, but available for immediate process use with their
old association or with a new association. Free pages are
available at interrupt level, but cached or free pages can
be used at process state for reuse. Cache pages are not
adequately locked to be available at interrupt
level.There are some other flags (e.g., busy flag or busy
count) that might modify some of the described
rules.How much free memory is available?There are a couple of kinds of free
memory. One kind is the amount of memory
immediately available without paging anything else out.
That is approximately the size of cache queue + size of
free queue (with a derating factor, depending upon system
tuning). Another kind of free memory is
the total amount of VM space. That can
be complex, but is dependent upon the amount of swap space
and memory. Other kinds of free memory
descriptions are also possible, but it is relatively
useless to define these, but rather it is important to
make sure that the paging rate is kept low, and to avoid
running out of swap space.What is /var/empty?/var/empty is a directory that
the &man.sshd.8; program uses when performing privilege
separation. The /var/empty
directory is empty, owned by root and has the
schg flag set. This directory should
not be deleted.I just changed
/etc/newsyslog.conf. How can I check
if it does what I expect?To see what &man.newsyslog.8; will do, use the
following:&prompt.user; newsyslog -nrvvMy time is wrong, how can I change the
timezone?Use &man.tzsetup.8;.The X Window System and Virtual ConsolesWhat is the X Window System?The X Window System (commonly X11)
is the most widely available windowing system capable of
running on &unix; or &unix; like systems, including
&os;. The X.Org
Foundation administers the X
protocol standards, with the current reference
implementation, version 11 release &xorg.version;, so
references are often shortened to
X11.Many implementations are available for different
architectures and operating systems. An implementation of
the server-side code is properly known as an X
server.I want to run &xorg;, how do I go about it?To install &xorg; do one of the following:Use the x11/xorg
meta-port, which builds and installs every &xorg;
component.Use x11/xorg-minimal, which builds
and installs only the necessary &xorg; components.Install &xorg; from &os; packages:&prompt.root; pkg install xorgAfter the installation of &xorg;, follow the
instructions from the X11
Configuration section of the &os;
Handbook.I tried to run X, but I get a
No devices detected. error when I
type startx. What do I do now?The system is probably running at a raised
securelevel. It is not possible to
start X at a raised securelevel because
X requires write access to &man.io.4;. For more
information, see at the &man.init.8; manual page.There are two solutions to the problem: set the
securelevel back down to zero or run
&man.xdm.1; (or an alternative display manager) at boot
time before the securelevel is
raised.See for more information
about running &man.xdm.1; at boot time.Why does my mouse not work with X?When using &man.syscons.4;, the default console
driver, &os; can be configured to support a mouse pointer
on each virtual screen. To avoid conflicting with X,
&man.syscons.4; supports a virtual device called
/dev/sysmouse. All mouse events
received from the real mouse device are written to the
&man.sysmouse.4; device via &man.moused.8;. To use the
mouse on one or more virtual consoles,
and use X, see and set up
&man.moused.8;.Then edit /etc/X11/xorg.conf and
make sure the following lines exist:Section "InputDevice"
Option "Protocol" "SysMouse"
Option "Device" "/dev/sysmouse"
.....Starting with &xorg; version 7.4, the
InputDevice sections in
xorg.conf are ignored in favor of
autodetected devices. To restore the old behavior, add
the following line to the ServerLayout
or ServerFlags section:Option "AutoAddDevices" "false"Some people prefer to use
/dev/mouse under X. To make this
work, /dev/mouse should be linked
to /dev/sysmouse (see
&man.sysmouse.4;) by adding the following line to
/etc/devfs.conf (see
&man.devfs.conf.5;):link sysmouse mouseThis link can be created by restarting &man.devfs.5;
with the following command (as root):&prompt.root; service devfs restartMy mouse has a fancy wheel. Can I use it in X?Yes, if X is configured for a 5 button mouse. To
do this, add the lines Buttons 5
and ZAxisMapping 4 5 to the
InputDevice section of
/etc/X11/xorg.conf, as seen in this
example:Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Mouse1"
Driver "mouse"
Option "Protocol" "auto"
Option "Device" "/dev/sysmouse"
Option "Buttons" "5"
Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"
EndSectionThe mouse can be enabled in
Emacsby adding these
lines to ~/.emacs:;; wheel mouse
(global-set-key [mouse-4] 'scroll-down)
(global-set-key [mouse-5] 'scroll-up)My laptop has a Synaptics touchpad. Can I use it in
X?Yes, after configuring a few things to make
it work.In order to use the Xorg synaptics driver,
first remove moused_enable from
rc.conf.To enable synaptics, add the following line to
/boot/loader.conf:hw.psm.synaptics_support="1"Add the following to
/etc/X11/xorg.conf:Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Touchpad0"
Driver "synaptics"
Option "Protocol" "psm"
Option "Device" "/dev/psm0"
EndSectionAnd be sure to add the following into the
ServerLayout section:InputDevice "Touchpad0" "SendCoreEvents"How do I use remote X displays?For security reasons, the default setting is to not
allow a machine to remotely open a window.To enable this feature, start
X with the optional
argument:&prompt.user; startx -listen_tcpWhat is a virtual console and how do I make
more?Virtual consoles provide
several simultaneous sessions on the same machine without
doing anything complicated like setting up a network or
running X.When the system starts, it will display a login prompt
on the monitor after displaying all the boot messages.
Type in your login name and password to
start working on the first virtual
console.To start another
session, perhaps to look at documentation for a program
or to read mail while waiting for an
FTP transfer to finish,
hold down Alt and press
F2. This will display the login prompt
for the second virtual
console. To go back to the
original session, press AltF1.The default &os; installation has eight virtual
consoles enabled. AltF1,
AltF2,
AltF3,
and so on will switch between these virtual
consoles.To enable more of virtual consoles, edit
/etc/ttys (see &man.ttys.5;) and add
entries for ttyv8 to
ttyvc, after the comment on
Virtual terminals:# Edit the existing entry for ttyv8 in /etc/ttys and change
# "off" to "on".
ttyv8 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm on secure
ttyv9 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm on secure
ttyva "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm on secure
ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm on secureThe more virtual
terminals, the more resources that are used. This can be
problematic on systems with 8 MB RAM or less.
Consider changing secure to
insecure.In order to run an X server, at least one virtual
terminal must be left to off for it
to use. This means that only eleven of the Alt-function
keys can be used as virtual consoles so that one is left
for the X server.For example, to run X and eleven virtual consoles, the
setting for virtual terminal 12 should be:ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" xterm off secureThe easiest way to activate the
virtual consoles is to reboot.How do I access the virtual consoles from X?Use CtrlAltFn
to switch back to a virtual console. Press CtrlAltF1
to return to the first virtual console.Once at a text console, use
AltFn
to move between them.To return to the X session, switch to the
virtual console running X. If X was started from the
command line using startx,
the X session will attach to the next unused virtual
console, not the text console from which it was invoked.
For eight active virtual terminals, X will
run on the ninth, so use AltF9.How do I start XDM on
boot?There are two schools of thought on how to start
&man.xdm.1;. One school starts xdm
from /etc/ttys (see &man.ttys.5;)
using the supplied example, while the other runs
xdm from
rc.local (see &man.rc.8;) or from an
X script in
/usr/local/etc/rc.d. Both are
equally valid, and one may work in situations where the
other does not. In both cases the result is the same: X
will pop up a graphical login prompt.The &man.ttys.5; method has the advantage of
documenting which vty X will start on and passing the
responsibility of restarting the X server on logout to
&man.init.8;. The &man.rc.8; method makes it easy to
killxdm if there is
a problem starting the X server.If loaded from &man.rc.8;, xdm
should be started without any arguments.
xdm must start
after &man.getty.8; runs, or else
getty and xdm will
conflict, locking out the console. The best way around
this is to have the script sleep 10 seconds or so then
launch xdm.When starting xdm from
/etc/ttys, there still is a chance of
conflict between xdm and &man.getty.8;.
