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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
 <!--
      The FreeBSD Documentation Project
 
      $FreeBSD$
 -->
 <chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
   xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0"
   xml:id="introduction">
 
   <info>
     <title>Introduction</title>
 
     <authorgroup>
       <author>
 	<personname>
 	  <firstname>Jim</firstname>
 	  <surname>Mock</surname>
 	</personname>
 	<contrib>Restructured, reorganized, and parts rewritten
 	  by </contrib>
       </author>
     </authorgroup>
   </info>
 
   <sect1 xml:id="introduction-synopsis">
     <title>Synopsis</title>
 
     <para>Thank you for your interest in &os;!  The following chapter
       covers various aspects of the &os;&nbsp;Project, such as its
       history, goals, development model, and so on.</para>
 
     <para>After reading this chapter, you will know:</para>
 
     <itemizedlist>
       <listitem>
 	<para>How &os; relates to other computer operating
 	  systems.</para>
       </listitem>
 
       <listitem>
 	<para>The history of the &os;&nbsp;Project.</para>
       </listitem>
 
       <listitem>
 	<para>The goals of the &os;&nbsp;Project.</para>
       </listitem>
 
       <listitem>
 	<para>The basics of the &os; open-source development
 	  model.</para>
       </listitem>
 
       <listitem>
 	<para>And of course: where the name <quote>&os;</quote> comes
 	  from.</para>
       </listitem>
     </itemizedlist>
   </sect1>
 
   <sect1 xml:id="nutshell">
     <title>Welcome to &os;!</title>
 
     <indexterm><primary>4.4BSD-Lite</primary></indexterm>
 
-    <para>&os; is a 4.4BSD-Lite based operating system for Intel (x86
-      and &itanium;), AMD64, &arm;, and Sun &ultrasparc; computers.  Ports to
-      other architectures are also under way.  You can also read about
+    <para>&os; is an Open Source, Unix-like operating system for x86
+      (both 32 and 64 bit), &arm;, AArch64, &risc-v;, &mips;, &power;,
+      &powerpc;, and Sun &ultrasparc; computers, originally based
+      on 4.4BSD-Lite.  You can also read about
       <link linkend="history">the history of &os;</link>, or the
       <link xlink:href="&url.base;/releases">current release</link>.
       If you are interested in contributing something to the Project
       (code, hardware, funding), see the <link
 	xlink:href="&url.articles.contributing;/index.html">Contributing
 	to &os;</link> article.</para>
 
     <sect2 xml:id="os-overview">
       <title>What Can &os; Do?</title>
 
       <para>&os; has many noteworthy features.  Some of these
 	are:</para>
 
       <itemizedlist>
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><emphasis>Preemptive multitasking</emphasis>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>preemptive multitasking</primary>
 	    </indexterm> with dynamic priority adjustment to ensure
 	    smooth and fair sharing of the computer between
 	    applications and users, even under the heaviest of
 	    loads.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><emphasis>Multi-user facilities</emphasis><indexterm>
 	      <primary>multi-user facilities</primary>
 	    </indexterm> which allow many people to use a &os; system
 	    simultaneously for a variety of things.  This means, for
 	    example, that system peripherals such as printers and tape
 	    drives are properly shared between all users on the system
 	    or the network and that individual resource limits can be
 	    placed on users or groups of users, protecting critical
 	    system resources from over-use.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para>Strong <emphasis>TCP/IP
 	      networking</emphasis><indexterm>
 	      <primary>TCP/IP networking</primary>
 	    </indexterm> with support for industry standards such as
 	    SCTP, DHCP, NFS, NIS, PPP, SLIP, IPsec, and IPv6.  This
 	    means that your &os; machine can interoperate easily with
 	    other systems as well as act as an enterprise server,
 	    providing vital functions such as NFS (remote file access)
 	    and email services or putting your organization on the
 	    Internet with WWW, FTP, routing and firewall (security)
 	    services.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><emphasis>Memory protection</emphasis><indexterm>
 	      <primary>memory protection</primary>
 	    </indexterm> ensures that applications (or users) cannot
 	    interfere with each other.  One application crashing will
 	    not affect others in any way.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para>The industry standard
 	    <emphasis>X Window System</emphasis><indexterm>
 		<primary>X Window System</primary>
 	      </indexterm> (X11R7) can provide a graphical user
 	    interface (GUI) on any machine and comes with full
 	    sources.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>binary compatibility</primary>
 	      <secondary>Linux</secondary>
 	    </indexterm>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>binary compatibility</primary>
 	      <secondary>SCO</secondary>
 	    </indexterm>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>binary compatibility</primary>
 	      <secondary>SVR4</secondary>
 	    </indexterm>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>binary compatibility</primary>
 	      <secondary>BSD/OS</secondary>
 	    </indexterm>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>binary compatibility</primary>
 	      <secondary>NetBSD</secondary>
 	    </indexterm>
 	    <emphasis>Binary compatibility</emphasis> with many
 	    programs built for Linux, SCO, SVR4, BSDI and
 	    NetBSD.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para>Thousands of <emphasis>ready-to-run</emphasis>
 	    applications are available from the &os;
 	    <emphasis>ports</emphasis> and
 	    <emphasis>packages</emphasis> collection.  Why search the
 	    net when you can find it all right here?</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para>Thousands of additional and
 	    <emphasis>easy-to-port</emphasis> applications are
 	    available on the Internet.  &os; is source code compatible
 	    with most popular commercial &unix; systems and thus most
 	    applications require few, if any, changes to
 	    compile.</para>
 	</listitem>
 	<listitem>
 	  <para>Demand paged <emphasis>virtual
 	      memory</emphasis><indexterm>
 	      <primary>virtual memory</primary>
 	    </indexterm> and <quote>merged VM/buffer cache</quote>
 	    design efficiently satisfies applications with large
 	    appetites for memory while still maintaining interactive
 	    response to other users.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><emphasis>SMP</emphasis><indexterm>
 	      <primary>Symmetric Multi-Processing
 		(SMP)</primary>
 	    </indexterm> support for machines with multiple
 	    CPUs.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>compilers</primary>
 	      <secondary>C</secondary>
 	    </indexterm>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>compilers</primary>
 	      <secondary>C++</secondary>
 	    </indexterm>
 	    A full complement of <emphasis>C</emphasis>
 	    and <emphasis>C++</emphasis>
 	    development tools.
 	    Many additional languages for advanced research
 	    and development are also available in the ports and
 	    packages collection.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><emphasis>Source code</emphasis><indexterm>
 	      <primary>source code</primary>
 	    </indexterm> for the entire system means you have the
 	    greatest degree of control over your environment.  Why be
 	    locked into a proprietary solution at the mercy of your
 	    vendor when you can have a truly open system?</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para>Extensive <emphasis>online
 	      documentation</emphasis>.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><emphasis>And many more!</emphasis></para>
 	</listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
 
