diff --git a/FAQ/FAQ.sgml b/FAQ/FAQ.sgml index dc791a80d3..0c7a9ff92b 100644 --- a/FAQ/FAQ.sgml +++ b/FAQ/FAQ.sgml @@ -1,3765 +1,3765 @@ - +
Frequently Asked Questions for FreeBSD 2.X <author>Maintainer: Peter da Silva <tt><htmlurl url='mailto:pds@FreeBSD.ORG' name='<pds@FreeBSD.ORG>'></tt> -<date>$Date: 1997-03-19 17:17:59 $ +<date>$Date: 1997-03-19 18:31:59 $ <abstract> This is the FAQ for FreeBSD systems version 2.X All entries are assumed to be relevant to FreeBSD 2.0.5+, unless otherwise noted. Any entries with a <XXX> are under construction. </abstract> <toc> <sect> <heading>Preface</heading> <p> Welcome to the FreeBSD 2.X FAQ! <sect1> <heading>What is the purpose of this FAQ?</heading> <p> As is usual with Usenet FAQs, this document aims to cover the most frequently asked questions concerning the FreeBSD operating system (and of course answer them!). Although originally intended to reduce bandwidth and avoid the same old questions being asked over and over again, FAQs have become recognised as valuable information resources. Every effort has been made to make this FAQ as informative as possible; if you have any suggestions as to how it may be improved, please feel free to mail them to the <url url="mailto:pds@FreeBSD.ORG" name="FAQ maintainer">. <sect1> <heading>What is FreeBSD?</heading> <p> Briefly, FreeBSD 2.X is a UN*X type operating system based on U.C. Berkeley's 4.4BSD-lite release for the i386 platform. It is also based indirectly on William Jolitz's port of U.C. Berkeley's Net/2 to the i386, known as 386BSD, though very little of the 386BSD code remains. A fuller description of what FreeBSD is and how it can work for you may be found in the <url url="../../welcome.html" name="Welcome Document">. FreeBSD is used by companies, Internet Service Providers, researchers, computer professionals, students and home users all over the world in their work, education and recreation. See some of them in the <url url="http://www.freebsd.org/gallery.html" name="FreeBSD Gallery."> For a more detailed description of FreeBSD, see the Introduction to <url url="../handbook/handbook.html" name="FreeBSD Handbook."> <sect1> <heading>What are the goals of FreeBSD?</heading> <p> The goals of the FreeBSD Project are to provide software that may be used for any purpose and without strings attached. Many of us have a significant investment in the code (and project) and would certainly not mind a little financial renumeration now and then, but we're definitely not prepared to insist on it. We believe that our first and foremost "mission" is to provide code to any and all comers, and for whatever purpose, so that the code gets the widest possible use and provides the widest possible benefit. This is, we believe, one of the most fundamental goals of Free Software and one that we enthusiastically support. That code in our source tree which falls under the GNU Public License (GPL) or GNU Library Public License (GLPL) comes with slightly more strings attached, though at least on the side of enforced access rather than the usual opposite. Due to the additional complexities that can evolve in the commercial use of GPL software, we do, however, endeavor to replace such software with submissions under the more relaxed BSD copyright whenever possible. <sect1> <heading>Why is it called FreeBSD?</heading> <p> <itemize> <item>It may be used free of charge, even by commercial users. <item>Full source for the operating system is freely available, and the minimum possible restrictions have been placed upon its use, distribution and incorporation into other work (commercial or non-commercial). <item>Anyone who has an improvement and/or bug fix is free to submit their code and have it added to the source tree (subject to one or two obvious provisos). </itemize> For those of our readers whose first language is not English, it may be worth pointing out that the word ``free'' is being used in two ways here, one meaning ``at no cost'', the other meaning ``you can do whatever you like''. Apart from one or two things you <tt /cannot/ do with the FreeBSD code, for example pretending you wrote it, you really can do whatever you like with it. <sect1> <heading>What is the latest version of FreeBSD?</heading> <p> Version 2.1.7 is the latest version; it was released in February, 1997. <sect1> <heading>What is FreeBSD-current?</heading> <p> <url url="../handbook/current.html" name="FreeBSD-current"> is the development version of the operating system, which will in due course become version 3.0. As such, it is really only of interest to developers working on the system and die-hard hobbiests. See the <url url="../handbook/current.html" name="relevant section"> in the <url url="../handbook/handbook.html" name="handbook"> for details. <sect1> <heading> What are ``snapshots''?<label id="snapshots"></heading> <p> Every now and again, a <url url="../releases/snapshots.html" name="snapshot"> is taken of the development code and prepared more or less as if it were an official release; recently, CDROMs have even been cut from the snapshots. The intention is to:- <itemize> <item>Test the latest version of the installation software. <item>Allow people who would like to run -current, but who don't have the time and/or bandwidth to follow it on a day-to-day basis, an easy way to bootstrap it onto their systems. <item> Preserve a fixed reference point for the code in question, in case we really break something badly later. <item>Ensure that a new feature in need of testing has the greatest possible number of potential testers. </itemize> No claim is made that a snapshot is regarded as being of ``production quality'' for any purpose. For that, you will have to stick to full releases. <sect1> <heading> What about FreeBSD-stable?</heading> <p> Back when FreeBSD 2.0.5 was released, we branched FreeBSD development into two parts. One branch was named <url url="../handbook/stable.html" name="-stable">, with the intention that only well-tested bug fixes and small incremental enhancements would be made to it (for Internet Service Providers and other commercial enterprises for whom sudden shifts or experimental features are quite undesirable). The other branch was 3.3-current, which essentially has been one unbroken line leading towards 3.0-RELEASE since 2.0 was released. If a little ASCII art would help, this is how it looks: <verb> 2.0 | | | 2.0.5 -> 2.1 -> 2.1.5 -> 2.1.6 -> 2.1.7 [2.1-stable ends] | (Feb 1997) | [3.0-current] 2.2-SNAPs | | 2.2-ALPHA -> -BETA -> -GAMMA -> 2.2-RELEASE -> [2.2-stable] | (Q1 1997) | 3.0-SNAPs (Q1 1997) | | \|/ + [future 3.x releases] </verb> <p> The -current branch is slowly progressing towards 3.0 and beyond, whereas the existing -stable branch will be terminated by the release of 2.2, resurrecting itself as 2.2-stable after the 2.2-RELEASE is out. <sect1> <heading>Why is the -stable branch ending with 2.1.7? </heading> <p> While we'd certainly like to be able to continue both branches of development, we've found that the version control tools available to us are not particularly well-suited for this; in fact, they quickly result in a maintenance nightmare for any branch which lives much beyond 2-3 months. The -stable branch has, by contrast, lasted for well over a year and what little sanity the FreeBSD developers have left would be in serious jeopardy if we continued in this way. Perhaps in the future we'll figure out another model which gives everyone what they want, and we are working on such a model, but in the meantime it's probably best to think of -stable coming to an end with 2.1.7-RELEASE. <sect1> <heading> When are FreeBSD releases made?</heading> <p> As a general principle, the FreeBSD core team only release a new version of FreeBSD when they believe that there are sufficient new features and/or bug fixes to justify one, and are satisfied that the changes made have settled down sufficiently to avoid compromising the stability of the release. Many users regard this caution as one of the best things about FreeBSD, although it can be a little frustrating when waiting for all the latest goodies to become available... <p> Releases are made about every 6 months on average. <sect1> <heading> Is FreeBSD only available for PCs?</heading> <p> At present, yes. If your machine has a different architecture, we suggest you look at <url url="http://www.netbsd.org/" name="NetBSD"> or <url url="http://www.openbsd.org/" name="OpenBSD">. <sect1> <heading> Who is responsible for FreeBSD?</heading> <p> The key decisions concerning the FreeBSD project, such as the overall direction of the project and who is allowed to add code to the source tree, are made by a ``core team'' consisting of 16 people. There is a much larger group of around 60 people who can make changes to the source tree. <p> However, most non-trivial changes are discussed in advance in the mailing lists, and there are no restrictions on who may take part in the discussion. <sect1> <heading>Where can I get FreeBSD?<label id="where-get"></heading> <p> The distribution is available via anonymous ftp from: <url url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/" name="the FreeBSD FTP site"> For the current release, 2.1.7R, look in: <url url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/2.1.7-RELEASE/" name="FreeBSD 2.1.7-RELEASE"> FreeBSD is also available via CDROM, from the following place(s): Walnut Creek CDROM<newline> 4041 Pike Lane, Suite D-386<newline> Concord, CA 94520 USA<newline> Orders: (800)-786-9907<newline> Questions: (510)-674-0783<newline> FAX: (510)-674-0821<newline> email: <url url="mailto:orders@cdrom.com" name="WC Orders address"> <newline> WWW: <url url="http://www.cdrom.com/" name="WC Home page"><newline> In Australia, you may find it at: Advanced Multimedia Distributors<newline> Factory 1/1 Ovata Drive<newline> Tullamarine, Melbourne<newline> Victoria<newline> Australia<newline> Voice: +61 3 9338 67777<newline> CDROM Support BBS<newline> 17 Irvine St<newline> Peppermint Grove WA 6011<newline> Voice: +61 9 385-3793<newline> Fax: +61 9 385-2360<newline> And in the UK: The Public Domain & Shareware Library<newline> Winscombe House, Beacon Rd<newline> Crowborough<newline> Sussex. TN6 1UL<newline> Voice: +44 01892 663298<newline> Fax: +44 01892 667473<newline> (Do not dial the leading zero if calling from outside the UK). <sect1> <heading>Where do I find info on the mailing lists?</heading> <p> You can find full information in the <url url="../handbook/eresources:mail.html" name="Handbook entry on mailing-lists."> <p> <sect1> <heading>What FreeBSD news groups are available?</heading> <p> You can find full information in the <url url="../handbook/eresources:news.html" name="Handbook entry on newsgroups."> <sect1> <heading>Is there anything about FreeBSD on IRC (Internet Relay Chat) ?</heading> <p> There are two channels about FreeBSD on IRC: <enum> <item>The main channel is #FreeBSD on the EFNET. You can use your regular IRC server for it. <item>You can point your IRC client to <tt/irc.FreeBSD.org/ This server is on BSDnet and hosts #FreeBSD. This is not the same channel. </enum> <sect1> <heading>Books on FreeBSD</heading> <p> Greg Lehey's book ``Installing and Running FreeBSD'' is available from Walnut Creek and ships with the 2.1.7 CDROM. There is also a larger book entitled ``The Complete FreeBSD'', which comes with additional printed manpages amd includes the 2.1.7 CDROM set. It should be available in most good bookshops now. There is a FreeBSD Documentation Project which you may contact (or even better, join) on the <tt>doc</tt> mailing list: <url url="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.ORG" name="<doc@FreeBSD.ORG>">. A FreeBSD ``handbook'' is availible, and can be found as: <url url="../handbook/handbook.html" name="the FreeBSD Handbook">. Note that this is a work in progress, and so parts may be incomplete. However, as FreeBSD 2.X is based upon Berkeley 4.4BSD-Lite, most of the 4.4BSD manuals are applicable to FreeBSD 2.X. O'Reilly and Associates publishes these manuals: 4.4BSD System Manager's Manual <newline> By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley <newline> 1st Edition June 1994, 804 pages <newline> ISBN: 1-56592-080-5 <NEWLINE> 4.4BSD User's Reference Manual <newline> By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley <newline> 1st Edition June 1994, 905 pages <newline> ISBN: 1-56592-075-9 <NEWLINE> 4.4BSD User's Supplementary Documents <newline> By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley <newline> 1st Edition July 1994, 712 pages <newline> ISBN: 1-56592-076-7 <NEWLINE> 4.4BSD Programmer's Reference Manual <newline> By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley <newline> 1st Edition June 1994, 886 pages <newline> ISBN: 1-56592-078-3 <NEWLINE> 4.4BSD Programmer's Supplementary Documents <newline> By Computer Systems Research Group, UC Berkeley <newline> 1st Edition July 1994, 596 pages <newline> ISBN: 1-56592-079-1 <NEWLINE> A description of these can be found via WWW as: <url url="http://gnn.com/gnn/bus/ora/category/bsd.html" name="4.4BSD books description"> A good book on system administration is: Evi Nemeth, Garth Snyder, Scott Seebass & Trent R. Hein,<newline> ``Unix System Administration Handbook'', Prentice-Hall, 1995<newline> ISBN: 0-13-151051-7<newline> <bf/NOTE/ make sure you get the second edition, with a red cover, instead of the first edition. This book covers the basics, as well as TCP/IP, DNS, NFS, SLIP/PPP, sendmail, INN/NNTP, printing, etc.. It's expensive (approx. US$45-$55), but worth it. It also includes a CDROM with the sources for various tools; most of these, however, are also on the FreeBSD 2.1.7R CDROM (and the FreeBSD CDROM often has newer versions). <sect1> <heading>I have heard about the Problem Report database. Is there an easy way to accesss it ?</heading> <p> The Problem Report database, filled with all the problems, bugs and changes requested by users with help of the <url url="http://www.freebsd.org/send-pr.html" name="send-pr"> command can be reached at <url url="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi-bin/query-pr-summary.cgi" name="PR Database Summary"> <sect1> <heading>Other sources of information.</heading> <p> One good source of additional information is the ``[comp.unix.bsd] NetBSD, FreeBSD, and 386BSD (0.1) FAQ''. Much of the information is relevant to FreeBSD, and this FAQ is posted around twice a month to the following newsgroups: <verb> comp.unix.bsd.netbsd.announce comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.announce comp.answers news.answers </verb> If you have WWW access, the FreeBSD home page is at: <url url="http://www.freebsd.org/" name="Main FreeBSD page"> The FreeBSD handbook has a pretty complete <url url="../handbook/bibliography.html" name="Bibliography"> <label id="pao">There's also a wealth of information about using FreeBSD on laptops at <url url="http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/PAO/" name="Tatsumi Hosokawa's Mobile Computing page"> in Japan. <sect> <heading>Installation</heading> <p> <sect1> <heading>Which file do I download to get FreeBSD?</heading> <p> I'll answer that in a minute, but first a few words of explanation might be in order. FreeBSD is not an application that you can run from inside an existing DOS/Windows setup, it is an operating system in its own right (in the same way as Windows NT or OS/2). To install it involves making a ``primary partition'' for it on the hard disk and arranging for it to be booted at system startup. (FreeBSD gives you the option of installing a boot manager, so you will be able to choose which operating system to use every time the system starts up. Alternatively, you can use the boot managers provided with oher operating systems, such as OS/2 or Linux). Obviously, this is not as simple as using an operating system that those nice people you bought your PC from pre-installed for you, but it's not too difficult provided you read (and, if possible, print out) all the instructions before starting. It may be a lot to read, but it's very complete. You should also make full note of the exhortations to back everything up first and the legal disclaimers. These are not there for amusement value - we mean it! However, most people find the installation goes fairly smoothly. If you are able to be connected to the Internet for the duration of the FreeBSD installation (lucky you!), the simplest way to install FreeBSD is to download <url url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/2.1.7-RELEASE/floppies/boot.flp" name="the boot image,"> make a boot floppy, boot with it and watch it pull down all the necessary files. Depending on connection speed and how much of FreeBSD you wish to install, this could take several hours (even the minimal installation requires downloading about 15MB of compressed files). For people who do not have good Internet connectivity, the best way to install FreeBSD is to buy a CDROM (see <ref id="where-get" name="Where to get FreeBSD"> for details). Unfortunately, this is problematic for some people, as the support for IDE CDROMs in FreeBSD is still in alpha (not because of some violent antipathy towards IDE CDROMs, but simply due to a lack of people with the necessary combination of skill, inclination and time). Finally, if you already have a copy of the necessary files, FreeBSD can be installed from floppy disks, a DOS hard disk partition or tape or over a network via SLIP, PPP, NFS, PLIP and Ethernet. For further information, please see <url url="../handbook/install.html" name="Handbook entry on installing FreeBSD."