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	message.</para>	message.</para>
	</sect2>	</sect2>
	</sect1>	</sect1>

		<sect1 xml:id="firewalls-blacklistd">
		<title>Blacklistd</title>

		<para>Blacklistd is a daemon listening to sockets to receive
		notifications from other daemons about connection attempts
		that failed or were successful. It is most widely used in
		blocking too many connection attempts on open ports. A
		prime example is <application>SSH</application> running on
		the internet getting a lot of requests from bots or scripts
		trying to guess passwords and gain access. Using
		<application>blacklistd</application>, the daemon can notify
		the firewall to create a filter rule to block excessive
		connection attempts from a single source after a number of
		tries. Blacklistd was first developed on
		NetBSD and appeared there in version 7. &os; 11
		imported blacklistd from NetBSD.</para>

		<para>This chapter describes how to set up blacklistd,
		configure it, and provides examples on how to use it.
		Readers should be familiar with basic firewall concepts like
		rules. For details, refer to the firewall chapter. PF is
		used in the examples, but other firewalls available on
		&os; should be able to work with blacklistd, too.</para>

		<sect2>
		<title>Enabling Blacklistd</title>

		<para>The main configuration for blacklistd is stored in
		&man.blacklistd.conf.5;. Various command line options are
		also available to change blacklistd's run-time behavior.
		Persistent configuration across reboots should be stored
		in <filename>/etc/blacklistd.conf</filename>. To enable
		the daemon during system boot, add a
		<literal>blacklistd_enable</literal> line to
		<filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> like this:</para>

		<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>sysrc blacklistd_enable=yes</userinput></screen>

		<para>To start the service manually, run this command:</para>

		<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>service blacklistd start</userinput></screen>
		</sect2>

		<sect2>
		<title>Creating a Blacklistd Ruleset</title>

		<para>Rules for blacklistd are configured in
		&man.blacklistd.conf.5; with one entry per line. Each
		rule contains a tuple separated by spaces or tabs. Rules
		either belong to a <literal>local</literal> or a
		<literal>remote</literal>, which applies to the machine
		where blacklistd is running or an outside source,
		respectively.</para>

		<sect3>
		<title>Local Rules</title>

		<para>An example blacklistd.conf entry for a local rule
		looks like this:</para>

		<programlisting>[local]
		ssh stream * * * 3 24h</programlisting>

		<para>All rules that follow the <literal>[local]</literal>
		section are treated as local rules (which is the
		default), applying to the local machine. When a
		<literal>[remote]</literal> section is encountered, all
		rules that follow it are handled as remote machine
		rules.</para>

		<para>Seven fields define a rule separated by either tabs
		or spaces. The first four fields identify the traffic
		that should be blacklisted. The three fields that
		follow define backlistd's behavior. Wildcards are
		denoted as asterisks (<literal>*</literal>), matching
		anything in this field. The first field defines the
		location. In local rules, these are the network ports.
		The syntax for the location field is as follows:</para>

		<programlisting>[<replaceable>address</replaceable>\|<replaceable>interface</replaceable>][/<replaceable>mask</replaceable>][:<replaceable>port</replaceable>]</programlisting>

		<para>Adressses can be specified as IPv4 in numeric format
		or IPv6 in square brackets. An interface name like
		<literal><replaceable>em0</replaceable></literal> can also
		be used.</para>

		<para>The socket type is defined by the second field. TCP
		sockets are of type <literal>stream</literal>, whereas UDP
		is denoted as <literal>dgram</literal>. The example above
		uses TCP, since SSH is using that protocol.</para>

		<para>A protocol can be used in the third field of a
		blacklistd rule. The following protocols can be used:
		<literal>tcp</literal>, <literal>udp</literal>,
		<literal>tcp6</literal>, <literal>udp6</literal>, or
		numeric. A wildcard, like in the example, is typically
		used to match all protocols unless there is a reason to
		distinguish traffic by a certain protocol.</para>

		<para>In the fourth field, the effective user or owner of
		the daemon process that is reporting the event is defined.
		The username or <acronym>UID</acronym> can be used here,
		as well as a wildcard (see example rule above).</para>