       <para>&os; is based on the 4.4BSD-Lite<indexterm>
 	  <primary>4.4BSD-Lite</primary>
 	</indexterm> release from Computer
 	Systems Research Group (CSRG)<indexterm>
 	  <primary>Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG)</primary>
 	</indexterm> at the University of California at Berkeley, and
 	carries on the distinguished tradition of BSD systems
 	development.  In addition to the fine work provided by CSRG,
 	the &os;&nbsp;Project has put in many thousands of hours in
 	fine tuning the system for maximum performance and reliability
 	in real-life load situations.  &os; offers performance and
 	reliability on par with commercial offerings, combined with
 	many cutting-edge features not available anywhere else.</para>
 
       <para>The applications to which &os; can be put are truly
 	limited only by your own imagination.  From software
 	development to factory automation, inventory control to
 	azimuth correction of remote satellite antennae; if it can be
 	done with a commercial &unix; product then it is more than
 	likely that you can do it with &os; too!  &os; also benefits
 	significantly from literally thousands of high quality
 	applications developed by research centers and universities
 	around the world, often available at little to no cost.
 	Commercial applications are also available and appearing in
 	greater numbers every day.</para>
 
       <para>Because the source code for &os; itself is generally
 	available, the system can also be customized to an almost
 	unheard of degree for special applications or projects, and in
 	ways not generally possible with operating systems from most
 	major commercial vendors.  Here is just a sampling of some of
 	the applications in which people are currently using
 	&os;:</para>
 
       <itemizedlist>
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><emphasis>Internet Services:</emphasis> The robust
 	    TCP/IP networking built into &os; makes it an ideal
 	    platform for a variety of Internet services such
 	    as:</para>
 
 	  <itemizedlist>
 	    <listitem>
 	      <para>World Wide Web servers<indexterm>
 		  <primary>web servers</primary>
 		</indexterm>
 		(standard or secure [SSL])</para>
 	    </listitem>
 
 	    <listitem>
 	      <para>IPv4 and IPv6 routing</para>
 	    </listitem>
 
 	    <listitem>
 	      <para>Firewalls<indexterm>
 		  <primary>firewall</primary>
 		</indexterm>
 		and NAT<indexterm>
 		  <primary>NAT</primary>
 		</indexterm>
 		(<quote>IP masquerading</quote>) gateways</para>
 	    </listitem>
 
 	    <listitem>
 	      <para>FTP servers<indexterm>
 		  <primary>FTP servers</primary>
 		</indexterm></para>
 	    </listitem>
 
 	    <listitem>
 	      <para>
 		<indexterm>
 		  <primary>electronic mail</primary>
 		  <see>email</see>
 		</indexterm>
 		<indexterm>
 		  <primary>email</primary>
 		</indexterm>
 		Electronic Mail servers</para>
 	    </listitem>
 
 	    <listitem>
 	      <para>And more...</para>
 	    </listitem>
 	  </itemizedlist>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><emphasis>Education:</emphasis>  Are you a student of
 	    computer science or a related engineering field?  There
 	    is no better way of learning about operating systems,
 	    computer architecture and networking than the hands on,
 	    under the hood experience that &os; can provide.  A number
 	    of freely available CAD, mathematical and graphic design
 	    packages also make it highly useful to those whose primary
 	    interest in a computer is to get
 	    <emphasis>other</emphasis> work done!</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><emphasis>Research:</emphasis>  With source code for
 	    the entire system available, &os; is an excellent platform
 	    for research in operating systems as well as other
 	    branches of computer science.  &os;'s freely available
 	    nature also makes it possible for remote groups to
 	    collaborate on ideas or shared development without having
 	    to worry about special licensing agreements or limitations
 	    on what may be discussed in open forums.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><emphasis>Networking:</emphasis> Need a new
 	    router?<indexterm>
 	      <primary>router</primary>
 	    </indexterm>  A name server (DNS)?<indexterm>
 	      <primary>DNS Server</primary>
 	    </indexterm>  A firewall to keep people out of your
 	    internal network?  &os; can easily turn that unused
 	    PC sitting in the corner into an advanced router with
 	    sophisticated packet-filtering capabilities.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><emphasis>Embedded:</emphasis> &os; makes an
 	    excellent platform to build embedded systems upon.
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>embedded</primary>
 	    </indexterm>
 	    With support for the &arm;, &mips; and &powerpc;
 	    platforms, coupled with a robust network stack, cutting
 	    edge features and the permissive <link
 	      xlink:href="&url.books.faq;/introduction.html#bsd-license-restrictions">BSD
 	      license</link> &os; makes an excellent foundation for
 	    building embedded routers, firewalls, and other
 	    devices.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>X Window System</primary>
 	    </indexterm>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>GNOME</primary>
 	    </indexterm>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>KDE</primary>
 	    </indexterm>
 	    <emphasis>Desktop:</emphasis> &os; makes a
 	    fine choice for an inexpensive desktop solution
 	    using the freely available X11 server.
 	    &os; offers a choice from many open-source desktop
 	    environments, including the standard
 	    <application>GNOME</application> and
 	    <application>KDE</application> graphical user interfaces.
 	    &os; can even boot <quote>diskless</quote> from
 	    a central server, making individual workstations
 	    even cheaper and easier to administer.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><emphasis>Software Development:</emphasis>  The basic
 	    &os; system comes with a full complement of development
 	    tools including a full
 	    C/C++<indexterm>
 	      <primary>Compiler</primary>
 	    </indexterm>
 	    compiler and debugger suite.
 	    Support for many other languages are also available
 	    through the ports and packages collection.</para>
 	</listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
 
       <para>&os; is available to download free of charge, or can be
 	obtained on either CD-ROM or DVD.  Please see
 	<xref linkend="mirrors"/> for more information about obtaining
 	&os;.</para>
     </sect2>
 
     <sect2 xml:id="introduction-nutshell-users">
       <title>Who Uses &os;?</title>
 
       <indexterm>
 	<primary>users</primary>
 	<secondary>large sites running &os;</secondary>
       </indexterm>
 
       <para>&os;'s advanced features, proven security, predictable
 	release cycle, and permissive license have led to its use as a
 	platform for building many commercial and open source
 	appliances, devices, and products.  Many of the world's
 	largest IT companies use &os;:</para>
 
       <itemizedlist>
 	<listitem>
 
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Apache</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - The Apache Software Foundation runs most of
 	    its public facing infrastructure, including possibly one
 	    of the largest SVN repositories in the world with over 1.4
 	    million commits, on &os;.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.apple.com/">Apple</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Apple</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - OS X borrows heavily from &os; for the
 	    network stack, virtual file system, and many userland
 	    components.  Apple iOS also contains elements borrowed
 	    from &os;.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.cisco.com/">Cisco</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Cisco</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - IronPort network security and anti-spam
 	    appliances run a modified &os; kernel.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.citrix.com/">Citrix</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Citrix</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - The NetScaler line of security appliances
 	    provide layer 4-7 load balancing, content caching,
 	    application firewall, secure VPN, and mobile cloud network
 	    access, along with the power of a &os; shell.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link xlink:href="http://www.dell.com/KACE">Dell
 	      KACE</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Dell KACE</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - The KACE system management appliances run
 	    &os; because of its reliability, scalability, and the
 	    community that supports its continued development.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.experts-exchange.com/">Experts
 	      Exchange</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Experts Exchange</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - All public facing web servers are powered
 	    by &os; and they make extensive use of jails to isolate
 	    development and testing environments without the overhead
 	    of virtualization.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.isilon.com/">Isilon</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Isilon</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - Isilon's enterprise storage appliances
 	    are based on &os;.  The extremely liberal &os; license
 	    allowed Isilon to integrate their intellectual property
 	    throughout the kernel and focus on building their product
 	    instead of an operating system.</para>
 
