diff --git a/zh_TW.Big5/books/faq/book.sgml b/zh_TW.Big5/books/faq/book.sgml index 590e3664aa..be31138c23 100644 --- a/zh_TW.Big5/books/faq/book.sgml +++ b/zh_TW.Big5/books/faq/book.sgml @@ -1,11902 +1,11902 @@ %man; %freebsd; %authors; %teams; %bookinfo; %mailing-lists; %books.ent; ]> FreeBSD 5.X¡B6.X ±`¨£°Ýµª¶° FreeBSD ¤å¥ó­pµe $FreeBSD$ 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 + 2008 FreeBSD ¤å¥ó­pµe &bookinfo.legalnotice; &tm-attrib.freebsd; &tm-attrib.3com; &tm-attrib.adobe; &tm-attrib.creative; &tm-attrib.cvsup; &tm-attrib.ibm; &tm-attrib.ieee; &tm-attrib.intel; &tm-attrib.iomega; &tm-attrib.linux; &tm-attrib.microsoft; &tm-attrib.mips; &tm-attrib.netscape; &tm-attrib.opengroup; &tm-attrib.oracle; &tm-attrib.sgi; &tm-attrib.sparc; &tm-attrib.sun; &tm-attrib.usrobotics; &tm-attrib.xfree86; &tm-attrib.general; ³o¥÷¤å¥ó¬O FreeBSD 5.X ¤Î 6.X ªº±`¨£°Ýµª¶°¡C °£«D¦³¯S§O¥[µù¡A§_«h³o¨Ç¶µ¥Ø³£¾A¥Î©ó FreeBSD 5.0 ¤Î¥H«áªºª©¥»¡C (¦pªG±ø¥Ø¤º®e¤¤¦³ <XXX> «h¬O©|¥¼§¹¦¨¤¤Ä¶ªº³¡¥÷¡C) ¦pªG±z¹ï¨ó§U¥»¤å¥ó/½Ķ­pµeªº¶i¦æ¦³¿³½ìªº¸Ü¡A½Ð±H e-mail ¨ì &a.doc;¡C¦¹¥~¡AÀH®É¥i±q FreeBSD ºô¯¸ ®³¨ì³o¥÷¤å¥óªº³Ì·sª©¥»¡C ¤]¥i¥H§Q¥Î HTTP ¨Ó¤U¸ü¤@¥÷Ãe¤jªº HTML ¤å¥ó¡A©Î¬O¸g¥Ñ FreeBSD FTP ¯¸ ¤U¸ü¯Â¤å¦r¡B&postscript;¡B©Î PDF ª©¥»ªºÀɮסC ±z¤]¥i¥H¦b³o¸Ì¨Ï¥Î ·j´M¸ê®Æ ªº¥\¯à¡C Ying-Chieh Liao
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Chin-San Huang
chinsan.tw@gmail.com
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File: +COMMENT (ignored) File: +DESC (ignored) ¦p¦P±z©Ò¬Ý¨ìªº book.pdf ·|³Q¦w¸Ë¨ì /usr/share/doc/zh_TW.Big5/books/faq ¤º¡C ­Y¤£·Q¥Î package ¤è¦¡¦w¸Ë¡A¨º»ò´N»Ý¤â°Ê¤U¸ü¡B¸ÑÀ£ÁY¡B½Æ»s¨ì§A·Q­nÂ\©ñªº¦ì¸m¥h¡C Á|¨Ò¡A³¹¸`¼Ò¦¡(split HTML)ª©ªº­^¤å FAQ (À£ÁY¬° &man.bzip2.1;)·|©ñ¦b doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.bz2 ­n¤U¸ü¡B¸ÑÀ£ªº¸Ü¡A«h­n¥´¡G &prompt.root; fetch ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/book.html-split.tar.bz2 &prompt.root; bzip2 -d book.html-split.tar.bz2 &prompt.root; tar xvf book.html-split.tar ³o®É§A·|¬Ý¨ì¤@°ï .html ªºÀɮסA ¥D­nªº¥Ø¿ýÀɬ° index.html ¤º§t¥D¥Ø¿ý¤Î³sµ²¨ì¨ä¥L¤å¥ó¡C(­Y¦³»Ý­nªº¸Ü¡A¤]¥i¥H½Æ»s©Î·h²¾³o¨ÇÀɮרì¦P¤@¥Ø¿ý¤U) ­þ¸Ì¦³Ãö©ó FreeBSD ªº¶l»¼½×¾Â(mailing lists)©O¡H ³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡A¥i¥H±q FreeBSD ¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¤W­±ªº ¶l»¼½×¾Â(mailing-lists) ³¡¤ÀÀò±oµª®×¡C ¦³­þ¨Ç¥i¥H¨Ï¥Îªº FreeBSD ·s»D¸s²Õ(news groups)©O? ³oµª®×¥i¥H±q FreeBSD ¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¤W­±ªº ·s»D¸s²Õ(newsgroups) ³¡¤ÀÀò±oµª®×¡C ¦b¤å¥ó¤¤±`¬Ý¨ìÃþ¦ü "pf(4)"¡B"pfctl(8)" µ¥³o¨Ç¦r¼Ë¥Nªí¤°»ò·N«ä©O¡H ³oªí¥Ü man ªº³¹¸`¡A¨t²Î¤W¤@¯ë¦³¤K­Ó³¹¸`¡G 1->generl commands 2->system calls and error numbers 3->C libraries 4->devices and device drivers 5->file formats 6->games 7->miscellaneous information pages 8->system maintenance and operation commands ¤ñ¦p¡Gpf(4) ´N¬O«ü man 4 pf¡C ¦³­þ¨Ç FreeBSD IRC (Internet Relay Chat)ÀW¹D©O¡H ¦³ªº¡A¤j³¡¤Àªº IRC ¥D¾÷³£¦³ FreeBSD ²á¤ÑÀW¹D¡G EFNet ªº #FreeBSD ÀW¹D¬O­Ó FreeBSD ½×¾Â¡A ¦ý¥i¤£¾A¦X¨º¨Ç·Q¤£³Ò¦ÓÀò©ÎªÌ·h±Ï§L¥Îªº¡C ³o¸Ì¬O²á¤Ñ¥ÎªºÀW¹D¡A¸ÜÃD½d³ò¬Æ¦Ü¯A¤Î¡y©Ê¡B¹B°Ê¡B®ÖªZ¡zµ¥¡A ½Ðª`·N¡G§Ú­Ì¤w¸gĵ§i¹L§A¤F¡I¥»ÀW¹D¥i¸g¥Ñ irc.chat.org ¶i¤J¡C EFNet ªº #FreeBSDhelp ÀW¹D¤D¬Oµ¹ FreeBSD ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¤§¶¡¥æ¬yªº¡A¨Ó³o¸Ì´£°Ý·|¤ñ #FreeBSD ¦n¤@¨Ç¡A·íµM½Ð¤£­n¤@ªÑ¸£ÀH«K¶Ã°Ý¡C DALNET ªº #FreeBSD ÀW¹D¡A¥i¥Ñ irc.dal.net(¦ì©ó¬ü°ê)¤Î irc.eu.dal.net(¦ì©ó¼Ú¬w)¶i¤J¡C DALNET ªº #FreeBSDHelp ÀW¹D¡A¥i¥Ñ irc.dal.net(¦ì©ó¬ü°ê)¤Î irc.eu.dal.net(¦ì©ó¼Ú¬w)¶i¤J¡C UNDERNET ªº #FreeBSD ÀW¹D¡A¥i¥Ñ us.undernet.org(¦ì©ó¬ü°ê)¤Î eu.undernet.org(¦ì©ó¼Ú¬w)¶i¤J¡C ¥Ñ©ó³o¬O­Ó»²§U·s¤â¥ÎªºÀW¹D¡A ½Ð°O±o¾\Ū§O¤H¦V§A´£¤Îªº³sµ²©ÎÀɮסC RUSNET ªº #FreeBSD ÀW¹D¬O«X»y°ê®aªº &os; ¨Ï¥ÎªÌÀW¹D¡C ³o¸Ì¦P®É¤]¬O¤@¯ë¥æ¬yªº°Q½×¦n¥h³B¡C freebsd-gnome ªº #FreeBSD ÀW¹D¡A¥i¥Ñ irc.freenode.net ¶i¤J¡A ³o¬O Gnome ªº &os; ¨Ï¥ÎªÌÀW¹D¡C IRCNet ªº #BSDChat ÀW¹D¡A¥i¥Ñ irc.seed.net.tw ©Î irc.csie.nctu.edu.tw ©Î irc.tw.freebsd.org ¶i¤J¡A ³o¬O¥xÆWªº &os; ¨Ï¥ÎªÌÀW¹D¡C(Big5 ½s½X) ¤W­z¨C­ÓÀW¹D³£¤£¤@¼Ë¡A­·®æ­~²§¦Ó¦U¨ã¯S¦â¡A¥B¨Ã¨S¦³¬Û³s¡A ¦]¦¹¡A§A±o¦h¤è¹Á¸Õ¤~¯à§ä¨ì¾A¦X¦Û¤vªºÀW¹D¡C ¦Ó¦³¨Ç¦a¤è»P©Ò¦³ªº IRC ¤å¤ÆÃþ¦ü¡A´N¬O½Ðª`·N¦Û¤v¨¥¦æ¬O§_«ê·í¡A ¥t¥~¥i¯à¸òÀW¹D¤º¤@¨Ç¦~»´/¦Ñ¤@½úªº·|¦³¨Ç¥N·¾»Ý­n¾AÀ³¡A Á`¤§½Ð¦h«O«ù§»ª¡C ¥i¥H±q­þÃäÀò±o FreeBSD ªº±Ð¨|½Òµ{°V½m¤Î§Þ³N¤ä´©©O¡H DaemonNews ¦³±Mªù´£¨Ñ FreeBSD ªº±Ð¨|½Òµ{°V½m¤Î§Þ³N¤ä´©¡C ¸Ô±¡½Ð¨ì BSD Mall ¹î¬Ý¡AÁÂÁ¡C FreeBSD Mall ¦³´£¨Ñ BSD §Þ³N¤ä´©¥I¶OªA°È¡A ¸Ô±¡½Ð¨ì FreeBSD Mall ¹î¬Ý¡AÁÂÁ¡C ¨ä¥L¥ô¦ó¦³´£¨Ñ±Ð¨|½Òµ{°V½m¤Î§Þ³N¤ä´©ªº²Õ´¡B³æ¦ì¡A­Y¤]·Q¦Cªí©ó¦¹ªº¸Ü¡A ½Ð»P &a.doc; Ápµ¸¡AÁÂÁ¡C
Nik Clayton
nik@FreeBSD.org
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Doing this requires powering up the machine without letting it find a FreeBSD partition on its primary disk. One way is to remove the hard disk and temporarily move it to an older ThinkPad (such as a ThinkPad 600) or a desktop PC with an appropriate conversion cable. Once it is there, you can delete the FreeBSD partition and move the hard disk back. The ThinkPad should now be in a bootable state again. 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William Liao
chliao@tpts4.seed.net.tw
±`¨£°ÝÃD¸Ñ¨M - Why is &os; finding the wrong amount of memory? + ¬°¤°»ò &os; §ì¨ì¿ù»~ªº°O¾ÐÅé®e¶q¡H - The reason is the difference between physical memory addresses - and virtual addresses. + §ì¨ì¿ù»~ªº°O¾ÐÅé®e¶q¬O¦]¬°ª«²z¦ì§}¸òµêÀÀ¦ì§}¨âªÌ¬O¤£¦Pªº¡C The convention for most PC hardware is to use the memory area between 3.5G and 4G for a special purpose (usually for PCI). This address space is used to access PCI hardware. As a result real, physical memory can not appear in that address space. What happens to the memory that should appear in that location is dependent on your hardware. Unfortunately, some hardware does nothing and the ability to use that last 500M of RAM is entirely lost. Luckily, most hardware remaps the memory to a higher location so that it can still be used. However, this can cause some confusion if you watch the boot messages. On a 32 bit version of &os;, the memory appears lost, since it will be remapped above 4G, which a 32 bit kernel is unable to access. In this case, the solution is to build a PAE enabled kernel. See this FAQ entry for more information. On a 64 bit version of &os;, or when running a PAE-enabled kernel, &os; will correctly detect and remap the memory so it is usable. During boot, however, it may seem as if &os; is detecting more memory than the system really has. 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The PNP bios preconfigured it [the modem] and left it laying around in port space¡Aso [in 3.x] the old-style ISA probes found it there. Under 4.0¡Athe ISA code is much more PnP-centric. It was possible [in 3.x] for an ISA probe to find a stray device and then for the PNP device id to match and then fail due to resource conflicts. So¡Ait disables the programmable cards first so this double probing cannot happen. It also means that it needs to know the PnP id's for supported PnP hardware. Making this more user tweakable is on the TODO list.
¦pªG­nÅý¸Ë¸m¯à¦A«×¹B§@¡A§Ú­Ì»Ý­n§ä¥X¥¦ªº PnP id¡AµM«á¦A±N¥¦ ¥[¤J¤@¥÷¦b°»´ú ISA ¸Ë¸m®É·|¨Ï¥Îªºªí¤¤¡C¥i¥H°õ¦æ &man.pnpinfo.8; ¨Ó°»´ú³o­Ó¸Ë¸m¡AÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¤U­±¬O &man.pnpinfo.8; §ì¨ìªº¤@­Ó¤º´¡ ¦¡¼Æ¾Ú¾÷ªº¸ê®Æ¡G &prompt.root; pnpinfo Checking for Plug-n-Play devices... Card assigned CSN #1 Vendor ID PMC2430 (0x3024a341)¡ASerial Number 0xffffffff PnP Version 1.0¡AVendor Version 0 Device Description: Pace 56 Voice Internal Plug & Play Modem Logical Device ID: PMC2430 0x3024a341 #0 Device supports I/O Range Check TAG Start DF I/O Range 0x3f8 .. 0x3f8¡Aalignment 0x8¡Alen 0x8 [16-bit addr] IRQ: 4 - only one type (true/edge) [more TAG lines elided] TAG End DF End Tag Successfully got 31 resources¡A1 logical fdevs -- card select # 0x0001 CSN PMC2430 (0x3024a341)¡ASerial Number 0xffffffff Logical device #0 IO: 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 0x03e8 IRQ 5 0 DMA 4 0 IO range check 0x00 activate 0x01 ±z©Ò»Ý­nªº¸ê°T¬O¤@¶}©l¬Ý¨ìªº Vendor ID ³o¤@¦æ¡C¬A¸¹¤¤ªº¤Q¤»¦ì¤¸½X¡]³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¤¤¬O 0x3024a341¡^´N¬O PnP id¡A¦Ó¦b³o¤§«eªº¦r¦ê¡]PMC2430¡^«h¬O¤@­Ó¿W¤@µL¤Gªº ASCII id¡C ¦Ó³o¨Ç¸ê®Æ»Ý­n³Q¥[¨ì /usr/src/sys/isa/sio.c ³o­ÓÀÉ®×ùØ¡C ¬°¤F¨¾¤î¥ô¦óªF¦è¥X¿ù¡A±zÀ³¸Ó­n¥ý³Æ¥÷¥Ø«eªº sio.c¡C¦Ó¥B±z­n submit PR ®É¤]»Ý­n³o­Ó ­ì©lÀɮרӰµ¥X patch¡]±zÀ³¸Ó·|±N¥¦ submit PR §a..¡G¡^..¡^¡C ±µµÛ´N½s¿è sio.c §ä´M¤U­±³o¦æ static struct isa_pnp_id sio_ids[] = { ±µµÛ©¹¤U±²°Ê¡A§ä­Ó¥¿½Tªº¦ì¸m¨Ó´¡¤J±zªº¸Ë¸m¸ê°T¡C±z¬Ý¨ìªº´N ¤U­±³o­Ó¼Ë¤l¡A¥¦­Ì¬O·Ó¥kÃäµù¸Ñ¸Ì­±ªº ASCII ³o­Ó Vender ID °µ±Æ §Çªº¡A©Î¬O &man.pnpinfo.8; ©Ò§ä¨ìªº¤@³¡¤À ¸Ë¸m´y­z¡G {0x0f804f3f¡ANULL}¡A /* OZO800f - Zoom 2812 (56k Modem) */ {0x39804f3f¡ANULL}¡A /* OZO8039 - Zoom 56k flex */ {0x3024a341¡ANULL}¡A /* PMC2430 - Pace 56 Voice Internal Modem */ {0x1000eb49¡ANULL}¡A /* ROK0010 - Rockwell ? */ {0x5002734a¡ANULL}¡A /* RSS0250 - 5614Jx3(G) Internal Modem */ §â±z³o­Ó¸Ë¸mªº¤Q¤»¶i¦ìªº Vender ID ¥[¨ì¥¿½Tªº¦a¤è¡A¦sÀÉ¡A µM«á­«·s½s¤@­Ó kernel¡A¦A­«¶}¾÷¡C¤§«á³o­Ó¸Ë¸mÀ³¸Ó´N·|¹³¦b FreeBSD 3.X ¤U¡A³Q°»´ú¬° sio ¸Ë¸m¤F¡C
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Vanilla Shu
vanilla@FreeBSD.org
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Kang-min Liu
gugod@gugod.org
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FreeBSD ¥»¨­¨Ã¨S¦³¦Û°Ê¤É¯Å ports ªº¤u¨ã¡A¦ý¦³¤@¨Ç¥i¥HÅý¤É¯Å ²¤Æ¤@¨Çªº¤pµ{¦¡¡C§A¤]¥i¥H¦Û¤v¸Ë¤WÃB¥~ªº¤u¨ã¨Ó³B²z¡C &man.pkg.version.1; «ü¥O¥i¥H¦Û°Ê²£¥Í¥Î¨Ó¹F¨ì¦Û°Ê¤É¯Å¨ì ports tree ³Ì·sª©¥»ªº script¡C &prompt.root; pkg_version > /tmp/myscript ¤@©w­n¦b¤â°Ê­×§ï¤@¤U²£¥Í¥X¨Óªº script¡C ¥Ø«eªº &man.pkg.version.1; ¦b script ³Ì«e­±¥[¤J &man.exit.1; ±j ­¢§A¥h­×§ï¥¦¡C §AÀ³±N°õ¦æ script ©Ò²£¥Íªº¿é¥X°O¿ý¤U¨Ó¡A¦]¬°¸Ì­±·|¦³°O¸ü¬Y¨Ç ©|¥¼¤É¯Å¦ý¤w¸g§ó·sªº ports¡C¤£¹L§A¤£¤@©w­n¥h¤É¯Å¥¦­Ì¡C³q±`¬O¦]¬° ¦³¬Y­Ó¦@¥Îªº¨ç¦¡®w¤w¸g§ïÅܪ©¥»¸¹¤F¡A¤~­n¥h­«½s¤@¦¸¨º¨Ç¨Ï¥Î¨ì¸Ó¨ç ¦¡®wªº ports¡C ¦pªG§AªºµwºÐªÅ¶¡«Ü°÷¡A¨º»ò¥i¥H¥Î portupgrade ³o­Ó¤u¨ã¨Ó°µ¥þ¦Û°Ê³B¸Ì¡Cportupgrade ¸Ì­±¤]¦³ ¤@¨Ç¤pµ{¦¡¨Ó²¤Æ package ¤É¯Å¡A¥¦¦b sysutils/portupgrade¡C ³o­Ó¤u¨ã¬O¥Î Ruby ³o­Ó»y¨¥¼gªº¡A©Ò¥H¨Ã¤£¾A¦X¥[¤J¨ì FreeBSD ªº­ì ©l½X¤¤¡A¤£¹L¨Ã¤£·|¦]¦¹Åý¬Y¨Ç¤H¤£¥Î¥¦¡C ¦pªG§Aªº¨t²Î¤@ª½³£³B©ó¶}¾÷ª¬ºA¡A¥i§Q¥Î &man.periodic.8; ¨t²Î¡A ¨C­Ó¬P´Á²£¥Í¤@±i»Ý­n¤É¯Åªº²M³æ¡C¥u­n¦b /etc/periodic.conf ¥[¤J weekly_status_pkg_enable="YES" ´N¥i¥H¤F¡C ¬°¤°»ò /bin/sh³o»òªº¤p¡H¬°¤°»ò FreeBSD ¤£§ï¥Î bash ©ÎªÌ¬O¨ä¥L¤ñ¸û±j®«ªº shell¡H ¦]¬° POSIX »¡¡A¸Ó­n¦³³o»ò¼Ëªº¤@­Ó shell ¦b¤~¦æ¡C ¤ñ¸ûÁcº¾ªºµª®×¡G³\¦h¤H»Ý­n¼g¥i¥H¸ó«Ü¦h¥­¥xªº shell script ¡C ³o¤]¬O¬°¦ó POSIX ±N shell ¥H¤Î¤u¨ã©RºÙ³£©w¸qªº«D±`¸Ô²Óªº½t¬G¡C ¤j³¡¥÷ªº script ³£¾A¥Î©ó Bourne shell¡A¤S¦]¬°¦³´X­Ó­«­nªº ¼gµ{¦¡©Ò¥Î¨ìªºµ{¦¡©ÎªÌ¨ç¦¡ (&man.make.1; , &man.system.3;, &man.popen.3;, ÁÙ¦³¦b Perl ©ÎªÌ Tcl ¸Ì­±©I¥s¨t²Îµ{¦¡ªº¦a¤è) ³£«ü©w¥Î Bourne shell ¡C¨º»ò¦]¬° Bourne Shell ¦p¦¹ªº¼sªx±`¥Î¡A ¨º»ò¥¦ªº°õ¦æ®Ä²v«K«Ü­«­n¡A§Ö³t¬O¥¦¨M©w©Êªº­nÂI¤§¤@¡AÁÙ­n¤£¦û¤Ó¦h °O¾ÐÅé¡C ¥Ø«eªº /bin/sh ¤w¬O§Ú­Ì¹Ã¤ßÃw¦å¤§§@¡A¥¦¤w ¸gºÉ¶q¦a²Å¦X¼Ð·Ç³W©w¡C¬°¤FÅý¥¦«D±`¤p¡A§Ú­Ì®³±¼¤F¤@¨Ç¨ä¥L shell ¦³ªº¤è«K¥\¯à¡C³o¤]¬O¬°¤°»ò ports ¸Ì­±ÁÙ¦³«Ü¦h±j®«ªº shell ¡A¹³¬O bash, scsh, tcsh ¥H¤Î zsh ¡C (§A¥i¥H¦Û¤v¤ñ¸û¤@¤U³o¨Ç shell °õ¦æ ®É©Ò¦ûªº°O¾ÐÅé¤j¤p¡A¥h¬Ý¬Ý ps -u ¦C¥X¨Óªº VSZ ©M RSS ³o¨â­ÓÄæ¦ì´Nª¾¹D¤F¡C) ¬°¤°»ò Netscape ©M Opera ­nªá¦n¤[ªº®É¶¡¤~¯à±Ò°Ê¡H ³q±`¬O¦]¬°§Aªº DNS ¨S¦³³]©w¦n¡C Netscape ¸ò Opera ¦b±Ò°Êªº®É­Ô ³£·|¥hÀˬd¤@¤U DNS¡Cª½¨ì DNS ¦³¦^À³¡A©ÎªÌ¬OÂ_©wºô¸ô¥Ø«e¬OÂ_½u¤§«á¡A ¥¦­Ì¤~·|Åã¥Üµe­±¥X¨Ó¡C
Kang-min Liu
gugod@gugod.org
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µwºÐ¡BÀɮרt²Î¡BBoot Loader ¦p¦ó¦b FreeBSD ¤º§â·sµwºÐ±¾¤W¥h¥Î©O¡H ½Ð°Ñ¾\ ºÏºÐ®æ¦¡¤Æ±Ð¾Ç¡C - How do I move my system over to my huge new disk? + §Ú­n«ç»ò§â§Úªº¨t²Î·h¨ì·sµwºÐ¤W­±¥h¡H ²z·Qªº¤è¦¡¬O¥ý¦b·sµwºÐ¤W­«¸Ë¦n§@·~¨t²Î¡AµM«á§â¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¬ÛÃöµ{¦¡¡B¸ê®Æ·h¹L¥h´N¦n¡C This is highly recommended if you have been tracking -STABLE for more than one release, or have updated a release instead of installing a new one. You can install booteasy on both disks with &man.boot0cfg.8;, and dual boot them until you are happy with the new configuration. Skip the next paragraph to find out how to move the data after doing this. Should you decide not to do a fresh install, you need to partition and label the new disk with either sysinstall(&os; 5.2 ¤§«eª©¥»«h¬O /stand/sysinstall), or &man.fdisk.8; and &man.disklabel.8;. You should also install booteasy on both disks with &man.boot0cfg.8;, so that you can dual boot to the old or new system after the copying is done. See the formatting-media article for details on this process. Now you have the new disk set up, and are ready to move the data. Unfortunately, you cannot just blindly copy the data. Things like device files (in /dev), flags, and links tend to screw that up. You need to use tools that understand these things, which means &man.dump.8;. Although it is suggested that you move the data in single user mode, it is not required. You should never use anything but &man.dump.8; and &man.restore.8; to move the root filesystem. The &man.tar.1; command may work - then again, it may not. You should also use &man.dump.8; and &man.restore.8; if you are moving a single partition to another empty partition. The sequence of steps to use dump to move a partitions data to a new partition is: newfs the new partition. mount it on a temporary mount point. cd to that directory. dump the old partition, piping output to the new one. For example, if you are going to move root to /dev/ad1s1a, with /mnt as the temporary mount point, it is: &prompt.root; newfs /dev/ad1s1a &prompt.root; mount /dev/ad1s1a /mnt &prompt.root; cd /mnt &prompt.root; dump 0af - / | restore xf - Rearranging your partitions with dump takes a bit more work. To merge a partition like /var into its parent, create the new partition large enough for both, move the parent partition as described above, then move the child partition into the empty directory that the first move created: &prompt.root; newfs /dev/ad1s1a &prompt.root; mount /dev/ad1s1a /mnt &prompt.root; cd /mnt &prompt.root; dump 0af - / | restore xf - &prompt.root; cd var &prompt.root; dump 0af - /var | restore xf - To split a directory from its parent, say putting /var on its own partition when it was not before, create both partitions, then mount the child partition on the appropriate directory in the temporary mount point, then move the old single partition: &prompt.root; newfs /dev/ad1s1a &prompt.root; newfs /dev/ad1s1d &prompt.root; mount /dev/ad1s1a /mnt &prompt.root; mkdir /mnt/var &prompt.root; mount /dev/ad1s1d /mnt/var &prompt.root; cd /mnt &prompt.root; dump 0af - / | restore xf - You might prefer &man.cpio.1;, &man.pax.1;, &man.tar.1; to &man.dump.8; for user data. At the time of this writing, these are known to lose file flag information, so use them with caution. Will a dangerously dedicated disk endanger my health? The installation procedure allows you to chose two different methods in partitioning your hard disk(s). The default way makes it compatible with other operating systems on the same machine, by using fdisk table entries (called slices in FreeBSD), with a FreeBSD slice that employs partitions of its own. Optionally, one can chose to install a boot-selector to switch between the possible operating systems on the disk(s). The alternative uses the entire disk for FreeBSD, and makes no attempt to be compatible with other operating systems. So why it is called dangerous? A disk in this mode does not contain what normal PC utilities would consider a valid fdisk table. Depending on how well they have been designed, they might complain at you once they are getting in contact with such a disk, or even worse, they might damage the BSD bootstrap without even asking or notifying you. In addition, the dangerously dedicated disk's layout is known to confuse many BIOSes, including those from AWARD (e.g. as found in HP Netserver and Micronics systems as well as many others) and Symbios/NCR (for the popular 53C8xx range of SCSI controllers). This is not a complete list, there are more. Symptoms of this confusion include the read error message printed by the FreeBSD bootstrap when it cannot find itself, as well as system lockups when booting. Why have this mode at all then? It only saves a few kbytes of disk space, and it can cause real problems for a new installation. Dangerously dedicated mode's origins lie in a desire to avoid one of the most common problems plaguing new FreeBSD installers - matching the BIOS geometry numbers for a disk to the disk itself. Geometry is an outdated concept, but one still at the heart of the PC's BIOS and its interaction with disks. When the FreeBSD installer creates slices, it has to record the location of these slices on the disk in a fashion that corresponds with the way the BIOS expects to find them. If it gets it wrong, you will not be able to boot. Dangerously dedicated mode tries to work around this by making the problem simpler. In some cases, it gets it right. But it is meant to be used as a last-ditch alternative - there are better ways to solve the problem 99 times out of 100. So, how do you avoid the need for DD mode when you are installing? Start by making a note of the geometry that your BIOS claims to be using for your disks. You can arrange to have the kernel print this as it boots by specifying at the boot: prompt, or using boot -v in the loader. Just before the installer starts, the kernel will print a list of BIOS geometries. Do not panic - wait for the installer to start and then use scrollback to read the numbers. Typically the BIOS disk units will be in the same order that FreeBSD lists your disks, first IDE, then SCSI. When you are slicing up your disk, check that the disk geometry displayed in the FDISK screen is correct (ie. it matches the BIOS numbers); if it is wrong, use the g key to fix it. You may have to do this if there is absolutely nothing on the disk, or if the disk has been moved from another system. Note that this is only an issue with the disk that you are going to boot from; FreeBSD will sort itself out just fine with any other disks you may have. Once you have got the BIOS and FreeBSD agreeing about the geometry of the disk, your problems are almost guaranteed to be over, and with no need for DD mode at all. If, however, you are still greeted with the dreaded read error message when you try to boot, it is time to cross your fingers and go for it - there is nothing left to lose. To return a dangerously dedicated disk for normal PC use, there are basically two options. The first is, you write enough NULL bytes over the MBR to make any subsequent installation believe this to be a blank disk. You can do this for example with &prompt.root; dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda0 count=15 Alternatively, the undocumented DOS feature C:\> fdisk /mbr will to install a new master boot record as well, thus clobbering the BSD bootstrap. Which partitions can safely use Soft Updates? I have heard that Soft Updates on / can cause problems. Short answer: you can usually use Soft Updates safely on all partitions. Long answer: There used to be some concern over using Soft Updates on the root partition. Soft Updates has two characteristics that caused this. First, a Soft Updates partition has a small chance of losing data during a system crash. (The partition will not be corrupted; the data will simply be lost.) Also, Soft Updates can cause temporary space shortages. When using Soft Updates, the kernel can take up to thirty seconds to actually write changes to the physical disk. If you delete a large file, the file still resides on disk until the kernel actually performs the deletion. This can cause a very simple race condition. Suppose you delete one large file and immediately create another large file. The first large