> <sect1> <heading>Where are the instructions for installing FreeBSD?</heading> <p> Installation instructions can be found in the <url url="../handbook/install.html" name="Handbook install section."> <sect1> <heading>What do I need to run FreeBSD?</heading> <p> You'll need a 386 or better PC, with 4 MB or more of RAM and at least 60 MB of hard disk space. It can run with a low end MDA card but to run X11R6, a VGA or better video card is needed. See the section on <ref id="hardware" name="Hardware compatibility"> <sect1> <heading>I have only 4 MB of RAM. Can I install FreeBSD?</heading> <p> FreeBSD 2.1.7 is the last version of FreeBSD that will install on a 4MB system. Newer versions of FreeBSD, like 2.2, need at least 5MB to install on a new system. All versions of FreeBSD, including 2.2, will RUN in 4MB of ram. You can add extra memory for the install process, if you like, and then after the system is up and running, go back to 4MB. Use <url url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/2.1.7-RELEASE/floppies/boot4.flp" name="special boot floppy for 4MB computers from FreeBSD 2.1.7"> There are also situations in which FreeBSD 2.1.7 will not install in 4 MB. To be exact: it does not install with 640 kB base + 3 MB extended memory. If your motherboard can remap some of the ``lost'' memory out of the 640kB to 1MB region, then you may still be able to get FreeBSD 2.1.7 up. Try to go into your BIOS setup and look for a ``remap'' option. Enable it. You may also have to disable ROM shadowing. It may be easier to get 4 more MB just for the install. Build a custom kernel with only the options you need and then get the 4 MB out again. You may also install 2.0.5 and then upgrade your system to 2.1.7 with the ``upgrade'' option of the 2.1.7 installation program. After the installation, if you build a custom kernel, it will run in 4 MB. Someone has even succeeded in booting with 2 MB (the system was almost unusable though :-)) <sect1> <heading>Can Windows 95 co-exist with FreeBSD?</heading> <p> Install Windows 95 first, after that FreeBSD. FreeBSD's boot manager will then manage to boot Win95 and FreeBSD. <sect1> <heading>How can I have more than one operating system on my PC?</heading> <p> Have a look at <url url="http://www.in.net/~jayrich/doc/multios.html" name="The multi-OS page."> <sect1> <heading>Can I install on an IDE disk with bad blocks?</heading> <p> FreeBSD's bad block (the ``<tt/bad144/'' command) handling is still not 100% (to put it charitably) and it must unfortunately be said that if you've got an IDE or ESDI drive with lots of bad blocks, then FreeBSD is probably not for you! That said, it does work on thousands of IDE based systems, so you'd do well to try it first before simply giving up. <sect1> <heading>Strange things happen when I boot the install floppy!</heading> <p> If you're seeing things like the machine grinding to a halt or spontaneously rebooting when you try to boot the install floppy, here are three questions to ask yourself:- <enum> <item>Did you use a new, freshly-formatted, error-free floppy (preferably a brand-new one straight out of the box, as opposed to the magazine coverdisk that's been lying under the bed for the last three years)? <item>Did you download the floppy image in binary (or image) mode? (don't be embarrassed, even the best of us have made this mistake at least once when FTP'ing things!) <item>If you're using one of these new-fangled operating systems like Windows95 or Windows NT, did you shut it down and restart the system in plain, honest DOS? It seems these OS's can interfere with programs that write directly to hardware, as the disk creation program does; even running it inside a DOS shell in the GUI can cause this problem. </enum> There have also been reports of Netscape causing problems when downloading the boot floppy, so it's probably best to use a different FTP client if you can. <sect1> <heading>Help! I can't install from tape!</heading> <p> If you are installing 2.1.7R from tape, you must create the tape using a tar blocksize of 10 (5120 bytes). The default tar blocksize is 20 (10240 bytes), and tapes created using this default size cannot be used to install 2.1.7R; with these tapes, you will get an error that complains about the record size being too big. <sect1> <heading>Can I install on my laptop over PLIP (Parallel Line IP)?</heading> <p> Connect the two computers using a Laplink parallel cable to use this feature: <verb> +----------------------------------------+ |A-name A-End B-End Descr. Port/Bit | +----------------------------------------+ |DATA0 2 15 Data 0/0x01 | |-ERROR 15 2 1/0x08 | +----------------------------------------+ |DATA1 3 13 Data 0/0x02 | |+SLCT 13 3 1/0x10 | +----------------------------------------+ |DATA2 4 12 Data 0/0x04 | |+PE 12 4 1/0x20 | +----------------------------------------+ |DATA3 5 10 Strobe 0/0x08 | |-ACK 10 5 1/0x40 | +----------------------------------------+ |DATA4 6 11 Data 0/0x10 | |BUSY 11 6 1/0x80 | +----------------------------------------+ |GND 18-25 18-25 GND - | +----------------------------------------+ </verb> See also <ref id="pao" name="this note"> on the Mobile Computing page. <sect1> <heading>Which geometry should I use for a disk drive?<label id="geometry"></heading> <p> (By the "geometry" of a disk, we mean the number of cylinders, heads and sectors/track on a disk - I'll refer to this as C/H/S for convenience. This is how the PC's BIOS works out which area on a disk to read/write from). This seems to cause a lot of confusion for some reason. First of all, the <tt /physical/ geometry of a SCSI drive is totally irrelevant, as FreeBSD works in term of disk blocks. In fact, there is no such thing as "the" physical geometry, as the sector density varies across the disk - what manufacturers claim is the "true" physical geometry is usually the geometry that they've worked out results in the least wasted space. For IDE disks, FreeBSD does work in terms of C/H/S, but all modern drives will convert this into block references internally as well. All that matters is the <tt /logical/ geometry - the answer that the BIOS gets when it asks "what is your geometry" and then uses to access the disk. As FreeBSD uses the BIOS when booting, it's very important to get this right. In particular, if you have more than one operating system on a disk, they must all agree on the geometry, otherwise you will have serious problems booting! For SCSI disks, the geometry to use depends on whether extended translation support is turned on in your controller (this is often referred to as "support for DOS disks >1GB" or something similar). If it's turned off, then use N cylinders, 64 heads and 32 sectors/track, where 'N' is the capacity of the disk in MB. For example, a 2GB disk should pretend to have 2048 cylinders, 64 heads and 32 sectors/track. If it <tt /is/ turned on (it's often supplied this way to get around certain limitations in MSDOS) and the disk capacity is more than 1GB, use M cylinders, 63 heads (*not* 64), and 255 sectors per track, where 'M' is the disk capacity in MB divided by 7.844238 (!). So our example 2GB drive would have 261 cylinders, 63 heads and 255 sectors per track. If you are not sure about this, or FreeBSD fails to detect the geometry correctly during installation, the simplest way around this is usually to create a small DOS partition on the disk. The correct geometry should then be detected (and you can always remove the DOS partition in the partition editor if you don't want to keep it, or leave it around for programming network cards and the like). Alternatively, there is a freely available utility distributed with FreeBSD called ``<tt/pfdisk.exe/'' (located in the <tt>tools</tt> subdirectory on the FreeBSD CDROM or on the various FreeBSD ftp sites) which can be used to work out what geometry the other operating systems on the disk are using. You can then enter this geometry in the partition editor. <sect1> <heading>Any restrictions on how I divide the disk up?</heading> <p> Yes. You must make sure that your root partition is below 1024 cylinders so the BIOS can boot the kernel from it. (Note that this is a limitation in the PC's BIOS, not FreeBSD). For a SCSI drive, this will normally imply that the root partition will be in the first 1024MB (or in the first 4096MB if extended translation is turned on - see previous question). For IDE, the corresponding figure is 504MB. <sect1><heading>What about disk managers? My BIOS doesn't support large drives!</heading> <p> FreeBSD recognises the Ontrack Disk Manager and makes allowances for it. Other disk managers are not supported. If you just want to use the disk with FreeBSD you don't need a disk manager. Just configure the disk for as much space as the BIOS can deal with (usually 504 megabytes), and FreeBSD should figure out how much space you really have. If you're using an old disk with an MFM controller, you may need to explicitly tell FreeBSD how many cylinders to use. If you want to use the disk with FreeBSD and another operating system, you may be able to do without a disk manager: just make sure the the FreeBSD boot partition and the slice for the other operating system are in the first 1024 cylinders. <sect1> <heading>When I boot FreeBSD I get ``Missing Operating System''.</heading> <p> This is classically a case of FreeBSD and DOS or some other OS conflicting over their ideas of disk <ref id="geometry" name="geometry."> You will have to reinstall FreeBSD, but obeying the instructions given above will almost always get you going. <sect1> <heading>I can't get past the boot manager's `F?' prompt.</heading> <p> This is another symptom of the problem described in the preceding question. Your BIOS geometry and FreeBSD geometry settings do not agree! If your controller or BIOS supports cylinder translation (often marked as ``>1GB drive support''), try toggling its setting and reinstalling FreeBSD. <sect1> <heading>How can I add my new hard disk to my FreeBSD system?</heading> <p> The easiest way to do this is from the installation program. You can start the installation program by running <tt>/stand/sysinstall</tt> as root. <p> Alternatively, if you still have the install floppy, you can just reboot from that. <p> Select the ``Express Install'' option, which will put you straight into the partition editor, and create a single slice on the disk with the (A)ll option (make sure you are editing the right disk!). Say ``No'' when asked if you want to remain compatible with other operating systems, and ``Yes'' when asked if you know what you're doing. Then write it out with the (W)rite command and press (Q)uit to transfer to the disklabel editor. <p> Divide up your FreeBSD slice according to taste and press `w' when you are happy with the way it looks. Again, say ``Yes'' when asked for confirmation, and press `q' to quit. If you're adding swap space on the second drive, look at <ref id="swap" name="this note"> for a nasty little gotcha that can cause no end of trouble. <p> <label id="2_1-disklabel-fix"> <bf>Using disklabel(8) manually</bf> <p> <em>WARNING: There is no substitute for reading carefully & understanding what you are doing! Things described here may DESTROY your system. Proceed with caution! Remember, a BACKUP is your friend!</em> <p> <tt /sysinstall/ used to be broken up to 2.1.5-RELEASE and will insist on mounting something at / in the disklabel editor. You will have to manually run <tt /disklabel(8)/ before you can run <tt /newfs(8)/. This means doing the math for partitions yourself. This is rumoured to be easy :-) See if you can obtain a skeletal label with ''<tt>disklabel -r <diskname></tt>'' <em>(eg. </em>''<tt>disklabel -r /dev/rwd0s2</tt>''<em>, assuming that your new disk is wd0, the first IDE drive, and the FreeBSD slice is the second one, s2)</em>. You should see something like:- <verb> # /dev/rwd0s2: type: ESDI disk: wd0s2 label: flags: bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 63 tracks/cylinder: 64 sectors/cylinder: 4032 cylinders: 610 sectors/unit: 2459520 rpm: 3600 interleave: 1 trackskew: 0 cylinderskew: 0 headswitch: 0 # milliseconds track-to-track seek: 0 # milliseconds drivedata: 0 8 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg] c: 2459520 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609) e: 2459520 0 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609) </verb> Make sure that the size is correct, in this case, 2459520 sectors/unit x 512 bytes/sector / 2**20 (1 Megabyte) = 1200 Megabytes. The rest of the stuff (b/s, t/c, s/c, interleave, etc.) should get suitable defaults from <tt /disklabel/, but see <ref id="ESDI" name="this note"> for older disks. 'fsize' is the <ref id="fsize" name="Fragment size"> for the filesystem, and 'bsize' is the <ref id="bsize" name="Block size">. 'c' is the partition covering the entire slice (or entire disk for a non-sliced disk), and must remain as it is. <em>It should not be used for a filesystem</em>. The 'c' partition is magic in that it is faked by the kernel even if no disklabel exists. <p> In the trivial case, where you want a single filesystem spanning the whole slice, the entry for 'e' has to be corrected. Setting fsize to 1024 and bsize to 8192 (8 fragments/block), which are reasonable values for a filesystem, the correct entry for 'e' would be:- <verb> e: 2459520 0 4.2BSD 1024 8192 </verb> <p> Now, the (slightly) harder case, where we want 2 partitions for 2 filesystems. Following the <ref id="fsname" name="BSD naming conventions">, the partitions will be <tt /wd0s2e/ & <tt /wd0s2f/. Suppose we split up the 1200 MB into 300 MB for 'e' and the remaining 900 MB for 'f'. The partition entries would be:- <verb> 8 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg] c: 2459520 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 609) e: 614400 0 4.2BSD 1024 8192 f: 1843200 614400 4.2BSD 1024 8192 </verb> <p> <bf /Note:/ You can directly edit the disklabel with ''<tt>disklabel -e wd0s2</tt>''. See <tt /disklabel(8)/. <p> If you have at least FreeBSD 2.1.5, and you want to dedicate an entire disk to FreeBSD without any care for other systems, you might shorten the steps above to something like: <verb> # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd0 count=100 # disklabel -Brw wd0 auto # disklabel -e wd0 </verb> The first <tt/dd/ command ensures there is no old junk at the beginning of the disk that might confuse the disk code in the kernel. Following is an automatic skeleton label generation using the defaults that have been probed from the disk at boot time. Editing this label continues as described above. <p> You're done! Time to initialise the filesystems with something like:- <verb> newfs -d0 /dev/rwd0s2e newfs -d0 /dev/rwd0s2f </verb> Depending on the disk name and slice number, it might be required that you run the script <tt>/dev/MAKEDEV</tt> before in order to create the desired device nodes. And mount your new filesystems (See <tt /mount(8)/):- <verb> mount /dev/wd0s2e /mnt/foo mount /dev/wd0s2f /mnt/bar </verb> You may wish to edit <tt>/etc/fstab</tt> to automatically mount the filesystems at boot time. <p> <bf /Glossary:/ <descrip> <tag><label id="fsize"><bf>Fragment Size (fsize)</bf></tag> The basic unit of storage for <tt /ffs/. See M. McKusick, W. Joy, S. Leffler, and R. Fabry, "A Fast File System for UNIX", ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2, 3, pp 181-197, August 1984, (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual, SMM:5) or <url url="file:/usr/share/doc/smm/05.fastfs/paper.ascii.gz" name="/usr/share/doc/smm/05.fastfs/paper.ascii.gz"> on your system. <tag><label id="bsize"><bf>Block Size (bsize)</bf></tag> A block comprises one or more fragments. See the reference above and <url url="file:/usr/include/sys/disklabel.h" name="<sys/disklabel.h>"> <tag><label id="ESDI"> <bf>Disklabel Characteristics for Older Disks (ESDI)</bf></tag> You may need to provide more information to <tt /disklabel/ if you happen to own a ``true disk'', i.e. one with a uniform geometry, real heads, sectors, and cylinders, such as an old ESDI drive. All of this should be easily obtainable from the drive case, owner's manual, fellow sufferers, etc. :-) <tag><label id="fsname"> <bf>BSD Filesystem Naming Conventions</bf></tag> Partition 'a' is by convention reserved for a bootable partition, and partition 'b' for swap space. Regular partition names should start with 'd'. ('d' used to be magic in 386BSD 0.1 through FreeBSD 2.0, thus partition 'e' is often used for the first non-bootable partition containing a filesystem.) <tag><label id="swap"> <bf>Warning about swap space</bf></tag> The space required by the BSD partition table is allowed for in the file system. It's not allowed for by the swap partition. So don't start swap at cylinder 0, either offset it or put a file system in partition 'a'. </descrip> <sect1> <heading>I have bad blocks on my hard drive!