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.ixsystems.com/">iXsystems</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>iXsystems</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - The TrueNAS line of unified storage
 	    appliances is based on &os;.  In addition to their
 	    commercial products, iXsystems also manages development of
 	    the open source projects TrueOS and FreeNAS.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.juniper.net/">Juniper</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Juniper</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - The JunOS operating system that powers all
 	    Juniper networking gear (including routers, switches,
 	    security, and networking appliances) is based on &os;.
 	    Juniper is one of many vendors that showcases the
 	    symbiotic relationship between the project and vendors of
 	    commercial products.  Improvements generated at Juniper
 	    are upstreamed into &os; to reduce the complexity of
 	    integrating new features from &os; back into JunOS in the
 	    future.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.mcafee.com/">McAfee</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>McAfee</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - SecurOS, the basis of McAfee enterprise
 	    firewall products including Sidewinder is based on
 	    &os;.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.netapp.com/">NetApp</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>NetApp</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - The Data ONTAP GX line of storage
 	    appliances are based on &os;.  In addition, NetApp has
 	    contributed back many features, including the new BSD
 	    licensed hypervisor, bhyve.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.netflix.com/">Netflix</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Netflix</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - The OpenConnect appliance that Netflix
 	    uses to stream movies to its customers is based on &os;.
 	    Netflix has made extensive contributions to the codebase
 	    and works to maintain a zero delta from mainline &os;.
 	    Netflix OpenConnect appliances are responsible for
 	    delivering more than 32% of all Internet traffic in North
 	    America.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.sandvine.com/">Sandvine</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Sandvine</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - Sandvine uses &os; as the basis of their
 	    high performance real-time network processing platforms
 	    that make up their intelligent network policy control
 	    products.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link xlink:href="http://www.sony.com/">Sony</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Sony</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - The PlayStation 4 gaming console runs a
 	    modified version of &os;.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.sophos.com/">Sophos</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Sophos</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - The Sophos Email Appliance product is based
 	    on a hardened &os; and scans inbound mail for spam and
 	    viruses, while also monitoring outbound mail for malware
 	    as well as the accidental loss of sensitive
 	    information.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.spectralogic.com/">Spectra
 	      Logic</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Spectra Logic</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - The nTier line of archive grade storage
 	    appliances run &os; and OpenZFS.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="https://www.stormshield.eu">Stormshield</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Stormshield</primary>
 
 	    </indexterm> - Stormshield Network Security appliances
 	    are based on a hardened version of &os;.  The BSD license
 	    allows them to integrate their own intellectual property with
 	    the system while returning a great deal of interesting
 	    development to the community.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link xlink:href="http://www.weather.com/">The Weather
 	      Channel</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>The Weather Channel</primary>
 
 	    </indexterm> - The IntelliStar appliance that is installed
 	    at each local cable provider's headend and is responsible
 	    for injecting local weather forecasts into the cable TV
 	    network's programming runs &os;.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.verisign.com/">Verisign</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Verisign</primary>
 
 	    </indexterm> - Verisign is responsible for operating the
 	    .com and .net root domain registries as well as the
 	    accompanying DNS infrastructure.  They rely on a number of
 	    different network operating systems including &os; to
 	    ensure there is no common point of failure in their
 	    infrastructure.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.voxer.com/">Voxer</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Voxer</primary>
 
 	    </indexterm> - Voxer powers their mobile voice messaging
 	    platform with ZFS on &os;.  Voxer switched from a Solaris
 	    derivative to &os; because of its superior documentation,
 	    larger and more active community, and more developer
 	    friendly environment.  In addition to critical features
 	    like <acronym>ZFS</acronym> and DTrace, &os; also offers
 	    TRIM support for <acronym>ZFS</acronym>.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.whatsapp.com/">WhatsApp</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>WhatsApp</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - When WhatsApp needed a platform that would
 	    be able to handle more than 1 million concurrent TCP
 	    connections per server, they chose &os;.  They then
 	    proceeded to scale past 2.5 million connections per
 	    server.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link xlink:href="http://wheelsystems.com/">Wheel
 	      Systems</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Wheel Systems</primary>
 
 	    </indexterm> - The FUDO security appliance allows
 	    enterprises to monitor, control, record, and audit
 	    contractors and administrators who work on their systems.
 	    Based on all of the best security features of &os;
 	    including ZFS, GELI, Capsicum, HAST, and
 	    auditdistd.</para>
 	</listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
 
       <para>&os; has also spawned a number of related open source
 	projects:</para>
 
       <itemizedlist>
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link xlink:href="http://bsdrp.net/">BSD
 	      Router</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>BSD Router</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - A &os; based replacement for large
 	    enterprise routers designed to run on standard PC
 	    hardware.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.freenas.org/">FreeNAS</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>FreeNAS</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - A customized &os; designed to be used as a
 	    network file server appliance.  Provides a python based
 	    web interface to simplify the management of both the UFS
 	    and ZFS file systems.  Includes support for NFS, SMB/CIFS,
 	    AFP, FTP, and iSCSI.  Includes an extensible plugin system
 	    based on &os; jails.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.ghostbsd.org/">GhostBSD</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>GhostBSD</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - A desktop oriented distribution of &os;
 	    bundled with the Gnome desktop environment.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://mfsbsd.vx.sk/">mfsBSD</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>mfsBSD</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - A toolkit for building a &os; system image
 	    that runs entirely from memory.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.nas4free.org/">NAS4Free</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>NAS4Free</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - A file server distribution based on &os;
 	    with a PHP powered web interface.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.opnsense.org/">OPNSense</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>OPNsense</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - OPNsense is an open source, easy-to-use and
 	    easy-to-build FreeBSD based firewall and routing platform.
 	    OPNsense includes most of the features available in
 	    expensive commercial firewalls, and more in many cases.
 	    It brings the rich feature set of commercial offerings
 	    with the benefits of open and verifiable sources.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="https://www.trueos.org">TrueOS</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>TrueOS</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - A customized version of &os; geared towards
 	    desktop users with graphical utilities to exposing the
 	    power of &os; to all users.  Designed to ease the
 	    transition of Windows and OS X users.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.pfsense.org/">pfSense</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>pfSense</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - A firewall distribution based on &os; with
 	    a huge array of features and extensive IPv6
 	    support.</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link xlink:href="http://zrouter.org/">ZRouter</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>ZRouter</primary>
 	    </indexterm> - An open source alternative firmware for
 	    embedded devices based on &os;.  Designed to replace the
 	    proprietary firmware on off-the-shelf routers.</para>
 	</listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
 
       <para>&os; is also used to power some of the biggest sites on
 	the Internet, including:</para>
 