file is not yet actually removed from the physical disk, so the disk might not have enough room for the second large file. You get an error that the partition does not have enough space, although you know perfectly well that you just released a large chunk of space! When you try again mere seconds later, the file creation works as you expect. This has left more than one user scratching his head and doubting his sanity, the FreeBSD filesystem, or both. If a system should crash after the kernel accepts a chunk of data for writing to disk, but before that data is actually written out, data could be lost or corrupted. This risk is extremely small, but generally manageable. Use of IDE write caching greatly increases this risk; it is strongly recommended that you disable IDE write caching when using Soft Updates. These issues affect all partitions using Soft Updates. So, what does this mean for the root partition? Vital information on the root partition changes very rarely. Files such as /kernel and the contents of /etc only change during system maintenance, or when users change their passwords. If the system crashed during the thirty-second window after such a change is made, it is possible that data could be lost. This risk is negligible for most applications, but you should be aware that it exists. If your system cannot tolerate this much risk, do not use Soft Updates on the root filesystem! / is traditionally one of the smallest partitions. By default, FreeBSD puts the /tmp directory on /. If you have a busy /tmp, you might see intermittent space problems. Symlinking /tmp to /var/tmp will solve this problem. What is inappropriate about my ccd? The symptom of this is: &prompt.root; ccdconfig -C ccdconfig: ioctl (CCDIOCSET): /dev/ccd0c: Inappropriate file type or format This usually happens when you are trying to concatenate the c partitions, which default to type unused. The ccd driver requires the underlying partition type to be FS_BSDFFS. Edit the disklabel of the disks you are trying to concatenate and change the types of partitions to 4.2BSD. Why can I not edit the disklabel on my ccd? The symptom of this is: &prompt.root; disklabel ccd0 (it prints something sensible here, so let us try to edit it) &prompt.root; disklabel -e ccd0 (edit, save, quit) disklabel: ioctl DIOCWDINFO: No disk label on disk; use "disklabel -r" to install initial label This is because the disklabel returned by ccd is actually a fake one that is not really on the disk. You can solve this problem by writing it back explicitly, as in: &prompt.root; disklabel ccd0 > /tmp/disklabel.tmp &prompt.root; disklabel -Rr ccd0 /tmp/disklabel.tmp &prompt.root; disklabel -e ccd0 (this will work now) Can I mount other foreign filesystems under FreeBSD? FreeBSD supports a variety of other filesystems. Digital UNIX UFS CDROMs can be mounted directly on FreeBSD. Mounting disk partitions from Digital UNIX and other systems that support UFS may be more complex, depending on the details of the disk partitioning for the operating system in question. &linux; FreeBSD supports ext2fs partitions. See &man.mount.ext2fs.8; for more information. &windowsnt; FreeBSD includes a read-only NTFS driver. For more information, see &man.mount.ntfs.8;. FAT FreeBSD includes a read-write FAT driver. For more information, see &man.mount.msdosfs.8;. FreeBSD also supports network filesystems such as NFS (see &man.mount.nfs.8;), NetWare (see &man.mount.nwfs.8;), and Microsoft-style SMB filesystems (see &man.mount.smbfs.8;). How do I mount a secondary DOS partition? The secondary DOS partitions are found after ALL the primary partitions. For example, if you have an E partition as the second DOS partition on the second SCSI drive, you need to create the special files for slice 5 in /dev, then mount /dev/da1s5: &prompt.root; cd /dev &prompt.root; sh MAKEDEV da1s5 &prompt.root; mount -t msdos /dev/da1s5 /dos/e You can omit this step if you are running FreeBSD 5.0-RELEASE or newer with &man.devfs.5; enabled. &os; ¦³ÀÉ®×¥[±K¨t²Î¶Ü¡H ¦³°Ú¡I FreeBSD 5.0 °_¤º«Ø &man.gbde.8;¡A¦Ó FreeBSD 6.0 ¤S¥[¤W &man.geli.8;¡C ¦Ó¸û¦­´Áªºª©¥»¡A½Ð¦h§Q¥Î security/cfs port¡AÁÂÁ¡C How can I use the &windowsnt; loader to boot FreeBSD? The general idea is that you copy the first sector of your native root FreeBSD partition into a file in the DOS/&windowsnt; partition. Assuming you name that file something like c:\bootsect.bsd (inspired by c:\bootsect.dos), you can then edit the c:\boot.ini file to come up with something like this: [boot loader] timeout=30 default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS [operating systems] multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Windows NT" C:\BOOTSECT.BSD="FreeBSD" C:\="DOS" If FreeBSD is installed on the same disk as the &windowsnt; boot partition simply copy /boot/boot1 to C:\BOOTSECT.BSD. However, if FreeBSD is installed on a different disk /boot/boot1 will not work, /boot/boot0 is needed. /boot/boot0 needs to be installed using sysinstall(&os; 5.2 ¤§«eª©¥»«h¬O /stand/sysinstall) by selecting the FreeBSD boot manager on the screen which asks if you wish to use a boot manager. This is because /boot/boot0 has the partition table area filled with NULL characters but sysinstall copies the partition table before copying /boot/boot0 to the MBR. Do not simply copy /boot/boot0 instead of /boot/boot1; you will overwrite your partition table and render your computer un-bootable! When the FreeBSD boot manager runs it records the last OS booted by setting the active flag on the partition table entry for that OS and then writes the whole 512-bytes of itself back to the MBR so if you just copy /boot/boot0 to C:\BOOTSECT.BSD then it writes an empty partition table, with the active flag set on one entry, to the MBR. How do I boot FreeBSD and &linux; from LILO? If you have FreeBSD and &linux; on the same disk, just follow LILO's installation instructions for booting a non-&linux; operating system. Very briefly, these are: Boot &linux;, and add the following lines to /etc/lilo.conf: other=/dev/hda2 table=/dev/hda label=FreeBSD (the above assumes that your FreeBSD slice is known to &linux; as /dev/hda2; tailor to suit your setup). Then, run lilo as root and you should be done. If FreeBSD resides on another disk, you need to add loader=/boot/chain.b to the LILO entry. For example: other=/dev/dab4 table=/dev/dab loader=/boot/chain.b label=FreeBSD In some cases you may need to specify the BIOS drive number to the FreeBSD boot loader to successfully boot off the second disk. For example, if your FreeBSD SCSI disk is probed by BIOS as BIOS disk 1, at the FreeBSD boot loader prompt you need to specify: Boot: 1:da(0,a)/kernel You can configure &man.boot.8; to automatically do this for you at boot time. The &linux;+FreeBSD mini-HOWTO is a good reference for FreeBSD and &linux; interoperability issues. How do I boot FreeBSD and &linux; using BootEasy? Install LILO at the start of your &linux; boot partition instead of in the Master Boot Record. You can then boot LILO from BootEasy. If you are running &windows; 95 and &linux; this is recommended anyway, to make it simpler to get &linux; booting again if you should need to reinstall &windows; 95 (which is a Jealous Operating System, and will bear no other Operating Systems in the Master Boot Record). How do I change the boot prompt from ??? to something more meaningful? You can not do that with the standard boot manager without rewriting it. There are a number of other boot managers in the sysutils ports category that provide this functionality. I have a new removable drive, how do I use it? Whether it is a removable drive like a &iomegazip; or an EZ drive (or even a floppy, if you want to use it that way), or a new hard disk, once it is installed and recognized by the system, and you have your cartridge/floppy/whatever slotted in, things are pretty much the same for all devices. (this section is based on Mark Mayo's ZIP FAQ) If it is a ZIP drive or a floppy, you have already got a DOS filesystem on it, you can use a command like this: &prompt.root; mount -t msdos /dev/fd0c /floppy if it is a floppy, or this: &prompt.root; mount -t msdos /dev/da2s4 /zip for a ZIP disk with the factory configuration. For other disks, see how they are laid out using &man.fdisk.8; or &man.sysinstall.8;. The rest of the examples will be for a ZIP drive on da2, the third SCSI disk. Unless it is a floppy, or a removable you plan on sharing with other people, it is probably a better idea to stick a BSD filesystem on it. You will get long filename support, at least a 2X improvement in performance, and a lot more stability. First, you need to redo the DOS-level partitions/filesystems. You can either use &man.fdisk.8; or sysinstall(&os; 5.2 ¤§«eª©¥»«h¬O /stand/sysinstall), or for a small drive that you do not want to bother with multiple operating system support on, just blow away the whole FAT partition table (slices) and just use the BSD partitioning: &prompt.root; dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rda2 count=2 &prompt.root; disklabel -Brw da2 auto You can use disklabel or sysinstall to create multiple BSD partitions. You will certainly want to do this if you are adding swap space on a fixed disk, but it is probably irrelevant on a removable drive like a ZIP. Finally, create a new filesystem, this one is on our ZIP drive using the whole disk: &prompt.root; newfs /dev/rda2c and mount it: &prompt.root; mount /dev/da2c /zip and it is probably a good idea to add a line like this to /etc/fstab (see &man.fstab.5;) so you can just type mount /zip in the future: /dev/da2c /zip ffs rw,noauto 0 0 Why do I get Incorrect super block when mounting a CDROM? You have to tell &man.mount.8; the type of the device that you want to mount. This is described in the Handbook section on optical media, specifically the section Using Data CDs. Why do I get Device not configured when mounting a CDROM? This generally means that there is no CDROM in the CDROM drive, or the drive is not visible on the bus. Please see the Using Data CDs section of the Handbook for a detailed discussion of this issue. Why do all non-English characters in filenames show up as ? on my CDs when mounted in FreeBSD? Your CDROM probably uses the Joliet extension for storing information about files and directories. This is discussed in the Handbook chapter on creating and using CDROMs, specifically the section on Using Data CDROMs. I burned a CD under FreeBSD and now I can not read it under any other operating system. Why? You most likely burned a raw file to your CD, rather than creating an ISO 9660 filesystem. Take a look at the Handbook chapter on creating CDROMs, particularly the section on burning raw data CDs. How can I create an image of a data CD? This is discussed in the Handbook section on duplicating data CDs. For more on working with CDROMs, see the Creating CDs Section in the Storage chapter in the Handbook. Why can I not mount an audio CD? If you try to mount an audio CD, you will get an error like cd9660: /dev/acd0c: Invalid argument. This is because mount only works on filesystems. Audio CDs do not have filesystems; they just have data. You need a program that reads audio CDs, such as the audio/xmcd port. How do I mount a multi-session CD? By default, &man.mount.8; will attempt to mount the last data track (session) of a CD. If you would like to load an earlier session, you must use the command line argument. Please see &man.mount.cd9660.8; for specific examples. How do I let ordinary users mount floppies, CDROMs and other removable media? Ordinary users can be permitted to mount devices. Here is how: As root set the sysctl variable vfs.usermount to 1. &prompt.root; sysctl -w vfs.usermount=1 As root assign the appropriate permissions to the block device associated with the removable media. For example, to allow users to mount the first floppy drive, use: &prompt.root; chmod 666 /dev/fd0 To allow users in the group operator to mount the CDROM drive, use: &prompt.root; chgrp operator /dev/acd0c &prompt.root; chmod 640 /dev/acd0c If you are running &os; 5.X or later, you will need to alter /etc/devfs.conf to make these changes permanent across reboots. As root, add the necessary lines to /etc/devfs.conf. For example, to allow users to mount the first floppy drive add: # Allow all users to mount the floppy disk. own /dev/fd0 root:operator perm /dev/fd0 0666 To allow users in the group operator to mount the CD-ROM drive add: # Allow members of the group operator to mount CD-ROMs. own /dev/acd0 root:operator perm /dev/acd0 0660 Finally, add the line vfs.usermount=1 to the file /etc/sysctl.conf so that it is reset at system boot time. All users can now mount the floppy /dev/fd0 onto a directory that they own: &prompt.user; mkdir ~/my-mount-point &prompt.user; mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 ~/my-mount-point Users in group operator can now mount the CDROM /dev/acd0c onto a directory that they own: &prompt.user; mkdir ~/my-mount-point &prompt.user; mount -t cd9660 /dev/acd0c ~/my-mount-point Unmounting the device is simple: &prompt.user; umount ~/my-mount-point Enabling vfs.usermount, however, has negative security implications. A better way to access &ms-dos; formatted media is to use the emulators/mtools package in the ports collection. The device name used in the previous examples must be changed according to your configuration. The du and df commands show different amounts of disk space available. What is going on? You need to understand what du and df really do. du goes through the directory tree, measures how large each file is, and presents the totals. df just asks the filesystem how much space it has left. They seem to be the same thing, but a file without a directory entry will affect df but not du. When a program is using a file, and you delete the file, the file is not really removed from the filesystem until the program stops using it. The file is immediately deleted from the directory listing, however. You can see this easily enough with a program such as more. Assume you have a file large enough that its presence affects the output of du and df. (Since disks can be so large today, this might be a very large file!) If you delete this file while using more on it, more does not immediately choke and complain that it cannot view the file. The entry is simply removed from the directory so no other program or user can access it. du shows that it is gone — it has walked the directory tree and the file is not listed. df shows that it is still there, as the filesystem knows that more is still using that space. Once you end the more session, du and df will agree. Note that Soft Updates can delay the freeing of disk space; you might need to wait up to 30 seconds for the change to be visible! This situation is common on web servers. Many people set up a FreeBSD web server and forget to rotate the log files. The access log fills up /var. The new administrator deletes the file, but the system still complains that the partition is full. Stopping and restarting the web server program would free the file, allowing the system to release the disk space. To prevent this from happening, set up &man.newsyslog.8;. How can I add more swap space? In the Configuration and Tuning section of the Handbook, you will find a section describing how to do this. Why does &os; see my disk as smaller than the manufacturer says it is? Disk manufacturers calculate gigabytes as a billion bytes each, whereas &os; calculates them as 1,073,741,824 bytes each. This explains why, for example, &os;'s boot messages will report a disk that supposedly has 80GB as holding 76319MB. Also note that &os; will (by default) reserve 8% of the disk space. How is it possible for a partition to be more than 100% full? A portion of each UFS partition (8%, by default) is reserved for use by the operating system and the root user. &man.df.1; does not count that space when calculating the Capacity column, so it can exceed 100%. Also, you will notice that the Blocks column is always greater than the sum of the Used and Avail columns, usually by a factor of 8%. For more details, look up the option in &man.tunefs.8;. Wei-Hon Chen
plasmaball@pchome.com.tw
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sendmail -bt ADDRESS TEST MODE (ruleset 3 NOT automatically invoked) Enter <ruleset> <address> > 3,0 foo@example.com canonify input: foo @ example . com .. parse returns: $# uucp-dom $@ your.uucp.relay $: foo < @ example . com . > > ^D ·í§Ú¥Î¼·±µ³s¤Wºô¸ô®É¸Ó«ç»ò³]©w«H¥ó»¼°e¡H ¦pªG§A¤w¸g¦³¤@­Ó©T©wªº IP ¼Æ¦r¡A§A¤£»Ý­n½Õ¾ã¥ô¦ó¤º©w­È¡C³]¦n §A­n«ü©wªººô¸ô¦WºÙ¡A¨ä¥Lªº sendmail ³£·|À°§A°µ§¹¡C ¦pªG§A®³¨ìªº¬O°ÊºA°t¸mªº IP ¼Æ¦r¦Ó¨Ï¥Î¼·±µ ppp ³s±µ¨ìºô»Úºô ¸ô¡A§A¥i¯à¤w¸g¦b§Aªº ISP «H¥ó¥D¾÷¤W¦³¤@­Ó«H½c¡C°²³]§Aªº ISP ºô°ì ¬O example.net¡A§Aªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¦W ºÙ¬O user¡C¥ç°²³]§AºÙ¦Û¤vªº¥D¾÷¦WºÙ¬O bsd.home ¦Ó§Aªº ISP §i¶D§A¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î relay.example.net ·í§@«H¥ó¦^ÂгB¡C ¬°¤F±q§Aªº«H½c±µ¦¬«H¥ó¡A§A±N»Ý­n¦w¸Ë¨ú«Hµ{¦¡¥H«K±q«H½c¨ú¦^«H¥ó¡C Fetchmail ¬O¤@­Ó¤£¿ùªº¿ï¾Ü¡A¦]¬°¥¦¤ä ´©³\¦h¤£¦Pªº³q°T¨ó©w¡A³q±`§Aªº ISP ·|´£¨Ñ POP3¡C¦pªG§A¿ï¾Ü¨Ï¥Î user-ppp¡A§A¥i¥H¦b³s½u¨ìºô¸ô¦¨¥\«á¦Û°Ê§ì¨ú§Aªº«H¥ó¡A¥u­n¦b /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup¸Ì­±³]©w¥H¤U³o¶µ¡G MYADDR: !bg su user -c fetchmail °²¨Ï§A¥¿¨Ï¥Î sendmail (¦p¤U©Ò¥Ü) ¶Ç°e«H¥ó¨ì«D¥»¦a±b¸¹¡A¸m¤J¥H¤U©R¥O¡G !bg su user -c "sendmail -q" ¦b¤W­±¨º¶µ©R¥O¤§«á¡C³o·|±j­¢ sendmail ¦b³s±µ¤Wºô¸ô«á°¨¤W¶}©l³B²z mailqueue¡C §Ú°²³]§A¦b bsd.home ¾÷¾¹¤W¦³¤@­Ó user ªº±b¸¹¡C¦b bsd.home ¾÷¾¹¤W user ªº®a¥Ø¿ý¸Ì«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó .fetchmailrc ªºÀɮסG poll example.net protocol pop3 fetchall pass MySecret µL¶·Âب¥¡A³o­ÓÀÉ°£¤F user ¥~¤£À³¸Ó³Q¥ô ¦ó¤HŪ¨ú¡A¦]¬°¥¦¥]§t MySecret ³o­Ó±K½X¡C ¬°¤F¦b±H«H®É¦³¥¿½Tªº©ïÀY from:¡A§A¥²¶·§i¶D sendmail ¨Ï¥Î user@example.net ¦Ó«D user@bsd.home¡C§A¥i¯à·|§Æ±æ§i¶D sendmail ±q relay.example.net °e¥X©Ò¦³«H¥ó¡A ¥[§Ö«H¥ó¶Ç°e¡C ¥H¤Uªº .mc ÀÉÀ³¯àº¡¨¬§Aªº­n¨D¡G VERSIONID(`bsd.home.mc version 1.0') OSTYPE(bsd4.4)dnl FEATURE(nouucp)dnl MAILER(local)dnl MAILER(smtp)dnl Cwlocalhost Cwbsd.home MASQUERADE_AS(`example.net')dnl FEATURE(allmasquerade)dnl FEATURE(masquerade_envelope)dnl FEATURE(nocanonify)dnl FEATURE(nodns)dnl define(`SMART_HOST', `relay.example.net') Dmbsd.home define(`confDOMAIN_NAME',`bsd.home')dnl define(`confDELIVERY_MODE',`deferred')dnl ¦p¦óÂà´«³o­Ó .mc Àɮרì sendmail.cf Àɪº¸Ô²Ó²Ó¸`¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¤W¤@¸`¡C ¥t¥~¡A¦b§ó·s sendmail.cf ¥H«á¤£­n§Ñ°O­«·s±Ò°Ê sendmail¡C °£¤F Sendmail ¥~¡AÁÙ¦³­þ¨Ç¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î©O¡H Sendmail ¬O FreeBSD ¹w³]¨Ï¥Îªº¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹¡A¦ý¬O§AÁÙ¬O¥i¥H«Ü®e©ö¦a¥H¨ä¥¦ ¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹ (¨Ò¦p¡A±q port ¦w¸Ëªº¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹) ¨ú¥N¤§¡C port ¸Ì¦³«Ü¦h¥i¨Ñ¿ï¾Üªº¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹¡A¹³ mail/exim¡B mail/postfix¡B mail/qmail¡B mail/zmailer µ¥¡A ´N¬O´X­Ó«Ü¨üÅwªïªº¿ï¾Ü¡C ¦h¼Ë¿ï¾Ü¬O¦n¨Æ¡A¦Ó¥B¤j®a¦³³\¦h¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¤]³Q»{¬°¬O ¦n¨Æ¡F©Ò¥H½ÐÁקK¦b³q«H½×¾Â¸Ì°Ý¹³ Sendmail ¦³¤ñ Qmail ¦n¶Ü¡H ³o¼Ëªº°ÝÃD¡C¦pªG§A¯uªº«Ü·Q°Ýªº¸Ü¡A½Ð¥ý¨ì³q«H½×¾Â archive ¸Ì§ä¤@¤U¡C¨C¤@­Ó¶l¥ó¦øªA¾¹ªºÀuÂI»P¯ÊÂI¡A¥H«e¤j·§´N¤w¸g °Q½×¦n´X¦¸¤F¡C §Ú§Ñ¤F root ±K½X¤F¡I«ç»ò¿ì¡H ¤£­nÅå·W¡I¥u­n­«·s±Ò°Ê¨t²Î¡A¦b¬Ý¨ì Boot: ®É¿é¤J boot -s §Y¥i¶i¤J³æ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¼Ò¦¡ (¦b 3.2-RELEASE ¤§«eªºª©¥»½Ð§ï¥Î -s)¡C ¦b°Ý­n¨Ï¥Î­þ­Ó shell ®É¡A«ö¤U ENTER¡C§A·|¬Ý¨ì¤@­Ó &prompt.root; 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cd /dev &prompt.root; sh MAKEDEV snd0 ¥i¥H¤£¥Î¶}¾÷¡A­«·sŪ¨ú /etc/rc.conf¡B ¦A¦¸±Ò°Ê /etc/rc ¶Ü? ¥ý¶i¤J³æ¤H¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¼Ò¦¡¡AµM«á¦A¦^¨ì¦h¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¼Ò¦¡¡C ¦b¥D±±¥x°õ¦æ¡G &prompt.root; shutdown now (Note: without -r or -h) &prompt.root; return &prompt.root; exit §Ú·Q­n§â§Úªº¨t²Îª@¯Å¨ì³Ì·sªº -STABLE¡A¦ý¬O±o¨ìªº¬O -RC ©Î -PRERELEASE¡I«ç»ò¤F¡H ²³æ¦a»¡¡G¨º¥u¬O¦W¦r¦Ó¤w¡CRC ªº·N«ä¬O Release Candiate¡A µo¦æ­Ô¿ïª©¥»¡A¥¦ªí¥Ü·sª©¥»§Ö­nµo¦æ¤F¡C¦b FreeBSD ¤¤¡A -PRERELEASE ³q±`¬Oµo¦æ«eªºµ{¦¡½X­áµ²ªº¥N¦Wµü¡C(¦³¨Çµo¦æª©¥»¤¤¡A -BETA ¼ÐÅÒ¸ò -PRERELEASE ¬O¬Û¦P·N«äªº¡C) ¸Ô²Ó¦a»¡¡GFreeBSD ±q¨â­Ó¦a¤è¤À¤ä¥X¥¦ªºµo¦æª©¥»¡C¥Dª©¸¹¡B ÂI¹s¡Brelease (¨Ò¦p 3.0-RELEASE ¤Î 4.0-RELEASE) ªº¡A¬O±qµo®i¹Lµ{ ¶}©l®É¤À¤ä¥X¨Óªº¡A³q±`ºÙ¬° -CURRENT ¡C¦³°Æª©¸¹ªºª©¥» (¨Ò¦p 3.1-RELEASE ©Î 4.2-RELEASE)¡A¬O ¬¡ÅDªº -STABLE ¤À¤ä¤¤ªºµo¦æª©¥» §Ö·Ó¡C±q 4.3-RELEASE ¶}©l¡A¨C¤@­Óµo¦æª©¥»¦³¥¦¦Û¤vªº¤À¤ä¡A¥i¬° °¾¦n·¥«×«O¦uªºµo®i³t«× (³q±`¥u·|§@¦w¥þ¤è­±ªº§ó·s) ªº¤H©Ò¥Î¡C ·Ç³Æ­n»s§@µo¦æª©¥»®É¡A¨ä©Ò¦bªº¤À¤ä·|¸g¹L¤@©wªºµ{§Ç¡C¦³¤@­Ó¬O µ{¦¡½X­áµ²¡C·íµ{¦¡½X­áµ²¶}©l®É¡A¤À¤ä¦WºÙ·|§ó¦W¡A¥H¤Ï¬M¥¦§Ö­n¦¨¬° ¤@­Óµo¦æª©¥»¤F¡CÁ|­Ó¨Ò¤l¡A¦pªG­ì¨Óªº¤À¤ä¥s 4.5-STABLE¡A¥¦ªº¦W¦r ·|Åܦ¨ 4.6-PRERELEASE ¥Hªí¥Üµ{¦¡½X¤w­áµ²¡A¨Ã¥BÃB¥~ªºµo¦æ«e´ú¸Õ ±N­n¶}©l¤F¡C¯äÂΧ󥿤´¥i¦^³ø¡A¥H¦¨¬°µo¦æª©¥»ªº¤@³¡¥÷¡C·íµ{¦¡½X ¦³¤F¥i¦¨¬°µo¦æª©¥»ªºÂú§Î®É¡A¥¦ªº¦W¦r´N·|Åܦ¨ 4.6-RC¡A¥Hªí¥Üµo¦æ ª©¥»§Ö¦n¤F¡C¶i¤J RC ¶¥¬q«á¡A¥u¦³§ä¨ìªº³Ì¦³¼vÅTªº¯äÂΤ~·|³Q­×¥¿¡C ·íµo¦æª©¥» (¥»¨Ò¤¤¬° 4.6-RELEASE) ²£¥Í«á¡Aµo¦æª©¥»·|¦³¦Û¤vªº¤À¤ä¡A ­ì¤À¤ä·|³Q§ó¦W¬° 4.6-STABLE¡C ·Q­n±oª¾§ó¦h¦³Ãöª©¥»¸¹½X»P¦U CVS ¤À¤äªº¸ê°T¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Release Engineering ¤@¤å¡C §Ú¸ÕµÛ­n¦w¸Ë¤@­Ó·sªº®Ö¤ß¡A¦ý¬OµLªk chflags¡C§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò¸Ñ¨M¡H ²³æ¦a»¡¡G§Aªº securelevel ¥i¯à¤j©ó¹s¡Cª½±µ­«·s¶}¾÷¨ì ³æ¤H¼Ò¦¡¡A¦A¦w¸Ë®Ö¤ß¡C ¸Ô²Ó¦a»¡¡GFreeBSD ¦b securelevel ¤j©ó¹s±¡ªp¤U¡A¤£¤¹³\ Åܧó¨t²ÎºX¼Ð (system flags)¡C§A¥i¥H¥Î³o­Ó«ü¥OÀˬd§Aªº securelevel¡G &prompt.root; sysctl kern.securelevel §A¨S¦³¿ìªk­°§C securelevel¡F§A¥²¶·±Ò°Ê¨t²Î¨ì³æ¤H¼Ò¦¡¥H ¦w¸Ë®Ö¤ß¡A©Î¬O­×§ï /etc/rc.conf ¤ºªº securelevel ¦A­«·s¶}¾÷¡C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò &man.init.8; »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡A¥H¨ú±o §ó¦h¦³Ãö securelevel ªº¸ê°T¡AÁÙ¦³ /etc/defaults/rc.conf ©M &man.rc.conf.5; »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡A¥H¨ú±o§ó¦h¦³Ãö rc.conf ªº¸ê°T¡C ¦b§Úªº¨t²Î¤W¡A§ÚµLªkÅܧó®É¶¡¶W¹L¤@¬í¥H¤Wªº½d³ò¡I §Ú¸Ó«ç»ò¿ì¡H ²³æ¦aÁ¿¡G§A¨t²Îªº securelevel ¤]³\¤j©ó 1¡Cª½±µ­«·s¶}¾÷¦Ü ³æ¤H¼Ò¦¡¡AµM«á¦A­×§ï®É¶¡¡C ¸Ô²Ó¦a»¡¡G¦b securelevel ¤j©ó 1 ªº±¡ªp¤U¡AFreeBSD ¤£¤¹³\®É¶¡ Åܰʤj©ó¤@¬í¡C§A¥i¥H¥Î¥H¤Uªº©R¥O¨ÓÀˬd¥Ø«eªº securelevel¡G &prompt.root; sysctl kern.securelevel §AµLªk­°§C securelevel¡F§A¥²¶·±Ò°Ê¹q¸£¦Ü³æ¤H¼Ò¦¡¤U¥H­×§ï®É¶¡¡A ©Î¬O­×§ï /etc/rc.conf ¦A­«·s¶}¾÷¡C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò &man.init.8; »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡A¥H¨ú±o§ó¦h¦³Ãö securelevel ªº¸ê°T¡AÁÙ¦³ /etc/defaults/rc.conf ©M &man.rc.conf.5; »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡A¥H¨ú±o§ó¦h¦³Ãö rc.conf ªº¸ê°T¡C ¬°¤°»ò rpc.statd ¥Î¤F 256 megabytes ªº°O¾ÐÅé¡H ¤£¡A¨º¤£¬O memory leak¡A¦Ó¥B¥¦¤]¤£¬O¯uªº¥Î¤F 256 Mbyte ªº°O¾ÐÅé¡C¥¦¥u¬O³ßÅw (·N«ä´N¬OÁ`·|³o¼Ë§@) ±N¤@ª¯²¼ªº°O¾ÐÅé ¬MÁ¨쥦¦Û¤vªº¦ì§}ªÅ¶¡¡A¥H¤è«K§@¨Æ¡C´N§Þ³N¦Ó¨¥¡A³o¼Ë¨Ã¨S¦³ ¤°»ò¤£¹ï¡F³o¼Ë¥u¬O·|Åý &man.top.1; ©M &man.ps.1; À~¤@¤j¸õ¦Ó¤w¡C &man.rpc.statd.8; ·|±N¥¦ªºª¬ºAÀÉ®× (¦ì©ó /var ) ¬M®g¦Ü¥¦ªº¦ì§}ªÅ¶¡¸Ì¡F¬°¤F¨¾¤î»Ý­nªº®É­Ô¦A¼W¤j©Ò ¾É­Pªº­«·s¬M®g¡A¥¦¤@¦¸·|¨Ï¥Î¬Û·í¤jªº¤j¤p¡C±qµ{¦¡½X¨Ó¬Ýªº¸Ü´N §ó©úÅã¤F¡A¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì &man.mmap.2; ªºªø«×°Ñ¼Æ¬° 0x10000000 ¡A¥¦¬O IA32 ¬[ºc¤Wªº¤Q¤»¤À¤§¤@ªº©w§}ªÅ¶¡¡A¤]´N¬O 256MB¡C ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¨S¿ìªk¨ú®ø schg Àɮ׺X¼Ð¡H §A¥¿¦b¤@­Ó´£°ª¤F securelevel (¤]´N¬O¤j©ó 0) ªº¨t²Î¹B§@¡C ­°§C securelevel ¦A¸Õ¸Õ¬Ý¡C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò FAQ ¤¤¹ï securelevel ªº»¡©ú ©M &man.init.8; »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡C ¬°¤°»òªñ¨Óªº·sª© FreeBSD ¹w³]µLªk§Q¥Î .shosts §¹¦¨ SSH »{ÃÒ¡H ¬°¤°»òªñ¨Ó·sª© FreeBSD .shosts »{ÃÒ¹w³] ¬°¨ú®øªº­ì¦]¡A¬O¦]¬° &man.ssh.1; ¹w³]¤£¦w¸Ë¬° suid ¦¨ root¡C­n ­×¥¿ ³oÂI¡A§A¥i¥H§@¤U¦Cªº ¥ô¦ó¤@¥ó¨Æ¡G ­n¤@³Ò¥Ã¶h¸Ñ¨M¡A½Ð±N /etc/make.conf ¸Ìªº ENABLE_SUID_SSH ³]¦¨ true ¡AµM«á¦A­«·s build ssh (©Î¬O°õ¦æ make world)¡C ¥u§@¤@®Éªº­×¥¿ªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H root ¨­¥÷ °õ¦æ chmod 4755 /usr/bin/ssh ±N /usr/bin/ssh ³]¦¨ 4555 ¡CµM«á±N ENABLE_SUID_SSH= true ¥[¤J /etc/make.conf ¸Ì¡A³o¼Ë¤U¦¸ make world °õ¦æ´N·|¥Í®Ä¤F¡C ¤°»ò¬O vnlru? ·í¨t²Î¹F¨ì¤W­­ kern.maxvnodes ®É¡A vnlru ·|²M°£¨ÃÄÀ©ñ vnode¡C³o­Ó®Ö¤ß °õ¦æºü¤j³¡¥÷ªº®É¶¡³£¨S¨Æ§@¡A¥u¦³·í§A¦³«Ü¤jªº°O¾ÐÅé¡A¦Ó¥B ¥¿¦b¦s¨ú¤W¸U­Ó¤pÀɮ׮ɡA¤~·|³Q±Ò°Ê¡C
Wei-Hon Chen
plasmaball@pchome.com.tw
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cd /dev &prompt.root; rm -f mouse &prompt.root; ln -s sysmouse mouse ·Æ¹«ªººu½ü¡A¯à¦b X ¸Ì­±¨Ï¥Î¶Ü¡H ¥i¥H¡C¤£¹L»Ý­n³]©w X client ºÝµ{¦¡¡C ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Colas Nahaboo ªººô­¶ (http://www.inria.fr/koala/colas/mouse-wheel-scroll/) . ¦pªG§A­n¨Ï¥Î imwheel µ{¦¡¡A ¥u­n¸òµÛ¤U¦C¨BÆJ§@§Y¥i¡C Âà´«ºu½ü event Translate the Wheel Events imwheel µ{¦¡ªº¹B§@­ì²z¡A ¬O±N·Æ¹«ªº²Ä¥|Áä»P²Ä¤­ÁäÂà´«¦¨«öÁä event¡C¦]¬°¦p¦¹¡A©Ò¥H §A¥²¶·Åý·Æ¹«ÅX°Êµ{¦¡±N·Æ½ü¨Æ¥óÂà´«¦¨²Ä¥|Áä»P²Ä¤­Áä event¡C ¦³¨âºØ¤èªk¥i¥H¹F¨ì¥Øªº¡A¤@¬OÅý &man.moused.8; §@Âà´«¡A¤G¬O Åý X ¥»¨­¥h§@ event Âà´«¡C ¨Ï¥Î &man.moused.8; ¨ÓÂà´«ºu½ü Event ­nÅý &man.moused.8; ¨Ó§@ event Âà´«¡A¥u­n¦b °õ¦æ &man.moused.8; ªº©R¥O¦C¤¤¥[¤W §Y¥i¡CÁ|­Ó¨Ò¤l¡A¦pªG§A¤@¯ë³£¬O¥H moused -p /dev/psm0 ¨Ó°_°Ê &man.moused.8; ªº¸Ü¡A¥u­n§ï¦¨ moused -p /dev/psm0 -z 4 §Y¥i¡C¦pªG§A¬O¦b¶}¾÷¹Lµ{¤¤§Q¥Î /etc/rc.conf ¨Ó°_°Ê &man.moused.8;¡A §A¥i¥H¦b /etc/rc.conf ¤¤±N moused_flags ¤W¥[ §Y¥i¡C §A²{¦b»Ý­nÅý X ª¾¹D§Aªº·Æ¹«¦³¤­­Ó«öÁä¡A¥u­n¦b /etc/XF86Config ¤¤ªº Pointer °Ï¶ô¤¤¥[¤W Buttons 5 ³o¤@¦æ§Y¥i¡C¨Ò¦p¡A §A¥i¯à¦b /etc/XF86Config ¤¤¦³ ¥H¤Uªº Pointer °Ï¶ô¡G ¦b XFree86 3.3.x ¨t¦Cªº XF86Config ³]©wÀɪº <quote>Pointer</quote> °Ï¶ô¤¤¡A¥H moused §@Âà´« ªººu½ü¹«ªº³]©w½d¨Ò Section "Pointer" Protocol "SysMouse" Device "/dev/sysmouse" Buttons 5 EndSection ¦b XFree86 4.x ¨t¦Cªº XF86Config ³]©wÀɪº <quote>InputDevice</quote> °Ï¶ô¤¤¡A¥H X Server §@Âà´« ªººu½ü¹«ªº³]©w½d¨Ò Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Mouse1" Driver "mouse" Option "Protocol" "auto" Option "Device" "/dev/sysmouse" Option "Buttons" "5" EndSection ¦b <quote>.emacs</quote> ¤¤¡A³]©wºu½ü¹«ªº­ì¥Í ­¶­±ºu°Ê¤ä´©½d¨Ò ;; wheel mouse (global-set-key [mouse-4] 'scroll-down) (global-set-key [mouse-5] 'scroll-up) §Q¥Î§Aªº X Server ¨Ó§@ºu½ü Event Âà´« ¦pªG§A¨S¦³°õ¦æ &man.moused.8;¡A©Î¬O§A¤£·Q§Q¥Î &man.moused.8; ¥h§@ºu½ü event Âà´«¡A§A¥i¥H§ï¥Î X server ¨Ó§@³o¼Ëªº event Âà´«¡C§A±o¦b /etc/XF86Config Àɮפ¤§@´X­Ó§ó°Ê¡C²Ä¤@¡A §A­n¬°§Aªº·Æ¹«¿ï¾Ü¾A·íªº³q°T¨ó©w¡C¤j¦h¼Æªººu½ü¹«³£ ¨Ï¥Î IntelliMouse ¨ó©w¡A¤£¹L XFree86 ¤]¤ä´©¨ä¥¦ªº³q°T¨ó©w¡A¨Ò¦pù§Þªº MouseMan+ ·Æ¹«©Ò¥Îªº MouseManPlusPS/2¡C·í§A¿ï¦n¤§«á¡A¥u­n ¥[¶i¤@¦æ Pointer °Ï¶ôªº Protocol ÅܼƧY¥i¡C ²Ä¤G¡A§A­n§i¶D X server ±N±²°Ê¨Æ¥ó­«·s¹ï¬M¦Ü·Æ¹«ªº ²Ä¥|©M²Ä¤­Áä¡C³o¥i¥H§Q¥Î ZAxisMapping ¿ï¶µ¿ì¨ì¡C Á|­Ó¨Ò¤l¡A¦pªG§A¨S¦³¨Ï¥Î &man.moused.8;¡A¦Ó§A¦³¤@­Ó IntelliMouse ¦w¸Ë¦b PS/2 ·Æ¹«°ðªº¸Ü¡A§A¥i¥H¦b /etc/XF86Config ¸Ì¨Ï¥Î¥H¤Uªº³]©w¡C ¦b XF86Config ³]©wÀɪº <quote>Pointer</quote> °Ï¶ô¤¤¡A¥H X Server §@Âà´«ªººu½ü¹«ªº³]©w½d¨Ò Section "Pointer" Protocol "IntelliMouse" Device "/dev/psm0" ZAxisMapping 4 5 EndSection ¦b XFree86 4.x ¨t¦Cªº XF86Config ³]©wÀɪº <quote>InputDevice</quote> °Ï¶ô¤¤¡A¥H X Server §@Âà´« ªººu½ü¹«ªº³]©w½d¨Ò Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Mouse1" Driver "mouse" Option "Protocol" "auto" Option "Device" "/dev/psm0" Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5" EndSection ¦b <quote>.emacs</quote> ¤¤¡A³]©wºu½ü¹«ªº­ì¥Í ­¶­±ºu°Ê¤ä´©½d¨Ò ;; wheel mouse (global-set-key [mouse-4] 'scroll-down) (global-set-key [mouse-5] 'scroll-up) ¦w¸Ë imwheel ±µ¤U¨Ó¡A±q Ports ¸Ì¦w¸Ë imwheel ¡C¦b x11 Ãþ§O¸Ì¥i¥H§ä¨ì¥¦¡A¥¦¥i¥H±N ºu½ü event ¹ï¬M¨ìÁä½L event¡CÁ|­Ó¨Ò¤l¡A¥¦¥i¥H¦b§A ±Nºu½ü©¹«e±À®É¡A°e¥X¤@­Ó Page Up ¨ì§AªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¥h¡CImwheel §Q¥Î¤@­Ó³]©wÀÉ¡A¥H«K¹ïÀ³ºu½ü event ¦ÜÁä½L event¡A³o¼Ë ¥¦´N¥i¥H¦b¤£¦PªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¤¤¡A°e¥X¤£¦PªºÁä½L«öÁä¡C¹w³]ªº imwheel ³]©wÀɬO¦b /usr/X11R6/etc/imwheelrc¡A¦pªG§A·Q ½s¿è¦Û­qªº³]©wÀɪº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H±N¥¦½Æ»s¨ì ~/.imwheelrc¡AµM«á¨Ì§Aªº»Ý­n­×§ï¥¦¡C ³]©wÀɪº®æ¦¡¦b &man.imwheel.1; ¸Ì­±¦³¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú¡C ³]©w Emacs »P Imwheel ¨ó¦P¤u§@ (¿ï¾Ü©Ê) ¦pªG§A¨Ï¥Î emacs ©Î¬O Xemacs ªº¸Ü¡A¨º§A»Ý­n¦b§Aªº ~/.emacs Àɮ׸̥[¤W¤@¤p¬q³]©w¡C emacs ½Ð¥[¤W³o¤@¬q¡G <application>Imwheel</application> ªº <application>Emacs</application> ³]©w ;;; For imwheel (setq imwheel-scroll-interval 3) (defun imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines () (interactive) (scroll-down imwheel-scroll-interval)) (defun imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines () (interactive) (scroll-up imwheel-scroll-interval)) (global-set-key [?\M-\C-\)] 'imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines) (global-set-key [?\M-\C-\(] 'imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines) ;;; end imwheel section Xemacs «h¦b ~/.emacs Àɸ̥[¤W³o¤@¬q¡G <application>Imwheel</application> ªº <application>Xemacs</application> ³]©w ;;; For imwheel (setq imwheel-scroll-interval 3) (defun imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines () (interactive) (scroll-down imwheel-scroll-interval)) (defun imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines () (interactive) (scroll-up imwheel-scroll-interval)) (define-key global-map [(control meta \))] 'imwheel-scroll-up-some-lines) (define-key global-map [(control meta \()] 'imwheel-scroll-down-some-lines) ;;; end imwheel section °õ¦æ Imwheel ¦w¸Ë¤§«á¡A§A¥i¥Hª½±µ¦b xterm ¸ÌÁä¤J imwheel ©R¥O¥H°_°Ê¥¦¡C¥¦·|¥H­I´º°õ¦æ¡A¨Ã¥B°¨¤Wµo´§®Ä¥Î¡C ¦pªG§A½T©w­nª½±µ¨Ï¥Î imwheel¡A ¥u­n§â¥¦¥[¶i§A¦Û¤vªº .xinitrc ©Î .xsession ¤ºÀɮקY¥i¡C§A¥i¥H¤£ºÞ imwheel ©Ò°e¥X¨Ó¦³Ãö PID ÀÉ®× Äµ§i¡C¨º¨Çĵ§i¥u¹ï Linux ª©ªº imwheel ¦³®Ä¦Ó¤w¡C ¬°¤°»ò X Window ªº¿ï³æ©M¹ï¸Ü®Ø¤£¯à¥¿±`¹B§@¡H §â Num Lock Ãö±¼¸Õ¸Õ¡C ¦pªG±zªº Num Lock ¦b¶}¾÷®Éªº¹w³]­È¬O¶}µÛªº¸Ü¡A±z¥²¶·§â¤U¦C ³o¦æ©ñ¨ì XF86Config ³]©wÀɤ¤ªº Keyboard ³¡¥÷¡C # Let the server do the NumLock processing. This should only be # required when using pre-R6 clients ServerNumLock ¤°»ò¬O virtual console¡H§Ú­n«ç»ò°µ¤~¯à¥Î¦h¤@ÂI¡H ²³æ¨Ó»¡¡Avirtual console ´N¬O¥i¥HÅý±z¤£¥²°µ¤Ó¦h½ÆÂøªº³]©w ¦p¨Ï¥Îºô¸ô©Î°õ¦æ X ¡A¦Ó¦b¦P¤@»O¾÷¾¹¤W¦P®É°µ¦n´X¥ó¨Æªº¤èªk¡C ·í±Ò°Ê¨t²Î¨ÃÅã¥Ü§¹©Ò¦³¶}¾÷°T®§¤§«á¡A±z´N·|¦b¿Ã¹õ¤W¬Ý¨ì¤@­Ó login ªº´£¥Ü²Å¸¹¡C¦b³o­Ó®É­Ô±z´N¥i¥H¿é¤J±zªº login name ¥H¤Î password ¡AµM«á´N¥i¥H¦b²Ä¤@­Ó virtual console ¤W¶}©l¤u§@¤F (©ÎªÌ¶}©lª±¡I) ¡C ¦b¬Y¨Ç±¡ªp¤U¡A±z¥i¯à·|·Q­n§@¨ä¥Lªº¤u§@¡A¨Ò¦p»¡¬O¬Ý¬Ý±z¥¿¦b °õ¦æªºµ{¦¡ªº»¡©ú¤å¥ó¡A©Î¬O·í±z¦b FTP ¶Ç¿éªºµ¥«Ý®É¶¡¤¤¬Ý¬Ý±zªº ¶l¥ó¡C±z¥u»Ý­n«ö Alt-F2 («ö¦í Alt Á䤣©ñ¡A¨Ã«ö¤U F2 Áä) ¡AµM«á ±z´N·|¦b²Ä¤G­Ó virtual console ¤W¬Ý¨ì¤@­Ó login ´£¥Ü²Å¸¹¡I·í±z·Q­n¦^¨ì­ì¨Óªº¤u§@®É¡A½Ð«ö Alt-F1¡C FreeBSD ¦b¦w¸Ë®Éªº¹w³]­È¬O¨Ï¥Î¤T­Ó virtual console (3.3-RELEASE «á¬°¤K­Ó)¡A±z¥i¥H¥Î Alt-F1¡AAlt-F2¡A¥H¤Î Alt-F3 ¦b¥¦­Ì¤§¶¡°µ¤Á´«¡C ¦pªG±z·Q­n¦h¤@ÂI virtual console ªº¸Ü¡A±z¥u»Ý­n½s¿è /etc/ttys ³o­ÓÀÉ (½Ð°Ñ¦Ò &man.ttys.5;)¡A ¦b Virtual terminals ³o­Óµù¸Ñ«á­±¥[¤J ttyv4 ¨ì ttyvc ªºÄæ¦ì¡G # Edit the existing entry for ttyv3 in /etc/ttys and change # "off" to "on". ttyv3 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv4 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv5 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv6 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv7 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv8 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyv9 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyva "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ±z·Q¥Î´X­Ó´N³]´X­Ó¡C±z³]¶V¦h virtual terminal ¡A¥¦­Ì´N¥Î±¼ ¶V¦h¨t²Î¸ê·½¡F¦pªG±z¥u¦³¤£¨ì 8MB ªº°O¾ÐÅ骺¸Ü¡A³o¼vÅT´N¤j¤F¡C ±z¥i¯à¤]·|·Q§â secure ´«¦¨ insecure¡C ¦pªG±z·Q­n°õ¦æ X ªº¸Ü¡A±z ¥²¶· ¬°¥¦«O¯d (©ÎÃö±¼) ¦Ü¤Ö¤@­Ó virtual terminal ¡C³o´N¬O»¡¡A¦pªG ±z·Q¦b«ö¤Q¤G­Ó Alt ¥\¯àÁä®É³£¦³ login ´£¥Ü²Å¸¹¡A¦Ó¥B¤S¦b¦P¤@ ³¡¹q¸£¤W¤]·Q°õ¦æ X ªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò³o¯u¬O¤Ó¤£©¯¤F - ±z¥u¯à¥Î¤Q¤@­Ó¡C ¨ú®ø¤@­Ó console ³Ì²³æªº¤èªk´N¬O§â¥¦Ãö±¼¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¦pªG ±z¹³¤W­±Á¿ªº¤@¼Ë³]©w¤F¥þ³¡ªº 12 ­Ó terminal ¨Ã¥B·Q­n°õ¦æ X ¡A ±z¥²»Ý§â virtual terminal 12 ±q¡G ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure ³]¦¨¡G ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure ¦pªG±zªºÁä½L¥u¦³ 10 ­Ó¥\¯àÁ䪺¸Ü¡A±z´N­n§ï¦¨³o¼Ë¡G ttyv9 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure ttyva "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure ttyvb "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 off secure (±z¤]¥i¥Hª½±µ§â³o´X¦æ¬å±¼¡C) ¤@¥¹±z§ï¤F /etc/ttys¡A¤U¤@­Ó¨BÆJ´N¬O­n ½T©w±z¦³¨¬°÷ªº virtual terminal ¸Ë¸m¡C³Ì²³æªº¤èªk´N¬O¡G &prompt.root; 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+ set_mouse_resolution(sc->kbdc, PSMD_RES_HIGH); + #if 0 set_mouse_scaling(sc->kbdc); /* 1:1 scaling */ set_mouse_mode(sc->kbdc); /* stream mode */ ¦b 2.2.6 ¤Î¥H«áªºª©¥»¡A¦b PS/2 ·Æ¹«ÅX°Êµ{¦¡¤¤³]©w 0x04 ªº flag ·|§â·Æ¹«³]¦¨°ª¸ÑªR«×¼Ò¦¡¡C¦b¶}¾÷´£¥Ü²Å¸¹®É¥Î ¿ï¶µ¨Ó¶i¤J UserConfig¡G boot: -c µM«á¡A¦b UserConfig ªº©R¥O¦C¤¤Áä¤J¡G UserConfig> flags psm0 0x04 UserConfig> quit «e¤@¸`¦³´£¨ì¥t¤@­Ó¥i¯à¾É­P·Æ¹«°ÝÃDªº­ì¦]¡C ·í§Ú«Ø¥ß X µ{¦¡®É¡Aimake »¡¥¦§ä¤£¨ì Imake.tmpl¡C¥¦¦b­þ¨à¡H Imake.tmpl ¬O Imake ®M¥óªº¤@³¡¥÷¡AImake ¬O¼Ð·Çªº«Ø¥ß X µ{¦¡ªº¤u¨ã¡C Imake.tmpl ©M¨ä¥L¼Æ­Ó header file ¤@¼Ë¬O«Ø¥ß X µ{¦¡ªº¥²­nÀɮסA±z¥i¥H¦b X prog distribution ¤¤§ä¨ì¥¦­Ì¡C±z¥i¥H¥Î sysinstall(&os; 5.2 ¤§«eª©¥»«h¬O /stand/sysinstall) ¨Ó¦w¸Ë©Î¬Oª½±µ±q X distribution ¤¤¤â°Ê¦w¸Ë¡C §Ú¦b build ¤@­Ó X À³¥Îµ{¦¡¡A¥¦»Ý­n XFree86 3.3.x¡A¦ý¬O §Ú¤w¸g¦w¸Ë XFree86 4.x ¤F¡C§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò¿ì¡H ­n§i¶D port ¦b½sĶµ{¦¡®É¡A¨Ï¥Î XFree86 4.x ¨ç¦¡®w¡A§A¥i¥H ¦b /etc/make.conf ¸Ì (¦pªG§A¨S¦³³o­ÓÀÉ¡A ½Ð«Ø¥ß¥¦) ¥[¤W¤U­±³o¤@¦æ¡G XFREE86_VERSION= 4 §Ú­n«ç»ò°µ¤~¯à³]©w¥ªºJ¤l¥Îªº·Æ¹«¡H ¦b±zªº .xinitrc ©Î¬O .xsession ¤¤°õ¦æ xmodmap -e "pointer = 3 2 1" ªº«ü¥O¡C ­n¦p¦ó¦w¸Ë splash ¹Ï§ÎÅã¥Üµ{¦¡¡H¨º¸Ì¥i¥H§ä±o¨ì©O¡H ´N¦bµo¦æ FreeBSD 3.1 ¤§«e¡A§Ú­Ì¥[¶i¤F¦b¶}¾÷®ÉÅã¥Ü splash ¹Ï§Îªº·s¥\¯à¡C¥Ø«e¥Î¨ÓÅã¥Ü¦b¿Ã¹õ¤WªºÀÉ®× ¥²¶·¬O 256 ¦âªºÂI¯x°}¹Ï§Î (*.BMP) ©Î ZSoft PCX(*.PCX) ªº®æ¦¡¡C°£¦¹¤§¥~¡A¸ÑªR«×¤]¥²¶·¦b 320x200 ¥H¤U¡A¤~¯à©M¼Ð·Ç VGA Åã¥Ü¥d·f°t¨Ï¥Î¡C¦pªG±z½sĶ kernel ®É¦³¥[¤J VESA ¤ä´©¡A¨º»ò³Ì¤j¸ÑªR«×¥i¥H¨ì 1024x768¡Cª`·N VESA ªº ¤ä´©»Ý­n¥[¤J VM86 ³o­Ó kernel ¿ï¶µ¡CVESA ¤ä´©¹ê»Ú¤W¥i¥H¦b½sĶ kernel ®É¥[¤J VESA ¿ï¶µ¡B ©Î¸ü¤J VESA ªº kld module ¨Ó¹F¦¨¡C ±z­n­×§ï±±¨î FreeBSD ¶}¾÷¨BÆJªº³]©wÀÉ¡A¤~¯à¨Ï¥Î splash Åã¥Ü¹Ï§Îªº¥\¯à¡C³]©wÀɦbµo¦æ FreeBSD 3.2 «e¦³¨Ç§ó°Ê¡A©Ò¥H²{¦b ¦³¨â­Ó¤èªk¥i¥H¸ü¤J splash ªº¥\¯à¡G FreeBSD 3.1 ¥ý¿ï¥X¥Î¨ÓÅã¥Ü¦b¿Ã¹õ¤Wªº¹Ï§Î¡A3.1 ª©¥u¤ä´© Windows ªºÂI¯x°}®æ¦¡¡C¿ï¦n¤F±z­nªº¹ÏÀÉ«á¡A±N¥¦«þ¨ì /boot/splash.bmp¡C±µµÛ§â¤U­±´X¦æ¥[¤J /boot/loader.rc ¤¤¡G load kernel load -t splash_image_data /boot/splash.bmp load splash_bmp autoboot FreeBSD 3.2+ °£¤F¥[¤J¹ï PCX Àɮתº¤ä´©¥~¡AFreeBSD 3.2 ¤]§ï¶i¤F ¶}¾÷µ{§Çªº³]©w¤è¦¡¡C¦pªG±zÄ@·Nªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H¥Î¤W­z FreeBSD 3.1 ªº¤èªk¡A±N splash_bmp ´«¦¨ splash_pcx ¨Ó¸ü¤J PCX ÀɮקY¥i¡C ¦pªG·Q¥Î·sªº³]©w¤è¦¡¡A±zªº /boot/loader.rc ¥²¶·¥]¬A³o´X¦æ¡G include /boot/loader.4th start Áٻݭn¤@­Ó¥]§t¥H¤U´X¦æªº /boot/loader.conf ¡G splash_bmp_load="YES" bitmap_load="YES" ³o¬O°²³]±z¥Î /boot/splash.bmp ¨Ó·í§@ splash ªº¿Ã¹õÅã¥Ü¡C¦pªG·Q¥Î PCX ªºÀɮסA§â¥¦«þ¦¨ /boot/splash.pcx¡A¦p¤W­z°µ¥X /boot/loader.rc¡A¦A±N³o´X¦æ¥[¨ì /boot/loader.conf ¤¤¡G splash_pcx_load="YES" bitmap_load="YES" bitmap_name="/boot/splash.pcx" ²{¦b´N¥u³Ñ¤U splash ¥Î¨ÓÅã¥Üªº¹ÏÀÉ¡A±z¥i¥H¦b http://www.baldwin.cx/splash/ §ä¨ì¦UºØ¼Ë«~¡C §Ú¯à¦b X ¸Ì¨Ï¥ÎÁä½L¤Wªº Windows ¶Ü¡H ¥i¥H¡C§A©Ò­n§@ªº¡A´N¬O§Q¥Î &man.xmodmap.1; 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Biing Jong Lin
bjlin@stic.gov.tw
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command-line¡A½d¨Ò¦p¤U¡G &prompt.root; ifconfig ed0 alias 192.0.2.2 netmask 0xffffffff ¤£µMªº¸Ü¡A´N¦p¦P¥[¤J¤@­Ó·sªººô¸ô¦ì§}¤@¼Ë¿é¤J§Aªººô¸ô¦ì§}»P¤l ºô¸ô¾B¸n¡G &prompt.root; ifconfig ed0 alias 172.16.141.5 netmask 0xffffff00 §Ú¦p¦ó«ü©w§Úªº 3C503 ¨Ï¥Î¨ä¥L¤£¦Pªºªº network port¡H ¦pªG±z·Q¨Ï¥Î¨ä¥Lªº port¡A§A¥²¶·¦b &man.ifconfig.8; ªº©R¥O¤¤ «ü©wÃB¥~ªº°Ñ¼Æ¡C¤º©wªº port ¬O link0¡C­n¨Ï¥Î AUI port ¥N´À BNC port ªº¸Ü¡A§ï¥Î link2¡C³o¨Ç flags À³¸Ó§ïÅÜifconfig_* ªºÅܼƨӫü©w¡A §A¥i¥H¦b /etc/rc.conf ³o­ÓÀɮ׸̭±§ä¨ì (½Ð°Ñ¦Ò &man.rc.conf.5;)¡C ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¦b¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD ªº NFS ®É¥X²{°ÝÃD¡H §Ú­Ì¥Î§t»W¤@ÂIªº»¡ªk¡A¬Y¨Ç PC ªººô¸ô¥d¤ñ¨ä¥Lªº¦n¡A³oºØª¬ªp¦b ³y¦¨ NFS ³oºØ¹ïºô¸ô±Ó·Pªºµ{¦¡¦³®É·|¥X²{°ÝÃD¡C °Ñ¦Ò the Handbook entry on NFS ¥HÀò±o³o­Ó¥DÃDªº§ó¦h¸ê°T¡C ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¤£¯à NFS-mount Linux ªº¾÷¾¹¡H ¬Y¨Çª©¥»ªº Linux NFS µ{¦¡½X¥u±µ¨ü privileged port ªº mount request¡F¸Õ¥Î³o¦æ«ü¥O¬Ý¬Ý &prompt.root; mount -o -P linuxbox:/blah /mnt ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¤£¯à NFS-mount Sun ªº¾÷¾¹¡H ¶] SunOS 4.X ªº Sun ¤u§@¯¸¥u±µ¨ü¨Ó¦Û privileged port ªº mount request¡F¸Õ¥Î³o¦æ«ü¥O¬Ý¬Ý &prompt.root; mount -o -P sunbox:/blah /mnt ¬°¤°»ò mountd ¤@ª½°­¥s»¡ can't change attributes ¦Ó¥B§Ú¤@ª½¬Ý¨ì bad exports list ³o­Ó°T®§¦b§Úªº FreeBSD NFS ¦øªA¾¹¤W¡H ³o­Ó°ÝÃD³Ì±`µo¥Íªº­ì¦]¬O¦b©ó¤£¤F¸Ñ /etc/exports ªº¥¿½T®æ¦¡¡C½Ð¸ÔŪ &man.exports.5; ¥H¤Î¤â¥U¤¤Ãö©ó NFS ªº³¡¤À¡A¯S§O¬Oconfiguring NFS³o¤@¬q¡C ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¦b¨Ï¥Î PPP ³s½u¨ì NeXTStep ¾÷¾¹®É¦³°ÝÃD¡H §â TCP extensions ¨ú®ø¡A³o­Ó³]©w¦b /etc/rc.conf ¸Ì­±(°Ñ¦Ò &man.rc.conf.5;) §â ¥H¤U³o­Ó­È³]¦¨ NO¡G tcp_extensions=NO Xylogic ªº Annex ¥D¾÷¤]¦³¬Û¦Pªº°ÝÃD¡A±z­n°µ¬Û¦Pªº­×§ï¤~¯à³s ¤W³o¨Ç¥D¾÷¡C §Ú­n«ç¼Ë¤~¯à§â IP multicast support ¥´¶}¡H FreeBSD 2.0 ¥H«áªºª©¥»¤º©w³£¦³ ¤ä´© Multicast host ¾Þ§@¡C¦pªG ±z·Q±N±zªº¥D¾÷³]©w¦¨ multicast router ªº¸Ü¡A±z¥²¶·­«·s compile ±z ªº kernel¡A¥[¤J MROUTING ªº¿ï¶µ¡A¨Ã¥B°õ¦æ &man.mrouted.8; FreeBSD 2.2 ¤Î¤§«áªºª©¥»·|¦b¶}¾÷®É°õ¦æ &man.mrouted.8; ¦pªG¦b /etc/rc.conf ¤¤ mrouted_enable ³]©w¬° "YES" MBONE ªº¦UºØ¤u¨ã¥i¥H¦b¥L­Ì ports ¤U©ÒÄÝ¥s°µ mbone ¥Ø¿ý ¤¤§ä¨ì¡C¦pªG±z¦b§äµø°T·|ijªº¤u¨ã¦p vic ¥H¤Î vatªº¸Ü¡A¨ì¨ºÃä§ä§ä§a¡I ­þ¨Çºô¸ô¥d¬O¨Ï¥Î DEC PCI chipset¡H ¥H¤U¬O Glen Foster gfoster@driver.nsta.org ´£¨Ñªº²M³æ¡G Network cards based on the DEC PCI chipset Vendor Model ASUS PCI-L101-TB Accton ENI1203 Cogent EM960PCI Compex ENET32-PCI D-Link DE-530 Dayna DP1203, DP2100 DEC DE435, DE450 Danpex EN-9400P3 JCIS Condor JC1260 Linksys EtherPCI Mylex LNP101 SMC EtherPower 10/100 (Model 9332) SMC EtherPower (Model 8432) TopWare TE-3500P Znyx (2.2.x) ZX312, ZX314, ZX342, ZX345, ZX346, ZX348 Znyx (3.x) ZX345Q, ZX346Q, ZX348Q, ZX412Q, ZX414, ZX442, ZX444, ZX474, ZX478, ZX212, ZX214 (10mbps/hd)