One way to avoid this is to add the vt
number in
/usr/local/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers::0 local /usr/local/bin/X vt4The above example will direct the X server to run in
/dev/ttyv3. Note the number is
offset by one. The X server counts the vty from one,
whereas the &os; kernel numbers the vty from zero.Why do I get Couldn't open
console when I run
xconsole?When X is started with
startx, the permissions on
/dev/console will
not get changed, resulting in things
like xterm -C and
xconsole not working.This is because of the way console permissions are set
by default. On a multi-user system, one does not
necessarily want just any user to be able to write on the
system console. For users who are logging directly onto a
machine with a VTY, the &man.fbtab.5; file exists to solve
such problems.In a nutshell, make sure an uncommented line of the
form is in /etc/fbtab (see
&man.fbtab.5;):/dev/ttyv0 0600 /dev/consoleIt will ensure that whomever logs in on
/dev/ttyv0 will own the
console.Why does my PS/2 mouse misbehave under X?The mouse and the mouse driver may have become out of
synchronization. In rare cases, the driver may also
erroneously report synchronization errors:psmintr: out of sync (xxxx != yyyy)If this happens, disable the synchronization check
code by setting the driver flags for the PS/2 mouse driver
to 0x100. This can be easiest achieved
by adding hint.psm.0.flags="0x100" to
/boot/loader.conf and
rebooting.How do I reverse the mouse buttons?Type
xmodmap -e "pointer = 3 2 1". Add this
command to ~/.xinitrc or
~/.xsession to make it happen
automatically.How do I install a splash screen and where do I find
them?The detailed answer for this question can be found in
the Boot
Time Splash Screens section of the &os;
Handbook.Can I use the Windows keys on my
keyboard in X?Yes. Use &man.xmodmap.1; to
define which functions the keys should perform.Assuming all Windows keyboards are
standard, the keycodes for these three keys are the
following:115 —
Windows key, between the left-hand
Ctrl and Alt
keys116 —
Windows key, to the right of
AltGr117 —
Menu, to the left of the right-hand
CtrlTo have the left Windows key print a
comma, try this.&prompt.root; xmodmap -e "keycode 115 = comma"To have the Windows key-mappings
enabled automatically every time X is started, either put
the xmodmap commands in
~/.xinitrc or, preferably, create
a ~/.xmodmaprc and include the
xmodmap options, one per line, then add
the following line to
~/.xinitrc:xmodmap $HOME/.xmodmaprcFor example, to map the 3 keys to be
F13, F14, and
F15, respectively. This would make it
easy to map them to useful functions within applications
or the window manager.To do this, put the following in
~/.xmodmaprc.keycode 115 = F13
keycode 116 = F14
keycode 117 = F15For the x11-wm/fvwm2 desktop
manager, one could map the keys so that
F13 iconifies or de-iconifies the
window the cursor is in, F14 brings the
window the cursor is in to the front or, if it is already
at the front, pushes it to the back, and
F15 pops up the main Workplace
menu even if the cursor is not on the
desktop, which is useful when no part of
the desktop is visible.The following entries in
~/.fvwmrc implement the
aforementioned setup:Key F13 FTIWS A Iconify
Key F14 FTIWS A RaiseLower
Key F15 A A Menu Workplace NopHow can I get 3D hardware acceleration for
&opengl;?The availability of 3D acceleration depends on the
version of &xorg; and the type of video
chip. For an nVidia chip, use
the binary drivers provided for &os; by installing one of
the following ports:The latest versions of nVidia cards are supported
by the x11/nvidia-driver
port.Older drivers are available as
x11/nvidia-driver-###nVidia provides detailed information on which
card is supported by which driver on their web site: http://www.nvidia.com/object/IO_32667.html.For Matrox G200/G400, check the
x11-drivers/xf86-video-mga
port.For ATI Rage 128 and Radeon see
&man.ati.4x;, &man.r128.4x; and &man.radeon.4x;.NetworkingWhere can I get information on diskless
booting?Diskless booting means that the &os;
box is booted over a network, and reads the necessary
files from a server instead of its hard disk. For full
details, see the
Handbook entry on diskless booting.Can a &os; box be used as a dedicated network
router?Yes. Refer to the Handbook entry on advanced
networking, specifically the section on routing
and gateways.Does &os; support NAT or Masquerading?Yes. For instructions on how to use NAT over a PPP
connection, see the Handbook
entry on PPP. To use NAT over
some other sort of network connection, look at the
natd
section of the Handbook.How can I set up Ethernet aliases?If the alias is on the same subnet as an address
already configured on the interface, add
netmask 0xffffffff to this
command:&prompt.root; ifconfig ed0 alias 192.0.2.2 netmask 0xffffffffOtherwise, specify the network address and
netmask as usual:&prompt.root; ifconfig ed0 alias 172.16.141.5 netmask 0xffffff00More information can be found in the &os; Handbook.Why can I not NFS-mount from a &linux; box?Some versions of the &linux; NFS code only accept
mount requests from a privileged port; try to issue the
following command:&prompt.root; mount -o -P linuxbox:/blah /mntWhy does mountd keep telling me it
can't change attributes and that I
have a bad exports list on my &os;
NFS server?The most frequent problem is not understanding the
correct format of /etc/exports.
Review &man.exports.5; and the NFS
entry in the Handbook, especially the section on configuring
NFS.How do I enable IP multicast support?Install the net/mrouted package
or port and add
mrouted_enable="YES" to
/etc/rc.conf start this service at
boot time.Why do I have to use the FQDN for hosts on my
site?See the answer in the &os; Handbook.Why do I get an error, Permission
denied, for all networking
operations?If the kernel is compiled with the
IPFIREWALL option, be aware
that the default policy is to deny all packets that are
not explicitly allowed.If the firewall is unintentionally misconfigured,
restore network operability by
typing the following as root:&prompt.root; ipfw add 65534 allow all from any to anyConsider setting
firewall_type="open" in
/etc/rc.conf.For further information on configuring this
firewall, see the Handbook
chapter.Why is my ipfwfwd
rule to redirect a service to another machine not
working?Possibly because network address translation (NAT) is
needed instead of just forwarding packets. A
fwd rule only forwards packets, it does not
actually change the data inside the packet. Consider this
rule:01000 fwd 10.0.0.1 from any to foo 21When a packet with a destination address of
foo arrives at the machine with
this rule, the packet is forwarded to
10.0.0.1, but it still has the
destination address of foo.
The destination address of the packet is
not changed to
10.0.0.1. Most machines would
probably drop a packet that they receive with a
destination address that is not their own. Therefore,
using a fwd rule does not often work the
way the user expects. This behavior is a feature and not
a bug.See the FAQ about
redirecting services, the &man.natd.8; manual, or
one of the several port redirecting utilities in the Ports
Collection for a correct way to do this.How can I redirect service requests from one machine
to another?FTP and other service requests can be redirected with
the sysutils/socket package or port.
Replace the entry for the service in
/etc/inetd.conf to call
socket, as seen in this example for
ftpd:ftp stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/local/bin/socket socket ftp.example.comftpwhere ftp.example.com and
ftp are the host and port to
redirect to, respectively.Where can I get a bandwidth management tool?There are three bandwidth management tools available
for &os;. &man.dummynet.4; is integrated into &os; as
part of &man.ipfw.4;. ALTQ
has been integrated into &os; as part of &man.pf.4;.
Bandwidth Manager from Emerging
Technologies is a commercial product.Why do I get /dev/bpf0: device not
configured?The running application requires the Berkeley
Packet Filter (&man.bpf.4;), but it was removed from a
custom kernel. Add this to the kernel config file and
build a new kernel:device bpf # Berkeley Packet FilterHow do I mount a disk from a &windows; machine that is
on my network, like smbmount in &linux;?Use the SMBFS toolset. It
includes a set of kernel modifications and a set of
userland programs. The programs and information are
available as &man.mount.smbfs.8; in the base
system.What are these messages about: Limiting
icmp/open port/closed port response in my
log files?This kernel message indicates that some activity is
provoking it to send a large amount of ICMP or TCP reset
(RST) responses. ICMP responses are
often generated as a result of attempted connections to
unused UDP ports. TCP resets are generated as a result of
attempted connections to unopened TCP ports. Among
others, these are the kinds of activities which may cause
these messages:Brute-force denial of service (DoS) attacks (as
opposed to single-packet attacks which exploit a
specific vulnerability).Port scans which attempt to connect to a large
number of ports (as opposed to only trying a few
well-known ports).The first number in the message indicates how many
packets the kernel would have sent if the limit was not in
place, and the second indicates the limit. This limit
is controlled using
net.inet.icmp.icmplim. This example
sets the limit to 300
packets per second:&prompt.root; sysctl net.inet.icmp.icmplim=300To disable these messages
without disabling response
limiting, use
net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output
to disable the output:&prompt.root; sysctl net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output=0Finally, to disable response limiting completely,
set net.inet.icmp.icmplim to
0. Disabling response limiting is
discouraged for the reasons listed above.What are these arp: unknown hardware
address format error messages?This means that some device on the local Ethernet is
using a MAC address in a format that &os; does not
recognize. This is probably caused by someone
experimenting with an Ethernet card somewhere else on the
network. This is most commonly seen on cable modem
networks. It is harmless, and should not affect the
performance of the &os; system.Why do I keep seeing messages like:
192.168.0.10 is on
fxp1 but got reply from 00:15:17:67:cf:82 on
rl0, and how do I disable it?Because a packet is coming from outside the network
unexpectedly. To disable them, set
net.link.ether.inet.log_arp_wrong_iface
to 0.How do I compile an IPv6 only kernel?Configure your kernel with these settings:
include GENERIC
ident GENERIC-IPV6ONLY
makeoptions MKMODULESENV+="WITHOUT_INET_SUPPORT="
nooptions INET
nodevice greSecurityWhat is a sandbox?Sandbox is a security term. It can
mean two things:A process which is placed inside a set of virtual
walls that are designed to prevent someone who breaks
into the process from being able to break into the
wider system.The process is only able to run inside the walls.
Since nothing the process does in regards to executing
code is supposed to be able to breach the walls, a
detailed audit of its code is not needed in order to
be able to say certain things about its
security.The walls might be a user ID, for example.