       <itemizedlist>
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link xlink:href="http://www.yahoo.com/">Yahoo!</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Yahoo!</primary>
 	    </indexterm></para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link xlink:href="http://www.yandex.ru/">Yandex</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Yandex</primary>
 	    </indexterm></para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.rambler.ru/">Rambler</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Rambler</primary>
 	    </indexterm></para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link xlink:href="http://www.sina.com/">Sina</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Sina</primary>
 	    </indexterm></para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link xlink:href="http://www.pair.com/">Pair
 	      Networks</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Pair Networks</primary>
 	    </indexterm></para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link xlink:href="http://www.sony.co.jp/">Sony
 	      Japan</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Sony Japan</primary>
 	    </indexterm></para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.netcraft.com/">Netcraft</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Netcraft</primary>
 	    </indexterm></para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="https://signup.netflix.com/openconnect">Netflix</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Netflix</primary>
 	    </indexterm></para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link xlink:href="http://www.163.com/">NetEase</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>NetEase</primary>
 	    </indexterm></para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link
 	      xlink:href="http://www.weathernews.com/">Weathernews</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>Weathernews</primary>
 	    </indexterm></para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
 	  <para><link xlink:href="http://www.telehouse.com/">TELEHOUSE
 	      America</link>
 	    <indexterm>
 	      <primary>TELEHOUSE America</primary>
 	    </indexterm></para>
 	</listitem>
 
       </itemizedlist>
 
       <para>and many more.  Wikipedia also maintains a <link
 	  xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_products_based_on_FreeBSD">list
 	  of products based on &os;</link>.</para>
     </sect2>
   </sect1>
 
   <sect1 xml:id="history">
     <title>About the &os;&nbsp;Project</title>
 
     <para>The following section provides some background information
       on the project, including a brief history, project goals, and
       the development model of the project.</para>
 
     <sect2 xml:id="intro-history">
       <title>A Brief History of &os;</title>
 
       <indexterm><primary>386BSD Patchkit</primary></indexterm>
       <indexterm><primary>Hubbard, Jordan</primary></indexterm>
       <indexterm><primary>Williams, Nate</primary></indexterm>
       <indexterm><primary>Grimes, Rod</primary></indexterm>
       <indexterm>
 	<primary>FreeBSD Project</primary>
 	<secondary>history</secondary>
       </indexterm>
 
       <para>The &os;&nbsp;Project had its genesis in the early part
 	of 1993, partially as an outgrowth of the Unofficial
 	386BSDPatchkit by the patchkit's last 3 coordinators: Nate
 	Williams, Rod Grimes and Jordan Hubbard.</para>
 
       <indexterm><primary>386BSD</primary></indexterm>
       <para>The original goal was to produce an intermediate snapshot
 	of 386BSD in order to fix a number of problems with it that
 	the patchkit mechanism just was not capable of solving.  The
 	early working title for the project was 386BSD 0.5 or 386BSD
 	Interim in reference of that fact.</para>
 
       <indexterm><primary>Jolitz, Bill</primary></indexterm>
       <para>386BSD was Bill Jolitz's operating system, which had been
 	up to that point suffering rather severely from almost a
 	year's worth of neglect.  As the patchkit swelled ever more
 	uncomfortably with each passing day, they decided to assist
 	Bill by providing this interim <quote>cleanup</quote>
 	snapshot.  Those plans came to a rude halt when Bill Jolitz
 	suddenly decided to withdraw his sanction from the project
 	without any clear indication of what would be done
 	instead.</para>
 
       <indexterm><primary>Greenman, David</primary></indexterm>
       <indexterm><primary>Walnut Creek CDROM</primary></indexterm>
 
       <para>The trio thought that the goal remained worthwhile, even
 	without Bill's support, and so they adopted the name "&os;"
 	coined by David Greenman.  The initial objectives were set
 	after consulting with the system's current users and, once it
 	became clear that the project was on the road to perhaps even
 	becoming a reality, Jordan contacted Walnut Creek CDROM with
 	an eye toward improving &os;'s distribution channels for those
 	many unfortunates without easy access to the Internet.  Walnut
 	Creek CDROM not only supported the idea of distributing &os;
 	on CD but also went so far as to provide the project with a
 	machine to work on and a fast Internet connection.  Without
 	Walnut Creek CDROM's almost unprecedented degree of faith in
 	what was, at the time, a completely unknown project, it is
 	quite unlikely that &os; would have gotten as far, as fast, as
 	it has today.</para>
 
       <indexterm><primary>4.3BSD-Lite</primary></indexterm>
       <indexterm><primary>Net/2</primary></indexterm>
       <indexterm><primary>U.C. Berkeley</primary></indexterm>
       <indexterm><primary>386BSD</primary></indexterm>
       <indexterm><primary>Free Software
 	  Foundation</primary></indexterm>
       <para>The first CD-ROM (and general net-wide) distribution was
 	&os;&nbsp;1.0, released in December of 1993.  This was based
 	on the 4.3BSD-Lite (<quote>Net/2</quote>) tape from U.C.
 	Berkeley, with many components also provided by 386BSD and the
 	Free Software Foundation.  It was a fairly reasonable success
 	for a first offering, and they followed it with the highly
 	successful &os; 1.1 release in May of 1994.</para>
 
       <indexterm><primary>Novell</primary></indexterm>
       <indexterm><primary>U.C. Berkeley</primary></indexterm>
       <indexterm><primary>Net/2</primary></indexterm>
       <indexterm><primary>AT&amp;T</primary></indexterm>
       <para>Around this time, some rather unexpected storm clouds
 	formed on the horizon as Novell and U.C. Berkeley settled
 	their long-running lawsuit over the legal status of the
 	Berkeley Net/2 tape.  A condition of that settlement was U.C.
 	Berkeley's concession that large parts of Net/2 were
 	<quote>encumbered</quote> code and the property of Novell, who
 	had in turn acquired it from AT&amp;T some time previously.
 	What Berkeley got in return was Novell's
 	<quote>blessing</quote> that the 4.4BSD-Lite release, when
 	it was finally released, would be declared unencumbered and
 	all existing Net/2 users would be strongly encouraged to
 	switch.  This included &os;, and the project was given until
 	the end of July 1994 to stop shipping its own Net/2 based
 	product.  Under the terms of that agreement, the project was
 	allowed one last release before the deadline, that release
 	being &os;&nbsp;1.1.5.1.</para>
 
       <para>&os; then set about the arduous task of literally
 	re-inventing itself from a completely new and rather
 	incomplete set of 4.4BSD-Lite bits.  The <quote>Lite</quote>
 	releases were light in part because Berkeley's CSRG had
 	removed large chunks of code required for actually
 	constructing a bootable running system (due to various legal
 	requirements) and the fact that the Intel port of 4.4 was
 	highly incomplete.  It took the project until November of 1994
 	to make this transition, and in December it released
 	&os;&nbsp;2.0 to the world.  Despite being still more than a
 	little rough around the edges, the release was a significant
 	success and was followed by the more robust and easier to
 	install &os;&nbsp;2.0.5 release in June of 1995.</para>
 
       <para>Since that time, &os; has made a series of releases each
 	time improving the stability, speed, and feature set of the
 	previous version.</para>
 
       <para>For now, long-term development projects continue to take
 	place in the 10.X-CURRENT (trunk) branch, and snapshot
 	releases of 10.X are continually made available from <link
 	  xlink:href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/snapshots/">the
 	  snapshot server</link> as work progresses.</para>
     </sect2>
 
