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CUPS on FreeBSD $FreeBSD$ Chess Griffin
chess@chessgriffin.com
 &tm-attrib.freebsd; &tm-attrib.general; An article about configuring CUPS on &os;. An Introduction to the Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) printing CUPS CUPS, the Common UNIX Printing System, provides a portable printing layer for &unix;-based operating systems. It has been developed by Easy Software Products to promote a standard printing solution for all &unix; vendors and users. CUPS uses the Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) as the basis for managing print jobs and queues. The Line Printer Daemon (LPD), Server Message Block (SMB), and AppSocket (a.k.a. JetDirect) protocols are also supported with reduced functionality. CUPS adds network printer browsing and PostScript Printer Description (PPD) based printing options to support real-world printing under &unix;. As a result, CUPS is ideally-suited for sharing and accessing printers in mixed environments of &os;, &linux;, &macos; X, or &windows;. The main site for CUPS is . - - Installing the CUPS Print Server - - CUPS can be installed from ports - or by using a precompiled binary package. To install - CUPS from ports, issue the following - command from a root terminal: - - &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/print/cups && make install clean - - To install CUPS using a - precompiled binary, issue the following command from a root - terminal: - - &prompt.root; pkg_add -r cups - - Other optional, but recommended, ports or packages are - print/gutenprint-cups and - print/hplip, both of which add - drivers and utilities for a variety of printers. Once - installed, the CUPS configuration - files can be found in the directory - /usr/local/etc/cups. - - - - Configuring the CUPS Print Server - - After installation, a few files must edited in order to - configure the CUPS server. First, - create or modify, as the case may be, the file - /etc/devfs.rules and add the following - information to set the proper permissions on all potential - printer devices and to associate printers with the cups user - group: - - [system=10] + + Installing the CUPS Print Server + + CUPS can be installed from ports or + by using a precompiled binary package. To install + CUPS from ports, issue the following + command from a root terminal: + + &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/print/cups && make install clean + + To install CUPS using a precompiled + binary, issue the following command from a root terminal: + + &prompt.root; pkg_add -r cups + + Other optional, but recommended, ports or packages are + print/gutenprint-cups and + print/hplip, both of which add + drivers and utilities for a variety of printers. Once installed, + the CUPS configuration files can be + found in the directory + /usr/local/etc/cups. + + + + Configuring the CUPS Print Server + + After installation, a few files must edited in order to + configure the CUPS server. First, + create or modify, as the case may be, the file + /etc/devfs.rules and add the following + information to set the proper permissions on all potential printer + devices and to associate printers with the + cups user group: + + [system=10] add path 'unlpt*' mode 0660 group cups add path 'ulpt*' mode 0660 group cups add path 'lpt*' mode 0660 group cups - Next, add two lines to /etc/rc.conf - as follows: + Next, add two lines to /etc/rc.conf as + follows: - cupsd_enable="YES" + cupsd_enable="YES" devfs_system_ruleset="system" - These two entries will start the - CUPS print server on boot and invoke - the local devfs rule created above, respectively. + These two entries will start the + CUPS print server on boot and invoke + the local devfs rule created above, respectively. - In order to enable CUPS printing - under certain µsoft.windows; clients, the line below - should be - uncommented in /usr/local/etc/cups/mime.types - and /usr/local/etc/cups/mime.convs: + In order to enable CUPS printing + under certain µsoft.windows; clients, the line below should + be uncommented in + /usr/local/etc/cups/mime.types and + /usr/local/etc/cups/mime.convs: - application/octet-stream + application/octet-stream - Once these changes have been made, the &man.devfs.8; and - CUPS systems must both be restarted, - either by rebooting the computer or issuing the following two - commands in a root terminal: + Once these changes have been made, the &man.devfs.8; and + CUPS systems must both be restarted, + either by rebooting the computer or issuing the following two + commands in a root terminal: - &prompt.root; /etc/rc.d/devfs restart + &prompt.root; /etc/rc.d/devfs restart &prompt.root; /usr/local/etc/rc.d/cupsd restart + + + + Configuring Printers on the CUPS Print Server + + After the CUPS system has been + installed and configured, the administrator can begin configuring + the local printers attached to the CUPS + print server. This part of the process is very similar, if not + identical, to configuring CUPS printers + on other &unix;-based operating systems, such as a &linux; + distribution. + + The primary means for managing and administering the + CUPS server is through the web-based + interface, which can be found by launching a web browser and + entering in the + browser's URL bar. If the CUPS server + is on another machine on the network, substitute the server's + local IP addresss for + localhost. The CUPS + web interface is fairly self-explanatory, as there are sections + for managing printers and print jobs, authorizing users, and more. + Additionally, on the right-hand side of the Administration screen + are several check-boxes allowing easy access to commonly-changed + settings, such as whether to share published printers connected to + the system, whether to allow remote administration of the + CUPS server, and whether to allow users + additional access and privileges to the printers and print + jobs. + + Adding a printer is generally as easy as clicking Add + Printer at the Administration screen of the + CUPS web interface, or clicking one of + the New Printers Found buttons also at the + Administration screen. When presented with the + Device drop-down box, simply select the desired + locally-attached printer, and then continue through the process. + If one has added the print/gutenprint-cups or print/hplip ports or packages as + referenced above, then additional print drivers will be available + in the subsequent screens that might provide more stability or + features. + - - - - Configuring Printers on the CUPS Print Server - - After the CUPS system has been - installed and configured, the administrator can begin configuring - the local printers attached to the - CUPS print server. This part of the - process is very similar, if not identical, to configuring - CUPS printers on other &unix;-based - operating systems, such as a &linux; distribution. - - The primary means for managing and administering the - CUPS server is through the web-based - interface, which can be found by launching a web browser and - entering in the - browser's URL bar. If the CUPS - server is on another machine on the network, substitute the - server's local IP addresss for - localhost. The CUPS - web interface is fairly self-explanatory, as there are sections - for managing printers and print jobs, authorizing users, and - more. Additionally, on the right-hand side of the - Administration screen are several check-boxes allowing easy - access to commonly-changed settings, such as whether to share - published printers connected to the system, whether to allow - remote administration of the CUPS - server, and whether to allow users additional access and - privileges to the printers and print jobs. - - Adding a printer is generally as easy as clicking - Add Printer at the Administration screen of - the CUPS web interface, or clicking - one of the New Printers Found buttons also - at the Administration screen. When presented with the - Device drop-down box, simply select the - desired locally-attached printer, and then continue through the - process. If one has added the - print/gutenprint-cups or - print/hplip ports or packages as - referenced above, then additional print drivers will be available - in the subsequent screens that might provide more stability or - features. - - - - Configuring CUPS Clients - - Once the CUPS server has been - configured and printers have been added and published to the - network, the next step is to configure the clients, or the - machines that are going to access the - CUPS server. If one has a single - desktop machine that is acting as both server and client, then - much of this information may not be needed. - - - &unix; Clients - - CUPS will also need to be - installed on your &unix; clients. Once - CUPS is installed on the clients, - then CUPS printers that are - shared across the network are often automatically discovered by - the printer managers for various desktop environments such as - GNOME or - KDE. Alternatively, one can access - the local CUPS interface on the - client machine at and - click on Add Printer in the Administration - section. When presented with the Device - drop-down box, simply select the networked - CUPS printer, if it was - automatically discovered, or select ipp or - http and enter the IPP or - HTTP URI of the networked - CUPS