This is the definition used in the &man.security.7;
and &man.named.8; man pages.Take the ntalk service, for
example (see &man.inetd.8;). This service used to run
as user ID root. Now it runs as
user ID tty. The tty user is a sandbox
designed to make it more difficult for someone who has
successfully hacked into the system via
ntalk from being able to hack
beyond that user ID.A process which is placed inside a simulation of
the machine. It means that someone who is able to
break into the process may believe that he can break
into the wider machine but is, in fact, only breaking
into a simulation of that machine and not modifying
any real data.The most common way to accomplish this is to build
a simulated environment in a subdirectory and then run
the processes in that directory chrooted so that
/ for that process is this
directory, not the real / of the
system).Another common use is to mount an underlying file
system read-only and then create a file system layer
on top of it that gives a process a seemingly
writeable view into that file system. The process may
believe it is able to write to those files, but only
the process sees the effects — other processes
in the system do not, necessarily.An attempt is made to make this sort of sandbox so
transparent that the user (or hacker) does not realize
that he is sitting in it.&unix; implements two core sandboxes. One is at the
process level, and one is at the userid level.Every &unix; process is completely firewalled off from
every other &unix; process. One process cannot modify the
address space of another.A &unix; process is owned by a particular userid. If
the user ID is not the root user, it serves to
firewall the process off from processes owned by other
users. The user ID is also used to firewall off
on-disk data.What is securelevel?securelevel is a security
mechanism implemented in the kernel. When the securelevel
is positive, the kernel restricts certain tasks; not even
the superuser (root) is allowed to do
them. The securelevel mechanism limits the ability
to:Unset certain file flags, such as
schg (the system immutable
flag).Write to kernel memory via
/dev/mem and
/dev/kmem.Load kernel modules.Alter firewall rules.To check the status of the securelevel on a running
system:&prompt.root; sysctl -n kern.securelevelThe output contains the current value of the
securelevel. If it is greater than 0, at
least some of the securelevel's protections are
enabled.The securelevel of a running system cannot be lowered
as this would defeat its purpose. If a task requires that
the securelevel be non-positive, change the
kern_securelevel and
kern_securelevel_enable variables in
/etc/rc.conf and reboot.For more information on securelevel and the specific
things all the levels do, consult &man.init.8;.Securelevel is not a silver bullet; it has many
known deficiencies. More often than not, it provides a
false sense of security.One of its biggest problems is that in order for it
to be at all effective, all files used in the boot
process up until the securelevel is set must be
protected. If an attacker can get the system to execute
their code prior to the securelevel being set (which
happens quite late in the boot process since some things
the system must do at start-up cannot be done at an
elevated securelevel), its protections are invalidated.
While this task of protecting all files used in the boot
process is not technically impossible, if it is
achieved, system maintenance will become a nightmare
since one would have to take the system down, at least
to single-user mode, to modify a configuration
file.This point and others are often discussed on the
mailing lists, particularly the &a.security;.
Search the archives here
for an extensive discussion. A more fine-grained
mechanism is preferred.What is this UID 0 toor account? Have I been
compromised?Do not worry. toor is an
alternative superuser account, where toor
is root spelled backwards. It is intended to be used with
a non-standard shell so the default shell for root does not need to
change. This is important as shells which are not part of
the base distribution, but are instead installed from
ports or packages, are installed in
/usr/local/bin which, by default,
resides on a different file system. If root's shell is located in
/usr/local/bin and the
file system
containing /usr/local/bin) is not
mounted, root will not be able to
log in to fix a problem and will have to reboot into
single-user mode in order to enter the path to a
shell.Some people use toor for day-to-day
root tasks with
a non-standard shell, leaving root, with a standard
shell, for single-user mode or emergencies. By default, a
user cannot log in using toor as it does not have a
password, so log in as root and set a password
for toor before
using it to login.Serial CommunicationsThis section answers common questions about serial
communications with &os;.How do I get the boot: prompt to show on the serial
console?See this
section of the Handbook.How do I tell if &os; found my serial ports or modem
cards?As the &os; kernel boots, it will probe for the serial
ports for which the kernel is configured.
Either watch the boot messages closely
or run this command after the system is up and
running:&prompt.user; grep -E '^(sio|uart)[0-9]' < /var/run/dmesg.boot
sio0: <16550A-compatible COM port> port 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 flags 0x10 on acpi0
sio0: type 16550A
sio1: <16550A-compatible COM port> port 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on acpi0
sio1: type 16550AThis example shows two serial ports. The first is on
IRQ4, port address
0x3f8, and has a 16550A-type UART chip.
The second uses the same kind of chip but is on
IRQ3 and is at port address
0x2f8. Internal modem cards are
treated just like serial ports, except that they
always have a modem attached to the
port.The GENERIC kernel includes
support for two serial ports using the same IRQ and port
address settings in the above example. If these settings
are not right for the system, or if there are more modem
cards or serial ports than the kernel is
configured for, reconfigure using the instructions in
building a kernel
for more details.How do I access the serial ports on &os;? (x86-specific)The third serial port, sio2,
or COM3,
is on /dev/cuad2 for dial-out
devices, and on /dev/ttyd2 for
dial-in devices. What is the difference between these two
classes of devices?When
opening /dev/ttydX in blocking mode,
a process will wait for the corresponding
cuadX device to become inactive, and
then wait for the carrier detect line to go active. When
the cuadX device is opened, it makes
sure the serial port is not already in use by the
ttydX device. If the port is
available, it steals it from the
ttydX device. Also, the
cuadX device does not care about
carrier detect. With this scheme and an auto-answer
modem, remote users can log in and local users can still
dial out with the same modem and the system will take care
of all the conflicts.How do I enable support for a multi-port serial
card?The section on kernel configuration provides
information about configuring the kernel. For a
multi-port serial card, place an &man.sio.4; line for each
serial port on the card in the &man.device.hints.5; file.
But place the IRQ specifiers on only one of the entries.
All of the ports on the card should share one IRQ. For
consistency, use the last serial port to specify the IRQ.
Also, specify the following option in the kernel
configuration file:options COM_MULTIPORTThe following /boot/device.hints
example is for an AST 4-port serial card on
IRQ 12:hint.sio.4.at="isa"
hint.sio.4.port="0x2a0"
hint.sio.4.flags="0x701"
hint.sio.5.at="isa"
hint.sio.5.port="0x2a8"
hint.sio.5.flags="0x701"
hint.sio.6.at="isa"
hint.sio.6.port="0x2b0"
hint.sio.6.flags="0x701"
hint.sio.7.at="isa"
hint.sio.7.port="0x2b8"
hint.sio.7.flags="0x701"
hint.sio.7.irq="12"The flags indicate that the master port has minor
number 7 (0x700),
and all the ports share an IRQ
(0x001).Can I set the default serial parameters for a
port?See the Serial
Communications section in the &os;
Handbook.Why can I not run tip or
cu?The built-in &man.tip.1; and
&man.cu.1; utilities can only access the
/var/spool/lock directory via user
uucp and group
dialer.
Use the dialer group to control
who has access to the modem or remote systems by adding
user accounts to dialer.Alternatively, everyone can be configured to run
&man.tip.1; and &man.cu.1; by typing:&prompt.root; chmod 4511 /usr/bin/cu
&prompt.root; chmod 4511 /usr/bin/tipMiscellaneous Questions&os; uses a lot of swap space even when the computer
has free memory left. Why?&os; will proactively move entirely idle, unused pages
of main memory into swap in order to make more main memory
available for active use. This heavy use of swap is
balanced by using the extra free memory for
caching.Note that while &os; is proactive in this regard, it
does not arbitrarily decide to swap pages when the system
is truly idle. Thus, the system will not be all
paged out after leaving it
idle overnight.Why does top show very little free
memory even when I have very few programs running?The simple answer is that free memory is wasted
memory. Any memory that programs do not actively
allocate is used within the &os; kernel as disk cache.
The values shown by &man.top.1; labeled as
Inact and Laundry
are cached data at different
aging levels. This cached data means the system does not
have to access a slow disk again for data it has accessed
recently, thus increasing overall performance. In
general, a low value shown for Free
memory in &man.top.1; is good, provided it is not
very low.Why will chmod not change the
permissions on symlinks?Symlinks do not have permissions, and by default,
&man.chmod.1; will follow symlinks to change the
permissions on the source file, if possible. For
the file, foo with a symlink named
bar, this command
will always succeed.&prompt.user; chmod g-w barHowever, the permissions on bar
will not have changed.When changing modes of the file hierarchies rooted in
the files instead of the files themselves, use
either or together
with to make this work. See
&man.chmod.1; and &man.symlink.7; for more
information. does a
recursive &man.chmod.1;. Be
careful about specifying directories or symlinks to
directories to &man.chmod.1;. To change the
permissions of a directory referenced by a symlink, use
&man.chmod.1; without any options and follow the symlink
with a trailing slash (/). For
example, if foo is a symlink to
directory bar, to
change the permissions of foo
(actually bar), do
something like:&prompt.user; chmod 555 foo/With the trailing slash, &man.chmod.1; will follow
the symlink, foo, to change the
permissions of the directory,
bar.Can I run DOS binaries under &os;?Yes. A DOS emulation program,
emulators/doscmd, is available in the
&os; Ports Collection.If doscmd will not suffice,
emulators/pcemu
emulates an 8088 and enough BIOS services to run many DOS
text-mode applications. It requires the X Window
System.The Ports Collection also has
emulators/dosbox. The main focus of
this application is emulating old DOS games using the
local file system for files.What do I need to do to translate a &os; document into
my native language?See the Translation
FAQ in the &os; Documentation
Project Primer.Why does my email to any address at FreeBSD.org
bounce?The FreeBSD.org mail
system implements some Postfix
checks on incoming mail and rejects mail that is either
from misconfigured relays or otherwise appears likely to
be spam. Some of the specific requirements are:The IP address of the SMTP client must
"reverse-resolve" to a forward confirmed
hostname.The fully-qualified hostname given in the
SMTP conversation (either HELO or EHLO) must resolve
to the IP address of the client.Other advice to help mail reach its destination
include:Mail should be sent in plain text, and messages
sent to mailing lists should generally be no more than
200KB in length.Avoid excessive cross posting. Choose
one mailing list which seems most
relevant and send it there.If you still have trouble with email infrastructure at
FreeBSD.org,
send a note with the details to
postmaster@freebsd.org; Include a
date/time interval so that logs may be reviewed —
and note that we only keep one week's worth of mail logs.