     <sect2 xml:id="goals">
       <info>
 	<title>&os;&nbsp;Project Goals</title>
 
 	<authorgroup>
 	  <author>
 	    <personname>
 	      <firstname>Jordan</firstname>
 	      <surname>Hubbard</surname>
 	    </personname>
 	    <contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
 	  </author>
 	</authorgroup>
       </info>
 
       <indexterm>
 	<primary>FreeBSD Project</primary>
 	<secondary>goals</secondary>
       </indexterm>
       <para>The goals of the &os;&nbsp;Project are to provide software
 	that may be used for any purpose and without strings attached.
 	Many of us have a significant investment in the code (and
 	project) and would certainly not mind a little financial
 	compensation now and then, but we are definitely not prepared
 	to insist on it.  We believe that our first and foremost
 	<quote>mission</quote> is to provide code to any and all
 	comers, and for whatever purpose, so that the code gets the
 	widest possible use and provides the widest possible benefit.
 	This is, I believe, one of the most fundamental goals of Free
 	Software and one that we enthusiastically support.</para>
 
       <indexterm>
 	<primary>GNU General Public License (GPL)</primary>
       </indexterm>
       <indexterm>
 	<primary>GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)</primary>
       </indexterm>
       <indexterm><primary>BSD Copyright</primary></indexterm>
       <para>That code in our source tree which falls under the GNU
 	General Public License (GPL) or Library General Public License
 	(LGPL) comes with slightly more strings attached, though at
 	least on the side of enforced access rather than the usual
 	opposite.  Due to the additional complexities that can evolve
 	in the commercial use of GPL software we do, however, prefer
 	software submitted under the more relaxed BSD copyright when
 	it is a reasonable option to do so.</para>
     </sect2>
 
     <sect2 xml:id="development">
       <info>
 	<title>The &os; Development Model</title>
 
 	<authorgroup>
 	  <author>
 	    <personname>
 	      <firstname>Satoshi</firstname>
 	      <surname>Asami</surname>
 	    </personname>
 	    <contrib>Contributed by </contrib>
 	  </author>
 	</authorgroup>
       </info>
 
       <indexterm>
 	<primary>FreeBSD Project</primary>
 	<secondary>development model</secondary>
       </indexterm>
 
       <para>The development of &os; is a very open and flexible
 	process, being literally built from the contributions of
 	thousands of people around the world, as can be seen from our
 	<link
 	  xlink:href="&url.articles.contributors;/article.html">list
 	  of contributors</link>.  &os;'s development infrastructure
 	allow these thousands of contributors to collaborate over the
 	Internet.  We are constantly on the lookout for new developers
 	and ideas, and those interested in becoming more closely
 	involved with the project need simply contact us at the
 	&a.hackers;.  The &a.announce; is also available to those
 	wishing to make other &os; users aware of major areas of
 	work.</para>
 
       <para>Useful things to know about the &os;&nbsp;Project and its
 	development process, whether working independently or in close
 	cooperation:</para>
 
       <variablelist>
 	<varlistentry>
 	  <term>The SVN repositories<anchor
 	    xml:id="development-cvs-repository"/></term>
 
 	  <listitem>
 	    <para>
 	      <indexterm>
 		<primary>CVS</primary>
 	      </indexterm>
 
 	      <indexterm>
 		<primary>CVS Repository</primary>
 	      </indexterm>
 
 	      <indexterm>
 		<primary>Concurrent Versions System</primary>
 		<see>CVS</see>
 	      </indexterm>
 
 	      <indexterm>
 		<primary>Subversion</primary>
 	      </indexterm>
 
 	      <indexterm>
 		<primary>Subversion Repository</primary>
 	      </indexterm>
 
 	      <indexterm>
 		<primary>SVN</primary>
 		<see>Subversion</see>
 	      </indexterm>
 	      For several years, the central source tree for &os;
 	      was maintained by
 	      <link xlink:href="http://www.nongnu.org/cvs/">CVS</link>
 	      (Concurrent Versions System), a freely available source
 	      code control tool.  In June 2008, the Project switched
 	      to using <link
 		xlink:href="http://subversion.tigris.org">SVN</link>
 	      (Subversion).  The switch was deemed necessary, as the
 	      technical limitations imposed by
 	      <application>CVS</application> were becoming obvious due
 	      to the rapid expansion of the source tree and the amount
 	      of history already stored.  The Documentation Project
 	      and Ports Collection repositories also moved from
 	      <application>CVS</application> to
 	      <application>SVN</application> in May 2012 and July
 	      2012, respectively.  Please refer to the <link
 		linkend="synching">Synchronizing your source
 		tree</link> section for more information on obtaining
 	      the &os; <literal>src/</literal> repository and <link
 		linkend="ports-using">Using the Ports
 		Collection</link> for details on obtaining the &os;
 	      Ports Collection.</para>
 	  </listitem>
 	</varlistentry>
 
 	<varlistentry>
 	  <term>The committers list<anchor
 	    xml:id="development-committers"/></term>
 
 	  <listitem>
 	    <para>The <firstterm>committers</firstterm>
 	      <indexterm>
 		<primary>committers</primary>
 	      </indexterm> are the people who have
 	      <emphasis>write</emphasis> access to the Subversion
 	      tree, and are authorized to make modifications to the
 	      &os; source (the term <quote>committer</quote> comes
 	      from <command>commit</command>, the source control
 	      command which is used to bring new changes into the
 	      repository).  Anyone can submit a bug to the <link
 		xlink:href="https://bugs.FreeBSD.org/submit/">Bug
 	      Database</link>.  Before submitting a bug report, the
 	    &os; mailing lists, IRC channels, or forums can be used to
 	    help verify that an issue is actually a bug.</para>
 	  </listitem>
 	</varlistentry>
 
 	<varlistentry>
 	  <term>The FreeBSD core team<anchor
 	    xml:id="development-core"/></term>
 
 	  <listitem>
 	    <para>The <firstterm>&os; core team</firstterm>
 	      <indexterm>
 		<primary>core team</primary>
 	      </indexterm> would be equivalent to the board of
 	      directors if the &os;&nbsp;Project were a company.  The
 	      primary task of the core team is to make sure the
 	      project, as a whole, is in good shape and is heading in
 	      the right directions.  Inviting dedicated and
 	      responsible developers to join our group of committers
 	      is one of the functions of the core team, as is the
 	      recruitment of new core team members as others move on.
 	      The current core team was elected from a pool of
 	      committer candidates in July 2014.  Elections are held
 	      every 2 years.</para>
 
 	    <note>
 	      <para>Like most developers, most members of the
 		core team are also volunteers when
 		it comes to &os; development and do not benefit from
 		the project financially, so <quote>commitment</quote>
 		should also not be misconstrued as meaning
 		<quote>guaranteed support.</quote>  The
 		<quote>board of directors</quote> analogy above is not
 		very accurate, and it may be more suitable to say that
 		these are the people who gave up their lives in favor
 		of &os; against their better judgement!</para>
 	    </note>
 	  </listitem>
 	</varlistentry>
 