¬°¤°»ò­n¥Î FQDN ¤~¯à³s¨ì¨ä¥L¾÷¾¹¡H §A¤]³\·|µo²{­n³sªº¾÷¾¹¨ä¹ê¬O¦b¥t¤@­Óºô°ì¡CÁ|­Ó¨Ò¤l¡A°²³]§A¬O¦b foo.bar.edu ³o­Óºô°ì¤¤¡A·Q­n³s¨ì¦b¤@¥x¥s mumble ªº¥D¾÷¡A¥L¦b example.org ºô°ì¤U¡A §A¥²¶·¥Î Fully-Qualified Domain Name mumble.example.org¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥u¥Î mumble¡C ¶Ç²Îªº BSD BIND resolver ¤¹³\¥Î³oºØ¤è¦¡¸Ñ¥X¾÷¾¹ªº¦ì§}¡A¦ý¬O FreeBSD ¤ºªþ bind (see &man.named.8;) ª©¥»¤º©w¤è¦¡¡A«h¬O°£¤F§A©Ò¦bªººô°ì¥H¥~¡A¤£¤ä´©¨ä¥L«D FQDN ªºÁY¼g¡C ©Ò¥H¦p mumble ¥²¶·¦b mumble.foo.example.org¡A§_«h´N·|±qºô°ìªº³Ì©³ ¼h¶}©l§ä¡C ³o©M¥ý«eªº°µªk¤£¦P¡A¤]´N¬O¤£¥Î mumble.example.org¡A©M mumble.edu Ä~Äò·j´M¡C ¬Ý¤@¤U RFC 1535¡A¸Ì­±¦³´£¨ì¬°¤°»ò¤§«eªº°µªk¤£¦n¡A¬Æ¦Üºâ¬O­Ó¦w¥þ º|¬}¡C ³o¸Ì¦³­Ó¤£¿ùªº¸Ñªk, §A¥i¥H¥[¤J¤@¦æ search foo.example.org example.org instead of the previous domain foo.example.org ¦b§Aªº /etc/resolv.conf Àɮפ¤ (½Ð°Ñ¦Ò &man.resolv.conf.5;)¡C¦ý¬O­n½T©w·j´M¶¶§Ç¤£·|¹H¤Ï RFC 1535 ©Ò¿×ªº boundary between local and public administration¡C ¬°¤°»ò§Ú¦b³s½u®É¤@ª½¥X²{ Permission denied ªº¿ù»~°T®§¡H ¦pªG¦b½sĶ kernel ®É¥[¤J IPFIREWALL ¿ï¶µ¡A ½Ðª`·N 2.1.7R ¤º©w¬O©Úµ´©Ò¦³¥¼¸g®Ö­ãªººô¸ô«Ê¥](¦ý¦b¶}µo 2.1-STABLE ®É§ï±¼¤F)¡C I¦pªG¤£¤p¤ß§Ë¿ù¤F firewall ªº³]©w¡A§A¥i¥H¥H root °õ¦æ¥H¤U©R¥Oºô¸ô¥\¯à´N·|«ì´_¥¿±`¡G &prompt.root; 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sysctl -w net.inet.icmp.icmplim=300 ¦pªG§A¤£·Q¦b¨t²Î¬ö¿ý¤¤¬Ý¨ì³o¨Ç°T®§¡A¦ý¬O¤´µM§Æ±æ«O«ù¦^À³ªº­­ ¨îªº¸Ü¡A§A¥i¥H§Q¥Î sysctl ­×§ï net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output ÅܼƨӨú®ø³o¨Ç°T ®§¡G &prompt.root; sysctl -w net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output=0 ³Ì«á¡A¦pªG§A·Q¨ú®ø³o¨Ç­­¨îªº¸Ü¡A§A¥i¥H³]©w net.inet.icmp.icmplim (¦p¤W¨Ò©Ò¥Ü) ¬° 0¡C°ò©ó¤W­z²z¥Ñ¡A§Ú­Ì¤£«Øij§A¨ú®ø³o¨Ç­­¨î¡C ³o­Ó¿ù»~°T®§ arp: unknown hardware address format ¬O¤°»ò·N«ä¡H - ³o¥Nªí§Aªº°Ï°ìºô¸ô³s½u¤W¦³¤@¨Ç³]³Æ¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD ¬Ý¤£À´±o MAC + ³o¥Nªí§Aªº°Ï°ìºô¸ô³s½u¤W¦³¤@¨Ç³]³Æ¨Ï¥Î FreeBSD ¬Ý¤£À´ªº MAC ®æ¦¡¡C³o³q±`¬O¥Nªí¦³¤H¦b§Aªº°Ï°ìºô¸ô¤W¶i¦æ¹êÅç¡A³Ì±`¨£ªº´N¬O cable modem ªº³s½u¡C³o°T®§µL®`¡A¦Ó¥BÀ³¸Ó¤£¦Ü©ó¼vÅT¨ì FreeBSD ¥D ¾÷ªº®Ä¯à¡C §Ú­è­è¸Ë¦n CVSup ®M¥ó¡A¦ý¬O¦b¹Á¸Õ°õ¦æ®Éµo¥Í¤F¿ù»~¡A­n«ç»ò¿ì¡H ­º¥ý¡A¬Ý¬Ý¿ù»~ªº°T®§¬O§_¦p¤U¡G /usr/libexec/ld-elf.so.1: Shared object "libXaw.so.6" not found ³oºØ¿ù»~°T®§¥Nªí§A¥D¾÷¤W¦w¸Ëªº net/cvsup ¨S¦³¥]§t XFree86 ®M¥ó¡C¦pªG§A·Q­n¨Ï¥Î CVSup ¤º«Øªº¹Ï§Î¤¶­± GUI ªº¸Ü¡A§A»Ý­n¦w¸Ë XFree86¡C¦¹¥~¡A¦pªG§A¥u·Q¥H©R¥O¦C¤è ¦¡¨Ï¥Î CVSup ªº¸Ü¡A§AÀ³¸Ó¥ý²¾°£¤§«e ¦w¸Ëªº®M¥ó¡C¨Ã¦w¸Ë net/cvsup-without-gui ³o®M ³nÅé¡C¦b FreeBSD ¤â¥U¤¤ CVSup ¬q¸¨¤¤¦³§ó¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú¡C
Biing Jong Lin
bjlin@stic.gov.tw
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securelevel ¬O®Ö¤ß¤¤©Ò¹ê§@ªº¤@­Ó¦w¥þ¾÷¨î¡C°ò¥»¤W·í securelevel ¬O¥¿­È®É¡A®Ö¤ß·|­­¨î¬Y¨Ç¤u§@¡F§Y¨Ï¬O superuser (¤]´N¬O root) ¤]µLªk§¹¦¨¨º¨Ç¤u§@¡C¦b¼¶¼g ¥»¤å®É¡Asecurelevel ¾÷¨î¦b¤@¯ëªº­­¨î¥~¡AÁÙ¯à°÷­­¨î¥H¤Uªº¥\¯à¡G ²M°£¬Y¨Ç¯S©wªºÀɮ׺X¼Ð¡A¨Ò¦p schg (¨t²Î°ßŪ¼ÐºX, the system immutable flag) ¸g¥Ñ /dev/mem »P /dev/kmem¡A ±N¸ê®Æ¼g¤J¦Ü®Ö¤ß°O¾ÐÅ餤 ¸ü¤J®Ö¤ß¼Ò²Õ §ó°Ê &man.ipfirewall.4; ³W«h¡C ·Q­nÀˬd¦b¬Y­Ó¹B§@¤¤ªº¨t²Îªº securelevel ª¬ºA¡A¥u­n°õ¦æ¥H¤U ©R¥O§Y¥i¡G &prompt.root; sysctl kern.securelevel ¿é¥Xªºµ²ªG·|¥]§t¤@­Ó &man.sysctl.8; ÅܼƦWºÙ (¦b³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¤¤¡A ¥¦¬O kern.securelevel) ¥H¤Î¤@­Ó¼Æ¦r¡C«áªÌ§Y¬O ¥Ø«eªº securelevel ­È¡C¦pªG¥¦¬O¤@­Ó¥¿­È (¤]´N¬O¤j©ó 0)¡Aªí¥Ü¦Ü¤Ö ¦³¤@¨Ç securelevel ªº«OÅ@¾÷¨î¤w¸g¶}±Ò¤F¡C §A¨S¦³¿ìªk­°§C¤@­Ó¹B§@¤¤ªº¨t²Îªº securelevel¡F¦pªG¥i¥Hªº¸Ü¡A ´N¥¢¥h¤F³o­Ó¾÷¨îªº·N¸q¤F¡C¦pªG§A­n§@¤@¨Ç»Ý­n securelevel ¬° «D¥¿­È¤~¥i¥Hªº°Ê§@ªº¸Ü (¨Ò¦p installworld ©Î§ó°Ê¤é´Á)¡A§A»Ý­n­×§ï /etc/rc.conf ¤ºªº securelevel ³]©w (§ä§ä kern_securelevel ©M kern_securelevel_enable ÅܼÆ)¡AµM«á­«·s¶}¾÷¡C ·Q­nª¾¹D§ó¦h¦³Ãö©ó securelevel »P¦U­Ó¤£¦Pµ¥¯Å¼vÅTªº²Ó¸`¡A ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò &man.init.8; »¡©ú¤å¥ó¡C securelevel ¥i¤£¬O¸UÆF¤¦¡F¥¦¦³³\¦h¤wª¾ªº¯Ê³´¡A©¹©¹³y¦¨ ¤@ºØ¦w¥þªº°²¶H¡C ¥¦¤@­Ó³Ì¤jªº°ÝÃD¡A´N¬O­nÅý³o­Ó¥\¯à§¹¥þ¦³®Äªº¸Ü¡A¦b securelevel µo´§§@¥Î«eªº±Ò°Ê¹Lµ{¤¤¡A©Ò¦³¨Ï¥Î¨ìªºÀɮ׳£ ¥²¶·³Q«OÅ@°_¨Ó¡C¦pªG¤@­Ó§ðÀ»ªÌ¦b securelevel ¦³®Ä«e (¥Ñ©ó ¦³¨Ç¨t²Î¦b±Ò°Ê¤¤©Ò§@ªº¨Æ±¡¡AµLªk¦b¸û°ªªº securelevel ¤¤ ¥¿±`¹B§@¡A©Ò¥H³o·|¦b±Ò°Ê¹Lµ{¤¤«á´Á¤~·|¹B§@)¡A¯àÅý¥L­Ìªºµ{¦¡ ³Q°õ¦æªº¸Ü¡Asecurelevel ªº«OÅ@´N§¹¥þµL®Ä¤F¡C«OÅ@±Ò°Êµ{§Ç ¤¤©Ò¦³ªºÀɮצb§Þ³N¤W¬O¥i¦æªº¡A¦ý¬O¦pªG¯uªº³o¼Ë§@ªº¸Ü¡A¨t²Î ºûÅ@±N·|Åܦ¨¤@³õ¹ÚÆL¡C§Y¨Ï¥u¬O­×§ï¤@­Ó³]©wÀÉ¡A¤]¥²¶·±N¾ã­Ó ¨t²ÎÃö³¬¡A¦Ü¤Ö¤]±o¨ì³æ¤H¼Ò¦¡¡C °£¤F³oÂI¡AÁÙ¦³³\¦h¨ä¥¦ªºªF¦è³£¦b³q«H½×¾Â¤W°Q½×¡A¤×¨ä¬O freebsd-security¡C½Ð¨ì ³o¸Ì ·j´M¥H«eªº °Q½×¡C¦³¨Ç¤H§Æ±æ securelevel ¯à°÷¾¨§Ö®ø¥¢¡A¥Ñ¥t¤@­Ó§óÀu¨qªº ¾÷¨î¨ú¥N¡A¤£¹L¾÷·|¦³ÂI´ù¯í¡C ­·ÀI¦Û¦æ©Ó¾á¡C BIND (named) °£¤F¦b³q°T°ð 53 ¥H¥~¤]¦b ¨ä¥L°ª½s¸¹³q°T°ð (high-numbered port) ²âÅ¥ (Listen)¡C ³o¬O«ç»ò¦^¨Æ¡H FreeBSD 3.0 «áªºª©¥»¨Ï¥Î¤@­Ó¯S®íªº BIND ª©¥»¡A³o­Óª©¥»·|¨Ï ¥ÎÀH¾÷ªº°ª½s¸¹³q°T°ð¨Ó¦^À³¥~³¡ªº¬d¸ß¡C¦pªG§A¦]¬°­n¾A¦X¨¾¤õÀ𪺠³]©w©Î¬O³æ¯Âªº·QÅý¦Û¤v¬Ý¨ÓµÎªA¤@ÂI¦Ó·Q¥Î 53 ³q°T°ð¦^À³¥~³¡¬d¸ß¡A ¨º»ò§A¥i¥H¹Á¸Õ§ó§ï¥H¤UÀɮ׬ÛÃö¤º®e /etc/namedb/named.conf¡G options { query-source address * port 53; }; §A¤]¥i¥H±N * §ó§ï¬°¯S©w IP address¡A ÂÇ¥H¥[±j±±¨î±ø¥ó¡C ¶¶«K®¥³ß§A¡C¯à°÷Ū¨ú§A¨t²Î¤Wªº &man.sockstat.1; ³ø§i¨Ã¥Bª`·N ¤£¥¿±`ª¬ªp¬O¤@¥ó¦n¨Æ¡I Sendmail °£¤F¦b¼Ð·Çªº³q°T°ð 25 ¥~¤]¦b³q°T°ð 587 ²âÅ¥¡I³o¬O«ç »ò¦^¨Æ¡H ¸û·sª©¥»ªº Sendmail ¤ä´© mail submission ³o¶µ¥\¯à¡A¨Ã¥B¨Ï ¥Î³q°T°ð 587¡C³o¶µ¥\¯àÁÙ¨S¦³³Q¼sªx¤ä´©¦ý¬O¤ä´©ªº¼Æ¥Ø¥¿¦b¼Wªø ¤¤¡C §Úµo²{¤F³o­Ó UID 0 toor ±b¸¹¡A³o¬O¤°»ò ¸J¿|¡H§Ú³Q¶Â±¼¤F¶Ü¡H ©ñ¤ß¡Ctoor ¬O¤@­Ó alternative ºÞ²zªÌ±b¸¹ (toor ¬O root ªºÂà¦V«÷ªk)¡C ¥H©¹¬O¸òÀH &man.bash.1; ¦w¸Ë¦Ó«Ø¨îªº¡A«á¨Ó«h¦¨¬°¨t²Î¤º©w«Ø¨îªº¤@ ­Ó±b¸¹¡C³o­Ó±b¸¹±N¦ñÀH¤@­Ó«D¼Ð·Çªº shell ´ú¸Õ¨Ï¥Î¡A Åý§A¤£»Ý­n¥h §ó§ï¨ì root ªº¤º«Ø shell¡C¦]¬°³o¨Ç¨ä¥Lªº shell ¨Ã¨S¦³¸òÀH¨t²Î¹w³]­È¦w¸Ë (Á|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¬Y¨Ç¥Ñ ports ¦w¸Ëªº shell package)¡A¦Ó³Q¤º©w¦w¸Ë¦b /usr/local/bin ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡A¦³¥i¯à¦s¦b¤£¦PªºÀɮרt²Î¤¤¡C ­Õ­Y root ªº shell ³Q©ñ¦b /usr/local/bin¡A¥B /usr (©Î¬O¨ä¥L¥]§tµÛ /usr/local/bin ³o­Ó¤l¥Ø¿ýªºÀɮרt²Î) ¦]¬°¬Y¨Ç­ì¦]¨Ã¨S¦³³Q¥¿±`ªº mount °_¨Óªº¸Ü¡Aroot ±NµLªk¥¿±`ªºµn¤J¨t²Î¶i¦æºû­× (ÁöµM»¡§A­«¶}¾÷¦¨³æ¤H¼Ò¦¡´N·|°Ý§A­n ¸ü¤J­þ­Ó shell)¡C ¦³¨Ç¤H¨Ï¥Î toor ±b¸¹¶i¦æ¨C¤éªº root ºûÅ@¤u§@¡A¦p¦¹¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î«D¼Ð·Çªº shell¡A¦Ó root ¥i¥H«O¯d¼Ð·Ç shell¡A ¥H¦]À³³æ¤@¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¼Ò¦¡ (single user mode) ©Îºò«æª¬ªp³B²z¡C ¨Ì·Ó¨t²Î¤º©w­È¡A§A±NµLªk¨Ï¥Î toor µn¤J¡A ¦]¬°³o­Ó±b¸¹©|¥¼§ó§ï±K½X³]©w¡C¦]¦¹§A¦pªG§A·Q±Ò°Ê³o­Ó±b¸¹¡A§A»Ý­n ¨Ï¥Î root µn¤J¨t²Î¨Ã¥B­×§ï toor ªº±K½X¡C ¬°¤°»ò suidperl µLªk¥¿±`¹B§@¡H ¦]¬°¬Y¨Ç¦w¥þªº¦Ò¡Asuidperl ¤º©wªº¦w¸Ë ¨Ã¨S¦³³]©w suid bit¡C¨t²ÎºÞ²zªÌ¥i¥H¨Ì·Ó¥H¤U©R¥O±Ò°Ê suid ³]©w¡C &prompt.root; chmod u+s /usr/bin/suidperl ¦pªG§A·Q­n¦b¥Ñ source ¤É¯Å®É suidperl ¤º©w ±Ò°Ê suid ¥\¯àªº¸Ü¡A½s¿è /etc/make.conf ¥[¤J ENABLE_SUIDPERL=true µM«á°õ¦æ make buildworld¡C
PPP I cannot make &man.ppp.8; work. What am I doing wrong? You should first read the &man.ppp.8; man page and the PPP section of the handbook. Enable logging with the command set log Phase Chat Connect Carrier lcp ipcp ccp command This command may be typed at the &man.ppp.8; command prompt or it may be entered in the /etc/ppp/ppp.conf configuration file (the start of the default section is the best place to put it). Make sure that /etc/syslog.conf (see &man.syslog.conf.5;) contains the lines !ppp *.* /var/log/ppp.log and that the file /var/log/ppp.log exists. You can now find out a lot about what is going on from the log file. Do not worry if it does not all make sense. If you need to get help from someone, it may make sense to them. If your version of &man.ppp.8; does not understand the set log command, you should download the latest version. It will build on FreeBSD version 2.1.5 and higher. Why does &man.ppp.8; hang when I run it? This is usually because your hostname will not resolve. The best way to fix this is to make sure that /etc/hosts is consulted by your resolver first by editing /etc/host.conf and putting the hosts line first. Then, simply put an entry in /etc/hosts for your local machine. If you have no local network, change your localhost line: 127.0.0.1 foo.bar.com foo localhost Otherwise, simply add another entry for your host. Consult the relevant man pages for more details. You should be able to successfully ping -c1 `hostname` when you are done. Why will &man.ppp.8; not dial in -auto mode? First, check that you have got a default route. By running netstat -rn (see &man.netstat.1;), you should see two entries like this: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default 10.0.0.2 UGSc 0 0 tun0 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.1 UH 0 0 tun0 This is assuming that you have used the addresses from the handbook, the man page or from the ppp.conf.sample file. If you do not have a default route, it may be because you are running an old version of &man.ppp.8; that does not understand the word HISADDR in the ppp.conf file. If your version of &man.ppp.8; is from before FreeBSD 2.2.5, change the add 0 0 HISADDR line to one saying add 0 0 10.0.0.2 Another reason for the default route line being missing is that you have mistakenly set up a default router in your /etc/rc.conf (see &man.rc.conf.5;) file (this file was called /etc/sysconfig prior to release 2.2.2), and you have omitted the line saying delete ALL from ppp.conf. If this is the case, go back to the Final system configuration section of the handbook. What does No route to host mean? This error is usually due to a missing MYADDR: delete ALL add 0 0 HISADDR section in your /etc/ppp/ppp.linkup file. This is only necessary if you have a dynamic IP address or do not know the address of your gateway. If you are using interactive mode, you can type the following after entering packet mode (packet mode is indicated by the capitalized PPP in the prompt): delete ALL add 0 0 HISADDR Refer to the PPP and Dynamic IP addresses section of the handbook for further details. Why does my connection drop after about 3 minutes? The default PPP timeout is 3 minutes. This can be adjusted with the line set timeout NNN where NNN is the number of seconds of inactivity before the connection is closed. If NNN is zero, the connection is never closed due to a timeout. It is possible to put this command in the ppp.conf file, or to type it at the prompt in interactive mode. It is also possible to adjust it on the fly while the line is active by connecting to ppps server socket using &man.telnet.1; or &man.pppctl.8;. Refer to the &man.ppp.8; man page for further details. Why does my connection drop under heavy load? If you have Link Quality Reporting (LQR) configured, it is possible that too many LQR packets are lost between your machine and the peer. Ppp deduces that the line must therefore be bad, and disconnects. Prior to FreeBSD version 2.2.5, LQR was enabled by default. It is now disabled by default. LQR can be disabled with the line disable lqr Why does my connection drop after a random amount of time? Sometimes, on a noisy phone line or even on a line with call waiting enabled, your modem may hang up because it thinks (incorrectly) that it lost carrier. There is a setting on most modems for determining how tolerant it should be to temporary losses of carrier. On a USR Sportster for example, this is measured by the S10 register in tenths of a second. To make your modem more forgiving, you could add the following send-expect sequence to your dial string: set dial "...... ATS10=10 OK ......" Refer to your modem manual for details. Why does my connection hang after a random amount of time? Many people experience hung connections with no apparent explanation. The first thing to establish is which side of the link is hung. If you are using an external modem, you can simply try using &man.ping.8; to see if the TD light is flashing when you transmit data. If it flashes (and the RD light does not), the problem is with the remote end. If TD does not flash, the problem is local. With an internal modem, you will need to use the set server command in your ppp.conf file. When the hang occurs, connect to &man.ppp.8; using &man.pppctl.8;. If your network connection suddenly revives (PPP was revived due to the activity on the diagnostic socket) or if you cannot connect (assuming the set socket command succeeded at startup time), the problem is local. If you can connect and things are still hung, enable local async logging with set log local async and use &man.ping.8; from another window or terminal to make use of the link. The async logging will show you the data being transmitted and received on the link. If data is going out and not coming back, the problem is remote. Having established whether the problem is local or remote, you now have two possibilities: The remote end is not responding. What can I do? There is very little you can do about this. Most ISPs will refuse to help if you are not running a Microsoft OS. You can enable lqr in your ppp.conf file, allowing &man.ppp.8; to detect the remote failure and hang up, but this detection is relatively slow and therefore not that useful. You may want to avoid telling your ISP that you are running user-PPP... First, try disabling all local compression by adding the following to your configuration: disable pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj deny pred1 deflate deflate24 protocomp acfcomp shortseq vj Then reconnect to ensure that this makes no difference. If things improve or if the problem is solved completely, determine which setting makes the difference through trial and error. This will provide good ammunition when you contact your ISP (although it may make it apparent that you are not running a Microsoft product). Before contacting your ISP, enable async logging locally and wait until the connection hangs again. This may use up quite a bit of disk space. The last data read from the port may be of interest. It is usually ascii data, and may even describe the problem (Memory fault, core dumped?). If your ISP is helpful, they should be able to enable logging on their end, then when the next link drop occurs, they may be able to tell you why their side is having a problem. Feel free to send the details to &a.brian;, or even to ask your ISP to contact me directly. &man.ppp.8; has hung. What can I do? Your best bet here is to rebuild &man.ppp.8; by adding CFLAGS+=-g and STRIP= to the end of the Makefile, then doing a make clean && make && make install. When &man.ppp.8; hangs, find the &man.ppp.8; process id with ps ajxww | fgrep ppp and run gdb ppp PID. From the gdb prompt, you can then use bt to get a stack trace. Send the results to brian@Awfulhak.org. Why does nothing happen after the Login OK! message? Prior to FreeBSD version 2.2.5, once the link was established, &man.ppp.8; would wait for the peer to initiate the Line Control Protocol (LCP). Many ISPs will not initiate negotiations and expect the client to do so. To force &man.ppp.8; to initiate the LCP, use the following line: set openmode active It usually does no harm if both sides initiate negotiation, so openmode is now active by default. However, the next section explains when it does do some harm. I keep seeing errors about magic being the same. What does it mean? Occasionally, just after connecting, you may see messages in the log that say magic is the same. Sometimes, these messages are harmless, and sometimes one side or the other exits. Most PPP implementations cannot survive this problem, and even if the link seems to come up, you will see repeated configure requests and configure acknowledgments in the log file until &man.ppp.8; eventually gives up and closes the connection. This normally happens on server machines with slow disks that are spawning a getty on the port, and executing &man.ppp.8; from a login script or program after login. I have also heard reports of it happening consistently when using slirp. The reason is that in the time taken between &man.getty.8; exiting and &man.ppp.8; starting, the client-side &man.ppp.8; starts sending Line Control Protocol (LCP) packets. Because ECHO is still switched on for the port on the server, the client &man.ppp.8; sees these packets reflect back. One part of the LCP negotiation is to establish a magic number for each side of the link so that reflections can be detected. The protocol says that when the peer tries to negotiate the same magic number, a NAK should be sent and a new magic number should be chosen. During the period that the server port has ECHO turned on, the client &man.ppp.8; sends LCP packets, sees the same magic in the reflected packet and NAKs it. It also sees the NAK reflect (which also means &man.ppp.8; must change its magic). This produces a potentially enormous number of magic number changes, all of which are happily piling into the server's tty buffer. As soon as &man.ppp.8; starts on the server, it is flooded with magic number changes and almost immediately decides it has tried enough to negotiate LCP and gives up. Meanwhile, the client, who no longer sees the reflections, becomes happy just in time to see a hangup from the server. This can be avoided by allowing the peer to start negotiating with the following line in your ppp.conf file: set openmode passive This tells &man.ppp.8; to wait for the server to initiate LCP negotiations. Some servers however may never initiate negotiations. If this is the case, you can do something like: set openmode active 3 This tells &man.ppp.8; to be passive for 3 seconds, and then to start sending LCP requests. If the peer starts sending requests during this period, &man.ppp.8; will immediately respond rather than waiting for the full 3 second period. LCP negotiations continue until the connection is closed. What is wrong? There is currently an implementation mis-feature in &man.ppp.8; where it does not associate LCP, CCP & IPCP responses with their original requests. As a result, if one PPP implementation is more than 6 seconds slower than the other side, the other side will send two additional LCP configuration requests. This is fatal. Consider two implementations, A and B. A starts sending LCP requests immediately after connecting and B takes 7 seconds to start. When B starts, A has sent 3 LCP REQs. We are assuming the line has ECHO switched off, otherwise we would see magic number problems as described in the previous section. B sends a REQ, then an ACK to the first of A's REQs. This results in A entering the OPENED state and sending and ACK (the first) back to B. In the meantime, B sends back two more ACKs in response to the two additional REQs sent by A before B started up. B then receives the first ACK from A and enters the OPENED state. A receives the second ACK from B and goes back to the REQ-SENT state, sending another (forth) REQ as per the RFC. It then receives the third ACK and enters the OPENED state. In the meantime, B receives the forth REQ from A, resulting in it reverting to the ACK-SENT state and sending another (second) REQ and (forth) ACK as per the RFC. A gets the REQ, goes into REQ-SENT and sends another REQ. It immediately receives the following ACK and enters OPENED. This goes on until one side figures out that they are getting nowhere and gives up. The best way to avoid this is to configure one side to be passive - that is, make one side wait for the other to start negotiating. This can be done with the set openmode passive command. Care should be taken with this option. You should also use the set stopped N command to limit the amount of time that &man.ppp.8; waits for the peer to begin negotiations. Alternatively, the set openmode active N command (where N is the number of seconds to wait before starting negotiations) can be used. Check the manual page for details. Why does &man.ppp.8; lock up shortly after connection? Prior to version 2.2.5 of FreeBSD, it was possible that your link was disabled shortly after connection due to &man.ppp.8; mis-handling Predictor1 compression negotiation. This would only happen if both sides tried to negotiate different Compression Control Protocols (CCP). This problem is now corrected, but if you are still running an old version of &man.ppp.8; the problem can be circumvented with the line disable pred1 Why does &man.ppp.8; lock up when I shell out to test it? When you execute the shell or ! command, &man.ppp.8; executes a shell (or if you have passed any arguments, &man.ppp.8; will execute those arguments). Ppp will wait for the command to complete before continuing. If you attempt to use the PPP link while running the command, the link will appear to have frozen. This is because &man.ppp.8; is waiting for the command to complete. If you wish to execute commands like