</heading> <p> With SCSI drives, the drive should be capable of re-mapping these automatically. However, many drives are shipped with this feature disabled, for some mysterious reason... To enable this, you'll need to edit the first device page mode, which can be done on FreeBSD by giving the command (as root) <verb> scsi -f /dev/rsd0c -m 1 -e -P 3 </verb> and changing the values of AWRE and ARRE from 0 to 1:- <verb> AWRE (Auto Write Reallocation Enbld): 1 ARRE (Auto Read Reallocation Enbld): 1 </verb> For other drive types, you are dependent on support from the operating system. Unfortunately, the ``bad144'' command that FreeBSD supplies for this purpose needs a considerable amount of work done on it... IDE drives are <em/supposed/ to come with built-in bad-block remapping; if you have documentation for your drive, you may want to see if this feature has been disabled on your drive. However, ESDI, RLL, and ST-506 drives normally do not do this. <sect1> <heading>I have >16MB of RAM. Will this cause any problems?<label id="bigram"></heading> <p> No. FreeBSD 2.X comes with bounce buffers which allows your bus mastering controller access to greater than 16MB. (Note that this should only be required if you are using ISA devices, although one or two broken EISA and VLB devices may need it as well). Also look at the section on <ref id="reallybigram" name=">64M machines"> if you have that much memory. <sect1> <heading>I keep seeing messages like ``<tt/ed1: timeout/''.</heading> <p> This is usually caused by an interrupt conflict (e.g., two boards using the same IRQ). FreeBSD prior to 2.0.5R used to be tolerant of this, and the network driver would still function in the presence of IRQ conflicts. However, with 2.0.5R and later, IRQ conflicts are no longer tolerated. Boot with the -c option and change the ed0/de0/... entry to match your board. <sect1> <heading>Do I need to install the complete sources?</heading> <p> In general, no. However, we would strongly recommend that you install, at a minimum, the ``<tt/base/'' source kit, which includes several of the files mentioned here, and the ``<tt/sys/'' (kernel) source kit, which includes sources for the kernel. There is nothing in the system which requires the presence of the sources to operate, however, except for the kernel-configuration program <tt/config(8)/. With the exception of the kernel sources, our build structure is set up so that you can read-only mount the sources from elsewhere via NFS and still be able to make new binaries. (Because of the kernel-source restriction, we recommend that you not mount this on <tt>/usr/src</tt> directly, but rather in some other location with appropriate symbolic links to duplicate the top-level structure of the source tree.) Having the sources on-line and knowing how to build a system with them will make it much easier for you to upgrade to future releases of FreeBSD. <sect1> <heading>I live outside the US. Can I use DES encryption?</heading> <p> If it is not absolutely imperative that you use DES style encryption, you can use FreeBSD's default encryption for even <bf/better/ security, and with no export restrictions. FreeBSD 2.0's password default scrambler is now <bf/MD5/-based, and is more CPU-intensive to crack with an automated password cracker than DES, and allows longer passwords as well. Since the DES encryption algorithm cannot legally be exported from the US, non-US users should not download this software (as part of the <tt/secrdist/ from US FTP sites. There is however a replacement libcrypt available, based on sources written in Australia by David Burren. This code is now available on some non-US FreeBSD mirror sites. Sources for the unencumbered libcrypt, and binaries of the programs which use it, can be obtained from the following FTP sites: <descrip> <tag/South Africa/ <tt>ftp://ftp.internat.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD</tt><newline> <tt>ftp://storm.sea.uct.ac.za/pub/FreeBSD</tt> <tag/Brazil/ <tt>ftp://ftp.iqm.unicamp.br/pub/FreeBSD</tt> <tag/Finland/ <tt>ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/unix/FreeBSD/eurocrypt</tt> </descrip> The non-US <tt/securedist/ can be used as a direct replacement for the encumbered US <tt/securedist/. This <tt/securedist/ package is installed the same way as the US package (see installation notes for details). If you are going to install DES encryption, you should do so as soon as possible, before installing other software. Non-US users should please not download any encryption software from the USA. This can get the maintainers of the sites from which the software is downloaded into severe legal difficulties. A non-US distribution of Kerberos is also being developed, and current versions can generally be obtained by anonymous FTP from <tt>braae.ru.ac.za</tt>. There is a mailing list for the discussion of non-US encryption software. For more information, send an email message with a single line saying ``<tt/help/'' in the body of your message to <tt><majordomo@braae.ru.ac.za></tt>. </sect1> </sect> <sect> <heading>Hardware compatibility <label id="hardware"></heading> <p> <sect1> <heading>What kind of hard drives does FreeBSD run on?</heading> <p> IDE and SCSI hard drives are supported. FreeBSD also supports ST-506 (sometimes called ``MFM''), RLL, and ESDI drives, which are usually connected to WD-1002, WD-1003, or WD-1006/7 controllers (although clones should also work). <sect1> <heading>What SCSI controllers are supported?</heading> <p> FreeBSD supports the following SCSI controllers: <descrip> <tag/Adaptec/ AH-1505 <ISA> <newline> AH-152x Series <ISA> <newline> AH-154x Series <ISA> <newline> AH-174x Series <EISA> <newline> Sound Blaster SCSI (AH-152x compat) <ISA> <newline> AH-2742/2842 Series <ISA/EISA> <newline> AH-2820/2822/2825 Series (Narrow/Twin/Wide) <VLB> <newline> AH-294x and aic7870 MB controllers (Narrow/Twin/Wide) <PCI><newline> AH-394x (Narrow/Twin/Wide) <tag/Buslogic/ BT-445 Series <VLB> (but see section <ref id="bigram" name="on >16 MB machines">) <newline> BT-545 Series <ISA> <newline> BT-742 Series <EISA><newline> BT-747 Series <EISA><newline> BT-946 Series <PCI> <newline> BT-956 Series <PCI> <newline> <tag/Future Domain/ TMC-950 Series <ISA> <newline> <tag/PCI Generic/ NCR 53C81x based controllers <PCI> <newline> NCR 53C82x based controllers <PCI> <newline> NCR 53C860/75 based controllers <PCI> <newline> <tag/ProAudioSpectrum/ Zilog 5380 based controllers <ISA> <newline> Trantor 130 based controllers <ISA> <newline> <tag/DTC/ DTC 3290 EISA SCSI in AHA-154x emulation.<newline> <tag/Seagate/ ST-01/02 Series <ISA><newline> <tag/UltraStor/ UH-14f Series <ISA><newline> UH-24f Series <EISA> <newline> UH-34f Series <VLB><newline> <tag/Western Digital/ WD7000 <ISA> <No scatter/gather> </descrip> <sect1> <heading>What CD-ROM drives are supported by FreeBSD?</heading> <p> Any SCSI drive connected to a supported controller. <itemize> <item>Mitsumi LU002 (8bit), LU005 (16bit) and FX001D (16bit 2x Speed). <item>Sony CDU 31/33A<newline> <item>Sound Blaster Non-SCSI CD-ROM<newline> <item>Matsushita/Panasonic CD-ROM<newline> <item>ATAPI compatible IDE CD-ROMs (should be considered <bf/experimental/) </itemize> All non-SCSI cards are known to be extremely slow compared to SCSI drives. <sect1> <heading>How about ZIP drives?</heading> <p> FreeBSD supports the SCSI ZIP drive out of the box, of course. The ZIP drive can only be set to run at SCSI target IDs 5 or 6, but if your SCSI host adapter's BIOS supports it you can even boot from it. I don't know which host adapters let you boot from targets other than 0 or 1... look at your docs (and let me know if it works out for you). There is no built in support for the parallel ZIP drive, and if you haven't bought your ZIP drive already I recommend you get the SCSI one... the price is the same, and the performance is much better, and you're unlikely to ever be able to boot from the parallel port. If you already have a parallel ZIP, there is a port of the Linux driver available at <url url="http://www.prism.uvsq.fr/~son/ppa3.html" name="Nicolas Souchu's home page"> in France. Also check out <ref id="jaz" name="this note on removable drives">. <sect1> <heading>And how about JAZ, EZ, and other removable drives?</heading> <p> Apart from the IDE version of the EZ drive, these are all SCSI devices, so the should all look like SCSI disks to FreeBSD, and the IDE EZ should look like an IDE drive. <label id="jaz"> I'm not sure how well FreeBSD supports changing the media out while running. You will of course need to dismount the drive before swapping media, and make sure that any external units are powered on when you boot the system so FreeBSD can see them. <sect1> <heading>What multi-port serial cards are supported by FreeBSD?</heading> <p> <itemize> <item>AST/4 in shared IRQ mode, <item>ARNET 8 port in shared IRQ mode, <item>BOCA 4/8/16 port cards in shared IRQ mode, <item>Cyclades 8/16 port <Alpha>, <item>Cronyx/Sigfgma multiport sync/async, <item>RISCom/8 multiport card, <item>SCCSI Usenet II in shared IRQ mode, <item>STB 4 port i shared IRQ mode, </itemize> Some unnamed clone cards have also been known to work, especially those that claim to be AST compatible. A Digiboard driver is currently in alpha stage. If you want to test it, take the file in <url url="ftp://freefall.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/incoming" name="the incoming directory"> Check the <tt/sio(4)/ man page to get more information on configuring such cards. <sect1> <heading>Does FreeBSD support Adaptec's AHA-2xxx SCSI adapters?</heading> <p> FreeBSD supports the AHA-2xxx line of adapters. The GPL portions of the old drivers have been re-written and they are now fully under the Berkeley style copyright. However, the 2920 is <bf /not/ currently supported. <sect1> <heading>I have a Mumbleco bus mouse. How do I set it up?</heading> <p> FreeBSD supports the Logitech and ATI Inport bus mice. You need to add the following line to the kernel config file and recompile for the Logitech and ATI mice: <verb> device mse0 at isa? port 0x23c tty irq5 vector mseintr </verb> <sect1> <heading>I have a PS/2 mouse (``keyboard'' mouse) How do I use it?<label id="ps2mouse"></heading> <p> You'll have to add the following lines to your kernel configuration file and recompile: <verb> device psm0 at isa? port "IO_KBD" conflicts tty irq 12 vector psmintr # Options for psm: options PSM_CHECKSYNC #checks the header byte for sync. </verb> <p> See the <url url="../handbook/kernelconfig.html" name="Handbook entry on configuring the kernel"> if you've no experience with building kernels. Once you have a kernel detecting psm0 correctly at boot time, make sure that an entry for psm0 exists in /dev. You can do this by typing: <verb> cd /dev; sh MAKEDEV psm0 </verb> When logged in as root. <sect1> <heading>I have a laptop with a track-ball mouse.</heading> <p> Please refer to <ref id="ps2mouse" name="the answer to the previous question">. And check out <ref id="pao" name="this note"> on the Mobile Computing page. <sect1> <heading>What types of tape drives are supported under FreeBSD?</heading> <p> FreeBSD supports SCSI, QIC-02 and QIC-40/80 (Floppy based) tape drives. This includes 8-mm (aka Exabyte) and DAT drives. The QIC-40/80 drives are known to be slow. Some of the early 8-mm drives are not quite compatible with SCSI-2, and may not work well with FreeBSD. <sect1> <heading>What sound cards are supported by FreeBSD?</heading> <p> FreeBSD supports the SoundBlaster, SoundBlaster Pro, SoundBlaster 16, Pro Audio Spectrum 16, AdLib and Gravis UltraSound sound cards. There is also limited support for MPU-401 and compatible MIDI cards. The SoundBlaster 16 ASP cards are not yet supported. The Microsoft Sound System is also supported. <bf/NOTE/ This is only for sound! This driver does not support CD-ROMs, SCSI or joysticks on these cards. <sect1> <heading>What network cards does FreeBSD support?</heading> <p> There is support for the following cards: <descrip> <tag/``de'' driver/ DEC DC21x40 and compatible PCI controllers<newline> (including 21140 100bT cards) <newline> <tag/``ed'' driver/ NE2000 and 1000<newline> WD/SMC 8003, 8013 and Elite Ultra (8216)<newline> 3Com 3c503 <newline> HP 27247B and 27252A <newline> And clones of the above <newline> <tag/``le'' driver/ DEC EtherWORKS II and EtherWORKS III controllers. <newline> <tag/``ie'' driver/ AT&T EN100/StarLAN 10 <newline> 3COM 3c507 Etherlink 16/TP<newline> NI5210 <newline> <tag/``is'' driver/ Isolan AT 4141-0 <newline> Isolink 4110 <newline> <tag/``el'' driver/ 3com 3c501 (does not support Multicast or DMA) <tag/``eg'' driver/ 3com 3c505 Etherlink/+ <tag/``ze'' driver/ IBM PCMCIA credit card adapter <tag/``lnc'' drive/ Lance/PCnet cards (Isolan, Novell NE2100, NE32-VL)(*) <tag/``ep'' driver/ 3com 3c509 (Must disable PNP support on card) <tag/``ix'' driver/ Intel InterExpress <tag/``cx'' driver/ Cronyx/Sigma multiport Sync/Async (Cisco and PPP framing) <tag/``zp'' driver/ 3Com PCMCIA Etherlink III (aka 3c589) <tag/``fea'' driver/ DEC DEFEA EISA FDDI controller <tag/``fpa'' driver/ DEC DEFPA PCI FDDI controller <tag/``fe'' driver/ Fujitsu MB86960A/MB86965A Ethernet cards </descrip> <bf/NOTE/ PCMCIA Ethernet cards from IBM and National Semiconductor. <bf/NOTE/ Drivers marked with (*) are known to have problems. <bf/NOTE/ We also support TCP/IP over parallel lines. At this point we are incompatible with other versions, but we hope to correct this in the near future. <bf/NOTE/ Some of these cards require a DOS partition on your hard drive to run the configuration software. Software configured cards may also need to be hard-reset after running another operating system that uses manufacturer-supplied drivers. <sect1> <heading>I don't have a math co-processor.</heading> <p> <tt /Note/ This will only affect 386/486SX/486SLC owners - other machines will have one built into the CPU. <p> In general this will not cause any problems, but there are circumstances where you will take a hit, either in performance or accuracy of the math emulation code (see the section <ref id="emul" name="on FP emulation">). In particular, drawing arcs in X will be VERY slow. It is highly recommended that you buy a math co-processor; it's well worth it. <bf/NOTE/ Some math co-processors are better than others. It pains us to say it, but nobody ever got fired for buying Intel. Unless you're sure it works with FreeBSD, beware of clones. <sect1> <heading>What other devices does 2.X support?</heading> <p> Here is a listing of drivers that do not fit into any of the above areas. <descrip> <tag><tt/b004.c/</tag> Driver for B004 compatible Transputer boards <newline> <tag>``ctx'' driver</tag> Driver for CORTEX-I Frame grabber <newline> <tag>``gp'' driver</tag> Driver for National Instruments AT-GPIB and<newline> AT-GPIB/TNT boards <tag>``pca'' driver</tag> Driver for PC speakers to allow the playing of audio files <tag>``spigot'' driver</tag> Driver for the Creative Labs Video Spigot <tag>``gsc'' driver</tag> Driver for the Genuis GS-4500 Hand scanner <tag>``joy'' driver</tag> Driver for a joystick <tag/``labpc'' driver/ Driver for National Instrument's Lab-PC and Lab-PC+ <tag/``uart'' driver/ Stand-alone 6850 UART for MIDI <tag/``nic'' driver/ Dr Neuhaus NICCY 3008, 3009 & 5000 ISDN cards <tag/``psm'' driver/ PS/2 mouse port <tag><tt/tw.c/</tag> Driver for the X-10 POWERHOUSE <newline> </descrip> <!-- <sect1> <heading>I am about to buy a new machine. What do you recommend?</heading> <p> See the <url url="../handbook/hw.html" name="hardware section"> of the handbook. --> <sect1> <heading>I have a lap-top with power management.