(Be sure to specify the time zone or offset from
UTC.)Where can I find a free &os; account?While &os; does not provide open access to any of
their servers, others do provide open access &unix;
systems. The charge varies and limited services may be
available.Arbornet,
Inc, also known as M-Net,
has been providing open access to &unix; systems since
1983. Starting on an Altos running System III, the site
switched to BSD/OS in 1991. In June of 2000, the site
switched again to &os;. M-Net can be
accessed via telnet and
SSH and provides basic access
to the entire &os; software suite. However, network
access is limited to members and patrons who donate to the
system, which is run as a non-profit organization.
M-Net also provides an bulletin board
system and interactive chat.What is the cute little red guy's name?He does not have one, and is just called the
BSD daemon. If you insist upon using a name,
call him beastie. Note that
beastie is pronounced
BSD.More about the BSD daemon is available on his home
page.Can I use the BSD daemon image?Perhaps. The BSD daemon is copyrighted by Marshall
Kirk McKusick. Check his Statement
on the Use of the BSD Daemon Figure for detailed
usage terms.In summary, the image can be used in a tasteful
manner, for personal use, so long as appropriate credit
is given. Before using the logo commercially, contact
&a.mckusick.email; for permission. More details are
available on the BSD
Daemon's home page.Do you have any BSD daemon images I could use?Xfig and eps drawings are available under
/usr/share/examples/BSD_daemon/.I have seen an acronym or other term on the mailing
lists and I do not understand what it means. Where should
I look?Refer to the &os;
Glossary.Why should I care what color the bikeshed is?The really, really short answer is that you should
not. The somewhat longer answer is that just because you
are capable of building a bikeshed does not mean you
should stop others from building one just because you do
not like the color they plan to paint it. This is a
metaphor indicating that you need not argue about every
little feature just because you know enough to do so.
Some people have commented that the amount of noise
generated by a change is inversely proportional to the
complexity of the change.The longer and more complete answer is that after a
very long argument about whether &man.sleep.1; should take
fractional second arguments, &a.phk.email; posted a long
message entitled A
bike shed (any color will do) on greener
grass.... The appropriate portions of
that message are quoted below.
&a.phk.email; on &a.hackers.name;, October 2,
1999What is it about this bike shed?
Some of you have asked me.It is a long story, or rather it is an old story,
but it is quite short actually. C. Northcote Parkinson
wrote a book in the early 1960s, called
Parkinson's Law, which contains a lot of
insight into the dynamics of management.[snip a bit of commentary on the
book]In the specific example involving the bike shed, the
other vital component is an atomic power-plant, I guess
that illustrates the age of the book.Parkinson shows how you can go into the board of
directors and get approval for building a multi-million
or even billion dollar atomic power plant, but if you
want to build a bike shed you will be tangled up in
endless discussions.Parkinson explains that this is because an atomic
plant is so vast, so expensive and so complicated that
people cannot grasp it, and rather than try, they fall
back on the assumption that somebody else checked all
the details before it got this far. Richard P. Feynmann
gives a couple of interesting, and very much to the
point, examples relating to Los Alamos in his
books.A bike shed on the other hand. Anyone can build one
of those over a weekend, and still have time to watch
the game on TV. So no matter how well prepared, no
matter how reasonable you are with your proposal,
somebody will seize the chance to show that he is doing
his job, that he is paying attention, that he is
here.In Denmark we call it setting your
fingerprint. It is about personal pride and
prestige, it is about being able to point somewhere and
say There! I did
that. It is a strong trait in politicians, but
present in most people given the chance. Just think
about footsteps in wet cement.
The &os; FunniesHow cool is &os;?Q. Has anyone done any temperature testing while
running &os;? I know &linux; runs cooler than DOS, but
have never seen a mention of &os;. It seems to run really
hot.A. No, but we have done numerous taste tests on
blindfolded volunteers who have also had 250 micrograms of
LSD-25 administered beforehand. 35% of the volunteers
said that &os; tasted sort of orange, whereas &linux;
tasted like purple haze. Neither group mentioned any
significant variances in temperature. We eventually had
to throw the results of this survey out entirely anyway
when we found that too many volunteers were wandering out
of the room during the tests, thus skewing the results.
We think most of the volunteers are at Apple now, working
on their new scratch and sniff GUI. It is
a funny old business we are in!Seriously, &os; uses the HLT (halt)
instruction when the system is idle thus lowering its
energy consumption and therefore the heat it generates.
Also if you have ACPI (Advanced
Configuration and Power Interface) configured, then &os;
can also put the CPU into a low power mode.Who is scratching in my memory banks??Q. Is there anything odd that &os;
does when compiling the kernel which would cause the
memory to make a scratchy sound? When compiling (and for
a brief moment after recognizing the floppy drive upon
startup, as well), a strange scratchy sound emanates from
what appears to be the memory banks.A. Yes! You will see frequent references to
daemons in the BSD documentation, and what
most people do not know is that this refers to genuine,
non-corporeal entities that now possess your computer.
The scratchy sound coming from your memory is actually
high-pitched whispering exchanged among the daemons as
they best decide how to deal with various system
administration tasks.If the noise gets to you, a good fdisk
/mbr from DOS will get rid of them, but do not
be surprised if they react adversely and try to stop you.
In fact, if at any point during the exercise you hear the
satanic voice of Bill Gates coming from the built-in
speaker, take off running and do not ever look back!
Freed from the counterbalancing influence of the BSD
daemons, the twin demons of DOS and &windows; are often
able to re-assert total control over your machine to the
eternal damnation of your soul. Now that you know, given
a choice you would probably prefer to get used to the
scratchy noises, no?How many &os; hackers does it take to change a
lightbulb?One thousand, one hundred and sixty-nine:Twenty-three to complain to -CURRENT about the lights
being out;Four to claim that it is a configuration problem, and
that such matters really belong on -questions;Three to submit PRs about it, one of which is misfiled
under doc and consists only of it's
dark;One to commit an untested lightbulb which breaks
buildworld, then back it out five minutes later;Eight to flame the PR originators for not including
patches in their PRs;Five to complain about buildworld being broken;Thirty-one to answer that it works for them, and they
must have updated at a bad time;One to post a patch for a new lightbulb to
-hackers;One to complain that he had patches for this three
years ago, but when he sent them to -CURRENT they were
just ignored, and he has had bad experiences with the PR
system; besides, the proposed new lightbulb is
non-reflexive;Thirty-seven to scream that lightbulbs do not belong
in the base system, that committers have no right to do
things like this without consulting the Community, and
WHAT IS -CORE DOING ABOUT IT!?Two hundred to complain about the color of the bicycle
shed;Three to point out that the patch breaks
&man.style.9;;Seventeen to complain that the proposed new lightbulb
is under GPL;Five hundred and eighty-six to engage in a flame war
about the comparative advantages of the GPL, the BSD
license, the MIT license, the NPL, and the personal
hygiene of unnamed FSF founders;Seven to move various portions of the thread to -chat
and -advocacy;One to commit the suggested lightbulb, even though it
shines dimmer than the old one;Two to back it out with a furious flame of a commit
message, arguing that &os; is better off in the dark than
with a dim lightbulb;Forty-six to argue vociferously about the backing out
of the dim lightbulb and demanding a statement from
-core;Eleven to request a smaller lightbulb so it will fit
their Tamagotchi if we ever decide to port &os; to that
platform;Seventy-three to complain about the SNR on -hackers
and -chat and unsubscribe in protest;Thirteen to post unsubscribe,
How do I unsubscribe?, or Please
remove me from the list, followed by the usual
footer;One to commit a working lightbulb while everybody is
too busy flaming everybody else to notice;Thirty-one to point out that the new lightbulb would
shine 0.364% brighter if compiled with TenDRA (although it
will have to be reshaped into a cube), and that &os;
should therefore switch to TenDRA instead of GCC;One to complain that the new lightbulb lacks
fairings;Nine (including the PR originators) to ask what
is MFC?;Fifty-seven to complain about the lights being out two
weeks after the bulb has been changed.&a.nik.email; adds:I was laughing quite hard at
this.And then I thought, Hang on,
shouldn't there be '1 to document it.' in that list
somewhere?And then I was enlightened
:-)&a.tabthorpe.email; says:
None, real &os; hackers are
not afraid of the dark!Where does data written to
/dev/null go?It goes into a special data sink in the CPU where it
is converted to heat which is vented through the heatsink
/ fan assembly. This is why CPU cooling is increasingly
important; as people get used to faster processors, they
become careless with their data and more and more of it
ends up in /dev/null, overheating
their CPUs. If you delete /dev/null
(which effectively disables the CPU data sink) your CPU
may run cooler but your system will quickly become
constipated with all that excess data and start to behave
erratically. If you have a fast network connection you
can cool down your CPU by reading data out of
/dev/random and sending it off
somewhere; however you run the risk of overheating your
network connection and / or angering
your ISP, as most of the data will end up getting
converted to heat by their equipment, but they generally
have good cooling, so if you do not overdo it you should
be OK.Paul Robinson adds:There are other methods. As every good sysadmin
knows, it is part of standard practice to send data to the
screen of interesting variety to keep all the pixies that
make up your picture happy. Screen pixies (commonly
mis-typed or re-named as pixels) are
categorized by the type of hat they wear (red, green or
blue) and will hide or appear (thereby showing the color
of their hat) whenever they receive a little piece of
food. Video cards turn data into pixie-food, and then
send them to the pixies — the more expensive the
card, the better the food, so the better behaved the
pixies are. They also need constant stimulation —
this is why screen savers exist.To take your suggestions further, you could just throw
the random data to console, thereby letting the pixies
consume it. This causes no heat to be produced at all,
keeps the pixies happy and gets rid of your data quite
quickly, even if it does make things look a bit messy on
your screen.Incidentally, as an ex-admin of a large ISP who
experienced many problems attempting to maintain a stable
temperature in a server room, I would strongly discourage
people sending the data they do not want out to the
network. The fairies who do the packet switching and
routing get annoyed by it as well.My colleague sits at the computer too much, how
can I prank her?Install games/sl and
wait for her to mistype sl for
ls.Advanced TopicsHow can I learn more about &os;'s internals?See the &os;
Architecture Handbook.Additionally, much general &unix; knowledge is
directly applicable to &os;.How can I contribute to &os;? What can I do to
help?We accept all types of contributions: documentation,
code, and even art. See the article on Contributing
to &os; for specific advice on how to do
this.And thanks for the thought!What are snapshots and releases?There are currently &rel.numbranch; active/semi-active
branches in the &os; Subversion
Repository. (Earlier branches are only changed
very rarely, which is why there are only &rel.numbranch;
active branches of development):&rel2.releng; AKA
&rel2.stable;&rel.releng; AKA
&rel.stable;&rel.head.releng; AKA
-CURRENT AKA
&rel.head;HEAD is not an actual branch tag.
