diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/developers-handbook/policies/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/developers-handbook/policies/chapter.sgml index af164d4a20..0b33eff446 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/developers-handbook/policies/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/developers-handbook/policies/chapter.sgml @@ -1,398 +1,398 @@ Source Tree Guidelines and Policies Contributed by &a.phk;. This chapter documents various guidelines and policies in force for the FreeBSD source tree. <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> on Makefiles June 1996. If a particular portion of the FreeBSD distribution is being maintained by a person or group of persons, they can communicate this fact to the world by adding a MAINTAINER= email-addresses line to the Makefiles covering this portion of the source tree. The semantics of this are as follows: The maintainer owns and is responsible for that code. This means that he is responsible for fixing bugs and answer problem reports pertaining to that piece of the code, and in the case of contributed software, for tracking new versions, as appropriate. Changes to directories which have a maintainer defined shall be sent to the maintainer for review before being committed. Only if the maintainer does not respond for an unacceptable period of time, to several emails, will it be acceptable to commit changes without review by the maintainer. However, it is suggested that you try and have the changes reviewed by someone else if at all possible. It is of course not acceptable to add a person or group as maintainer unless they agree to assume this duty. On the other hand it doesn't have to be a committer and it can easily be a group of people. Contributed Software Contributed by &a.phk; and &a.obrien;. June 1996. Some parts of the FreeBSD distribution consist of software that is actively being maintained outside the FreeBSD project. For historical reasons, we call this contributed software. Some examples are perl, gcc and patch. Over the last couple of years, various methods have been used in dealing with this type of software and all have some number of advantages and drawbacks. No clear winner has emerged. Since this is the case, after some debate one of these methods has been selected as the official method and will be required for future imports of software of this kind. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested that existing contributed software converge on this model over time, as it has significant advantages over the old method, including the ability to easily obtain diffs relative to the official versions of the source by everyone (even without cvs access). This will make it significantly easier to return changes to the primary developers of the contributed software. Ultimately, however, it comes down to the people actually doing the work. If using this model is particularly unsuited to the package being dealt with, exceptions to these rules may be granted only with the approval of the core team and with the general consensus of the other developers. The ability to maintain the package in the future will be a key issue in the decisions. Because of some unfortunate design limitations with the RCS file format and CVS's use of vendor branches, minor, trivial and/or cosmetic changes are strongly discouraged on files that are still tracking the vendor branch. Spelling fixes are explicitly included here under the cosmetic category and are to be avoided for files with revision 1.1.x.x. The repository bloat impact from a single character change can be rather dramatic. The TCL embedded programming language will be used as example of how this model works: src/contrib/tcl contains the source as distributed by the maintainers of this package. Parts that are entirely not applicable for FreeBSD can be removed. In the case of Tcl, the mac, win and compat subdirectories were eliminated before the import src/lib/libtcl contains only a "bmake style" Makefile that uses the standard bsd.lib.mk makefile rules to produce the library and install the documentation. src/usr.bin/tclsh contains only a bmake style Makefile which will produce and install the tclsh program and its associated man-pages using the standard bsd.prog.mk rules. src/tools/tools/tcl_bmake contains a couple of shell-scripts that can be of help when the tcl software needs updating. These are not part of the built or installed software. The important thing here is that the src/contrib/tcl directory is created according to the rules: It is supposed to contain the sources as distributed (on a proper CVS vendor-branch and without RCS keyword expansion) with as few FreeBSD-specific changes as possible. The 'easy-import' tool on freefall will assist in doing the import, but if there are any doubts on how to go about it, it is imperative that you ask first and not blunder ahead and hope it works out. CVS is not forgiving of import accidents and a fair amount of effort is required to back out major mistakes. Because of the previously mentioned design limitations with CVS's vendor branches, it is required that official patches from the vendor be applied to the original distributed sources and the result re-imported onto the vendor branch again. Official patches should never be patched into the FreeBSD checked out version and "committed", as this destroys the vendor branch coherency and makes importing future versions rather difficult as there will be conflicts. Since many packages contain files that are meant for compatibility with other architectures and environments that FreeBSD, it is permissible to remove parts of the distribution tree that are of no interest to FreeBSD in order to save space. Files containing copyright notices and release-note kind of information applicable to the remaining files shall not be removed. If it seems easier, the bmake Makefiles can be produced from the dist tree automatically by some utility, something which would hopefully make it even easier to upgrade to a new version. If this is done, be sure to check in such utilities (as necessary) in the src/tools directory along with the port itself so that it is available to future maintainers. In the src/contrib/tcl level directory, a file called FREEBSD-upgrade should be added and it should states things like: Which files have been left out Where the original distribution was obtained from and/or the official master site. Where to send patches back to the original authors Perhaps an overview of the FreeBSD-specific changes that have been made. However, please do not import FREEBSD-upgrade with the contributed source. Rather you should cvs add FREEBSD-upgrade ; cvs ci after the initial import. Example wording from src/contrib/cpio is below: This directory contains virgin sources of the original distribution files on a "vendor" branch. Do not, under any circumstances, attempt to upgrade the files in this directory via patches and a cvs commit. New versions or official-patch versions must be imported. Please remember to import with "-ko" to prevent CVS from corrupting any vendor RCS Ids. For the import of GNU cpio 2.4.2, the following files were removed: INSTALL cpio.info mkdir.c Makefile.in cpio.texi mkinstalldirs To upgrade to a newer version of cpio, when it is available: 1. Unpack the new version into an empty directory. [Do not make ANY changes to the files.] 2. Remove the files listed above and any others that don't apply to FreeBSD. 3. Use the command: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU cpio v<version>' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_<version> For example, to do the import of version 2.4.2, I typed: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU v2.4.2' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_2_4_2 4. Follow the instructions printed out in step 3 to resolve any conflicts between local FreeBSD changes and the newer version. Do not, under any circumstances, deviate from this procedure. To make local changes to cpio, simply patch and commit to the main branch (aka HEAD). Never make local changes on the GNU branch. All local changes should be submitted to "cpio@gnu.ai.mit.edu" for inclusion in the next vendor release. obrien@FreeBSD.org - 30 March 1997 - Encumbered files + Encumbered Files It might occasionally be necessary to include an encumbered file in the FreeBSD source tree. For example, if a device requires a small piece of binary code to be loaded to it before the device will operate, and we do not have the source to that code, then the binary file is said to be encumbered. The following policies apply to including encumbered files in the FreeBSD source tree. Any file which is interpreted or executed by the system CPU(s) and not in source format is encumbered. Any file with a license more restrictive than BSD or GNU is encumbered. A file which contains downloadable binary data for use by the hardware is not encumbered, unless (1) or (2) apply to it. It must be stored in an architecture neutral ASCII format (file2c or uuencoding is recommended). Any encumbered file requires specific approval from the Core team before it is added to the CVS repository. Encumbered files go in src/contrib or src/sys/contrib. The entire module should be kept together. There is no point in splitting it, unless there is code-sharing with non-encumbered code. Object files are named arch/filename.o.uu>. Kernel files; Should always be referenced in conf/files.* (for build simplicity). Should always be in LINT, but the Core team decides per case if it should be commented out or not. The Core team can, of course, change their minds later on. The Release Engineer decides whether or not it goes in to the release. User-land files; The Core team decides if the code should be part of make world. The Release Engineer decides if it goes in to the release. Shared Libraries Contributed by &a.asami;, &a.peter;, and &a.obrien; 9 December 1996. If you are adding shared library support to a port or other piece of software that doesn't have one, the version numbers should follow these rules. Generally, the resulting numbers will have nothing to do with the release version of the software. The three principles of shared library building are: Start from 1.0 If there is a change that is backwards compatible, bump minor number (note that ELF systems ignore the minor number) If there is an incompatible change, bump major number For instance, added functions and bugfixes result in the minor version number being bumped, while deleted functions, changed function call syntax etc. will force the major version number to change. Stick to version numbers of the form major.minor (x.y). Our a.out dynamic linker does not handle version numbers of the form x.y.z well. Any version number after the y (ie. the third digit) is totally ignored when comparing shared lib version numbers to decide which library to link with. Given two shared libraries that differ only in the micro revision, ld.so will link with the higher one. Ie: if you link with libfoo.so.3.3.3, the linker only records 3.3 in the headers, and will link with anything starting with libfoo.so.3.(anything >= 3).(highest available). ld.so will always use the highest minor revision. Ie: it will use libc.so.2.2 in preference to libc.so.2.0, even if the program was initially linked with libc.so.2.0. In addition, our ELF dynamic linker does not handle minor version numbers at all. However, one should still specify a major and minor version number as our Makefiles "do the right thing" based on the type of system. For non-port libraries, it is also our policy to change the shared library version number only once between releases. In addition, it is our policy to change the major shared library version number only once between major OS releases. Ie: X.0 to (X+1).0. When you make a change to a system library that requires the version number to be bumped, check the Makefile's commit logs. It is the responsibility of the committer to ensure that the first such change since the release will result in the shared library version number in the Makefile to be updated, and any subsequent changes will not. diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml index 354e25f19b..70569d401a 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml @@ -1,543 +1,543 @@ Unix Basics Synopsis Rewritten by Chris Shumway cshumway@cdrom.com, 10 Mar 2000. The following chapter will cover the basic commands and functionality of the FreeBSD operating system. If you are new to FreeBSD, you will definitely want to read through this chapter before asking for help. Permissions FreeBSD, having its history rooted in BSD UNIX, has its fundamentals based on several key UNIX concepts. The first, and most pronounced, is that FreeBSD is a multi-user operating system. The system can handle several users all working simultaneously on completely unrelated tasks. The system is responsible for properly sharing and managing requests for hardware devices, peripherals, memory, and CPU time evenly to each user. Because the system is capable of supporting multiple users, everything the system manages has a set of permissions governing who can read, write, and execute the resource. These permissions are stored as an octet broken into three pieces, one for the owner of the file, one for the group that the file belongs to, and one for everyone else. This numerical representation works like this: Value Permission Directory Listing 0 No read, no write, no execute --- 1 No read, no write, execute --x 2 No read, write, no execute -w- 3 No read, write, execute -wx 4 Read, no write, no execute r-- 5 Read, no write, execute r-x 6 Read, write, no execute rw- 7 Read, write, execute rwx For the long directory listing by ls -l, a column will show a file's permissions for the owner, group, and everyone else. Here's how it is broken up: -rw-r--r-- The first character, from left to right, is a special character that tells if this is a regular file, a directory, a special character or block device, a socket, or any other special pseudo-file device. The next three characters, designated as rw- gives the permissions for the owner of the file. The next three characters, r-- gives the permissions for the group that the file belongs to. The final three characters, r--, gives the permissions for the rest of the world. A dash means that the permission is turned off. In the case of this file, the permissions are set so the owner can read and write to the file, the group can read the file, and the rest of the world can only read the file. According to the table above, the permissions for this file would be 644, where each digit represents the three parts of the file's permission. This is all well and good, but how does the system control permissions on devices? FreeBSD actually treats most hardware devices as a file that programs can open, read, and write data to just like any other file. These special device files are stored on the /dev directory. Directories are also treated as files. They have read, write, and execute permissions. The executable bit for a directory has a slightly different meaning than that of files. When a directory is marked executable, it means it can be searched into, for example, a directory listing can be done in that directory. There are more to permissions, but they are primarily used in special circumstances such as setuid binaries and sticky directories. If you want more information on file permissions and how to set them, be sure to look at the &man.chmod.1; man page. Directory Structures Since FreeBSD uses its file systems to determine many fundamental system operations, the hierarchy of the file system is extremely important. Due to the fact that the &man.hier.7; man page provides a complete description of the directory structure, it will not be duplicated here. Please read &man.hier.7; for more information. Of significant importance is the root of all directories, the / directory. This directory is the first directory mounted at boot time and it contains the base system necessary at boot time. The root directory also contains mount points for every other file system that you want to mount. A mount point is a directory where additional file systems can be grafted onto the root file system. Standard mount points include /usr, /var, /mnt, and /cdrom. These directories are usually referenced to entries in the file /etc/fstab. /etc/fstab is a table of various file systems and mount points for reference by the system. Most of the file systems in /etc/fstab are mounted automatically at boot time from the script &man.rc.8; unless they contain the option. Consult the &man.fstab.5; manual page for more information on the format of the /etc/fstab file and the options it contains. Shells In FreeBSD, a lot of everyday work is done in a command line interface called a shell. A shell's main job is to take commands from the input channel and execute them. A lot of shells also have built in functions to help everyday tasks such a file management, file globing, command line editing, command macros, and environment variables. FreeBSD comes with a set of shells, such as sh, the Bourne Shell, and csh, the C-shell. Many other shells are available from the FreeBSD Ports Collection that have much more power, such as tcsh and bash. Which shell do you use? It is really a matter of taste. If you are a C programmer you might feel more comfortable with a C-like shell such as tcsh. If you've come from Linux or are new to a UNIX command line interface you might try bash. The point is that each shell has unique properties that may or may not work with your preferred working environment, and that you have a choice of what shell to use. One common feature in a shell is file-name completion. Given the typing of the first few letters of a command or filename, you can usually have the shell automatically complete the rest of the command or filename by hitting the TAB key on the keyboard. Here is an example. I have two files called foobar and foo.bar. I want to delete foo.bar. So what I would type on the keyboard is: rm fo[TAB].[TAB]. The shell would print out rm foo[BEEP].bar. The [BEEP] is the console bell, which is the shell telling me it was unable to totally complete the filename because there is more than one match. Both foobar and foo.bar start with fo, but it was able to complete to foo. Once I typed in ., then hit TAB again, the shell was able to fill in the rest of the filename for me. Another function of the shell is environment variables. Environment variables are a variable key pair stored in the shell's environment space. This space can be read by any program invoked by the shell, and thus contains a lot of program configuration. Here is a list of common environment variables and what they mean: Variable Description USER Current logged in user's name. PATH Colon separated list of directories to search for binaries. DISPLAY Network name of the X11 display to connect to, if available. SHELL The current shell. TERM The name of the user's terminal. Used to determine the capabilities of the terminal. TERMCAP Database entry of the terminal escape codes to perform various terminal functions. OSTYPE Type of operating system. E.g., FreeBSD. MACHTYPE The CPU architecture that the system is running on. EDITOR The user's preferred text editor. PAGER The user's preferred text pager. MANPATH Colon separated list of directories to search for manual pages. To view or set an environment variable differs somewhat from shell to shell. For example, in the C-Style shells such as tcsh and csh, you would use setenv to set and view environment variables. Under Bourne shells such as sh and bash, you would use set and export to view and set your current environment variables. For example, to set or modify the EDITOR environment variable, under csh or tcsh a command like this would set EDITOR to /usr/local/bin/emacs: &prompt.user; setenv EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs Under Bourne shells: &prompt.user; export EDITOR="/usr/local/bin/emacs" You can also make most shells expand the environment variable by placing a $ character in front of it on the command line. For example, echo $TERM would print out whatever $TERM is set to, because the shell expands $TERM and passes it on to echo. Shells treat a lot of special characters, called meta-characters as special representations of data. The most common one is the * character, which represents any number of characters in a filename. These special meta-characters can be used to do file name globing. For example, typing in echo * is almost the same as typing in ls because the shell takes all the files that match * and puts them on the command line for echo to see. To prevent the shell from interpreting these special characters, they can be escaped from the shell by putting a backslash (\) character in front of them. echo $TERM prints whatever your terminal is set to. echo \$TERM prints $TERM as is. Changing your shell The easiest way to change your shell is to use the chsh command. Running chsh will place you into the editor that is in your EDITOR environment variable; if it is not set, you will be placed in vi. Change the Shell: line accordingly. You can also give chsh the option; this will set your shell for you, without requiring you to enter an editor. For example, if you wanted to change your shell to bash, the following should do the trick: &prompt.user; chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash Running chsh with no parameters and editing the shell from there would work also. The shell that you wish to use must be present in the /etc/shells file. If you have installed a shell from the ports collection, then this should have been done for you already. If you installed the shell by hand, you must do this. For example, if you installed bash by hand and placed it into /usr/local/bin, you would want to: &prompt.root; echo "/usr/local/bin/bash" >> /etc/shells Then rerun chsh. Text Editors A lot of configuration in FreeBSD is done by editing a text file. Because of this, it would be a good idea to become familiar with a text editor. FreeBSD comes with a few as part of the base system, and many more are available in the ports collection. The easiest and simplest editor to learn is an editor called ee, which stands for easy editor. To start ee, one would type at the command line ee filename where filename is the name of the file to be edited. For example, to edit /etc/rc.conf, type in ee /etc/rc.conf. Once inside of ee, all of the commands for manipulating the editor's functions are listed at the top of the display. The caret ^ character means the control key on the keyboard, so ^e expands to pressing the control key plus the letter e. To leave ee, hit the escape key, then choose leave editor. The editor will prompt you to save any changes if the file has been modified. FreeBSD also comes with more powerful text editors such as vi as part of the base system, and emacs and vim as part of the FreeBSD ports collection. These editors offer much more functionality and power at the expense of being a little more complicated to learn. However if you plan on doing a lot of text editing, learning a more powerful editor such as vim or emacs will save you much more time in the long run. - For more information... + For More Information... Manual pages The most comprehensive documentation on FreeBSD is in the form of man pages. Nearly every program on the system comes with a short reference manual explaining the basic operation and various arguments. These manuals can be viewed with the man command. Use of the man command is simple: &prompt.user; man command command is the name of the command you wish to learn about. For example, to learn more about ls command type: &prompt.user; man ls The online manual is divided up into numbered sections: User commands. System calls and error numbers. Functions in the C libraries. Device drivers. File formats. Games and other diversions. Miscellaneous information. System maintenance and operation commands. Kernel developers. In some cases, the same topic may appear in more than one section of the online manual. For example, there is a chmod user command and a chmod() system call. In this case, you can tell the man command which one you want by specifying the section: &prompt.user; man 1 chmod This will display the manual page for the user command chmod. References to a particular section of the online manual are traditionally placed in parenthesis in written documentation, so &man.chmod.1; refers to the chmod user command and &man.chmod.2; refers to the system call. This is fine if you know the name of the command and simply wish to know how to use it, but what if you cannot recall the command name? You can use man to search for keywords in the command descriptions by using the switch: &prompt.user; man -k mail With this command you will be presented with a list of commands that have the keyword mail in their descriptions. This is actually functionally equivalent to using the apropos command. So, you are looking at all those fancy commands in /usr/bin but do not have the faintest idea what most of them actually do? Simply do: &prompt.user; cd /usr/bin &prompt.user; man -f * or &prompt.user; cd /usr/bin &prompt.user; whatis * which does the same thing. GNU Info Files FreeBSD includes many applications and utilities produced by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). In addition to man pages, these programs come with more extensive hypertext documents called info files which can be viewed with the info command or, if you installed emacs, the info mode of emacs. To use the &man.info.1; command, simply type: &prompt.user; info For a brief introduction, type h. For a quick command reference, type ?. diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml index 8e4ae15577..67447a42e2 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml @@ -1,1556 +1,1556 @@ The Cutting Edge Restructured, reorganized, and parts updated by &a.jim; March 2000. Original work by &a.jkh;, &a.phk;, &a.jdp;, and &a.nik; with feedback from various others. Synopsis FreeBSD is under constant development between releases. For people who want to be on the cutting edge, there are several easy mechanisms for keeping your system in sync with the latest developments. Be warned—the cutting edge is not for everyone! This chapter will help you decide if you want to track the development system, or stick with one of the released versions. - -CURRENT v.s.. -STABLE + -CURRENT vs. -STABLE There are two development branches to FreeBSD; -CURRENT and -STABLE. This section will explain a bit about each and describe how to keep your system up-to-date with each respective tree. -CURRENT will be discussed first, then -STABLE. Staying Current with FreeBSD As you are reading this, keep in mind that -CURRENT is the bleeding edge of FreeBSD development and that if you are new to FreeBSD, you are most likely going to want to think twice about running it. What is FreeBSD-CURRENT? FreeBSD-CURRENT is, quite literally, nothing more than a daily snapshot of the working sources for FreeBSD. These include work in progress, experimental changes and transitional mechanisms that may or may not be present in the next official release of the software. While many of us compile almost daily from FreeBSD-CURRENT sources, there are periods of time when the sources are literally un-compilable. These problems are generally resolved as expeditiously as possible, but whether or not FreeBSD-CURRENT sources bring disaster or greatly desired functionality can literally be a matter of which part of any given 24 hour period you grabbed them in! Who needs FreeBSD-CURRENT? FreeBSD-CURRENT is made generally available for 3 primary interest groups: Members of the FreeBSD group who are actively working on some part of the source tree and for whom keeping current is an absolute requirement. Members of the FreeBSD group who are active testers, willing to spend time working through problems in order to ensure that FreeBSD-CURRENT remains as sane as possible. These are also people who wish to make topical suggestions on changes and the general direction of FreeBSD. Peripheral members of the FreeBSD (or some other) group who merely wish to keep an eye on things and use the current sources for reference purposes (e.g. for reading, not running). These people also make the occasional comment or contribute code. What is FreeBSD-CURRENT <emphasis>not</emphasis>? A fast-track to getting pre-release bits because you heard there is some cool new feature in there and you want to be the first on your block to have it. A quick way of getting bug fixes. In any way officially supported by us. We do our best to help people genuinely in one of the 3 legitimate FreeBSD-CURRENT categories, but we simply do not have the time to provide tech support for it. This is not because we are mean and nasty people who do not like helping people out (we would not even be doing FreeBSD if we were), it is literally because we cannot answer 400 messages a day and actually work on FreeBSD! I am sure that, if given the choice between having us answer lots of questions or continuing to improve FreeBSD, most of you would vote for us improving it. Using FreeBSD-CURRENT Join the &a.current; and the &a.cvsall; . This is not just a good idea, it is essential. If you are not on the FreeBSD-CURRENT mailing list, you will not see the comments that people are making about the current state of the system and thus will probably end up stumbling over a lot of problems that others have already found and solved. Even more importantly, you will miss out on important bulletins which may be critical to your system's continued health. The &a.cvsall; mailing list will allow you to see the commit log entry for each change as it is made along with any pertinent information on possible side-effects. To join these lists, send mail to &a.majordomo; and specify the following in the body of your message: subscribe freebsd-current subscribe cvs-all Optionally, you can also say help and Majordomo will send you full help on how to subscribe and unsubscribe to the various other mailing lists we support. Grab the sources from ftp.FreeBSD.org. You can do this in one of three ways: Use the CTM facility. Unless you have a good TCP/IP connection at a flat rate, this is the way to do it. Use the cvsup program with this supfile. This is the second most recommended method, since it allows you to grab the entire collection once and then only what has changed from then on. Many people run cvsup from cron and keep their sources up-to-date automatically. For a fairly easy interface to this, simply type:
&prompt.root; pkg_add -f \ ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsupit.tgz
 Use ftp. The source tree for FreeBSD-CURRENT is always exported on: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/. We also use wu-ftpd which allows compressed/tarred grabbing of whole trees. e.g. you see: usr.bin/lex You can do the following to get the whole directory as a tar file: ftp> cd usr.bin ftp> get lex.tar Essentially, if you need rapid on-demand access to the source and communications bandwidth is not a consideration, use cvsup or ftp. Otherwise, use CTM. If you are grabbing the sources to run, and not just look at, then grab all of current, not just selected portions. The reason for this is that various parts of the source depend on updates elsewhere, and trying to compile just a subset is almost guaranteed to get you into trouble. Before compiling current, read the Makefilein /usr/src carefully. You should at least run a make world the first time through as part of the upgrading process. Reading the &a.current; will keep you up-to-date on other bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become necessary as we move towards the next release. Be active! If you are running FreeBSD-CURRENT, we want to know what you have to say about it, especially if you have suggestions for enhancements or bug fixes. Suggestions with accompanying code are received most enthusiastically! Staying Stable with FreeBSD If you are using FreeBSD in a production environment and want to make sure you have the latest fixes from the -CURRENT branch, you want to be running -STABLE. This is the tree that -RELEASEs are branched from when we are putting together a new release. For example, if you have a copy of 3.4-RELEASE, that is really just a snapshot from the -STABLE branch that we put on CDROM. In order to get any changes merged into -STABLE after the -RELEASE, you need to track the -STABLE branch. What is FreeBSD-STABLE? FreeBSD-STABLE is our development branch for a more low-key and conservative set of changes intended for our next mainstream release. Changes of an experimental or untested nature do not go into this branch (see FreeBSD-CURRENT). Who needs FreeBSD-STABLE? If you are a commercial user or someone who puts maximum stability of their FreeBSD system before all other concerns, you should consider tracking stable. This is especially true if you have installed the most recent release (&rel.current;-RELEASE at the time of this writing) since the stable branch is effectively a bug-fix stream relative to the previous release. The stable tree endeavors, above all, to be fully compilable and stable at all times, but we do occasionally make mistakes (these are still active sources with quickly-transmitted updates, after all). We also do our best to thoroughly test fixes in current before bringing them into stable, but sometimes our tests fail to catch every case. If something breaks for you in stable, please let us know immediately! (see next section). Using FreeBSD-STABLE Join the &a.stable;. This will keep you informed of build-dependencies that may appear in stable or any other issues requiring special attention. Developers will also make announcements in this mailing list when they are contemplating some controversial fix or update, giving the users a chance to respond if they have any issues to raise concerning the proposed change. The &a.cvsall; mailing list will allow you to see the commit log entry for each change as it is made along with any pertinent information on possible side-effects. To join these lists, send mail to &a.majordomo; and specify the following in the body of your message: subscribe freebsd-stable subscribe cvs-all Optionally, you can also say help and Majordomo will send you full help on how to subscribe and unsubscribe to the various other mailing lists we support. If you are installing a new system and want it to be as stable as possible, you can simply grab the latest dated branch snapshot from ftp://releng4.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ and install it like any other release. If you are already running a previous release of FreeBSD and wish to upgrade via sources then you can easily do so from ftp.FreeBSD.org. This can be done in one of three ways: Use the CTM facility. Unless you have a good TCP/IP connection at a flat rate, this is the way to do it. Use the cvsup program with this supfile. This is the second most recommended method, since it allows you to grab the entire collection once and then only what has changed from then on. Many people run cvsup from cron to keep their sources up-to-date automatically. For a fairly easy interface to this, simply type:
&prompt.root; pkg_add -f \ ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsupit.tgz
 Use ftp. The source tree for FreeBSD-STABLE is always exported on: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-stable/ We also use wu-ftpd which allows compressed/tarred grabbing of whole trees. e.g. you see: usr.bin/lex You can do the following to get the whole directory for you as a tar file: ftp> cd usr.bin ftp> get lex.tar Essentially, if you need rapid on-demand access to the source and communications bandwidth is not a consideration, use cvsup or ftp. Otherwise, use CTM. Before compiling stable, read the Makefile in /usr/src carefully. You should at least run a make world the first time through as part of the upgrading process. Reading the &a.stable; will keep you up-to-date on other bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become necessary as we move towards the next release. Synchronizing Your Source There are various ways of using an Internet (or email) connection to stay up-to-date with any given area of the FreeBSD project sources, or all areas, depending on what interests you. The primary services we offer are Anonymous CVS, CVSup, and CTM. Anonymous CVS and CVSup use the pull model of updating sources. In the case of CVSup the user (or a cron script) invokes the cvsup program, and it interacts with a cvsupd server somewhere to bring your files up-to-date. The updates you receive are up-to-the-minute and you get them when, and only when, you want them. You can easily restrict your updates to the specific files or directories that are of interest to you. Updates are generated on the fly by the server, according to what you have and what you want to have. Anonymous CVS is quite a bit more simplistic than CVSup in that it's just an extension to CVS which allows it to pull changes directly from a remote CVS repository. CVSup can do this far more efficiently, but Anonymous CVS is easier to use. CTM, on the other hand, does not interactively compare the sources you have with those on the master archive or otherwise pull them across.. Instead, a script which identifies changes in files since its previous run is executed several times a day on the master CTM machine, any detected changes being compressed, stamped with a sequence-number and encoded for transmission over email (in printable ASCII only). Once received, these CTM deltas can then be handed to the &man.ctm.rmail.1; utility which will automatically decode, verify and apply the changes to the user's copy of the sources. This process is far more efficient than CVSup, and places less strain on our server resources since it is a push rather than a pull model. There are other trade-offs, of course. If you inadvertently wipe out portions of your archive, CVSup will detect and rebuild the damaged portions for you. CTM won't do this, and if you wipe some portion of your source tree out (and don't have it backed up) then you will have to start from scratch (from the most recent CVS base delta) and rebuild it all with CTM or, with anoncvs, simply delete the bad bits and resync. More information about Anonymous CVS, CTM, and CVSup is available further down in this section. Using <command>make world</command> Once you have synchronized your local source tree against a particular version of FreeBSD (stable, current and so on) you must then use the source tree to rebuild the system. Take a backup I cannot stress highly enough how important it is to take a backup of your system before you do this. While remaking the world is (as long as you follow these instructions) an easy task to do, there will inevitably be times when you make mistakes, or when mistakes made by others in the source tree render your system unbootable. Make sure you have taken a backup. And have a fix-it floppy to hand. I have never needed to use them, and, touch wood, I never will, but it is always better to be safe than sorry. Subscribe to the right mailing list The -STABLE and -CURRENT FreeBSD code branches are, by their nature, in development. People that contribute to FreeBSD are human, and mistakes occasionally happen. Sometimes these mistakes can be quite harmless, just causing your system to print a new diagnostic warning. Or the change may be catastrophic, and render your system unbootable or destroy your filesystems (or worse). If problems like these occur, a heads up is posted to the appropriate mailing list, explaining the nature of the problem and which systems it affects. And an all clear announcement is posted when the problem has been solved. If you try and track -STABLE or -CURRENT and do not read the stable@FreeBSD.org or current@FreeBSD.org mailing lists then you are asking for trouble. Read <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> Before you do anything else, read /usr/src/UPDATING (or the equivalent file wherever you have a copy of the source code). This file should contain important information about problems you might encounter, or specify the order in which you might have to run certain commands. If UPDATING contradicts something you read here, UPDATING takes precedence. Reading UPDATING is not an acceptable substitute for subscribing to the correct mailing list, as described previously. The two requirements are complementary, not exclusive. Check <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> Examine the files /etc/defaults/make.conf and /etc/make.conf. The first contains some default defines – most of which are commented out. To make use of them when you rebuild your system from source, add them to /etc/make.conf. Keep in mind that anything to add to /etc/make.conf is also used every time you run make, so it is a good idea to set them to something sensible for your system. As a typical user (not a FreeBSD developer), you will probably want to add the CFLAGS and NOPROFILE lines found in /etc/defaults/make.conf. Everything is, by default, commented out. Uncomment those entries that look useful. For a typical user (not a developer), you will probably want to uncomment the CFLAGS and NOPROFILE definitions. If your machine has a floating point unit (386DX, 486DX, Pentium and up class machines) then you can also uncomment the HAVE_FPU line.</para> <para>This definition was removed for version 2.2.2 and up of FreeBSD.</para> </note> <para>Examine the other definitions (COPTFLAGS, NOPORTDOCS and so on) and decide if they are relevant to you.</para> </sect2> <sect2> <title>Update <filename>/etc/group</filename> The /etc directory contains a large part of your system's configuration information, as well as scripts that are run at system startup. Some of these scripts change from version to version of FreeBSD. Some of the configuration files are also used in the day to day running of the system. In particular, /etc/group. There have been occasions when the installation part of make world has expected certain usernames or groups to exist. When performing an upgrade it is likely that these groups did not exist. This caused problems when upgrading. The most recent example of this is when the ppp subsystem were installed using a non-existent (for them) group name. The solution is to examine /usr/src/etc/group and compare its list of groups with your own. If they are any groups in the new file that are not in your file then copy them over. Similarly, you should rename any groups in /etc/group which have the same GID but a different name to those in /usr/src/etc/group. If you are feeling particularly paranoid, you can check your system to see which files are owned by the group you are renaming or deleting. &prompt.root; find / -group GID -print will show all files owned by group GID (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID). You may want to compile the system in single user mode. Apart from the obvious benefit of making things go slightly faster, reinstalling the system will touch a lot of important system files, all the standard system binaries, libraries, include files and so on. Changing these on a running system (particularly if you have active users on their at the time) is asking for trouble.</para> <para>That said, if you are confident, you can omit this step.</para> <note> <title>Version 2.2.5 and above As described in more detail below, versions 2.2.5 and above of FreeBSD have separated the building process from the installing process. You can therefore build the new system in multi-user mode, and then drop to single user mode to do the installation. As the superuser, you can execute &prompt.root; from a running system, which will drop it to single user mode. Alternatively, reboot the system, and at the boot prompt, enter the flag. The system will then boot single user. At the shell prompt you should then run: &prompt.root; fsck -p &prompt.root; mount -u / &prompt.root; mount -a -t ufs &prompt.root; swapon -a This checks the filesystems, remounts / read/write, mounts all the other UFS filesystems referenced in /etc/fstab and then turns swapping on. Remove <filename>/usr/obj</filename> As parts of the system are rebuilt they are placed in directories which (by default) go under /usr/obj. The directories shadow those under /usr/src. You can speed up the make world process, and possibly save yourself some dependency headaches by removing this directory as well. Some files below /usr/obj will have the immutable flag set (see &man.chflags.1; for more information) which must be removed first. &prompt.root; cd /usr/obj &prompt.root; chflags -R noschg * &prompt.root; rm -rf * <title>All versions You must be in the /usr/src directory... &prompt.root; cd /usr/src (unless, of course, your source code is elsewhere, in which case change to that directory instead). To rebuild the world you use the &man.make.1; command. This command reads instructions from the Makefile which describes how the programs that comprise FreeBSD should be rebuilt, the order they should be built in, and so on. The general format of the command line you will type is as follows: &prompt.root; make In this example, is an option that you would pass to &man.make.1;. See the &man.make.1; manual page for an example of the options you can pass. passes a variable to the Makefile. The behavior of the Makefile is controlled by these variables. These are the same variables as are set in /etc/make.conf, and this provides another way of setting them. &prompt.root; make -DNOPROFILE=true target is another way of specifying that profiled libraries should not be built, and corresponds with the NOPROFILE= true # Avoid compiling profiled libraries lines in /etc/make.conf. target tells &man.make.1; what you want to do. Each Makefile defines a number of different targets, and your choice of target determines what happens. Some targets are listed in the Makefile, but are not meant for you to run. Instead, they are used by the build process to break out the steps necessary to rebuild the system into a number of sub-steps. Most of the time you won't need to pass any parameters to &man.make.1;, and so your command like will look like this: &prompt.root; make target Saving the output It's a good idea to save the output you get from running &man.make.1; to another file. If something goes wrong you will have a copy of the error message, and a complete list of where the process had got to. While this might not help you in diagnosing what has gone wrong, it can help others if you post your problem to one of the FreeBSD mailing lists. The easiest way to do this is to use the &man.script.1; command, with a parameter that specifies the name of the file to save all output to. You would do this immediately before remaking the world, and then type exit when the process has finished. &prompt.root; script /var/tmp/mw.out Script started, output file is /var/tmp/mw.out &prompt.root; make world … compile, compile, compile … &prompt.root; exit Script done, … If you do this, do not save the output in /tmp. This directory may be cleared next time you reboot. A better place to store it is in /var/tmp (as in the previous example) or in root's home directory. Version 2.2.2 and below /usr/src/Makefile contains the world target, which will rebuild the entire system and then install it. Use it like this: &prompt.root; make world Version 2.2.5 and above Beginning with version 2.2.5 of FreeBSD (actually, it was first created on the -CURRENT branch, and then retrofitted to -STABLE midway between 2.2.2 and 2.2.5) the world target has been split in two. buildworld and installworld. As the names imply, buildworld builds a complete new tree under /usr/obj, and installworld installs this tree on the current machine. This is very useful for 2 reasons. First, it allows you to do the build safe in the knowledge that no components of your running system will be affected. The build is self hosted. Because of this, you can safely run buildworld on a machine running in multi-user mode with no fear of ill-effects. I still recommend you run the installworld part in single user mode though. Secondly, it allows you to use NFS mounts to upgrade multiple machines on your network. If you have three machines, A, B and C that you want to upgrade, run make buildworld and make installworld on A. B and C should then NFS mount /usr/src and /usr/obj from A, and you can then run make installworld to install the results of the build on B and C. The world target still exists, and you can use it exactly as shown for version 2.2.2. make world runs make buildworld followed by make installworld. If you do the make buildworld and make installworld commands separately, you must pass the same parameters to &man.make.1; each time. If you run: &prompt.root; make -DNOPROFILE=true buildworld you must install the results with: &prompt.root; make -DNOPROFILE=true installworld otherwise it would try and install profiled libraries that had not been built during the make buildworld phase. -CURRENT and above If you are tracking -CURRENT you can also pass the option to make. This lets make spawn several simultaneous processes. This is most useful on true multi-CPU machines. However, since much of the compiling process is IO bound rather than CPU bound it is also useful on single CPU machines. On a typical single-CPU machine you would run: &prompt.root; make -j4 target &man.make.1; will then have up to 4 processes running at any one time. Empirical evidence posted to the mailing lists shows this generally gives the best performance benefit. If you have a multi-CPU machine and you are using an SMP configured kernel try values between 6 and 10 and see how they speed things up. Be aware that (at the time of writing) this is still experimental, and commits to the source tree may occasionally break this feature. If the world fails to compile using this parameter try again without it before you report any problems. Timings Assuming everything goes well you have anywhere between an hour and a half and a day or so to wait. As a general rule of thumb, a 200MHz P6 with more than 32MB of RAM and reasonable SCSI disks will complete make world in about an hour and a half. A 32MB P133 will take 5 or 6 hours. Revise these figures down if your machines are slower… Update <filename>/etc</filename> Remaking the world will not update certain directories (in particular, /etc, /var and /usr) with new or changed configuration files. This is something you have to do by hand, eyeball, and judicious use of &man.diff.1;. You cannot just copy over the files from /usr/src/etc to /etc and have it work. Some of these files must be installed first. This is because the /usr/src/etc directory is not a copy of what your /etc directory should look like. In addition, there are files that should be in /etc that are not in /usr/src/etc. The simplest way to do this is to install the files into a new directory, and then work through them looking for differences. Backup your existing <filename>/etc</filename> Although, in theory, nothing is going to touch this directory automatically, it is always better to be sure. So copy your existing /etc directory somewhere safe. Something like: &prompt.root; cp -Rp /etc /etc.old does a recursive copy, preserves times, ownerships on files and suchlike. You need to build a dummy set of directories to install the new /etc and other files into. I generally choose to put this dummy directory in /var/tmp/root, and there are a number of subdirectories required under this as well. &prompt.root; mkdir /var/tmp/root &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/etc &prompt.root; make DESTDIR=/var/tmp/root distrib-dirs distribution This will build the necessary directory structure and install the files. A lot of the subdirectories that have been created under /var/tmp/root are empty and should be deleted. The simplest way to do this is to: &prompt.root; cd /var/tmp/root &prompt.root; find -d . -type d | /usr/bin/perl -lne \ 'opendir(D,$_);@f=readdir(D);rmdir if $#f == 1;closedir(D);' This does a depth first search, examines each directory, and if the number of files in that directory is 2 ( /var/tmp/root now contains all the files that should be placed in appropriate locations below /. You now have to go through each of these files, determining how they differ with your existing files. Note that some of the files that will have been installed in /var/tmp/root have a leading /var/tmp/root/ and /var/tmp/root/root/, although there may be others (depending on when you are reading this. Make sure you use The simplest way to do this is to use &man.diff.1; to compare the two files. &prompt.root; diff /etc/shells /var/tmp/root/etc/shells This will show you the differences between your /etc/shells file and the new /etc/shells file. Use these to decide whether to merge in changes that you have made or whether to copy over your old file. Name the new root directory (<filename>/var/tmp/root</filename>)with a time stamp, so you can easily compare differences between versions Frequently remaking the world means that you have to update /etc frequently as well, which can be a bit of a chore. You can speed this process up by keeping a copy of the last set of changed files that you merged into /etc. The following procedure gives one idea of how to do this. Make the world as normal. When you want to update /etc and the other directories, give the target directory a name based on the current date. If you were doing this on the 14th of February 1998 you could do the following. &prompt.root; mkdir /var/tmp/root-19980214 &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/etc &prompt.root; make DESTDIR=/var/tmp/root-19980214 \ distrib-dirs distribution Merge in the changes from this directory as outlined above. Do not remove the /var/tmp/root-19980214 directory when you have finished. When you have downloaded the latest version of the