</heading> <p> FreeBSD supports APM on certain machines. Please look in the <tt/LINT/ kernel config file under <tt/APM/. <sect1> <heading>FreeBSD does not recognise my Bustek 742a EISA SCSI.</heading> <p> This info is specific to the 742a but may also cover other Buslogic cards. (Bustek = Buslogic) There are 2 general ``versions'' of the 742a card. They are hardware revisions A-G, and revisions H - onwards. The revision letter is located after the Assembly number on the edge of the card. The 742a has 2 ROM chips on it, one is the BIOS chip and the other is the Firmware chip. FreeBSD doesn't care what version of BIOS chip you have but it does care about what version of firmware chip. Buslogic will send upgrade ROMS out if you call their tech support dept. The BIOS and Firmware chips are shipped as a matched pair. You must have the most current Firmware ROM in your adapter card for your hardware revision. The REV A-G cards can only accept BIOS/Firmware sets up to 2.41/2.21. The REV H- up cards can accept the most current BIOS/Firmware sets of 4.70/3.37. The difference between the firmware sets is that the 3.37 firmware supports ``round robin'' The Buslogic cards also have a serial number on them. If you have a old hardware revision card you can call the Buslogic RMA department and give them the serial number and attempt to exchange the card for a newer hardware revision. If the card is young enough they will do so. FreeBSD 2.1 only supports Firmware revisions 2.21 onward. If you have a Firmware revision older than this your card will not be recognized as a Buslogic card. It may be recognized as an Adaptec 1540, however. The early Buslogic firmware contains an AHA1540 ``emulation'' mode. This is not a good thing for an EISA card, however. If you have an old hardware revision card and you obtain the 2.21 firmware for it, you will need to check the position of jumper W1 to B-C, the default is A-B. The 742a EISA cards never had the ``>16MB'' problem mentioned in the section <ref id="bigram" name="on >16 MB machines">. This is a problem that occurs with the Vesa-Local Buslogic SCSI cards. <sect1> <heading>FreeBSD does not recognise my on-board AIC-7xxx EISA SCSI in an HP Netserver</heading> <p> This is basically a known problem. The EISA on-board SCSI controller in the HP Netserver machines occupies EISA slot number 11, so all the ``true'' EISA slots are in front of it. Alas, the address space for EISA slots >= 10 collides with the address space assigned to PCI, and FreeBSD's auto-configuration currently cannot handle this situation very well. So now, the best you can do is to pretend there were no address range clash :), by bumping the kernel option <tt/EISA_SLOTS/ to a value of 12. Configure and compile a kernel, as described in the <url url="http://www.freebsd.org/handbook/kernelconfig.html" name="Handbook entry on configuring the kernel">. Of course, this does present you a chicken-and-egg problem when installing on such a machine. In order to work around this problem, a special hack is available inside <em>UserConfig</em>. Do not use the ``visual'' interface, but the plain command-line interface there. Simply type <verb> eisa 12 quit </verb> at the prompt, and install your system as usual. While it's recommendable to compile and install a custom kernel anyway, <tt/dset(8)/ now also understands to save this value. Hopefully, future version will have a proper fix for this problem. <sect1> <heading>What's up with this CMD640 IDE controller?</heading> <p>It's broken. It cannot handle commands on both channels simultaneously. <p>There's a workaround available now, but as of FreeBSD 2.2, we felt it was still not long enough in the source tree to shake out any potential bugs. Hence it is disabled by default. To enable it, you have to reconfigure and recompile your kernel with <verb> options "CMD640" </verb> in the config file. <p>In order to install the system, you must however ensure that only one channel of this controller will be used. Don't forget about ATAPI CD-ROM drives here -- if you are using one, it must be the slave on the primary channel. Once your new kernel is in place, you can rearrange the machine as you like. <p>The workaround is likely to be enabled by default in future versions. <sect> <heading>Commercial Applications</heading> <p> <bf/NOTE/ This section is still very sparse, though we're hoping, of course, that companies will add to it! :) The FreeBSD group has no financial interest in any of the companies listed here but simply lists them as a public service (and feels that commercial interest in FreeBSD can have very positive effects on FreeBSD's long-term viability). We encourage commercial software vendors to send their entries here for inclusion. <sect1> <heading>Where can I get Motif for FreeBSD?</heading> <p>Contact <url url="http://www.xinside.com" name="X Inside, Inc."> for a Motif v2.0 distribution for FreeBSD 2.1 (tested also with 2.2-current as of May 10, 1996). This distribution includes: <itemize> <item>OSF/Motif manager, xmbind, panner, wsm. <item>Development kit with uil, mrm, xm, xmcxx, include and Imake files. <item>Static and dynamic libraries. <item>Demonstration applets. <item>Preformatted man pages. </itemize> <p>Be sure to specify that you want the FreeBSD version of Motif when ordering! Versions for BSDI and Linux are also sold by <em>X Inside.</em></p> <sect1> <heading>Are there any commercial high-performance X servers?<label id="xinside"></heading> <p> Yes, <url url="http://www.xinside.com" name="X Inside, Inc."> sells their Accelerated-X product for FreeBSD and other Intel based systems. This high performance X Server offers easy configuration, support for multiple concurrent video boards and is distributed in binary form only. Price is $99.50 (promotional price for Linux/FreeBSD version) for the 1.1 version, which is available now. This product is for FreeBSD 1.1 and runs under 2.0 with the FreeBSD 1.1 compatibility libs (``<tt/compat1xdist/''). <descrip> <tag/More info/ <url url="http://www.xinside.com/" name="X inside WWW page"> <tag/or/ <url url="ftp://ftp.xinside.com/accelx/1.1/prodinfo.txt" name="Products information"> <tag/or/ <url url="mailto:info@xinside.com" name="Info E-mail address"> <tag/or/ phone +1 (303) 298-7478. </descrip> <sect1> <heading>Are there any Database systems for FreeBSD?</heading> <p> Yes! Conetic Software Systems has ported their C/base and C/books database systems to FreeBSD 2.0.5 and higher. <descrip> <tag/For more information/ <url url="http://www.conetic.com/" name="Conetic Software Systems"> <tag/or mail/ <url url="mailto:info@conetic.com" name="Information E-mail address"> </descrip> <sect1> <heading>Any other applications I might be interested in?</heading> <p> RenderMorphics, Ltd. sells a high-speed 3D rendering package for FreeBSD called ``Reality Lab'' (tm). Send email to <url url="mailto:info@render.com" name="info@render.com"> or call: +44(0)71-251-4411 / FAX: +44(0)71-251-0939 This package is also for FreeBSD 1.1.5 but has been tested and shown to run under FreeBSD 2.0 with the ``<tt/compat1xdist/'' installed. Thanks must be extended to all of these companies for showing enough faith in FreeBSD to port their products to it. While we get no direct benefit from the sales of these products, the indirect benefits of FreeBSD proving itself to be a successful platform for such commercial interests will be immense! We wish these companies every measure of success, and can only hope that others are encouraged to follow suit. </sect1> <sect> <heading>User Applications</heading> <sect1> <heading>I want to run X, how do I go about it?</heading> <p> First, get the XFree86(tm) distribution of X11R6 from <tt/XFree86.cdrom.com/ The version you want for FreeBSD 2.X and later is <tt/XFree86 3.1.1/. Follow the instructions for installation carefully. You may then wish to read the documentation for the <tt/ConfigXF86/ tool, which assists you in configuring XFree86(tm) for your particular graphics card/mouse/etc. You may also wish to investigate the Xaccel server, which is available at a very reasonable price. See section <ref id="xinside" name="on Xaccel"> for more details. <sect1> <heading>ghostscript gives lots of errors with my 386/486SX.<label id="emul"></heading> <p> You don't have a math co-processor, right? You will need to add the alternative math emulator to your kernel; you do this by adding the following to your kernel config file and it will be compiled in. <verb> options GPL_MATH_EMULATE </verb> <bf/NOTE/ You will need to remove the <tt/MATH_EMULATE/ option when you do this. <sect1> <heading>Is there an easy way to get hold of applications?</heading> <p> Yes. We support the concept of a ``package'', which is essentially a gzipped binary distribution with a little extra intelligence embedded in it for doing any custom installation work required. Packages can also be installed or uninstalled again easily without having to know the gory details. CDROM people will have a <tt>packages/</tt> directory on their CD, others can get the currently available packages from: <url url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/packages" name="FreeBSD's packages"> Note that all ports may not be available as packages, and that new packages are constantly being added. It is always a good idea to check periodically to see which packages are available. A <tt/README/ file in the packages directory provides more details on the care and feeding of the package software, so no explicit details will be given here. <sect1> <heading>When I run a SCO/iBCS2 application, it bombs on <tt/socksys/.</heading> <p> You first need to edit the <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt> in the last section to change the following variable to <tt/YES/: <code> # Set to YES if you want ibcs2 (SCO) emulation loaded at startup ibcs2=NO </code> It will load the <tt/ibcs2/ kernel module at startup. You'll then need to set up /compat/ibcs2/dev to look like: <code> lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 9 Oct 15 22:20 X0R@ -> /dev/null lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 7 Oct 15 22:20 nfsd@ -> socksys -rw-rw-r-- 1 root wheel 0 Oct 28 12:02 null lrwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel 9 Oct 15 22:20 socksys@ -> /dev/null crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 41, 1 Oct 15 22:14 spx </code> You just need socksys to go to <tt>/dev/null</tt> to fake the open & close. The code in -current will handle the rest. This is much cleaner than the way it was done before. If you want the <tt/spx/ driver for a local socket X connection, define <tt/SPX_HACK/ when you compile the system. <sect1> <heading>How do I configure INN (Internet News) for my machine?</heading> <p>After installing the inn package or port, the <url url="http://www.math.psu.edu/barr/INN.html" name="Dave Barr's INN Page"> where you'll find the INN FAQ may be an excellent place to start. <sect> <heading>Miscellaneous Questions</heading> <p> <sect1> <heading>Why does FreeBSD consume far more swap space than Linux?</heading> <p> It doesn't. You might mean ``why does my swap seem full?''. If that is what you really meant, it's because putting stuff in swap rather than discarding it makes it faster to recover than if the pager had to go through the file system to pull in clean (unmodified) blocks from an executable. The actual amount of dirty pages that you can have in core at once is not reduced; the clean pages are displaced as necessary. <sect1> <heading>How can I add more swap space?</heading> <p>The best way is to increase the size of your swap partition, or take advantage of this convenient excuse to add another disk (and see <ref id="swap" name="this note"> if you do), but <bf/Werner Griessl/ has provided these instructions for setting FreeBSD up for swapping to a file: <p>Here is an example for 64Mb vn-swap (<tt>/usr/swap0</tt>) <p> <enum> <item> create a vn-device <verb> cd /dev; sh ./MAKEDEV vn0 </verb> <item> create a swapfile (<tt>/usr/swap0</tt>) <verb> dd if=/dev/zero of=/usr/swap0 bs=1024k count=64 </verb> <item> put into /etc/rc.local the line <verb> vnconfig -ce /dev/vn0c /usr/swap0 swap </verb> <item> reboot the machine </enum> <p> You must also have a kernel with the line <verb> pseudo-device vn #Vnode driver (turns a file into a device) </verb> in your config-file. </sect1> <sect1> <heading>Why doesn't chmod change the permissions on symlinks?</heading> <p> You have to use either ``<tt/-H/'' or ``<tt/-L/'' together with the ``<tt/-R/'' option to make this work. See the <tt/chmod(1)/ and <tt/symlink(7)/ man pages for more info. <bf/WARNING/ the ``<tt/-R/'' option does a <bf/RECURSIVE/ <tt/chmod/. Be careful about specifying directories or symlinks to directories to <tt/chmod/. If you want to change the permissions of a directory referenced by a symlink, use <tt/chmod(1)/ without any options and follow the symlink with a trailing slash (``<tt>/</tt>''). For example, if ``<tt/foo/'' is a symlink to directory ``<tt/bar/'', and you want to change the permissions of ``<tt/foo/'' (actually ``<tt/bar/''), you would do something like: <verb> chmod 555 foo/ </verb> With the trailing slash, <tt/chmod/ will follow the symlink, ``<tt/foo/'', to change the permissions of the directory, ``<tt/bar/''. <sect1> <heading>When I mount a CDROM, I get ``Incorrect super block''.</heading> <p> You have to tell <tt/mount(8)/ the type of the device that you want to mount. By default, <tt/mount(8)/ will assume the filesystem is of type ``<tt/ufs/''. You want to mount a CDROM filesystem, and you do this by specifying the ``<tt/-t cd9660/'' option to <tt/mount(8)/. This does, of course, assume that the CDROM contains an ISO 9660 filesystem, which is what most CDROMs have. As of 1.1R, FreeBSD automatically understands the Rock Ridge (long filename) extensions as well. As an example, if you want to mount the CDROM device, ``<tt>/dev/cd0c</tt>'', under <tt>/mnt</tt>, you would execute: <verb> mount -t cd9660 /dev/cd0c /mnt </verb> Note that your device name (``<tt>/dev/cd0c</tt>'' in this example) could be different, depending on the CDROM interface. Note that the ``<tt/-t cd9660/'' option just causes the ``<tt/mount_cd9660/'' command to be executed, and so the above example could be shortened to: <verb> mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0c /mnt </verb> <sect1> <heading>When I mount a CDROM, I get ``Device not configured''.</heading> <p> This generally means that there is no CDROM in the CDROM drive, or the drive is not visible on the bus. Feed the drive something, and/or check its master/slave status if it is IDE (ATAPI). It can take a couple of seconds for a CDROM drive to notice that it's been fed, so be patient. Sometimes a SCSI CD-ROM may be missed because it hadn't enough time to answer the bus reset. In you have a SCSI CD-ROM please try to add the following symbol into your kernel configuration file and recompile. <verb> options "SCSI_DELAY=15" </verb> <sect1> <heading>How do I mount a secondary DOS partition?</heading> <p> The secondary DOS partitions are found after ALL the primary partitions. For example, if you have an "E" partition as the second DOS partition on the second SCSI drive, you need to create the special files for "slice 5" in /dev, then mount /dev/sd1s5: <verb> % cd /dev % ./MAKEDEV sd1s5 % mount -t msdos /dev/sd1s5 /dos/e </verb> <sect1> <heading>Can I mount other foreign filesystems under FreeBSD?</heading> <p> <bf/ Digital UNIX/ UFS CDROMs can be mounted directly on FreeBSD. Mounting disk partitions from Digital UNIX and other systems that support UFS may be more complex, depending on the details of the disk partitioning for the operating system in question. <p> <bf/ Linux/: 2.2 and later have support for <bf/ext2fs/ partitions. See mount_ext2fs(8) for more information. Any other information on this subject would be appreciated. <sect1> <heading>How can I use the NT loader to boot FreeBSD?