this, use the !bg command instead. This will execute the given command in the background, and &man.ppp.8; can continue to service the link. Why does &man.ppp.8; over a null-modem cable never exit? There is no way for &man.ppp.8; to automatically determine that a direct connection has been dropped. This is due to the lines that are used in a null-modem serial cable. When using this sort of connection, LQR should always be enabled with the line enable lqr LQR is accepted by default if negotiated by the peer. Why does &man.ppp.8; dial for no reason in -auto mode? If &man.ppp.8; is dialing unexpectedly, you must determine the cause, and set up Dial filters (dfilters) to prevent such dialing. To determine the cause, use the following line: set log +tcp/ip This will log all traffic through the connection. The next time the line comes up unexpectedly, you will see the reason logged with a convenient timestamp next to it. You can now disable dialing under these circumstances. Usually, this sort of problem arises due to DNS lookups. To prevent DNS lookups from establishing a connection (this will not prevent &man.ppp.8; from passing the packets through an established connection), use the following: set dfilter 1 deny udp src eq 53 set dfilter 2 deny udp dst eq 53 set dfilter 3 permit 0/0 0/0 This is not always suitable, as it will effectively break your demand-dial capabilities - most programs will need a DNS lookup before doing any other network related things. In the DNS case, you should try to determine what is actually trying to resolve a host name. A lot of the time, &man.sendmail.8; is the culprit. You should make sure that you tell sendmail not to do any DNS lookups in its configuration file. See the section on Mail Configuration for details on how to create your own configuration file and what should go into it. You may also want to add the following line to your .mc file: define(`confDELIVERY_MODE', `d')dnl This will make sendmail queue everything until the queue is run (usually, sendmail is invoked with , telling it to run the queue every 30 minutes) or until a sendmail -q is done (perhaps from your ppp.linkup file). What do these CCP errors mean? I keep seeing the following errors in my log file: CCP: CcpSendConfigReq CCP: Received Terminate Ack (1) state = Req-Sent (6) This is because &man.ppp.8; is trying to negotiate Predictor1 compression, and the peer does not want to negotiate any compression at all. The messages are harmless, but if you wish to remove them, you can disable Predictor1 compression locally too: disable pred1 Why does &man.ppp.8; lock up during file transfers with IO errors? Under FreeBSD 2.2.2 and before, there was a bug in the tun driver that prevents incoming packets of a size larger than the tun interface's MTU size. Receipt of a packet greater than the MTU size results in an IO error being logged via syslogd. The PPP specification says that an MRU of 1500 should always be accepted as a minimum, despite any LCP negotiations, therefore it is possible that should you decrease the MTU to less than 1500, your ISP will transmit packets of 1500 regardless, and you will tickle this non-feature - locking up your link. The problem can be circumvented by never setting an MTU of less than 1500 under FreeBSD 2.2.2 or before. Why does &man.ppp.8; not log my connection speed? In order to log all lines of your modem conversation, you must enable the following: set log +connect This will make &man.ppp.8; log everything up until the last requested expect string. If you wish to see your connect speed and are using PAP or CHAP (and therefore do not have anything to chat after the CONNECT in the dial script - no set login script), you must make sure that you instruct &man.ppp.8; to expect the whole CONNECT line, something like this: set dial "ABORT BUSY ABORT NO\\sCARRIER TIMEOUT 4 \ \"\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK ATDT\\T TIMEOUT 60 CONNECT \\c \\n" Here, we get our CONNECT, send nothing, then expect a line-feed, forcing &man.ppp.8; to read the whole CONNECT response. Why does &man.ppp.8; ignore the \ character in my chat script? Ppp parses each line in your config files so that it can interpret strings such as set phone "123 456 789" correctly (and realize that the number is actually only one argument. In order to specify a " character, you must escape it using a backslash (\). When the chat interpreter parses each argument, it re-interprets the argument in order to find any special escape sequences such as \P or \T (see the man page). As a result of this double-parsing, you must remember to use the correct number of escapes. If you wish to actually send a \ character to (say) your modem, you would need something like: set dial "\"\" ATZ OK-ATZ-OK AT\\\\X OK" resulting in the following sequence: ATZ OK AT\X OK or set phone 1234567 set dial "\"\" ATZ OK ATDT\\T" resulting in the following sequence: ATZ OK ATDT1234567 Why does &man.ppp.8; get a seg-fault, but I see no ppp.core file? Ppp (or any other program for that matter) should never dump core. Because &man.ppp.8; runs with an effective user id of 0, the operating system will not write &man.ppp.8;'s core image to disk before terminating it. If, however &man.ppp.8; is actually terminating due to a segmentation violation or some other signal that normally causes core to be dumped, and you are sure you are using the latest version (see the start of this section), then you should do the following: &prompt.user; tar xfz ppp-*.src.tar.gz &prompt.user; cd ppp*/ppp &prompt.user; echo STRIP= >>Makefile &prompt.user; echo CFLAGS+=-g >>Makefile &prompt.user; make clean all &prompt.user; su &prompt.root; make install &prompt.root; chmod 555 /usr/sbin/ppp You will now have a debuggable version of &man.ppp.8; installed. You will have to be root to run &man.ppp.8; as all of its privileges have been revoked. When you start &man.ppp.8;, take a careful note of what your current directory was at the time. Now, if and when &man.ppp.8; receives the segmentation violation, it will dump a core file called ppp.core. You should then do the following: &prompt.user; su &prompt.root; gdb /usr/sbin/ppp ppp.core (gdb) bt ..... (gdb) f 0 .... (gdb) i args .... (gdb) l ..... All of this information should be given alongside your question, making it possible to diagnose the problem. If you are familiar with gdb, you may wish to find out some other bits and pieces such as what actually caused the dump and the addresses & values of the relevant variables. Why does the process that forces a dial in auto mode never connect? This was a known problem with &man.ppp.8; set up to negotiate a dynamic local IP number with the peer in auto mode. It is fixed in the latest version - search the man page for iface. The problem was that when that initial program calls &man.connect.2;, the IP number of the tun interface is assigned to the socket endpoint. The kernel creates the first outgoing packet and writes it to the tun device. &man.ppp.8; then reads the packet and establishes a connection. If, as a result of &man.ppp.8;'s dynamic IP assignment, the interface address is changed, the original socket endpoint will be invalid. Any subsequent packets sent to the peer will usually be dropped. Even if they are not, any responses will not route back to the originating machine as the IP number is no longer owned by that machine. There are several theoretical ways to approach this problem. It would be nicest if the peer would re-assign the same IP number if possible :-) The current version of &man.ppp.8; does this, but most other implementations do not. The easiest method from our side would be to never change the tun interface IP number, but instead to change all outgoing packets so that the source IP number is changed from the interface IP to the negotiated IP on the fly. This is essentially what the iface-alias option in the latest version of &man.ppp.8; is doing (with the help of &man.libalias.3; and &man.ppp.8;'s switch) - it is maintaining all previous interface addresses and NATing them to the last negotiated address. Another alternative (and probably the most reliable) would be to implement a system call that changes all bound sockets from one IP to another. &man.ppp.8; would use this call to modify the sockets of all existing programs when a new IP number is negotiated. The same system call could be used by dhcp clients when they are forced to re-bind() their sockets. Yet another possibility is to allow an interface to be brought up without an IP number. Outgoing packets would be given an IP number of 255.255.255.255 up until the first SIOCAIFADDR ioctl is done. This would result in fully binding the socket. It would be up to &man.ppp.8; to change the source IP number, but only if it is set to 255.255.255.255, and only the IP number and IP checksum would need to change. This, however is a bit of a hack as the kernel would be sending bad packets to an improperly configured interface, on the assumption that some other mechanism is capable of fixing things retrospectively. Why do most games not work with the -nat switch? The reason games and the like do not work when libalias is in use is that the machine on the outside will try to open a connection or send (unsolicited) UDP packets to the machine on the inside. The NAT software does not know that it should send these packets to the interior machine. To make things work, make sure that the only thing running is the software that you are having problems with, then either run tcpdump on the tun interface of the gateway or enable &man.ppp.8; tcp/ip logging (set log +tcp/ip) on the gateway. When you start the offending software, you should see packets passing through the gateway machine. When something comes back from the outside, it will be dropped (that is the problem). Note the port number of these packets then shut down the offending software. Do this a few times to see if the port numbers are consistent. If they are, then the following line in the relevant section of /etc/ppp/ppp.conf will make the software functional: nat port proto internalmachine:port port where proto is either tcp or udp, internalmachine is the machine that you want the packets to be sent to and port is the destination port number of the packets. You will not be able to use the software on other machines without changing the above command, and running the software on two internal machines at the same time is out of the question - after all, the outside world is seeing your entire internal network as being just a single machine. If the port numbers are not consistent, there are three more options: Submit support in libalias. Examples of special cases can be found in /usr/src/lib/libalias/alias_*.c (alias_ftp.c is a good prototype). This usually involves reading certain recognised outgoing packets, identifying the instruction that tells the outside machine to initiate a connection back to the internal machine on a specific (random) port and setting up a route in the alias table so that the subsequent packets know where to go. This is the most difficult solution, but it is the best and will make the software work with multiple machines. Use a proxy. The application may support socks5 for example, or (as in the cvsup case) may have a passive option that avoids ever requesting that the peer open connections back to the local machine. Redirect everything to the internal machine using nat addr. This is the sledge-hammer approach. Has anybody made a list of useful port numbers? Not yet, but this is intended to grow into such a list (if any interest is shown). In each example, internal should be replaced with the IP number of the machine playing the game. Asheron's Call nat port udp internal :65000 65000 Manually change the port number within the game to 65000. If you have got a number of machines that you wish to play on assign a unique port number for each (i.e. 65001, 65002, etc) and add a nat port line for each one. Half Life nat port udp internal:27005 27015 PCAnywhere 8.0 nat port udp internal:5632 5632 nat port tcp internal:5631 5631 Quake nat port udp internal:6112 6112 Alternatively, you may want to take a look at www.battle.net for Quake proxy support. Quake 2 nat port udp internal:27901 27910 nat port udp internal:60021 60021 nat port udp internal:60040 60040 Red Alert nat port udp internal:8675 8675 nat port udp internal:5009 5009 What are FCS errors? FCS stands for Frame Check Sequence. Each PPP packet has a checksum attached to ensure that the data being received is the data being sent. If the FCS of an incoming packet is incorrect, the packet is dropped and the HDLC FCS count is increased. The HDLC error values can be displayed using the show hdlc command. If your link is bad (or if your serial driver is dropping packets), you will see the occasional FCS error. This is not usually worth worrying about although it does slow down the compression protocols substantially. If you have an external modem, make sure your cable is properly shielded from interference - this may eradicate the problem. If your link freezes as soon as you have connected and you see a large number of FCS errors, this may be because your link is not 8 bit clean. Make sure your modem is not using software flow control (XON/XOFF). If your datalink must use software flow control, use the command set accmap 0x000a0000 to tell &man.ppp.8; to escape the ^Q and ^S characters. Another reason for seeing too many FCS errors may be that the remote end has stopped talking PPP. You may want to enable async logging at this point to determine if the incoming data is actually a login or shell prompt. If you have a shell prompt at the remote end, it is possible to terminate &man.ppp.8; without dropping the line by using the close lcp command (a following term command will reconnect you to the shell on the remote machine. If nothing in your log file indicates why the link might have been terminated, you should ask the remote administrator (your ISP?) why the session was terminated. Why do MacOS and Windows 98 connections freeze when running PPPoE on the gateway? Thanks to Michael Wozniak mwozniak@netcom.ca for figuring this out and Dan Flemming danflemming@mac.com for the Mac solution: This is due to what is called a Black Hole router. MacOS and Windows 98 (and maybe other Microsoft OSs) send TCP packets with a requested segment size too big to fit into a PPPoE frame (MTU is 1500 by default for Ethernet) and have the do not fragment bit set (default of TCP) and the Telco router is not sending ICMP must fragment back to the www site you are trying to load. (Alternatively, the router is sending the ICMP packet correctly, but the firewall at the www site is dropping it.) When the www server is sending you frames that do not fit into the PPPoE pipe the Telco router drops them on the floor and your page does not load (some pages/graphics do as they are smaller than a MSS.) This seems to be the default of most Telco PPPoE configurations (if only they knew how to program a router... sigh...) One fix is to use regedit on your 95/98 boxes to add the following registry entry... HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Class\NetTrans\0000\MaxMTU It should be a string with a value 1436, as some ADSL routers are reported to be unable to deal with packets larger than this. This registry key has been changed to Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\ID for adapter\MTU in Windows 2000 and becomes a DWORD. Refer to the Microsoft Knowledge Base documents Q158474 - Windows TCPIP Registry Entries and Q120642 - TCPIP & NBT Configuration Parameters for Windows NT for more information on changing Windows MTU to work with a NAT router. Another regedit possibility under Windows 2000 is to set the Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\ID for adapter\EnablePMTUBHDetect DWORD to 1 as mentioned in the Microsoft document 120642 mentioned above. Unfortunately, MacOS does not provide an interface for changing TCP/IP settings. However, there is commercial software available, such as OTAdvancedTuner (OT for OpenTransport, the MacOS TCP/IP stack) by Sustainable Softworks, that will allow users to customize TCP/IP settings. MacOS NAT users should select ip_interface_MTU from the drop-down menu, enter 1450 instead of 1500 in the box, click the box next to Save as Auto Configure, and click Make Active. The latest version of &man.ppp.8; (2.3 or greater) has an enable tcpmssfixup command that will automatically adjust the MSS to an appropriate value. This facility is enabled by default. If you are stuck with an older version of &man.ppp.8;, you may want to look at the tcpmssd port. None of this helps - I am desperate! What can I do? If all else fails, send as much information as you can, including your config files, how you are starting &man.ppp.8;, the relevant parts of your log file and the output of the netstat -rn command (before and after connecting) to the &a.questions; or the comp.unix.bsd.freebsd.misc news group, and someone should point you in the right direction. Serial Communications This section answers common questions about serial communications with FreeBSD. PPP and SLIP are covered in the section. How do I tell if FreeBSD found my serial ports? As the FreeBSD kernel boots, it will probe for the serial ports in your system for which the kernel was configured. You can either watch your system closely for the messages it prints or run the command &prompt.user; dmesg | grep sio after your system is up and running. Here is some example output from the above command: sio0 at 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 on isa sio0: type 16550A sio1 at 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa sio1: type 16550A This shows two serial ports. The first is on irq 4, is using port address 0x3f8, and has a 16550A-type UART chip. The second uses the same kind of chip but is on irq 3 and is at port address 0x2f8. Internal modem cards are treated just like serial ports---except that they always have a modem attached to the port. The GENERIC kernel includes support for two serial ports using the same irq and port address settings in the above example. If these settings are not right for your system, or if you have added modem cards or have more serial ports than your kernel is configured for, just reconfigure your kernel. See section about building a kernel for more details. How do I tell if FreeBSD found my modem cards? Refer to the answer to the previous question. I just upgraded to 2.0.5 and my tty0X are missing! How do I solve this problem? Do not worry, they have been merged with the ttydX devices. You will have to change any old configuration files you have, though. How do I access the serial ports on FreeBSD? The third serial port, sio2 (see &man.sio.4;, known as COM3 in DOS), is on /dev/cuaa2 for dial-out devices, and on /dev/ttyd2 for dial-in devices. What is the difference between these two classes of devices? You use ttydX for dial-ins. When opening /dev/ttydX in blocking mode, a process will wait for the corresponding cuaaX device to become inactive, and then wait for the carrier detect line to go active. When you open the cuaaX device, it makes sure the serial port is not already in use by the ttydX device. If the port is available, it steals it from the ttydX device. Also, the cuaaX device does not care about carrier detect. With this scheme and an auto-answer modem, you can have remote users log in and you can still dial out with the same modem and the system will take care of all the conflicts. How do I enable support for a multiport serial card? Again, the section on kernel configuration provides information