source and remade it, follow step 1. This will give you a new directory, which might be called /var/tmp/root-19980221 (if you wait a week between doing updates). You can now see the differences that have been made in the intervening week using &man.diff.1; to create a recursive diff between the two directories. &prompt.root; cd /var/tmp &prompt.root; diff -r root-19980214 root-19980221 Typically, this will be a much smaller set of differences than those between /var/tmp/root-19980221/etc and /etc. Because the set of differences is smaller, it is easier to migrate those changes across into your /etc directory. You can now remove the older of the two /var/tmp/root-* directories. &prompt.root; rm -rf /var/tmp/root-19980214 Repeat this process every time you need to merge in changes to /etc. You can use &man.date.1; to automate the generation of the directory names. &prompt.root; mkdir /var/tmp/root-`date "+%Y%m%d"` Update <filename>/dev</filename> DEVFS If you are using DEVFS then this is probably unnecessary. For safety's sake, this is a multi-step process. Copy /var/tmp/root/dev/MAKEDEV to /dev. &prompt.root; cp /var/tmp/root/dev/MAKEDEV /dev Now, take a snapshot of your current /dev. This snapshot needs to contain the permissions, ownerships, major and minor numbers of each filename, but it should not contain the time stamps. The easiest way to do this is to use &man.awk.1; to strip out some of the information. &prompt.root; cd /dev &prompt.root; ls -l | awk '{print $1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $NF}' > /var/tmp/dev.out Remake all the devices. &prompt.root; Write another snapshot of the directory, this time to /var/tmp/dev2.out. Now look through these two files for any devices that you missed creating. There should not be any, but it is better to be safe than sorry. &prompt.root; diff /var/tmp/dev.out /var/tmp/dev2.out You are most likely to notice disk slice discrepancies which will involve commands such as &prompt.root; sh MAKEDEV sd0s1 to recreate the slice entries. Your precise circumstances may vary. Update <filename>/stand</filename> This step is included only for completeness. It can safely be omitted. For the sake of completeness, you may want to update the files in /stand as well. These files consist of hard links to the /stand/sysinstall binary. This binary should be statically linked, so that it can work when no other filesystems (and in particular /usr) have been mounted. &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/release/sysinstall &prompt.root; make all install Source older than 2 April 1998 If your source code is older than 2nd April 1998, or the Makefile version is not 1.68 or higher (for FreeBSD current and 3.X systems) or 1.48.2.21 or higher (for 2.2.X systems) you will need to add the NOSHARED=yes option, like so; &prompt.root; make NOSHARED=yes all install Compile and install a new kernel To take full advantage of your new system you should recompile the kernel. This is practically a necessity, as certain memory structures may have changed, and programs like &man.ps.1; and &man.top.1; will fail to work until the kernel and source code versions are the same. Follow the handbook instructions for compiling a new kernel. If you have previously built a custom kernel then carefully examine the LINT config file to see if there are any new options which you should take advantage of. A previous version of this document suggested rebooting before rebuilding the kernel. This is wrong because: Commands like &man.ps.1;, &man.ifconfig.8;, and &man.sysctl.8; may fail. This could leave your machine unable to connect to the network. Basic utilities like &man.mount.8; could fail, making it impossible to mount /, /usr and so on. This is unlikely if you are tracking a -STABLE candidate, but more likely if you are tracking -CURRENT during a large merge. Loadable kernel modules (LKMs on pre-3.X systems, KLDs on 3.X systems and above) built as part of the world may crash an older kernel. For these reasons, it is always best to rebuild and install a new kernel before rebooting. You should build your new kernel after you have completed make world (or make installworld). If you do not want to do this (perhaps you want to confirm that the kernel builds before updating your system) you may have problems. These may be because your &man.config.8; command is out of date with respect to your kernel sources. In this case you could build your kernel with the new version of &man.config.8; &prompt.root; /usr/obj/usr/src/usr.sbin/config/config KERNELNAME This may not work in all cases. It is recommended that you complete make world (or make installworld) before compiling a new kernel. You are now done. After you have verified that everything appears to be in the right place you can reboot the system. A simple &man.fastboot.8; should do it.</para> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fastboot</userinput></screen> </sect2> <sect2> <title>Finished You should now have successfully upgraded your FreeBSD system. Congratulations. You may notice small problems due to things that you have missed. For example, I once deleted /etc/magic as part of the upgrade and merge to /etc, and the file command stopped working. A moment's thought meant that &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/usr.bin/file &prompt.root; was sufficient to fix that one. <qandaentry> <question> <para>Do I need to re-make the world for every change?</para> </question> <answer> <para>There is no easy answer to this one, as it depends on the nature of the change. For example, I have just run CVSup, and it has shown the following files as being updated since I last ran it;</para> <screen><filename>src/games/cribbage/instr.c</filename> <filename>src/games/sail/pl_main.c</filename> <filename>src/release/sysinstall/config.c</filename> <filename>src/release/sysinstall/media.c</filename> <filename>src/share/mk/bsd.port.mk</filename></screen> <para>There is nothing in there that I would re-make the world for. I would go to the appropriate sub-directories and <command>make all install</command>, and that's about it. But if something major changed, for example <filename>src/lib/libc/stdlib</filename> then I would either re-make the world, or at least those parts of it that are statically linked (as well as anything else I might have added that is statically linked).</para> <para>At the end of the day, it is your call. You might be happy re-making the world every fortnight say, and let changes accumulate over that fortnight. Or you might want to re-make just those things that have changed, and are confident you can spot all the dependencies.</para> <para>And, of course, this all depends on how often you want to upgrade, and whether you are tracking -STABLE or -CURRENT.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> <question> <para>My compile failed with lots of signal 12 (or other signal number) errors. What has happened?</para> </question> <answer> <para>This is normally indicative of hardware problems. (Re)making the world is an effective way to stress test your hardware, and will frequently throw up memory problems. These normally manifest themselves as the compiler mysteriously dying on receipt of strange signals.</para> <para>A sure indicator of this is if you can restart the make and it dies at a different point in the process.</para> <para>In this instance there is little you can do except start swapping around the components in your machine to determine which one is failing.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> <question> <para>Can I remove <filename>/usr/obj</filename> when I have finished?</para> </question> <answer> <para>That depends on how you want to make the world on future occasions.</para> <para><filename>/usr/obj</filename> contains all the object files that were produced during the compilation phase. Normally, one of the first steps in the <quote/make world/ process is to remove this directory and start afresh. In this case, keeping <filename>/usr/obj</filename> around after you have finished makes little sense, and will free up a large chunk of disk space (currently about 150MB).</para> <para>However, if you know what you are doing you can have <quote/make world/ skip this step. This will make subsequent builds run much faster, since most of sources will not need to be recompiled. The flip side of this is that subtle dependency problems can creep in, causing your build to fail in odd ways. This frequently generates noise on the FreeBSD mailing lists, when one person complains that their build has failed, not realising that it is because they have tried to cut corners.</para> <para>If you want to live dangerously then make the world, passing the <makevar>NOCLEAN</makevar> definition to make, like this:</para> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make -DNOCLEAN world</userinput></screen> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> <question> <para>Can interrupted builds be resumed?</para> </question> <answer> <para>This depends on how far through the process you got before you found a problem.</para> <para><emphasis>In general</emphasis> (and this is not a hard and fast rule) the <quote>make world</quote> process builds new copies of essential tools (such as &man.gcc.1;, and &man.make.1;>) and the system libraries. These tools and libraries are then installed. The new tools and libraries are then used to rebuild themselves, and are installed again. The entire system (now including regular user programs, such as &man.ls.1; or &man.grep.1;) is then rebuilt with the new system files.</para> <para>If you are at the last state, and you know it (because you have looked through the output that you were storing) then you can (fairly safely) do</para> <screen><emphasis>… fix the problem …</emphasis> &prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src</userinput> &prompt.root; <userinput>make -DNOCLEAN all</userinput></screen> <para>This will not undo the work of the previous <quote>make world</quote>.</para> <para>If you see the message <screen>-------------------------------------------------------------- Building everything.. --------------------------------------------------------------</screen> in the <quote>make world</quote> output then it is probably fairly safe to do so.</para> <para>If you do not see that message, or you are not sure, then it is always better to be safe than sorry, and restart the build from scratch.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> <question> <para>Can I use one machine as a <emphasis/master/ to upgrade lots of machines (NFS)?</para> </question> <answer> <para>People often ask on the FreeBSD mailing lists whether they can do all the compiling on one machine, and then use the results of that compile to <command>make install</command> on to other machines around the network.</para> <para>This is not something I have done, so the suggestions below are either from other people, or deduced from the Makefiles.</para> <para>The precise approach to take depends on your version of FreeBSD</para> <para>You must still upgrade <filename>/etc</filename> and <filename>/dev</filename> on the target machines after doing this.</para> <para>For 2.1.7 and below, Antonio Bemfica suggested the following approach:</para> <screen>Date: Thu, 20 Feb 1997 14:05:01 -0400 (AST) From: Antonio Bemfica <bemfica@militzer.me.tuns.ca> To: freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org Message-ID: <Pine.BSI.3.94.970220135725.245C-100000@militzer.me.tuns.ca> Josef Karthauser asked: > Has anybody got a good method for upgrading machines on a network First make world, etc. on your main machine Second, mount / and /usr from the remote machine: main_machine% mount remote_machine:/ /mnt main_machine% mount remote_machine:/usr /mnt/usr Third, do a 'make install' with /mnt as the destination: main_machine% make install DESTDIR=/mnt Repeat for every other remote machine on your network. It works fine for me. Antonio</screen> <para>This mechanism will only work (to the best of my knowledge) if you can write to <filename>/usr/src</filename> on the NFS server, as the <maketarget>install</maketarget> target in 2.1.7 and below needed to do this.</para> <para>Midway between 2.1.7 and 2.2.0 the <quote>reinstall</quote> target was committed. You can use the approach exactly as outlined above for 2.1.7, but use <quote>reinstall</quote> instead of <quote>install</quote>.</para> <para>This approach <emphasis>does not</emphasis> require write access to the <filename>/usr/src</filename> directory on the NFS server.</para> <para>There was a bug introduced in this target between versions 1.68 and 1.107 of the Makefile, which meant that write access to the NFS server <emphasis>was</emphasis> required. This bug was fixed before version 2.2.0 of FreeBSD was released, but may be an issue of you have an old server still running -STABLE from this era.</para> <para>For version 2.2.5 and above, you can use the <quote>buildworld</quote> and <quote>installworld</quote> targets. Use them to build a source tree on one machine, and then NFS mount <filename>/usr/src</filename> and <filename>/usr/obj</filename> on the remote machine and install it there.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> <question> <para>How can I speed up making the world?</para> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>Run in single user mode.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Put the <filename>/usr/src</filename> and <filename>/usr/obj</filename> directories on separate filesystems held on separate disks. If possible, put these disks on separate disk controllers.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Better still, put these filesystems across separate disks using the <quote>ccd</quote> (concatenated disk driver) device.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Turn off profiling (set <quote>NOPROFILE=true</quote> in <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>). You almost certainly do not need it.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Also in <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>, set <quote>CFLAGS</quote> to something like <quote>-O -pipe</quote>. The optimization <quote>-O2</quote> is much slower, and the optimization difference between <quote>-O</quote> and <quote>-O2</quote> is normally negligible. <quote>-pipe</quote> lets the compiler use pipes rather than temporary files for communication, which saves disk access (at the expense of memory).</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Pass the <option>-j<n></option> option to make (if you are running a sufficiently recent version of FreeBSD) to run multiple processes in parallel. This helps regardless of whether you have a single or a multi processor machine.</para> </listitem> <listitem><para>The filesystem holding <filename>/usr/src</filename> can be mounted (or remounted) with the <quote>noatime</quote> option. This stops the time files in the filesystem were last accessed from being written to the disk. You probably do not need this information anyway. <note> <para><quote>noatime</quote> is in version 2.2.0 and above.</para> </note> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -u -o noatime /usr/src</userinput></screen> <warning> <para>The example assumes <filename>/usr/src</filename> is on its own filesystem. If it is not (if it is a part of <filename>/usr</filename> for example) then you will need to use that filesystem mount point, and not <filename>/usr/src</filename>.</para> </warning> </para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>The filesystem holding <filename>/usr/obj</filename> can be mounted (or remounted) with the <quote>async</quote> option. This causes disk writes to happen asynchronously. In other words, the write completes immediately, and the data is written to the disk a few seconds later. This allows writes to be clustered together, and can be a dramatic performance boost.</para> <warning> <para>Keep in mind that this option makes your filesystem more fragile. With this option there is an increased chance that, should power fail, the filesystem will be in an unrecoverable state when the machine restarts.</para> <para>If <filename>/usr/obj</filename> is the only thing on this filesystem then it is not a problem. If you have other, valuable data on the same filesystem then ensure your backups are fresh before you enable this option.</para> </warning> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -u -o async /usr/obj</userinput></screen> <warning> <para>As above, if <filename>/usr/obj</filename> is not on its own filesystem, replace it in the example with the name of the appropriate mount point.</para> </warning> </listitem> </itemizedlist> </question> </qandaentry> </qandaset> </sect2> </sect1> </chapter> <!-- Local Variables: mode: sgml sgml-declaration: "../chapter.decl" sgml-indent-data: t sgml-omittag: nil sgml-always-quote-attributes: t sgml-parent-document: ("../book.sgml" "part" "chapter") End: --> diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml index bb23056259..44f5270632 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml @@ -1,1058 +1,1058 @@ <!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project - $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml,v 1.39 2000/07/26 05:35:46 cpiazza Exp $ + $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml,v 1.40 2000/07/31 04:04:44 ache Exp $ --> <appendix id="pgpkeys"> - <title>PGP keys + PGP Keys In case you need to verify a signature or send encrypted email to one of the officers or core team members a number of keys are provided here for your convenience. Officers FreeBSD Security Officer <email>security-officer@FreeBSD.org</email> FreeBSD Security Officer <security-officer@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = 41 08 4E BB DB 41 60 71 F9 E5 0E 98 73 AF 3F 11 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3i mQCNAzF7MY4AAAEEAK7qBgPuBejER5HQbQlsOldk3ZVWXlRj54raz3IbuAUrDrQL h3g57T9QY++f3Mot2LAf5lDJbsMfWrtwPrPwCCFRYQd6XH778a+l4ju5axyjrt/L Ciw9RrOC+WaPv3lIdLuqYge2QRC1LvKACIPNbIcgbnLeRGLovFUuHi5z0oilAAUR tDdGcmVlQlNEIFNlY3VyaXR5IE9mZmljZXIgPHNlY3VyaXR5LW9mZmljZXJAZnJl ZWJzZC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQMX6yrOJgpPLZnQjrAQHyowQA1Nv2AY8vJIrdp2ttV6RU tZBYnI7gTO3sFC2bhIHsCvfVU3JphfqWQ7AnTXcD2yPjGcchUfc/EcL1tSlqW4y7 PMP4GHZp9vHog1NAsgLC9Y1P/1cOeuhZ0pDpZZ5zxTo6TQcCBjQA6KhiBFP4TJql 3olFfPBh3B/Tu3dqmEbSWpuJAJUDBRAxez3C9RVb+45ULV0BAak8A/9JIG/jRJaz QbKom6wMw852C/Z0qBLJy7KdN30099zMjQYeC9PnlkZ0USjQ4TSpC8UerYv6IfhV nNY6gyF2Hx4CbEFlopnfA1c4yxtXKti1kSN6wBy/ki3SmqtfDhPQ4Q31p63cSe5A 3aoHcjvWuqPLpW4ba2uHVKGP3g7SSt6AOYkAlQMFEDF8mz0ff6kIA1j8vQEBmZcD /REaUPDRx6qr1XRQlMs6pfgNKEwnKmcUzQLCvKBnYYGmD5ydPLxCPSFnPcPthaUb 5zVgMTjfjS2fkEiRrua4duGRgqN4xY7VRAsIQeMSITBOZeBZZf2oa9Ntidr5PumS 9uQ9bvdfWMpsemk2MaRG9BSoy5Wvy8VxROYYUwpT8Cf2iQCVAwUQMXsyqWtaZ42B sqd5AQHKjAQAvolI30Nyu3IyTfNeCb/DvOe9tlOn/o+VUDNJiE/PuBe1s2Y94a/P BfcohpKC2kza3NiW6lLTp00OWQsuu0QAPc02vYOyseZWy4y3Phnw60pWzLcFdemT 0GiYS5Xm1o9nAhPFciybn9j1q8UadIlIq0wbqWgdInBT8YI/l4f5sf6JAJUDBRAx ezKXVS4eLnPSiKUBAc5OBACIXTlKqQC3B53qt7bNMV46m81fuw1PhKaJEI033mCD ovzyEFFQeOyRXeu25Jg9Bq0Sn37ynISucHSmt2tUD5W0+p1MUGyTqnfqejMUWBzO v4Xhp6a8RtDdUMBOTtro16iulGiRrCKxzVgEl4i+9Z0ZiE6BWlg5AetoF5n3mGk1 lw== =ipyA -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.imp; Warner Losh <imp@village.org> aka <imp@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = D4 31 FD B9 F7 90 17 E8 37 C5 E7 7F CF A6 C1 B9 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzDzTiAAAAEEAK8D7KWEbVFUrmlqhUEnAvphNIqHEbqqT8s+c5f5c2uHtlcH V4mV2TlUaDSVBN4+/D70oHmZc4IgiQwMPCWRrSezg9z/MaKlWhaslc8YT6Xc1q+o EP/fAdKUrq49H0QQbkQk6Ks5wKW6v9AOvdmsS6ZJEcet6d9G4dxynu/2qPVhAAUR tCBNLiBXYXJuZXIgTG9zaCA8aW1wQHZpbGxhZ2Uub3JnPokAlQMFEDM/SK1VLh4u c9KIpQEBFPsD/1n0YuuUPvD4CismZ9bx9M84y5sxLolgFEfP9Ux196ZSeaPpkA0g C9YX/IyIy5VHh3372SDWN5iVSDYPwtCmZziwIV2YxzPtZw0nUu82P/Fn8ynlCSWB 5povLZmgrWijTJdnUWI0ApVBUTQoiW5MyrNN51H3HLWXGoXMgQFZXKWYiQCVAwUQ MzmhkfUVW/uOVC1dAQG3+AP/T1HL/5EYF0ij0yQmNTzt1cLt0b1e3N3zN/wPFFWs BfrQ+nsv1zw7cEgxLtktk73wBGM9jUIdJu8phgLtl5a0m9UjBq5oxrJaNJr6UTxN a+sFkapTLT1g84UFUO/+8qRB12v+hZr2WeXMYjHAFUT18mp3xwjW9DUV+2fW1Wag YDKJAJUDBRAzOYK1s1pi61mfMj0BARBbA/930CHswOF0HIr+4YYUs1ejDnZ2J3zn icTZhl9uAfEQq++Xor1x476j67Z9fESxyHltUxCmwxsJ1uOJRwzjyEoMlyFrIN4C dE0C8g8BF+sRTt7VLURLERvlBvFrVZueXSnXvmMoWFnqpSpt3EmN6TNaLe8Cm87a k6EvQy0dpnkPKokAlQMFEDD9Lorccp7v9qj1YQEBrRUD/3N4cCMWjzsIFp2Vh9y+ RzUrblyF84tJyA7Rr1p+A7dxf7je3Zx5QMEXosWL1WGnS5vC9YH2WZwv6sCU61gU rSy9z8KHlBEHh+Z6fdRMrjd9byPf+n3cktT0NhS23oXB1ZhNZcB2KKhVPlNctMqO 3gTYx+Nlo6xqjR+J2NnBYU8p =7fQV -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- - Core Team members + Core Team Members &a.asami; Satoshi Asami <asami@cs.berkeley.edu> aka <asami@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = EB 3C 68 9E FB 6C EB 3F DB 2E 0F 10 8F CE 79 CA -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzPVyoQAAAEEAL7W+kipxB171Z4SVyyL9skaA7hG3eRsSOWk7lfvfUBLtPog f3OKwrApoc/jwLf4+Qpdzv5DLEt/6Hd/clskhJ+q1gMNHyZ5ABmUxrTRRNvJMTrb 3fPU3oZj7sL/MyiFaT1zF8EaMP/iS2ZtcFsbYOqGeA8E/58uk4NA0SoeCNiJAAUR tCVTYXRvc2hpIEFzYW1pIDxhc2FtaUBjcy5iZXJrZWxleS5lZHU+iQCVAwUQM/AT +EqGN2HYnOMZAQF11QP/eSXb2FuTb1yX5yoo1Im8YnIk1SEgCGbyEbOMMBznVNDy 5g2TAD0ofLxPxy5Vodjg8rf+lfMVtO5amUH6aNcORXRncE83T10JmeM6JEp0T6jw zOHKz8jRzygYLBayGsNIJ4BGxa4LeaGxJpO1ZEvRlNkPH/YEXK5oQmq9/DlrtYOJ AEUDBRAz42JT8ng6GBbVvu0BAU8nAYCsJ8PiJpRUGlrz6rxjX8hqM1v3vqFHLcG+ G52nVMBSy+RZBgzsYIPwI5EZtWAKb22JAJUDBRAz4QBWdbtuOHaj97EBAaQPA/46 +NLUp+Wubl90JoonoXocwAg88tvAUVSzsxPXj0lvypAiSI2AJKsmn+5PuQ+/IoQy lywRsxiQ5GD7C72SZ1yw2WI9DWFeAi+qa4b8n9fcLYrnHpyCY+zxEpu4pam8FJ7H JocEUZz5HRoKKOLHErzXDiuTkkm72b1glmCqAQvnB4kAlQMFEDPZ3gyDQNEqHgjY iQEBFfUEALu2C0uo+1Z7C5+xshWRYY5xNCzK20O6bANVJ+CO2fih96KhwsMof3lw fDso5HJSwgFd8WT/sR+Wwzz6BAE5UtgsQq5GcsdYQuGI1yIlCYUpDp5sgswNm+OA bX5a+r4F/ZJqrqT1J56Mer0VVsNfe5nIRsjd/rnFAFVfjcQtaQmjiQCVAwUQM9uV mcdm8Q+/vPRJAQELHgP9GqNiMpLQlZig17fDnCJ73P0e5t/hRLFehZDlmEI2TK7j Yeqbw078nZgyyuljZ7YsbstRIsWVCxobX5eH1kX+hIxuUqCAkCsWUY4abG89kHJr XGQn6X1CX7xbZ+b6b9jLK+bJKFcLSfyqR3M2eCyscSiZYkWKQ5l3FYvbUzkeb6K0 IVNhdG9zaGkgQXNhbWkgPGFzYW1pQEZyZWVCU0QuT1JHPg== =39SC -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.jmb; Jonathan M. Bresler <jmb@FreeBSD.org> f16 Fingerprint16 = 31 57 41 56 06 C1 40 13 C5 1C E3 E5 DC 62 0E FB -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: PGPfreeware 5.0i for non-commercial use mQCNAzG2GToAAAEEANI6+4SJAAgBpl53XcfEr1M9wZyBqC0tzpie7Zm4vhv3hO8s o5BizSbcJheQimQiZAY4OnlrCpPxijMFSaihshs/VMAz1qbisUYAMqwGEO/T4QIB nWNo0Q/qOniLMxUrxS1RpeW5vbghErHBKUX9GVhxbiVfbwc4wAHbXdKX5jjdAAUR tCVKb25hdGhhbiBNLiBCcmVzbGVyIDxqbWJARnJlZUJTRC5PUkc+iQCVAwUQNbtI gAHbXdKX5jjdAQHamQP+OQr10QRknamIPmuHmFYJZ0jU9XPIvTTMuOiUYLcXlTdn GyTUuzhbEywgtOldW2V5iA8platXThtqC68NsnN/xQfHA5xmFXVbayNKn8H5stDY 2s/4+CZ06mmJfqYmONF1RCbUk/M84rVT3Gn2tydsxFh4Pm32lf4WREZWRiLqmw+J AJUDBRA0DfF99RVb+45ULV0BAcZ0BACCydiSUG1VR0a5DBcHdtin2iZMPsJUPRqJ tWvP6VeI8OFpNWQ4LW6ETAvn35HxV2kCcQMyht1kMD+KEJz7r8Vb94TS7KtZnNvk 2D1XUx8Locj6xel5c/Lnzlnnp7Bp1XbJj2u/NzCaZQ0eYBdP/k7RLYBYHQQln5x7 BOuiRJNVU4kAlQMFEDQLcShVLh4uc9KIpQEBJv4D/3mDrD0MM9EYOVuyXik3UGVI 8quYNA9ErVcLdt10NjYc16VI2HOnYVgPRag3Wt7W8wlXShpokfC/vCNt7f5JgRf8 h2a1/MjQxtlD+4/Js8k7GLa53oLon6YQYk32IEKexoLPwIRO4L2BHWa3GzHJJSP2 aTR/Ep90/pLdAOu/oJDUiQCVAwUQMqyL0LNaYutZnzI9AQF25QP9GFXhBrz2tiWz 2+0gWbpcGNnyZbfsVjF6ojGDdmsjJMyWCGw49XR/vPKYIJY9EYo4t49GIajRkISQ NNiIz22fBAjT2uY9YlvnTJ9NJleMfHr4dybo7oEKYMWWijQzGjqf2m8wf9OaaofE KwBX6nxcRbKsxm/BVLKczGYl3XtjkcuJAJUDBRA1ol5TZWCprDT5+dUBATzXA/9h /ZUuhoRKTWViaistGJfWi26FB/Km5nDQBr/Erw3XksQCMwTLyEugg6dahQ1u9Y5E 5tKPxbB69eF+7JXVHE/z3zizR6VL3sdRx74TPacPsdhZRjChEQc0htLLYAPkJrFP VAzAlSlm7qd+MXf8fJovQs6xPtZJXukQukPNlhqZ94kAPwMFEDSH/kF4tXKgazlt bxECfk4AoO+VaFVfguUkWX10pPSSfvPyPKqiAJ4xn8RSIe1ttmnqkkDMhLh00mKj lLQuSm9uYXRoYW4gTS4gQnJlc2xlciA8Sm9uYXRoYW4uQnJlc2xlckBVU2kubmV0 PokAlQMFEDXbdSkB213Sl+Y43QEBV/4D/RLJNTrtAqJ1ATxXWv9g8Cr3/YF0GTmx 5dIrJOpBup7eSSmiM/BL9Is4YMsoVbXCI/8TqA67TMICvq35PZU4wboQB8DqBAr+ gQ8578M7Ekw1OAF6JXY6AF2P8k7hMcVBcVOACELPT/NyPNByG5QRDoNmlsokJaWU /2ls4QSBZZlb =zbCw -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.ache; Andrey A. Chernov <ache@FreeBSD.org> aka <ache@nagual.pp.ru> Key fingerprint = 33 03 9F 48 33 7B 4A 15 63 48 88 0A C4 97 FD 49 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAiqUMGQAAAEEAPGhcD6A2Buey5LYz0sphDLpVgOZc/bb9UHAbaGKUAGXmafs Dcb2HnsuYGgX/zrQXuCi/wIGtXcZWB97APtKOhFsZnPinDR5n/dde/mw9FnuhwqD m+rKSL1HlN0z/Msa5y7g16760wHhSR6NoBSEG5wQAHIMMq7Q0uJgpPLZnQjrAAUT tCVBbmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuYWd1YWwucHAucnU+iQCVAwUQM2Ez u+JgpPLZnQjrAQEyugP8DPnS8ixJ5OeuYgPFQf5sy6l+LrB6hyaS+lgsUPahWjNY cnaDmfda/q/BV5d4+y5rlQe/pjnYG7/yQuAR3jhlXz8XDrqlBOnW9AtYjDt5rMfJ aGFTGXAPGZ6k6zQZE0/YurT8ia3qjvuZm3Fw4NJrHRx7ETHRvVJDvxA6Ggsvmr20 JEFuZHJleSBBLiBDaGVybm92IDxhY2hlQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokAlQMFEDR5uVbi YKTy2Z0I6wEBLgED/2mn+hw4/3peLx0Sb9LNx//NfCCkVefSf2G9Qwhx6dvwbX7h mFca97h7BQN4GubU1Z5Ffs6TeamSBrotBYGmOCwvJ6S9WigF9YHQIQ3B4LEjskAt pcjU583y42zM11kkvEuQU2Gde61daIylJyOxsgpjSWpkxq50fgY2kLMfgl/ftCZB bmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuaWV0enNjaGUubmV0PokAlQMFEDR5svDi YKTy2Z0I6wEBOTQD/0OTCAXIjuak363mjERvzSkVsNtIH9hA1l0w6Z95+iH0fHrW xXKT0vBZE0y0Em+S3cotLL0bMmVE3F3D3GyxhBVmgzjyx0NYNoiQjYdi+6g/PV30 Cn4vOO6hBBpSyI6vY6qGNqcsawuRtHNvK/53MpOfKwSlICEBYQimcZhkci+EtCJB bmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuYWd1YWwucnU+iQCVAwUQMcm5HeJgpPLZ nQjrAQHwvQP9GdmAf1gdcuayHEgNkc11macPH11cwWjYjzA2YoecFMGV7iqKK8QY rr1MjbGXf8DAG8Ubfm0QbI8Lj8iG3NgqIru0c72UuHGSn/APfGGG0AtPX5UK/k7B gI0Ca2po6NA5nrSp8tDsdEz/4gyea84RXl2prtTf5Jj07hflbRstGXK0MkFuZHJl eSBBLiBDaGVybm92LCBCbGFjayBNYWdlIDxhY2hlQGFzdHJhbC5tc2suc3U+iQCV AwUQMCsAo5/rGryoL8h3AQHq1QQAidyNFqA9hvrmMcjpY7csJVFlGvj574Wj4GPa o3pZeuQaMBmsWqaXLYnWU/Aldb6kTz6+nRcQX50zFH0THSPfApwEW7yybSTI5apJ mWT3qhKN2vmLNg2yNzhqLTzHLD1lH3i1pfQq8WevrNfjLUco5S/VuekTma/osnzC Cw7fQzCJAJUDBRAwKvwoa1pnjYGyp3kBARihBACoXr3qfG65hFCyKJISmjOvaoGr anxUIkeDS0yQdTHzhQ+dwB1OhhK15E0Nwr0MKajLMm90n6+Zdb5y/FIjpPriu8dI rlHrWZlewa88eEDM+Q/NxT1iYg+HaKDAE171jmLpSpCL0MiJtO0i36L3ekVD7Hv8 vffOZHPSHirIzJOZTYkAlQMFEDAau6zFLUdtDb+QbQEBQX8D/AxwkYeFaYxZYMFO DHIvSk23hAsjCmUA2Uil1FeWAusb+o8xRfPDc7TnosrIifJqbF5+fcHCG5VSTGlh Bhd18YWUeabf/h9O2BsQX55yWRuB2x3diJ1xI/VVdG+rxlMCmE4ZR1Tl9x+Mtun9 KqKVpB39VlkCBYQ3hlgNt/TJUY4riQCVAwUQMBHMmyJRltlmbQBRAQFQkwP/YC3a hs3ZMMoriOlt3ZxGNUUPTF7rIER3j+c7mqGG46dEnDB5sUrkzacpoLX5sj1tGR3b vz9a4vmk1Av3KFNNvrZZ3/BZFGpq3mCTiAC9zsyNYQ8L0AfGIUO5goCIjqwOTNQI AOpNsJ5S+nMAkQB4YmmNlI6GTb3D18zfhPZ6uciJAJUCBRAwD0sl4uW74fteFRkB AWsAA/9NYqBRBKbmltQDpyK4+jBAYjkXBJmARFXKJYTlnTgOHMpZqoVyW96xnaa5 MzxEiu7ZWm5oL10QDIp1krkBP2KcmvfSMMHb5aGCCQc2/P8NlfXAuHtNGzYiI0UA Iwi8ih/S1liVfvnqF9uV3d3koE7VsQ9OA4Qo0ZL2ggW+/gEaYIkAlQMFEDAOz6qx /IyHe3rl4QEBIvYD/jIr8Xqo/2I5gncghSeFR01n0vELFIvaF4cHofGzyzBpYsfA +6pgFI1IM+LUF3kbUkAY/2uSf9U5ECcaMCTWCwVgJVO+oG075SHEM4buhrzutZiM 1dTyTaepaPpTyRMUUx9ZMMYJs7sbqLId1eDwrJxUPhrBNvf/w2W2sYHSY8cdiQCV AwUQMAzqgHcdkq6JcsfBAQGTxwQAtgeLFi2rhSOdllpDXUwz+SS6bEjFTWgRsWFM y9QnOcqryw7LyuFmWein4jasjY033JsODfWQPiPVNA3UEnXVg9+n8AvNMPO8JkRv Cn1eNg0VaJy9J368uArio93agd2Yf/R5r+QEuPjIssVk8hdcy/luEhSiXWf6bLMV HEA0J+OJAJUDBRAwDUi+4mCk8tmdCOsBAatBBACHB+qtW880seRCDZLjl/bT1b14 5po60U7u6a3PEBkY0NA72tWDQuRPF/Cn/0+VdFNxQUsgkrbwaJWOoi0KQsvlOm3R rsxKbn9uvEKLxExyKH3pxp76kvz/lEWwEeKvBK+84Pb1lzpG3W7u2XDfi3VQPTi3 5SZMAHc6C0Ct/mjNlYkAlQMFEDAMrPD7wj+NsTMUOQEBJckD/ik4WsZzm2qOx9Fw erGq7Zwchc+Jq1YeN5PxpzqSf4AG7+7dFIn+oe6X2FcIzgbYY+IfmgJIHEVjDHH5 +uAXyb6l4iKc89eQawO3t88pfHLJWbTzmnvgz2cMrxt94HRvgkHfvcpGEgbyldq6 EB33OunazFcfZFRIcXk1sfyLDvYE =1ahV -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.jkh; Jordan K. 