 	<varlistentry>
 	  <term>Outside contributors</term>
 
 	  <listitem>
 	    <para>Last, but definitely not least, the largest group of
 	      developers are the users themselves who provide feedback
 	      and bug fixes to us on an almost constant basis.  The
 	      primary way of keeping in touch with &os;'s more
 	      non-centralized development is to subscribe to the
 	      &a.hackers; where such things are discussed.  See
 	      <xref linkend="eresources"/> for more information about
 	      the various &os; mailing lists.</para>
 
 	    <para><citetitle><link
 		  xlink:href="&url.articles.contributors;/article.html">The
 		  &os; Contributors List</link></citetitle>
 	      <indexterm>
 		<primary>contributors</primary>
 	      </indexterm> is a long and growing one, so why not join
 	      it by contributing something back to &os; today?</para>
 
 	    <para>Providing code is not the only way of contributing
 	      to the project; for a more complete list of things that
 	      need doing, please refer to the <link
 		xlink:href="&url.base;/index.html">&os;&nbsp;Project
 		web site</link>.</para>
 	  </listitem>
 	</varlistentry>
       </variablelist>
 
       <para>In summary, our development model is organized as a loose
 	set of concentric circles.  The centralized model is designed
 	for the convenience of the <emphasis>users</emphasis> of &os;,
 	who are provided with an easy way of tracking one central code
 	base, not to keep potential contributors out! Our desire is to
 	present a stable operating system with a large set of coherent
 	<link linkend="ports">application programs</link> that the
 	users can easily install and use &mdash; this model works very
 	well in accomplishing that.</para>
 
       <para>All we ask of those who would join us as &os; developers
 	is some of the same dedication its current people have to its
 	continued success!</para>
     </sect2>
 
     <sect2 xml:id="third-party-programs">
       <title>Third Party Programs</title>
 
       <para>In addition to the base distributions, &os; offers a
 	ported software collection with thousands of commonly
 	sought-after programs.  At the time of this writing, there
 	were over &os.numports; ports!  The list of ports ranges from
 	http servers, to games, languages, editors, and almost
 	everything in between.  The entire Ports Collection requires
 	approximately &ports.size;.  To compile a port, you simply
 	change to the directory of the program you wish to install,
 	type <command>make install</command>, and let the system do
 	the rest.  The full original distribution for each port you
 	build is retrieved dynamically so you need only enough disk
 	space to build the ports you want.  Almost every port is also
 	provided as a pre-compiled <quote>package</quote>, which can
 	be installed with a simple command
 	(<command>pkg install</command>) by those who do not wish to
 	compile their own ports from source.  More information on
 	packages and ports can be found in
 	<xref linkend="ports"/>.</para>
     </sect2>
 
     <sect2>
       <title>Additional Documentation</title>
 
       <para>All supported &os; versions provide an option in the
 	installer to
 	install additional documentation under
 	<filename>/usr/local/share/doc/freebsd</filename> during the
 	initial system setup.  Documentation may also be installed at
 	any later time using packages as described in
 	<xref linkend="doc-ports-install-package"/>.  You may view the
 	locally installed manuals with any HTML capable browser using
 	the following URLs:</para>
 
       <variablelist>
 	<varlistentry>
 	  <term>The FreeBSD Handbook</term>
 
 	  <listitem>
 	    <para><link
 		xlink:href="file://localhost/usr/local/share/doc/freebsd/handbook/index.html"><filename>/usr/local/share/doc/freebsd/handbook/index.html</filename></link></para>
 	  </listitem>
 	</varlistentry>
 
 	<varlistentry>
 	  <term>The FreeBSD FAQ</term>
 
 	  <listitem>
 	    <para><link
 		xlink:href="file://localhost/usr/local/share/doc/freebsd/faq/index.html"><filename>/usr/local/share/doc/freebsd/faq/index.html</filename></link></para>
 	  </listitem>
 	</varlistentry>
       </variablelist>
 
       <para>You can also view the master (and most frequently updated)
 	copies at <uri
 	  xlink:href="https://www.FreeBSD.org/">https://www.FreeBSD.org/</uri>.</para>
     </sect2>
   </sect1>
 </chapter>
Index: head/share/xml/trademarks.ent
===================================================================
--- head/share/xml/trademarks.ent	(revision 51825)
+++ head/share/xml/trademarks.ent	(revision 51826)
@@ -1,478 +1,484 @@
 <!--
      Trademark Legend, as required by The Open Group, Sun, etc..
 
      This file contains entities with trademark attributions for all
      the companies the FreeBSD documentation references.  It also
      contains entities for common products with proper trademark
      symbols.
 
      Please keep this file sorted.
 
      $FreeBSD$
 -->
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.3com "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>3Com and HomeConnect are registered
   trademarks of 3Com Corporation.</para>">
 <!-- An XML entity can't start with a number... -->
 <!ENTITY tm.3com "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>3Com</trademark>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.3ware "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>3ware is a registered
   trademark of 3ware Inc.</para>">
 <!ENTITY tm.3ware "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>3ware</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.adaptec.com/worldwide/company/compeditorial.html?prodkey=legal_copyright -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.adaptec "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Adaptec is a registered trademark of
   Adaptec, Inc.</para>">
 <!ENTITY adaptec "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Adaptec</trademark>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.adobe "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Adobe, Acrobat, Acrobat Reader, Flash and
   PostScript are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe
   Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other
   countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY acrobat "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Acrobat</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY acrobat.reader "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Acrobat&nbsp;Reader</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY adobe "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Adobe</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY flash "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Flash</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY postscript "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>PostScript</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.amd.com/us-en/Trademarkinformation/0,,1435_1442,00.html -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.amd "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>AMD, AMD Athlon,
   AMD Opteron, AMD Phenom, AMD Sempron, AMD Turion, Athlon, &Eacute;lan, Opteron, and PCnet are
   trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.</para>">
 <!ENTITY amd "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>AMD</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY am486 "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Am486</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY am5x86 "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Am5x86</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY amd.athlon "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>AMD&nbsp;Athlon</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY amd.duron "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>AMD&nbsp;Duron</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY amd.k6 "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>AMD-K6</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY amd.opteron "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>AMD&nbsp;Opteron</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY amd.phenom "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>AMD&nbsp;Phenom</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY amd.sempron "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>AMD&nbsp;Sempron</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY amd.turion "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>AMD&nbsp;Turion</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY athlon "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Athlon</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY elan "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>&Eacute;lan</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY opteron "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Opteron</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.apple.com/legal/trademark/appletmlist.html -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.apple "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Apple, AirPort, FireWire,
   iMac, iPhone, iPad,
   Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS,
   Quicktime, and TrueType are trademarks of Apple Inc.,
   registered in the U.S. and other countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY airport "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>AirPort</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY apple "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Apple</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY firewire "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>FireWire</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY imac "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>iMac</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY ipad "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>iPad</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY iphone "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>iPhone</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY mac "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Mac</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY macintosh "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Macintosh</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY macos "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Mac&nbsp;OS</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY quicktime "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Quicktime</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY truetype "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>TrueType</trademark>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.arm "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>ARM is a registered trademark of ARM
   Limited.</para>">
 <!ENTITY arm "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>ARM</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.bluetooth.com/sig/trademark.use.asp -->
 <!ENTITY bluetooth "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Bluetooth</trademark>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.cisco "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Cisco, Catalyst, and IOS are
   registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. and/or its affiliates
   in the United States and certain other countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY cisco "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Cisco</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY catalyst "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Catalyst</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY etherchannel "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>EtherChannel</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY ios "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>IOS</trademark>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.corel "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Corel and WordPerfect are trademarks
   or registered trademarks of Corel Corporation and/or its
   subsidiaries in Canada, the United States and/or other
   countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY wordperfect "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>WordPerfect</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.coverity.com/html/press_story45_07_25_07.html -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.coverity "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Coverity is a registered trademark;
 Coverity Extend, Coverity Prevent and Coverity Prevent SQS are trademarks of
 Coverity, Inc.</para>">
 <!ENTITY coverity "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Coverity</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY coverity.prevent "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Coverity Prevent</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.creative.com/legal.asp -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.creative "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Sound Blaster is a trademark of
   Creative Technology Ltd. in the United States and/or other
   countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY soundblaster "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>SoundBlaster</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.cvsup.org/ -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.cvsup "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>CVSup is a registered trademark of
   John D. Polstra.</para>">
 