It is a symbolic constant for
the current, non-branched development
stream known as
-CURRENT.Right now, -CURRENT is the
&rel.head.relx; development stream; the &rel.stable;
branch, &rel.releng;, forked off from
-CURRENT in &rel.relengdate; and the
&rel2.stable; branch, &rel2.releng;, forked off from
-CURRENT in &rel2.relengdate;.How can I make the most of the data I see when my
kernel panics?Here is typical kernel panic:Fatal trap 12: page fault while in kernel mode
fault virtual address = 0x40
fault code = supervisor read, page not present
instruction pointer = 0x8:0xf014a7e5
stack pointer = 0x10:0xf4ed6f24
frame pointer = 0x10:0xf4ed6f28
code segment = base 0x0, limit 0xfffff, type 0x1b
= DPL 0, pres 1, def32 1, gran 1
processor eflags = interrupt enabled, resume, IOPL = 0
current process = 80 (mount)
interrupt mask =
trap number = 12
panic: page faultThis message is not enough. While the instruction
pointer value is important, it is also configuration
dependent as it varies depending on the kernel image.
If it is a GENERIC kernel
image from one of the snapshots, it is possible for
somebody else to track down the offending function, but
for a custom kernel, only you can tell us where the fault
occurred.To proceed:Write down the instruction pointer value. Note
that the 0x8: part at the beginning
is not significant in this case: it is the
0xf0xxxxxx part that we
want.When the system reboots, do the following:&prompt.user; nm -n kernel.that.caused.the.panic | grep f0xxxxxxwhere f0xxxxxx is the
instruction pointer value. The odds are you will not
get an exact match since the symbols in the kernel
symbol table are for the entry points of functions and
the instruction pointer address will be somewhere
inside a function, not at the start. If you do not
get an exact match, omit the last digit from the
instruction pointer value and try again:&prompt.user; nm -n kernel.that.caused.the.panic | grep f0xxxxxIf that does not yield any results, chop off
another digit. Repeat until there is some sort of
output. The result will be a possible list of
functions which caused the panic. This is a less than
exact mechanism for tracking down the point of
failure, but it is better than nothing.However, the best way to track down the cause of a
panic is by capturing a crash dump, then using
&man.kgdb.1; to generate a stack trace on the crash
dump.In any case, the method is this:Make sure that the following line is included in
the kernel configuration file:makeoptions DEBUG=-g # Build kernel with gdb(1) debug symbolsChange to the /usr/src
directory:&prompt.root; cd /usr/srcCompile the kernel:&prompt.root; make buildkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNELWait for &man.make.1; to finish compiling.&prompt.root; make installkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNELReboot.If KERNCONF is not included,
the GENERIC kernel will instead
be built and installed.The &man.make.1; process will have built two kernels.
/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/MYKERNEL/kernel
and
/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/MYKERNEL/kernel.debug.
kernel was installed as
/boot/kernel/kernel, while
kernel.debug can be used as the
source of debugging symbols for &man.kgdb.1;.To capture a crash dump, edit
/etc/rc.conf and set
dumpdev to point to either the swap
partition or AUTO. This will cause the
&man.rc.8; scripts to use the &man.dumpon.8; command to
enable crash dumps. This command can also be run
manually. After a panic, the crash dump can be recovered
using &man.savecore.8;; if dumpdev is
set in /etc/rc.conf, the &man.rc.8;
scripts will run &man.savecore.8; automatically and put
the crash dump in /var/crash.&os; crash dumps are usually the same size as
physical RAM. Therefore, make sure there is enough
space in /var/crash to hold the
dump. Alternatively, run &man.savecore.8; manually
and have it recover the crash dump to another directory
with more room. It is possible to limit the
size of the crash dump by using options
MAXMEM=N where
N is the size of kernel's
memory usage in KBs. For example, for 1 GB
of RAM, limit the kernel's memory usage to
128 MB, so that the crash dump size
will be 128 MB instead of 1 GB.Once the crash dump has been recovered , get a
stack trace as follows:&prompt.user; kgdb /usr/obj/usr/src/sys/MYKERNEL/kernel.debug /var/crash/vmcore.0(kgdb)backtraceNote that there may be several screens worth of
information. Ideally, use &man.script.1; to
capture all of them. Using the unstripped kernel image
with all the debug symbols should show the exact line of
kernel source code where the panic occurred. The stack
trace is usually read from the bottom up to trace
the exact sequence of events that lead to the crash.
&man.kgdb.1; can also be used to print out the contents of
various variables or structures to examine the system
state at the time of the crash.If a second computer is available, &man.kgdb.1; can
be configured to do remote debugging, including setting
breakpoints and single-stepping through the kernel
code.If DDB is enabled and the
kernel drops into the debugger, a panic
and a crash dump can be forced by typing
panic at the ddb
prompt. It may stop in the debugger again during the
panic phase. If it does, type
continue and it will finish the crash
dump.Why has dlsym() stopped working
for ELF executables?The ELF toolchain does not, by default, make the
symbols defined in an executable visible to the dynamic
linker. Consequently dlsym()
searches on handles obtained from calls to
dlopen(NULL, flags) will fail to find
such symbols.To search, using
dlsym(), for symbols present in the
main executable of a process, link the
executable using the
option to the ELF linker (&man.ld.1;).How can I increase or reduce the kernel address space
on i386?By default, the kernel address space is 1 GB
(2 GB for PAE) for i386. When running a
network-intensive server or using
ZFS, this will probably not be
enough.Add the following line to the kernel configuration
file to increase available space and rebuild the
kernel:options KVA_PAGES=NTo find the correct value of
N, divide the desired address
space size (in megabytes) by four. (For example, it is
512 for 2 GB.)AcknowledgmentsThis innocent little Frequently Asked Questions document has
been written, rewritten, edited, folded, spindled, mutilated,
eviscerated, contemplated, discombobulated, cogitated,
regurgitated, rebuilt, castigated, and reinvigorated over the
last decade, by a cast of hundreds if not thousands.
Repeatedly.We wish to thank every one of the people responsible, and we
encourage you to join
them in making this FAQ even
better.
Index: head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.xml
===================================================================
--- head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.xml (revision 53819)
+++ head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.xml (revision 53820)
@@ -1,2452 +1,2447 @@
Resources on the InternetThe rapid pace of &os; progress makes print media
impractical as a means of following the latest developments.
Electronic resources are the best, if not often the only, way to
stay informed of the latest advances. Since &os; is a volunteer
effort, the user community itself also generally serves as a
technical support department of sorts, with
electronic mail, web forums, and USENET news being the most
effective way of reaching that community.The most important points of contact with the &os; user
community are outlined below. Please send other resources not
mentioned here to the &a.doc; so that they may also be
included.WebsitesThe
&os; Forums provide a web based discussion forum
for &os; questions and technical
discussion.The BSDConferences
YouTube Channel provides a collection of high
quality videos from BSD conferences around the world.