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Poul-Henning Kamp <phk@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = A3 F3 88 28 2F 9B 99 A2 49 F4 E2 FA 5A 78 8B 3E -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzAdpMIAAAEEALHDgrFUwhZtb7PbXg3upELoDVEUPFRwnmpJH1rRqyROUGcI ooVe7u+FQlIs5OsXK8ECs/5Wpe2UrZSzHvjwBYOND5H42YtI5UULZLRCo5bFfTVA K9Rpo5icfTsYihrzU2nmnycwFMk+jYXyT/ZDYWDP/BM9iLjj0x9/qQgDWPy9AAUR tCNQb3VsLUhlbm5pbmcgS2FtcCA8cGhrQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokAPwMFEDV/uZj8 RhrUfjKrKxECNmkAoJkszkn0MRLSjLIQdFSQoAIvXsaoAKDaLAvAv9JBTIhiPHYw a8YkNTtr6YkAPwMFEDQ+7sYIrLG2o9cqlBECGFIAn1n9YKcO0hJfgVT1sX/lAoS+ a+0aAKCwrJjWaTvSjDbZtSZ2887P3MnFA4kAdQMFEDAghiMKfXRy8QybzQEBWsQC /37UbJxWsNURURdw1NDcJf4eJko1ew1au41ytTb792O1HiXTr1nKxa/HXg0+2d59 HGynOVQfoKtEw2BHakYlNQNk1mznxGxi/4F0cThX+hmJ8/V8wjtm5bQ0hGMeFQjB 4YkAlQMFEDjGXEvKbyuD/AwC1QEBMcwD+wWwOmzXE7wpIEZ1p5KsRiVBQ4F1VEo4 LviQkE0jUx8/i0/Y+kRpb3sZc+yh84qYA9vrRe8IDqc1a66ZvGUPZOsfiICpJoH4 ftPz8xMLgyfHZrSR+wICStXNAKok8Oq6a56+Vxjh7wpNDoObN5XfYyAr23yNoPh0 7pP7dXNRfGKiiQCVAwUQNBDRpnW7bjh2o/exAQG7ggP+NcUV4mCzYx1MM05kz8Vt 8OEjirEBthSypLf5FrXrJ3xZ38CNX4gckTY2iYVaXxStSMIaKdeLDM+ArU58UmtL 06DXBAu8CXRfzgEDwxM/0FCvjDvoj9FuSyBRKtUIg7wwnCXJ2NI+hxYYF5eVWNtn FfPK4mTsf5Mb7O4jkG4Fw0iJAJUDBRAzBivas1pi61mfMj0BAeIhA/9fG0FYVdoF GBUsSFE2lLTth1T4uxkaUs5l6E30vhSckUdBA806kx7LaAXtj3loE7Dn/XFLm+VC nCZEUKe1ayb+Cp3Mrqu6V+vWvkDL3gs7lMALq5w27f3pji+jVPIPVJOdELjroqW+ a1C0C0UaBeU5FYsv1REvNxEV3WEPTJd31okAlQMFEDF+jX1rWmeNgbKneQEBCrID /i/ri8/eXUXRJp2fqJqzvrWGTP9Ix1O4vMguah9IILijgpYyOJYkezZKijjVCVmL X7EwfNXfYkqLAWUa08eov4QfJfJDgfe+Z/3/UoX7RcJoy2AjTBZQzOI9JMkrzFdt FGYwMr/QXhOdVVpSGeZ/6Hkrs7pd2Z6MNNrRf81ZyJyYiQCVAwUQMXyV5/UVW/uO VC1dAQFyfAP/SujU+lS2WQuat4O2wZOQ1rswUt6CthG8MOsc7A9kfXnZbaM9Sdxj 54CtAlqR4eJMOYk2kVqAtmCWETRuonJxr5TAJdf7q6kByVYcQEyDZvKJYwyrI9UQ SelSgczWwiSB01aV9ACaKlEF9iHYvIKBa9HwJu3A9ggW9SYaAHcxHzuJAJUDBRAx Sx5cH3+pCANY/L0BAY+TA/9YQPISXYaS+5r0I60wCJ+i3a9PC69Zak2ikgTHQi97 LhpVtEsP3SAYInDw4YMS2oU9w1XxoiLLd9hUpcZlmO8Ip3vNF+E2ZCfR4sNzKarY 5fdo+sxzatGWRPgnHjbm6RHWCw6qJACDD3VpaFjx2XD8QrOTyiObnbHhWBdoEAIy NokAlQMFEDE5Q6DvYbnpEdWO1QEBsvgD/0c6flBrSWr20oj8eRJ1zl8ZAP/rpV0I EBvb3ZFsHsJL8QzTsx1typFFghrT7SDBDc52xY90JWAflEiGn9aIL5Q+RHVxjw30 yDaRPAl9ll82o34GBaWBEw83bsI6Fg2XxDfc2X0KkEutlYAEXjiM95PQS+9PM//l lDtPvkSxgpiJiQCVAwUQMOavJADy2QnruxtBAQE92wQAsKPq/U4G4ksslOXGaauS oBk9XO3lB147cSpra1w9ZxTSeo+8dgzNlxnugWDnw1mxauFJBAMgHl74rrlD+Hp0 Ltb9oOyRl3riPG0TOdfaS3T8w6vw52wOKzUrZ/0pB+2sDHzUqZXBbhOq3OXs1ZMN e3jh8w62JsLBWry/YMWRMnI= =A1Tu -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.rich; Rich Murphey <rich@FreeBSD.org> fingerprint = AF A0 60 C4 84 D6 0C 73 D1 EF C0 E9 9D 21 DB E4 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAy97V+MAAAEEALiNM3FCwm3qrCe81E20UOSlNclOWfZHNAyOyj1ahHeINvo1 FBF2Gd5Lbj0y8SLMno5yJ6P4F4r+x3jwHZrzAIwMs/lxDXRtB0VeVWnlj6a3Rezs wbfaTeSVyh5JohEcKdoYiMG5wjATOwK/NAwIPthB1RzRjnEeer3HI3ZYNEOpAAUR tCRSaWNoIE11cnBoZXkgPHJpY2hAbGFtcHJleS51dG1iLmVkdT6JAJUDBRAve15W vccjdlg0Q6kBAZTZBACcNd/LiVnMFURPrO4pVRn1sVQeokVX7izeWQ7siE31Iy7g Sb97WRLEYDi686osaGfsuKNA87Rm+q5F+jxeUV4w4szoqp60gGvCbD0KCB2hWraP /2s2qdVAxhfcoTin/Qp1ZWvXxFF7imGA/IjYIfB42VkaRYu6BwLEm3YAGfGcSw== =QoiM -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.peter; Peter Wemm <peter@FreeBSD.org> aka <peter@spinner.dialix.com> aka <peter@haywire.dialix.com> aka <peter@perth.dialix.oz.au> Key fingerprint = 47 05 04 CA 4C EE F8 93 F6 DB 02 92 6D F5 58 8A -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAy9/FJwAAAEEALxs9dE9tFd0Ru1TXdq301KfEoe5uYKKuldHRBOacG2Wny6/ W3Ill57hOi2+xmq5X/mHkapywxvy4cyLdt31i4GEKDvxpDvEzAYcy2n9dIup/eg2 kEhRBX9G5k/LKM4NQsRIieaIEGGgCZRm0lINqw495aZYrPpO4EqGN2HYnOMZAAUT tCVQZXRlciBXZW1tIDxwZXRlckBoYXl3aXJlLmRpYWxpeC5jb20+iQCVAwUQMwWT cXW7bjh2o/exAQEFkQP+LIx5zKlYp1uR24xGApMFNrNtjh+iDIWnxxb2M2Kb6x4G 9z6OmbUCoDTGrX9SSL2Usm2RD0BZfyv9D9QRWC2TSOPkPRqQgIycc11vgbLolJJN eixqsxlFeKLGEx9eRQCCbo3dQIUjc2yaOe484QamhsK1nL5xpoNWI1P9zIOpDiGJ AJUDBRAxsRPqSoY3Ydic4xkBAbWLA/9q1Fdnnk4unpGQsG31Qbtr4AzaQD5m/JHI 4gRmSmbj6luJMgNG3fpO06Gd/Z7uxyCJB8pTst2a8C/ljOYZxWT+5uSzkQXeMi5c YcI1sZbUpkHtmqPW623hr1PB3ZLA1TIcTbQW+NzJsxQ1Pc6XG9fGkT9WXQW3Xhet AP+juVTAhLQlUGV0ZXIgV2VtbSA8cGV0ZXJAcGVydGguZGlhbGl4Lm96LmF1PokA lQMFEDGxFCFKhjdh2JzjGQEB6XkD/2HOwfuFrnQUtdwFPUkgtEqNeSr64jQ3Maz8 xgEtbaw/ym1PbhbCk311UWQq4+izZE2xktHTFClJfaMnxVIfboPyuiSF99KHiWnf /Gspet0S7m/+RXIwZi1qSqvAanxMiA7kKgFSCmchzas8TQcyyXHtn/gl9v0khJkb /fv3R20btB5QZXRlciBXZW1tIDxwZXRlckBGcmVlQlNELm9yZz6JAJUDBRAxsRJd SoY3Ydic4xkBAZJUA/4i/NWHz5LIH/R4IF/3V3LleFyMFr5EPFY0/4mcv2v+ju9g brOEM/xd4LlPrx1XqPeZ74JQ6K9mHR64RhKR7ZJJ9A+12yr5dVqihe911KyLKab9 4qZUHYi36WQu2VtLGnw/t8Jg44fQSzbBF5q9iTzcfNOYhRkSD3BdDrC3llywO7Ql UGV0ZXIgV2VtbSA8cGV0ZXJAc3Bpbm5lci5kaWFsaXguY29tPokAlQMFEDGxEi1K hjdh2JzjGQEBdA4EAKmNFlj8RF9HQsoI3UabnvYqAWN5wCwEB4u+Zf8zq6OHic23 TzoK1SPlmSdBE1dXXQGS6aiDkLT+xOdeewNs7nfUIcH/DBjSuklAOJzKliXPQW7E kuKNwy4eq5bl+j3HB27i+WBXhn6OaNNQY674LGaR41EGq44Wo5ATcIicig/z =gv+h -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.wollman; pub 1024D/0B92FAEA 2000-01-20 Garrett Wollman <wollman@FreeBSD.org> Key fingerprint = 4627 19AF 4649 31BF DE2E 3C66 3ECF 741B 0B92 FAEA sub 1024g/90D5EBC2 2000-01-20 [N.B.: no RSA; DSS/El Gamal only, please!] -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: GnuPG v1.0.1 (FreeBSD) Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org mQGiBDiHU3wRBADX+GS3fClPc0K3s2RePf2YeV+w7X3cmnWb0FLhAekfIzjLSHl8 PWxXXQRtFyjR4KpsiwpGusX/nIJmaEoAdyqROKvpqYZPa3CjI2ldq1t1mj8lUOLo +ktQvgR/fZoveOl+HT1yIRZDsLrQWYE96lC8Xx2Iiip/16whzhE4rJfWvwCgyb+G a2jW0JaqmVRmyEqwzudoeqEEAKNUV5lmGRcs/GxwAJ7JRcxMI5QtoUBTfDKYyJZi t6pudVC9STIpMoEw9m4c5KRFixdiHno/dbkECvSzpTA1qAHiC2WxeTXAz91ySTfk iGNVlc670A+eC7Qi3ZGYhWKgKAvm0hOlYxOrU83u9naHKA+l4dOIGCQoZ7ElcfdO 77T8BADQG/nzZcaoS0o9za11YcYMAWDiEHX2JyWF7+O+qJc7UmAGMZ4YHeYOBTkT 6ybzjn5JhQtSr9YQglweYFjFYdeOmQAYow1MJxJvh0e0eoXwzOgdwJ8fzbxpHeAQ W9uuI754sm3U80ag7RvzgeWRX7HdETCtbFF8ZCWHSE7sj29ZB7QlR2FycmV0dCBX b2xsbWFuIDx3b2xsbWFuQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPohWBBMRAgAWBQI4h1N9BAsKBAMD FQMCAxYCAQIXgAAKCRA+z3QbC5L66jfWAJ9QRUBS9u2D9s861txzAAGDur0x/gCd ELqxcKVno9Q/l0DFb6c2ZIlkTT2IRgQQEQIABgUCOIdUpAAKCRAj54bpvu2UbtDT AJ9anhNRzF+bPhzGsoVJG1M0+aqsWgCfV6grZerQHY0jrzh7AcGCMNNDNYa5AQ0E OIdTohAEAKNPeV1tg6TbNjARxpiHGiYe6ECG31aGpGQGy12sluYfDTjMw11HKh19 tmT8O6co+dg+NJdUvabdpdd3M8teYwlZMDtbKS8zEFlf0DsY40zBYo6hlwQmF41q B+A5r5t7itn9LX0CdQMFdAYMKBteVhoEKtJG4CZ85VDhUtb7c6i/AAQLA/9nU/WQ pYAKb1RqXoYCWT5HWkBIY4lLaQ7JiS3RW9X0EF9hrEP7gTXGnpPgUSR1CTYvP73W r9vrPsIDQR3/bI22bUeZUbIxznIVGiNTfyLQuvF/R+jTqD57DAhdcQS5mt0YQVrF ClZNn+4IWIZ7XC2cZP3UHgUMQ3G4hD8hutLGA4hGBBgRAgAGBQI4h1OiAAoJED7P dBsLkvrqakMAoLVgP/gp43JsvfV/0H2Krs4f+SyTAJ94S8kg1wwGTRQR2OmA7znC gHpAog== =H5by -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.joerg; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/76A3F7B1 1996/04/27 Joerg Wunsch <joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de> Key fingerprint = DC 47 E6 E4 FF A6 E9 8F 93 21 E0 7D F9 12 D6 4E Joerg Wunsch <joerg_wunsch@interface-business.de> Joerg Wunsch <j@uriah.heep.sax.de> Joerg Wunsch <j@interface-business.de> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: PGPfreeware 5.0i for non-commercial use mQCNAzGCFeAAAAEEAKmRBU2Nvc7nZy1Ouid61HunA/5hF4O91cXm71/KPaT7dskz q5sFXvPJPpawwvqHPHfEbAK42ZaywyFp59L1GaYj87Pda+PlAYRJyY2DJl5/7JPe ziq+7B8MdvbX6D526sdmcR+jPXPbHznASjkx9DPmK+7TgFujyXW7bjh2o/exAAUR tCZKb2VyZyBXdW5zY2ggPGpAaW50ZXJmYWNlLWJ1c2luZXNzLmRlPokAlQMFEDHi oSdlYKmsNPn51QEByz8D/10uMrwP7MdaXnptd1XNFhpaAPYTVAOcaKlYOGI/LLR9 PiU3FbqXO+7INhaxFjBxa0Tw/p4au5Lq1+Mx81edHniJZNS8tz3I3goijIC3+jn2 gnVAWnK5UZUTUVUn/JLVk/oSaIJNIMMDaw4J9xPVVkb+Fh1A+XqtPsVaYESrNp0+ iQCVAwUQMwXkzcdm8Q+/vPRJAQEA4QQAgNNX1HFgXrMetDb+w6yEGQDkJCDAY9b6 mA2HNeKLQAhsoZl4HwA1+iuQaCgo3lyFC+1Sf097OUTs74z5X1vCedqVoFw9CxI3 xuctt3pJCbbN68flOlnq0WdYouWWGlFwLlh5PEy//VtwX9lqgsizlhzit+fX6BT4 BgKi5baDhrWJAJUDBRAyCKveD9eCJxX4hUkBAebMA/9mRPy6K6i7TX2RjUKSl2p5 oYrXPk12Zsw4ijuktslxzQhOCyMSCGK2UEC4UM9MXp1H1JZQxN/DcfnM7VaUt+Ve 0wZ6DC9gBSHJ1hKVxHe5XTj26mIr4rcXNy2XEDMK9QsnBxIAZnBVTjSOLdhqqSMp 3ULLOpBlRL2RYrqi27IXr4kAlQMFEDGpbnd1u244dqP3sQEBJnQD/RVSAzgf4uor v3fpbosI0LE3LUufAYGBSJNJnskeKyudZkNkI5zGGDwVneH/cSkKT4ORooeqcTBx KeMaMuXPVl30QahgNwWjfuTvl5OZ8orsQGGWIn5FhqYXsKkjEGxIOBOfvvlVQ0Ub cR0N2+5F6Mb5GqrXZpIesn7jFJpkQKPUiQCVAwUQNRkF14HR8QVbfEftAQHb6wQA uXzEE+LHIk1kSINIgXX0+UcFpPc1rctiBkzZZhgzFvGC/kYrsI/GVYE4erL4sVXA NJqZxaMC/AAaGfaduALRFXNidKinMJBrZg3NCtq7cqrc/3aDmZJ2IaHvxoS+XC/i RVoeTk+jb6wcliqMkf41UlHsijyALtVK2Dd78T8GhJq0LUpvZXJnIFd1bnNjaCA8 am9lcmdfd3Vuc2NoQHVyaWFoLmhlZXAuc2F4LmRlPokAlQMFEDQUWQGzWmLrWZ8y PQEB8MID+gJ+SOuG9HBEKlIvySUnVgOhQl2bD6/iclynDc6lhdvAo48sKWwTsrco JCxwd6Xtq5/3Wet6QDBute/0KWnRN6Bh4BA2PDm9n18vpRnmXd8fwTYYYDv6SqA1 azUrECcbkZ1S8n2+LKtabx2pZEaj6WgNaVnXYvY6AAN+nuNVlMjWiQCVAwUQNA+s uh9/qQgDWPy9AQHZdAQAr/5KxA8JP9fhEH88FvFSvbwakYkyfcBp8BoDemVjDedv g41uoTD20m2h8CfhR4atqJbDycdhHYMDOgCNHo7O5fdO1RX7nsEjOtM8dw2RvqHx 8+4dT50XNH4s2g9oYmwV6i/rD5SDqpL3BrkUYMCBpGgsdLIHFxFWgJs4RpLlLkSJ AJUDBRAzkGS1ZWCprDT5+dUBAYo/A/46JaGjdmbYYqmUSOJnnPHfLy6nNv6vVC61 vTyOvYTCNrTiEuDR8Ku3oB3cOhWrF7g86CEimYczg7i1xb3ZMdCKXvQIvN8LG19R zp4POg/eSsPX8bCmbaEauZgD1v97P36va8oFudSE+YKCXHml/UjMdT1HZfJDP1e7 sUjZto5JmokAlQMFEDIIhZl1u244dqP3sQEBUzMD/jVUimHfqX7I71YYqQQH41ht g7PZb+TKLviRcu8t1NdxFgVoJJk5FKxAo8Y0ys9lSgugArETbkCgKCXm2jCqv+wJ y7QDQwy8l11S+VDZP7KVKkaZZyGqhcI3sV0bLGtnnPPHMsi+1yKjqRod3vpfHImm W0IBK6l0PnecS3Ge7yxGiQCVAwUQNRkFNoHR8QVbfEftAQH59wP6Ar3emiJ3gseU ayKAjx2SH9lDVMsvIJW8cZoeEsDfoHlTEbz448KLKuh5rKOBAU++WBFtXQoIbroi 4y+zVpJ7z2xJ6sHU/xo6M72QCvieahT4y3C6f1mPsZyjlMRpFoCpBddU+U8kbkqT TBVjNF5DNyhj1keIR35DJNpevpCCE6q0MUpvZXJnIFd1bnNjaCA8am9lcmdfd3Vu c2NoQGludGVyZmFjZS1idXNpbmVzcy5kZT6JAJUDBRAyCIX0dbtuOHaj97EBAVqC A/0YQZvqrVvobtn6gI/XfAlYBCiboK8WSKV7gihbzvmwoELaILfRF/kyYeLPFFHX BZMhCLvAk9gt0a69YK73JH8b604M0s77WMr9dO9l9xpFWPkpVDATAK3ZdajVtt6E +0OefGo57Gi9OuVyeZux2nIE04pIqH2BvItbO067BHquj4kAlQMFEDWRxZdlYKms NPn51QEBzt4D/RALkWpNJNTtlyKE0NBeSyRoci9OCfcYI42R+39HoJnLPAgT+aFc EqinmEcsBvwECjJVrrwBN3f6/rESGp+JaYNiw5bz17lmouh27FEvWETy8QfcQl1+ Ck7HJqkMs1rpcLwhWvMmWlx49gBPJAJwcVSmhsuSVQKp5iSFDn5pbZCTiQCVAwUQ NRkFU4HR8QVbfEftAQH2vQP+PzI1rHZq4Q6/E9RS3zW/HDuzByASi3A9iM5MARqi ACLug+plFatfHfEaWII8nKytqY+kC3gaDESZ8+PFvGRZvMCRBrD5nv9YUC7LJIAX NFGklsyIEvDAtlO/Q94LjgCct3ta6ypA45ZxaMkRdCkZer1EPjSloLrUBRpDhMeA otu0IkpvZXJnIFd1bnNjaCA8akB1cmlhaC5oZWVwLnNheC5kZT6JAJUDBRAxpL3U PiAdBSUb0JkBAZg7BACE+mKhsrd39/P6NattCCOSg76Pf2CVgZdvbb7qK4SmsVGz +58pi2OWM1M0rcHgNZKTIg9rBy47gui2KOnqOR7ZuyMVJJqyEZZywmWmfCy/sR4U i1PehZNNNBAi09u03ItbozrEH6Msa1oC8mp86XOA70Et8e4DYtj5a9tVbjjtJYkA lQMFEDGpZGx1u244dqP3sQEBcMED/j2vNkHlqSRNJu3+A13fw4mAL4fw3l1rbm9X 10PcqgC9d9Z/Ds7EizG9D8Bv6sma6SutbE92wL7VZTX7WsZrg+8mn9UlEN6zZrAa uf6I7v9xChIhXOILbsmlxu+Mu8tVwEiLLXJP9G8n7ztreM9Ee3dUUZykWHgrKTHF I2LIbKCXiQCVAwUQMYJQHfUVW/uOVC1dAQHkqAP+Igll7mUWQ+vYH8KvsEoxUGi3 X8lK7Tk2weAlne4rXnDiZW009lwWL90puf6pEzosoMV78YXQdkP9kPUUm3zJCPMX bDfjQH4XYYYQ7CcKWpkO0QCqcgHMz8QJBCof7oGLyCmQVmsWCDl443uKSqa6wOc6 VhK0z8IF+ClJtHyQOYWJAD8DBRA0Pun7CKyxtqPXKpQRAlWJAKC+2KEpwmX/f5rO +QXv4ldCIKQ+JgCgqcjGveuHvlv8ehkHrucnz8VrHjqJAJUDBRA1kcVlZWCprDT5 +dUBAeX7A/0aZkBJdd0EKhje2rhXdoE99fr5jeg9utB0pACqgMb1hBcnVRi3SVZ4 ZBQIfqY26LeZP+WLUqGfTx6BSsBys13WlBT9PZuicuWkDHUtGX9zUl4qMsxGQkGj NXdmn0/eCnheZP5ROvYXD15A0kjd626PxxftbyQKTuhKTWCT2jSnsYkAlQMFEDGF mgWB0fEFW3xH7QEBhr8D/2kclzpVUU2wvwMT+POA8M9iDKNcZAUBQI8/j+QVZ1VB 3laHKKkpdvGrTUl/PVLvt6tSHIdDQrAOuPq9M4DMLIqS1jZr16+BhZ+7ffZJ2JpO bFVOK5wmzVSixigPB1ytIkKqhJ9JQpMZOUKJ24n2E6Mr79fLJK1a4EMWuHZ5uXNk =grTK -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Developers &a.jmg; Type bits/keyID Date User ID pub 1024/3F9951F5 1997/02/11 John-Mark Gurney <gurney_j@efn.org> Key fingerprint = B7 EC EF F8 AE ED A7 31 96 7A 22 B3 D8 56 36 F4 John-Mark Gurney <johnmark@gladstone.uoregon.edu> John-Mark Gurney <jmg@cs.uoregon.edu> John-Mark Gurney <gurney_j@resnet.uoregon.edu> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzL/8IwAAAEEANuX7fcIa0S5fVATYQCGwgBJo9DxRr0m/QjrP4dJh/JEIjmv h37FMs9qsMPtyAZWlRSnbVFyQiz5ptFuL1irClW2UHzlLvd5s+pKMfIkJWDTnrvp 0jFebYQt0chZeLcKT9s5sSo9ua+fUumOfaWyubUZPIqmDYqy98Em7wI/mVH1AAUR tCNKb2huLU1hcmsgR3VybmV5IDxndXJuZXlfakBlZm4ub3JnPokAlQMFEDMBDfTB Ju8CP5lR9QEBmnsEALAS5dZyQXxsDAROz+yHizsbgV1Ok9vFwE5en7QnOGcSkQX9 pE7MzzlbpP63toF9zWLF75dbXE5X0yYLoB0pvNi1NXhXqA0YbDeAi1Ed6uBXbomW MDdm0s+O0Y1NfuS0uKiFiJUDOjdBrgEbnmPZM/77dhr5UbmAtQUHFftaQfY6tDFK b2huLU1hcmsgR3VybmV5IDxqb2hubWFya0BnbGFkc3RvbmUudW9yZWdvbi5lZHU+ iQCVAwUQMwF753W7bjh2o/exAQGjjwP+MKiFH9EfOGS7yr5NQ4+vWXuHe1N6fi9N jJsFfzT/RCM/wo/dNG/xhTgdCoCWRt0gKkv3SLEPYGDPDtC3Nf7HV/66wOiYYnxD 3cmjgpLn5u/Ju0oS5xxNb5Ly8EZnfz967lIHjp/qhbZ9o7kO7Nkb7bUgozNqBaRy 9Yo81fVAtrOJAJUDBRAzARCXwSbvAj+ZUfUBAeUyBACKoIXfYBpsKqmmnTg944Tw 5t8lAFZ8qJz42Fjw+hswC6c+7b87imwaH3AjPnFmsA6f1ES7xDHG8RQleDtKsyik gHc9Yos/neVqwfrr4zSV1PdNPPpG5uNT/jI1k1M3pH8kwYdKiwaIHQb5+sGUQsO1 ZoxCdzT7HJq4jJtBGVIRULQlSm9obi1NYXJrIEd1cm5leSA8am1nQGNzLnVvcmVn b24uZWR1PokAlQMFEDMBEHfBJu8CP5lR9QEBak8D/2V+1pP6zA1dvhRLcO2pGldn Q/dcVAAtZIZ7AUUap1pKXZF/Tt4gWKMtAHj01xUbwU1fmI6DF1p4AVjDqOxJDnoZ RD9gv0RiZXdUesXL2UBNHc/7f+amAJgmXNrP/m70ejgzPluniR5hQm76fKYjkxV1 opRhhchTjhrFndoQ9nvQtC5Kb2huLU1hcmsgR3VybmV5IDxndXJuZXlfakByZXNu ZXQudW9yZWdvbi5lZHU+iQCVAwUQMwEQWsEm7wI/mVH1AQHxMgP8D7VM+qUo0qGM uFUKqxoQcDPVKt2W1X6wWTHdj9cxo3oW1tlLEZ24Y2v5v1pzonvseaTjsse134dP a9qjcwXjs/zxXzHoQs3B9BZB2qXaR4T3YeuCjq2qIXGwsrrY5fkoch4OLg0/FOui dmNbFjVQkIma2rIRPa8GhXZJtGl+UEk= =bUtb -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.joe; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 768/7EBDECB1 1996/12/19 Josef L. Karthauser <joe@pavilion.net> joe@tao.org.uk joe@uk.freebsd.org joe@FreeBSD.org -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQBtAzK5TJQAAAEDAKlRtbnhuBNWwq+hkYyubUzCYZu60ZFtwdkCgyBurSzTmfMG 1ylVOdwzpgFL8JHRAGhzugRvZqRiCrCl+CvYaeW2+ee3Yw+brl6YEqLMxy0ap2kD NbpZ7LIO7AMffr3ssQAFEbQmSm9zZWYgTC4gS2FydGhhdXNlciA8am9lQHBhdmls aW9uLm5ldD6JAJUDBRA3DNxYDu2852ZqdCEBAXrwBACTRn6uz+uFHxi9nj8qdg14 m3SvBJ58i82IdyhuD5m04/Rgc3Bwk1VDY2eKHuILcgDInd94EePpHTxMvjblfImn No9yqKYQw+V2zbsa8idTVDb5eNWGdRmVndjY95ZVKuhhIlwqLJELvKKbYZjjSabl ijn+lvEEl+gO4avcQZnOjIkAlQMFEDRSgYdv0qcS0gZ4vQEBq/cD+gJsogBSFwYl otle1JGgq1lkIq46uJWS8h61QL9+wnKQ3l19VElXK3/s/HUqBZagKyrF7QSs1dhg T/RKSr/kdG0dPhLhqESgzii9CS6MgHM8CnmP7oDP78i1yAkVL9bJ/a22Il+YZNlt r+XOn9EivaFojjHFQy5a+7e/HEXbgtwMiQD2AwUQMxRrf6ZKZnTBjNYdAQENIgcH RcYYGiOYT0FAqSvAlHPunpPhO+9TBKD5FP307YtUTHdI19Y+LgFT599ond3wfArR K3ue6D1G6//kbemfLZVxOJ+PRpJ0jIqZQ//7mKAI3VGu4vGO0EGQLkzIfwiVaCwa 8jZh5406CaqE7DkXVypvcVkL3hdqD8o16qht8Y23rjrEUgRYIIWUGftCAHWMZEq3 NqU/nqzgIv72PMEC3jBjdPld84GOiX9e3XjOSur6uLMRj87e9qce73sYUsGb2/cf ypx8Hy/FN/FVUKbW4/ddHOeW75vBGgtIwY0R+eDW1wWXiQB1AwUQMrlMlA7sAx9+ veyxAQFftQL/T64Xc63YXllDIVGw0ZQtM0cdolYzP5OAu2Pvb0iWiJia6SkxePJo FyNuWEO0obBpeP/QuapnceYUBNiheT4gRccEO1+VjFRuAiZb7+Huwh4FXrRbhJte 3FmOE07jacQ9tA5qb2VAdGFvLm9yZy51a4kAdQMFEDgPy5gO7AMffr3ssQEBYGsC /iIslOxLXMgz9BSw1ndflqYOImPtn4OQJAG+eyZInVKfZDhyEHtO6ID7zRNx+0wh fAgEU760e8V5rEFea9U0/qY7QneanDRGI+rP81V/fnP3wdZBCGXDNMCM6ofcuTP6 MbQSam9lQHVrLmZyZWVic2Qub3JniQB1AwUQOA/Lgg7sAx9+veyxAQHeXgL8DJQ1 xeeFLQOrg4vI5nfQOjPJqaZ4xpPv1k5wIjPRElGj7QACZVX5L/bEzhK+7fggSXxB b4cmEhiDOIFOBR6HWL/RnMimoGtC53OHKRrA43/eqB/saCbTfN4+KAypw1WatA9q b2VARnJlZUJTRC5vcmeJAHUDBRA4D8tRDuwDH3697LEBAZU6Av0e8n+hesovDEkn ox3JKhC1L33jXu0nOQZ/2Yz6jY1icghgy/L2KO57+T2YBV6DGpk4IlY9jZJRRKti KCHSMahng7whIHNSugWqzLNanK+YPfXC2CsUI02w1srjFcDurBg= =O/Rl -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.obrien; Type Bits KeyID Created Expires Algorithm Use sec+ 1024 0x34F9F9D5 1995-04-23 ---------- RSA Sign & Encrypt f16 Fingerprint16 = B7 4D 3E E9 11 39 5F A3 90 76 5D 69 58 D9 98 7A David E. O'Brien <obrien@NUXI.com> David E. O'Brien <obrien@FreeBSD.org> David E. O'Brien <obrien@cs.ucdavis.edu> David E. O'Brien <dobrien@seas.gwu.edu> David E. O'Brien <obrien@elsewhere.roanoke.va.us> David E. O'Brien <whois Do38> sec+ 1024 0x7F9A9BA2 1998-06-10 ---------- DSS Sign & Encrypt f20 Fingerprint20 = 02FD 495F D03C 9AF2 5DB7 F496 6FC8 DABD 7F9A 9BA2 sub 3072 0xBA32C20D 1998-06-10 ---------- Diffie-Hellman f20 Fingerprint20 = 0700 6058 CE6C 1C51 D0A3 45E6 26E1 A405 BA32 C20D "David E. O'Brien" <obrien@NUXI.com> "David E. 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Polstra <jdp@polstra.com> Fingerprint = 54 3A 90 59 6B A4 9D 61 BF 1D 03 09 35 8D F6 0D -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzMElMEAAAEEALizp6ZW9QifQgWoFmG3cXhzQ1+Gt+a4S1adC/TdHdBvw1M/ I6Ok7TC0dKF8blW3VRgeHo4F3XhGn+n9MqIdboh4HJC5Iiy63m98sVLJSwyGO4oM dkEGyyCLxqP6h/DU/tzNBdqFzetGtYvU4ftt3RO0a506cr2CHcdm8Q+/vPRJAAUR tCFKb2huIEQuIFBvbHN0cmEgPGpkcEBwb2xzdHJhLmNvbT6JAJUDBRAzBNBE9RVb +45ULV0BAWgiA/0WWO3+c3qlptPCHJ3DFm6gG/qNKsY94agL/mHOr0fxMP5l2qKX O6a1bWkvGoYq0EwoKGFfn0QeHiCl6jVi3CdBX+W7bObMcoi+foqZ6zluOWBC1Jdk WQ5/DeqQGYXqbYjqO8voCScTAPge3XlMwVpMZTv24u+nYxtLkE0ZcwtY9IkAlQMF EDMEt/DHZvEPv7z0SQEBXh8D/2egM5ckIRpGz9kcFTDClgdWWtlgwC1iI2p9gEhq aufy+FUJlZS4GSQLWB0BlrTmDC9HuyQ+KZqKFRbVZLyzkH7WFs4zDmwQryLV5wkN C4BRRBXZfWy8s4+zT2WQD1aPO+ZsgRauYLkJgTvXTPU2JCN62Nsd8R7bJS5tuHEm 7HGmiQCVAwUQMwSvHB9/qQgDWPy9AQFAhAQAgJ1AlbKITrEoJ0+pLIsov3eQ348m SVHEBGIkU3Xznjr8NzT9aYtq4TIzt8jplqP3QoV1ka1yYpZf0NjvfZ+ffYp/sIaU wPbEpgtmHnVWJAebMbNs/Ad1w8GDvxEt9IaCbMJGZnHmfnEqOBIxF7VBDPHHoJxM V31K/PIoYsHAy5w= =cHFa -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.guido; Guido van Rooij <guido@gvr.win.tue.nl> Fingerprint = 16 79 09 F3 C0 E4 28 A7 32 62 FA F6 60 31 C0 ED -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzGeO84AAAEEAKKAY91Na//DXwlUusr9GVESSlVwVP6DyH1wcZXhfN1fyZHq SwhMCEdHYoojQds+VqD1iiZQvv1RLByBgj622PDAPN4+Z49HjGs7YbZsUNuQqPPU wRPpP6ty69x1hPKq1sQIB5MS4radpCM+4wbZbhxv7l4rP3RWUbNaYutZnzI9AAUR tCZHdWlkbyB2YW4gUm9vaWogPGd1aWRvQGd2ci53aW4udHVlLm5sPokAlQMFEDMG Hcgff6kIA1j8vQEBbYgD/jm9xHuUuY+iXDkOzpCXBYACYEZDV913MjtyBAmaVqYo Rh5HFimkGXe+rCo78Aau0hc57fFMTsJqnuWEqVt3GRq28hSK1FOZ7ni9/XibHcmN rt2yugl3hYpClijo4nrDL1NxibbamkGW/vFGcljS0jqXz6NDVbGx5Oo7HBByxByz iQCVAwUQMhmtVjt/x7zOdmsfAQFuVQQApsVUTigT5YWjQA9Nd5Z0+a/oVtZpyw5Z OljLJP3vqJdMa6TidhfcatjHbFTve5x1dmjFgMX/MQTd8zf/+Xccy/PX4+lnKNpP eSf1Y4aK+E8KHmBGd6GzX6CIboyGYLS9e3kGnN06F2AQtaLyJFgQ71wRaGuyKmQG FwTn7jiKb1aJAJUDBRAyEOLXPt3iN6QQUSEBATwQA/9jqu0Nbk154+Pn+9mJX/YT fYR2UqK/5FKCqgL5Nt/Deg2re0zMD1f8F9Dj6vuAAxq8hnOkIHKlWolMjkRKkzJi mSPEWl3AuHJ31k948J8it4f8kq/o44usIA2KKVMlI63Q/rmNdfWCyiYQEVGcRbTm GTdZIHYCOgV5dOo4ebFqgYkAlQMFEDIE1nMEJn15jgpJ0QEBW6kEAKqN8XSgzTqf CrxFXT07MlHhfdbKUTNUoboxCGCLNW05vf1A8F5fdE5i14LiwkldWIzPxWD+Sa3L fNPCfCZTaCiyGcLyTzVfBHA18MBAOOX6JiTpdcm22jLGUWBf/aJK3yz/nfbWntd/ LRHysIdVp29lP5BF+J9/Lzbb/9LxP1taiQCVAwUQMgRXZ44CzbsJWQz9AQFf7gP/ Qa2FS5S6RYKG3rYanWADVe/ikFV2lxuM1azlWbsmljXvKVWGe6cV693nS5lGGAjx lbd2ADwXjlkNhv45HLWFm9PEveO9Jjr6tMuXVt8N2pxiX+1PLUN9CtphTIU7Yfjn s6ryZZfwGHSfIxNGi5ua2SoXhg0svaYnxHxXmOtH24iJAJUDBRAyAkpV8qaAEa3W TBkBARfQBAC+S3kbulEAN3SI7/A+A/dtl9DfZezT9C4SRBGsl2clQFMGIXmMQ/7v 7lLXrKQ7U2zVbgNfU8smw5h2vBIL6f1PyexSmc3mz9JY4er8KeZpcf6H0rSkHl+i d7TF0GvuTdNPFO8hc9En+GG6QHOqbkB4NRZ6cwtfwUMhk2FHXBnjF4kAlQMFEDH5 FFukUJAsCdPmTQEBe74EAMBsxDnbD9cuI5MfF/QeTNEG4BIVUZtAkDme4Eg7zvsP d3DeJKCGeNjiCWYrRTCGwaCWzMQk+/+MOmdkI6Oml+AIurJLoHceHS9jP1izdP7f N2jkdeJSBsixunbQWtUElSgOQQ4iF5kqwBhxtOfEP/L9QsoydRMR1yB6WPD75H7V iQCVAwUQMZ9YNGtaZ42Bsqd5AQH0PAQAhpVlAc3ZM/KOTywBSh8zWKVlSk3q/zGn k7hJmFThnlhH1723+WmXE8aAPJi+VXOWJUFQgwELJ6R8jSU2qvk2m1VWyYSqRKvc VRQMqT2wjss0GE1Ngg7tMrkRHT0il7E2xxIb8vMrIwmdkbTfYqBUhhGnsWPHZHq7 MoA1/b+rK7CJAJUDBRAxnvXh3IDyptUyfLkBAYTDA/4mEKlIP/EUX2Zmxgrd/JQB hqcQlkTrBAaDOnOqe/4oewMKR7yaMpztYhJs97i03Vu3fgoLhDspE55ooEeHj0r4 cOdiWfYDsjSFUYSPNVhW4OSruMA3c29ynMqNHD7hpr3rcCPUi7J2RncocOcCjjK2 BQb/9IAUNeK4C9gPxMEZLokAlQMFEDGeO86zWmLrWZ8yPQEBEEID/2fPEUrSX3Yk j5TJPFZ9MNX0lEo7AHYjnJgEbNI4pYm6C3PnMlsYfCSQDHuXmRQHAOWSdwOLvCkN F8eDaF3M6u0urgeVJ+KVUnTz2+LZoZs12XSZKCte0HxjbvPpWMTTrYyimGezH79C mgDVjsHaYOx3EXF0nnDmtXurGioEmW1J =mSvM -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.wosch; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/2B7181AD 1997/08/09 Wolfram Schneider <wosch@FreeBSD.org> Key fingerprint = CA 16 91 D9 75 33 F1 07 1B F0 B4 9F 3E 95 B6 09 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzPs+aEAAAEEAJqqMm2I9CxWMuHDvuVO/uh0QT0az5ByOktwYLxGXQmqPG1G Q3hVuHWYs5Vfm/ARU9CRcVHFyqGQ3LepoRhDHk+JcASHan7ptdFsz7xk1iNNEoe0 vE2rns38HIbiyQ/2OZd4XsyhFOFtExNoBuyDyNoe3HbHVBQT7TmN/mkrcYGtAAUR tCVXb2xmcmFtIFNjaG5laWRlciA8d29zY2hARnJlZUJTRC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxnH AzmN/mkrcYGtAQF5vgP/SLOiI4AwuPHGwUFkwWPRtRzYSySXqwaPCop5mVak27wk pCxGdzoJO2UgcE812Jt92Qas91yTT0gsSvOVNATaf0TM3KnKg5ZXT1QIzYevWtuv 2ovAG4au3lwiFPDJstnNAPcgLF3OPni5RCUqBjpZFhb/8YDfWYsMcyn4IEaJKre0 JFdvbGZyYW0gU2NobmVpZGVyIDxzY2huZWlkZXJAemliLmRlPokAlQMFEDcZxu85 jf5pK3GBrQEBCRgD/jPj1Ogx4O769soiguL1XEHcxhqtrpKZkKwxmDLRa0kJFwLp bBJ3Qz3vwaB7n5gQU0JiL1B2M7IxVeHbiIV5pKp7FD248sm+HZvBg6aSnCg2JPUh sHd1tK5X4SB5cjFt3Cj0LIN9/c9EUxm3SoML9bovmze60DckErrRNOuTk1IntCJX b2xmcmFtIFNjaG5laWRlciA8d29zY2hAYXBmZWwuZGU+iQEVAwUQNmfWXAjJLLJO sC7dAQEASAgAnE4g2fwMmFkQy17ATivljEaDZN/m0GdXHctdZ8CaPrWk/9/PTNK+ U6xCewqIKVwtqxVBMU1VpXUhWXfANWCB7a07D+2GrlB9JwO5NMFJ6g0WI/GCUXjC xb3NTkNsvppL8Rdgc8wc4f23GG4CXVggdTD2oUjUH5Bl7afgOT4xLPAqePhS7hFB UnMsbA94OfxPtHe5oqyaXt6cXH/SgphRhzPPZq0yjg0Ef+zfHVamvZ6Xl2aLZmSv Cc/rb0ShYDYi39ly9OPPiBPGbSVw2Gg804qx3XAKiTFkLsbYQnRt7WuCPsOVjFkf CbQS31TaclOyzenZdCAezubGIcrJAKZjMIkAlQMFEDPs+aE5jf5pK3GBrQEBlIAD /3CRq6P0m1fi9fbPxnptuipnoFB/m3yF6IdhM8kSe4XlXcm7tS60gxQKZgBO3bDA 5QANcHdl41Vg95yBAZepPie6iQeAAoylRrONeIy6XShjx3S0WKmA4+C8kBTL+vwa UqF9YJ1qesZQtsXlkWp/Z7N12RkueVAVQ7wRPwfnz6E3tC5Xb2xmcmFtIFNjaG5l aWRlciA8d29zY2hAcGFua2UuZGUuZnJlZWJzZC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxnEqTmN/mkr cYGtAQFnpQP9EpRZdG6oYN7d5abvIMN82Z9x71a4QBER+R62mU47wqdRG2b6jMMh 3k07b2oiprVuPhRw/GEPPQevb6RRT6SD9CPYAGfK3MDE8ZkMj4d+7cZDRJQ35sxv gAzQwuA9l7kS0mt5jFRPcEg5/KpuyehRLckjx8jpEM7cEJDHXhBIuVg= =3V1R -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.ben; Type Bits KeyID Created Expires Algorithm Use sec+ 1024 0x99392F7D 1998-08-23 ---------- RSA Sign & Encrypt f16 Fingerprint16 = 3D 89 87 42 CE CA 93 4C 68 32 0E D5 36 05 3D 16 uid Ben Smithurst <ben@scientia.demon.co.uk> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: PGPfreeware 5.0i for non-commercial use mQCNAzXffuQAAAEEAKXLh1Z3Bg5yrHVrmm9bFUKcg5VwwWyiY0M2LznqHOhhKSPd yXkyWWaRZBSSZEa/KneVEYcUVM6CIwGrnO9h8drkxdZgPukrWqzkgwiI+zsOs8tS XAMnnoukIrfcSq8Vcclb6YW6/nduakPLTuHvHpJXhNwP+ITp1CsPVtiZOS99AAUR tChCZW4gU21pdGh1cnN0IDxiZW5Ac2NpZW50aWEuZGVtb24uY28udWs+iQCVAwUQ Nd9+5CsPVtiZOS99AQGVFAP9G0tcrm8PK1MP57xbztNzPoWnP6h5MJmVH3nor7wE dJwEHPXwGwqR92RptH4G+dHipbGSqsqWh65WyeTrzgm4pyX32Zb6AM2+Bbv+2NP0 HdcY+qhlEYZyPsryuqySAWwUKSDxx22JD0cxQp1CDkeSdB8VBVCix5ZsPPMOm9/I ZO0= =IcyI -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.dcs; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/488A2DD5 2000/06/07 Daniel C. Sobral <dcs@freebsd.org> Key fingerprint = AF 90 A6 A2 B5 8D 6C 28 37 F3 F4 47 8B 31 47 DF Daniel C. 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Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/666A7421 1997/04/30 Brian Somers <brian@awfulhak.org> Key fingerprint = 2D 91 BD C2 94 2C 46 8F 8F 09 C4 FC AD 12 3B 21 Brian Somers <brian@uk.OpenBSD.org> Brian Somers <brian@uk.FreeBSD.org> Brian Somers <brian@OpenBSD.org> Brian Somers <brian@FreeBSD.org> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzNmogUAAAEEALdsjVsV2dzO8UU4EEo7z3nYuvB2Q6YJ8sBUYjB8/vfR5oZ9 7aEQjgY5//pXvS30rHUB9ghk4kIFSljzeMudE0K2zH5n2sxpLbBKWZRDLS7xnrDC I3j9CNKwQBzMPs0fUT46gp96nf1X8wPiJXkDUEia/c0bRbXlLw7tvOdmanQhAAUR tCFCcmlhbiBTb21lcnMgPGJyaWFuQGF3ZnVsaGFrLm9yZz6JAJUDBRA4qXaPfU3G z8mTvFkBASJ1A/4gAN3XvKJchXeH+mt/acNiA7+jxtAjmMfSjJiaIldYdaA9ESYi XDamPbwQzuaMOslA3uhH+W0tNN8AbcaQ7wqWeKN1WZ7HFPzLUuaQTJhoiNTdWmaK ZkhxiDNGA5ycJBXI5FwUb22QaB8Sj7u7vEXBpMo++zEcN+s6haSbAB8w6IkAlQMF EDgdNQU/ZTB66ZtiFQEBBL0D/3PZ1au27HPVMN/69P3mstJLzO/a95w6koavXQph 3aRbtR7G/Gw5qRQMjwGrQ4derIcWPuONoOPXWFu2Hy7/7fYgEAsQ004MskEUImJ7 gjCZbmASV/8CoJHtBtNTHC+63MRfD++YU0XXsN832u5+90pq1n/5c7d7jdKn/zRK niQQiQCVAwUQNxY7OB9/qQgDWPy9AQGTsQQAk2dcz3WicxHU+AH63m0G2lOMrRHq HZ1V2SJHPCJfiw5QzlACHpOT4Jx00TOMosHGbmEKwg0RYHTqH3BX0aNDw+5hhc3d tqjxpm7x4gwQmAsoZZD11iA3qANXF++yZVNTRXctHWcLl+3LGjJaYwpDj3O/vOep q+qUIuPM4+8mba2JAJUDBRA3FKmdnWdBAAxuEhUBARJtBAC9mwTXOL6cT64NwE3W fz3pKS+pWI97PaQX/H+3mC16uN/AP8sIlpKy++IF8XGdhMvQB2Vvq2yT81G63zAI D97lqG3krw8ikaNcLSp02B8vjhCGwSBw5iFLity+yrqQX+1gCOOkO358s9Lcb7Ua 7g4736Mpff00kXyCnGsNmiDYe4kAlQMFEDcMlqZnSj3xVLFxuQEBCKwEAJrpL9rv YoXJztmWmpNuuSPoGKM7vm4gJ4HVzX4UxjHhMRc3c0PEHuxCboDKSAxJCatoKGN+ bBorQ/qIElVhAo3FWxyADzNrvWsRRpSu3wzpppB9mVgzLcMdiOXWabN6toPZmNjv QM+WKJKexlu74kqVlx00R8TrLmOms3u9VO0ViQB1AwUQNwwBLw7sAx9+veyxAQFk RwL/V15Lm+poq/wwscyiNgBN7XpONJUX1OiLpI5f7s0/Rl3C97hIyHsIj08DfpOC C/qnAhHb/FmYL/7TuOa+fSGULInDWkgLCl/+gsYWuh6LINY8OK43cs9d64GEYv56 3quZiQCVAwUQNq9AjPafnz58Zbu1AQGDmwP+NLOUsBKV063jzu/AKFBRGuWeG4Ms ZKU+wVW6upv6ELSudPV3tjNstF0y5HfOqF6Y8isxs1qvE+mUyjXRffuS4UtspScr XT6tQIw5NgaHH31l+PqV50T4gul3DXWBokC/Dkx72REmEA4h3jH8APFnTMxStUfN JyTMADWF4ySay82JAJUDBRAzbedc77OxBWZTbW0BAVtFA/42QelA3RBXYUtIcYGo b+QsWkA1kGyBKQGPSS9coHdUVjClBRl3UZFmZhxAODb7cBRXmpvx2ZuMrhn/MpXT MqPOJaE3FYm+5SoeArphsRU+T8XofxfLvRHkM3JURUjIVZdAQNvxxBso8NJG5Kay P0Q96Vw+3sEwFK49jt14RCJy4IkAlQMFEDNzvb1sq+iWcxFJBQEBfZwD/R3KNFf9 ype9Dea8j1YIeNZ1E3e03en1I8fMj6EmS1/L1WfFzMnfFCxZs7JgPtkBuB3CqP8f +LOdDt6PHPqNakmI9E6fiuGfJZ3jFZYATXa0XKuIoxIJNKhqkpbF8ixJZFTxFwAA wVYM3+sqr4qQ8FzVc5entxjyxPFNkwJwRWV+iQCVAwUQM2aiBQ7tvOdmanQhAQE7 LgQAiN6Hz+zd8bh0nO6VizbJxWFRHPbrQWnJXGoMYyy88DyszAXC4zRshlyGUDQd HeP/1DFCXDEu78GfDCLaJ1bm25yVR7kLxDZaEUQEbWqxfiwuzizAjkaxrW7dBbWI LwWqrYF5TXClw+oUU/oIUW4t6t+GpAO18PLYhSMXVYErrAC0I0JyaWFuIFNvbWVy cyA8YnJpYW5AdWsuT3BlbkJTRC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQOLfPRw7tvOdmanQhAQFzOwP/ WAZvuOUvhsXwjI1ZGMVgQJTSBkup+kwZUUzUNAfn90YVLwgJLEkWZxp05uj3FD/C 3NW876w4/bPGrho09Tr0OsqQtY0ew+9Z7I0SGir4CwG7DxoxUjCk8GRcfi2xwswR L0XEm+7WJyYPoLY121XM7ZUswm1rb+KkZ1Ya6LYq4fS0I0JyaWFuIFNvbWVycyA8 YnJpYW5AdWsuRnJlZUJTRC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxS1nJ1nQQAMbhIVAQHGGAQAqLPZ yhE7mh/s9odFrPiCGJjfRRJvMKT1HEJl+RhYXwVEPqyW35c79Iyf39mnPaiR4CCA JSd6TJHzKVPFGBxLqFQnuGU1ObK+GXQWhfZKZtjq4hYGcCL+EAIu3QjLvWcBkbWd /s9w0LFUmoLnI2UyHsk1EeivuxN2FwDUIznahWWJAJUDBRA3FKXkDu2852ZqdCEB AeBxA/0btzY8FjtYJcRIi080aVN9UYdSM8NZYVTFSZCwBgcPYnkpI73SJLoaldYv luMCgQpU9FDhNvCo6VmwSjxSAEkWMzeMksKaa7BuR+ORBUKLKL2Bvxz3DM11NhjI 9IsFU8ZzKuyPKB+fPBMR6nxDdgEQ954JgduPfa7shpduqVvwX7QgQnJpYW4gU29t ZXJzIDxicmlhbkBPcGVuQlNELm9yZz6JAJUDBRA3FLVunWdBAAxuEhUBAUMLA/4/ Qf5ZJbSHZ0HYzqkf23TgYCQrVH/dOcupA/pOJG8Xk9WAGgOuSidqP2Y/ovuvRdvg VCf95GAe6aysLrdodHpNWbZ3BsaALEHRSeSUnjJMFGearRngplT2+ffij6t51Oqd 0SPAZ++xcyv/0MviFv1hVSW3/+jQjQm8kYkYz2xpf4kAlQMFEDcUpcgO7bznZmp0 IQEBczAD/3b7bI98gQvrHosunwf50vjZygaH39xJL+exbGa2hreM/Z+LFutXssGo kc7ipYR6qwxNe0kymnwTmldTbZe47O6IOSBT1jZVYdXCvrKQ5neueQ/KcrIc4gxe n0gLKhn059+cZdt14zttDDCuOI+COVeqxMlAwQ65l+PSeejhZH8GtCBCcmlhbiBT b21lcnMgPGJyaWFuQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokAlQMFEDcUtWOdZ0EADG4SFQEBzwUD /iDFJROA7RL0mRbRuGCvbrHx0pErSGn4fxfyc0rKnXHi2YMHLon23psO/UYb6oad Asqe5LiNpBzt2tfZGd2V5Q5d1Q4ONUlf2eS8zcPb2mSrhf77RmpLTo2nOROWs51h iAOXM8LEYMnRDnHfDlTzFDK3TVkSOl0TrZ22WkUsJg/GiQCVAwUQNxSlrg7tvOdm anQhAQFlSQP+MdzI3kClfikKDupjsqCHA+BitQ41g7zRxroyWxRgZgEY6/zwptnK uNnD8wcZ30YQn8hLzWnrDQdDYy40VP5u84slZ/dn5QMx6qplN+mhHaqKF1GNk97z mM6PmzO1bSJ2qxtYlKsNRtfRoF1MFJD78vfnTSDP2mKCP3tCL9z/bro= =Tq7h -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.gsutter; Type Bits KeyID Created Expires Algorithm Use sec+ 1024 0x40AE3052 1998-07-18 ---------- DSS Sign & Encrypt f20 Fingerprint20 = 61D4 6A28 F282 482E 1D82 D077 E31E 323D 40AE 3052 uid Gregory S. Sutter <gsutter@pobox.com> uid Gregory S. Sutter <gsutter@zer0.org> uid Gregory S. Sutter <gsutter@daemonnews.org> uid Gregory S. 