about configuring your kernel. For a multiport serial card, place an &man.sio.4; line for each serial port on the card in the kernel configuration file. But place the irq and vector specifiers on only one of the entries. All of the ports on the card should share one irq. For consistency, use the last serial port to specify the irq. Also, specify the COM_MULTIPORT option. The following example is for an AST 4-port serial card on irq 7: options "COM_MULTIPORT" device sio4 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty flags 0x781 device sio5 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x781 device sio6 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x781 device sio7 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x781 irq 7 vector siointr The flags indicate that the master port has minor number 7 (0x700), diagnostics enabled during probe (0x080), and all the ports share an irq (0x001). Can FreeBSD handle multiport serial cards sharing irqs? Not yet. You will have to use a different irq for each card. Can I set the default serial parameters for a port? The ttydX (or cuaaX) device is the regular device you will want to open for your applications. When a process opens the device, it will have a default set of terminal I/O settings. You can see these settings with the command &prompt.root; stty -a -f /dev/ttyd1 When you change the settings to this device, the settings are in effect until the device is closed. When it is reopened, it goes back to the default set. To make changes to the default set, you can open and adjust the settings of the initial state device. For example, to turn on CLOCAL mode, 8 bits, and XON/XOFF flow control by default for ttyd5, do: &prompt.root; stty -f /dev/ttyid5 clocal cs8 ixon ixoff A good place to do this is in /etc/rc.serial. Now, an application will have these settings by default when it opens ttyd5. It can still change these settings to its liking, though. You can also prevent certain settings from being changed by an application by making adjustments to the lock state device. For example, to lock the speed of ttyd5 to 57600 bps, do &prompt.root; stty -f /dev/ttyld5 57600 Now, an application that opens ttyd5 and tries to change the speed of the port will be stuck with 57600 bps. Naturally, you should make the initial state and lock state devices writable only by root. The &man.MAKEDEV.8; script does NOT do this when it creates the device entries. How can I enable dialup logins on my modem? So you want to become an Internet service provider, eh? First, you will need one or more modems that can auto-answer. Your modem will need to assert carrier-detect when it detects a carrier and not assert it all the time. It will need to hang up the phone and reset itself when the data terminal ready (DTR) line goes from on to off. It should probably use RTS/CTS flow control or no local flow control at all. Finally, it must use a constant speed between the computer and itself, but (to be nice to your callers) it should negotiate a speed between itself and the remote modem. For many Hayes command-set--compatible modems, this command will make these settings and store them in nonvolatile memory: AT &C1 &D3 &K3 &Q6 S0=1 &W See the section on sending AT commands below for information on how to make these settings without resorting to an MS-DOS terminal program. Next, make an entry in /etc/ttys (see &man.ttys.5;) for the modem. This file lists all the ports on which the operating system will await logins. Add a line that looks something like this: ttyd1 "/usr/libexec/getty std.57600" dialup on insecure This line indicates that the second serial port (/dev/ttyd1) has a modem connected running at 57600 bps and no parity (std.57600, which comes from the file /etc/gettytab, see &man.gettytab.5;). The terminal type for this port is dialup. The port is on and is insecure---meaning root logins on the port are not allowed. For dialin ports like this one, use the ttydX entry. It is common practice to use dialup as the terminal type. Many users set up in their .profile or .login files a prompt for the actual terminal type if the starting type is dialup. The example shows the port as insecure. To become root on this port, you have to login as a regular user, then &man.su.1; to become root. If you use secure then root can login in directly. After making modifications to /etc/ttys, you need to send a hangup or HUP signal to the &man.init.8; process: &prompt.root; kill -HUP 1 This forces the &man.init.8; process to reread /etc/ttys. The init process will then start getty processes on all on ports. You can find out if logins are available for your port by typing &prompt.user; ps -ax | grep '[t]tyd1' You should see something like: 747 ?? I 0:00.04 /usr/libexec/getty std.57600 ttyd1 How can I connect a dumb terminal to my FreeBSD box? If you are using another computer as a terminal into your FreeBSD system, get a null modem cable to go between the two serial ports. If you are using an actual terminal, see its accompanying instructions. Then, modify /etc/ttys (see &man.ttys.5;), like above. For example, if you are hooking up a WYSE-50 terminal to the fifth serial port, use an entry like this: ttyd4 "/usr/libexec/getty std.38400" wyse50 on secure This example shows that the port on /dev/ttyd4 has a wyse50 terminal connected at 38400 bps with no parity (std.38400 from /etc/gettytab, see &man.gettytab.5;) and root logins are allowed (secure). Why can I not run tip or cu? On your system, the programs &man.tip.1; and &man.cu.1; are probably executable only by uucp and group dialer. You can use the group dialer to control who has access to your modem or remote systems. Just add yourself to group dialer. Alternatively, you can let everyone on your system run &man.tip.1; and &man.cu.1; by typing: &prompt.root; chmod 4511 /usr/bin/cu &prompt.root; chmod 4511 /usr/bin/tip My stock Hayes modem is not supported---what can I do? Actually, the man page for &man.tip.1; is out of date. There is a generic Hayes dialer already built in. Just use at=hayes in your /etc/remote (see &man.remote.5;) file. The Hayes driver is not smart enough to recognize some of the advanced features of newer modems---messages like BUSY, NO DIALTONE, or CONNECT 115200 will just confuse it. You should turn those messages off when you use &man.tip.1; (using ATX0&W). Also, the dial timeout for &man.tip.1; is 60 seconds. Your modem should use something less, or else tip will think there is a communication problem. Try ATS7=45&W. Actually, as shipped &man.tip.1; does not yet support it fully. The solution is to edit the file tipconf.h in the directory /usr/src/usr.bin/tip/tip. Obviously you need the source distribution to do this. Edit the line #define HAYES 0 to #define HAYES 1. Then make and make install. Everything works nicely after that. How am I expected to enter these AT commands? Make what is called a direct entry in your /etc/remote file (see &man.remote.5;). For example, if your modem is hooked up to the first serial port, /dev/cuaa0, then put in the following line: cuaa0:dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#19200:pa=none Use the highest bps rate your modem supports in the br capability. Then, type tip cuaa0 (see &man.tip.1;) and you will be connected to your modem. If there is no /dev/cuaa0 on your system, do this: &prompt.root; cd /dev &prompt.root; sh MAKEDEV cuaa0 Or use cu as root with the following command: &prompt.root; cu -lline -sspeed with line being the serial port (e.g. /dev/cuaa0) and speed being the speed (e.g.57600). When you are done entering the AT commands hit ~. to exit. Why does the <@> sign for the pn capability not work? The <@> sign in the phone number capability tells tip to look in /etc/phones for a phone number. But the <@> sign is also a special character in capability files like /etc/remote. Escape it with a backslash: pn=\@ How can I dial a phone number on the command line? Put what is called a generic entry in your /etc/remote file (see &man.remote.5;). For example: tip115200|Dial any phone number at 115200 bps:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#115200:at=hayes:pa=none:du: tip57600|Dial any phone number at 57600 bps:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du: Then you can do something like tip -115200 5551234. If you prefer &man.cu.1; over &man.tip.1;, use a generic cu entry: cu115200|Use cu to dial any number at 115200bps:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa1:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du: and type cu 5551234 -s 115200. Do I have to type in the bps rate every time I do that? Put in an entry for tip1200 or cu1200, but go ahead and use whatever bps rate is appropriate with the br capability. &man.tip.1; thinks a good default is 1200 bps which is why it looks for a tip1200 entry. You do not have to use 1200 bps, though. How can I more easily access a number of hosts through a terminal server? Rather than waiting until you are connected and typing CONNECT host each time, use tip's cm capability. For example, these entries in /etc/remote (see &man.remote.5;): pain|pain.deep13.com|Forrester's machine:\ :cm=CONNECT pain\n:tc=deep13: muffin|muffin.deep13.com|Frank's machine:\ :cm=CONNECT muffin\n:tc=deep13: deep13:Gizmonics Institute terminal server:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa2:br#38400:at=hayes:du:pa=none:pn=5551234: will let you type tip pain or tip muffin to connect to the hosts pain or muffin; and tip deep13 to get to the terminal server. Can tip try more than one line for each site? This is often a problem where a university has several modem lines and several thousand students trying to use them... Make an entry for your university in /etc/remote (see &man.remote.5;) and use <\@> for the pn capability: big-university:\ :pn=\@:tc=dialout dialout:\ :dv=/dev/cuaa3:br#9600:at=courier:du:pa=none: Then, list the phone numbers for the university in /etc/phones (see &man.phones.5;): big-university 5551111 big-university 5551112 big-university 5551113 big-university 5551114 &man.tip.1; will try each one in the listed order, then give up. If you want to keep retrying, run &man.tip.1; in a while loop. Why do I have to hit CTRL+P twice to send CTRL+P once? CTRL+P is the default force character, used to tell &man.tip.1; that the next character is literal data. You can set the force character to any other character with the ~s escape, which means set a variable. Type ~sforce=single-char followed by a newline. single-char is any single character. If you leave out single-char, then the force character is the nul character, which you can get by typing CTRL+2 or CTRL+SPACE. A pretty good value for single-char is SHIFT+CTRL+6, which I have seen only used on some terminal servers. You can have the force character be whatever you want by specifying the following in your $HOME/.tiprc file: force=single-char Why is everything I type suddenly in UPPER CASE? You must have pressed CTRL+A, &man.tip.1; raise character, specially designed for people with broken caps-lock keys. Use ~s as above and set the variable raisechar to something reasonable. In fact, you can set it to the same as the force character, if you never expect to use either of these features. Here is a sample .tiprc file perfect for Emacs users who need to type CTRL+2 and CTRL+A a lot: force=^^ raisechar=^^ The ^^ is SHIFT+CTRL+6. How can I do file transfers with tip? If you are talking to another Unix system, you can send and receive files with ~p (put) and ~t (take). These commands run &man.cat.1; and &man.echo.1; on the remote system to accept and send files. The syntax is: ~p <local-file> [<remote-file>] ~t <remote-file> [<local-file>] There is no error checking, so you probably should use another protocol, like zmodem. How can I run zmodem with tip? First, install one of the zmodem programs from the ports collection (such as one of the two from the comms category, lrzsz or rzsz. To receive files, start the sending program on the remote end. Then, press enter and type ~C rz (or ~C lrz if you installed lrzsz) to begin receiving them locally. To send files, start the receiving program on the remote end. Then, press enter and type ~C sz files (or ~C lsz files) to send them to the remote system. Why does FreeBSD not find my serial ports, even when the settings are correct? Motherboards and cards with Acer UARTs do not probe properly under the FreeBSD sio probe. 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&a.phk; on freebsd-hackers, October 2, 1999 ¤°»ò¬OÃö©ó³o­Ó¸}½ñ¨®¨®´×? ³¡¤Àªº¤H³o¼Ëªº¸ß°Ý§Ú¡C ³o¬O¤@­Ó«D±`ªø»·ªº¬G¨Æ¡A§_«h´N¬O¤@­Ó¥j¦Ñªº¬G¨Æ¡C¦ý¬O¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A ³o­Ó¬G¨Æ«D±`ªºµu¡CC¡P¿Õ´µ¬ì¯S¡P©¬ª÷´Ë(C. Northcote Parkinson) ¦b 1960 ¦~¥Nªì´Á¼g¤F¤@¥»®Ñ¡A®Ñ¦W¬° Parkinson's Law(¤¤¤å®Ñ¦W¡G¤É©x¦³¹D¡Ð¼ÉÅS¤W¥q¤ßºA¤§©¬ª÷´Ë©w«ß) ¡A³o¥»®Ñ¥]§t¤F«Ü¦h¨ã¦³¨ô¨£ªº°ÊºAºÞ²z¾Ç¡C [¤Þ­z¤@ÂI¦b³o¥»®Ñ¤Wªºµû½×] ¦b³o­Ó³Q±²¤J¸}½ñ¨®¨®´×®×ªº¯S®í¨Ò¤l¡A¥D­nªº­n¯À¬O®Ö¯àµo¹q³õ¡A§Ú·Q¡A³o¨¬¥H»¡©ú³o¥»®Ñªº¦~ÄÖ¡C ©¬ª÷´Ë®i¥Ü¤F¸Ó¦p¦ó¦b¸³¨Æ·|¤¤Ä¹±oÃÙ¦P¥h«Ø³y¤@®y¼Æ¦Ê¸U©Î¬Æ¦Ü¤Q»õ¬ü¤¸ªº®Ö¯àµo¹q³õ¡A ¦ý¬O¡A¦pªG§A·Q­n¥h«Ø³y¤@®y¸}½ñ¨®¨®´×¡A§A±N·|³QªÈÄñ¦bµL½aµLºÉªº°Q½×¤§¤¤¡C ¥L(©¬ª÷´Ë)¨Ã¸ÑÄÀ¡A³o¬O¦]¬°¤@­Ó®Ö¯àµo¹q³õ¬O³o¼Ëªº¼sÁï¡A³o¼Ëªº©ù¶Q¡A¨Ã¥B³o¼Ëªº½ÆÂø¡A ¥H¦Ü©ó¤H­ÌµLªk´x´¤¥¦¡A¦Ó¨Ã«D¹Á¸Õ¡A¥L­Ì«æ¤Áªº§Æ±æ¦³¤H¯à°÷À°¥L­Ì³B²z¨Ã¸Ñ¨M©Ò¦³º¾¸Hªº²Ó¶µ¡C Richard P. Feynmann µ¹¤F¤@¨Ç¦³½ì¡A¥B«D±`¤@°w¨£¦åªº½×ÂI¡A¦b¥Lªº®Ñ´£¨ì¤F Los Alamos ªº¨Ò¤l¡C ¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¥ô¦ó¤H³£¯à¦Û¤v¦b¶g¥½²Õ¸Ë¤@®y¸}½ñ¨®¨®´×¥X¨Ó¡A¨Ã¥B¤´¦³¶¢²á¥i¥HÆ[½à¹qµø¤Îª±¹CÀ¸¡C ¦]¦¹¡AµL½×§A§@¤F¦h»ò§¹µ½ªº·Ç³Æ¡A¤]¤£ºÞ§A´£¥Xªº¤è®×¬O¦h»òªº§´·í¡A¬Y¨Ç¤H¤´±N§ì¦í¾÷·|¶]¥X¨Ó§i¶D§A¡A ¥L¥¿¦b§@¦P¼Ëªº¨Æ¡A¥¿¦b¥I¥X§V¤O¡A¥L´N¦b ³o¸Ì¡C ¦b¤¦³Á¡A§Ú­ÌºÙ³o­Ó¥s§@¡yªê¦º¯d¥Ö¡z(setting your fingerprint)¡C³oÃö«Y¨ì§A­Ó¤HªºÅº¶Æ©MÁn±æ¡A ³oÃö«Y¨ì§A¬O§_¥i¥H«üµÛ¬Y¦a«á¹ïµÛ§O¤H»¡¡G¡y³o¸Ì! ³o¬O §Ú §@ªº¡C¡z ³o¬O¬Fªv¤Hª««Ü­«­nªº¤@­Ó¯S¼x¡C¦ý¬O¡A®É¾÷¬O¤j¦h¼Æ¤H¥Á©Ò½á»Pªº¡C·Q·Q¨º¨Ç¯d¦b¤ôªd¦a¤Wªº¸}¦L§a¡C
Edward Chuang
edwardc@firebird.org.tw
The FreeBSD Funnies How cool is FreeBSD¡H °Ý¡G¦³¤H°µ¹L FreeBSD °õ¦æ®Éªº·Å«×´ú¸Õ¶Ü¡H §Úª¾¹D Linux ¤ñ DOS ²D¡A¦ý¨SÅ¥¤H´£¹L FreeBSD¡A¦ü¥G«Ü¼ö¡C µª¡G¨S¦³¡A¦ý¬O¦b¨ýı¤W¦³°µ¹LµL¼Æ¦¸´ú¸Õ¡C§Ú­Ìé¤W¦ÛÄ@¨ü¸ÕªÌªº ²´·ú¡A¨Æ¥ý¦Aµ¹¥L­ÌªA¥Î 250 ²@§Jªº LSD-25 °g¤ÛÃÄ¡C35% ªº¨ü¸ÕªÌ»¡ FreeBSD ¹Á°_¨Ó¹³¾ï¤l¡A¦Ó Linux «h¬Oµµ¦âªººd¾ðªG¹ê¡C¾Ú§Ú©Òª¾¡A¨S ¦³¤@²Õ´£¨ì·Å«×¤W¯S§Oªº®t²§¡C«á¨Óµo²{¡A¦³¤Ó¦h¨ü¸ÕªÌ¦b´ú¸Õ®É¹Ú¹C¨« ¥X©Ð¶¡¼vÅT¨ì¼Æ¾Ú¡A³Ì«á¥u±o©ñ±ó¾ã­Ó½Õ¬d¡C§Ú·Q¤j³¡¥÷ªº¨ü¸ÕªÌ²{¦b¦b Apple ¤u§@¡AÄ~ Drag and Drop ¤§«á¡A¬ã¨s¥þ·sªº Scratch and Sniff ¹Ï§Î¬É­±¡CIt's a funny old business we're in¡I ¤£¶}ª±¯º¤F¡AFreeBSD ©M Linux ³£¨Ï¥Î HLT (halt) «ü¥O¡A¥i¦b¨t²Î¶¢¸m®É­°§C¹q¤Oªº¨Ï¥Î¤]´î¤Ö¤F¼öªº²£¥Í¡C¦pªG¦³³]©w APM(Automatic Power Management) ¡AFreeBSD ¤]¥i¥HÅý CPU ¶i¤J¬Ù¹q¼Ò¦¡¡C ½Ö¦b§Úªº°O¾ÐÅé´¡¼Ñ¤¤¨F¨F§@ÅT¡H¡H °Ý¡GFreeBSD ½sĶ®Ö¤ß®É¦³°µ¬Æ»ò ©_¯S ªº¨Æ Åý°O¾ÐÅé¨F¨F§@ÅT¶Ü¡H·í½sĶ®É(ÁÙ¦³¶}¾÷®É½T»{³nºÐ«áªºµu¼È®É¶¡)¡A ¤]ºØ¦ü¥G¨Ó¦Û°O¾ÐÅé´¡¼Ñªº©_©ÇÁn­µ¡C µª¡G¬Oªº¡I¦b BSD ªº¤å¥ó¤¤§A·|±`±`¬Ý¨ì ­I«áÆF¡A ¤j³¡¥÷ªº¤H³£¤£ª¾¹D¨º¬O¤@ºØ¹ê»Ú¦s¦bªººë¯«Åé --- ´x±±µÛ§Aªº¹q¸£¡C §AÅ¥¨ìªºÁn­µ¬O³o¨Ç­I«áÆF¥H°ª­µ¤f­ï¦b·¾³q«ç¼Ë°µ³\¦hªº¨t²ÎºÞ²z¤u §@¡C ¦pªG³o¨ÇÁn­µ«Ü§xÂZ§A¡A¨Ó¦Û DOS ªº fdisk /mbr ´N¯àÂ\²æ¡A¦ý¦pªG¦³¬Û¤Ïªº®ÄªG ¤]¤£­nÅå³Y¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¦pªG¦b»ö¦¡¤¤Å¥¨ì Bill Gates ®£©ÆªºÁn­µ±q¤º «Øªº³â¥z¶Ç¨Ó¡A°¨¤W°k¦Ó¥B¤£­n¦^ÀY¡I ±q BSD ­I«áÆF¤£¥­¿Åªº¼vÅT¤¤ ¸Ñ©ñ¡ADOS ©M Windows ­I«áÆF³q±`³£¯à­«·s±±¨î¾ã¥x¾÷¾¹¨Ã¹ï§AªºÆF »î¶A©G¡C¦pªG¦³¿ï¾Ü¡A§Ú·Q§Ú¹çÄ@²ßºD©_©ÇªºÁn­µ¡C ­n´X­Ó FreeBSD hacker ¤~¯à´«±¼¤@­Ó¹q¿Oªw¡H ¤@¤d¤@¦Ê¤C¤Q¤G­Ó¡G ¤G¤Q¤T­Ó¦b -current ¤W©ê«è¬Ý¤£¨ì¥ú¤F¡F ¥|­Ó«ÅºÙ³o¬O³]©w¤Wªº°ÝÃD¡A©Ò¥H¹³³o¼Ëªº email À³¸Ó©ñ¦b -questions¡F ¤T­Ó submit PR¡A¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó°e¿ù¨ì doc ¤U¡A¨Ã¥B¤º®e¥u ¦³¡¨³o¸Ì¦n·t¡¨¡F ¤@­Ó commit ©|¥¼´ú¸Õªº¹q¿Oªw¡A³y¦¨¤£¯à buildworld¡A ¤­¤ÀÄÁ«á¥L§â­ì¨Óªº¿Oªw´«¦^¨Ó¡F ¤K­Óº´°_ flame war¡A³d©Ç°e¥X PR ªº¤H¨S¦³¥]¬A patch¡F ¤­­Ó®I«è buildworld Äê±¼¤F¡F ¤T¤Q¤@­Ó»¡ buildworld ¥i¥H¥Î¡A¤£¯à¥Îªº¤H¤@©w¬O cvsup ªº ®É¾÷¤£¹ï¡F ¤@­Ó§â´«¦¨·s¿Oªwªº patch ¥á¨ì -hackers ¤W¡F ¤@­Ó»¡¥L¤T¦~«e´N°µ¥X¤F patch¡A¦ý°e¨ì -current «á«o³Q©¿²¤±¼¡A ©Ò¥H¥L¹ï¾ã­Ó PR ¨t²Î¦³«Ü¤£¦nªº¦L¶H¡C¦¹¥~¡A¥L¤]»{¬°®³¥Xªº·s¿OªwµL ªk¤Ï¥ú¡F ¤T¤Q¤C­Ó©H­ý»¡¹q¿Oªw¤£ÄÝ©ó°ò¥»¨t²Îªº¤@³¡¥÷¡A©Ò¥H committer ¤£¯à¤£¥ý¿Ô¸ß¾ã­Ó Community ªº·N¨£´N³o¼Ë°µ¤U¥h¡CÁÙ¦³¡A-core ¨ì©³©M³o¥ó¨Æ¦³¤°»òÃö«Y¡H¡I ¨â¦Ê¤H©ê«è´«¿Oªw¤§«á¡A¸}½ñ¨®´×ªºÃC¦âÅܱo¦n©_©Ç¡F ¤T­Ó«ü¥X¡A¥Î¨Ó´«¿Oªwªº patch ¤£²Å¦X &man.style.9; ªº³W©w¡F ¤Q¤C­Ó®I«è®³¥X¨Óªº·s¿Oªw¬°¤°»ò¬O¥Î GPL¡F ¤­¦Ê¤K¤Q¤»¤H³´¤J¤@³õ flame war¡A¦b GPL¡BBSD¡BMIT¡BNPL ¦U­Ó license ©M FSF ¬Y¦ì¤£¨ã¦W³Ð¿ì¤H¤h­Ó¤H½Ã¥Í¤§¶¡¡A¤ñ¸û©¼¦¹ ªºÀu¶Õ¡F ¤C­Ó±N³o¤@¦ê°Q½×ªº¤£¦P³¡¥÷¤À§O²¾¨ì -chat ©M -advocacy¡F ´Nºâ´£¥Xªº·s¿Oªw¤ñªº·t¡AÁÙ¬O¦³¤@­Ó§â¥¦ commit ¶i¨Ó¡F ¨â­Ó´«¦^­ì¥ýªº¿Oªw¡A¨Ã¥B¯d¤U·¥¬°¼««ãªº commit °T®§¡C¥L­Ì»{¬° »P¨äÅý FreeBSD ¥Î·t¿Oªw¡AÁÙ¤£¦p°®¯Ü«Ý¦b¶Â·t¤¤ºâ¤F¡F ¥|¤Q¤»¤H¹ï¨ú®ø¤£¥Î·t¿Oªw³o¥ó¨Æ¤jÁn¯e©I¡A­n¨D -core ¥ß¨è´£¥X¼á²M¡F ¤Q¤@­Ó­n¨D´«¦¨¤p¤@ÂIªº¹q¿Oªw¡A¥H«K¥¼¨Ó FreeBSD ¦pªG²¾´Ó¨ì ¹q¤lÂû¤W«á·|§ó¬°¤è«K¡F ¤C¤Q¤T¤H©ê«è -hackers ©M -chat ¤Wªº SNR¡AÂÇ unsubscribe ¨Óªí¥Ü§Üij¡F ¤Q¤T­Ó°e¥X¡¨unsubscribe¡¨¡B¡¨§Ú­n¦p¦ó unsubscribe¡¨©Î¡¨«ô°U§â §Ú±q list ¦W³æ¤¤§R±¼¡¨¡A«Hªº³Ì«á­±«h¬O¤@¯ë¥Ñ majordomo ¥[¤W¥h ªº footer¡F ·í¨C­Ó¤H¦£©ó©¼¦¹¥s½|®É¡A¦³­Ó³Ã¥ë¶X¨S¤Hª`·N¡A§â¥i¥H¥Îªº¿Oªw°½ °½´«¤W¥h¡F ¤T¤Q¤@­Ó«ü¥X¦pªG¥Î TenDRA ½sĶ·sªº¿Oªw¡A·|¤ñªº¨Ó±o«G 0.364%¡]ÁöµM¿Oªw·|³Q½sĶ¦¨¥¿¤»­±Åé¡^¡A©Ò¥H FreeBSD ¤º©wªº½sĶ¾¹ À³¸Ó¬O TenDRA¡A¦Ó¤£¬O EGCS¡F ¦³­Ó¤H»¡·s¿Oªw¯Ê¥F¬ü·P¡F ¤E­Ó¤H¡]¥]¬A­ì¥ý°e PR ªº¤H¡^°Ý¡¨¤°»ò¬O MFC¡H¡¨¡F ¤­¤Q¤C­Ó©ê«è¦Û±q´«¤F¿Oªw«á¡A¨â­Ó¬P´Á³£¨S¦³¥ú¥X²{¡C &a.nik; ¸Éª`¡G ­è¬Ý¨ì®É¡A§Ú§Ö¯ºÂ½¤F¡C µM«á·Q¨ì¡A¡¨µ¥¤@¤U¡A¤£¬OÀ³¸ÓÁÙ¦³¤@­Ó­n±N³o¨Ç°O¦b list ¤W¶Ü¡H¡¨ ±µµÛ²×©ó¤F¸Ñ§Úªº¨Ï©R :-) ¼g¤J /dev/null ªº¸ê®Æ¶]¨ì­þ¸Ì¥h¤F¡H ¦b CPU ¤¤¦³¤@ºØ¯S§Oªº¸ê®Æ´²¼ö¾¹¡A§Q¥Î±Æ¥X´²¼ö¤ù/­·®°²Õ¦X®É¡A Âà´«¦¨¼ö¯à¡D³o´N¬O¬°¤°»ò CPU §N«o¤éÁÍ­«­nªº­ì¦]¡F·í¤H­Ì¨Ï¥Î§ó§Ö ªº³B²z¾¹®É¡A¥L­ÌÅܦ¨¤£¦b¥G¦³¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¥L­Ìªº¸ê®Æ³£°e¶i¤F /dev/null ¡A¦Ó¨Ïªº¥L­Ìªº CPU ¹L¼ö¡D ¦pªG§A§R°£¤F /dev/null (¨º±N·|¦³®ÄªºÃö³¬ CPU ªº¸ê®Æ´²¼ö¾¹) §Aªº CPU ¤]³\·|­°§C¤u§@·Å«×¡A¦ý¬O§Aªº¨t²Î±N ·|«Ü§Öªº¹³¬O¿©±w¤F«K¯µ¦ñÀHµÛ©Ò¦³¶W¥Xªº¸ê®Æ¶}©lÅܦ¨¦æ¬°¤£¥¿±`¡C ¦pªG§A¦³§Ö³tªººô¸ô³s½u¡A§A¥i¥H§Q¥ÎŪ¨ú /dev/random ¨Ã±N¥LÀH·N¶Ç°e¦Ü¦U³B¡A ¨Ó­°§C§A CPU ªº·Å«×¡FµM¦Ó§A±N³´¤J¨Ï§Aºô¸ô³s½u©Î / ¦³¹L¼öªº­·ÀI©Î¬O·S´o§Aªº ISP¡A ¤j³¡¤Àªº¸ê®Æ³Ì²×±N·|¦b¥L­Ìªº³]³Æ¤WÂà´«¦¨¼ö¡A¤£¹L¥L­Ì³q±`³£¾Ö¦³ ¦nªº´²¼ö¡A©Ò¥H¦pªG§A°µªº¤£¤Ó¹L¤À¡AÀ³¸Ó¬O¨S¤°»ò¤j¤£¤Fªº¡C Paul Robinson ¸É¥R¡G ¤¤¤åª© FAQ ª`¡G¥H¤Uµu¤åÄÝ©ó¬ü¦¡«ÕÀq¡A®£Â½Ä¶«á³y¦¨»y²j¤£¸Ô¡A »y·N¤£³qªº±¡§Î¡A¬G«O¯d­ì¥Ä­ì¨ýÅýŪªÌ¦Û¦æ«~À|¡C There are other methods. As every good sysadmin knows, it is part of standard practise to send data to the screen of interesting variety to keep all the pixies that make up your picture happy. Screen pixies (commonly mis-typed or re-named as 'pixels') are categorised by the type of hat they wear (red, green or blue) and will hide or appear (thereby showing the colour of their hat) whenever they receive a little piece of food. Video cards turn data into pixie-food, and then send them to the pixies - the more expensive the card, the better the food, so the better behaved the pixies are. They also need constant simulation - this is why screen savers exist. To take your suggestions further, you could just throw the random data to console, thereby letting the pixies consume it. This causes no heat to be produced at all, keeps the pixies happy and gets rid of your data quite quickly, even if it does make things look a bit messy on your screen. Incidentally, as an ex-admin of a large ISP who experienced many problems attempting to maintain a stable temperature in a server room, I would strongly discourage people sending the data they do not want out to the network. The fairies who do the packet switching and routing get annoyed by it as well.