</heading> <p> The general idea is that you copy the first sector of your native root FreeBSD or Linux partition into a file in the DOS/NT partition. Assuming you name that file something like <tt>c:\bootsect.bsd</tt> or <tt>c:\bootsect.lnx</tt> (inspired by <tt>c:\bootsect.dos</tt>) you can then edit the <tt>c:\boot.ini</tt> file to come up with something like this: <verb> [boot loader] timeout=30 default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS [operating systems] multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Windows NT" C:\BOOTSECT.BSD="FreeBSD" C:\BOOTSECT.LNX="Linux" C:\="DOS" </verb> This procedure assumes that DOS, NT, Linux, FreeBSD, or whatever have been installed into their respective fdisk partitions on the <bf/same/ disk. In my case DOS & NT are in the first fdisk partition, FreeBSD in the second, and Linux in the third. I also installed FreeBSD and Linux to boot from their native partitions, not the disk MBR, and without delay. Mount a DOS-formatted floppy (if you've converted to NTFS) or the FAT partition, under, say, <tt>/mnt</tt>. In FreeBSD: <verb> dd if=/dev/rsd0a of=/mnt/bootsect.bsd bs=512 count=1 </verb> In Linux: <verb> dd if=/dev/sda2 of=/mnt/bootsect.lnx bs=512 count=1 </verb> Reboot into DOS or NT. NTFS users copy the <tt/bootsect.bsd/ and/or the <tt/bootsect.lnx/ file from the floppy to <tt/C:\/. Modify the attributes (permissions) on <tt/boot.ini/ with: <verb> attrib -s -r c:\boot.ini </verb> Edit to add the appropriate entries from the example <tt/boot.ini/ above, and restore the attributes: <verb> attrib -r -s c:\boot.ini </verb> If FreeBSD or Linux are booting from the MBR, restore it with the DOS ``<tt>fdisk /mbr</tt>'' command after you reconfigure them to boot from their native partitions. <sect1> <heading>My printer is ridiculously slow. What can I do ?</heading> <p> If it's parallel, and the only problem is that it's terribly slow, try setting your printer port into ``polled'' mode: <verb> lptcontrol -p </verb> Some newer HP printers are claimed not to work correctly in interrupt mode, apparently due to some (not yet exactly understood) timing problem. <sect1> <heading>Can I run DOS binaries under FreeBSD?</heading> <p> Not yet, though BSDI has just donated their <tt/rundos/ DOS emulation subsystem which we're now working on integrating and enhancing. Send mail to <url url="mailto:emulation@freebsd.org" name="The FreeBSD emulation discussion list"> if you're interested in joining this effort! For now, there is a neat utility called ``<tt/pcemu/'' in the ports collection which emulates an 8088 and enough BIOS services to run DOS text mode applications. It requires the X Window System (provided as XFree86 3.1.2). <sect1> <heading>My programs occasionally die with ``Signal 11'' errors.</heading> <p> This can be caused by bad hardware (memory, motherboard, etc.). Try running a memory-testing program on your PC. Note that, even though every memory testing program you try will report your memory as being fine, it's possible for slightly marginal memory to pass all memory tests, yet fail under operating conditions (such as during busmastering DMA from a SCSI controller like the Adaptec 1542). Often the guilty party is bad cache RAM or a bad on-board cache controller. Try disabling the on-board (secondary) cache in the BIOS setup and see if that solves the problem. You may have to run with no on-board cache. This isn't a disaster, but it's certainly less than ideal. <sect1> <heading>Help! X Window menus and dialog boxes don't work right!</heading> <p> Try turning off the Num Lock key. If your Num Lock key is on by default at boot-time, you may add the following line in the ``<tt/Keyboard/'' section of the <tt/XF86config/ file. <verb> # Let the server do the NumLock processing. This should only be required # when using pre-R6 clients ServerNumLock </verb> <sect1> <heading>When I boot, the screen goes black and loses sync!</heading> <p> This is a known problem with the ATI Mach 64 video card. The problem is that this card uses address <tt/2e8/, and the fourth serial port does too. Due to a bug (feature?) in the sio.c driver it will touch this port even if you don't have the fourth serial port, and <bf/even/ if you disable sio3 (the fourth port) which normally uses this address. Until the bug has been fixed, you can use this workaround: <enum> <item> Enter <tt/-c/ at the bootprompt. (This will put the kernel into configuration mode). <item> Disable <tt/sio0/, <tt/sio1/, <tt/sio2/ and <tt/sio3/ (all of them). This way the sio driver doesn't get activated -> no problems. <item> Type exit to continue booting. </enum> If you want to be able to use your serial ports, you'll have to build a new kernel with the following modification: in <tt>/usr/src/sys/i386/isa/sio.c</tt> find the one occurrence of the string <tt/0x2e8/ and remove that string and the preceding comma (keep the trailing comma). Now follow the normal procedure of building a new kernel. Even after applying these workarounds, you may still find that X Window does not work properly. Some newer ATI Mach 64 video cards (notably ATI Mach Xpression) do not run with the current version of <tt/XFree86/; the screen goes black when you start X Window, or it works with strange problems. You can get a beta-version of a new X-server that works better, by looking at <url url="http://www.xfree86.org" name="the XFree86 site"> and following the links to the new beta release. Get the following files: <tt>AccelCards, BetaReport, Cards, Devices, FILES, README.ati, README.FreeBSD, README.Mach64, RELNOTES, VGADriver.Doc, X312BMa64.tgz</tt> Replace the older files with the new versions and make sure you run <tt/xf86config/ again. <sect1> <heading>What is a virtual console?</heading> <p> Virtual consoles, put simply, enable you to have several simultaneous sessions on the same machine without doing anything complicated like setting up a network or running X. <p> When the system starts, it will display a login prompt on the monitor after displaying all the boot messages. You can then type in your login name and password and start working (or playing!) on the first virtual console. <p> At some point, you will probably wish to start another session, perhaps to look at documentation for a program you are running or to read your mail while waiting for an FTP transfer to finish. Just do Alt-F2 (hold down the Alt key and press the F2 key), and you will find a login prompt waiting for you on the second ``virtual console''! When you want to go back to the original session, do Alt-F1. <p> The default FreeBSD installation has three virtual consoles enabled, and Alt-F1, Alt-F2, and Alt-F3 will switch between these virtual consoles. <sect1> <heading>How do I access the virtual consoles from X?</heading> <p> If the console is currently displaying X Window, you can use Ctrl-Alt-F1, etc. to switch to a virtual console. Note, however, that once you've switched away from X Window to a virtual terminal, you use only the Alt- function key to switch to another virtual terminal or back to X Window. You do not also press the Ctrl key; the Ctrl-Alt-function key combination is used only when switching from X Window to a virtual terminal. If you insist on using the control key to switch back to X you can find your text console stuck in ``control-lock'' mode. Tap the control key to wake it up again. <sect1> <heading>How do I increase the number of virtual consoles?</heading> <p> Edit <tt>/etc/ttys</tt> and add entries for ``<tt/ttyv4/'' to ``<tt/ttyvc/'' after the comment on ``Virtual terminals'' (delete the leading whitespace in the following example): <verb> # Edit the existing entry for ttyv3 in /etc/ttys and change # "off" to "on". ttyv3 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv4 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv5 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv6 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv7 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv8 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv9 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyva "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure </verb> Use as many or as few as you want. The more virtual terminals you have, the more resources that are used; this can be important if you have 8MB RAM or less. You may also want to change the ``<tt/secure/'' to ``<tt/insecure/''. <bf/IMPORTANT NOTE/ if you want to run X Window, you <bf/MUST/ leave a virtual terminal unused (or turned off). For example, if you want to attach a virtual terminal to all of your twelve Alt-function keys, you can only attach virtual terminals to eleven of them. The last must be left unused, because X Window System will use it, and you will use the last Alt-function key to switch back to X Window (after you have switched from X Window to a virtual console via a Ctrl-Alt-function key). The easiest way to do this is to disable a console by turning it off. For example, if you have a keyboard with twelve function keys, you would change settings for virtual terminal 12 from: <verb> ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure </verb> to: <verb> ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure </verb> If your keyboard has only ten function keys, you would end up with: <verb> ttyv9 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure ttyva "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure </verb> (You could also just delete these lines.) Once you have edited <tt>/etc/ttys</tt>, the next step is to make sure that you have enough virtual terminal devices. The easiest way to do this is: <verb> cd /dev ./MAKEDEV vty12 # For 12 devices </verb> Next, the easiest (and cleanest) way to activate the virtual consoles is to reboot. However, if you really don't want to reboot, you can just shut down the X Window system and execute (as <tt/root/): <verb> kill -HUP 1 </verb> It's imperative that you completely shut down X Window if it is running, before running this command. If you don't, your system will probably appear to hang/lock up after executing the kill command. <sect1> <heading>How do I start XDM from the <tt>/etc/ttys</tt> file ?</heading> <p> Starting xdm via /etc/ttys is a Bad Thing. I don't know why this crept into some README file. Start it from your <tt/rc.local/, and be explicit about how it has to start. If this is your last action in <tt/rc.local/, put a ``<tt/sleep 1/'' behind, to allow <tt/xdm/ to properly daemonize before the <tt/rc/ shell exits. <tt/xdm/ should be started without any arguments (i.e., as a daemon). <bf/NOTE:/ A previos version of this FAQ told you to add the <tt/vt/ you want X to use to the <tt>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers</tt> file. This is not necessary: X will use the first free <tt/vt/ it finds. <sect1> <heading>What is this thing called ``<tt/sup/'', and how do I use it?</heading> <p> SUP stands for Software Update Protocol, and was developed by CMU for keeping their development trees in sync. We used it to keep remote sites in sync with our central development sources. SUP is not bandwidth friendly, and has been retired. The current recommended method to keep your sources up to date is <url url="../handbook/cvsup.html" name="Handbook entry on CVSup"> <sect1> <heading>How cool is FreeBSD?</heading> <p> Q. Has anyone done any temperature testing while running FreeBSD? I know Linux runs cooler than dos, but have never seen a mention of FreeBSD. It seems to run really hot. <p> A. No, but we have done numerous taste tests on blindfolded volunteers who have also had 250 micrograms of LSD-25 administered beforehand. 35% of the volunteers said that FreeBSD tasted sort of orange, whereas Linux tasted like purple haze. Neither group mentioned any particular variances in temperature that I can remember. We eventually had to throw the results of this survey out entirely anyway when we found that too many volunteers were wandering out of the room during the tests, thus skewing the results. I think most of the volunteers are at Apple now, working on their new ``scratch and sniff'' GUI. It's a funny old business we're in! - Seriously, both FreeBSD and Linux uses the ``<tt/HALT/'' + Seriously, both FreeBSD and Linux uses the ``<tt/HLT/'' (halt) instruction when the system is idle thus lowering its energy consumption and therefore the heat it generates. Also if you have APM (automatic power management) configured, then FreeBSD can also put the CPU into a low power mode. <sect1> <heading>Who's scratching in my memory banks??</heading> <p> Q. Is there anything "odd" that FreeBSD does when compiling the kernel which would cause the memory to make a scratchy sound? When compiling (and for a brief moment after recognizing the floppy drive upon startup, as well), a strange scratchy sound emanates from what appears to be the memory banks. <p> A. Yes! You'll see frequent references to ``daemons'' in the BSD documentation, and what most people don't know is that this refers to genuine, non-corporeal entities that now possess your computer. The scratchy sound coming from your memory is actually high-pitched whispering exchanged among the daemons as they best decide how to deal with various system administration tasks. If the noise gets to you, a good ``<tt>fdisk /mbr</tt>'' from DOS will get rid of them, but don't be surprised if they react adversely and try to stop you. In fact, if at any point during the exercise you hear the satanic voice of Bill Gates coming from the built-in speaker, take off running and don't ever look back! Freed from the counterbalancing influence of the BSD daemons, the twin demons of DOS and Windows are often able to re-assert total control over your machine to the eternal damnation of your soul. Given a choice, I think I'd prefer to get used to the scratchy noises, myself! <sect1> <heading>How do I create customized installation disks?</heading> <p> The entire process of creating installation disks and source and binary archives is automated by various targets in <tt>/usr/src/release/Makefile</tt>. The information there should be enough to get you started. However, it should be said that this involves doing a ``make world'' and will therefore take up a lot of time and disk space. <sect1> <heading>``make world'' clobbers my existing installed binaries.</heading> <p> Yes, this is the general idea; as its name might suggest, ``make world'' rebuilds every system binary from scratch, so you can be certain of having a clean and consistent environment at the end (which is why it takes so long). <p> If the environment variable <tt/DESTDIR/ is defined while running ``<tt/make world/'' or ``<tt/make install/'', the newly-created binaries will be deposited in a directory tree identical to the installed one, rooted at <tt>${DESTDIR}</tt>. Some random combination of shared libraries modifications and program rebuilds can cause this to fail in ``<tt/make world/'', however. <sect1> <heading>When my system boots, it says ``(bus speed defaulted)''.</heading> <p> The Adaptec 1542 SCSI host adapters allow the user to configure their bus access speed in software. Previous versions of the 1542 driver tried to determine the fastest usable speed and set the adapter to that. We found that this breaks some users' systems, so you now have to define the ``<tt/TUNE_1542/'' kernel configuration option in order to have this take place. Using it on those systems where it works may make your disks run faster, but on those systems where it doesn't, your data could be corrupted. <sect1> <heading>Can I follow current with limited Internet access?<label id="ctm"></heading> <p> Yes, you can do this <tt /without/ downloading the whole source tree by using the <url url="../handbook/ctm.html" name="CTM facility."> <sect1> <heading>How did you split the distribution up into 240k files?</heading> <p> Newer BSD based systems have a ``<tt/-b/'' option to split that allows them to split files on arbitrary byte boundaries. Here is an example from <tt>/usr/src/Makefile</tt>. <verb> bin-tarball: (cd ${DISTDIR}; \ tar cf - . \ gzip --no-name -9 -c | \ split -b 240640 - \ ${RELEASEDIR}/tarballs/bindist/bin_tgz.) </verb> <sect1> <heading>I've written a kernel extension, who do I send it to?</heading> <p> Please take a look at: <url url="../handbook/submitters.html" name="The Handbook entry on how to submit code."> And thanks for the thought! <sect1> <heading>When I run xconsole, I get ``Couldn't open console''.</heading> <p> If you start X with 'startx', the permissions on /dev/console will <tt /not/ get changed, resulting in things like ``xterm -C'' and ``xconsole'' not working. <p> This is because of the way console permissions are set by default. On a multi-user system, one doesn't necessarily want just any user to be able to write on the system console. For users who are logging directly onto a machine with a VTY, the <tt/fbtab(5)/ file exists to solve such problems. In a nutshell, make sure an uncommented line of the form <verb> /dev/ttyv0 0600 /dev/console </verb> is in <tt>/etc/fbtab</tt> and it will ensure that whomever logs in on <tt>/dev/ttyv0</tt> will own the console. </sect1> <sect1> <heading>How are Plug N Play ISA cards detected and initialised?