This is a great way to watch key developers give
presentations about new work in &os;.Mailing ListsThe mailing lists are the most direct way of addressing
questions or opening a technical discussion to a concentrated
&os; audience. There are a wide variety of lists on a number of
different &os; topics. Sending questions to the most
appropriate mailing list will invariably assure a faster and
more accurate response.The charters for the various lists are given at the bottom
of this document. Please read the charter before
joining or sending mail to any list. Most list
subscribers receive many hundreds of &os; related messages every
day, and the charters and rules for use are meant to keep the
signal-to-noise ratio of the lists high. To do less would see
the mailing lists ultimately fail as an effective communications
medium for the Project.To test the ability to send email to &os; lists,
send a test message to &a.test.name;. Please do
not send test messages to any other list.When in doubt about what list to post a question to, see
How to get
best results from the FreeBSD-questions mailing
list.Before posting to any list, please learn about how to best
use the mailing lists, such as how to help avoid
frequently-repeated discussions, by reading the
Mailing List
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) document.Archives are kept for all of the mailing lists and can be
searched using the
&os; World Wide
Web server. The keyword searchable archive offers an
excellent way of finding answers to frequently asked questions
and should be consulted before posting a question. Note that
this also means that messages sent to &os; mailing lists are
archived in perpetuity. When protecting privacy is a concern,
consider using a disposable secondary email address and posting
only public information.List SummaryGeneral lists: The following are
general lists which anyone is free (and encouraged) to
join:ListPurpose&a.advocacy.name;&os; Evangelism&a.announce.name;Important events and Project milestones
(moderated)&a.arch.name;Architecture and design discussions&a.bugbusters.name;Discussions pertaining to the maintenance of
the &os; problem report database and related
tools&a.bugs.name;Bug reports&a.chat.name;Non-technical items related to the &os;
community&a.chromium.name;&os;-specific Chromium issues&a.current.name;Discussion concerning the use of
&os.current;&a.isp.name;Issues for Internet Service Providers using
&os;&a.jobs.name;&os; employment and consulting
opportunities&a.questions.name;User questions and technical support&a.security-notifications.name;Security notifications (moderated)&a.stable.name;Discussion concerning the use of
&os.stable;&a.test.name;Where to send test messages instead of to
one of the actual lists&a.women.name;FreeBSD advocacy for womenTechnical lists: The following lists
are for technical discussion. Read the charter for each list
carefully before joining or sending mail to one as there are
firm guidelines for their use and content.ListPurpose&a.acpi.name;ACPI and power management development&a.afs.name;Porting AFS to &os;&a.amd64.name;Porting &os; to AMD64 systems (moderated)&a.apache.name;Discussion about
Apache related
ports&a.arm.name;Porting &os; to &arm; processors&a.atm.name;Using ATM networking with &os;&a.bluetooth.name;Using &bluetooth; technology in &os;&a.cloud.name;&os; on cloud platforms (EC2, GCE, Azure,
etc.)&a.cluster.name;Using &os; in a clustered environment&a.database.name;Discussing database use and development under
&os;&a.desktop.name;Using and improving &os; on the desktop&a.dev-ci.name;Build and test reports from the Continuous
Integration servers&a.dev-reviews.name;Notifications of the FreeBSD review
system&a.doc.name;Creating &os; related documents&a.drivers.name;Writing device drivers for &os;&a.dtrace.name;Using and working on DTrace in &os;&a.eclipse.name;&os; users of Eclipse IDE, tools, rich client
applications and ports.&a.elastic.name;&os;-specific ElasticSearch discussions&a.embedded.name;Using &os; in embedded applications&a.eol.name;Peer support of &os;-related software that
is no longer supported by the &os; Project.&a.emulation.name;Emulation of other systems such as
Linux/&ms-dos;/&windows;&a.enlightenment.name;Porting Enlightenment
and Enlightenment
applications&a.erlang.name;&os;-specific Erlang discussions&a.firewire.name;&os; &firewire; (iLink, IEEE 1394) technical
discussion&a.fortran.name;Fortran on &os;&a.fs.name;File systems&a.games.name;Support for Games on &os;&a.gecko.name;Gecko Rendering
Engine issues&a.geom.name;GEOM-specific discussions and
implementations&a.git.name;Discussion of git use in the &os; project&a.gnome.name;Porting GNOME and
GNOME applications&a.hackers.name;General technical discussion&a.haskell.name;&os;-specific Haskell issues and
discussions&a.hardware.name;General discussion of hardware for running
&os;&a.i18n.name;&os; Internationalization&a.ia32.name;&os; on the IA-32 (&intel; x86)
platform&a.infiniband.name;Infiniband on &os;&a.ipfw.name;Technical discussion concerning the redesign
of the IP firewall code&a.isdn.name;ISDN developers&a.jail.name;Discussion about the &man.jail.8;
facility&a.java.name;&java; developers and people porting &jdk;s to
&os;&a.kde.name;Porting KDE and
KDE applications&a.lfs.name;Porting LFS to &os;&a.mips.name;Porting &os; to &mips;
- &a.mobile.name;
- Discussions about mobile computing
-
-
- &a.mono.name;Mono and C# applications on &os;&a.multimedia.name;Multimedia applications&a.newbus.name;Technical discussions about bus
architecture&a.net.name;Networking discussion and TCP/IP source
code&a.numerics.name;Discussions of high quality implementation of
libm functions&a.ocaml.name;&os;-specific OCaml discussions&a.office.name;Office applications on &os;&a.performance.name;Performance tuning questions for high
performance/load installations&a.perl.name;Maintenance of a number of
Perl-related ports&a.pf.name;Discussion and questions about the packet filter
firewall system&a.pkg.name;Binary package management and package
tools discussion&a.pkg-fallout.name;Fallout logs from package building&a.pkgbase.name;Packaging the &os; base system&a.platforms.name;Concerning ports to non &intel; architecture
platforms&a.ports.name;Discussion of the Ports Collection&a.ports-announce.name;Important news and instructions about the Ports
Collection (moderated)&a.ports-bugs.name;Discussion of the ports bugs/PRs&a.ppc.name;Porting &os; to the &powerpc;&a.proliant.name;Technical discussion of &os; on HP ProLiant
server platforms&a.python.name;&os;-specific Python issues&a.rc.name;Discussion related to the
rc.d system and its
development&a.realtime.name;Development of realtime extensions to
&os;&a.ruby.name;&os;-specific Ruby discussions&a.scsi.name;The SCSI subsystem&a.security.name;Security issues affecting &os;&a.small.name;Using &os; in embedded applications
(obsolete; use &a.embedded.name; instead)&a.snapshots.name;&os; Development Snapshot Announcements&a.sparc.name;Porting &os; to &sparc; based systems&a.standards.name;&os;'s conformance to the C99 and the &posix;
standards&a.sysinstall.name;&man.sysinstall.8; development&a.tcltk.name;&os;-specific Tcl/Tk discussions&a.testing.name;Testing on &os;&a.tex.name;Porting TeX and its
applications to &os;&a.threads.name;Threading in &os;&a.tilera.name;Porting &os; to the Tilera family of
CPUs&a.tokenring.name;Support Token Ring in &os;&a.toolchain.name;Maintenance of &os;'s integrated
toolchain&a.translators.name;Translating &os; documents and programs&a.transport.name;Discussions of transport level network protocols
in &os;&a.usb.name;Discussing &os; support for USB&a.virtualization.name;Discussion of various virtualization techniques
supported by &os;&a.vuxml.name;Discussion on VuXML infrastructure&a.x11.name;Maintenance and support of X11 on &os;&a.xen.name;Discussion of the &os; port to &xen; —
implementation and usage&a.xfce.name;XFCE for &os; —
porting and maintaining&a.zope.name;Zope for &os; —
porting and maintainingLimited lists: The following lists
are for more specialized (and demanding) audiences and are
probably not of interest to the general public. It is also a
good idea to establish a presence in the technical lists
before joining one of these limited lists in order to
understand the communications etiquette involved.ListPurpose&a.hubs.name;People running mirror sites (infrastructural
support)&a.usergroups.name;User group coordination&a.wip-status.name;&os; Work-In-Progress Status&a.wireless.name;Discussions of 802.11 stack, tools, device driver
developmentDigest lists: All of the above lists
are available in a digest format. Once subscribed to a list,
the digest options can be changed in the account options
section.SVN lists: The following lists are
for people interested in seeing the log messages for changes
to various areas of the source tree. They are
Read-Only lists and should not have mail
sent to them.ListSource areaArea Description (source for)&a.svn-doc-all.name;/usr/docAll changes to the doc Subversion repository
(except for user,
projects and
translations)&a.svn-doc-head.name;/usr/docAll changes to the head branch of
the doc Subversion repository&a.svn-doc-projects.name;/usr/doc/projectsAll changes to the projects
area of the doc Subversion repository&a.svn-doc-svnadmin.name;/usr/docAll changes to the administrative scripts, hooks,
and other configuration data of the doc Subversion
repository&a.svn-ports-all.name;/usr/portsAll changes to the ports Subversion
repository&a.svn-ports-head.name;/usr/portsAll changes to the head branch
of the ports Subversion repository&a.svn-ports-svnadmin.name;/usr/portsAll changes to the administrative scripts, hooks,
and other configuration data of the ports Subversion
repository&a.svn-src-all.name;/usr/srcAll changes to the src Subversion repository
(except for user
and projects)&a.svn-src-head.name;/usr/srcAll changes to the head branch
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branch of the src Subversion repository&a.svn-src-stable-other.name;/usr/srcAll changes to the
older stable branches of the src
Subversion repository&a.svn-src-svnadmin.name;/usr/srcAll changes to the administrative scripts, hooks,
and other configuration data of the src Subversion
repository&a.svn-src-user.name;/usr/srcAll changes to the
experimental user area of the src
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development&a.afs.name;Andrew File SystemThis list is for discussion on porting and using
AFS from CMU/Transarc&a.announce.name;Important events /
milestonesThis is the mailing list for people interested only
in occasional announcements of significant &os; events.
This includes announcements about snapshots and other
releases. It contains announcements of new &os;
capabilities. It may contain calls for volunteers etc.
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discussionsThis list is for discussion of the &os;
architecture. Messages will mostly be kept strictly
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are:How to re-vamp the build system to have several
customized builds running at the same time.What needs to be fixed with VFS to make
Heidemann layers work.How do we change the device driver interface
to be able to use the same drivers cleanly on many
buses and architectures.How to write a network driver.&a.bluetooth.name;&bluetooth; in &os;This is the forum where &os;'s &bluetooth; users
congregate. Design issues, implementation details,
patches, bug reports, status reports, feature requests,
and all matters related to &bluetooth; are fair
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his Bugbusters, and any other parties who have a genuine
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discussions about specific bugs, patches or PRs.&a.bugs.name;Bug reportsThis is the mailing list for reporting bugs in &os;.