En-Ran Zhou
zhouer@tfcis.org
¶i¶¥¥DÃD ¦p¦ó¯à¾Ç²ß§ó¦h¦³Ãö FreeBSD ¤º³¡ªºªF¦è¡H ¥Ø«e¥«­±¤WÁÙ¨S¦³±´°Q§@·~¨t²Î¤º³¡ªº®Ñ¬O±M¬° FreeBSD ¦Ó¼g ªº¡CµM¦Ó¡A³\¦h¤@¯ëªº UNIX ª¾Ãѳ£¥i¥Hª½±µÀ³¥Î¦b FreeBSD ¤W¡Cªþ ¥[¤@ÂI¡A¤´µM¦³¬ÛÃöªº®Ñ¬O±M¬° BSD ©Ò¼gªº¡C ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Handbook ªº§@·~¨t²Î¤º³¡¤§°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø ¡C ¦p¦ó¯à¬° FreeBSD ¥X¤@¥÷¤O¡H ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò³o½g¤å³¹ Contributing to FreeBSD ¨Ó´£¨Ñ±zªº«Øij¡C¦pªG±z¯àÀ°¦£¨º´N§óÅwªï¤F¡I SNAP ©M RELEASE ¬O¤°»ò¡H ¥Ø«e¦³¤T­Ó¬¡ÅD/¥b¬¡ÅDªº¤À¤ä¦b FreeBSD ªº CVS Repository (¥j¦­¤À¤ä¤w¸g´X¥G¨S¦b§ó·s¤F¡A¦]¬°³q±`¥u¦³¤T­Ó¬¡ÅDªºµo®i¤À¤ä)¡G RELENG_5 §Y 5-STABLE RELENG_6 §Y 6-STABLE HEAD §Y -CURRENT ¤]´N¬O¥Ø«eªº 7.X-CURRENT »P¤W­±¨ä¥L¨â­Ó¤À¤ä¬Û¤ñ¡A¨ä¹ê HEAD ¨Ã¤£¬O¯u¥¿ ªº branch tag¡A¥¦¥u¬O­Ó symbolic constant¡A¥Nªí current (©|¥¼¤À¤äªºµo®i¤¤ª©¥»)¡A³q±`§Ú­Ì·|²¼g¬° -CURRENT¡C ´N²{¦b¦Ó¨¥¡A-CURRENT ´N¬O«ü 7.X ªºµo®i¡F ¦Ó 5-STABLE ¤À¤ä(RELENG_5)¬O¦b 2004 ¦~ 10 ¤ë±q -CURRENT fork ¥X¨Óªº¡F 6-STABLE ¤À¤ä(RELENG_6)¬O¦b 2005 ¦~ 11 ¤ë±q -CURRENT fork ¥X¨Óªº¡C ­n«ç»ò§@¥X¦Û¤vªº release¡H ½Ð°Ñ·Ó Release ¤uµ{ ¤å³¹»¡©ú¡C ¬°¦ó make world ·|§â­ì¨Ó¸Ëªº binary Àɳ£´«±¼¤F¡H ¨S¿ù¡A´N¬O³o¼Ë¤l¡C¦p¦W¦r©Ò¥Ü¡Amake world ·|­«·s½sĶ¨t²Î¤º«Øªº¨C­Ó binary ÀÉ¡A³o¼Ë¦bµ²§ô®É´N¥i½T©w¦³­Ó¤@­P¥B°®²bªºÀô¹Ò(©Ò¥H­nªá¤W¦n¤@¬q®É¶¡)¡C ¦b°õ¦æ make world ©Î make install ®É¡A¦pªG¦³³] DESTDIR ³o­ÓÀô¹ÒÅܼơA·s²£¥Íªº binary ±N·|¸Ë¦b ${DESTDIR} ¤U¦P¼Ëªº¥Ø¿ý¾ð¤¤¡C¦ý¦b¬Y¨Ç­×§ï shared library ©M­««Ø binary ªºµL¯S©w±¡ªp¤U¡A³o¼Ë°µ¥i¯à·|¨Ï make world ¥¢±Ñ¡C Why isn't cvsup.FreeBSD.org a round robin DNS entry to share the load amongst the various CVSup servers? While CVSup mirrors update from the master CVSup server hourly, this update might happen at any time during the hour. This means that some servers have newer code than others, even though all servers have code that is less than an hour old. 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µoªíÅX°Êµ{¦¡ªº®ø®§¡C Ãö©ó§ó°Ê¥Ø¿ý©ñ¸mªº­ì«h¡H ¦b¦^µªÃö©ó§ó°Ê¥Ø¿ý©ñ¸mªº­ì«h¤è­±¡A§Ú¦b 1983 ¦~¼g¦n¥Ø«eªº§@ªk «á´N¨S¦³¦A§ïÅܹL¡A³oºØ¤è¦¡¬O°w¹ï­ì¥ýªº FFS Àɮרt²Î¡A«á¨Ó¤]¨S¦³ ¹ï¥¦§@¥ô¦ó§ó°Ê¡C¥¦¦bÁקK cylinder group ³Q¶ñº¡³o¤è­±°µ±o¬Û·í¦¨¥\¡A ¦ý¬O´N¹³¦³¨Ç¤H¤w¸gª`·N¨ì¡A¥¦©M find ´N°t¦X±o¤£¤j¦n¡C¤j³¡¥÷ªºÀÉ®× ¨t²Î¬O¥Ñ¨º¨Ç¥Î depth first search(aka ftw) ²£¥Íªº archive »s³y¥X ¨Ó¡A¸Ñ¥X¨Óªº¥Ø¿ý inode ·|¾î¸ó¦n´X­Ó cylinder group¡A¦pªG¥H«á­n°µ depth first search ªº¸Ü¡A³o¬O³ÌÁV¿|ªº±¡ªp¤§¤@¡C¦pªG§Ú­Ìª¾¹DÁ`¦@ ·|²£¥Í¦h¤Ö¥Ø¿ýªº¸Ü¡A¸Ñªk¬O¦b°µ¥ô¦ó¦s¨ú/¼g¤J°Ê§@¤§«e¡A¦b¨C­Ó cylinder group ¤W¥ý³y¥X(©Ò¦³¥Ø¿ý¼Æ/cylinder greoup ªº¼Æ¥Ø)³o»ò¦h ªº¥Ø¿ý¡C«Ü©úÅ㪺¡A§Ú­Ì¥²¶·­n¦³®Ú¾Ú¦a¥h²q³o ­Ó¼Æ¦r¡A´Nºâ¤@­Ó¹³ 10 ªº«Ü¤p©T©w¼Æ¥Ø¤]·|¨Ï®Ä²v¥H¯Å¼Æ¦¨ªø¡C°Ï¤À restore (§Y¸Ñ¶}¤W­zªº archive) ©M¤@¯ëÀÉ®×¾Þ§@ªº¤èªk¥i¥H¬O(²{¦b¥Îªººtºâªk¥i¯à­n§ó±Ó·P)¡G ¦pªG¤@¨Ç¥Ø¿ý(³Ì¦h 10 ­Ó)³£¦b 10 ¬í¤º²£ ¥Íªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò´N§â³o¨Ç¥Ø¿ý »E¶°¦b¦P¤@­Ó cylinder group¡C¤£ºÞ«ç¼Ë¡A §Úªº¸gÅç«ü¥X³o¬O¤@­Ó¤w¸g ¥R¥÷¹êÅç¹Lªº³¡¥÷¡C Kirk McKusick, September 1998 ¦p¦ó¦b kernel panics ®É±o¨ì³Ì¦hªº¸ê°T¡H [³o¸`¬O±q &a.wpaul; ¦b &os.current; mailing list ¤Wµoªíªº«H¤¤¸`¿ý¡A &a.des; ­×¥¿¤F¥´¦r¿ù»~¡B¦A¥[¤W¬A©·¸Ìªºª`¸Ñ¡C] From: Bill Paul <wpaul@skynet.ctr.columbia.edu> Subject: Re: the fs fun never stops To: Ben Rosengart Date: Sun, 20 Sep 1998 15:22:50 -0400 (EDT) Cc: current@FreeBSD.org [Ben µoªí¤F¤U­±ªº panic °T®§] > Fatal trap 12: page fault while in kernel mode > fault virtual address = 0x40 > fault code = supervisor read, page not present > instruction pointer = 0x8:0xf014a7e5 ^^^^^^^^^^ > stack pointer = 0x10:0xf4ed6f24 > frame pointer = 0x10:0xf4ed6f28 > code segment = base 0x0, limit 0xfffff, type 0x1b > = DPL 0, pres 1, def32 1, gran 1 > processor eflags = interrupt enabled, resume, IOPL = 0 > current process = 80 (mount) > interrupt mask = > trap number = 12 > panic: page fault ·í§A¬Ý¨ì¹³³o¼Ëªº°T®§®É¡A¥u§â¥¦«þ¤@¥÷°e¤W¨Ó¬O¤£°÷ªº¡C§Ú¦b¤W­± ¯S¦a¼Ð©úªº instruction pointer ­È¬Û·í­«­n¡A¤£©¯ªº¬O¥¦·|¦]³]©w¦Ó ¤£¦P¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A³o­Ó­È·|¸ò§A¥Îªº kernel image ÀɦÓÅÜ°Ê¡C¦pªG¬O¥Î ¬Y­Ó snapshot ª©¥»ªº GENERIC kernel¡A¤]³\¨ä¥L¤H¥i¥H°lÂܨì¥X°ÝÃD ªº¨ç¦¡¡A¦ý¦pªG§A¬O¥Î¦Û­qªº kernel¡A¨º»ò¥u¦³ §A¤~¯à§i¶D§Ú­Ì°ÝÃD¥X¦b¨º¸Ì¡C ­n°µªº¨Æ¥]¬A³o¨Ç¡G §â instruction pointer ªº­È°O¤U¨Ó¡Cª`·N¦b«e­±ªº 0x8: ¦b³o­Ó±¡ªp¤¤¨Ã¤£­«­n¡A§Ú­Ì­nªº¬O 0xf0xxxxxx¡C ·í¨t²Î­«·s¶}¾÷«á¡A°õ¦æ³o¹D©R¥O¡G &prompt.user; nm -n /(³y¦¨ panic ªº kernel ÀÉ®×) | grep f0xxxxxx ¨ä¤¤ f0xxxxxx ´N¬O°O¤U¨Óªº instruction pointer ­È¡C¦³¥i¯à¤£·|­è¦n§ä¨ì§¹¾ãªº³o­Ó¦r¦ê¡A ³o¬O¦]¬° kernel symbol table ¸Ìªº¦U­Ó symbol ¥u¬O¨ç¦¡ªº¶i ¤JÂI¡A¦ý instruction pointer ©Ò«üªº¦ì§}¦³¥i¯à¬O¦b¨ç¦¡¤ºªº ¬Y¤@³B¡A¦Ó¤£¤@©w¦b¶}ÀY¡C©Ò¥H¦pªG§ä¤£¨ì¾ã­Ó¦r¦ê¡A¨º»ò§â instruction pointer ­Èªº³Ì«á¤@­Ó¼Æ¦r®³±¼¡A¦A¸Õ¤@¦¸¡G &prompt.user; nm -n /(³y¦¨ panic ªº kernel ÀÉ®×) | grep f0xxxxx ¦pªG³o¼Ë¤]§ä¤£¨ì¡A¨º´N§â¥t¤@­Ó¼Æ¦r¥h±¼¦A§ä¡A¤@ª½­«½Æ¨ì§ä¨ì ¬°¤î¡A µ²ªG¬O¤@¦ê¥i¯à³y¦¨ panic ªº¨ç¦¡¦Cªí¡C³o¼Ë¤ñª½±µ§ä¨ì ¥X°ÝÃDªº¨ç¦¡¨Ó±o®t¡A¦ý¦Ü¤Ö¦n¹L¤°»ò³£¨S¦³¡C §Ú±`±`¬Ý¨ì¤H­ÌÅã¥Ü¤@¤j¤ù panic °T®§¡A¦ý«Ü¤Ö¬Ý¨ì¦³¤Hªá¤@ÂI®É¶¡ §â instruction pointer ©M kernel symbol table ¤¤ªº¨ç¦¡¤ñ¸û¤@¤U¡C ­n°lÂÜ¥X³y¦¨ panic ­ì¦]ªº³Ì¦n¤èªk¬O¥ý°µ¥X crash dump¡AµM«á¥Î &man.gdb.1; ¦b¤W­±°µ stack trace¡C ¤£ºÞ¬O¨º¤@ºØ¡A§Ú³q±`¬O¥Î³o­Ó¤èªk¡G ¼g¦n kernel ³]©wÀÉ¡C¦pªG§A»Ý­n¥Î kernel debugger¡A¦b³] ©wÀɤ¤¥[¤W options DDB ³o­Ó¿ï¶µ¡C (·í§ÚÃhºÃ¦³¥X²{µL½a°j°é®É¡A³q±`·|¥Î³o­Ó¨Ó³]©w¤¤Â_ÂI¡C) ¥Î config -g KERNELCONFIG °µ¥X¥Î¨Ó½sĶªº¥Ø¿ý¡C cd /sys/compile/ KERNELCONFIG; make µ¥«Ý kernel ½sĶµ²§ô¡C make install ­«·s¶}¾÷ &man.make.1; ±N·|»s³y¥X¨â­Ó kernel¡Ckernel ÁÙ¦³ kernel.debug¡C kernel ±N·|³Q¦w¸Ë¨ì /kernel¡A¦Ó kernel.debug ¥i¥Î¨Óµ¹ &man.gdb.1; ·í§@ debugging symbols ªº¨Ó·½¡C ­n½T©w¯à§ì¨ì crash dump¡A¥ý½s¿è /etc/rc.conf ±N dumpdev «ü ¨ì swap ¤À³Î°Ï¡C³o¼Ë &man.rc.8; ·|¥Î &man.dumpon.8; ¨Ó±Ò°Ê crash dump¡A§A¤]¥i¥H¤â°Ê°õ¦æ &man.dumpon.8; ¦b panic ¤§«á¡A crash dump ¥i¥H¥Î &man.savecore.8; ¦s°_¨Ó¡F¦pªG /etc/rc.conf ¸Ì¦³³] dumpdev ¨º»ò­«·s¶}¾÷«á &man.rc.8; ·|¦Û°Ê°õ¦æ &man.savecore.8; §â crash dump ¦s¦b /var/crash¡C FreeBSD ªº crash dump ³q±`©M¾÷¾¹¸Ìªº¹ê»Ú°O¾ÐÅé¤@¼Ë¤j¡A´N ¹³¦pªG¦³ 64MB °O¾ÐÅé¡Acrash dump ¤j¤p´N¬O 64MB¡C©Ò¥H­n½T©w /var/crash ¤U¦³¨¬°÷ªºªÅ¶¡¡A©Î¬O¥i¥H¤â °Ê°õ¦æ &man.savecore.8; §â crash dump ©ñ¨ì¥t¤@­ÓªÅ¶¡¸û°÷ªº ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C¥t¤@ºØ¤]³\¥i¥H­­¨î crash dump ªº¤èªk¡A¬O¦b kernel ³]©wÀɤ¤¥Î options MAXMEM=(foo)¡A±N kernel ¥i¥Îªº°O¾ÐÅé­­¨î¦b¦X²zªº¤j¤p¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¦pªG§A¦³ 128MB ªº°O¾Ð Åé¡A¦ý¬O¥i¥H­­¨î kernel ¥u¯à¥Î 16MB ªº°O¾ÐÅé¡A³o¼Ë crash dump ´N¬O 16MB ¦Ó¤£¬O 128MB ¤F¡C ¤@¥¹µo²{¦³¤F crash dump¡A´N¥i¥H¥Î &man.gdb.1; ¨Ó°µ stack trace ¡A¦p¤U©Ò¥Ü¡G &prompt.user; gdb -k /sys/compile/KERNELCONFIG/kernel.debug /var/crash/vmcore.0 (gdb) where ­nª`·N¥i¯à·|¥X²{¦n´X­Ó¿Ã¹õªº¥i¥Î¸ê°T¡A§A¥i¥H¥Î &man.script.1; §â©Ò¦³¿é¥X³£¦s°_¨Ó¡C¥Î¥]¬A©Ò¦³ debug symbol ªº kernel ¨Ó°£¿ù¡A³o ¼ËÀ³¸Ó¥i¥Hª½±µÅã¥Ü panic ¬Oµo¥Í¦b¨º¤@¦æ¡C³q±`¬O¥Ñ¤U©¹¤WŪ stack strace¡A³o¼Ë¤~¯à¤@­Ó­Ó°lÂÜ¥X¦³­þ¨Ç°Ê§@¤Þ¨ì crash¡C¤]¥i¥H¥Î &man.gdb.1; §â¦UºØÅܼƩε²ºcªº¤º®e¦L¥X¨Ó¡A¥HÀˬd¨t²Î crash ®Éªº ¹ê»Úª¬ºA¡C ¦n°Õ¡A¦pªG§A¦³²Ä¤G¥x¹q¸£¦Ó¥B¦³°÷ºÆ¨g¡A¥i¥H±N &man.gdb.1; ³]©w ¦¨»·ºÝ°£¿ù¡C³o¼Ë§A¥i¥H¦b¤@¥x¾÷¾¹¤¤¥Î &man.gdb.1; ¥h°£¿ù¥t¤@¥x¸Ìªº kernel¡A¥i¥H°õ¦æªº¥]¬A³]©w¤¤Â_ÂI¡B¦b kernel ­ì©l½X¤¤¤@¨B¨B°õ¦æµ¥ µ¥¡A´N¹³¦b¤@¯ë¨Ï¥ÎªÌµ{¦¡¤W°£¿ù¤@¼Ë¡C¥Ñ©ó¨S¦³¤°»ò¾÷·|¬°°£¿ù¦Ó³]¸m ¨â¥x¨Ã¾F¹q¸£¡A©Ò¥H§ÚÁÙ¨S¦³³o¼Ëª±¹L¡C [Bill ¸É¥R¡G"§Ú§Ñ¤F´£¨ì¤@ÂI¡G¦pªG§A¦³±Ò°Ê DDB ¦Ó kernel ¤]¤w¸g¶i¤J°£¿ù¾¹¡A¥i¥H¦b DDB ©R¥O¦C¤U¥´ 'panic'¡A±j­¢²£¥Í panic (ÁÙ¦³ crash dump)¡C¤]¦³¥i¯à¦b panic ¶¥¬q®É¦A¶i¤J°£¿ù¾¹¡A ¦pªG³o¼Ëªº¸Ü¡A¿é¤J 'continue'¡A±µµÛ¥¦´N·|§¹¦¨ crash dump¡C" -ed] ¬°¤°»ò dlsym() ¤£¯à¾Þ§@ ELF °õ¦æÀÉ¡H ¦b ELF ¤@¨t¦Cªº¤u¨ã¤¤¡A¤º©w¬O¤£·|Åý dynamic linker ¬Ý¨ì°õ¦æ Àɸ̩w¸q¤F­þ¨Ç symbol¡C©Ò¥H dlsym() ¨S¦³¿ì ªk¥ÎÂǥѩI¥s dlopen(NULL, flags) ¨ú±oªº handle¡A¥Î¥¦¥h·j´M¦³¨º¨Ç symbol ¤@©w·|¥¢±Ñ¡C ¦pªG§A·Q­n¥Î dlsym() §ä¥X¬Y­Ó process ªº¥D°õ¦æÀɤ¤¦³­þ¨Ç symbol¡A«h­n¦b link ®É¹ï ELF linker (&man.ld.1;) ¥[¤W ³o­Ó°Ñ¼Æ¡C §Ú­n¦p¦ó¼W¥[©Î´î¤Ö kernel ¯à©w§}ªºªÅ¶¡¡H ¹w³]­È¬O¡AFreeBSD 3.x ªº kernel ¥i¥H©w§}ªºªÅ¶¡¬O 256 MB ¦Ó FreeBSD 4.x ¥i¥H¨ì 1 GB¡C¦pªG¬Oºô¸ô­t²ü¬Û·í­«ªº¦øªA¾¹ (¨Ò¦p¤j«¬ FTP ©Î HTTP ¦øªA¾¹)¡A§A¤]³\·|µo²{ 256 MB ¥i¯à¤£¤j°÷¡C ©Ò¥H¡A­n¦p¦ó¼W¥[©w§}ªÅ¶¡©O¡H­n±q¨â¤è­±µÛ¤â¡C­º¥ý­º¥ý§i¶D kernel ¥»¨­­n«O¯d¸û¤jªÅ¶¡µ¹¦Û¤v¡C¨ä¦¸¡A¬JµM¬O¦b©w§}ªÅ¶¡ªº³Ì¤W ­±¸ü¤J kernel¡A©Ò¥HÁÙ­n½Õ§C¸ü¤Jªº¦ì§}¡A¤~¤£·|©M«e­±©w§}ªº½d³ò ­«Å|¡C ¼W¥[ src/sys/i386/include/pmap.h ¸Ìªº NKPDE ´N¥i¥H¹F¦¨²Ä¤@­Ó¥Ø¼Ð¡C1 GB ªº©w§}ªÅ¶¡·| ¹³³o¼Ë¡G #ifndef NKPDE #ifdef SMP #define NKPDE 254 /* addressable number of page tables/pde's */ #else #define NKPDE 255 /* addressable number of page tables/pde's */ #endif /* SMP */ #endif ­nºâ¥X NKPDE ªº¥¿½T­È¡A±N·Q­nªºªÅ¶¡¤j¤p (¥H megabyte ¬°³æ¦ì)°£¥H 4¡A±µµÛ³æ CPU ¾÷¾¹´î 1¡A Âù CPU «h¬O´î 2¡C ­n¸Ñ¨M²Ä¤G­Ó°ÝÃD¡A¥²¶·¦Û¦æºâ¥X kernel ³Q¸ü¤Jªº¦ì§}¡G¨D¥X 0x100100000 ´î±¼©w§}ªÅ¶¡¤j¤pªº­È(¥H byte ¬°³æ¦ì)¡A¦p 1 GB ¤j¤p´N¬O 0xc0100000¡C§âsrc/sys/i386/conf/Makefile.i386 ¸Ìªº LOAD_ADDRESS ³]¦¨³o­Ó­È¡Q±µµÛ¦b src/sys/i386/conf/kernel.script ¤¤¡A±N section ¦Cªí³Ì«e­±ªº location counter ³]¦¨¬Û¦Pªº­È¡A¦p¤U¡G OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf32-i386", "elf32-i386", "elf32-i386") OUTPUT_ARCH(i386) ENTRY(btext) SEARCH_DIR(/usr/lib); SEARCH_DIR(/usr/obj/elf/home/src/tmp/usr/i386-unknown-freebsdelf/lib); SECTIONS { /* Read-only sections, merged into text segment: */ . = 0xc0100000 + SIZEOF_HEADERS; .interp : { *(.interp) } µM«á­«·s½sĶ±zªº kernel¡C±z¥i¯à·|¦b°õ¦æ &man.ps.1;¡B&man.top.1; ³oÃþªºµ{¦¡®É¸I¨ì°ÝÃD¡Qmake world À³¸Ó´N¥i¥H¸Ñ¨M (©Î§â§ï¹Lªº pmap.h ½Æ»s¨ì /usr/include/vm/ ¤U¡A¦A¤â°Ê½sĶ libkvm¡A&man.ps.1; ÁÙ¦³ &man.top.1;)¡C ª`·N¡Gkernel ©Ò¯à©w§}ªºªÅ¶¡¤j¤p¥²¶·¬O 4 megabytes ªº­¿¼Æ¡C [&a.dg; ¸É¥R¡G§Ú»{¬° kernel ©w§}ªÅ¶¡¤j¤pÀ³¸Ó­n¬O 2 ªº­¼¾­¡A¦ý¤£¤j½T©w³o¤@ÂI¡Cªº±Ò°Êµ{¦¡·|°Ê¨ì high order address bits¡A°O±o¥¦°²³]¦Ü¤Ö¦³ 256 MB¡C]
Vanilla Shu
vanilla@FreeBSD.org
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FreeBSD Core Team °²¦p±z¦b³o¥÷ FAQ ¤¤§ä¨ì¿ù»~ªº¦a¤è¡A©Î¬O±z·Q¼W¥[¨Ç¬Æ»ò¡A ½Ð¼g«Ê«H¨ì &a.faq; ¡C§Ú­Ì«D±`·PÁ±zªº«Øij¡A ¦]¬°±zªº«ØijÅý³o¥÷¤å¥óÅܱo§ó¦n¡I
&a.jkh; ¤£°±ªº§ó·s¹L®Éªº FAQ &a.dwhite; ¸g±`¦b freebsd-questions ¤W¦^µª°ÝÃD &a.joerg; ¸g±`¦b Usenet ¤W¦^µª°ÝÃD &a.wollman; Networking and formatting Jim Lowe Multicast information &a.pds; FreeBSD FAQ ³o¥÷¤å¥óªº¥´¦r­W¤u The FreeBSD Team Kvetching, moaning, submitting data ¹ï©ó¨º¨Ç´¿¸g¹ï³o¥÷ FAQ ´£¨ÑÀ°§U¡A¦Ó§Ú­Ì¨S´£¨ìªº¤H­Ì¡A §Ú­Ì¥Ñ°Jªº·PÁ±z¡I
Yi-Feng Tzeng
yftzeng@iis.sinica.edu.tw
Ports and Packages ±`¨£°ÝÃD ¦p¦ó¥u§ì¨ú tarball¡H ¦pªG¥u§Æ±æ§ì¨ú tarball ¤U¨Óªº¸Ü¡A¶È»Ý¿é¤J¥H¤U«ü¥O§Y¥i¡G &prompt.root; make fetch ¦pªG¬O­n§ì¨ú³æ¤@ªº port¡A¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make fetch ¨º»ò¡A¹w³]·|±N editors/joe ªº tarball ¤U¸ü¦Ü /usr/ports/distfiles ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C ¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ§ì¨ú¦w¸Ë¦¹ ports ©Ò¦³¬ÛÃö¬Û¨Ì ports ªº tarball¡A¥H systuils/portupgrade ¬°¨Òªº¸Ü¡A «h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/systuils/portupgrade &prompt.root; make fetch-recursive ¹w³]·|±N¦¹ port »P©Ò¦³»Ý­nªº¨ä¥L port ªº tarball¡A¤U¸ü¦Ü /usr/ports/distfiles ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C ¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ§ì¨ú¥þ³¡©Ò¦³ ports ªº tarball ¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make fetch «h·|©Ò±N¥þ³¡©Ò¦³ ports ªº tarball ¤U¸ü¦Ü /usr/ports/distfiles ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C ¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ§ì¨ú ftp ¤ÀÃþ¤U©Ò¦³ ports ªº tarball ¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/ftp &prompt.root; make fetch-recursive «h·|©Ò±N ftp ¤ÀÃþ¤U©Ò¦³ ports ªº tarball ³£¤U¸ü¦Ü /usr/ports/distfiles ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C ¦p¦ó¶È°µ¨ì¸Ñ¶} tarballªº¨BÆJ¡H ¦³®É­Ô²ßºD¦Û¤v patch ­ì©l½Xªº®É­Ô¡A·|«Ü±`¥Î¨ì³o­Ó¥\¯à¡C¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make extract ·|±N tarball¸Ñ¶}¦Ü /usr/ports/editors/joe/work ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C ¦p¦ó¶È°µ¨ì¸Ñ¶} tarball ¨Ã¸É¤W©x¤è´£¨Ñªº patch ¡H ¦¹ªk»P make extract ªº¤èªk¦³¤@¨ÇÃþ¦ü¡A¤£¦P©ó¬O¥ý¸É¤W©x¤è´£¨Ñªº patch¡A¦A¦æ patch ¦Û¤vªº­×¥¿¡C ¦³®É­Ô²ßºD¦Û¤v patch ­ì©l½Xªº®É­Ô¡A «h³o­Ó¤è¦¡¥¿¦n²Å¦X±zªº»Ý¨D¡C ¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make patch ·|±N tarball¸Ñ¶}¦Ü /usr/ports/editors/joe/work ¥Ø¿ý¤U ¡A¨Ã¸É¤W©x¤è´£¨Ñªº patch¡C ¦p¦ó¦w¸Ë¤@­Ó·sªº port¡H ¦pªG¨t²Î¤W¥¼¦w¸Ë¦¹³nÅé¡A«h¥i¥H¿ï¾Ü¦w¸Ë¤@­Ó·sªº port¡C ¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Òªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make install ¦p¦¹·|¦b¨t²Î¤W¦w¸Ë¤@­Ó·sªº joe ³nÅé¡C ¦pªG»Ý­n¦b¦w¸Ë§¹¦¨«á¡A¤@¨Ö²M°£½s¿è®É´Á©Ò¯d¤U¨Óªº¼È¦s¥Ø¿ý¡A«h¥i°t¦X make clean ªº¤èªk¤@°_¨Ï¥Î¡A¦p¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make clean ¦pªG·Q­n¤@¦¸²M±¼©Ò¦³ ports ²£¥Íªº¼È¦s¸ê®Æ¡A«h¥u­n¦^¨ì ports ªº®Ú¥Ø¿ý°õ¦æ§Y¥i¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make clean ¦p¦ó¦w¸Ë¤@­Ó·sªº port¡A¨Ã¥´¥](package)°_¨Ó¡H ±N¦w¸Ë§¹¦¨ªº³nÅ饴¥]°_¨Ó¡A¦³³\¦h«K§Q©Ê¡G¥]¬A¦bÂO¶°¨t²Î¤¤¡A¥i¨Ñ¨ä¥¦¾÷¾¹¨Ï¥Î¡A ©Î±N¥¼¨Ó¦¹³nÅé¥X°ÝÃD¥i­«·s§Q¥Î¦¹ package ­«·s§Ö³t¦w¸Ë¡C ¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Òªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make package ¦p¦¹·|¦b¨t²Î¤W¦w¸Ë¤@­Ó·sªº joe ³nÅé¡A¨Ã±N¦¹³nÅ饴¥](package)°_¨Ó¡C package ¹w³]·|¦b /usr/ports/editors/joe ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡A¦pªG§Æ±æ¶°¤¤ºÞ²zªº¸Ü¡A«Øij°µ¦p¤Uªº¨BÆJ¡G &prompt.root; mkdir -p /usr/ports/packages ¥H«á¥´¥]ªº packages ³£·|¦s©ñ¦b¦¹¥Ø¿ý¤U¡A¨Ã¥B¨t²Î·|¦Û°Ê°µ¤ÀÃþ¡A¥H¤è«KºÞ²z¡C ¦pªG»Ý­n¦b¦w¸Ë§¹¦¨«á¡A¤@¨Ö²M°£½s¿è®É´Á©Ò¯d¤U¨Óªº¼È¦s¥Ø¿ý¡A«h¥i°t¦X make clean ¤@°_¨Ï¥Î¡A¦p¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make package clean ¦p¦ó¥´¥]¤@­Ó port¡A¨Ã±N¨ä©Ò¦³¬Û¨Ìªº ports ¤]¥´¥]°_¨Ó¡H ¦]¬° make package ¥u¦³¥´¥]³æ¤@®M¥ó¡A ¤¤¶¡¨Ì¿àªº ports ¨Ã¨S¦³¤@°_¥´¥]¡A³o·|¥X²{¤@­Ó±`¹J¨ìªº°ÝÃD¡G ´N¬O¦pªG¤@­Ó port »Ý­n¨Ì¿à¨ä¥¦ªº ports¡A¨º»ò¥²¶·±N¨ä¥¦ ports ¤]¤@°_¥´¥]¡A§_«h¦w¸Ë packages ·|¦³¬Û¨Ì©Êªº°ÝÃD¡C ¥H sysutils/portupgrade ¬°¨Ò¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade &prompt.root; make DEPENDS_TARGET=package package ¦p¦¹·|¹ï©Ò¦³ portupgrade ©Ò¬Û¨Ì¿àªº ports ³£¤@¨Ö¥´¥]¡A¤]¥]¬A¦Û¤v¥»¨­¡C ¦p¦ó¹ï¤@­Ó¤w¸g¦w¸Ëªº port ¥´¥]¡H ¦pªG¦w¸Ë¦n¤@­Ó®M¥ó¡A¨Æ«e¨Ã¥¼¥´¥]¡A¨Æ«á·Q¥´¥]ªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G ¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G &prompt.root; cd /var/db/pkg &prompt.root; pkg_create -b joe-{ª©¥»¸¹} ·|±N¤w¦w¸Ëªº port ¥´¥]°_¨Ó¡A©ñ¦b /var/db/pkg ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C ¦p¦ó²M²z ports ½s¿è´Á¶¡©Ò²£¥Íªº¼È¦s¸ê®Æ¡H ¦b¦w¸Ë port ªº®É­Ô¡A·|¦³½sĶ´Á¶¡©Ò»Ý­nªº¤u§@¥Ø¿ý(work)¡A¦]¦¹³q±`¦w¸Ë¦n¤@­Ó®M¥ó«á¡A·|²M°£¦¹¼È¦s¥Ø¿ý¡A¥H¸`¬ÙµwºÐªÅ¶¡¡C ¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make clean ¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ²M°£©Ò¦³ ports ªº¼È¦s¥Ø¿ý¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make clean ¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ²M°£©Ò¦³ ftp ¤ÀÃþªº¼È¦s¥Ø¿ý¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/ftp &prompt.root; make clean ¦p¦ó²M²z ports ½s¿è´Á¶¡©Ò²£¥Íªº¼È¦s¸ê®Æ¡A¥H¤Î tarball ÀÉ¡H ¦b make clean ¶È¥u¬O²M°£½s¿è´Á¶¡©Ò»Ý­nªº¤u§@¥Ø¿ý(work)¡A¨Ã¨S¦³±N½sĶ ports ®É¤@¨Ö¤U¸üªº tarball §R°£(¬Û¹ïÀ³¤§ tarball ¹w³]·|¦s©ñ¦b /usr/ports/distfiles) ¦pªG·Q§â tarball ¤@¨Ö²M°£ªº¸Ü¡A¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make distclean make distclean ªº¨BÆJ¥]§t¤F make clean ªº¥\¯à¡A¤]´N¬O»¡°£¤F·|§R°£ tarball ¥~¡AÁÙ·|¤@¨Ö²M°£½sĶ®Éªº¼È¦s work ¥Ø¿ý¡C ¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ²M°£©Ò¦³ ports ªº¼È¦s work ¥Ø¿ý¤Î tarball¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make distclean ¦Ó¦pªG¬O§Æ±æ²M°£©Ò¦³ ftp ¤ÀÃþªº work ¥Ø¿ý¤Î tarball¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/ftp &prompt.root; make distclean ¦p¦ó¦b¦w¸Ë ports «e¬d¸ß©Ò¨Ì¿àªº¬ÛÃö®M¥ó¡H ¦b¦w¸Ë ports «e¡A¥i¥H¬d¸ß©Ò¨Ì¿àªº¬ÛÃö®M¥ó¡C ¥H mail/p5-Mail-SpamAssassin ¬°¨Ò¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/mail/p5-Mail-SpamAssassin &prompt.root; make all-depends-list make all-depends-list Åã¥Ü¦¹®M¥ó©Ò¦³¬Û¨Ìªº®M¥ó¡C &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/mail/p5-Mail-SpamAssassin &prompt.root; make pretty-print-build-depends-list make all-depends-list Åã¥Ü¦¹®M¥ó¦b½sĶ´Á¶¡©Ò»Ý­nªº®M¥ó¡C &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/mail/p5-Mail-SpamAssassin &prompt.root; make pretty-print-run-depends-list make all-depends-list Åã¥Ü¦¹®M¥ó­n°õ¦æ®É©Ò»Ý­nªº®M¥ó¡C ¦p¦ó²¾°£¤w¦w¸Ëªº ports¡H ¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make deinstall ©Î¬O¨Ï¥Î pkg_delete¡G &prompt.root; pkg_delete joe-{version} ¦³®É­Ô®M¥ó¤§¶¡ªº¬Û¨Ì©Ê·|¾É­PµLªkª½±µ²¾°£¡A¦pªG­n±j¨î²¾°£ªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; pkg_delete -f joe-{version} ¦ý½Ðª`·N¡G«Ü¦³¥i¯à·|¾É­P¨ä¥¦¬Û¨Ì¨ì³o³nÅ骺®M¥ó°õ¦æ°_¨Ó¥X²{°ÝÃD¡C ¦Ü©ó¤GªÌªº®t§O¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò make deinstall »P pkg_delete ¦³¤°»ò¤£¦P ¦p¦ó¤@¨Ö²¾°£©Ò¬Û¨Ìªº ports¡H ¥H sysutils/portupgrade ¬°¨Ò¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade &prompt.root; make deinstall-depends °õ¦æ¦¹¨BÆJ«e¡A½Ðª`·N¬O§_·|²¾°£¨ä¥L®M¥ó¤]¦³¦@¦P¬Û¨Ìªº³¡¤À¡C«Øij¥ý°Ñ¦Ò make-depends-list ªº¤èªk¨ÓÀˬd¡C ©Î¬O¨Ï¥Î pkg_delete ³o¼Ë­Y¤´¦³¬Û¨Ì¸Ó®M¥óªº¸Ü¡A·|¥ýĵ§i¦Ó¤£·|²¾°£¡C°£«D¦³¥t¥~¥[¤F -f °Ñ¼Æ¨Ó±j¨î²¾°£¡C &prompt.root; pkg_delete -r portupgrade-{version} ¦Ü©ó¤GªÌªº®t§O¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò make deinstall »P pkg_delete ¦³¤°»ò¤£¦P ¦p¦ó­«·s¦w¸Ë¤w¦w¸Ë¹Lªº ports¡H ­«·s¦w¸Ëªº«e´£¬O¡G¤§«e¦³¦w¸Ë¹L©Î¥Ø«e¤w¦w¸Ë¡C¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make deinstall clean install ©Î¬O &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make reinstall ¦p¦ó¥HÃöÁä¦r·j´M ports¡H ¦pªG­n±q¥þ³¡ªº ports collection ¤¤§ä´M»PÃöÁä¦r "ldap" ¦³Ãöªº ports¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make search key=ldap ¦pªG¥u­n±q»P ftp ¬ÛÃöªº ports ¤U§ä´M»PÃöÁä¦r "ldap" ¦³Ãöªº ports¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/ftp &prompt.root; make search key=ldap ÁÙ¦³¥t¤@­Ó¥Îªk¡A¤èªk¥u¬O±N key ´«¦¨ name¡C¦pªG¤w¸gª¾¹D­n·j´M ports ªº¦WºÙ¡A©Î¥u·Q§ä¦WºÙ¬ÛÃöªºÃöÁä¦r "ldap"¡A «h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make search name=ldap ¦p¦ó¤É¯Å¤w¦w¸Ëªº ports¡H ¦pªG¤w¸g¦w¸Ë®M¥ó¡A¨Æ«á±ý¤É¯Åªº¸Ü¡A¥²¶·¥ý²¾°£Âª©ªº port¡C¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make clean reinstall ¦p¦ó¬d¸ß¥Ø«e¨t²Î¦w¸Ë¤F­þ¨Ç®M¥ó¡H ¬d¸ß¥Ø«e¨t²Î¤w¦w¸Ëªº¥þ³¡®M¥ó¡G &prompt.root; pkg_info ¦p¦ó¬d¸ß¥Ø«e¨t²Î¦³¨S¦³¦w¸Ë³o­ÓÃöÁä¦rªº®M¥ó¡H °²³]­n§äªºÃöÁä¦r¬O joe ªº¸Ü¡G &prompt.root; pkg_info | grep joe ¦p¦ó¬d¸ß¬Y­ÓÀɮ׬OÄÝ©ó­þ¨Ç®M¥ó¡H ¦pªG·Q¬d¸ß /usr/local/bin/joe ¬OÄÝ©ó­þ­Ó®M¥óªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; pkg_info -W /usr/local/bin/joe ¦pªG¨S¦³¦^¶Ç¥ô¦ó¸ê°Tªº¸Ü¡A¥NªíµÛ³o­ÓÀɮ׬O¥Ñ FreeBSD ¤º«Øªº¡C ¦p¦ó¬d¸ß¬Y­Ó®M¥ó¦w¸Ë¤F­þ¨ÇÀɮסH ¦pªG·Q¬d¸ß¥Ø«e¨t²Î©Ò¦w¸Ëªº joe ¥]§t¤F­þ¨ÇÀɮסA«h¡G &prompt.root; pkg_info -L /var/db/pkg/joe-{version} ¦p¦ó¦w¸Ëª©ªº ports¡H ¦³®É­Ô·|¦]¬°¬Û¨Ì©Ê¡A©Î¬O·sª©¦³°ÝÃD¡A¦Ó·|·Q¸Ëª©¥»ªº®M¥ó¡C ³o¸Ì¤¶²Ðªº¤èªk¬O§Q¥Î CVS ªº¦n³B¡A¦^Âk¨ì¥H«eª©¥»¦s¦bªº¤é¤l¡A¥H¦w¸Ëª©¥»ªº®M¥ó¡C ­º¥ý¡A­Y§Ú­Ì­n¦^´_¨ì¬Y¤@­Ó®M¥óªºª©¥»®É¡A»Ý­n¥h¬d¸ß FreeBSD ports CVS repository¡C ³Ì±`¨£ªº´N¬O Freshports ºô¯¸¡B FreeBSD ªº Mailing FreeBSD cvs ©Î¬O FreeBSD ports cvsweb¡C ¬d¨ì¸Ó®M¥óª©¥»©Ò¨Ì¦sªº¤é¤l«á¡A´N­×§ï CVS tag¡C¤@¯ë¹w³] ports ªº CVS tag ·|¼g¦b /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile ¡A¦p­n¦^·¹¨ì 2002/10/05 ¸¹ªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; vi /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile default date=2002.10.05.00.00.00 #±N date §ï¦¨·í¤é µM«á«ö·Ó¤@¯ë CVSup ©Î csup ªº®É­Ô¤@¼Ë¡A°õ¦æ CVSup ©Î csup (make update)¡A¦¹®Éªº ports collections ´N·|¦^¨ì·í®Éªº±¡§Î¡A¨º»ò¸Ó®M¥óªºÂª©¤]·|¥X²{¦b ports collections ¤¤¡A¥u­n¦w¸Ë§Y¥i¡C ¦pªG¶È¬O·Q¦^·¹¬Y³¡¥÷ªº ports¡A«h¥²¶·¥[¤WÃB¥~ªº¸ê°T¡A¦p¶È§Æ±æ§â lang/perl5.8 ¦^·¹¡A ¦Ó§Ú­Ì±oª¾¦¹ÄÝ©ó lang ¤¤ªº¤@¤ä¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; vi /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile #ports-all #±N ports-all ¼Ð¥Ü°_¨Ó ports-lang #¥[¤J³o¦æ ³Ì«á¡A°õ¦æ CVSup ©Î csup ¡A¨Ã¦w¸Ë§Y¥i¡C¥Ø«e­Y§Æ±æ³æ¿W¦^·¹³æ¤@ªº port¡A«h¤ñ¸û³Â·Ð¡C ¦p¦ó§ó·s ports Mk¡H Mk (/usr/ports/Mk) ¬O½sĶ ports ®É©Ò°Ñ¦Òªº³]©w¡A¦³®É­Yµo¥Í ports collections ¤Ó·s¡A¦Ó¾É­P Mk ªº¤º®e¤£²Å¡A¦¹®É´N¬OÀ³¸Ó§ó·s Mk ªº®É­Ô¤F¡C &prompt.root; cd /usr/src &prompt.root; make update &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/share/mk &prompt.root; make install ¦p¦ó¸Ñ¨M¦w¸Ë ports ®É¥X²{ sed -i ªº¿ù»~¡H ¦]¬° BSD style ªº sed ¡A¤]´N¬O BSD ¥»¨­¦Û¦³ªº sed ¡A»P¤@¨Ç ports ½sĶ´Á¶¡©Ò°õ¦æªº sed ¤£¤@­P¡A©Ò¥H·|¾É­P¤@¨Ç»yªk¿ù»~¡C¦¹®É¥ý¦w¸Ë sed_inplace (textproc/sed_inplace)¡AµM«á¦A¦w¸Ë­ì¥»µLªk¦w¸Ëªº ports¡G &prompt.root; make -DUSE_REINPLACE install ¦p¦ó¦C¥X©Ò¦³¥i¥H¤É¯Åªº ports¡H ports collection ªº§ó·s³t«×«Ü§Ö¡A¦b¨C¦¸§ó·s ports collections «á¡A©¹©¹·|¥X²{¤ñ¥Ø«e²{ ¦b¦w¸Ëªº®M¥óÁÙ·sªºª©¥»¡A¥i¥H¥O¨t²Î¦Û¦æ¾ã²z¨Ã´£¨Ñ¥i¤É¯Å®M¥óªº¦Cªí¡G &prompt.root; pkg_version -c ¦p¦ó±oª¾ ports ©Ò´£¨Ñªº½sĶ°Ñ¼Æ¡H ©Ò¦³ªº ports collections ¤¤©Ò´£¨Ñªº½sĶ°Ñ¼Æ³£·|¦b¹ïÀ³ªº Makefile Àɮפº¸Ô­z¡A ¦p sysutils/portupgrade ªº¸Ü¡A«h¬O¦ì¦b /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade/Makefile ÀɮפU¡C &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade &prompt.root; make -DNOPORTDOCS install ¨º»ò¦w¸Ë¦¹ ports ®É¡A·|±N NOPORTDOCS ©Ò¹ïÀ³ªº¬ÛÃö°Ñ¼Æ«ü©w¶i¥h¡C ¦³®É­Ô³]©w¸û¤H©Ê¤Æªº ports ·|¦b¦w¸Ë«e´£¨Ñ°Ñ¼Æ¨Ñ¿ï¾Ü¡A¦ý¬O¨ä¹ê¤j³¡¥÷ªº ports ³£¨S¦³´£ ¨Ñ¡A¦]¦¹¥²¶·¦Û¦æ¥h·j´M¥i½sĶªº°Ñ¼Æ¡A¦b¦¹§Ú´£¨Ñªº¤è¦¡¦p¤U¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade &prompt.root; grep defined Makefile ¦p¦¹´X¥G¥i¥Hª¾¹D©Ò¦³´£¨Ñªº¥i½sĶ°Ñ¼Æ¡AÁöµM¦³®É·|¦h¥X¨ä¥¦ªº¸ê®Æ¡A¤£·|³o­Ó½T¹ê¬O¤@­Ó¤£ ¿ù¥i°Ñ¦Òªº¤è¦¡¡C ¦p¦ó¤â°Ê¥[¤J½sĶ ports ªº°Ñ¼Æ¡H ¦b «e­±©Ò­z ªº¤èªk¡A¬O ports collections ¦³´£¨Ñªº«e´£¤§¤U¡A¦³®É­Ô¨Ã¤£¬O©Ò¦³¸Ó³nÅé©Ò¤ä´©ªº°Ñ¼Æ³£·|¦¬¯Ç¦b ports collections ¤¤¡A¦]¦¹¦³®É­Ô·|»Ý­n¤â°Ê¥[¤J½sĶªº°Ñ¼Æ¡C ¦p ftp/pure-ftpd ¤¤¡A¦pªG¤£·Q§â inetd ªº¤ä´©½s¤Jªº¿ï¶µ¡A¨Ã¨S¦³³Q ports collections ©Ò¯Ç¤J¡A¦]¦¹¥²¶·¤â°Ê¥[¤W³o­Ó½sĶ°Ñ¼Æ¡A¦p¤U¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/ftp/pure-ftpd &prompt.root; make CONFIGURE_ARGS+="--without-inetd" install ¦p¦ó«ü©w ports ªº¦w¸Ë¸ô®|¡H ¹w³] ports collecions ¤w¦w±Æ¦w¸Ëªº¸ô®| (/usr/local/)¡A¦pªG¤£·Q±N®M¥ó¦w¸Ë¦b¹w³]¸ô®|ªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥H¤â°Ê«ü©w¦w¸Ë¸ô®|¡C¥H editors/joe ¬°¨Ò¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/editors/joe &prompt.root; make PREFIX=/usr install ¨º»ò joe ´N·|±NÀÉ®×¹ïÀ³¦b /usr ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¹w³]ªº /usr/local ¥Ø¿ý¤U¡C ¦w¸Ë ports ¥X²{ FORCE_PKG_REGISTER ªº¿ù»~°T®§ ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Ohaha ªº FAQ¡C ¦w¸Ë ports ¥X²{ Shared object libintl.so.X not found ªº¿ù»~°T®§ ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò Ohaha ªº FAQ¡C ¦p¦ó¦w¸Ë packages¡H ¥Ø«e FreeBSD ªº packages ¬O¥Ñ .tgz ©Ò¥´¥]¡C¦pªG·Q¦w¸Ë¤@­Ó packages ¡A¥i¨Ï¥Î pkg_add¡A¦p¦w¸Ë¤@­Ó joe ªº tgz¡G &prompt.root; pkg_add joe-{version}.tgz ¦p¦ó±j¨î¦w¸Ë packages¡H ¥Ñ©ó¦³¨Ç packages ·|¦³»P¨ä¥L packages ¬Û¨Ì©ÊªºÃö«Y¡A©Ò¥H¥²¶·¥ý¦æ¦w¸Ë¨º¨Ç packages ¤~ ¯à¥¿±`¦w¸Ë¡C ¦pªG¶·­n±j¨î¦w¸Ë packages ¡A¥i¥H¤£¶·¦w¸Ë¨º¨Ç¦³¬Û¨Ì©Ê packages ¡A¦ý­nª`·Nªº¬O±j¨î¦w¸Ë ªºµ²ªG¥i¯à·|¾É­P°õ¦æ©Î¹B§@ªº¤£¥¿±`¡C±j¨î¦w¸Ë packages ªº«ü¥O¦p¤U¡A¦p±j¨î¦w¸Ë¤@­Ó joe ªº tgz¡G &prompt.root; pkg_add -f joe-{version}.tgz ¦p¦ó¬d¸ß packages »P¨ä¥L packages ¤§¶¡ªº¬Û¨Ì©Ê¡H ¥Ñ©ó¦³¨Ç packages ·|¦³»P¨ä¥L packages ¬Û¨Ì©ÊªºÃö«Y¡A©Ò¥H¥²¶·¥ý¦æ¦w¸Ë¨º¨Ç packages ¤~ ¯à¥¿±`¦w¸Ë¡C ¬d¸ß packages »P¨ä¥L packages ¤§¶¡ªº¬Û¨Ì©Êªº«ü¥O¦p¤U¡A¦p¬d¸ß»P portupgrade ¬Û¨Ìªº¨ä¥L packages¡G &prompt.root; pkg_info -r portupgrade-{version}.tgz ¦p¦ó¦w¸Ë»·ºÝªº packages¡H ¦³¨âºØ³]©w¤è¦¡¡A­º¥ý¬O PACKAGEROOT¡A¦p¡G &prompt.root; setenv PACKAGEROOT ftp://ftp.tw.freebsd.org ¥t¤@ºØ¤è¦¡¬O³]©w PACKAGESITE¡A¦n³B¬O­Y¸Ó¯¸¥xªº packages ­ÜÀx¨Ã¤£¬O²Å¦X©x¤èªº³]©w©Î§A ·Q¦Û¤v«ü©w¤@­Ó¸ô®|¡C ¥H ftp.tw.freebsd.org i386 ªº current pakcages ¬°¨Ò¡G &prompt.root; setenv PACKAGESITE ftp://ftp.tw.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-current/Latest/ ¨âºØ¤è¦¡¿ï¾Ü¨ä¤¤¤@ºØ¬Ò¥i¡A±µ¤U¨Óªº¨BÆJ³£¤@¼Ë¡C ©¹«á­n¦w¸Ë packages ªº®É­Ô¡A¦p portupgrade ªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; pkg_add -r portupgrade «h¨t²Î·|¦Û°Ê©ó ftp.tw.freebsd.org §ì¨ú©Ò¦³»P portupgrade ¬Û¨Ìªº packages ¨Ã¦w¸Ë¡C ¦p¦ó§ó·s INDEX ¹ï·Óªí¡H 4.x ªº INDEX ¦ì©ó /usr/ports/INDEX¡A5.x ¦ì©ó /usr/ports/INDEX-5¡A¥H¦¹Ãþ±À¡C INDEX ¬O¹ï·Ó ports ©Ò¦³¬Û¨Ìµ¥¸ê°Tªº¹ï·Óªí¡A­Yªø´Á¥¼§ó·sªº¸Ü¡A·|¾É­P ports ¹ï·Ó¥¢±Ñ¡C ©x¤è¦³©w´Á§ó·s INDEX¡A¦pªG·Q¦Û¦æ§ó·sªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make index ¦pªG·Qª½±µ¤U¸ü©x¤è³Ì·sªº INDEX¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make fetchindex ¦p¦ó§ó·s INDEX HTML¡H FreeBSD ´£¨Ñ¤F¥Îºô­¶ªº¤è¦¡¨ÓÆ[¬Ý ports collection¡A§Y¥i¨Ï¥Î lynx, w3m, links ©Î¨ä¥¦¥iÂsÄýºô­¶ªºµ{¦¡¨Ó¬d¾\¡C»s§@¥þ³¡ ports collection ªº¤è¦¡¦p¤U¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports &prompt.root; make readmes ¦pªG¬O¶È¶·­n°µ¥Ø«e¥Ø¿ý¤Uªº¸ê°T¡A©Î³æ¤@§ó·s¬Y¤@¤ÀÃþ¤Uªº¸ê°T¡A¦p /usr/ports/ftp ªº¸Ü¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /usr/ports/ftp &prompt.root; make readme «h¶È·|§ó·s /usr/ports/ftp ³o­Ó¥Ø¿ýªº¸ê°T¡A¨ä¤W»P¨ä¤Uªº¥Ø¿ý¬Ò¤£·|§ó°Ê¨ì¡C°õ¦æ¦¨¥\«á¡A·|¦b¬Û¹ïÀ³ªº¥Ø¿ý¤U²£¥Í README.html ªºÀɮסC ¦p¦ó°w¹ï¬Y¨Ç ports ¤£°µ ports update¡H ­Y ports ©³¤Uªº¬Y¨Ç¤ÀÃþ§¹¥þ¥Î¤£¨ì¡A«h¥i¥H¦b ports update ®É¡A¤£°µ§ó·s¡A¥H¸`¬Ùºô¸ôÀW¼e»P®É¶¡¡C¥u­n­×§ï /usr/sup/refuse ³o­ÓÀÉ¡C &prompt.root; ports/french &prompt.root; ports/german &prompt.root; ports/lang/perl5.8 «h¤W¦C¥Ø¿ý±N¤£·|§ó·s¡C make deinstall »P pkg_delete ¦³¤°»ò¤£¦P¡H ²³æ¨Ó»¡¡Amake deinstall ·|²¾°£¸Ó port¡A¨Ã¥B¤£·|°Ñ·Ó¨ä¬Û¨Ìªº¬ÛÃö®M¥ó¡C pkg_delete ¦b²¾°£¸Ó port «e¡A·|°Ñ·Ó¨ä¬Û¨Ìªº¬ÛÃö®M¥ó¡A¨Ã¥B pkg_delete ¦³¤ä´© wild card ¡A¦p­n²¾°£©Ò¦³ p ¶}ÀYªº ports¡A«h¡G &prompt.root; cd /var/db/pkg &prompt.root; pkg_delete p* ­nª`·Nªº¬O¡A¦pªG¨Ï¥Î make deinstall¡A«h³Ì¦n½T©w¨t²Î¥Ø«e©Ò¦w¸Ëªºª©¥»¡A»P ports collection ¤¤Åã¥Üªºª©¥»²Å¦X¡A§_«h¦³¥i¯à·|¥X²{«D¹w´Á©Ê¿ù»~¡F¦Ó pkg_delete ¬O¦]¬°ª½±µ §R°£¨t²Î¤¤©Ò¦w¸Ëªºª©¥»¡A©Ò¥H¨S¦³¦¹°ÝÃD¡C ¦]¦¹¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A·í¨t²Î©Ò¦w¸Ëªºª©¥»²Å¦X ports collections ¤¤ªºª©¥»¡A«h¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î make deinstall ©Î pkg_delete¡A§_«hªº¸Ü³Ì¦n¥Î pkg_delete¡C
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