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This chapter documents various guidelines and policies in force for the FreeBSD source tree. <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> on Makefiles June 1996. If a particular portion of the FreeBSD distribution is being maintained by a person or group of persons, they can communicate this fact to the world by adding a MAINTAINER= email-addresses line to the Makefiles covering this portion of the source tree. The semantics of this are as follows: The maintainer owns and is responsible for that code. This means that he is responsible for fixing bugs and answer problem reports pertaining to that piece of the code, and in the case of contributed software, for tracking new versions, as appropriate. Changes to directories which have a maintainer defined shall be sent to the maintainer for review before being committed. Only if the maintainer does not respond for an unacceptable period of time, to several emails, will it be acceptable to commit changes without review by the maintainer. However, it is suggested that you try and have the changes reviewed by someone else if at all possible. It is of course not acceptable to add a person or group as maintainer unless they agree to assume this duty. On the other hand it doesn't have to be a committer and it can easily be a group of people. Contributed Software Contributed by &a.phk; and &a.obrien;. June 1996. Some parts of the FreeBSD distribution consist of software that is actively being maintained outside the FreeBSD project. For historical reasons, we call this contributed software. Some examples are perl, gcc and patch. Over the last couple of years, various methods have been used in dealing with this type of software and all have some number of advantages and drawbacks. No clear winner has emerged. Since this is the case, after some debate one of these methods has been selected as the official method and will be required for future imports of software of this kind. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested that existing contributed software converge on this model over time, as it has significant advantages over the old method, including the ability to easily obtain diffs relative to the official versions of the source by everyone (even without cvs access). This will make it significantly easier to return changes to the primary developers of the contributed software. Ultimately, however, it comes down to the people actually doing the work. If using this model is particularly unsuited to the package being dealt with, exceptions to these rules may be granted only with the approval of the core team and with the general consensus of the other developers. The ability to maintain the package in the future will be a key issue in the decisions. Because of some unfortunate design limitations with the RCS file format and CVS's use of vendor branches, minor, trivial and/or cosmetic changes are strongly discouraged on files that are still tracking the vendor branch. Spelling fixes are explicitly included here under the cosmetic category and are to be avoided for files with revision 1.1.x.x. The repository bloat impact from a single character change can be rather dramatic. The TCL embedded programming language will be used as example of how this model works: src/contrib/tcl contains the source as distributed by the maintainers of this package. Parts that are entirely not applicable for FreeBSD can be removed. In the case of Tcl, the mac, win and compat subdirectories were eliminated before the import src/lib/libtcl contains only a "bmake style" Makefile that uses the standard bsd.lib.mk makefile rules to produce the library and install the documentation. src/usr.bin/tclsh contains only a bmake style Makefile which will produce and install the tclsh program and its associated man-pages using the standard bsd.prog.mk rules. src/tools/tools/tcl_bmake contains a couple of shell-scripts that can be of help when the tcl software needs updating. These are not part of the built or installed software. The important thing here is that the src/contrib/tcl directory is created according to the rules: It is supposed to contain the sources as distributed (on a proper CVS vendor-branch and without RCS keyword expansion) with as few FreeBSD-specific changes as possible. The 'easy-import' tool on freefall will assist in doing the import, but if there are any doubts on how to go about it, it is imperative that you ask first and not blunder ahead and hope it works out. CVS is not forgiving of import accidents and a fair amount of effort is required to back out major mistakes. Because of the previously mentioned design limitations with CVS's vendor branches, it is required that official patches from the vendor be applied to the original distributed sources and the result re-imported onto the vendor branch again. Official patches should never be patched into the FreeBSD checked out version and "committed", as this destroys the vendor branch coherency and makes importing future versions rather difficult as there will be conflicts. Since many packages contain files that are meant for compatibility with other architectures and environments that FreeBSD, it is permissible to remove parts of the distribution tree that are of no interest to FreeBSD in order to save space. Files containing copyright notices and release-note kind of information applicable to the remaining files shall not be removed. If it seems easier, the bmake Makefiles can be produced from the dist tree automatically by some utility, something which would hopefully make it even easier to upgrade to a new version. If this is done, be sure to check in such utilities (as necessary) in the src/tools directory along with the port itself so that it is available to future maintainers. In the src/contrib/tcl level directory, a file called FREEBSD-upgrade should be added and it should states things like: Which files have been left out Where the original distribution was obtained from and/or the official master site. Where to send patches back to the original authors Perhaps an overview of the FreeBSD-specific changes that have been made. However, please do not import FREEBSD-upgrade with the contributed source. Rather you should cvs add FREEBSD-upgrade ; cvs ci after the initial import. Example wording from src/contrib/cpio is below: This directory contains virgin sources of the original distribution files on a "vendor" branch. Do not, under any circumstances, attempt to upgrade the files in this directory via patches and a cvs commit. New versions or official-patch versions must be imported. Please remember to import with "-ko" to prevent CVS from corrupting any vendor RCS Ids. For the import of GNU cpio 2.4.2, the following files were removed: INSTALL cpio.info mkdir.c Makefile.in cpio.texi mkinstalldirs To upgrade to a newer version of cpio, when it is available: 1. Unpack the new version into an empty directory. [Do not make ANY changes to the files.] 2. Remove the files listed above and any others that don't apply to FreeBSD. 3. Use the command: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU cpio v<version>' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_<version> For example, to do the import of version 2.4.2, I typed: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU v2.4.2' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_2_4_2 4. Follow the instructions printed out in step 3 to resolve any conflicts between local FreeBSD changes and the newer version. Do not, under any circumstances, deviate from this procedure. To make local changes to cpio, simply patch and commit to the main branch (aka HEAD). Never make local changes on the GNU branch. All local changes should be submitted to "cpio@gnu.ai.mit.edu" for inclusion in the next vendor release. obrien@FreeBSD.org - 30 March 1997 - Encumbered files + Encumbered Files It might occasionally be necessary to include an encumbered file in the FreeBSD source tree. For example, if a device requires a small piece of binary code to be loaded to it before the device will operate, and we do not have the source to that code, then the binary file is said to be encumbered. The following policies apply to including encumbered files in the FreeBSD source tree. Any file which is interpreted or executed by the system CPU(s) and not in source format is encumbered. Any file with a license more restrictive than BSD or GNU is encumbered. A file which contains downloadable binary data for use by the hardware is not encumbered, unless (1) or (2) apply to it. It must be stored in an architecture neutral ASCII format (file2c or uuencoding is recommended). Any encumbered file requires specific approval from the Core team before it is added to the CVS repository. Encumbered files go in src/contrib or src/sys/contrib. The entire module should be kept together. There is no point in splitting it, unless there is code-sharing with non-encumbered code. Object files are named arch/filename.o.uu>. Kernel files; Should always be referenced in conf/files.* (for build simplicity). Should always be in LINT, but the Core team decides per case if it should be commented out or not. The Core team can, of course, change their minds later on. The Release Engineer decides whether or not it goes in to the release. User-land files; The Core team decides if the code should be part of make world. The Release Engineer decides if it goes in to the release. Shared Libraries Contributed by &a.asami;, &a.peter;, and &a.obrien; 9 December 1996. If you are adding shared library support to a port or other piece of software that doesn't have one, the version numbers should follow these rules. Generally, the resulting numbers will have nothing to do with the release version of the software. The three principles of shared library building are: Start from 1.0 If there is a change that is backwards compatible, bump minor number (note that ELF systems ignore the minor number) If there is an incompatible change, bump major number For instance, added functions and bugfixes result in the minor version number being bumped, while deleted functions, changed function call syntax etc. will force the major version number to change. Stick to version numbers of the form major.minor (x.y). Our a.out dynamic linker does not handle version numbers of the form x.y.z well. Any version number after the y (ie. the third digit) is totally ignored when comparing shared lib version numbers to decide which library to link with. Given two shared libraries that differ only in the micro revision, ld.so will link with the higher one. Ie: if you link with libfoo.so.3.3.3, the linker only records 3.3 in the headers, and will link with anything starting with libfoo.so.3.(anything >= 3).(highest available). ld.so will always use the highest minor revision. Ie: it will use libc.so.2.2 in preference to libc.so.2.0, even if the program was initially linked with libc.so.2.0. In addition, our ELF dynamic linker does not handle minor version numbers at all. However, one should still specify a major and minor version number as our Makefiles "do the right thing" based on the type of system. For non-port libraries, it is also our policy to change the shared library version number only once between releases. In addition, it is our policy to change the major shared library version number only once between major OS releases. Ie: X.0 to (X+1).0. When you make a change to a system library that requires the version number to be bumped, check the Makefile's commit logs. It is the responsibility of the committer to ensure that the first such change since the release will result in the shared library version number in the Makefile to be updated, and any subsequent changes will not. diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml index 354e25f19b..70569d401a 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml @@ -1,543 +1,543 @@ Unix Basics Synopsis Rewritten by Chris Shumway cshumway@cdrom.com, 10 Mar 2000. The following chapter will cover the basic commands and functionality of the FreeBSD operating system. If you are new to FreeBSD, you will definitely want to read through this chapter before asking for help. Permissions FreeBSD, having its history rooted in BSD UNIX, has its fundamentals based on several key UNIX concepts. The first, and most pronounced, is that FreeBSD is a multi-user operating system. The system can handle several users all working simultaneously on completely unrelated tasks. The system is responsible for properly sharing and managing requests for hardware devices, peripherals, memory, and CPU time evenly to each user. Because the system is capable of supporting multiple users, everything the system manages has a set of permissions governing who can read, write, and execute the resource. These permissions are stored as an octet broken into three pieces, one for the owner of the file, one for the group that the file belongs to, and one for everyone else. This numerical representation works like this: Value Permission Directory Listing 0 No read, no write, no execute --- 1 No read, no write, execute --x 2 No read, write, no execute -w- 3 No read, write, execute -wx 4 Read, no write, no execute r-- 5 Read, no write, execute r-x 6 Read, write, no execute rw- 7 Read, write, execute rwx For the long directory listing by ls -l, a column will show a file's permissions for the owner, group, and everyone else. Here's how it is broken up: -rw-r--r-- The first character, from left to right, is a special character that tells if this is a regular file, a directory, a special character or block device, a socket, or any other special pseudo-file device. The next three characters, designated as rw- gives the permissions for the owner of the file. The next three characters, r-- gives the permissions for the group that the file belongs to. The final three characters, r--, gives the permissions for the rest of the world. A dash means that the permission is turned off. In the case of this file, the permissions are set so the owner can read and write to the file, the group can read the file, and the rest of the world can only read the file. According to the table above, the permissions for this file would be 644, where each digit represents the three parts of the file's permission. This is all well and good, but how does the system control permissions on devices? FreeBSD actually treats most hardware devices as a file that programs can open, read, and write data to just like any other file. These special device files are stored on the /dev directory. Directories are also treated as files. They have read, write, and execute permissions. The executable bit for a directory has a slightly different meaning than that of files. When a directory is marked executable, it means it can be searched into, for example, a directory listing can be done in that directory. There are more to permissions, but they are primarily used in special circumstances such as setuid binaries and sticky directories. If you want more information on file permissions and how to set them, be sure to look at the &man.chmod.1; man page. Directory Structures Since FreeBSD uses its file systems to determine many fundamental system operations, the hierarchy of the file system is extremely important. Due to the fact that the &man.hier.7; man page provides a complete description of the directory structure, it will not be duplicated here. Please read &man.hier.7; for more information. Of significant importance is the root of all directories, the / directory. This directory is the first directory mounted at boot time and it contains the base system necessary at boot time. The root directory also contains mount points for every other file system that you want to mount. A mount point is a directory where additional file systems can be grafted onto the root file system. Standard mount points include /usr, /var, /mnt, and /cdrom. These directories are usually referenced to entries in the file /etc/fstab. /etc/fstab is a table of various file systems and mount points for reference by the system. Most of the file systems in /etc/fstab are mounted automatically at boot time from the script &man.rc.8; unless they contain the option. Consult the &man.fstab.5; manual page for more information on the format of the /etc/fstab file and the options it contains. Shells In FreeBSD, a lot of everyday work is done in a command line interface called a shell. A shell's main job is to take commands from the input channel and execute them. A lot of shells also have built in functions to help everyday tasks such a file management, file globing, command line editing, command macros, and environment variables. FreeBSD comes with a set of shells, such as sh, the Bourne Shell, and csh, the C-shell. Many other shells are available from the FreeBSD Ports Collection that have much more power, such as tcsh and bash. Which shell do you use? It is really a matter of taste. If you are a C programmer you might feel more comfortable with a C-like shell such as tcsh. If you've come from Linux or are new to a UNIX command line interface you might try bash. The point is that each shell has unique properties that may or may not work with your preferred working environment, and that you have a choice of what shell to use. One common feature in a shell is file-name completion. Given the typing of the first few letters of a command or filename, you can usually have the shell automatically complete the rest of the command or filename by hitting the TAB key on the keyboard. Here is an example. I have two files called foobar and foo.bar. I want to delete foo.bar. So what I would type on the keyboard is: rm fo[TAB].[TAB]. The shell would print out rm foo[BEEP].bar. The [BEEP] is the console bell, which is the shell telling me it was unable to totally complete the filename because there is more than one match. Both foobar and foo.bar start with fo, but it was able to complete to foo. Once I typed in ., then hit TAB again, the shell was able to fill in the rest of the filename for me. Another function of the shell is environment variables. Environment variables are a variable key pair stored in the shell's environment space. This space can be read by any program invoked by the shell, and thus contains a lot of program configuration. Here is a list of common environment variables and what they mean: Variable Description USER Current logged in user's name. PATH Colon separated list of directories to search for binaries. DISPLAY Network name of the X11 display to connect to, if available. SHELL The current shell. TERM The name of the user's terminal. Used to determine the capabilities of the terminal. TERMCAP Database entry of the terminal escape codes to perform various terminal functions. OSTYPE Type of operating system. E.g., FreeBSD. MACHTYPE The CPU architecture that the system is running on. EDITOR The user's preferred text editor. PAGER The user's preferred text pager. MANPATH Colon separated list of directories to search for manual pages. To view or set an environment variable differs somewhat from shell to shell. For example, in the C-Style shells such as tcsh and csh, you would use setenv to set and view environment variables. Under Bourne shells such as sh and bash, you would use set and export to view and set your current environment variables. For example, to set or modify the EDITOR environment variable, under csh or tcsh a command like this would set EDITOR to /usr/local/bin/emacs: &prompt.user; setenv EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs Under Bourne shells: &prompt.user; export EDITOR="/usr/local/bin/emacs" You can also make most shells expand the environment variable by placing a $ character in front of it on the command line. For example, echo $TERM would print out whatever $TERM is set to, because the shell expands $TERM and passes it on to echo. Shells treat a lot of special characters, called meta-characters as special representations of data. The most common one is the * character, which represents any number of characters in a filename. These special meta-characters can be used to do file name globing. For example, typing in echo * is almost the same as typing in ls because the shell takes all the files that match * and puts them on the command line for echo to see. To prevent the shell from interpreting these special characters, they can be escaped from the shell by putting a backslash (\) character in front of them. echo $TERM prints whatever your terminal is set to. echo \$TERM prints $TERM as is. Changing your shell The easiest way to change your shell is to use the chsh command. Running chsh will place you into the editor that is in your EDITOR environment variable; if it is not set, you will be placed in vi. Change the Shell: line accordingly. You can also give chsh the option; this will set your shell for you, without requiring you to enter an editor. For example, if you wanted to change your shell to bash, the following should do the trick: &prompt.user; chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash Running chsh with no parameters and editing the shell from there would work also. The shell that you wish to use must be present in the /etc/shells file. If you have installed a shell from the ports collection, then this should have been done for you already. If you installed the shell by hand, you must do this. For example, if you installed bash by hand and placed it into /usr/local/bin, you would want to: &prompt.root; echo "/usr/local/bin/bash" >> /etc/shells Then rerun chsh. Text Editors A lot of configuration in FreeBSD is done by editing a text file. Because of this, it would be a good idea to become familiar with a text editor. FreeBSD comes with a few as part of the base system, and many more are available in the ports collection. The easiest and simplest editor to learn is an editor called ee, which stands for easy editor. To start ee, one would type at the command line ee filename where filename is the name of the file to be edited. For example, to edit /etc/rc.conf, type in ee /etc/rc.conf. Once inside of ee, all of the commands for manipulating the editor's functions are listed at the top of the display. The caret ^ character means the control key on the keyboard, so ^e expands to pressing the control key plus the letter e. To leave ee, hit the escape key, then choose leave editor. The editor will prompt you to save any changes if the file has been modified. FreeBSD also comes with more powerful text editors such as vi as part of the base system, and emacs and vim as part of the FreeBSD ports collection. These editors offer much more functionality and power at the expense of being a little more complicated to learn. However if you plan on doing a lot of text editing, learning a more powerful editor such as vim or emacs will save you much more time in the long run. - For more information... + For More Information... Manual pages The most comprehensive documentation on FreeBSD is in the form of man pages. Nearly every program on the system comes with a short reference manual explaining the basic operation and various arguments. These manuals can be viewed with the man command. Use of the man command is simple: &prompt.user; man command command is the name of the command you wish to learn about. For example, to learn more about ls command type: &prompt.user; man ls The online manual is divided up into numbered sections: User commands. System calls and error numbers. Functions in the C libraries. Device drivers. File formats. Games and other diversions. Miscellaneous information. System maintenance and operation commands. Kernel developers. In some cases, the same topic may appear in more than one section of the online manual. For example, there is a chmod user command and a chmod() system call. In this case, you can tell the man command which one you want by specifying the section: &prompt.user; man 1 chmod This will display the manual page for the user command chmod. References to a particular section of the online manual are traditionally placed in parenthesis in written documentation, so &man.chmod.1; refers to the chmod user command and &man.chmod.2; refers to the system call. This is fine if you know the name of the command and simply wish to know how to use it, but what if you cannot recall the command name? You can use man to search for keywords in the command descriptions by using the switch: &prompt.user; man -k mail With this command you will be presented with a list of commands that have the keyword mail in their descriptions. This is actually functionally equivalent to using the apropos command. So, you are looking at all those fancy commands in /usr/bin but do not have the faintest idea what most of them actually do? Simply do: &prompt.user; cd /usr/bin &prompt.user; man -f * or &prompt.user; cd /usr/bin &prompt.user; whatis * which does the same thing. GNU Info Files FreeBSD includes many applications and utilities produced by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). In addition to man pages, these programs come with more extensive hypertext documents called info files which can be viewed with the info command or, if you installed emacs, the info mode of emacs. To use the &man.info.1; command, simply type: &prompt.user; info For a brief introduction, type h. For a quick command reference, type ?. diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml index 8e4ae15577..67447a42e2 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml @@ -1,1556 +1,1556 @@ The Cutting Edge Restructured, reorganized, and parts updated by &a.jim; March 2000. Original work by &a.jkh;, &a.phk;, &a.jdp;, and &a.nik; with feedback from various others. Synopsis FreeBSD is under constant development between releases. For people who want to be on the cutting edge, there are several easy mechanisms for keeping your system in sync with the latest developments. Be warned—the cutting edge is not for everyone! This chapter will help you decide if you want to track the development system, or stick with one of the released versions. - -CURRENT v.s.. -STABLE + -CURRENT vs. -STABLE There are two development branches to FreeBSD; -CURRENT and -STABLE. This section will explain a bit about each and describe how to keep your system up-to-date with each respective tree. -CURRENT will be discussed first, then -STABLE. Staying Current with FreeBSD As you are reading this, keep in mind that -CURRENT is the bleeding edge of FreeBSD development and that if you are new to FreeBSD, you are most likely going to want to think twice about running it. What is FreeBSD-CURRENT? FreeBSD-CURRENT is, quite literally, nothing more than a daily snapshot of the working sources for FreeBSD. These include work in progress, experimental changes and transitional mechanisms that may or may not be present in the next official release of the software. While many of us compile almost daily from FreeBSD-CURRENT sources, there are periods of time when the sources are literally un-compilable. These problems are generally resolved as expeditiously as possible, but whether or not FreeBSD-CURRENT sources bring disaster or greatly desired functionality can literally be a matter of which part of any given 24 hour period you grabbed them in! Who needs FreeBSD-CURRENT? FreeBSD-CURRENT is made generally available for 3 primary interest groups: Members of the FreeBSD group who are actively working on some part of the source tree and for whom keeping current is an absolute requirement. Members of the FreeBSD group who are active testers, willing to spend time working through problems in order to ensure that FreeBSD-CURRENT remains as sane as possible. These are also people who wish to make topical suggestions on changes and the general direction of FreeBSD. Peripheral members of the FreeBSD (or some other) group who merely wish to keep an eye on things and use the current sources for reference purposes (e.g. for reading, not running). These people also make the occasional comment or contribute code. What is FreeBSD-CURRENT <emphasis>not</emphasis>? A fast-track to getting pre-release bits because you heard there is some cool new feature in there and you want to be the first on your block to have it. A quick way of getting bug fixes. In any way officially supported by us. We do our best to help people genuinely in one of the 3 legitimate FreeBSD-CURRENT categories, but we simply do not have the time to provide tech support for it. This is not because we are mean and nasty people who do not like helping people out (we would not even be doing FreeBSD if we were), it is literally because we cannot answer 400 messages a day and actually work on FreeBSD! I am sure that, if given the choice between having us answer lots of questions or continuing to improve FreeBSD, most of you would vote for us improving it. Using FreeBSD-CURRENT Join the &a.current; and the &a.cvsall; . This is not just a good idea, it is essential. If you are not on the FreeBSD-CURRENT mailing list, you will not see the comments that people are making about the current state of the system and thus will probably end up stumbling over a lot of problems that others have already found and solved. Even more importantly, you will miss out on important bulletins which may be critical to your system's continued health. The &a.cvsall; mailing list will allow you to see the commit log entry for each change as it is made along with any pertinent information on possible side-effects. To join these lists, send mail to &a.majordomo; and specify the following in the body of your message: subscribe freebsd-current subscribe cvs-all Optionally, you can also say help and Majordomo will send you full help on how to subscribe and unsubscribe to the various other mailing lists we support. Grab the sources from ftp.FreeBSD.org. You can do this in one of three ways: Use the CTM facility. Unless you have a good TCP/IP connection at a flat rate, this is the way to do it. Use the cvsup program with this supfile. This is the second most recommended method, since it allows you to grab the entire collection once and then only what has changed from then on. Many people run cvsup from cron and keep their sources up-to-date automatically. For a fairly easy interface to this, simply type:
&prompt.root; pkg_add -f \ ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsupit.tgz
 Use ftp. The source tree for FreeBSD-CURRENT is always exported on: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/. We also use wu-ftpd which allows compressed/tarred grabbing of whole trees. e.g. you see: usr.bin/lex You can do the following to get the whole directory as a tar file: ftp> cd usr.bin ftp> get lex.tar Essentially, if you need rapid on-demand access to the source and communications bandwidth is not a consideration, use cvsup or ftp. Otherwise, use CTM. If you are grabbing the sources to run, and not just look at, then grab all of current, not just selected portions. The reason for this is that various parts of the source depend on updates elsewhere, and trying to compile just a subset is almost guaranteed to get you into trouble. Before compiling current, read the Makefilein /usr/src carefully. You should at least run a make world the first time through as part of the upgrading process. Reading the &a.current; will keep you up-to-date on other bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become necessary as we move towards the next release. Be active! If you are running FreeBSD-CURRENT, we want to know what you have to say about it, especially if you have suggestions for enhancements or bug fixes. Suggestions with accompanying code are received most enthusiastically! Staying Stable with FreeBSD If you are using FreeBSD in a production environment and want to make sure you have the latest fixes from the -CURRENT branch, you want to be running -STABLE. This is the tree that -RELEASEs are branched from when we are putting together a new release. For example, if you have a copy of 3.4-RELEASE, that is really just a snapshot from the -STABLE branch that we put on CDROM. In order to get any changes merged into -STABLE after the -RELEASE, you need to track the -STABLE branch. What is FreeBSD-STABLE? FreeBSD-STABLE is our development branch for a more low-key and conservative set of changes intended for our next mainstream release. Changes of an experimental or untested nature do not go into this branch (see FreeBSD-CURRENT). Who needs FreeBSD-STABLE? If you are a commercial user or someone who puts maximum stability of their FreeBSD system before all other concerns, you should consider tracking stable. This is especially true if you have installed the most recent release (&rel.current;-RELEASE at the time of this writing) since the stable branch is effectively a bug-fix stream relative to the previous release. The stable tree endeavors, above all, to be fully compilable and stable at all times, but we do occasionally make mistakes (these are still active sources with quickly-transmitted updates, after all). We also do our best to thoroughly test fixes in current before bringing them into stable, but sometimes our tests fail to catch every case. If something breaks for you in stable, please let us know immediately! (see next section). Using FreeBSD-STABLE Join the &a.stable;. This will keep you informed of build-dependencies that may appear in stable or any other issues requiring special attention. Developers will also make announcements in this mailing list when they are contemplating some controversial fix or update, giving the users a chance to respond if they have any issues to raise concerning the proposed change. The &a.cvsall; mailing list will allow you to see the commit log entry for each change as it is made along with any pertinent information on possible side-effects. To join these lists, send mail to &a.majordomo; and specify the following in the body of your message: subscribe freebsd-stable subscribe cvs-all Optionally, you can also say help and Majordomo will send you full help on how to subscribe and unsubscribe to the various other mailing lists we support. If you are installing a new system and want it to be as stable as possible, you can simply grab the latest dated branch snapshot from ftp://releng4.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ and install it like any other release. If you are already running a previous release of FreeBSD and wish to upgrade via sources then you can easily do so from ftp.FreeBSD.org. This can be done in one of three ways: Use the CTM facility. Unless you have a good TCP/IP connection at a flat rate, this is the way to do it. Use the cvsup program with this supfile. This is the second most recommended method, since it allows you to grab the entire collection once and then only what has changed from then on. Many people run cvsup from cron to keep their sources up-to-date automatically. For a fairly easy interface to this, simply type:
&prompt.root; pkg_add -f \ ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/development/CVSup/cvsupit.tgz
 Use ftp. The source tree for FreeBSD-STABLE is always exported on: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-stable/ We also use wu-ftpd which allows compressed/tarred grabbing of whole trees. e.g. you see: usr.bin/lex You can do the following to get the whole directory for you as a tar file: ftp> cd usr.bin ftp> get lex.tar Essentially, if you need rapid on-demand access to the source and communications bandwidth is not a consideration, use cvsup or ftp. Otherwise, use CTM. Before compiling stable, read the Makefile in /usr/src carefully. You should at least run a make world the first time through as part of the upgrading process. Reading the &a.stable; will keep you up-to-date on other bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become necessary as we move towards the next release. Synchronizing Your Source There are various ways of using an Internet (or email) connection to stay up-to-date with any given area of the FreeBSD project sources, or all areas, depending on what interests you. The primary services we offer are Anonymous CVS, CVSup, and CTM. Anonymous CVS and CVSup use the pull model of updating sources. In the case of CVSup the user (or a cron script) invokes the cvsup program, and it interacts with a cvsupd server somewhere to bring your files up-to-date. The updates you receive are up-to-the-minute and you get them when, and only when, you want them. You can easily restrict your updates to the specific files or directories that are of interest to you. Updates are generated on the fly by the server, according to what you have and what you want to have. Anonymous CVS is quite a bit more simplistic than CVSup in that it's just an extension to CVS which allows it to pull changes directly from a remote CVS repository. CVSup can do this far more efficiently, but Anonymous CVS is easier to use. CTM, on the other hand, does not interactively compare the sources you have with those on the master archive or otherwise pull them across.. Instead, a script which identifies changes in files since its previous run is executed several times a day on the master CTM machine, any detected changes being compressed, stamped with a sequence-number and encoded for transmission over email (in printable ASCII only). Once received, these CTM deltas can then be handed to the &man.ctm.rmail.1; utility which will automatically decode, verify and apply the changes to the user's copy of the sources. This process is far more efficient than CVSup, and places less strain on our server resources since it is a push rather than a pull model. There are other trade-offs, of course. If you inadvertently wipe out portions of your archive, CVSup will detect and rebuild the damaged portions for you. CTM won't do this, and if you wipe some portion of your source tree out (and don't have it backed up) then you will have to start from scratch (from the most recent CVS base delta) and rebuild it all with CTM or, with anoncvs, simply delete the bad bits and resync. More information about Anonymous CVS, CTM, and CVSup is available further down in this section. Using <command>make world</command> Once you have synchronized your local source tree against a particular version of FreeBSD (stable, current and so on) you must then use the source tree to rebuild the system. Take a backup I cannot stress highly enough how important it is to take a backup of your system before you do this. While remaking the world is (as long as you follow these instructions) an easy task to do, there will inevitably be times when you make mistakes, or when mistakes made by others in the source tree render your system unbootable. Make sure you have taken a backup. And have a fix-it floppy to hand. I have never needed to use them, and, touch wood, I never will, but it is always better to be safe than sorry. Subscribe to the right mailing list The -STABLE and -CURRENT FreeBSD code branches are, by their nature, in development. People that contribute to FreeBSD are human, and mistakes occasionally happen. Sometimes these mistakes can be quite harmless, just causing your system to print a new diagnostic warning. Or the change may be catastrophic, and render your system unbootable or destroy your filesystems (or worse). If problems like these occur, a heads up is posted to the appropriate mailing list, explaining the nature of the problem and which systems it affects. And an all clear announcement is posted when the problem has been solved. If you try and track -STABLE or -CURRENT and do not read the stable@FreeBSD.org or current@FreeBSD.org mailing lists then you are asking for trouble. Read <filename>/usr/src/UPDATING</filename> Before you do anything else, read /usr/src/UPDATING (or the equivalent file wherever you have a copy of the source code). This file should contain important information about problems you might encounter, or specify the order in which you might have to run certain commands. If UPDATING contradicts something you read here, UPDATING takes precedence. Reading UPDATING is not an acceptable substitute for subscribing to the correct mailing list, as described previously. The two requirements are complementary, not exclusive. Check <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename> Examine the files /etc/defaults/make.conf and /etc/make.conf. The first contains some default defines – most of which are commented out. To make use of them when you rebuild your system from source, add them to /etc/make.conf. Keep in mind that anything to add to /etc/make.conf is also used every time you run make, so it is a good idea to set them to something sensible for your system. As a typical user (not a FreeBSD developer), you will probably want to add the CFLAGS and NOPROFILE lines found in /etc/defaults/make.conf. Everything is, by default, commented out. Uncomment those entries that look useful. For a typical user (not a developer), you will probably want to uncomment the CFLAGS and NOPROFILE definitions. If your machine has a floating point unit (386DX, 486DX, Pentium and up class machines) then you can also uncomment the HAVE_FPU line.</para> <para>This definition was removed for version 2.2.2 and up of FreeBSD.</para> </note> <para>Examine the other definitions (COPTFLAGS, NOPORTDOCS and so on) and decide if they are relevant to you.</para> </sect2> <sect2> <title>Update <filename>/etc/group</filename> The /etc directory contains a large part of your system's configuration information, as well as scripts that are run at system startup. Some of these scripts change from version to version of FreeBSD. Some of the configuration files are also used in the day to day running of the system. In particular, /etc/group. There have been occasions when the installation part of make world has expected certain usernames or groups to exist. When performing an upgrade it is likely that these groups did not exist. This caused problems when upgrading. The most recent example of this is when the ppp subsystem were installed using a non-existent (for them) group name. The solution is to examine /usr/src/etc/group and compare its list of groups with your own. If they are any groups in the new file that are not in your file then copy them over. Similarly, you should rename any groups in /etc/group which have the same GID but a different name to those in /usr/src/etc/group. If you are feeling particularly paranoid, you can check your system to see which files are owned by the group you are renaming or deleting. &prompt.root; find / -group GID -print will show all files owned by group GID (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID). You may want to compile the system in single user mode. Apart from the obvious benefit of making things go slightly faster, reinstalling the system will touch a lot of important system files, all the standard system binaries, libraries, include files and so on. Changing these on a running system (particularly if you have active users on their at the time) is asking for trouble.</para> <para>That said, if you are confident, you can omit this step.</para> <note> <title>Version 2.2.5 and above As described in more detail below, versions 2.2.5 and above of FreeBSD have separated the building process from the installing process. You can therefore build the new system in multi-user mode, and then drop to single user mode to do the installation. As the superuser, you can execute &prompt.root; from a running system, which will drop it to single user mode. Alternatively, reboot the system, and at the boot prompt, enter the flag. The system will then boot single user. At the shell prompt you should then run: &prompt.root; fsck -p &prompt.root; mount -u / &prompt.root; mount -a -t ufs &prompt.root; swapon -a This checks the filesystems, remounts / read/write, mounts all the other UFS filesystems referenced in /etc/fstab and then turns swapping on. Remove <filename>/usr/obj</filename> As parts of the system are rebuilt they are placed in directories which (by default) go under /usr/obj. The directories shadow those under /usr/src. You can speed up the make world process, and possibly save yourself some dependency headaches by removing this directory as well. Some files below /usr/obj will have the immutable flag set (see &man.chflags.1; for more information) which must be removed first. &prompt.root; cd /usr/obj &prompt.root; chflags -R noschg * &prompt.root; rm -rf * <title>All versions You must be in the /usr/src directory... &prompt.root; cd /usr/src (unless, of course, your source code is elsewhere, in which case change to that directory instead). To rebuild the world you use the &man.make.1; command. This command reads instructions from the Makefile which describes how the programs that comprise FreeBSD should be rebuilt, the order they should be built in, and so on. The general format of the command line you will type is as follows: &prompt.root; make In this example, is an option that you would pass to &man.make.1;. See the &man.make.1; manual page for an example of the options you can pass. passes a variable to the Makefile. The behavior of the Makefile is controlled by these variables. These are the same variables as are set in /etc/make.conf, and this provides another way of setting them. &prompt.root; make -DNOPROFILE=true target is another way of specifying that profiled libraries should not be built, and corresponds with the NOPROFILE= true # Avoid compiling profiled libraries lines in /etc/make.conf. target tells &man.make.1; what you want to do. Each Makefile defines a number of different targets, and your choice of target determines what happens. Some targets are listed in the Makefile, but are not meant for you to run. Instead, they are used by the build process to break out the steps necessary to rebuild the system into a number of sub-steps. Most of the time you won't need to pass any parameters to &man.make.1;, and so your command like will look like this: &prompt.root; make target Saving the output It's a good idea to save the output you get from running &man.make.1; to another file. If something goes wrong you will have a copy of the error message, and a complete list of where the process had got to. While this might not help you in diagnosing what has gone wrong, it can help others if you post your problem to one of the FreeBSD mailing lists. The easiest way to do this is to use the &man.script.1; command, with a parameter that specifies the name of the file to save all output to. You would do this immediately before remaking the world, and then type exit when the process has finished. &prompt.root; script /var/tmp/mw.out Script started, output file is /var/tmp/mw.out &prompt.root; make world … compile, compile, compile … &prompt.root; exit Script done, … If you do this, do not save the output in /tmp. This directory may be cleared next time you reboot. A better place to store it is in /var/tmp (as in the previous example) or in root's home directory. Version 2.2.2 and below /usr/src/Makefile contains the world target, which will rebuild the entire system and then install it. Use it like this: &prompt.root; make world Version 2.2.5 and above Beginning with version 2.2.5 of FreeBSD (actually, it was first created on the -CURRENT branch, and then retrofitted to -STABLE midway between 2.2.2 and 2.2.5) the world target has been split in two. buildworld and installworld. As the names imply, buildworld builds a complete new tree under /usr/obj, and installworld installs this tree on the current machine. This is very useful for 2 reasons. First, it allows you to do the build safe in the knowledge that no components of your running system will be affected. The build is self hosted. Because of this, you can safely run buildworld on a machine running in multi-user mode with no fear of ill-effects. I still recommend you run the installworld part in single user mode though. Secondly, it allows you to use NFS mounts to upgrade multiple machines on your network. If you have three machines, A, B and C that you want to upgrade, run make buildworld and make installworld on A. B and C should then NFS mount /usr/src and /usr/obj from A, and you can then run make installworld to install the results of the build on B and C. The world target still exists, and you can use it exactly as shown for version 2.2.2. make world runs make buildworld followed by make installworld. If you do the make buildworld and make installworld commands separately, you must pass the same parameters to &man.make.1; each time. If you run: &prompt.root; make -DNOPROFILE=true buildworld you must install the results with: &prompt.root; make -DNOPROFILE=true installworld otherwise it would try and install profiled libraries that had not been built during the make buildworld phase. -CURRENT and above If you are tracking -CURRENT you can also pass the option to make. This lets make spawn several simultaneous processes. This is most useful on true multi-CPU machines. However, since much of the compiling process is IO bound rather than CPU bound it is also useful on single CPU machines. On a typical single-CPU machine you would run: &prompt.root; make -j4 target &man.make.1; will then have up to 4 processes running at any one time. Empirical evidence posted to the mailing lists shows this generally gives the best performance benefit. If you have a multi-CPU machine and you are using an SMP configured kernel try values between 6 and 10 and see how they speed things up. Be aware that (at the time of writing) this is still experimental, and commits to the source tree may occasionally break this feature. If the world fails to compile using this parameter try again without it before you report any problems. Timings Assuming everything goes well you have anywhere between an hour and a half and a day or so to wait. As a general rule of thumb, a 200MHz P6 with more than 32MB of RAM and reasonable SCSI disks will complete make world in about an hour and a half. A 32MB P133 will take 5 or 6 hours. Revise these figures down if your machines are slower… Update <filename>/etc</filename> Remaking the world will not update certain directories (in particular, /etc, /var and /usr) with new or changed configuration files. This is something you have to do by hand, eyeball, and judicious use of &man.diff.1;. You cannot just copy over the files from /usr/src/etc to /etc and have it work. Some of these files must be installed first. This is because the /usr/src/etc directory is not a copy of what your /etc directory should look like. In addition, there are files that should be in /etc that are not in /usr/src/etc. The simplest way to do this is to install the files into a new directory, and then work through them looking for differences. Backup your existing <filename>/etc</filename> Although, in theory, nothing is going to touch this directory automatically, it is always better to be sure. So copy your existing /etc directory somewhere safe. Something like: &prompt.root; cp -Rp /etc /etc.old does a recursive copy, preserves times, ownerships on files and suchlike. You need to build a dummy set of directories to install the new /etc and other files into. I generally choose to put this dummy directory in /var/tmp/root, and there are a number of subdirectories required under this as well. &prompt.root; mkdir /var/tmp/root &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/etc &prompt.root; make DESTDIR=/var/tmp/root distrib-dirs distribution This will build the necessary directory structure and install the files. A lot of the subdirectories that have been created under /var/tmp/root are empty and should be deleted. The simplest way to do this is to: &prompt.root; cd /var/tmp/root &prompt.root; find -d . -type d | /usr/bin/perl -lne \ 'opendir(D,$_);@f=readdir(D);rmdir if $#f == 1;closedir(D);' This does a depth first search, examines each directory, and if the number of files in that directory is 2 ( /var/tmp/root now contains all the files that should be placed in appropriate locations below /. You now have to go through each of these files, determining how they differ with your existing files. Note that some of the files that will have been installed in /var/tmp/root have a leading /var/tmp/root/ and /var/tmp/root/root/, although there may be others (depending on when you are reading this. Make sure you use The simplest way to do this is to use &man.diff.1; to compare the two files. &prompt.root; diff /etc/shells /var/tmp/root/etc/shells This will show you the differences between your /etc/shells file and the new /etc/shells file. Use these to decide whether to merge in changes that you have made or whether to copy over your old file. Name the new root directory (<filename>/var/tmp/root</filename>)with a time stamp, so you can easily compare differences between versions Frequently remaking the world means that you have to update /etc frequently as well, which can be a bit of a chore. You can speed this process up by keeping a copy of the last set of changed files that you merged into /etc. The following procedure gives one idea of how to do this. Make the world as normal. When you want to update /etc and the other directories, give the target directory a name based on the current date. If you were doing this on the 14th of February 1998 you could do the