printer, usually in one of the - two following syntaxes: + + Configuring CUPS Clients + + Once the CUPS server has been + configured and printers have been added and published to the + network, the next step is to configure the clients, or the + machines that are going to access the + CUPS server. If one has a single + desktop machine that is acting as both server and client, then + much of this information may not be needed. + + + &unix; Clients + + CUPS will also need to be + installed on your &unix; clients. Once + CUPS is installed on the clients, + then CUPS printers that are shared + across the network are often automatically discovered by the + printer managers for various desktop environments such as + GNOME or + KDE. Alternatively, one can access + the local CUPS interface on the + client machine at and + click on Add Printer in the Administration + section. When presented with the Device + drop-down box, simply select the networked + CUPS printer, if it was automatically + discovered, or select ipp or + http and enter the IPP or + HTTP URI of the networked + CUPS printer, usually in one of the + two following syntaxes: ipp://server-name-or-ip/printers/printername http://server-name-or-ip:631/printers/printername - If the CUPS clients have - difficulty finding other CUPS - printers shared across the network, sometimes it is helpful to - add or create a file - /usr/local/etc/cups/client.conf with a - single entry as follows: - - ServerName server-ip - - In this case, server-ip would be replaced by the local - IP address of the - CUPS server on the network. - - - - &windows; Clients - - Versions of &windows; prior to XP did not have the - capability to natively network with - IPP-based printers. However, &windowsxp; - and later versions do have this capability. Therefore, to - add a CUPS printer in these - versions of &windows; is quite easy. Generally, the &windows; - administrator will run the &windows; - Add Printer wizard, select Network - Printer and then enter the URI - in the following syntax: - - http://server-name-or-ip:631/printers/printername + If the CUPS clients have + difficulty finding other CUPS + printers shared across the network, sometimes it is helpful to + add or create a file + /usr/local/etc/cups/client.conf with a + single entry as follows: + + ServerName server-ip + + In this case, server-ip would be + replaced by the local IP address of the + CUPS server on the network. + + + + &windows; Clients + + Versions of &windows; prior to XP did not have the + capability to natively network with IPP-based + printers. However, &windowsxp; and later versions do have this + capability. Therefore, to add a CUPS + printer in these versions of &windows; is quite easy. + Generally, the &windows; administrator will run the &windows; + Add Printer wizard, select Network + Printer and then enter the URI in + the following syntax: + + http://server-name-or-ip:631/printers/printername + + If one has an older version of &windows; without native + IPP printing support, then the general means + of connecting to a CUPS printer is to + use net/samba3 and + CUPS together, which is a topic + outside the scope of this chapter. + + - If one has an older version of &windows; without native - IPP printing support, then the general - means of connecting to a CUPS - printer is to use - net/samba3 and - CUPS together, which is a topic - outside the scope of this chapter. - - - - - CUPS Troubleshooting - - Difficulties with CUPS often lies - in permissions. First, double check the &man.devfs.8; - permissions as outlined above. Next, check the actual - permissions of the devices created in the file system. It is - also helpful to make sure your user is a member of the - cups group. If the permissions check boxes - in the Administration section of the - CUPS web interface do not seem to be - working, another fix might be to manually backup the main - CUPS configuration file located at - /usr/local/etc/cups/cupsd.conf and edit the - various configuration options and try different combinations of - configuration options. One sample - /usr/local/etc/cups/cupsd.conf to test is - listed below. Please note that this sample - cupsd.conf file sacrifices security for - easier configuration; once the administrator successfully - connnects to the CUPS server and - configures the clients, it is advisable to revisit this - configuration file and begin locking down access. - - # Log general information in error_log - change "info" to "debug" for + + CUPS Troubleshooting + + Difficulties with CUPS often lies + in permissions. First, double check the &man.devfs.8; permissions + as outlined above. Next, check the actual permissions