 <!-- http://www.dell.com/us/en/gen/misc/policy_007_policy.htm -->
 <!ENTITY dell "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Dell</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY poweredge "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>PowerEdge</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.epson.com/cgi-bin/Store/AboutTrademarkInfo.jsp -->
 <!ENTITY epson.perfection "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>EPSON
   Perfection</trademark>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.freebsd "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>FreeBSD is a registered trademark of
   the FreeBSD Foundation.</para>">
 
 <!-- http://www.fpc.fujitsu.com/www/content/legal_resources/trademarks.php -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.fujitsu "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Fujitsu, the Fujitsu logo, LifeBook,
   Stylistic, PRIMEPOWER, PRIMEQUEST, PRIMECLUSTER, ETERNUS, TRIOLE,
   ESPRIMO, BioMedCAChe, CAChe, CELLINJECTOR, isS, Materials Explorer,
   SystemWalker, and Interstage are trademarks or registered trademarks
   of Fujitsu Limited in the United States and other countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY fujitsu "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Fujitsu</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY primepower "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>PRIMEPOWER</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.google.com/permissions/trademark/our-trademarks.html -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.google "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Android
   is a trademark of Google Inc.</para>">
 <!ENTITY android "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Android</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.heidelberg.com/hq/eng/small_print/trademarks.asp -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.heidelberger "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Heidelberg, Helvetica,
   Palatino, and Times Roman are either registered trademarks or
   trademarks of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG in the U.S. and other
   countries.</para>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.ibm "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>IBM, AIX, OS/2,
   PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, and ThinkPad are
   trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the
   United States, other countries, or both.</para>">
 <!ENTITY aix "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>AIX</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY os2 "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>OS/2</trademark>">
+<!ENTITY power "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>POWER</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY powerpc "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>PowerPC</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY ps2 "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>PS/2</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY s390 "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>S/390</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY thinkpad "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>ThinkPad</trademark>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.ieee "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>IEEE, POSIX, and 802 are registered
   trademarks of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
   Inc. in the United States.</para>">
 <!ENTITY ieee "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>IEEE</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY posix "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>POSIX</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.intel.com/intel/legal/tmnouns2.htm -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.intel "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Intel, Celeron, Centrino, Core, EtherExpress, i386,
   i486, Itanium, Pentium, and Xeon are trademarks or registered
   trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United
   States and other countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY celeron "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Celeron</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY centrino "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Centrino</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY core "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Core</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY etherexpress "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>EtherExpress</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY i386 "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>i386</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY i486 "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>i486</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY intel "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Intel</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY itanium "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Itanium</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY pentium "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Pentium</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY xeon "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Xeon</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.quicken.com/support/trademark/ -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.intuit "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Intuit and Quicken are registered
   trademarks and/or registered service marks of Intuit Inc., or one of
   its subsidiaries, in the United States and other countries.</para>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.iomega "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Iomega, Zip, and Jaz are either
   registered trademarks or trademarks of Iomega Corporation in the
   United States and/or other countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY iomegazip "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Zip</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY jaz "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Jaz</trademark>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.lantronix "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Lantronix and EasyIO are
   trademarks of Lantronix Corporation.</para>">
 <!ENTITY easyio "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>EasyIO</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.linuxmark.org/ -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.linux "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Linux is a registered trademark of
   Linus Torvalds.</para>">
 <!ENTITY linux "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Linux</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.lsilogic.com/trademrk.html -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.lsilogic "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>LSI Logic, AcceleRAID, eXtremeRAID,
   MegaRAID and Mylex are trademarks or registered trademarks of LSI
   Logic Corp.</para>">
 <!ENTITY acceleraid "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>AcceleRAID</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY megaraid "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>MegaRAID</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY mylex "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Mylex</trademark>">
 
 <!-- These two are no longer used in the en_US documentation, but need
   leaving until translations stop using them -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.macromedia "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Macromedia, Flash, and Shockwave are
   trademarks or registered trademarks of Macromedia, Inc. in the
   United States and/or other countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY macromedia "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Macromedia</trademark>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.microsoft "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Microsoft, IntelliMouse, MS-DOS,
   Outlook, Windows, Windows Media and Windows NT are either
   registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the
   United States and/or other countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY intellimouse "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>IntelliMouse</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY microsoft "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Microsoft</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY microsoft.windows "&microsoft;&nbsp;&windows;">
 <!ENTITY ms-dos "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>MS-DOS</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY outlook "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Outlook</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY windows "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Windows</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY windows.media "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Windows Media</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY windows2k "&windows;&nbsp;2000">
 <!ENTITY windowsnt "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Windows&nbsp;NT</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY windowsxp "&windows;&nbsp;XP">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.mips "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>MIPS and R4000 are registered
   trademarks of MIPS Technologies, Inc. in the United States and other
   countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY mips "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>MIPS</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.mysql.com/company/trademark.html -->
 <!ENTITY mysql "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>MySQL</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.m-sys.com/content/LegalTerms.asp -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.m-systems "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>M-Systems and DiskOnChip are
   trademarks or registered trademarks of M-Systems Flash Disk
   Pioneers, Ltd.</para>">
 <!ENTITY diskonchip "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>DiskOnChip</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.netbsd.org/Misc/about.html, ack'd by http://www.uspto.gov/ -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.netbsd "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>NetBSD is a registered trademark of
   the NetBSD Foundation.</para>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.netscape "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Netscape and the Netscape Navigator
   are registered trademarks of Netscape Communications Corporation in
   the U.S. and other countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY netscape "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Netscape</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY netscape.navigator "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Netscape&nbsp;Navigator</trademark>">
 