Whenever possible, bugs should be submitted using the
web
interface to it.&a.chat.name;Non technical items related to the &os;
communityThis list contains the overflow from the other lists
about non-technical, social information. It includes
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Occasional announcements of important events (such as
upcoming parties, weddings, births, new jobs, etc) can
be made to the technical lists, but the follow ups
should be directed to this -chat list.&a.chromium.name;&os;-specific Chromium
issuesThis is a list for the discussion of Chromium
support for &os;. This is a technical list to
discuss development and installation of Chromium.&a.cloud.name;Running &os; on various cloud
platformsThis list discusses running &os; on Amazon EC2,
Google Compute Engine, Microsoft Azure, and other cloud
computing platforms.&a.core.name;&os; core teamThis is an internal mailing list for use by the core
members. Messages can be sent to it when a serious
&os;-related matter requires arbitration or
high-level scrutiny.&a.current.name;Discussions about the use of
&os.current;This is the mailing list for users of &os.current;.
It includes warnings about new features coming out in
-CURRENT that will affect the users, and instructions
on steps that must be taken to remain -CURRENT. Anyone
running CURRENT must subscribe to this
list. This is a technical mailing list for which
strictly technical content is expected.&a.desktop.name;Using and improving &os; on the
desktopThis is a forum for discussion of &os; on the
desktop. It is primarily a place for desktop porters
and users to discuss issues and improve &os;'s desktop
support.&a.dev-ci.name;Continuous Integration reports of build
and test resultsAll Continuous Integration reports of build and test
results&a.dev-reviews.name;Notifications of work in progress in
FreeBSD's review toolAutomated notifications of work in progress for
review in FreeBSD's review tools, including
patches.&a.doc.name;Documentation ProjectThis mailing list is for the discussion of issues
and projects related to the creation of documentation
for &os;. The members of this mailing list are
collectively referred to as The &os;
Documentation Project. It is an open list; feel
free to join and contribute!&a.drivers.name;Writing device drivers for
&os;This is a forum for technical discussions related to
device drivers on &os;. It is primarily a place for
device driver writers to ask questions about how to
write device drivers using the APIs in the &os;
kernel.&a.dtrace.name;Using and working on DTrace in
&os;DTrace is an integrated component of &os; that
provides a framework for understanding the kernel as
well as user space programs at run time. The mailing
list is an archived discussion for developers of the
code as well as those using it.&a.eclipse.name;&os; users of Eclipse IDE, tools, rich
client applications and ports.The intention of this list is to provide mutual
support for everything to do with choosing, installing,
using, developing and maintaining the Eclipse IDE,
tools, rich client applications on the &os; platform and
assisting with the porting of Eclipse IDE and plugins to
the &os; environment.The intention is also to facilitate exchange of
information between the Eclipse community and the &os;
community to the mutual benefit of both.Although this list is focused primarily on the needs
of Eclipse users it will also provide a forum for those
who would like to develop &os; specific applications
using the Eclipse framework.&a.embedded.name;Using &os; in embedded
applicationsThis list discusses topics related to using &os; in
embedded systems. This is a technical mailing list for
which strictly technical content is expected. For the
purpose of this list, embedded systems are those
computing devices which are not desktops and which
usually serve a single purpose as opposed to being
general computing environments. Examples include, but
are not limited to, all kinds of phone handsets, network
equipment such as routers, switches and PBXs, remote
measuring equipment, PDAs, Point Of Sale systems, and so
on.&a.emulation.name;Emulation of other systems such as
Linux/&ms-dos;/&windows;This is a forum for technical discussions related
to running programs written for other operating systems
on &os;.&a.enlightenment.name;EnlightenmentDiscussions concerning the
Enlightenment Desktop
Environment for &os; systems. This is a technical
mailing list for which strictly technical content is
expected.&a.eol.name;Peer support of &os;-related software
that is no longer supported by the &os;
Project.This list is for those interested in providing or
making use of peer support of &os;-related software for
which the &os; Project no longer provides official
support in the form of security advisories and
patches.&a.firewire.name;&firewire; (iLink, IEEE
1394)This is a mailing list for discussion of the design
and implementation of a &firewire; (aka IEEE 1394 aka
iLink) subsystem for &os;. Relevant topics specifically
include the standards, bus devices and their protocols,
adapter boards/cards/chips sets, and the architecture
and implementation of code for their proper
support.&a.fortran.name;Fortran on &os;This is the mailing list for discussion of Fortran
related ports on &os;: compilers, libraries, scientific
and engineering applications from laptops to HPC
clusters.&a.fs.name;File systemsDiscussions concerning &os; filesystems. This is a
technical mailing list for which strictly technical
content is expected.&a.games.name;Games on &os;This is a technical list for discussions related to
bringing games to &os;. It is for individuals actively
working on porting games to &os;, to bring up problems
or discuss alternative solutions. Individuals
interested in following the technical discussion are
also welcome.&a.gecko.name;Gecko Rendering EngineThis is a forum about
Gecko applications using
&os;.Discussion centers around Gecko Ports applications,
their installation, their development and their support
within &os;.&a.geom.name;GEOMDiscussions specific to GEOM and related
implementations. This is a technical mailing list for
which strictly technical content is expected.&a.git.name;Use of git in the &os;
projectDiscussions of how to use git in &os;
infrastructure including the github mirror and other
uses of git for project collaboration. Discussion area
for people using git against the &os; github mirror.
People wanting to get started with the mirror or git
in general on &os; can ask here.&a.gnome.name;GNOMEDiscussions concerning The
GNOME Desktop Environment
for &os; systems. This is a technical mailing list
for which strictly technical content is expected.&a.infiniband.name;Infiniband on &os;Technical mailing list discussing Infiniband, OFED,
and OpenSM on &os;.&a.ipfw.name;IP FirewallThis is the forum for technical discussions
concerning the redesign of the IP firewall code in
&os;. This is a technical mailing list for which
strictly technical content is expected.&a.isdn.name;ISDN CommunicationsThis is the mailing list for people discussing the
development of ISDN support for &os;.&a.java.name;&java; DevelopmentThis is the mailing list for people discussing the
development of significant &java; applications for &os;
and the porting and maintenance of &jdk;s.&a.jobs.name;Jobs offered and soughtThis is a forum for posting employment notices
specifically related to &os; and resumes from those
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preferably plain text, but basic Portable Document
Format (PDF), HTML, and a few others
are acceptable to many readers. Closed formats such as
µsoft; Word (.doc) will be
rejected by the mailing list server.&a.kde.name;KDEDiscussions concerning
KDE on &os; systems.
This is a technical mailing list for which strictly
technical content is expected.&a.hackers.name;Technical discussionsThis is a forum for technical discussions related
to &os;. This is the primary technical mailing list.
It is for individuals actively working on &os;, to bring
up problems or discuss alternative solutions.
Individuals interested in following the technical
discussion are also welcome. This is a technical
mailing list for which strictly technical content is
expected.&a.hardware.name;General discussion of &os;
hardwareGeneral discussion about the types of hardware that
&os; runs on, various problems and suggestions
concerning what to buy or avoid.&a.hubs.name;Mirror sitesAnnouncements and discussion for people who run &os;
mirror sites.&a.isp.name;Issues for Internet Service
ProvidersThis mailing list is for discussing topics relevant
to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) using &os;. This
is a technical mailing list for which strictly technical
content is expected.&a.mono.name;Mono and C# applications on
&os;This is a list for discussions related to the Mono
development framework on &os;. This is a technical
mailing list. It is for individuals actively working on
porting Mono or C# applications to &os;, to bring up
problems or discuss alternative solutions. Individuals
interested in following the technical discussion are
also welcome.&a.ocaml.name;&os;-specific OCaml
discussionsThis is a list for discussions related to the OCaml
support on &os;. This is a technical mailing list. It
is for individuals working on OCaml ports, 3rd party
libraries and frameworks. Individuals interested in the
technical discussion are also welcome.&a.office.name;Office applications on
&os;Discussion centers around office applications, their
installation, their development and their support within
&os;.&a.ops-announce.name;Project Infrastructure
AnnouncementsThis is the mailing list for people interested in
changes and issues related to the FreeBSD.org Project
infrastructure.This moderated list is strictly for announcements:
no replies, requests, discussions, or opinions.&a.performance.name;Discussions about tuning or speeding up
&os;This mailing list exists to provide a place for
hackers, administrators, and/or concerned parties to
discuss performance related topics pertaining to &os;.
Acceptable topics includes talking about &os;
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&os; fast, robust, and scalable. This list is not a
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or inquire about unanswered performance related
topics.&a.pf.name;Discussion and questions about the packet
filter firewall systemDiscussion concerning the packet filter (pf)
firewall system in terms of &os;. Technical discussion
and user questions are both welcome. This list is also
a place to discuss the ALTQ QoS framework.&a.pkg.name;Binary package management and package
tools discussionDiscussion of all aspects of managing &os; systems
by using binary packages to install software, including
binary package toolkits and formats, their development
and support within &os;, package repository management,
and third party packages.Note that discussion of ports which fail to generate
packages correctly should generally be considered as
ports problems, and so inappropriate for this
list.&a.pkg-fallout.name;Fallout logs from package
buildingAll packages building failures logs from the package
building clusters&a.pkgbase.name;Packaging the &os; base
system.Discussions surrounding implementation and issues
regarding packaging the &os; base system.&a.platforms.name;Porting to Non &intel;
platformsCross-platform &os; issues, general discussion and
proposals for non &intel; &os; ports. This is a
technical mailing list for which strictly technical
content is expected.&a.ports.name;Discussion of
portsDiscussions concerning &os;'s ports
collection (/usr/ports),
ports infrastructure, and general ports coordination
efforts. This is a technical mailing list for which
strictly technical content is expected.&a.ports-announce.name;Important news and instructions about the
&os; Ports
CollectionImportant news for developers, porters, and users of
the Ports Collection
(/usr/ports), including
architecture/infrastructure changes, new capabilities,
critical upgrade instructions, and release engineering
information. This is a low-volume mailing list,
intended for announcements.&a.ports-bugs.name;Discussion of
ports bugsDiscussions concerning problem reports for &os;'s
ports collection
(/usr/ports), proposed ports, or
modifications to ports. This is a technical mailing
list for which strictly technical content is
expected.&a.proliant.name;Technical discussion of &os; on HP
ProLiant server platformsThis mailing list is to be used for the technical
discussion of the usage of &os; on HP ProLiant servers,
including the discussion of ProLiant-specific drivers,
management software, configuration tools, and BIOS
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the hpasmd, hpasmcli, and hpacucli modules.&a.python.name;Python on &os;This is a list for discussions related to improving
Python-support on &os;. This is a technical mailing
list. It is for individuals working on porting Python,
its third party modules and
Zope stuff to &os;.