		<para>The packet filter rule name is declared by the fifth
		field, which starts the behavior part of the rule. By
		default, blacklistd puts all blocks under a pf anchor
		called <literal>blacklistd</literal> in
		<filename>pf.conf</filename> like this:</para>

		<programlisting>anchor "blacklistd/*" in on $ext_if
		block in
		pass out</programlisting>

		<para>For separate blacklists, an anchor name can be used in
		this field. In other cases, the wildcard will suffice.
		When a name starts with a hyphen (<literal>-</literal>) it
		means that an anchor with the default rule name prepended
		should be used. A modified example from the above using
		the hyphen would look like this:</para>

		<programlisting>ssh stream * * -ssh 3 24h</programlisting>

		<para>With such a rule, any new blacklist rules are added to
		an anchor called <literal>blacklistd-ssh</literal>.</para>

		<para>To block whole subnets for a single rule violation, a
		<literal>/</literal> in the rule name can be used. This
		causes the remaining portion of the name to be interpreted
		as the mask to be applied to the address specified in
		the rule. For example, this rule would block every
		address adjoining <literal>/24</literal>.</para>

		<programlisting>22 stream tcp * */24 3 24h</programlisting>

		<note>
		<para>It is important to specify the proper
		protocol here. IPv4 and IPv6 treat /24 differently,
		that is the reason why <literal>*</literal> cannot be
		used in the third field for this rule.</para>
		</note>

		<para>This rule defines that if any one host in that network
		is misbehaving, everything else on that network will be
		blocked, too.</para>

		<para>The sixth field, called <literal>nfail</literal>, sets
		the number of login failures required to blacklist the
		remote IP in question. When a wildcard is used at this
		position, it means that blocks will never happen. In the
		example rule above, a limit of three is defined meaning
		that after three attempts to log into
		<application>SSH</application> on one connection, the IP
		is blocked.</para>

		<para>The last field in a blacklistd rule definition
		specifies how long a host is blacklisted. The default
		unit is seconds, but suffixes like <literal>m</literal>,
		<literal>h</literal>, and <literal>d</literal> can also be
		specified for minutes, hours, and days,
		respectively.</para>

		<para>The example rule in its entirety means that after
		three times authenticating to
		<application>SSH</application> will result in a new PF
		block rule for that host. Rule matches are performed by
		first checking local rules one after another, from most
		specific to least specific. When a match occurs, the
		<literal>remote</literal> rules are applied and the name,
		<literal>nfail</literal>, and disable fields are changed
		by the <literal>remote</literal> rule that matched.</para>
		</sect3>

		<sect3>
		<title>Remote Rules</title>

		<para>Remote rules are used to specify how blacklistd
		changes its behavior depending on the remote host
		currently being evaluated. Each field in a remote rule
		is the same as in a local rule. The only difference is
		in the way blacklistd is using them. To explain it,
		this example rule is used:</para>

		<programlisting>[remote]
		203.0.113.128/25 * * * =/25 = 48h</programlisting>

		<para>The address field can be an IP address (either v4 or
		v6), a port or both. This allows setting special rules
		for a specific remote address range like in this example.
		The fields for type, protocol and owner are identically
		interpreted as in the local rule.</para>

		<para>The name fields is different though: the equal sign
		(<literal>=</literal>) in a remote rule tells blacklistd
		to use the value from the matching local rule. It means
		that the firewall rule entry is taken and the
		<systemitem class="netmask">/25</systemitem> prefix (a
		netmask of <systemitem
		class="netmask">255.255.255.128</systemitem>) is added.
		When a connection from that address range is blacklisted,
		the entire subnet is affected. A PF anchor name can also
		be used here, in which case blacklistd will add rules for
		this address block to the anchor of that name. The
		default table is used when a wildcard is specified.</para>

		<para>A custom number of failures in the
		<literal>nfail</literal> column can be defined for an
		address. This is useful for exceptions to a specific
		rule, to maybe allow someone a less strict application
		of rules or a bit more leniency in login tries.
		Blocking is disabled when an asterisk is used in this
		sixth field.</para>