 <!-- These two are no longer used in the en_US documentation, but need
   leaving until translations stop using them -->
 <!-- http://www.nexthop.com/legal.shtml -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.nexthop "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>GateD and NextHop are registered and
   unregistered trademarks of NextHop in the U.S. and other
   countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY gated "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>GateD</trademark>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.opengroup "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are
   registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The Open Group are
   trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other
   countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.unix "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>UNIX is a registered trademark of The
   Open Group in the United States and other countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY motif "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Motif</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY unix "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>UNIX</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.oracle.com/html/trademark.html -->
 <!-- http://www.oracle.com/html/3party.html -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.oracle "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Oracle is a registered trademark
   of Oracle Corporation.</para>">
 <!ENTITY oracle "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Oracle</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.powerquest.com/legal/ -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.powerquest "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>PowerQuest and PartitionMagic are
   registered trademarks of PowerQuest Corporation in the United States
   and/or other countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY partitionmagic "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>PartitionMagic</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.qualcomm.com/main/legal.html -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.qualcomm "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>QUALCOMM and Eudora are registered
   trademarks of QUALCOMM Incorporated.</para>">
 <!ENTITY eudora "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Eudora</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.realnetworks.com/company/logos/policy.html -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.realnetworks "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>RealNetworks, RealPlayer, and
   RealAudio are the registered trademarks of RealNetworks,
   Inc.</para>">
 <!ENTITY realplayer "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>RealPlayer</trademark>">
 
 <!-- Note: RedHat doesn't use (r)/(tm) for their own trademarks -->
 <!-- http://www.redhat.com/legal/legal_statement.html -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.redhat "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Red Hat, RPM, are trademarks or
   registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. in the United States and
   other countries.</para>">
+
+<!-- https://riscv.org/risc-v-trademark-usage/ -->
+<!ENTITY tm-attrib.risc-v "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>The “RISC-V” trade name is
+  a registration pending trade mark of the RISC-V Foundation.</para>">
+<!ENTITY risc-v "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>RISC-V</trademark>">
 
 <!-- These four are no longer used in the en_US documentation, but need
   leaving until translations stop using them -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.sap "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>SAP, R/3, and mySAP are trademarks or
   registered trademarks of SAP AG in Germany and in several other
   countries all over the world.</para>">
 <!ENTITY r3 "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>R/3</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY sap "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>SAP</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY sap.r3 "&sap;&nbsp;&r3;">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.sgi "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Silicon Graphics, SGI, and OpenGL are
   registered trademarks of Silicon Graphics, Inc., in the United
   States and/or other countries worldwide.</para>">
 <!ENTITY opengl "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>OpenGL</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.sparc.org/trademarksListing.html -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.sparc "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>SPARC, SPARC64, and
   UltraSPARC are trademarks of SPARC International, Inc in the United
   States and other countries.  SPARC International, Inc owns all of the
   SPARC trademarks and under licensing agreements allows the proper use
   of these trademarks by its members.</para>">
 <!ENTITY sparc "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>SPARC</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY sparc64 "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>SPARC64</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY ultrasparc "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>UltraSPARC</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.sun.com/suntrademarks/ -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.sun "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Sun, Sun Microsystems, Java, Java
   Virtual Machine, JDK, JRE, JSP, JVM, Netra, OpenJDK,
   Solaris, StarOffice, SunOS
   and VirtualBox are trademarks or registered trademarks of
   Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries.</para>">
 <!ENTITY java "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Java</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY java.virtual.machine "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Java Virtual Machine</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY jdk "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>JDK</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY jre "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>JRE</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY jsp "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>JSP</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY jvm "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>JVM</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY netra "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Netra</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY openjdk "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>OpenJDK</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY solaris "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Solaris</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY sparcengine "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>SPARCEngine</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY staroffice "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>StarOffice</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY sun "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Sun</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY sun.blade "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Sun&nbsp;Blade</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY sun.enterprise "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Sun&nbsp;Enterprise</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY sun.fire "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Sun&nbsp;Fire</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY sun.ultra "Sun&nbsp;<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Ultra</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY sunos "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>SunOS</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY virtualbox "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>VirtualBox</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.symantec.com/legal/legal_note.html -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.symantec "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Symantec and Ghost are registered
   trademarks of Symantec Corporation in the United States and other
   countries.</para>">
 
 <!-- http://www.mathworks.com/company/trademarks.shtml -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.themathworks "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>MATLAB is a registered trademark
   of The MathWorks, Inc.</para>">
 <!ENTITY matlab "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>MATLAB</trademark>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.thomson "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>SpeedTouch is a trademark of
   Thomson.</para>">
 <!ENTITY speedtouch "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>SpeedTouch</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.usr.com/adbuilder/ab-usage-guidelines.asp -->
 <!-- http://www.usr.com/adbuilder/ab-tips-trade-ref.asp -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.usrobotics "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>U.S. Robotics and Sportster are
   registered trademarks of U.S. Robotics Corporation.</para>">
 <!ENTITY sportster "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Sportster</trademark>">
 <!ENTITY usrobotics "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>U.S. Robotics</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.maplesoft.com/trademarks.shtml -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.waterloomaple "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Waterloo Maple and Maple are
   trademarks or registered trademarks of Waterloo Maple Inc.</para>">
 <!ENTITY maple "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Maple</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.wolfram.com/company/terms.html -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.wolframresearch "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Mathematica is a registered
   trademark of Wolfram Research, Inc.</para>">
 <!ENTITY mathematica "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook' class='registered'>Mathematica</trademark>">
 
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   Inc.</para>">
 
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 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.xfree86 "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>XFree86 is a trademark of The
   XFree86 Project, Inc.</para>">
 <!ENTITY xfree86 "<trademark xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>XFree86</trademark>">
 
 <!-- http://www.xiph.org/ -->
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.xiph "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Ogg Vorbis and Xiph.Org are trademarks
   of Xiph.Org.</para>">
 
 <!ENTITY tm-attrib.general "<para xmlns='http://docbook.org/ns/docbook'>Many of the designations used by
   manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed
   as trademarks.  Where those designations appear in this document,
   and the FreeBSD Project was aware of the trademark claim, the
   designations have been followed by the <quote>&trade;</quote> or the
   <quote>&reg;</quote> symbol.</para>">
 
 <!ENTITY legalnotice '
 <legalnotice xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xml:id="legalnotice">
   <title>Copyright</title>
 
   <para>Redistribution and use in source (XML DocBook) and &apos;compiled&apos;
     forms (XML, HTML, PDF, PostScript, RTF and so forth) with or without
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 <!-- This is no longer used in the en_US documentation, but needs
   leaving until translations stop using it -->
 <!ENTITY trademarks '
 <legalnotice xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xml:id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
   <title>Legal Notice</title>
 
   <para>FreeBSD is a registered trademark of The FreeBSD Foundation.</para>
 
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   <para>Sun, Sun Microsystems, SunOS, Solaris,
     Java, JDK, and OpenJDK are trademarks
     or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United
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 <!-- Product Trademarks -->
 
   <para>Apple and QuickTime are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.,
     registered in the U.S. and other countries.</para>
 
   <para>Macromedia and Flash are trademarks or registered
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   <para>Microsoft, Windows, and Windows Media are either registered
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   <para>Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to
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     aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been followed
     by the &trade; symbol.</para>
 </legalnotice>
 '>