Individuals interested in following the technical
discussion are also welcome.&a.questions.name;User questionsThis is the mailing list for questions about &os;.
Do not send how to questions to the
technical lists unless the question is quite
technical.&a.ruby.name;&os;-specific Ruby
discussionsThis is a list for discussions related to the Ruby
support on &os;. This is a technical mailing list. It
is for individuals working on Ruby ports, third party
libraries and frameworks.Individuals interested in the technical discussion
are also welcome.&a.scsi.name;SCSI subsystemThis is the mailing list for people working on the
SCSI subsystem for &os;. This is a technical mailing
list for which strictly technical content is
expected.&a.security.name;Security issues&os; computer security issues (DES, Kerberos, known
security holes and fixes, etc). This is a technical
mailing list for which strictly technical discussion is
expected. Note that this is not a question-and-answer
list, but that contributions (BOTH question AND answer)
to the FAQ are welcome.&a.security-notifications.name;Security NotificationsNotifications of &os; security problems and fixes.
This is not a discussion list. The discussion list is
FreeBSD-security.&a.small.name;Using &os; in embedded
applicationsThis list discusses topics related to unusually
small and embedded &os; installations. This is a
technical mailing list for which strictly technical
content is expected.This list has been obsoleted by
&a.embedded.name;.&a.snapshots.name;&os; Development Snapshot
AnnouncementsThis list provides notifications about the
availability of new &os; development snapshots for the
head/ and stable/ branches.&a.stable.name;Discussions about the use of
&os.stable;This is the mailing list for users of &os.stable;.
STABLE is the branch where development
continues after a RELEASE, including bug fixes and new
features. The ABI is kept stable for binary
compatibility. It includes warnings about new features
coming out in -STABLE that will affect the users, and
instructions on steps that must be taken to remain
-STABLE. Anyone running STABLE should
subscribe to this list. This is a technical mailing
list for which strictly technical content is
expected.&a.standards.name;C99 & POSIX
ConformanceThis is a forum for technical discussions related to
&os; Conformance to the C99 and the POSIX
standards.&a.teaching.name;Teaching with &os;Non technical mailing list discussing teaching
with &os;.&a.testing.name;Testing on &os;Technical mailing list discussing testing on &os;,
including ATF/Kyua, test build infrastructure, port
tests to &os; from other operating systems (NetBSD,
...), etc.&a.tex.name;Porting TeX and
its applications to &os;This is a technical mailing list for discussions
related to TeX and its applications on &os;. It is for
individuals actively working on porting TeX to FreeBSD,
to bring up problems or discuss alternative solutions.
Individuals interested in following the technical
discussion are also welcome.&a.toolchain.name;Maintenance of &os;'s integrated
toolchainThis is the mailing list for discussions related to
the maintenance of the toolchain shipped with &os;.
This could include the state of Clang and GCC, but also
pieces of software such as assemblers, linkers and
debuggers.&a.transport.name;Discussions of transport level network
protocols in &os;The transport mailing list exists for the discussion
of issues and designs around the transport level
protocols in the &os; network stack, including TCP,
SCTP and UDP. Other networking topics, including
driver specific and network protocol issues should be
discussed on the &a.net;.&a.translators.name;Translating &os; documents and
programsA discussion list where translators of &os;
documents from English into other languages can talk
about translation methods and tools. New members are
asked to introduce themselves and mention the languages
they are interested in translating.&a.usb.name;Discussing &os; support for
USBThis is a mailing list for technical discussions
related to &os; support for USB.&a.usergroups.name;User Group Coordination
ListThis is the mailing list for the coordinators from
each of the local area Users Groups to discuss matters
with each other and a designated individual from the
Core Team. This mail list should be limited to meeting
synopsis and coordination of projects that span User
Groups.&a.virtualization.name;Discussion of various virtualization
techniques supported by &os;A list to discuss the various virtualization
techniques supported by &os;. On one hand the focus
will be on the implementation of the basic functionality
as well as adding new features. On the other hand users
will have a forum to ask for help in case of problems or
to discuss their use cases.&a.wip-status.name;&os; Work-In-Progress
StatusThis mailing list can be used by developers to
announce the creation and progress of &os; related work.
Messages will be moderated. It is suggested to send the
message "To:" a more topical &os; list and only "BCC:"
this list. This way the WIP can also be discussed on
the topical list, as no discussion is allowed on this
list.Look inside the archives for examples of suitable
messages.An editorial digest of the messages to this list
might be posted to the &os; website every few months as
part of the Status Reports
https://www.freebsd.org/news/status/.
Past reports are archived.&a.wireless.name;Discussions of 802.11 stack, tools device
driver developmentThe FreeBSD-wireless list focuses on 802.11 stack
(sys/net80211), device driver and tools development.
This includes bugs, new features and maintenance.&a.xen.name;Discussion of the &os; port to &xen;
— implementation and usageA list that focuses on the &os; &xen; port. The
anticipated traffic level is small enough that it is
intended as a forum for both technical discussions of
the implementation and design details as well as
administrative deployment issues.&a.xfce.name;XFCEThis is a forum for discussions related to bring the
XFCE environment to &os;.
This is a technical mailing list. It is for individuals
actively working on porting
XFCE to &os;, to bring up
problems or discuss alternative solutions. Individuals
interested in following the technical discussion are
also welcome.&a.zope.name;ZopeThis is a forum for discussions related to bring the
Zope environment to &os;.
This is a technical mailing list. It is for individuals
actively working on porting
Zope to &os;, to bring up
problems or discuss alternative solutions. Individuals
interested in following the technical discussion are
also welcome.Filtering on the Mailing ListsThe &os; mailing lists are filtered in multiple ways to
avoid the distribution of spam, viruses, and other unwanted
emails. The filtering actions described in this section do
not include all those used to protect the mailing
lists.Only certain types of attachments are allowed on the
mailing lists. All attachments with a MIME content type not
found in the list below will be stripped before an email is
distributed on the mailing lists.application/octet-streamapplication/pdfapplication/pgp-signatureapplication/x-pkcs7-signaturemessage/rfc822multipart/alternativemultipart/relatedmultipart/signedtext/htmltext/plaintext/x-difftext/x-patchSome of the mailing lists might allow attachments of
other MIME content types, but the above list should be
applicable for most of the mailing lists.If an email contains both an HTML and a plain text
version, the HTML version will be removed. If an email
contains only an HTML version, it will be converted to plain
text.Usenet NewsgroupsIn addition to two &os; specific newsgroups, there are
many others in which &os; is discussed or are otherwise
relevant to &os; users.BSD Specific Newsgroupscomp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announcecomp.unix.bsd.freebsd.miscde.comp.os.unix.bsd
(German)fr.comp.os.bsd
(French)Other &unix; Newsgroups of Interestcomp.unixcomp.unix.questionscomp.unix.admincomp.unix.programmercomp.unix.shellcomp.unix.misccomp.unix.bsdX Window Systemcomp.windows.xOfficial Mirrors
&chap.eresources.www.index.inc;
&chap.mirrors.lastmod.inc;
&chap.eresources.www.inc;
Index: head/en_US.ISO8859-1/share/xml/mailing-lists.ent
===================================================================
--- head/en_US.ISO8859-1/share/xml/mailing-lists.ent (revision 53819)
+++ head/en_US.ISO8859-1/share/xml/mailing-lists.ent (revision 53820)
@@ -1,695 +1,691 @@
FreeBSD list server">
&a.mailman.listinfo;">
FreeBSD ACPI mailing list">
freebsd-acpi">
FreeBSD advocacy mailing list">
freebsd-advocacy">
FreeBSD AFS porting mailing list">
freebsd-afs">
FreeBSD Adaptec AIC7xxx discussions mailing list">
freebsd-aic7xxx">
Porting FreeBSD to AMD64 systems">
freebsd-amd64">
FreeBSD announcements mailing list">
freebsd-announce">
FreeBSD Apache mailing list">
freebsd-apache">
FreeBSD architecture and design mailing list">
freebsd-arch">
FreeBSD ARM porting mailing list">
freebsd-arm">
FreeBSD ATM networking mailing list">
freebsd-atm">
FreeBSD Bluetooth mailing list">
freebsd-bluetooth">
FreeBSD bugbusters mailing list">
freebsd-bugbusters">
FreeBSD problem reports mailing list">
freebsd-bugs">
FreeBSD chat mailing list">
freebsd-chat">
FreeBSD-specific Chromium issues">
freebsd-chromium">
FreeBSD on cloud platforms (EC2, GCE, Azure, etc.)">
freebsd-cloud">
FreeBSD clustering mailing list">
freebsd-cluster">
&os.current; mailing list">
freebsd-current">
CTM announcements">
ctm-announce">
CTM 4-STABLE src branch distribution mailing list">
ctm-src-4">
CTM 5-STABLE src branch distribution mailing list">
ctm-src-5">
CTM 6-STABLE src branch distribution mailing list">
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