</heading> <p> By: Frank Durda IV <tt><uhclem@nemesis.lonestar.org></tt> In a nutshell, there a few I/O ports that all of the PnP boards respond to when the host asks if anyone is out there. So when the PnP probe routine starts, he asks if there are any PnP boards present, and all the PnP boards respond with their model # to a I/O read of the same port, so the probe routine gets a wired-OR ``yes'' to that question. At least one bit will be on in that reply. Then the probe code is able to cause boards with board model IDs (assigned by Microsoft/Intel) lower than X to go ``off-line''. It then looks to see if any boards are still responding to the query. If the answer was ``<tt/0/'', then there are no boards with IDs above X. Now probe asks if there are any boards below ``X''. If so, probe knows there are boards with a model numbers below X. Probe then asks for boards greater than X-(limit/4) to go off-line. If repeats the query. By repeating this semi-binary search of IDs-in-range enough times, the probing code will eventually identify all PnP boards present in a given machine with a number of iterations that is much lower than what 2^64 would take. The IDs are two 32-bit fields (hence 2ˆ64) + 8 bit checksum. The first 32 bits are a vendor identifier. They never come out and say it, but it appears to be assumed that different types of boards from the same vendor could have different 32-bit vendor ids. The idea of needing 32 bits just for unique manufacturers is a bit excessive. The lower 32 bits are a serial #, ethernet address, something that makes this one board unique. The vendor must never produce a second board that has the same lower 32 bits unless the upper 32 bits are also different. So you can have multiple boards of the same type in the machine and the full 64 bits will still be unique. The 32 bit groups can never be all zero. This allows the wired-OR to show non-zero bits during the initial binary search. Once the system has identified all the board IDs present, it will reactivate each board, one at a time (via the same I/O ports), and find out what resources the given board needs, what interrupt choices are available, etc. A scan is made over all the boards to collect this information. This info is then combined with info from any ECU files on the hard disk or wired into the MLB BIOS. The ECU and BIOS PnP support for hardware on the MLB is usually synthetic, and the peripherals don't really do geniune PnP. However by examining the BIOS info plus the ECU info, the probe routines can cause the devices that are PnP to avoid those devices the probe code cannot relocate. Then the PnP devices are visited once more and given their I/O, DMA, IRQ and Memory-map address assignments. The devices will then appear at those locations and remain there until the next reboot, although there is nothing that says you can't move them around whenever you want. There is a lot of oversimplification above, but you should get the general idea. Microsoft took over some of the primary printer status ports to do PnP, on the logic that no boards decoded those addresses for the opposing I/O cycles. I found a genuine IBM printer board that did decode writes of the status port during the early PnP proposal review period, but MS said ``tough''. So they do a write to the printer status port for setting addresses, plus that use that address + <tt/0x800/, and a third I/O port for reading that can be located anywhere between <tt/0x200/ and <tt/0x3ff/. <sect1> <heading>My PS/2 mouse doesn't behave properly under X Window.</heading> <p> Your mouse and the mouse driver have somewhat become out of synchronization. Switching away from X to a virtual terminal and getting back to X again may make them re-synchronized. If the problem occurs often, you may add the following option in your kernel configuration file and recompile it. <verb> options PSM_CHECKSYNC </verb> See the section on <ref id="make-kernel" name="building a kernel"> if you've no experience with building kernels. With this option, there should be less chance of synchronization problem between the mouse and the driver. If, however, you still see the problem, click any mouse button while holding the mouse still to re-synchronize the mouse and the driver. Note that unfortunately this option may not work with all the systems and voids the ``tap'' feature of the ALPS GlidePoint device attached to the PS/2 mouse port. <sect> <heading>Kernel Configuration</heading> <p> <sect1> <heading>I'd like to customize my kernel. Is it difficult?<label id="make-kernel"></heading> <p> Not at all! First, you need either the complete <tt/srcdist/ or, at the minimum, the <tt/kerndist/ loaded on your system. This provides the necessary sources for building the kernel, as, unlike most commercial UNIX vendors, we have a policy of <bf/NOT/ shipping our kernel code in binary object form. Shipping the source takes a bit more space, but it also means that you can refer to the actual kernel sources in case of difficulty or to further your understanding of what's <bf/really/ happening. Once you have the <tt/kerndist/ or <tt/srcdist/ loaded, do this: <enum> <item> <tt>cd /usr/src/sys/i386/conf</tt> <item> <tt/cp GENERIC MYKERNEL/ <item> <tt/vi MYKERNEL/ <item> <tt/config MYKERNEL/ <item> <tt>cd ../../compile/MYKERNEL</tt> <item> <tt/make depend/ <item> <tt/make all/ <item> <tt/make install/ <item> <tt/reboot/ </enum> Step 2 may not be necessary if you already have a kernel configuration file from a previous release of FreeBSD 2.X. - simply bring your old one over and check it carefully for any drivers that may have changed boot syntax or been rendered obsolete. A good kernel config file to look into is <tt/LINT/, which contains entries for <bf/all/ possible kernel options and documents them fairly well. The <tt/GENERIC/ kernel config file is used to build the initial release you probably loaded (unless you upgraded in-place) and contains entries for the most common configurations. It's a pretty good place to start from. If you don't need to make any changes to <tt/GENERIC/, you can also skip step 3, where you customize the kernel for your configuration. Step 8 should only be undertaken if steps 6 and 7 succeed. This will copy the new kernel image to <tt>/kernel</tt> and <bf/BACK UP YOUR OLD ONE IN/ <tt>/kernel.old</tt>! It's very important to remember this in case the new kernel fails to work for some reason - you can still select <tt>/kernel.old</tt> at the boot prompt to boot the old one. When you reboot, the new kernel will boot by default. If the compile in step 7 falls over for some reason, then it's recommended that you start from step 4 but substitute <tt/GENERIC/ for <tt/MYKERNEL/. If you can generate a <tt/GENERIC/ kernel, then it's likely something in your special configuration file that's bad (or you've uncovered a bug!). If the build of the <tt/GENERIC/ kernel does <bf/NOT/ succeed, then it's very likely that your sources are somehow corrupted. Finally, if you need to see your original boot messages again to compile a new kernel that's better tailored to your hardware, try the <tt/dmesg(8)/ command. It should print out all the boot-time messages printed by your old kernel, some of which may be quite helpful in configuring the new one. <bf/NOTE:/ I recommend making a dated snapshot of your kernel in <tt/kernel.YYMMDD/ after you get it all working, that way if you do something dire the next time you play with your configuration you can boot that kernel instead of having to go all the way back to <tt/kernel.GENERIC/. This is particularly important if you're now booting off a controller that isn't supported in the GENERIC kernel (yes, personal experience). <sect1> <heading>My kernel compiles fail because <tt/_hw_float/ is missing.</heading> <p> Let me guess. You removed <tt/npx0/ from your kernel configuration file because you don't have a math co-processor, right? Wrong! :-) The <tt/npx0/ is <bf/MANDATORY/. Even if you don't have a mathematic co-processor, you <bf/must/ include the <tt/npx0/ device. <sect1> <heading>Interrupt conflicts with multi-port serial code.</heading> <p> Q. When I compile a kernel with multi-port serial code, it tells me that only the first port is probed and the rest skipped due to interrupt conflicts. How do I fix this? <p> A. The problem here is that FreeBSD has code built-in to keep the kernel from getting trashed due to hardware or software conflicts. The way to fix this is to leave out the IRQ settings on all but one port. Here is a example: <verb> # # Multiport high-speed serial line - 16550 UARTS # device sio2 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty irq 5 flags 0x501 vector siointr device sio3 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr device sio4 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr device sio5 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x501 vector siointr </verb> <sect1> <heading>How do I enable support for QIC-40/80 drives?</heading> <p> You need to uncomment the following line in the generic config file (or add it to your config file), add a ``<tt/flags 0x1/'' on the <tt/fdc/ line and recompile. <verb> controller fdc0 at isa? port "IO_FD1" bio irq 6 drq 2 flags 0x1 vector fdintr disk fd0 at fdc0 drive 0 ^^^^^^^^^ disk fd1 at fdc0 drive 1 #tape ft0 at fdc0 drive 2 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ </verb> Next, you create a device called <tt>/dev/ft0</tt> by going into <tt>/dev</tt> and run the following command: <verb> sh MAKEDEV ft0 </verb> for the first device. <tt/ft1/ for a second one and so on. You will have a device called <tt>/dev/ft0</tt>, which you can write to through a special program to manage it called ``<tt/ft/'' - see the man page on <tt/ft/ for further details. Versions previous to <tt/-current/ also had some trouble dealing with bad tape media; if you have trouble where <tt/ft/ seems to go back and forth over the same spot, try grabbing the latest version of <tt/ft/ from <tt>/usr/src/sbin/ft</tt> in <tt/-current/ and try that. <sect1> <heading>Does FreeBSD support System V IPC primitives?</heading> <p> Yes, FreeBSD supports System V-style IPC. This includes shared memory, messages and semaphores. You need to add the following lines to your kernel config to enable them. <verb> options SYSVSHM options "SHMMAXPGS=64" # 256Kb of sharable memory options SYSVSEM # enable for semaphores options SYSVMSG # enable for messaging </verb> Recompile and install. <bf/NOTE:/ You may need to increase SHMMAXPGS to some ridiculous number like 4096 (16M!) if you want to run GIMP. 256Kb is plenty for X11R6 shared memory. <sect1> <heading>I have 128 MB of RAM but the system only uses 64 MB.<label id="reallybigram"></heading> <p> Due to the manner in which FreeBSD gets the memory size from the BIOS, it can only detect 16 bits worth of Kbytes in size (65535 Kbytes = 64MB). If you have more than 64MB, FreeBSD will only see the first 64MB. To work around this problem, you need to use the kernel option specified below. There is a way to get complete memory information from the BIOS, but we don't have room in the bootblocks to do it. Someday when lack of room in the bootblocks is fixed, we'll use the extended BIOS functions to get the full memory information...but for now we're stuck with the kernel option. <code> options "MAXMEM=<n>" </code> Where <tt/n/ is your memory in Kilobytes. For a 128 MB machine, you'd want to use <tt/131072/ <sect1> <heading>FreeBSD 2.0 panics with ``kmem_map too small!''</heading> <p> <tt /Note/ The message may also be ``mb_map too small!'' <p> The panic indicates that the system ran out of virtual memory for network buffers (specifically, mbuf clusters). You can increase the amount of VM available for mbuf clusters by adding: <code> options "NMBCLUSTERS=<n>" </code> to your kernel config file, where <n> is a number in the range 512-4096, depending on the number of concurrent TCP connections you need to support. I'd recommend trying 2048 - this should get rid of the panic completely. You can monitor the number of mbuf clusters allocated/in use on the system with <tt/netstat -m/. <sect1> <heading>Will FreeBSD ever support other architectures?</heading> <p> Several different groups have expressed interest in working on multi-architecture support for FreeBSD. If you are interested in doing so, please contact the developers at <tt><platforms@FreeBSD.ORG></tt> for more information on our strategy for porting. <sect1> <heading>I need a major number for a device driver I've written.</heading> <p> This depends on whether or not you plan on making the driver publicly available. If you do, then please send us a copy of the driver source code, plus the appropriate modifications to <tt>files.i386</tt>, a sample configuration file entry, and the appropriate <tt>MAKEDEV</tt> code to create any special files your device uses. If you do not, or are unable to because of licensing restrictions, then character major number 32 and block major number 8 have been reserved specifically for this purpose; please use them. In any case, we'd appreciate hearing about your driver on <tt><hackers@FreeBSD.ORG></tt>. </sect1> <sect> <heading>System Administration</heading> <sect1> <heading>Where are the system start-up configuration files?</heading> <p> As of 2.0.5R, the primary configuration file is <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt>. All the options are to be specified in this one and the other one (<tt>/etc/rc</tt> and <tt>/etc/netstart</tt>) just include it. Look in the <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt> file and change the value to match your system. This file is filled with comments to show what to put in there. The <tt>/etc/rc.local</tt> is here as always and is the place to put additional services like <tt/INN/ or a <tt/http/ server. The <tt>/etc/rc.serial</tt> is for serial port initialization (e.g. locking the port characteristics, and so on.). The <tt>/etc/rc.i386</tt> is for Intel-specifics setting like the iBCS2 emulation. Starting with 2.1.0R, you can have "local" startup files in a directory specified in <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt>: <verb> # Location of local startup files. local_startup=/usr/local/etc/rc.local.d </verb> Each file ending in <tt/.sh/ will be executed in alphabetic order. If you want to have a proper order without changing all the file names, you can use a scheme similar to the following with digits prepended to each file name to insure order: <verb> 10news.sh 15httpd.sh 20ssh.sh </verb> It can be seen as ugly (or SysV :-)) but it provides a simple and regular scheme for locally-added packages without resorting to magical editing of <tt>/etc/rc.local</tt>. <sect1> <heading>How do I add a user easily?</heading> <p> Use the <tt/adduser/ command. There is another package called ``<tt/new-account/'' also written in Perl by Ollivier Robert. Ask <tt><roberto@FreeBSD.ORG></tt> about it. It is currently under further development. <sect1> <heading>I'm having problems setting up my printer.</heading> <p> Please have a look at the Handbook entry on printing. It should cover most of your problem. See the <url url="../handbook/printing.html" name="Handbook entry on printing."> </sect1> <sect1> <heading>The keyboard mappings are wrong for my system.</heading> <p> The kbdcontrol program has an option to load a keyboard map file. Under <tt>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps</tt> are a number of map files. Choose the one relevant to your system and load it. <verb> kbdcontrol -l uk.iso </verb> Both the <tt>/usr/share/syscons/keymaps</tt> and the <tt/.kbd/ extension are assumed by <tt/kbdcontrol(1)/. This can be configured in <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt>. See the appropriate comments in this file. In 2.0.5R and later, everything related to text fonts, keyboard mapping is in <tt>/usr/share/examples/syscons</tt>. The following mappings are currently supported: <itemize> <!-- automatically created by `kbdmap -p' --> <item>Brazilian 275 keyboard Codepage 850 <item>Brazilian 275 keyboard ISO-8859-1 <item>Danish Codepage 865 <item>Danish ISO-8859-1 <item>French ISO-8859-1 <item>German Codepage 850 <item>German ISO-8859-1 <item>Italian ISO-8859-1 <item>Japanese 106 <item>Japanese 106x <item>Norwegian ISO-8859-1 <item>Russian Codepage 866 (alternative) <item>Russian koi8-r (shift) <item>Russian koi8-r <item>Spanish ISO-8859-1 <item>Swedish Codepage 850 <item>Swedish ISO-8859-1 <item>United Kingdom Codepage 850 <item>United Kingdom ISO-8859-1 <item>United States of America ISO-8859-1 <item>United States of America dvorak <item>United States of America dvorakx </itemize> </sect1> <sect1> <heading>``CMAP busy panic'' when rebooting with a new kernel.</heading> <p> The logic that attempts to detect an out of data <tt>/var/db/kvm_*.db</tt> files sometimes fails and using a mismatched file can sometimes lead to panics. If this happens, reboot single-user and do: <verb> rm /var/db/kvm_*.db </verb> <sect1> <heading>I can't get user quotas to work properly.