of the + devices created in the file system. It is also helpful to make + sure your user is a member of the cups + group. If the permissions check boxes in the Administration + section of the CUPS web interface do + not seem to be working, another fix might be to manually backup + the main CUPS configuration file + located at /usr/local/etc/cups/cupsd.conf and + edit the various configuration options and try different + combinations of configuration options. One sample + /usr/local/etc/cups/cupsd.conf to test is + listed below. Please note that this sample + cupsd.conf file sacrifices security for + easier configuration; once the administrator successfully + connnects to the CUPS server and + configures the clients, it is advisable to revisit this + configuration file and begin locking down access. + + # Log general information in error_log - change "info" to "debug" for # troubleshooting... LogLevel info # Administrator user group... SystemGroup wheel # Listen for connections on Port 631. Port 631 #Listen localhost:631 Listen /var/run/cups.sock # Show shared printers on the local network. Browsing On BrowseOrder allow,deny #BrowseAllow @LOCAL BrowseAllow 192.168.1.* # change to local LAN settings BrowseAddress 192.168.1.* # change to local LAN settings # Default authentication type, when authentication is required... DefaultAuthType Basic DefaultEncryption Never # comment this line to allow encryption # Allow access to the server from any machine on the LAN <Location /> Order allow,deny #Allow localhost Allow 192.168.1.* # change to local LAN settings </Location> # Allow access to the admin pages from any machine on the LAN <Location /admin> #Encryption Required Order allow,deny #Allow localhost Allow 192.168.1.* # change to local LAN settings </Location> # Allow access to configuration files from any machine on the LAN <Location /admin/conf> AuthType Basic Require user @SYSTEM Order allow,deny #Allow localhost Allow 192.168.1.* # change to local LAN settings </Location> # Set the default printer/job policies... <Policy default> # Job-related operations must be done by the owner or an adminstrator... <Limit Send-Document Send-URI Hold-Job Release-Job Restart-Job Purge-Jobs \ Set-Job-Attributes Create-Job-Subscription Renew-Subscription Cancel-Subscription \ Get-Notifications Reprocess-Job Cancel-Current-Job Suspend-Current-Job Resume-Job \ CUPS-Move-Job> Require user @OWNER @SYSTEM Order deny,allow </Limit> # All administration operations require an adminstrator to authenticate... <Limit Pause-Printer Resume-Printer Set-Printer-Attributes Enable-Printer \ Disable-Printer Pause-Printer-After-Current-Job Hold-New-Jobs Release-Held-New-Jobs \ Deactivate-Printer Activate-Printer Restart-Printer Shutdown-Printer Startup-Printer \ Promote-Job Schedule-Job-After CUPS-Add-Printer CUPS-Delete-Printer CUPS-Add-Class \ CUPS-Delete-Class CUPS-Accept-Jobs CUPS-Reject-Jobs CUPS-Set-Default> AuthType Basic Require user @SYSTEM Order deny,allow </Limit> # Only the owner or an administrator can cancel or authenticate a job... <Limit Cancel-Job CUPS-Authenticate-Job> Require user @OWNER @SYSTEM Order deny,allow </Limit> <Limit All> Order deny,allow </Limit> </Policy> - + - - Fine Tuning CUPS-Related Ports + + Fine Tuning CUPS-Related Ports - If CUPS is going to serve as the - primary printing system, then one may choose to optionally add - certain knobs to /etc/make.conf that will - emphasize CUPS over other printing - options. Some of these knobs that one may want to add - are: + If CUPS is going to serve as the + primary printing system, then one may choose to optionally add + certain knobs to /etc/make.conf that will + emphasize CUPS over other printing + options. Some of these knobs that one may want to + add are: - WITH_CUPS=YES + WITH_CUPS=YES CUPS_OVERWRITE_BASE=YES WITHOUT_LPR=YES - The first knob, WITH_CUPS, adds - CUPS support to ports where - applicable. The second knob, CUPS_OVERWRITE_BASE, will fix - certain symlinks and paths that would otherwise apply to the - default &os; printing system, LPR, - and will prevent these fixes from being reverted upon the next - buildworld system upgrade. The third knob, WITHOUT_LPR, will - prevent LPR support from being added - to ports where applicable. - + The first knob, WITH_CUPS, adds + CUPS support to ports where applicable. + The second knob, CUPS_OVERWRITE_BASE, will fix + certain symlinks and paths that would otherwise apply to the + default &os; printing system, LPR, and + will prevent these fixes from being reverted upon the next + buildworld system upgrade. The third + knob, WITHOUT_LPR, will prevent + LPR support from being added to ports + where applicable. +