following. &prompt.root; mkdir /var/tmp/root-19980214 &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/etc &prompt.root; make DESTDIR=/var/tmp/root-19980214 \ distrib-dirs distribution Merge in the changes from this directory as outlined above. Do not remove the /var/tmp/root-19980214 directory when you have finished. When you have downloaded the latest version of the source and remade it, follow step 1. This will give you a new directory, which might be called /var/tmp/root-19980221 (if you wait a week between doing updates). You can now see the differences that have been made in the intervening week using &man.diff.1; to create a recursive diff between the two directories. &prompt.root; cd /var/tmp &prompt.root; diff -r root-19980214 root-19980221 Typically, this will be a much smaller set of differences than those between /var/tmp/root-19980221/etc and /etc. Because the set of differences is smaller, it is easier to migrate those changes across into your /etc directory. You can now remove the older of the two /var/tmp/root-* directories. &prompt.root; rm -rf /var/tmp/root-19980214 Repeat this process every time you need to merge in changes to /etc. You can use &man.date.1; to automate the generation of the directory names. &prompt.root; mkdir /var/tmp/root-`date "+%Y%m%d"` Update <filename>/dev</filename> DEVFS If you are using DEVFS then this is probably unnecessary. For safety's sake, this is a multi-step process. Copy /var/tmp/root/dev/MAKEDEV to /dev. &prompt.root; cp /var/tmp/root/dev/MAKEDEV /dev Now, take a snapshot of your current /dev. This snapshot needs to contain the permissions, ownerships, major and minor numbers of each filename, but it should not contain the time stamps. The easiest way to do this is to use &man.awk.1; to strip out some of the information. &prompt.root; cd /dev &prompt.root; ls -l | awk '{print $1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $NF}' > /var/tmp/dev.out Remake all the devices. &prompt.root; Write another snapshot of the directory, this time to /var/tmp/dev2.out. Now look through these two files for any devices that you missed creating. There should not be any, but it is better to be safe than sorry. &prompt.root; diff /var/tmp/dev.out /var/tmp/dev2.out You are most likely to notice disk slice discrepancies which will involve commands such as &prompt.root; sh MAKEDEV sd0s1 to recreate the slice entries. Your precise circumstances may vary. Update <filename>/stand</filename> This step is included only for completeness. It can safely be omitted. For the sake of completeness, you may want to update the files in /stand as well. These files consist of hard links to the /stand/sysinstall binary. This binary should be statically linked, so that it can work when no other filesystems (and in particular /usr) have been mounted. &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/release/sysinstall &prompt.root; make all install Source older than 2 April 1998 If your source code is older than 2nd April 1998, or the Makefile version is not 1.68 or higher (for FreeBSD current and 3.X systems) or 1.48.2.21 or higher (for 2.2.X systems) you will need to add the NOSHARED=yes option, like so; &prompt.root; make NOSHARED=yes all install Compile and install a new kernel To take full advantage of your new system you should recompile the kernel. This is practically a necessity, as certain memory structures may have changed, and programs like &man.ps.1; and &man.top.1; will fail to work until the kernel and source code versions are the same. Follow the handbook instructions for compiling a new kernel. If you have previously built a custom kernel then carefully examine the LINT config file to see if there are any new options which you should take advantage of. A previous version of this document suggested rebooting before rebuilding the kernel. This is wrong because: Commands like &man.ps.1;, &man.ifconfig.8;, and &man.sysctl.8; may fail. This could leave your machine unable to connect to the network. Basic utilities like &man.mount.8; could fail, making it impossible to mount /, /usr and so on. This is unlikely if you are tracking a -STABLE candidate, but more likely if you are tracking -CURRENT during a large merge. Loadable kernel modules (LKMs on pre-3.X systems, KLDs on 3.X systems and above) built as part of the world may crash an older kernel. For these reasons, it is always best to rebuild and install a new kernel before rebooting. You should build your new kernel after you have completed make world (or make installworld). If you do not want to do this (perhaps you want to confirm that the kernel builds before updating your system) you may have problems. These may be because your &man.config.8; command is out of date with respect to your kernel sources. In this case you could build your kernel with the new version of &man.config.8; &prompt.root; /usr/obj/usr/src/usr.sbin/config/config KERNELNAME This may not work in all cases. It is recommended that you complete make world (or make installworld) before compiling a new kernel. You are now done. After you have verified that everything appears to be in the right place you can reboot the system. A simple &man.fastboot.8; should do it.</para> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fastboot</userinput></screen> </sect2> <sect2> <title>Finished You should now have successfully upgraded your FreeBSD system. Congratulations. You may notice small problems due to things that you have missed. For example, I once deleted /etc/magic as part of the upgrade and merge to /etc, and the file command stopped working. A moment's thought meant that &prompt.root; cd /usr/src/usr.bin/file &prompt.root; was sufficient to fix that one. <qandaentry> <question> <para>Do I need to re-make the world for every change?</para> </question> <answer> <para>There is no easy answer to this one, as it depends on the nature of the change. For example, I have just run CVSup, and it has shown the following files as being updated since I last ran it;</para> <screen><filename>src/games/cribbage/instr.c</filename> <filename>src/games/sail/pl_main.c</filename> <filename>src/release/sysinstall/config.c</filename> <filename>src/release/sysinstall/media.c</filename> <filename>src/share/mk/bsd.port.mk</filename></screen> <para>There is nothing in there that I would re-make the world for. I would go to the appropriate sub-directories and <command>make all install</command>, and that's about it. But if something major changed, for example <filename>src/lib/libc/stdlib</filename> then I would either re-make the world, or at least those parts of it that are statically linked (as well as anything else I might have added that is statically linked).</para> <para>At the end of the day, it is your call. You might be happy re-making the world every fortnight say, and let changes accumulate over that fortnight. Or you might want to re-make just those things that have changed, and are confident you can spot all the dependencies.</para> <para>And, of course, this all depends on how often you want to upgrade, and whether you are tracking -STABLE or -CURRENT.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> <question> <para>My compile failed with lots of signal 12 (or other signal number) errors. What has happened?</para> </question> <answer> <para>This is normally indicative of hardware problems. (Re)making the world is an effective way to stress test your hardware, and will frequently throw up memory problems. These normally manifest themselves as the compiler mysteriously dying on receipt of strange signals.</para> <para>A sure indicator of this is if you can restart the make and it dies at a different point in the process.</para> <para>In this instance there is little you can do except start swapping around the components in your machine to determine which one is failing.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> <question> <para>Can I remove <filename>/usr/obj</filename> when I have finished?</para> </question> <answer> <para>That depends on how you want to make the world on future occasions.</para> <para><filename>/usr/obj</filename> contains all the object files that were produced during the compilation phase. Normally, one of the first steps in the <quote/make world/ process is to remove this directory and start afresh. In this case, keeping <filename>/usr/obj</filename> around after you have finished makes little sense, and will free up a large chunk of disk space (currently about 150MB).</para> <para>However, if you know what you are doing you can have <quote/make world/ skip this step. This will make subsequent builds run much faster, since most of sources will not need to be recompiled. The flip side of this is that subtle dependency problems can creep in, causing your build to fail in odd ways. This frequently generates noise on the FreeBSD mailing lists, when one person complains that their build has failed, not realising that it is because they have tried to cut corners.</para> <para>If you want to live dangerously then make the world, passing the <makevar>NOCLEAN</makevar> definition to make, like this:</para> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>make -DNOCLEAN world</userinput></screen> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> <question> <para>Can interrupted builds be resumed?</para> </question> <answer> <para>This depends on how far through the process you got before you found a problem.</para> <para><emphasis>In general</emphasis> (and this is not a hard and fast rule) the <quote>make world</quote> process builds new copies of essential tools (such as &man.gcc.1;, and &man.make.1;>) and the system libraries. These tools and libraries are then installed. The new tools and libraries are then used to rebuild themselves, and are installed again. The entire system (now including regular user programs, such as &man.ls.1; or &man.grep.1;) is then rebuilt with the new system files.</para> <para>If you are at the last state, and you know it (because you have looked through the output that you were storing) then you can (fairly safely) do</para> <screen><emphasis>… fix the problem …</emphasis> &prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/src</userinput> &prompt.root; <userinput>make -DNOCLEAN all</userinput></screen> <para>This will not undo the work of the previous <quote>make world</quote>.</para> <para>If you see the message <screen>-------------------------------------------------------------- Building everything.. --------------------------------------------------------------</screen> in the <quote>make world</quote> output then it is probably fairly safe to do so.</para> <para>If you do not see that message, or you are not sure, then it is always better to be safe than sorry, and restart the build from scratch.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> <question> <para>Can I use one machine as a <emphasis/master/ to upgrade lots of machines (NFS)?</para> </question> <answer> <para>People often ask on the FreeBSD mailing lists whether they can do all the compiling on one machine, and then use the results of that compile to <command>make install</command> on to other machines around the network.</para> <para>This is not something I have done, so the suggestions below are either from other people, or deduced from the Makefiles.</para> <para>The precise approach to take depends on your version of FreeBSD</para> <para>You must still upgrade <filename>/etc</filename> and <filename>/dev</filename> on the target machines after doing this.</para> <para>For 2.1.7 and below, Antonio Bemfica suggested the following approach:</para> <screen>Date: Thu, 20 Feb 1997 14:05:01 -0400 (AST) From: Antonio Bemfica <bemfica@militzer.me.tuns.ca> To: freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org Message-ID: <Pine.BSI.3.94.970220135725.245C-100000@militzer.me.tuns.ca> Josef Karthauser asked: > Has anybody got a good method for upgrading machines on a network First make world, etc. on your main machine Second, mount / and /usr from the remote machine: main_machine% mount remote_machine:/ /mnt main_machine% mount remote_machine:/usr /mnt/usr Third, do a 'make install' with /mnt as the destination: main_machine% make install DESTDIR=/mnt Repeat for every other remote machine on your network. It works fine for me. Antonio</screen> <para>This mechanism will only work (to the best of my knowledge) if you can write to <filename>/usr/src</filename> on the NFS server, as the <maketarget>install</maketarget> target in 2.1.7 and below needed to do this.</para> <para>Midway between 2.1.7 and 2.2.0 the <quote>reinstall</quote> target was committed. You can use the approach exactly as outlined above for 2.1.7, but use <quote>reinstall</quote> instead of <quote>install</quote>.</para> <para>This approach <emphasis>does not</emphasis> require write access to the <filename>/usr/src</filename> directory on the NFS server.</para> <para>There was a bug introduced in this target between versions 1.68 and 1.107 of the Makefile, which meant that write access to the NFS server <emphasis>was</emphasis> required. This bug was fixed before version 2.2.0 of FreeBSD was released, but may be an issue of you have an old server still running -STABLE from this era.</para> <para>For version 2.2.5 and above, you can use the <quote>buildworld</quote> and <quote>installworld</quote> targets. Use them to build a source tree on one machine, and then NFS mount <filename>/usr/src</filename> and <filename>/usr/obj</filename> on the remote machine and install it there.</para> </answer> </qandaentry> <qandaentry> <question> <para>How can I speed up making the world?</para> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>Run in single user mode.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Put the <filename>/usr/src</filename> and <filename>/usr/obj</filename> directories on separate filesystems held on separate disks. If possible, put these disks on separate disk controllers.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Better still, put these filesystems across separate disks using the <quote>ccd</quote> (concatenated disk driver) device.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Turn off profiling (set <quote>NOPROFILE=true</quote> in <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>). You almost certainly do not need it.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Also in <filename>/etc/make.conf</filename>, set <quote>CFLAGS</quote> to something like <quote>-O -pipe</quote>. The optimization <quote>-O2</quote> is much slower, and the optimization difference between <quote>-O</quote> and <quote>-O2</quote> is normally negligible. <quote>-pipe</quote> lets the compiler use pipes rather than temporary files for communication, which saves disk access (at the expense of memory).</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Pass the <option>-j<n></option> option to make (if you are running a sufficiently recent version of FreeBSD) to run multiple processes in parallel. This helps regardless of whether you have a single or a multi processor machine.</para> </listitem> <listitem><para>The filesystem holding <filename>/usr/src</filename> can be mounted (or remounted) with the <quote>noatime</quote> option. This stops the time files in the filesystem were last accessed from being written to the disk. You probably do not need this information anyway. <note> <para><quote>noatime</quote> is in version 2.2.0 and above.</para> </note> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -u -o noatime /usr/src</userinput></screen> <warning> <para>The example assumes <filename>/usr/src</filename> is on its own filesystem. If it is not (if it is a part of <filename>/usr</filename> for example) then you will need to use that filesystem mount point, and not <filename>/usr/src</filename>.</para> </warning> </para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>The filesystem holding <filename>/usr/obj</filename> can be mounted (or remounted) with the <quote>async</quote> option. This causes disk writes to happen asynchronously. In other words, the write completes immediately, and the data is written to the disk a few seconds later. This allows writes to be clustered together, and can be a dramatic performance boost.</para> <warning> <para>Keep in mind that this option makes your filesystem more fragile. With this option there is an increased chance that, should power fail, the filesystem will be in an unrecoverable state when the machine restarts.</para> <para>If <filename>/usr/obj</filename> is the only thing on this filesystem then it is not a problem. If you have other, valuable data on the same filesystem then ensure your backups are fresh before you enable this option.</para> </warning> <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -u -o async /usr/obj</userinput></screen> <warning> <para>As above, if <filename>/usr/obj</filename> is not on its own filesystem, replace it in the example with the name of the appropriate mount point.</para> </warning> </listitem> </itemizedlist> </question> </qandaentry> </qandaset> </sect2> </sect1> </chapter> <!-- Local Variables: mode: sgml sgml-declaration: "../chapter.decl" sgml-indent-data: t sgml-omittag: nil sgml-always-quote-attributes: t sgml-parent-document: ("../book.sgml" "part" "chapter") End: --> diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml index bb23056259..44f5270632 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml @@ -1,1058 +1,1058 @@ <!-- The FreeBSD Documentation Project - $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml,v 1.39 2000/07/26 05:35:46 cpiazza Exp $ + $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/pgpkeys/chapter.sgml,v 1.40 2000/07/31 04:04:44 ache Exp $ --> <appendix id="pgpkeys"> - <title>PGP keys + PGP Keys In case you need to verify a signature or send encrypted email to one of the officers or core team members a number of keys are provided here for your convenience. Officers FreeBSD Security Officer <email>security-officer@FreeBSD.org</email> FreeBSD Security Officer <security-officer@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = 41 08 4E BB DB 41 60 71 F9 E5 0E 98 73 AF 3F 11 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3i mQCNAzF7MY4AAAEEAK7qBgPuBejER5HQbQlsOldk3ZVWXlRj54raz3IbuAUrDrQL h3g57T9QY++f3Mot2LAf5lDJbsMfWrtwPrPwCCFRYQd6XH778a+l4ju5axyjrt/L Ciw9RrOC+WaPv3lIdLuqYge2QRC1LvKACIPNbIcgbnLeRGLovFUuHi5z0oilAAUR tDdGcmVlQlNEIFNlY3VyaXR5IE9mZmljZXIgPHNlY3VyaXR5LW9mZmljZXJAZnJl ZWJzZC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQMX6yrOJgpPLZnQjrAQHyowQA1Nv2AY8vJIrdp2ttV6RU tZBYnI7gTO3sFC2bhIHsCvfVU3JphfqWQ7AnTXcD2yPjGcchUfc/EcL1tSlqW4y7 PMP4GHZp9vHog1NAsgLC9Y1P/1cOeuhZ0pDpZZ5zxTo6TQcCBjQA6KhiBFP4TJql 3olFfPBh3B/Tu3dqmEbSWpuJAJUDBRAxez3C9RVb+45ULV0BAak8A/9JIG/jRJaz QbKom6wMw852C/Z0qBLJy7KdN30099zMjQYeC9PnlkZ0USjQ4TSpC8UerYv6IfhV nNY6gyF2Hx4CbEFlopnfA1c4yxtXKti1kSN6wBy/ki3SmqtfDhPQ4Q31p63cSe5A 3aoHcjvWuqPLpW4ba2uHVKGP3g7SSt6AOYkAlQMFEDF8mz0ff6kIA1j8vQEBmZcD /REaUPDRx6qr1XRQlMs6pfgNKEwnKmcUzQLCvKBnYYGmD5ydPLxCPSFnPcPthaUb 5zVgMTjfjS2fkEiRrua4duGRgqN4xY7VRAsIQeMSITBOZeBZZf2oa9Ntidr5PumS 9uQ9bvdfWMpsemk2MaRG9BSoy5Wvy8VxROYYUwpT8Cf2iQCVAwUQMXsyqWtaZ42B sqd5AQHKjAQAvolI30Nyu3IyTfNeCb/DvOe9tlOn/o+VUDNJiE/PuBe1s2Y94a/P BfcohpKC2kza3NiW6lLTp00OWQsuu0QAPc02vYOyseZWy4y3Phnw60pWzLcFdemT 0GiYS5Xm1o9nAhPFciybn9j1q8UadIlIq0wbqWgdInBT8YI/l4f5sf6JAJUDBRAx ezKXVS4eLnPSiKUBAc5OBACIXTlKqQC3B53qt7bNMV46m81fuw1PhKaJEI033mCD ovzyEFFQeOyRXeu25Jg9Bq0Sn37ynISucHSmt2tUD5W0+p1MUGyTqnfqejMUWBzO v4Xhp6a8RtDdUMBOTtro16iulGiRrCKxzVgEl4i+9Z0ZiE6BWlg5AetoF5n3mGk1 lw== =ipyA -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.imp; Warner Losh <imp@village.org> aka <imp@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = D4 31 FD B9 F7 90 17 E8 37 C5 E7 7F CF A6 C1 B9 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzDzTiAAAAEEAK8D7KWEbVFUrmlqhUEnAvphNIqHEbqqT8s+c5f5c2uHtlcH V4mV2TlUaDSVBN4+/D70oHmZc4IgiQwMPCWRrSezg9z/MaKlWhaslc8YT6Xc1q+o EP/fAdKUrq49H0QQbkQk6Ks5wKW6v9AOvdmsS6ZJEcet6d9G4dxynu/2qPVhAAUR tCBNLiBXYXJuZXIgTG9zaCA8aW1wQHZpbGxhZ2Uub3JnPokAlQMFEDM/SK1VLh4u c9KIpQEBFPsD/1n0YuuUPvD4CismZ9bx9M84y5sxLolgFEfP9Ux196ZSeaPpkA0g C9YX/IyIy5VHh3372SDWN5iVSDYPwtCmZziwIV2YxzPtZw0nUu82P/Fn8ynlCSWB 5povLZmgrWijTJdnUWI0ApVBUTQoiW5MyrNN51H3HLWXGoXMgQFZXKWYiQCVAwUQ MzmhkfUVW/uOVC1dAQG3+AP/T1HL/5EYF0ij0yQmNTzt1cLt0b1e3N3zN/wPFFWs BfrQ+nsv1zw7cEgxLtktk73wBGM9jUIdJu8phgLtl5a0m9UjBq5oxrJaNJr6UTxN a+sFkapTLT1g84UFUO/+8qRB12v+hZr2WeXMYjHAFUT18mp3xwjW9DUV+2fW1Wag YDKJAJUDBRAzOYK1s1pi61mfMj0BARBbA/930CHswOF0HIr+4YYUs1ejDnZ2J3zn icTZhl9uAfEQq++Xor1x476j67Z9fESxyHltUxCmwxsJ1uOJRwzjyEoMlyFrIN4C dE0C8g8BF+sRTt7VLURLERvlBvFrVZueXSnXvmMoWFnqpSpt3EmN6TNaLe8Cm87a k6EvQy0dpnkPKokAlQMFEDD9Lorccp7v9qj1YQEBrRUD/3N4cCMWjzsIFp2Vh9y+ RzUrblyF84tJyA7Rr1p+A7dxf7je3Zx5QMEXosWL1WGnS5vC9YH2WZwv6sCU61gU rSy9z8KHlBEHh+Z6fdRMrjd9byPf+n3cktT0NhS23oXB1ZhNZcB2KKhVPlNctMqO 3gTYx+Nlo6xqjR+J2NnBYU8p =7fQV -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- - Core Team members + Core Team Members &a.asami; Satoshi Asami <asami@cs.berkeley.edu> aka <asami@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = EB 3C 68 9E FB 6C EB 3F DB 2E 0F 10 8F CE 79 CA -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzPVyoQAAAEEAL7W+kipxB171Z4SVyyL9skaA7hG3eRsSOWk7lfvfUBLtPog f3OKwrApoc/jwLf4+Qpdzv5DLEt/6Hd/clskhJ+q1gMNHyZ5ABmUxrTRRNvJMTrb 3fPU3oZj7sL/MyiFaT1zF8EaMP/iS2ZtcFsbYOqGeA8E/58uk4NA0SoeCNiJAAUR tCVTYXRvc2hpIEFzYW1pIDxhc2FtaUBjcy5iZXJrZWxleS5lZHU+iQCVAwUQM/AT +EqGN2HYnOMZAQF11QP/eSXb2FuTb1yX5yoo1Im8YnIk1SEgCGbyEbOMMBznVNDy 5g2TAD0ofLxPxy5Vodjg8rf+lfMVtO5amUH6aNcORXRncE83T10JmeM6JEp0T6jw zOHKz8jRzygYLBayGsNIJ4BGxa4LeaGxJpO1ZEvRlNkPH/YEXK5oQmq9/DlrtYOJ AEUDBRAz42JT8ng6GBbVvu0BAU8nAYCsJ8PiJpRUGlrz6rxjX8hqM1v3vqFHLcG+ G52nVMBSy+RZBgzsYIPwI5EZtWAKb22JAJUDBRAz4QBWdbtuOHaj97EBAaQPA/46 +NLUp+Wubl90JoonoXocwAg88tvAUVSzsxPXj0lvypAiSI2AJKsmn+5PuQ+/IoQy lywRsxiQ5GD7C72SZ1yw2WI9DWFeAi+qa4b8n9fcLYrnHpyCY+zxEpu4pam8FJ7H JocEUZz5HRoKKOLHErzXDiuTkkm72b1glmCqAQvnB4kAlQMFEDPZ3gyDQNEqHgjY iQEBFfUEALu2C0uo+1Z7C5+xshWRYY5xNCzK20O6bANVJ+CO2fih96KhwsMof3lw fDso5HJSwgFd8WT/sR+Wwzz6BAE5UtgsQq5GcsdYQuGI1yIlCYUpDp5sgswNm+OA bX5a+r4F/ZJqrqT1J56Mer0VVsNfe5nIRsjd/rnFAFVfjcQtaQmjiQCVAwUQM9uV mcdm8Q+/vPRJAQELHgP9GqNiMpLQlZig17fDnCJ73P0e5t/hRLFehZDlmEI2TK7j Yeqbw078nZgyyuljZ7YsbstRIsWVCxobX5eH1kX+hIxuUqCAkCsWUY4abG89kHJr XGQn6X1CX7xbZ+b6b9jLK+bJKFcLSfyqR3M2eCyscSiZYkWKQ5l3FYvbUzkeb6K0 IVNhdG9zaGkgQXNhbWkgPGFzYW1pQEZyZWVCU0QuT1JHPg== =39SC -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.jmb; Jonathan M. Bresler <jmb@FreeBSD.org> f16 Fingerprint16 = 31 57 41 56 06 C1 40 13 C5 1C E3 E5 DC 62 0E FB -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: PGPfreeware 5.0i for non-commercial use mQCNAzG2GToAAAEEANI6+4SJAAgBpl53XcfEr1M9wZyBqC0tzpie7Zm4vhv3hO8s o5BizSbcJheQimQiZAY4OnlrCpPxijMFSaihshs/VMAz1qbisUYAMqwGEO/T4QIB nWNo0Q/qOniLMxUrxS1RpeW5vbghErHBKUX9GVhxbiVfbwc4wAHbXdKX5jjdAAUR tCVKb25hdGhhbiBNLiBCcmVzbGVyIDxqbWJARnJlZUJTRC5PUkc+iQCVAwUQNbtI gAHbXdKX5jjdAQHamQP+OQr10QRknamIPmuHmFYJZ0jU9XPIvTTMuOiUYLcXlTdn GyTUuzhbEywgtOldW2V5iA8platXThtqC68NsnN/xQfHA5xmFXVbayNKn8H5stDY 2s/4+CZ06mmJfqYmONF1RCbUk/M84rVT3Gn2tydsxFh4Pm32lf4WREZWRiLqmw+J AJUDBRA0DfF99RVb+45ULV0BAcZ0BACCydiSUG1VR0a5DBcHdtin2iZMPsJUPRqJ tWvP6VeI8OFpNWQ4LW6ETAvn35HxV2kCcQMyht1kMD+KEJz7r8Vb94TS7KtZnNvk 2D1XUx8Locj6xel5c/Lnzlnnp7Bp1XbJj2u/NzCaZQ0eYBdP/k7RLYBYHQQln5x7 BOuiRJNVU4kAlQMFEDQLcShVLh4uc9KIpQEBJv4D/3mDrD0MM9EYOVuyXik3UGVI 8quYNA9ErVcLdt10NjYc16VI2HOnYVgPRag3Wt7W8wlXShpokfC/vCNt7f5JgRf8 h2a1/MjQxtlD+4/Js8k7GLa53oLon6YQYk32IEKexoLPwIRO4L2BHWa3GzHJJSP2 aTR/Ep90/pLdAOu/oJDUiQCVAwUQMqyL0LNaYutZnzI9AQF25QP9GFXhBrz2tiWz 2+0gWbpcGNnyZbfsVjF6ojGDdmsjJMyWCGw49XR/vPKYIJY9EYo4t49GIajRkISQ NNiIz22fBAjT2uY9YlvnTJ9NJleMfHr4dybo7oEKYMWWijQzGjqf2m8wf9OaaofE KwBX6nxcRbKsxm/BVLKczGYl3XtjkcuJAJUDBRA1ol5TZWCprDT5+dUBATzXA/9h /ZUuhoRKTWViaistGJfWi26FB/Km5nDQBr/Erw3XksQCMwTLyEugg6dahQ1u9Y5E 5tKPxbB69eF+7JXVHE/z3zizR6VL3sdRx74TPacPsdhZRjChEQc0htLLYAPkJrFP VAzAlSlm7qd+MXf8fJovQs6xPtZJXukQukPNlhqZ94kAPwMFEDSH/kF4tXKgazlt bxECfk4AoO+VaFVfguUkWX10pPSSfvPyPKqiAJ4xn8RSIe1ttmnqkkDMhLh00mKj lLQuSm9uYXRoYW4gTS4gQnJlc2xlciA8Sm9uYXRoYW4uQnJlc2xlckBVU2kubmV0 PokAlQMFEDXbdSkB213Sl+Y43QEBV/4D/RLJNTrtAqJ1ATxXWv9g8Cr3/YF0GTmx 5dIrJOpBup7eSSmiM/BL9Is4YMsoVbXCI/8TqA67TMICvq35PZU4wboQB8DqBAr+ gQ8578M7Ekw1OAF6JXY6AF2P8k7hMcVBcVOACELPT/NyPNByG5QRDoNmlsokJaWU /2ls4QSBZZlb =zbCw -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.ache; Andrey A. Chernov <ache@FreeBSD.org> aka <ache@nagual.pp.ru> Key fingerprint = 33 03 9F 48 33 7B 4A 15 63 48 88 0A C4 97 FD 49 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAiqUMGQAAAEEAPGhcD6A2Buey5LYz0sphDLpVgOZc/bb9UHAbaGKUAGXmafs Dcb2HnsuYGgX/zrQXuCi/wIGtXcZWB97APtKOhFsZnPinDR5n/dde/mw9FnuhwqD m+rKSL1HlN0z/Msa5y7g16760wHhSR6NoBSEG5wQAHIMMq7Q0uJgpPLZnQjrAAUT tCVBbmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuYWd1YWwucHAucnU+iQCVAwUQM2Ez u+JgpPLZnQjrAQEyugP8DPnS8ixJ5OeuYgPFQf5sy6l+LrB6hyaS+lgsUPahWjNY cnaDmfda/q/BV5d4+y5rlQe/pjnYG7/yQuAR3jhlXz8XDrqlBOnW9AtYjDt5rMfJ aGFTGXAPGZ6k6zQZE0/YurT8ia3qjvuZm3Fw4NJrHRx7ETHRvVJDvxA6Ggsvmr20 JEFuZHJleSBBLiBDaGVybm92IDxhY2hlQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokAlQMFEDR5uVbi YKTy2Z0I6wEBLgED/2mn+hw4/3peLx0Sb9LNx//NfCCkVefSf2G9Qwhx6dvwbX7h mFca97h7BQN4GubU1Z5Ffs6TeamSBrotBYGmOCwvJ6S9WigF9YHQIQ3B4LEjskAt pcjU583y42zM11kkvEuQU2Gde61daIylJyOxsgpjSWpkxq50fgY2kLMfgl/ftCZB bmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuaWV0enNjaGUubmV0PokAlQMFEDR5svDi YKTy2Z0I6wEBOTQD/0OTCAXIjuak363mjERvzSkVsNtIH9hA1l0w6Z95+iH0fHrW xXKT0vBZE0y0Em+S3cotLL0bMmVE3F3D3GyxhBVmgzjyx0NYNoiQjYdi+6g/PV30 Cn4vOO6hBBpSyI6vY6qGNqcsawuRtHNvK/53MpOfKwSlICEBYQimcZhkci+EtCJB bmRyZXkgQS4gQ2hlcm5vdiA8YWNoZUBuYWd1YWwucnU+iQCVAwUQMcm5HeJgpPLZ nQjrAQHwvQP9GdmAf1gdcuayHEgNkc11macPH11cwWjYjzA2YoecFMGV7iqKK8QY rr1MjbGXf8DAG8Ubfm0QbI8Lj8iG3NgqIru0c72UuHGSn/APfGGG0AtPX5UK/k7B gI0Ca2po6NA5nrSp8tDsdEz/4gyea84RXl2prtTf5Jj07hflbRstGXK0MkFuZHJl eSBBLiBDaGVybm92LCBCbGFjayBNYWdlIDxhY2hlQGFzdHJhbC5tc2suc3U+iQCV AwUQMCsAo5/rGryoL8h3AQHq1QQAidyNFqA9hvrmMcjpY7csJVFlGvj574Wj4GPa o3pZeuQaMBmsWqaXLYnWU/Aldb6kTz6+nRcQX50zFH0THSPfApwEW7yybSTI5apJ mWT3qhKN2vmLNg2yNzhqLTzHLD1lH3i1pfQq8WevrNfjLUco5S/VuekTma/osnzC Cw7fQzCJAJUDBRAwKvwoa1pnjYGyp3kBARihBACoXr3qfG65hFCyKJISmjOvaoGr anxUIkeDS0yQdTHzhQ+dwB1OhhK15E0Nwr0MKajLMm90n6+Zdb5y/FIjpPriu8dI rlHrWZlewa88eEDM+Q/NxT1iYg+HaKDAE171jmLpSpCL0MiJtO0i36L3ekVD7Hv8 vffOZHPSHirIzJOZTYkAlQMFEDAau6zFLUdtDb+QbQEBQX8D/AxwkYeFaYxZYMFO DHIvSk23hAsjCmUA2Uil1FeWAusb+o8xRfPDc7TnosrIifJqbF5+fcHCG5VSTGlh Bhd18YWUeabf/h9O2BsQX55yWRuB2x3diJ1xI/VVdG+rxlMCmE4ZR1Tl9x+Mtun9 KqKVpB39VlkCBYQ3hlgNt/TJUY4riQCVAwUQMBHMmyJRltlmbQBRAQFQkwP/YC3a hs3ZMMoriOlt3ZxGNUUPTF7rIER3j+c7mqGG46dEnDB5sUrkzacpoLX5sj1tGR3b vz9a4vmk1Av3KFNNvrZZ3/BZFGpq3mCTiAC9zsyNYQ8L0AfGIUO5goCIjqwOTNQI AOpNsJ5S+nMAkQB4YmmNlI6GTb3D18zfhPZ6uciJAJUCBRAwD0sl4uW74fteFRkB AWsAA/9NYqBRBKbmltQDpyK4+jBAYjkXBJmARFXKJYTlnTgOHMpZqoVyW96xnaa5 MzxEiu7ZWm5oL10QDIp1krkBP2KcmvfSMMHb5aGCCQc2/P8NlfXAuHtNGzYiI0UA Iwi8ih/S1liVfvnqF9uV3d3koE7VsQ9OA4Qo0ZL2ggW+/gEaYIkAlQMFEDAOz6qx /IyHe3rl4QEBIvYD/jIr8Xqo/2I5gncghSeFR01n0vELFIvaF4cHofGzyzBpYsfA +6pgFI1IM+LUF3kbUkAY/2uSf9U5ECcaMCTWCwVgJVO+oG075SHEM4buhrzutZiM 