</heading> <p> <enum> <item>Don't turn on quotas on '/', <item>Put the quota file on the file system that the quotas are to be enforced on. ie: <verb> FS QUOTA FILE /usr /usr/admin/quotas /home /home/admin/quotas ... </verb> </enum> <sect1> <heading>What's inappropriate about my ccd?</heading> <p> The symptom of this is: <verb> host# ccdconfig -C ccdconfig: ioctl (CCDIOCSET): /dev/ccd0c: Inappropriate file type or format host# </verb> <p> This usually happens when you are trying to concatenate the `c' partitions, which default to type `unused'. The ccd driver requires the underlying partition type to be FS_BSDFFS. Edit the disklabel of the disks you are trying to concatenate and change the types of partitions to `4.2BSD'. <sect1> <heading>Why can't I edit the disklabel on my ccd?</heading> <p> The symptom of this is: <verb> host# disklabel ccd0 (it prints something sensible here, so let's try to edit it) host# disklabel -e ccd0 (edit, save, quit) disklabel: ioctl DIOCWDINFO: No disk label on disk; use "disklabel -r" to install initial label host# </verb> <p> This is because the disklabel returned by ccd is actually a `fake' one that is not really on the disk. You can solve this problem by writing it back explicitly, as in: <verb> host# disklabel ccd0 > /tmp/disklabel.tmp host# disklabel -Rr ccd0 /tmp/disklabel.tmp host# disklabel -e ccd0 (this will work now) </verb> <sect> <heading>Networking</heading> <sect1> <heading>Where can I get information on ``diskless booting''?</heading> <p> ``Diskless booting'' means that the FreeBSD box is booted over a network, and reads the necessary files from a server instead of its hard disk. For full details, please read <url url="../handbook/diskless.html" name="the Handbook entry on diskless booting"> <sect1> <heading>Can a FreeBSD box be used as a dedicated network router?</heading> <p> Internet standards and good engineering practice prohibit us from providing packet forwarding by default in FreeBSD. You can however enable this feature by changing the following variable to <tt/YES/ in <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt>: <verb> # If you want this host to be a gateway, set to YES. gateway=YES </verb> This option will put the <tt/sysctl/ variable <tt/net.inet.ip.forwarding/ to <tt/1/. In most cases, you will also need to run a routing process to tell other systems on your network about your router; FreeBSD comes with the standard BSD routing daemon <tt/routed(8)/, or for more complex situations you may want to try <em/GaTeD/ (available by FTP from <tt/ftp.gated.Merit.EDU/) which supports FreeBSD as of 3_5Alpha7. It is our duty to warn you that, even when FreeBSD is configured in this way, it does not completely comply with the Internet standard requirements for routers; however, it comes close enough for ordinary usage. <sect1> <heading>I want to recompile the latest BIND from ISC. It blows up during the compilation on some types conflicts. What can I do ? </heading> <p> There is a conflict between the ``<tt/cdefs.h/'' file in the distribution and the one shipped with FreeBSD. Just remove <tt>compat/include/sys/cdefs.h</tt>. <sect1> <heading>Can I connect my Win95 box to the Internet via FreeBSD?</heading> <p> Typically, people who ask this question have two PC's at home, one with FreeBSD and one with Win95; the idea is to use the FreeBSD box to connect to the Internet and then be able to access the Internet from the Windows95 box through the FreeBSD box. This is really just a special case of the previous question. There's a useful document available which explains how to set FreeBSD up as a <url url="http://www.ssimicro.com/~jeremyc/ppp.html" name="PPP Dialup Router"> <bf/NOTE:/ This requires having at least two fixed IP addresses available, and possibly three or more, depending on how much work you want to go through to set up the Windows box. As an alternative, if you don't have a fixed IP, you can use one of the private IP subnets and install <bf/proxies/ such as <url url="http://squid.nlanr.net/Squid/" name="SQUID"> and <url url="http://www.tis.com/" name="the TIS firewall toolkit"> on your FreeBSD box. <sect1> <heading>Does FreeBSD support SLIP and PPP?</heading> <p> Yes. See the man pages for <tt/slattach(8)/ and/or <tt/pppd(8)/ if you're using FreeBSD to connect to another site. If you're using FreeBSD as a server for other machines, look at the man page for <tt/sliplogin(8)/. You can also have a look at the SLIP/PPP/Use PPP sections of the handbook in <tt>/usr/share/doc/handbook</tt> or use the following links: <url url="../handbook/slips.html" name="Handbook entry on SLIP (server side)"> <url url="../handbook/slipc.html" name="Handbook entry on SLIP (client side)"> <url url="../handbook/ppp.html" name="Handbook entry on PPP (kernel version)"> <url url="../handbook/userppp.html" name="Handbook entry on PPP (user-mode version)"> <sect1> <heading>I can connect with IJPPP but it doesn't work right!</heading> <p> A possible cause for this is IJPPPs' use of predictor1 compression. One way of determining if you have this problem is to look at your log and if you have protocol errors then this is most likely it. These can be shut off with: <verb> deny pred1 disable pred1 </verb> Use these two before you dial out and it should work. <sect1> <heading>I can't create a <tt>/dev/ed0</tt> device!</heading> <p> In the Berkeley networking framework, network interfaces are only directly accessible by kernel code. Please see the <tt>/etc/netstart</tt> file and the manual pages for the various network programs mentioned there for more information. If this leaves you totally confused, then you should pick up a book describing network administration on another BSD-related operating system; with few significant exceptions, administering networking on FreeBSD is basically the same as on SunOS 4.0 or Ultrix. <sect1> <heading>How can I setup Ethernet aliases?</heading> <p> Add ``<tt/netmask 0xffffffff/'' to your <tt/ifconfig/ command-line like the following: <verb> ifconfig ed0 alias 204.141.95.2 netmask 0xffffffff </verb> <sect1> <heading>How do I get my 3C503 to use the other network port?</heading> <p> If you want to use the other ports, you'll have to specify an additional parameter on the <tt/ifconfig(1)/ command line. The default port is ``<tt/link0/''. To use the AUI port instead of the BNC one, use ``<tt/link2/''. <sect1> <heading>I'm having problems with NFS to/from FreeBSD.</heading> <p> Certain PC network cards are better than others (to put it mildly) and can sometimes cause problems with network intensive applications like NFS. See <url url="../handbook/nfs.html" name="the Handbook entry on NFS"> for more information on this topic. <sect1> <heading>Why can't I NFS-mount from a Linux box?</heading> <p> Some versions of the Linux NFS code only accept mount requests from a privileged port; try <verb> mount -o -P linuxbox:/blah /mnt </verb> <sect1> <heading>Why can't I NFS-mount from a Sun box?</heading> <p> Sun workstations running SunOS 4.X only accept mount requests from a privileged port; try <verb> mount -o -P sunbox:/blah /mnt </verb> <sect1><heading>I'm having problems talking PPP to NeXTStep machines.</heading> <p> Try disabling the TCP extensions in <tt>/etc/sysconfig</tt> by changing the following variable to NO: <verb> tcp_extensions=NO </verb> Xylogic's Annex boxes are also broken in this regard and you must use the above change to connect thru them. <sect1> <heading>How do I enable IP multicast support?</heading> <p> Multicast host operations are fully supported in FreeBSD 2.0 by default. If you want your box to run as a multicast router, you will need to load the <tt/ip_mroute_mod/ loadable kernel module and run <tt/mrouted/. For more information: <verb> Product Description Where --------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------------- faq.txt Mbone FAQ ftp.isi.edu:/mbone/faq.txt imm/immserv IMage Multicast ftp.hawaii.edu:/paccom/imm.src.tar.Z for jpg/gif images. nv Network Video. ftp.parc.xerox.com: /pub/net-reseach/exp/nv3.3alpha.tar.Z vat LBL Visual Audio Tool. ftp.ee.lbl.gov: /conferencing/vat/i386-vat.tar.Z wb LBL White Board. ftp.ee.lbl.gov: /conferencing/wb/i386-wb.tar.Z mmcc MultiMedia Conference ftp.isi.edu: Control program /confctrl/mmcc/mmcc-intel.tar.Z rtpqual Tools for testing the ftp.psc.edu:/pub/net_tools/rtpqual.c quality of RTP packets. vat_nv_record Recording tools for vat ftp.sics.se:archive/vat_nv_record.tar.Z and nv. </verb> </sect1> <sect1> <heading>Which network cards are based on the DEC PCI chipset?</heading> <p> Here is a list compiled by Glen Foster <tt/<gfoster@driver.nsta.org>/: <code> Vendor Model - -------------------------------------------------------- ASUS PCI-L101-TB Accton ENI1203 Cogent EM960PCI Compex ENET32-PCI D-Link DE-530 DEC DE435 Danpex EN-9400P3 JCIS Condor JC1260 Linksys EtherPCI Mylex LNP101 SMC EtherPower 10/100 (Model 9332) SMC EtherPower (Model 8432) TopWare TE-3500P Zynx ZX342 </code> </sect1> <sect1> <heading>Why do I have to use the FQDN for hosts on my site?</heading> <p> You will probably find that the host is actually in a different domain; for example, if you are in foo.bar.edu and you wish to reach a host called ``mumble'' in the bar.edu domain, you will have to refer to it by the fully-qualified domain name, ``mumble.bar.edu'', instead of just ``mumble''. <p> Traditionally, this was allowed by BSD BIND resolvers. However the current version of <em>BIND</em> that ships with FreeBSD no longer provides default abbreviations for non-fully qualified domain names other than the domain you are in. So an unqualified host <tt>mumble</tt> must either be found as <tt>mumble.foo.bar.edu</tt>, or it will be searched for in the root domain. <p> This is different from the previous behaviour, where the search continued across <tt>mumble.bar.edu</tt>, and <tt>mumble.edu</tt>. Have a look at RFC 1535 for why this was considered bad practice, or even a security hole. <p> As a good workaround, you can place the line <p><tt> search foo.bar.edu bar.edu </tt><p> instead of the previous <p><tt> domain foo.bar.edu </tt><p> into your <tt>/etc/resolv.conf</tt>. However, make sure that the search order does not go beyond the ``boundary between local and public administration'', as RFC 1535 calls it. </sect1> <sect1><heading>Sendmail says ``mail loops back to myself''</heading> <p> This is answered in the sendmail FAQ as follows:- <verb> * I'm getting "Local configuration error" messages, such as: 553 relay.domain.net config error: mail loops back to myself 554 <user@domain.net>... Local configuration error How can I solve this problem? You have asked mail to the domain (e.g., domain.net) to be forwarded to a specific host (in this case, relay.domain.net) by using an MX record, but the relay machine doesn't recognize itself as domain.net. Add domain.net to /etc/sendmail.cw (if you are using FEATURE(use_cw_file)) or add "Cw domain.net" to /etc/sendmail.cf. </verb> <p> The sendmail FAQ is in <tt>/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail</tt> and is recommended reading if you want to do any ``tweaking'' of your mail setup. <sect1> <heading>How do I use sendmail for mail delivery with UUCP?</heading> <p> The sendmail configuration that ships with FreeBSD is suited for sites that connect directly to the Internet. Sites that wish to exchange their mail via UUCP must install another sendmail configuration file. <p> Tweaking <tt>/etc/sendmail.cf</tt> manually is considered something for purists. Sendmail version 8 comes with a new approach of generating config files via some <tt>m4</tt> preprocessing, where the actual hand-crafted configuration is on a higher abstraction level. You should use the configuration files under <verb> /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf </verb> If you didn't install your system with full sources, the sendmail config stuff has been broken out into a separate source distribution tarball just for you. Assuming you've got your CD-ROM mounted, do: <verb> cd /usr/src tar -xvzf /cdrom/dists/src/ssmailcf.aa </verb> Don't panic, this is only a few hundred kilobytes in size. The file <tt>README</tt> in the <tt>cf</tt> directory can serve as a basic introduction to m4 configuration. <p> For UUCP delivery, you are best advised to use the <em>mailertable</em> feature. This constitutes a database that sendmail can use to base its routing decision upon. <p> First, you have to create your <tt>.mc</tt> file. The directory <tt>/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf</tt> is the home of these files. Look around, there are already a few examples. Assuming you have named your file <tt>foo.mc</tt>, all you need to do in order to convert it into a valid <tt>sendmail.cf</tt> is: <verb> cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/cf make foo.cf cp foo.cf /etc/sendmail.cf </verb> A typical <tt>.mc</tt> file might look like: <verb> include(`../m4/cf.m4') VERSIONID(`Your version number') OSTYPE(bsd4.4) FEATURE(nodns) FEATURE(nocanonify) FEATURE(mailertable) define(`UUCP_RELAY', your.uucp.relay) define(`UUCP_MAX_SIZE', 200000) MAILER(local) MAILER(smtp) MAILER(uucp) Cw your.alias.host.name Cw youruucpnodename.UUCP </verb> The <em>nodns</em> and <em>nocanonify</em> features will prevent any usage of the DNS during mail delivery. The <em>UUCP_RELAY</em> clause is needed for bizarre reasons, don't ask. Simply put an Internet hostname there that is able to handle .UUCP pseudo-domain addresses; most likely, you will enter the mail relay of your ISP there. <p> Once you've got this, you need this file called <tt>/etc/mailertable</tt>. A typical example of this gender again: <verb> # # makemap hash /etc/mailertable.db < /etc/mailertable # horus.interface-business.de uucp-dom:horus .interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus interface-business.de uucp-dom:if-bus .heep.sax.de smtp8:%1 horus.UUCP uucp-dom:horus if-bus.UUCP uucp-dom:if-bus . uucp-dom:sax </verb> As you can see, this is part of a real-life file. The first three lines handle special cases where domain-addressed mail should not be sent out to the default route, but instead to some UUCP neighbour in order to ``shortcut'' the delivery path. The next line handles mail to the local Ethernet domain that can be delivered using SMTP. Finally, the UUCP neighbours are mentioned in the .UUCP pseudo-domain notation, to allow for a ``uucp-neighbour!recipient'' override of the default rules. The last line is always a single dot, matching everything else, with UUCP delivery to a UUCP neighbour that serves as your universal mail gateway to the world. All of the node names behind the <tt>uucp-dom:</tt> keyword must be valid UUCP neighbours, as you can verify using the command <tt>uuname</tt>. <p> As a reminder that this file needs to be converted into a DBM database file before being usable, the command line to accomplish this is best placed as a comment at the top of the mailertable. You always have to execute this command each time you change your mailertable. <p> Final hint: if you are uncertain whether some particular mail routing would work, remember the <tt>-bt</tt> option to sendmail. It starts sendmail in <em>address test mode</em>; simply enter ``0 '', followed by the address you wish to test for the mail routing. The last line tells you the used internal mail agent, the destination host this agent will be called with, and the (possibly translated) address. Leave this mode by typing Control-D. <verb> j@uriah 191% sendmail -bt ADDRESS TEST MODE (ruleset 3 NOT automatically invoked) Enter <ruleset> <address> > 0 foo@interface-business.de rewrite: ruleset 0 input: foo @ interface-business . de ... rewrite: ruleset 0 returns: $# uucp-dom $@ if-bus $: foo \ < @ interface-business . de > > ^D j@uriah 192% </verb> </sect1> <sect1> <heading>``Permission denied'' for all networking operations.</heading> <p> If you have compiled your kernel with the <tt/IPFIREWALL/ option, you need to be aware that the default policy as of 2.1.7R (this actually changed during 2.1-STABLE development) is to deny all packets that are not explicitly allowed. <p> If you had unintentionally misconfigured your system for firewalling, you can restore network operability by typing the following while logged in as root: <verb> ipfw add 65534 allow all from any to any </verb> For further information on configuring a FreeBSD firewall, see the <url url="../handbook/handbook.html" name="FreeBSD Handbook."> </sect1> <sect> <heading>Serial Communications</heading> <p> This section answers common questions about serial communications with FreeBSD. <sect1> <heading>How do I tell if FreeBSD found my serial ports?