		<para>Remote rules allow a stricter enforcement of limits
		on attempts to log in compared to attempts coming from a
		local network like an office.</para>
		</sect3>
		</sect2>

		<sect2>
		<title>Blacklistd Client Configuration</title>

		<para>There are a few software packages in &os; that can
		utilize blacklistd's functionality. The two most
		prominent ones are &man.ftpd.8; and &man.sshd.8; to block
		excessive connection attempts. To activate blacklistd in
		the SSH daemon, add the following line to
		<filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>:</para>

		<programlisting>UseBlacklist yes</programlisting>

		<para>Restart sshd afterwards to make these changes take
		effect.</para>

		<para>Blacklisting for &man.ftpd.8; is enabled using
		<literal>-B</literal>, either in
		<filename>/etc/inetd.conf</filename> or as a
		flag in <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename> like
		this:</para>

		<programlisting>ftpd_flags="-B"</programlisting>

		<para>That is all that is needed to make these programs
		talk to blacklistd.</para>
		</sect2>

		<sect2>
		<title>Blacklistd Management</title>

		<para>Blacklistd provides the user with a management utility
		called &man.blacklistctl.8;. It displays blocked
		addresses and networks that are blacklisted by the rules
		defined in &man.blacklistd.conf.5;. To see the
		list of currently blocked hosts, use
		<command>dump</command> combined with <option>-b</option>
		like this.</para>

		<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>blacklistctl dump -b</userinput>
		address/ma:port id nfail last access
		213.0.123.128/25:22 OK 6/3 2019/06/08 14:30:19</screen>

		<para>This example shows that there were 6 out of three
		permitted attempts on port 22 coming from the address
		range <systemitem
		class="netmask">213.0.123.128/25</systemitem>. There
		are more attempts listed than are allowed because SSH
		allows a client to try multiple logins on a single TCP
		connection. A connection that is currently going on is
		not stopped by blacklistd. The last connection attempt is
		listed in the <literal>last access</literal> column of the
		output.</para>

		<para>To see the remaining time that this host will be on
		the blacklist, add <option>-r</option> to the previous
		command.</para>

		<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>blacklistctl dump -br</userinput>
		address/ma:port id nfail remaining time
		213.0.123.128/25:22 OK 6/3 36s</screen>

		<para>In this example, there are 36s seconds left until this
		host will not be blocked any more.</para>
		</sect2>

		<sect2>
		<title>Removing Hosts from the Block List</title>

		<para>Sometimes it is necessary to remove a host from the
		block list before the remaining time expires.
		Unfortunately, there is no functionality in blacklistd to
		do that. However, it is possible to remove the address
		from the PF table using pfctl. For each blocked port,
		there is a child anchor inside the blacklistd anchor
		defined in <filename>/etc/pf.conf</filename>. For
		example, if there is a child anchor for blocking port 22
		it is called <literal>blacklistd/22</literal>. There is a
		table inside that child anchor that contains the blocked
		addresses. This table is called port followed by the port
		number. In this example, it would be called
		<literal>port22</literal>. With that information at hand,
		it is now possible to use &man.pfctl.8; to display all
		addresses listed like this:</para>

		<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pfctl -a <replaceable>blacklistd/22</replaceable> -t <replaceable>port22</replaceable> -T show</userinput>
		...
		213.0.123.128/25
		...</screen>

		<para>After identifying the address to be unblocked from the
		list, the following command removes it from the list:</para>

		<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>pfctl -a <replaceable>blacklistd/22</replaceable> -T delete <replaceable>213.0.123.128/25</replaceable></userinput></screen>

		<para>The address is now removed from PF, but will still
		show up in the blacklistctl list, since it does not know
		about any changes made in PF. The entry in blacklistd's
		database will eventually expire and be removed from its
		kpUnsubmitted Not Done Inline Actions Expire? kp: Expire?
		output eventually. The entry will be added again if the
		host is matching one of the block rules in blacklistd
		again.</para>
		</sect2>
		</sect1>
	</chapter>	</chapter>
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