</heading> <p> As the FreeBSD kernel boots, it will probe for the serial ports in your system for which the kernel was configured. You can either watch your system closely for the messages it prints or run the command <verb> dmesg | grep sio </verb> after your system's up and running. Here's some example output from the above command: <verb> sio0 at 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 on isa sio0: type 16550A sio1 at 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa sio1: type 16550A </verb> This shows two serial ports. The first is on irq 4, is using port address <tt/0x3f8/, and has a 16550A-type UART chip. The second uses the same kind of chip but is on irq 3 and is at port address <tt/0x2f8/. Internal modem cards are treated just like serial ports---except that they always have a modem ``attached'' to the port. The <tt/GENERIC/ kernel includes support for two serial ports using the same irq and port address settings in the above example. If these settings aren't right for your system, or if you've added modem cards or have more serial ports than your kernel is configured for, just reconfigure your kernel. See section <ref id="make-kernel" name="about building a kernel"> for more details. <sect1> <heading>How do I tell if FreeBSD found my modem cards?</heading> <p> Please refer to the answer to the previous question. <sect1> <heading>I just upgraded to 2.0.5 and my <tt/tty0X/ are missing!</heading> <p> Don't worry, they have been merged with the <tt/ttydX/ devices. You'll have to change any old configuration files you have, though. <sect1> <heading>How do I access the serial ports on FreeBSD?</heading> <p> The third serial port, <tt/sio2/ (known as COM3 in DOS), is on <tt>/dev/cuaa2</tt> for dial-out devices, and on <tt>/dev/ttyd2</tt> for dial-in devices. What's the difference between these two classes of devices? You use <tt/ttydX/ for dial-ins. When opening <tt>/dev/ttydX</tt> in blocking mode, a process will wait for the corresponding <tt/cuaaX/ device to become inactive, and then wait for the carrier detect line to go active. When you open the <tt/cuaaX/ device, it makes sure the serial port isn't already in use by the <tt/ttydX/ device. If the port's available, it ``steals'' it from the <tt/ttydX/ device. Also, the <tt/cuaXX/ device doesn't care about carrier detect. With this scheme and an auto-answer modem, you can have remote users log in and you can still dialout with the same modem and the system will take care of all the conflicts. <sect1> <heading>How do I enable support for a multiport serial card?</heading> <p> Again, the section on kernel configuration provides information about configuring your kernel. For a multiport serial card, place an <tt/sio/ line for each serial port on the card in the kernel configuration file. But place the irq and vector specifiers on only one of the entries. All of the ports on the card should share one irq. For consistency, use the last serial port to specify the irq. Also, specify the <tt/COM_MULTIPORT/ option. The following example is for an AST 4-port serial card on irq 7: <verb> options "COM_MULTIPORT" device sio4 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty flags 0x781 device sio5 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x781 device sio6 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x781 device sio7 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x781 irq 7 vector siointr </verb> The flags indicate that the master port has minor number 7 (<tt/0x700/), diagnostics enabled during probe (<tt/0x080/), and all the ports share an irq (<tt/0x001/). <sect1> <heading>Can FreeBSD handle multiport serial cards sharing irqs?</heading> <p> Not yet. You'll have to use a different irq for each card. <sect1> <heading>How can I set the default serial parameters for a port?</heading> <p> The <tt/ttydX/ (or <tt/cuaaX/) device is the regular device you'll want to open for your applications. When a process opens the device, it'll have a default set of terminal I/O settings. You can see these settings with the command <verb> stty -a -f /dev/ttyd1 </verb> When you change the settings to this device, the settings are in effect until the device is closed. When it's reopened, it goes back to the default set. To make changes to the default set, you can open and adjust the settings of the ``initial state'' device. For example, to turn on <tt/CLOCAL/ mode, 8 bits, and <tt>XON/XOFF</tt> flow control by default for ttyd5, do: <verb> stty -f /dev/ttyid5 clocal cs8 ixon ixoff </verb> A good place to do this is in <tt>/etc/rc.serial</tt>. Now, an application will have these settings by default when it opens <tt/ttyd5/. It can still change these settings to its liking, though. You can also prevent certain settings from being changed by an application by making adjustments to the ``lock state'' device. For example, to lock the speed of <tt/ttyd5/ to 57600 bps, do <verb> stty -f /dev/ttyld5 57600 </verb> Now, an application that opens <tt/ttyd5/ and tries to change the speed of the port will be stuck with 57600 bps. Naturally, you should make the initial state and lock state devices writable only by <tt/root/. The <tt/MAKEDEV/ script does <bf/NOT/ do this when it creates the device entries. <sect1> <heading>How can I enable dialup logins on my modem?</heading> <p> So you want to become an Internet service provider, eh? First, you'll need one or more modems that can auto-answer. Your modem will need to assert carrier-detect when it detects a carrier and not assert it all the time. It will need to hang up the phone and reset itself when the data terminal ready (<tt/DTR/) line goes from on to off. It should probably use <tt>RTS/CTS</tt> flow control or no local flow control at all. Finally, it must use a constant speed between the computer and itself, but (to be nice to your callers) it should negotiate a speed between itself and the remote modem. For many Hayes command-set--compatible modems, this command will make these settings and store them in nonvolatile memory: <verb> AT &C1 &D3 &K3 &Q6 S0=1 &W </verb> See the section <ref id="direct-at" name="on sending AT commands"> below for information on how to make these settings without resorting to an MS-DOS terminal program. Next, make an entry in <tt>/etc/ttys</tt> for the modem. This file lists all the ports on which the operating system will await logins. Add a line that looks something like this: <verb> ttyd1 "/usr/libexec/getty std.57600" dialup on insecure </verb> This line indicates that the second serial port (<tt>/dev/ttyd1</tt>) has a modem connected running at 57600 bps and no parity (<tt/std.57600/, which comes from the file <tt>/etc/gettytab</tt>). The terminal type for this port is ``dialup.'' The port is ``on'' and is ``insecure''---meaning root logins on the port aren't allowed. For dialin ports like this one, use the <tt/ttydX/ entry. It's common practice to use ``dialup'' as the terminal type. Many users set up in their .profile or .login files a prompt for the actual terminal type if the starting type is dialup. The example shows the port as insecure. To become root on this port, you have to login as a regular user, then ``<tt/su/'' to <tt/root/. If you use ``secure'' then <tt/root/ can login in directly. After making modifications to <tt>/etc/ttys</tt>, you need to send a hangup or <tt/HUP/ signal to the <tt/init/ process: <verb> kill -1 1 </verb> This forces the init process to reread <tt>/etc/ttys</tt>. The init process will then start getty processes on all ``on'' ports. You can find out if logins are available for your port by typing <verb> ps -ax | grep '[t]tyd1' </verb> You should see something like: <verb> 747 ?? I 0:00.04 /usr/libexec/getty std.57600 ttyd1 </verb> <sect1> <heading>How can I connect a dumb terminal to my FreeBSD box?</heading> <p> If you're using another computer as a terminal into your FreeBSD system, get a null modem cable to go between the two serial ports. If you're using an actual terminal, see its accompanying instructions. Then, modify <tt>/etc/ttys</tt>, like above. For example, if you're hooking up a WYSE-50 terminal to the fifth serial port, use an entry like this: <verb> ttyd4 "/usr/libexec/getty std.38400" wyse50 on secure </verb> This example shows that the port on <tt>/dev/ttyd4</tt> has a wyse50 terminal connected at 38400 bps with no parity (<tt/std.38400/ from <tt>/etc/gettytab</tt>) and <tt/root/ logins are allowed (secure). <sect1> <heading>Why can't I run <tt/tip/ or <tt/cu/?</heading> <p> On your system, the programs <tt/tip/ and <tt/cu/ are probably executable only by <tt/uucp/ and group <tt/dialer/. You can use the group <tt/dialer/ to control who has access to your modem or remote systems. Just add yourself to group dialer. Alternatively, you can let everyone on your system run <tt/tip/ and <tt/cu/ by typing: <verb> chmod 4511 /usr/bin/tip </verb> You don't have to run this command for <tt/cu/, since <tt/cu/ is just a hard link to <tt/tip/. <sect1> <heading>My stock Hayes modem isn't supported---what can I do?</heading> <p> Actually, the man page for <tt/tip/ is out of date. There is a generic Hayes dialer already built in. Just use ``<tt/at=hayes/'' in your <tt>/etc/remote</tt> file. The Hayes driver isn't smart enough to recognize some of the advanced features of newer modems---messages like <tt/BUSY/, <tt/NO DIALTONE/, or <tt/CONNECT 115200/ will just confuse it. You should turn those messages off when you use <tt/tip/ (using <tt/ATX0&W/). Also, the dial timeout for <tt/tip/ is 60 seconds. Your modem should use something less, or else tip will think there's a communication problem. Try <tt/ATS7=45&W/. Actually, as shipped <tt/tip/ doesn't yet support it fully. The solution is to edit the file <tt/tipconf.h/ in the directory <tt>/usr/src/usr.bin/tip/tip</tt> Obviously you need the source distribution to do this. Edit the line ``<tt/#define HAYES 0/'' to ``<tt/#define HAYES 1/''. Then ``<tt/make/'' and ``<tt/make install/''. Everything works nicely after that. <sect1> <heading>How am I expected to enter these AT commands?<label id="direct-at"></heading> <p> Make what's called a ``<tt/direct/'' entry in your <tt>/etc/remote</tt> file. For example, if your modem's hooked up to the first serial port, <tt>/dev/cuaa0</tt>, then put in the following line: <verb> cuaa0:dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#19200:pa=none </verb> Use the highest bps rate your modem supports in the br capability. Then, type ``<tt/tip cuaa0/'' and you'll be connected to your modem. If there is no <tt>/dev/cuaa0</tt> on your system, do this: <verb> cd /dev MAKEDEV cuaa0 </verb> <p> Or use cu as root with the following command: <verb> cu -l``line'' -s``speed'' </verb> with line being the serial port (e.g.<tt>/dev/cuaa0</tt>) and speed being the speed (e.g.<tt>57600</tt>). When you are done entering the AT commands hit <tt>~.</tt> to exit. <sect1> <heading>The <tt/@/ sign for the pn capability doesn't work!</heading> <p> The <tt/@/ sign in the phone number capability tells tip to look in <tt>/etc/phones</tt> for a phone number. But the <tt/@/ sign is also a special character in capability files like <tt>/etc/remote</tt>. Escape it with a backslash: <verb> pn=\@ </verb> <sect1> <heading>How can I dial a phone number on the command line?</heading> <p> Put what's called a ``<tt/generic/'' entry in your <tt>/etc/remote</tt> file. For example: <verb> tip115200|Dial any phone number at 115200 bps:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#115200:at=hayes:pa=none:du: tip57600|Dial any phone number at 57600 bps:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du: </verb> Then you can things like ``<tt/tip -115200 5551234/''. If you prefer <tt/cu/ over <tt/tip/, use a generic cu entry: <verb> cu115200|Use cu to dial any number at 115200bps:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa1:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du: </verb> and type ``<tt/cu 5551234 -s 115200/''. <sect1> <heading>Do I have to type in the bps rate every time I do that?</heading> <p> Put in an entry for <tt/tip1200/ or <tt/cu1200/, but go ahead and use whatever bps rate is appropriate with the br capability. <tt/tip/ thinks a good default is 1200 bps which is why it looks for a ``<tt/tip1200/'' entry. You don't have to use 1200 bps, though. <sect1> <heading>I access a number of hosts through a terminal server.</heading> <p> Rather than waiting until you're connected and typing ``<tt/CONNECT <host>/'' each time, use tip's <tt/cm/ capability. For example, these entries in <tt>/etc/remote</tt>: <verb> pain|pain.deep13.com|Forrester's machine:\ :cm=CONNECT pain\n:tc=deep13: muffin|muffin.deep13.com|Frank's machine:\ :cm=CONNECT muffin\n:tc=deep13: deep13:Gizmonics Institute terminal server:\ :dv=/dev/cua02:br#38400:at=hayes:du:pa=none:pn=5551234: </verb> will let you type ``<tt/tip pain/'' or ``<tt/tip muffin/'' to connect to the hosts pain or muffin; and ``<tt/tip deep13/'' to get to the terminal server. <sect1> <heading>Can tip try more than one line for each site?</heading> <p> This is often a problem where a university has several modem lines and several thousand students trying to use them... <p> Make an entry for your university in <tt>/etc/remote</tt> and use <tt>\@</tt> for the <tt/pn/ capability: <verb> big-university:\ :pn=\@:tc=dialout dialout:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa3:br#9600:at=courier:du:pa=none: </verb> Then, list the phone numbers for the university in <tt>/etc/phones</tt>: <verb> big-university 5551111 big-university 5551112 big-university 5551113 big-university 5551114 </verb> <tt/tip/ will try each one in the listed order, then give up. If you want to keep retrying, run <tt/tip/ in a while loop. <sect1> <heading>Why do I have to hit CTRL+P twice to send CTRL+P once?</heading> <p> CTRL+P is the default ``force'' character, used to tell <tt/tip/ that the next character is literal data. You can set the force character to any other character with the <tt/~s/ escape, which means ``set a variable.'' Type ``<tt/~sforce=<single-char>/'' followed by a newline. <tt/<single-char>/ is any single character. If you leave out <tt/<single-char>/, then the force character is the nul character, which you can get by typing CTRL+2 or CTRL+SPACE. A pretty good value for <tt/<single-char>/ is SHIFT+CTRL+6, which I've seen only used on some terminal servers. You can have the force character be whatever you want by specifying the following in your <tt>$HOME/.tiprc</tt> file: <verb> force=<single-char> </verb> <sect1> <heading>Suddenly everything I type is in UPPER CASE??</heading> <p> You must've pressed CTRL+A, <tt/tip/'s ``raise character,'' specially designed for people with broken caps-lock keys. Use <tt/~s/ as above and set the variable ``raisechar'' to something reasonable. In fact, you can set it to the same as the force character, if you never expect to use either of these features. Here's a sample .tiprc file perfect for Emacs users who need to type CTRL+2 and CTRL+A a lot: <verb> force=^^ raisechar=^^ </verb> The ^^ is SHIFT+CTRL+6. <sect1> <heading>How can I do file transfers with <tt/tip/?</heading> <p> If you're talking to another UNIX system, you can send and receive files with <tt/~p/ (put) and <tt/~t/ (take). These commands run ``<tt/cat/'' and ``<tt/echo/'' on the remote system to accept and send files. The syntax is: <verb> ~p <local-file> [<remote-file>] ~t <remote-file> [<local-file>] </verb> There's no error checking, so you probably should use another protocol, like zmodem. <sect1> <heading>How can I run zmodem with <tt/tip/?</heading> <p> To receive files, start the sending program on the remote end. Then, type ``<tt/~C rz/'' to begin receiving them locally. To send files, start the receiving program on the remote end. Then, type ``<tt/~C sz <files>/'' to send them to the remote system. </sect> <sect> <heading>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</heading> <p> <code> If you see a problem with this FAQ, or wish to submit an entry, please mail us at <FAQ@FreeBSD.ORG>. We appreciate your feedback, and cannot make this a better FAQ without your help! FreeBSD Core Team </code> <descrip> <tag/James Raynard/ Acting FAQ caretaker <tag/Ollivier Robert/ FreeBSD FAQ maintenance man <tag/Gary Clark II/ FreeBSD Doc Team <tag/Jordan Hubbard/ Janitorial services (I don't do windows) <tag/Doug White/ Services above and beyond the call of duty on freebsd-questions <tag/Joerg Wunsch/ Services above and beyond the call of duty on Usenet <tag/Garrett Wollman/ Networking and formatting <tag/Jim Lowe/ Multicast information <tag/The FreeBSD Team/ Kvetching, moaning, submitting data </descrip> And to any others we've forgotten, apologies and heartfelt thanks! </article>