1dTyTaepaPpTyRMUUx9ZMMYJs7sbqLId1eDwrJxUPhrBNvf/w2W2sYHSY8cdiQCV AwUQMAzqgHcdkq6JcsfBAQGTxwQAtgeLFi2rhSOdllpDXUwz+SS6bEjFTWgRsWFM y9QnOcqryw7LyuFmWein4jasjY033JsODfWQPiPVNA3UEnXVg9+n8AvNMPO8JkRv Cn1eNg0VaJy9J368uArio93agd2Yf/R5r+QEuPjIssVk8hdcy/luEhSiXWf6bLMV HEA0J+OJAJUDBRAwDUi+4mCk8tmdCOsBAatBBACHB+qtW880seRCDZLjl/bT1b14 5po60U7u6a3PEBkY0NA72tWDQuRPF/Cn/0+VdFNxQUsgkrbwaJWOoi0KQsvlOm3R rsxKbn9uvEKLxExyKH3pxp76kvz/lEWwEeKvBK+84Pb1lzpG3W7u2XDfi3VQPTi3 5SZMAHc6C0Ct/mjNlYkAlQMFEDAMrPD7wj+NsTMUOQEBJckD/ik4WsZzm2qOx9Fw erGq7Zwchc+Jq1YeN5PxpzqSf4AG7+7dFIn+oe6X2FcIzgbYY+IfmgJIHEVjDHH5 +uAXyb6l4iKc89eQawO3t88pfHLJWbTzmnvgz2cMrxt94HRvgkHfvcpGEgbyldq6 EB33OunazFcfZFRIcXk1sfyLDvYE =1ahV -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.jkh; Jordan K. Hubbard <jkh@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = 3C F2 27 7E 4A 6C 09 0A 4B C9 47 CD 4F 4D 0B 20 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzFjX0IAAAEEAML+nm9/kDNPp43ZUZGjYkm2QLtoC1Wxr8JulZXqk7qmhYcQ jvX+fyoriJ6/7ZlnLe2oG5j9tZOnRLPvMaz0g9CpW6Dz3nkXrNPkmOFV9B8D94Mk tyFeRJFqnkCuqBj6D+H8FtBwEeeTecSh2tJ0bZZTXnAMhxeOdvUVW/uOVC1dAAUR tCNKb3JkYW4gSy4gSHViYmFyZCA8amtoQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokBFQMFEDXCTXQM j46yp4IfPQEBwO8IAIN0J09AXBf86dFUTFGcAMrEQqOF5IL+KGorAjzuYxERhKfD ZV7jA+sCQqxkWfcVcE20kVyVYqzZIkio9a5zXP6TwA247JkPt54S1PmMDYHNlRIY laXlNoji+4q3HP2DfHqXRT2859rYpm/fG/v6pWkos5voPKcZ2OFEp9W+Ap88oqw+ 5rx4VetZNJq1Epmis4INj6XqNqj85+MOOIYE+f445ohDM6B/Mxazd6cHFGGIR+az VjZ6lCDMLjzhB5+FqfrDLYuMjqkMTR5z9DL+psUvPlCkYbQ11NEWtEmiIWjUcNJN GCxGzv5bXk0XPu3ADwbPkFE2usW1cSM7AQFiwuyJAJUDBRAxe+Q9a1pnjYGyp3kB AV7XA/oCSL/Cc2USpQ2ckwkGpyvIkYBPszIcabSNJAzm2hsU9Qa6WOPxD8olDddB uJNiW/gznPC4NsQ0N8Zr4IqRX/TTDVf04WhLmd8AN9SOrVv2q0BKgU6fLuk979tJ utrewH6PR2qBOjAaR0FJNk4pcYAHeT+e7KaKy96YFvWKIyDvc4kAlQMFEDF8ldof f6kIA1j8vQEBDH4D/0Zm0oNlpXrAE1EOFrmp43HURHbij8n0Gra1w9sbfo4PV+/H U8ojTdWLy6r0+prH7NODCkgtIQNpqLuqM8PF2pPtUJj9HwTmSqfaT/LMztfPA6PQ csyT7xxdXl0+4xTDl1avGSJfYsI8XCAy85cTs+PQwuyzugE/iykJO1Bnj/paiQCV AwUQMXvlBvUVW/uOVC1dAQF2fQP/RfYC6RrpFTZHjo2qsUHSRk0vmsYfwG5NHP5y oQBMsaQJeSckN4n2JOgR4T75U4vS62aFxgPLJP3lOHkU2Vc7xhAuBvsbGr5RP8c5 LvPOeUEyz6ZArp1KUHrtcM2iK1FBOmY4dOYphWyWMkDgYExabqlrAq7FKZftpq/C BiMRuaw= =C/Jw -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.phk; Poul-Henning Kamp <phk@FreeBSD.org> Fingerprint = A3 F3 88 28 2F 9B 99 A2 49 F4 E2 FA 5A 78 8B 3E -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzAdpMIAAAEEALHDgrFUwhZtb7PbXg3upELoDVEUPFRwnmpJH1rRqyROUGcI ooVe7u+FQlIs5OsXK8ECs/5Wpe2UrZSzHvjwBYOND5H42YtI5UULZLRCo5bFfTVA K9Rpo5icfTsYihrzU2nmnycwFMk+jYXyT/ZDYWDP/BM9iLjj0x9/qQgDWPy9AAUR tCNQb3VsLUhlbm5pbmcgS2FtcCA8cGhrQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokAPwMFEDV/uZj8 RhrUfjKrKxECNmkAoJkszkn0MRLSjLIQdFSQoAIvXsaoAKDaLAvAv9JBTIhiPHYw a8YkNTtr6YkAPwMFEDQ+7sYIrLG2o9cqlBECGFIAn1n9YKcO0hJfgVT1sX/lAoS+ a+0aAKCwrJjWaTvSjDbZtSZ2887P3MnFA4kAdQMFEDAghiMKfXRy8QybzQEBWsQC /37UbJxWsNURURdw1NDcJf4eJko1ew1au41ytTb792O1HiXTr1nKxa/HXg0+2d59 HGynOVQfoKtEw2BHakYlNQNk1mznxGxi/4F0cThX+hmJ8/V8wjtm5bQ0hGMeFQjB 4YkAlQMFEDjGXEvKbyuD/AwC1QEBMcwD+wWwOmzXE7wpIEZ1p5KsRiVBQ4F1VEo4 LviQkE0jUx8/i0/Y+kRpb3sZc+yh84qYA9vrRe8IDqc1a66ZvGUPZOsfiICpJoH4 ftPz8xMLgyfHZrSR+wICStXNAKok8Oq6a56+Vxjh7wpNDoObN5XfYyAr23yNoPh0 7pP7dXNRfGKiiQCVAwUQNBDRpnW7bjh2o/exAQG7ggP+NcUV4mCzYx1MM05kz8Vt 8OEjirEBthSypLf5FrXrJ3xZ38CNX4gckTY2iYVaXxStSMIaKdeLDM+ArU58UmtL 06DXBAu8CXRfzgEDwxM/0FCvjDvoj9FuSyBRKtUIg7wwnCXJ2NI+hxYYF5eVWNtn FfPK4mTsf5Mb7O4jkG4Fw0iJAJUDBRAzBivas1pi61mfMj0BAeIhA/9fG0FYVdoF GBUsSFE2lLTth1T4uxkaUs5l6E30vhSckUdBA806kx7LaAXtj3loE7Dn/XFLm+VC nCZEUKe1ayb+Cp3Mrqu6V+vWvkDL3gs7lMALq5w27f3pji+jVPIPVJOdELjroqW+ a1C0C0UaBeU5FYsv1REvNxEV3WEPTJd31okAlQMFEDF+jX1rWmeNgbKneQEBCrID /i/ri8/eXUXRJp2fqJqzvrWGTP9Ix1O4vMguah9IILijgpYyOJYkezZKijjVCVmL X7EwfNXfYkqLAWUa08eov4QfJfJDgfe+Z/3/UoX7RcJoy2AjTBZQzOI9JMkrzFdt FGYwMr/QXhOdVVpSGeZ/6Hkrs7pd2Z6MNNrRf81ZyJyYiQCVAwUQMXyV5/UVW/uO VC1dAQFyfAP/SujU+lS2WQuat4O2wZOQ1rswUt6CthG8MOsc7A9kfXnZbaM9Sdxj 54CtAlqR4eJMOYk2kVqAtmCWETRuonJxr5TAJdf7q6kByVYcQEyDZvKJYwyrI9UQ SelSgczWwiSB01aV9ACaKlEF9iHYvIKBa9HwJu3A9ggW9SYaAHcxHzuJAJUDBRAx Sx5cH3+pCANY/L0BAY+TA/9YQPISXYaS+5r0I60wCJ+i3a9PC69Zak2ikgTHQi97 LhpVtEsP3SAYInDw4YMS2oU9w1XxoiLLd9hUpcZlmO8Ip3vNF+E2ZCfR4sNzKarY 5fdo+sxzatGWRPgnHjbm6RHWCw6qJACDD3VpaFjx2XD8QrOTyiObnbHhWBdoEAIy NokAlQMFEDE5Q6DvYbnpEdWO1QEBsvgD/0c6flBrSWr20oj8eRJ1zl8ZAP/rpV0I EBvb3ZFsHsJL8QzTsx1typFFghrT7SDBDc52xY90JWAflEiGn9aIL5Q+RHVxjw30 yDaRPAl9ll82o34GBaWBEw83bsI6Fg2XxDfc2X0KkEutlYAEXjiM95PQS+9PM//l lDtPvkSxgpiJiQCVAwUQMOavJADy2QnruxtBAQE92wQAsKPq/U4G4ksslOXGaauS oBk9XO3lB147cSpra1w9ZxTSeo+8dgzNlxnugWDnw1mxauFJBAMgHl74rrlD+Hp0 Ltb9oOyRl3riPG0TOdfaS3T8w6vw52wOKzUrZ/0pB+2sDHzUqZXBbhOq3OXs1ZMN e3jh8w62JsLBWry/YMWRMnI= =A1Tu -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.rich; Rich Murphey <rich@FreeBSD.org> fingerprint = AF A0 60 C4 84 D6 0C 73 D1 EF C0 E9 9D 21 DB E4 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAy97V+MAAAEEALiNM3FCwm3qrCe81E20UOSlNclOWfZHNAyOyj1ahHeINvo1 FBF2Gd5Lbj0y8SLMno5yJ6P4F4r+x3jwHZrzAIwMs/lxDXRtB0VeVWnlj6a3Rezs wbfaTeSVyh5JohEcKdoYiMG5wjATOwK/NAwIPthB1RzRjnEeer3HI3ZYNEOpAAUR tCRSaWNoIE11cnBoZXkgPHJpY2hAbGFtcHJleS51dG1iLmVkdT6JAJUDBRAve15W vccjdlg0Q6kBAZTZBACcNd/LiVnMFURPrO4pVRn1sVQeokVX7izeWQ7siE31Iy7g Sb97WRLEYDi686osaGfsuKNA87Rm+q5F+jxeUV4w4szoqp60gGvCbD0KCB2hWraP /2s2qdVAxhfcoTin/Qp1ZWvXxFF7imGA/IjYIfB42VkaRYu6BwLEm3YAGfGcSw== =QoiM -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.peter; Peter Wemm <peter@FreeBSD.org> aka <peter@spinner.dialix.com> aka <peter@haywire.dialix.com> aka <peter@perth.dialix.oz.au> Key fingerprint = 47 05 04 CA 4C EE F8 93 F6 DB 02 92 6D F5 58 8A -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAy9/FJwAAAEEALxs9dE9tFd0Ru1TXdq301KfEoe5uYKKuldHRBOacG2Wny6/ W3Ill57hOi2+xmq5X/mHkapywxvy4cyLdt31i4GEKDvxpDvEzAYcy2n9dIup/eg2 kEhRBX9G5k/LKM4NQsRIieaIEGGgCZRm0lINqw495aZYrPpO4EqGN2HYnOMZAAUT tCVQZXRlciBXZW1tIDxwZXRlckBoYXl3aXJlLmRpYWxpeC5jb20+iQCVAwUQMwWT cXW7bjh2o/exAQEFkQP+LIx5zKlYp1uR24xGApMFNrNtjh+iDIWnxxb2M2Kb6x4G 9z6OmbUCoDTGrX9SSL2Usm2RD0BZfyv9D9QRWC2TSOPkPRqQgIycc11vgbLolJJN eixqsxlFeKLGEx9eRQCCbo3dQIUjc2yaOe484QamhsK1nL5xpoNWI1P9zIOpDiGJ AJUDBRAxsRPqSoY3Ydic4xkBAbWLA/9q1Fdnnk4unpGQsG31Qbtr4AzaQD5m/JHI 4gRmSmbj6luJMgNG3fpO06Gd/Z7uxyCJB8pTst2a8C/ljOYZxWT+5uSzkQXeMi5c YcI1sZbUpkHtmqPW623hr1PB3ZLA1TIcTbQW+NzJsxQ1Pc6XG9fGkT9WXQW3Xhet AP+juVTAhLQlUGV0ZXIgV2VtbSA8cGV0ZXJAcGVydGguZGlhbGl4Lm96LmF1PokA lQMFEDGxFCFKhjdh2JzjGQEB6XkD/2HOwfuFrnQUtdwFPUkgtEqNeSr64jQ3Maz8 xgEtbaw/ym1PbhbCk311UWQq4+izZE2xktHTFClJfaMnxVIfboPyuiSF99KHiWnf /Gspet0S7m/+RXIwZi1qSqvAanxMiA7kKgFSCmchzas8TQcyyXHtn/gl9v0khJkb /fv3R20btB5QZXRlciBXZW1tIDxwZXRlckBGcmVlQlNELm9yZz6JAJUDBRAxsRJd SoY3Ydic4xkBAZJUA/4i/NWHz5LIH/R4IF/3V3LleFyMFr5EPFY0/4mcv2v+ju9g brOEM/xd4LlPrx1XqPeZ74JQ6K9mHR64RhKR7ZJJ9A+12yr5dVqihe911KyLKab9 4qZUHYi36WQu2VtLGnw/t8Jg44fQSzbBF5q9iTzcfNOYhRkSD3BdDrC3llywO7Ql UGV0ZXIgV2VtbSA8cGV0ZXJAc3Bpbm5lci5kaWFsaXguY29tPokAlQMFEDGxEi1K hjdh2JzjGQEBdA4EAKmNFlj8RF9HQsoI3UabnvYqAWN5wCwEB4u+Zf8zq6OHic23 TzoK1SPlmSdBE1dXXQGS6aiDkLT+xOdeewNs7nfUIcH/DBjSuklAOJzKliXPQW7E kuKNwy4eq5bl+j3HB27i+WBXhn6OaNNQY674LGaR41EGq44Wo5ATcIicig/z =gv+h -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.wollman; pub 1024D/0B92FAEA 2000-01-20 Garrett Wollman <wollman@FreeBSD.org> Key fingerprint = 4627 19AF 4649 31BF DE2E 3C66 3ECF 741B 0B92 FAEA sub 1024g/90D5EBC2 2000-01-20 [N.B.: no RSA; DSS/El Gamal only, please!] -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: GnuPG v1.0.1 (FreeBSD) Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org mQGiBDiHU3wRBADX+GS3fClPc0K3s2RePf2YeV+w7X3cmnWb0FLhAekfIzjLSHl8 PWxXXQRtFyjR4KpsiwpGusX/nIJmaEoAdyqROKvpqYZPa3CjI2ldq1t1mj8lUOLo +ktQvgR/fZoveOl+HT1yIRZDsLrQWYE96lC8Xx2Iiip/16whzhE4rJfWvwCgyb+G a2jW0JaqmVRmyEqwzudoeqEEAKNUV5lmGRcs/GxwAJ7JRcxMI5QtoUBTfDKYyJZi t6pudVC9STIpMoEw9m4c5KRFixdiHno/dbkECvSzpTA1qAHiC2WxeTXAz91ySTfk iGNVlc670A+eC7Qi3ZGYhWKgKAvm0hOlYxOrU83u9naHKA+l4dOIGCQoZ7ElcfdO 77T8BADQG/nzZcaoS0o9za11YcYMAWDiEHX2JyWF7+O+qJc7UmAGMZ4YHeYOBTkT 6ybzjn5JhQtSr9YQglweYFjFYdeOmQAYow1MJxJvh0e0eoXwzOgdwJ8fzbxpHeAQ W9uuI754sm3U80ag7RvzgeWRX7HdETCtbFF8ZCWHSE7sj29ZB7QlR2FycmV0dCBX b2xsbWFuIDx3b2xsbWFuQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPohWBBMRAgAWBQI4h1N9BAsKBAMD FQMCAxYCAQIXgAAKCRA+z3QbC5L66jfWAJ9QRUBS9u2D9s861txzAAGDur0x/gCd ELqxcKVno9Q/l0DFb6c2ZIlkTT2IRgQQEQIABgUCOIdUpAAKCRAj54bpvu2UbtDT AJ9anhNRzF+bPhzGsoVJG1M0+aqsWgCfV6grZerQHY0jrzh7AcGCMNNDNYa5AQ0E OIdTohAEAKNPeV1tg6TbNjARxpiHGiYe6ECG31aGpGQGy12sluYfDTjMw11HKh19 tmT8O6co+dg+NJdUvabdpdd3M8teYwlZMDtbKS8zEFlf0DsY40zBYo6hlwQmF41q B+A5r5t7itn9LX0CdQMFdAYMKBteVhoEKtJG4CZ85VDhUtb7c6i/AAQLA/9nU/WQ pYAKb1RqXoYCWT5HWkBIY4lLaQ7JiS3RW9X0EF9hrEP7gTXGnpPgUSR1CTYvP73W r9vrPsIDQR3/bI22bUeZUbIxznIVGiNTfyLQuvF/R+jTqD57DAhdcQS5mt0YQVrF ClZNn+4IWIZ7XC2cZP3UHgUMQ3G4hD8hutLGA4hGBBgRAgAGBQI4h1OiAAoJED7P dBsLkvrqakMAoLVgP/gp43JsvfV/0H2Krs4f+SyTAJ94S8kg1wwGTRQR2OmA7znC gHpAog== =H5by -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.joerg; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/76A3F7B1 1996/04/27 Joerg Wunsch <joerg_wunsch@uriah.heep.sax.de> Key fingerprint = DC 47 E6 E4 FF A6 E9 8F 93 21 E0 7D F9 12 D6 4E Joerg Wunsch <joerg_wunsch@interface-business.de> Joerg Wunsch <j@uriah.heep.sax.de> Joerg Wunsch <j@interface-business.de> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: PGPfreeware 5.0i for non-commercial use mQCNAzGCFeAAAAEEAKmRBU2Nvc7nZy1Ouid61HunA/5hF4O91cXm71/KPaT7dskz q5sFXvPJPpawwvqHPHfEbAK42ZaywyFp59L1GaYj87Pda+PlAYRJyY2DJl5/7JPe ziq+7B8MdvbX6D526sdmcR+jPXPbHznASjkx9DPmK+7TgFujyXW7bjh2o/exAAUR tCZKb2VyZyBXdW5zY2ggPGpAaW50ZXJmYWNlLWJ1c2luZXNzLmRlPokAlQMFEDHi oSdlYKmsNPn51QEByz8D/10uMrwP7MdaXnptd1XNFhpaAPYTVAOcaKlYOGI/LLR9 PiU3FbqXO+7INhaxFjBxa0Tw/p4au5Lq1+Mx81edHniJZNS8tz3I3goijIC3+jn2 gnVAWnK5UZUTUVUn/JLVk/oSaIJNIMMDaw4J9xPVVkb+Fh1A+XqtPsVaYESrNp0+ iQCVAwUQMwXkzcdm8Q+/vPRJAQEA4QQAgNNX1HFgXrMetDb+w6yEGQDkJCDAY9b6 mA2HNeKLQAhsoZl4HwA1+iuQaCgo3lyFC+1Sf097OUTs74z5X1vCedqVoFw9CxI3 xuctt3pJCbbN68flOlnq0WdYouWWGlFwLlh5PEy//VtwX9lqgsizlhzit+fX6BT4 BgKi5baDhrWJAJUDBRAyCKveD9eCJxX4hUkBAebMA/9mRPy6K6i7TX2RjUKSl2p5 oYrXPk12Zsw4ijuktslxzQhOCyMSCGK2UEC4UM9MXp1H1JZQxN/DcfnM7VaUt+Ve 0wZ6DC9gBSHJ1hKVxHe5XTj26mIr4rcXNy2XEDMK9QsnBxIAZnBVTjSOLdhqqSMp 3ULLOpBlRL2RYrqi27IXr4kAlQMFEDGpbnd1u244dqP3sQEBJnQD/RVSAzgf4uor v3fpbosI0LE3LUufAYGBSJNJnskeKyudZkNkI5zGGDwVneH/cSkKT4ORooeqcTBx KeMaMuXPVl30QahgNwWjfuTvl5OZ8orsQGGWIn5FhqYXsKkjEGxIOBOfvvlVQ0Ub cR0N2+5F6Mb5GqrXZpIesn7jFJpkQKPUiQCVAwUQNRkF14HR8QVbfEftAQHb6wQA uXzEE+LHIk1kSINIgXX0+UcFpPc1rctiBkzZZhgzFvGC/kYrsI/GVYE4erL4sVXA NJqZxaMC/AAaGfaduALRFXNidKinMJBrZg3NCtq7cqrc/3aDmZJ2IaHvxoS+XC/i RVoeTk+jb6wcliqMkf41UlHsijyALtVK2Dd78T8GhJq0LUpvZXJnIFd1bnNjaCA8 am9lcmdfd3Vuc2NoQHVyaWFoLmhlZXAuc2F4LmRlPokAlQMFEDQUWQGzWmLrWZ8y PQEB8MID+gJ+SOuG9HBEKlIvySUnVgOhQl2bD6/iclynDc6lhdvAo48sKWwTsrco JCxwd6Xtq5/3Wet6QDBute/0KWnRN6Bh4BA2PDm9n18vpRnmXd8fwTYYYDv6SqA1 azUrECcbkZ1S8n2+LKtabx2pZEaj6WgNaVnXYvY6AAN+nuNVlMjWiQCVAwUQNA+s uh9/qQgDWPy9AQHZdAQAr/5KxA8JP9fhEH88FvFSvbwakYkyfcBp8BoDemVjDedv g41uoTD20m2h8CfhR4atqJbDycdhHYMDOgCNHo7O5fdO1RX7nsEjOtM8dw2RvqHx 8+4dT50XNH4s2g9oYmwV6i/rD5SDqpL3BrkUYMCBpGgsdLIHFxFWgJs4RpLlLkSJ AJUDBRAzkGS1ZWCprDT5+dUBAYo/A/46JaGjdmbYYqmUSOJnnPHfLy6nNv6vVC61 vTyOvYTCNrTiEuDR8Ku3oB3cOhWrF7g86CEimYczg7i1xb3ZMdCKXvQIvN8LG19R zp4POg/eSsPX8bCmbaEauZgD1v97P36va8oFudSE+YKCXHml/UjMdT1HZfJDP1e7 sUjZto5JmokAlQMFEDIIhZl1u244dqP3sQEBUzMD/jVUimHfqX7I71YYqQQH41ht g7PZb+TKLviRcu8t1NdxFgVoJJk5FKxAo8Y0ys9lSgugArETbkCgKCXm2jCqv+wJ y7QDQwy8l11S+VDZP7KVKkaZZyGqhcI3sV0bLGtnnPPHMsi+1yKjqRod3vpfHImm W0IBK6l0PnecS3Ge7yxGiQCVAwUQNRkFNoHR8QVbfEftAQH59wP6Ar3emiJ3gseU ayKAjx2SH9lDVMsvIJW8cZoeEsDfoHlTEbz448KLKuh5rKOBAU++WBFtXQoIbroi 4y+zVpJ7z2xJ6sHU/xo6M72QCvieahT4y3C6f1mPsZyjlMRpFoCpBddU+U8kbkqT TBVjNF5DNyhj1keIR35DJNpevpCCE6q0MUpvZXJnIFd1bnNjaCA8am9lcmdfd3Vu c2NoQGludGVyZmFjZS1idXNpbmVzcy5kZT6JAJUDBRAyCIX0dbtuOHaj97EBAVqC A/0YQZvqrVvobtn6gI/XfAlYBCiboK8WSKV7gihbzvmwoELaILfRF/kyYeLPFFHX BZMhCLvAk9gt0a69YK73JH8b604M0s77WMr9dO9l9xpFWPkpVDATAK3ZdajVtt6E +0OefGo57Gi9OuVyeZux2nIE04pIqH2BvItbO067BHquj4kAlQMFEDWRxZdlYKms NPn51QEBzt4D/RALkWpNJNTtlyKE0NBeSyRoci9OCfcYI42R+39HoJnLPAgT+aFc EqinmEcsBvwECjJVrrwBN3f6/rESGp+JaYNiw5bz17lmouh27FEvWETy8QfcQl1+ Ck7HJqkMs1rpcLwhWvMmWlx49gBPJAJwcVSmhsuSVQKp5iSFDn5pbZCTiQCVAwUQ NRkFU4HR8QVbfEftAQH2vQP+PzI1rHZq4Q6/E9RS3zW/HDuzByASi3A9iM5MARqi ACLug+plFatfHfEaWII8nKytqY+kC3gaDESZ8+PFvGRZvMCRBrD5nv9YUC7LJIAX NFGklsyIEvDAtlO/Q94LjgCct3ta6ypA45ZxaMkRdCkZer1EPjSloLrUBRpDhMeA otu0IkpvZXJnIFd1bnNjaCA8akB1cmlhaC5oZWVwLnNheC5kZT6JAJUDBRAxpL3U PiAdBSUb0JkBAZg7BACE+mKhsrd39/P6NattCCOSg76Pf2CVgZdvbb7qK4SmsVGz +58pi2OWM1M0rcHgNZKTIg9rBy47gui2KOnqOR7ZuyMVJJqyEZZywmWmfCy/sR4U i1PehZNNNBAi09u03ItbozrEH6Msa1oC8mp86XOA70Et8e4DYtj5a9tVbjjtJYkA lQMFEDGpZGx1u244dqP3sQEBcMED/j2vNkHlqSRNJu3+A13fw4mAL4fw3l1rbm9X 10PcqgC9d9Z/Ds7EizG9D8Bv6sma6SutbE92wL7VZTX7WsZrg+8mn9UlEN6zZrAa uf6I7v9xChIhXOILbsmlxu+Mu8tVwEiLLXJP9G8n7ztreM9Ee3dUUZykWHgrKTHF I2LIbKCXiQCVAwUQMYJQHfUVW/uOVC1dAQHkqAP+Igll7mUWQ+vYH8KvsEoxUGi3 X8lK7Tk2weAlne4rXnDiZW009lwWL90puf6pEzosoMV78YXQdkP9kPUUm3zJCPMX bDfjQH4XYYYQ7CcKWpkO0QCqcgHMz8QJBCof7oGLyCmQVmsWCDl443uKSqa6wOc6 VhK0z8IF+ClJtHyQOYWJAD8DBRA0Pun7CKyxtqPXKpQRAlWJAKC+2KEpwmX/f5rO +QXv4ldCIKQ+JgCgqcjGveuHvlv8ehkHrucnz8VrHjqJAJUDBRA1kcVlZWCprDT5 +dUBAeX7A/0aZkBJdd0EKhje2rhXdoE99fr5jeg9utB0pACqgMb1hBcnVRi3SVZ4 ZBQIfqY26LeZP+WLUqGfTx6BSsBys13WlBT9PZuicuWkDHUtGX9zUl4qMsxGQkGj NXdmn0/eCnheZP5ROvYXD15A0kjd626PxxftbyQKTuhKTWCT2jSnsYkAlQMFEDGF mgWB0fEFW3xH7QEBhr8D/2kclzpVUU2wvwMT+POA8M9iDKNcZAUBQI8/j+QVZ1VB 3laHKKkpdvGrTUl/PVLvt6tSHIdDQrAOuPq9M4DMLIqS1jZr16+BhZ+7ffZJ2JpO bFVOK5wmzVSixigPB1ytIkKqhJ9JQpMZOUKJ24n2E6Mr79fLJK1a4EMWuHZ5uXNk =grTK -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Developers &a.jmg; Type bits/keyID Date User ID pub 1024/3F9951F5 1997/02/11 John-Mark Gurney <gurney_j@efn.org> Key fingerprint = B7 EC EF F8 AE ED A7 31 96 7A 22 B3 D8 56 36 F4 John-Mark Gurney <johnmark@gladstone.uoregon.edu> John-Mark Gurney <jmg@cs.uoregon.edu> John-Mark Gurney <gurney_j@resnet.uoregon.edu> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzL/8IwAAAEEANuX7fcIa0S5fVATYQCGwgBJo9DxRr0m/QjrP4dJh/JEIjmv h37FMs9qsMPtyAZWlRSnbVFyQiz5ptFuL1irClW2UHzlLvd5s+pKMfIkJWDTnrvp 0jFebYQt0chZeLcKT9s5sSo9ua+fUumOfaWyubUZPIqmDYqy98Em7wI/mVH1AAUR tCNKb2huLU1hcmsgR3VybmV5IDxndXJuZXlfakBlZm4ub3JnPokAlQMFEDMBDfTB Ju8CP5lR9QEBmnsEALAS5dZyQXxsDAROz+yHizsbgV1Ok9vFwE5en7QnOGcSkQX9 pE7MzzlbpP63toF9zWLF75dbXE5X0yYLoB0pvNi1NXhXqA0YbDeAi1Ed6uBXbomW MDdm0s+O0Y1NfuS0uKiFiJUDOjdBrgEbnmPZM/77dhr5UbmAtQUHFftaQfY6tDFK b2huLU1hcmsgR3VybmV5IDxqb2hubWFya0BnbGFkc3RvbmUudW9yZWdvbi5lZHU+ iQCVAwUQMwF753W7bjh2o/exAQGjjwP+MKiFH9EfOGS7yr5NQ4+vWXuHe1N6fi9N jJsFfzT/RCM/wo/dNG/xhTgdCoCWRt0gKkv3SLEPYGDPDtC3Nf7HV/66wOiYYnxD 3cmjgpLn5u/Ju0oS5xxNb5Ly8EZnfz967lIHjp/qhbZ9o7kO7Nkb7bUgozNqBaRy 9Yo81fVAtrOJAJUDBRAzARCXwSbvAj+ZUfUBAeUyBACKoIXfYBpsKqmmnTg944Tw 5t8lAFZ8qJz42Fjw+hswC6c+7b87imwaH3AjPnFmsA6f1ES7xDHG8RQleDtKsyik gHc9Yos/neVqwfrr4zSV1PdNPPpG5uNT/jI1k1M3pH8kwYdKiwaIHQb5+sGUQsO1 ZoxCdzT7HJq4jJtBGVIRULQlSm9obi1NYXJrIEd1cm5leSA8am1nQGNzLnVvcmVn b24uZWR1PokAlQMFEDMBEHfBJu8CP5lR9QEBak8D/2V+1pP6zA1dvhRLcO2pGldn Q/dcVAAtZIZ7AUUap1pKXZF/Tt4gWKMtAHj01xUbwU1fmI6DF1p4AVjDqOxJDnoZ RD9gv0RiZXdUesXL2UBNHc/7f+amAJgmXNrP/m70ejgzPluniR5hQm76fKYjkxV1 opRhhchTjhrFndoQ9nvQtC5Kb2huLU1hcmsgR3VybmV5IDxndXJuZXlfakByZXNu ZXQudW9yZWdvbi5lZHU+iQCVAwUQMwEQWsEm7wI/mVH1AQHxMgP8D7VM+qUo0qGM uFUKqxoQcDPVKt2W1X6wWTHdj9cxo3oW1tlLEZ24Y2v5v1pzonvseaTjsse134dP a9qjcwXjs/zxXzHoQs3B9BZB2qXaR4T3YeuCjq2qIXGwsrrY5fkoch4OLg0/FOui dmNbFjVQkIma2rIRPa8GhXZJtGl+UEk= =bUtb -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.joe; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 768/7EBDECB1 1996/12/19 Josef L. Karthauser <joe@pavilion.net> joe@tao.org.uk joe@uk.freebsd.org joe@FreeBSD.org -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQBtAzK5TJQAAAEDAKlRtbnhuBNWwq+hkYyubUzCYZu60ZFtwdkCgyBurSzTmfMG 1ylVOdwzpgFL8JHRAGhzugRvZqRiCrCl+CvYaeW2+ee3Yw+brl6YEqLMxy0ap2kD NbpZ7LIO7AMffr3ssQAFEbQmSm9zZWYgTC4gS2FydGhhdXNlciA8am9lQHBhdmls aW9uLm5ldD6JAJUDBRA3DNxYDu2852ZqdCEBAXrwBACTRn6uz+uFHxi9nj8qdg14 m3SvBJ58i82IdyhuD5m04/Rgc3Bwk1VDY2eKHuILcgDInd94EePpHTxMvjblfImn No9yqKYQw+V2zbsa8idTVDb5eNWGdRmVndjY95ZVKuhhIlwqLJELvKKbYZjjSabl ijn+lvEEl+gO4avcQZnOjIkAlQMFEDRSgYdv0qcS0gZ4vQEBq/cD+gJsogBSFwYl otle1JGgq1lkIq46uJWS8h61QL9+wnKQ3l19VElXK3/s/HUqBZagKyrF7QSs1dhg T/RKSr/kdG0dPhLhqESgzii9CS6MgHM8CnmP7oDP78i1yAkVL9bJ/a22Il+YZNlt r+XOn9EivaFojjHFQy5a+7e/HEXbgtwMiQD2AwUQMxRrf6ZKZnTBjNYdAQENIgcH RcYYGiOYT0FAqSvAlHPunpPhO+9TBKD5FP307YtUTHdI19Y+LgFT599ond3wfArR K3ue6D1G6//kbemfLZVxOJ+PRpJ0jIqZQ//7mKAI3VGu4vGO0EGQLkzIfwiVaCwa 8jZh5406CaqE7DkXVypvcVkL3hdqD8o16qht8Y23rjrEUgRYIIWUGftCAHWMZEq3 NqU/nqzgIv72PMEC3jBjdPld84GOiX9e3XjOSur6uLMRj87e9qce73sYUsGb2/cf ypx8Hy/FN/FVUKbW4/ddHOeW75vBGgtIwY0R+eDW1wWXiQB1AwUQMrlMlA7sAx9+ veyxAQFftQL/T64Xc63YXllDIVGw0ZQtM0cdolYzP5OAu2Pvb0iWiJia6SkxePJo FyNuWEO0obBpeP/QuapnceYUBNiheT4gRccEO1+VjFRuAiZb7+Huwh4FXrRbhJte 3FmOE07jacQ9tA5qb2VAdGFvLm9yZy51a4kAdQMFEDgPy5gO7AMffr3ssQEBYGsC /iIslOxLXMgz9BSw1ndflqYOImPtn4OQJAG+eyZInVKfZDhyEHtO6ID7zRNx+0wh fAgEU760e8V5rEFea9U0/qY7QneanDRGI+rP81V/fnP3wdZBCGXDNMCM6ofcuTP6 MbQSam9lQHVrLmZyZWVic2Qub3JniQB1AwUQOA/Lgg7sAx9+veyxAQHeXgL8DJQ1 xeeFLQOrg4vI5nfQOjPJqaZ4xpPv1k5wIjPRElGj7QACZVX5L/bEzhK+7fggSXxB b4cmEhiDOIFOBR6HWL/RnMimoGtC53OHKRrA43/eqB/saCbTfN4+KAypw1WatA9q b2VARnJlZUJTRC5vcmeJAHUDBRA4D8tRDuwDH3697LEBAZU6Av0e8n+hesovDEkn ox3JKhC1L33jXu0nOQZ/2Yz6jY1icghgy/L2KO57+T2YBV6DGpk4IlY9jZJRRKti KCHSMahng7whIHNSugWqzLNanK+YPfXC2CsUI02w1srjFcDurBg= =O/Rl -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.obrien; Type Bits KeyID Created Expires Algorithm Use sec+ 1024 0x34F9F9D5 1995-04-23 ---------- RSA Sign & Encrypt f16 Fingerprint16 = B7 4D 3E E9 11 39 5F A3 90 76 5D 69 58 D9 98 7A David E. O'Brien <obrien@NUXI.com> David E. O'Brien <obrien@FreeBSD.org> David E. O'Brien <obrien@cs.ucdavis.edu> David E. O'Brien <dobrien@seas.gwu.edu> David E. O'Brien <obrien@elsewhere.roanoke.va.us> David E. O'Brien <whois Do38> sec+ 1024 0x7F9A9BA2 1998-06-10 ---------- DSS Sign & Encrypt f20 Fingerprint20 = 02FD 495F D03C 9AF2 5DB7 F496 6FC8 DABD 7F9A 9BA2 sub 3072 0xBA32C20D 1998-06-10 ---------- Diffie-Hellman f20 Fingerprint20 = 0700 6058 CE6C 1C51 D0A3 45E6 26E1 A405 BA32 C20D "David E. O'Brien" <obrien@NUXI.com> "David E. 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Polstra <jdp@polstra.com> Fingerprint = 54 3A 90 59 6B A4 9D 61 BF 1D 03 09 35 8D F6 0D -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzMElMEAAAEEALizp6ZW9QifQgWoFmG3cXhzQ1+Gt+a4S1adC/TdHdBvw1M/ I6Ok7TC0dKF8blW3VRgeHo4F3XhGn+n9MqIdboh4HJC5Iiy63m98sVLJSwyGO4oM dkEGyyCLxqP6h/DU/tzNBdqFzetGtYvU4ftt3RO0a506cr2CHcdm8Q+/vPRJAAUR tCFKb2huIEQuIFBvbHN0cmEgPGpkcEBwb2xzdHJhLmNvbT6JAJUDBRAzBNBE9RVb +45ULV0BAWgiA/0WWO3+c3qlptPCHJ3DFm6gG/qNKsY94agL/mHOr0fxMP5l2qKX O6a1bWkvGoYq0EwoKGFfn0QeHiCl6jVi3CdBX+W7bObMcoi+foqZ6zluOWBC1Jdk WQ5/DeqQGYXqbYjqO8voCScTAPge3XlMwVpMZTv24u+nYxtLkE0ZcwtY9IkAlQMF EDMEt/DHZvEPv7z0SQEBXh8D/2egM5ckIRpGz9kcFTDClgdWWtlgwC1iI2p9gEhq aufy+FUJlZS4GSQLWB0BlrTmDC9HuyQ+KZqKFRbVZLyzkH7WFs4zDmwQryLV5wkN C4BRRBXZfWy8s4+zT2WQD1aPO+ZsgRauYLkJgTvXTPU2JCN62Nsd8R7bJS5tuHEm 7HGmiQCVAwUQMwSvHB9/qQgDWPy9AQFAhAQAgJ1AlbKITrEoJ0+pLIsov3eQ348m SVHEBGIkU3Xznjr8NzT9aYtq4TIzt8jplqP3QoV1ka1yYpZf0NjvfZ+ffYp/sIaU wPbEpgtmHnVWJAebMbNs/Ad1w8GDvxEt9IaCbMJGZnHmfnEqOBIxF7VBDPHHoJxM V31K/PIoYsHAy5w= =cHFa -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.guido; Guido van Rooij <guido@gvr.win.tue.nl> Fingerprint = 16 79 09 F3 C0 E4 28 A7 32 62 FA F6 60 31 C0 ED -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAzGeO84AAAEEAKKAY91Na//DXwlUusr9GVESSlVwVP6DyH1wcZXhfN1fyZHq SwhMCEdHYoojQds+VqD1iiZQvv1RLByBgj622PDAPN4+Z49HjGs7YbZsUNuQqPPU wRPpP6ty69x1hPKq1sQIB5MS4radpCM+4wbZbhxv7l4rP3RWUbNaYutZnzI9AAUR tCZHdWlkbyB2YW4gUm9vaWogPGd1aWRvQGd2ci53aW4udHVlLm5sPokAlQMFEDMG Hcgff6kIA1j8vQEBbYgD/jm9xHuUuY+iXDkOzpCXBYACYEZDV913MjtyBAmaVqYo Rh5HFimkGXe+rCo78Aau0hc57fFMTsJqnuWEqVt3GRq28hSK1FOZ7ni9/XibHcmN rt2yugl3hYpClijo4nrDL1NxibbamkGW/vFGcljS0jqXz6NDVbGx5Oo7HBByxByz iQCVAwUQMhmtVjt/x7zOdmsfAQFuVQQApsVUTigT5YWjQA9Nd5Z0+a/oVtZpyw5Z OljLJP3vqJdMa6TidhfcatjHbFTve5x1dmjFgMX/MQTd8zf/+Xccy/PX4+lnKNpP eSf1Y4aK+E8KHmBGd6GzX6CIboyGYLS9e3kGnN06F2AQtaLyJFgQ71wRaGuyKmQG FwTn7jiKb1aJAJUDBRAyEOLXPt3iN6QQUSEBATwQA/9jqu0Nbk154+Pn+9mJX/YT fYR2UqK/5FKCqgL5Nt/Deg2re0zMD1f8F9Dj6vuAAxq8hnOkIHKlWolMjkRKkzJi mSPEWl3AuHJ31k948J8it4f8kq/o44usIA2KKVMlI63Q/rmNdfWCyiYQEVGcRbTm GTdZIHYCOgV5dOo4ebFqgYkAlQMFEDIE1nMEJn15jgpJ0QEBW6kEAKqN8XSgzTqf CrxFXT07MlHhfdbKUTNUoboxCGCLNW05vf1A8F5fdE5i14LiwkldWIzPxWD+Sa3L fNPCfCZTaCiyGcLyTzVfBHA18MBAOOX6JiTpdcm22jLGUWBf/aJK3yz/nfbWntd/ LRHysIdVp29lP5BF+J9/Lzbb/9LxP1taiQCVAwUQMgRXZ44CzbsJWQz9AQFf7gP/ Qa2FS5S6RYKG3rYanWADVe/ikFV2lxuM1azlWbsmljXvKVWGe6cV693nS5lGGAjx lbd2ADwXjlkNhv45HLWFm9PEveO9Jjr6tMuXVt8N2pxiX+1PLUN9CtphTIU7Yfjn s6ryZZfwGHSfIxNGi5ua2SoXhg0svaYnxHxXmOtH24iJAJUDBRAyAkpV8qaAEa3W TBkBARfQBAC+S3kbulEAN3SI7/A+A/dtl9DfZezT9C4SRBGsl2clQFMGIXmMQ/7v 7lLXrKQ7U2zVbgNfU8smw5h2vBIL6f1PyexSmc3mz9JY4er8KeZpcf6H0rSkHl+i d7TF0GvuTdNPFO8hc9En+GG6QHOqbkB4NRZ6cwtfwUMhk2FHXBnjF4kAlQMFEDH5 FFukUJAsCdPmTQEBe74EAMBsxDnbD9cuI5MfF/QeTNEG4BIVUZtAkDme4Eg7zvsP d3DeJKCGeNjiCWYrRTCGwaCWzMQk+/+MOmdkI6Oml+AIurJLoHceHS9jP1izdP7f N2jkdeJSBsixunbQWtUElSgOQQ4iF5kqwBhxtOfEP/L9QsoydRMR1yB6WPD75H7V iQCVAwUQMZ9YNGtaZ42Bsqd5AQH0PAQAhpVlAc3ZM/KOTywBSh8zWKVlSk3q/zGn k7hJmFThnlhH1723+WmXE8aAPJi+VXOWJUFQgwELJ6R8jSU2qvk2m1VWyYSqRKvc VRQMqT2wjss0GE1Ngg7tMrkRHT0il7E2xxIb8vMrIwmdkbTfYqBUhhGnsWPHZHq7 MoA1/b+rK7CJAJUDBRAxnvXh3IDyptUyfLkBAYTDA/4mEKlIP/EUX2Zmxgrd/JQB hqcQlkTrBAaDOnOqe/4oewMKR7yaMpztYhJs97i03Vu3fgoLhDspE55ooEeHj0r4 cOdiWfYDsjSFUYSPNVhW4OSruMA3c29ynMqNHD7hpr3rcCPUi7J2RncocOcCjjK2 BQb/9IAUNeK4C9gPxMEZLokAlQMFEDGeO86zWmLrWZ8yPQEBEEID/2fPEUrSX3Yk j5TJPFZ9MNX0lEo7AHYjnJgEbNI4pYm6C3PnMlsYfCSQDHuXmRQHAOWSdwOLvCkN F8eDaF3M6u0urgeVJ+KVUnTz2+LZoZs12XSZKCte0HxjbvPpWMTTrYyimGezH79C mgDVjsHaYOx3EXF0nnDmtXurGioEmW1J =mSvM -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.wosch; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/2B7181AD 1997/08/09 Wolfram Schneider <wosch@FreeBSD.org> Key fingerprint = CA 16 91 D9 75 33 F1 07 1B F0 B4 9F 3E 95 B6 09 -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzPs+aEAAAEEAJqqMm2I9CxWMuHDvuVO/uh0QT0az5ByOktwYLxGXQmqPG1G Q3hVuHWYs5Vfm/ARU9CRcVHFyqGQ3LepoRhDHk+JcASHan7ptdFsz7xk1iNNEoe0 vE2rns38HIbiyQ/2OZd4XsyhFOFtExNoBuyDyNoe3HbHVBQT7TmN/mkrcYGtAAUR tCVXb2xmcmFtIFNjaG5laWRlciA8d29zY2hARnJlZUJTRC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxnH AzmN/mkrcYGtAQF5vgP/SLOiI4AwuPHGwUFkwWPRtRzYSySXqwaPCop5mVak27wk pCxGdzoJO2UgcE812Jt92Qas91yTT0gsSvOVNATaf0TM3KnKg5ZXT1QIzYevWtuv 2ovAG4au3lwiFPDJstnNAPcgLF3OPni5RCUqBjpZFhb/8YDfWYsMcyn4IEaJKre0 JFdvbGZyYW0gU2NobmVpZGVyIDxzY2huZWlkZXJAemliLmRlPokAlQMFEDcZxu85 jf5pK3GBrQEBCRgD/jPj1Ogx4O769soiguL1XEHcxhqtrpKZkKwxmDLRa0kJFwLp bBJ3Qz3vwaB7n5gQU0JiL1B2M7IxVeHbiIV5pKp7FD248sm+HZvBg6aSnCg2JPUh sHd1tK5X4SB5cjFt3Cj0LIN9/c9EUxm3SoML9bovmze60DckErrRNOuTk1IntCJX b2xmcmFtIFNjaG5laWRlciA8d29zY2hAYXBmZWwuZGU+iQEVAwUQNmfWXAjJLLJO sC7dAQEASAgAnE4g2fwMmFkQy17ATivljEaDZN/m0GdXHctdZ8CaPrWk/9/PTNK+ U6xCewqIKVwtqxVBMU1VpXUhWXfANWCB7a07D+2GrlB9JwO5NMFJ6g0WI/GCUXjC xb3NTkNsvppL8Rdgc8wc4f23GG4CXVggdTD2oUjUH5Bl7afgOT4xLPAqePhS7hFB UnMsbA94OfxPtHe5oqyaXt6cXH/SgphRhzPPZq0yjg0Ef+zfHVamvZ6Xl2aLZmSv Cc/rb0ShYDYi39ly9OPPiBPGbSVw2Gg804qx3XAKiTFkLsbYQnRt7WuCPsOVjFkf CbQS31TaclOyzenZdCAezubGIcrJAKZjMIkAlQMFEDPs+aE5jf5pK3GBrQEBlIAD /3CRq6P0m1fi9fbPxnptuipnoFB/m3yF6IdhM8kSe4XlXcm7tS60gxQKZgBO3bDA 5QANcHdl41Vg95yBAZepPie6iQeAAoylRrONeIy6XShjx3S0WKmA4+C8kBTL+vwa UqF9YJ1qesZQtsXlkWp/Z7N12RkueVAVQ7wRPwfnz6E3tC5Xb2xmcmFtIFNjaG5l aWRlciA8d29zY2hAcGFua2UuZGUuZnJlZWJzZC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxnEqTmN/mkr cYGtAQFnpQP9EpRZdG6oYN7d5abvIMN82Z9x71a4QBER+R62mU47wqdRG2b6jMMh 3k07b2oiprVuPhRw/GEPPQevb6RRT6SD9CPYAGfK3MDE8ZkMj4d+7cZDRJQ35sxv gAzQwuA9l7kS0mt5jFRPcEg5/KpuyehRLckjx8jpEM7cEJDHXhBIuVg= =3V1R -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.ben; Type Bits KeyID Created Expires Algorithm Use sec+ 1024 0x99392F7D 1998-08-23 ---------- RSA Sign & Encrypt f16 Fingerprint16 = 3D 89 87 42 CE CA 93 4C 68 32 0E D5 36 05 3D 16 uid Ben Smithurst <ben@scientia.demon.co.uk> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: PGPfreeware 5.0i for non-commercial use mQCNAzXffuQAAAEEAKXLh1Z3Bg5yrHVrmm9bFUKcg5VwwWyiY0M2LznqHOhhKSPd yXkyWWaRZBSSZEa/KneVEYcUVM6CIwGrnO9h8drkxdZgPukrWqzkgwiI+zsOs8tS XAMnnoukIrfcSq8Vcclb6YW6/nduakPLTuHvHpJXhNwP+ITp1CsPVtiZOS99AAUR tChCZW4gU21pdGh1cnN0IDxiZW5Ac2NpZW50aWEuZGVtb24uY28udWs+iQCVAwUQ Nd9+5CsPVtiZOS99AQGVFAP9G0tcrm8PK1MP57xbztNzPoWnP6h5MJmVH3nor7wE dJwEHPXwGwqR92RptH4G+dHipbGSqsqWh65WyeTrzgm4pyX32Zb6AM2+Bbv+2NP0 HdcY+qhlEYZyPsryuqySAWwUKSDxx22JD0cxQp1CDkeSdB8VBVCix5ZsPPMOm9/I ZO0= =IcyI -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.dcs; Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/488A2DD5 2000/06/07 Daniel C. Sobral <dcs@freebsd.org> Key fingerprint = AF 90 A6 A2 B5 8D 6C 28 37 F3 F4 47 8B 31 47 DF Daniel C. 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Type Bits/KeyID Date User ID pub 1024/666A7421 1997/04/30 Brian Somers <brian@awfulhak.org> Key fingerprint = 2D 91 BD C2 94 2C 46 8F 8F 09 C4 FC AD 12 3B 21 Brian Somers <brian@uk.OpenBSD.org> Brian Somers <brian@uk.FreeBSD.org> Brian Somers <brian@OpenBSD.org> Brian Somers <brian@FreeBSD.org> -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.3ia mQCNAzNmogUAAAEEALdsjVsV2dzO8UU4EEo7z3nYuvB2Q6YJ8sBUYjB8/vfR5oZ9 7aEQjgY5//pXvS30rHUB9ghk4kIFSljzeMudE0K2zH5n2sxpLbBKWZRDLS7xnrDC I3j9CNKwQBzMPs0fUT46gp96nf1X8wPiJXkDUEia/c0bRbXlLw7tvOdmanQhAAUR tCFCcmlhbiBTb21lcnMgPGJyaWFuQGF3ZnVsaGFrLm9yZz6JAJUDBRA4qXaPfU3G z8mTvFkBASJ1A/4gAN3XvKJchXeH+mt/acNiA7+jxtAjmMfSjJiaIldYdaA9ESYi XDamPbwQzuaMOslA3uhH+W0tNN8AbcaQ7wqWeKN1WZ7HFPzLUuaQTJhoiNTdWmaK ZkhxiDNGA5ycJBXI5FwUb22QaB8Sj7u7vEXBpMo++zEcN+s6haSbAB8w6IkAlQMF EDgdNQU/ZTB66ZtiFQEBBL0D/3PZ1au27HPVMN/69P3mstJLzO/a95w6koavXQph 3aRbtR7G/Gw5qRQMjwGrQ4derIcWPuONoOPXWFu2Hy7/7fYgEAsQ004MskEUImJ7 gjCZbmASV/8CoJHtBtNTHC+63MRfD++YU0XXsN832u5+90pq1n/5c7d7jdKn/zRK niQQiQCVAwUQNxY7OB9/qQgDWPy9AQGTsQQAk2dcz3WicxHU+AH63m0G2lOMrRHq HZ1V2SJHPCJfiw5QzlACHpOT4Jx00TOMosHGbmEKwg0RYHTqH3BX0aNDw+5hhc3d tqjxpm7x4gwQmAsoZZD11iA3qANXF++yZVNTRXctHWcLl+3LGjJaYwpDj3O/vOep q+qUIuPM4+8mba2JAJUDBRA3FKmdnWdBAAxuEhUBARJtBAC9mwTXOL6cT64NwE3W fz3pKS+pWI97PaQX/H+3mC16uN/AP8sIlpKy++IF8XGdhMvQB2Vvq2yT81G63zAI D97lqG3krw8ikaNcLSp02B8vjhCGwSBw5iFLity+yrqQX+1gCOOkO358s9Lcb7Ua 7g4736Mpff00kXyCnGsNmiDYe4kAlQMFEDcMlqZnSj3xVLFxuQEBCKwEAJrpL9rv YoXJztmWmpNuuSPoGKM7vm4gJ4HVzX4UxjHhMRc3c0PEHuxCboDKSAxJCatoKGN+ bBorQ/qIElVhAo3FWxyADzNrvWsRRpSu3wzpppB9mVgzLcMdiOXWabN6toPZmNjv QM+WKJKexlu74kqVlx00R8TrLmOms3u9VO0ViQB1AwUQNwwBLw7sAx9+veyxAQFk RwL/V15Lm+poq/wwscyiNgBN7XpONJUX1OiLpI5f7s0/Rl3C97hIyHsIj08DfpOC C/qnAhHb/FmYL/7TuOa+fSGULInDWkgLCl/+gsYWuh6LINY8OK43cs9d64GEYv56 3quZiQCVAwUQNq9AjPafnz58Zbu1AQGDmwP+NLOUsBKV063jzu/AKFBRGuWeG4Ms ZKU+wVW6upv6ELSudPV3tjNstF0y5HfOqF6Y8isxs1qvE+mUyjXRffuS4UtspScr XT6tQIw5NgaHH31l+PqV50T4gul3DXWBokC/Dkx72REmEA4h3jH8APFnTMxStUfN JyTMADWF4ySay82JAJUDBRAzbedc77OxBWZTbW0BAVtFA/42QelA3RBXYUtIcYGo b+QsWkA1kGyBKQGPSS9coHdUVjClBRl3UZFmZhxAODb7cBRXmpvx2ZuMrhn/MpXT MqPOJaE3FYm+5SoeArphsRU+T8XofxfLvRHkM3JURUjIVZdAQNvxxBso8NJG5Kay P0Q96Vw+3sEwFK49jt14RCJy4IkAlQMFEDNzvb1sq+iWcxFJBQEBfZwD/R3KNFf9 ype9Dea8j1YIeNZ1E3e03en1I8fMj6EmS1/L1WfFzMnfFCxZs7JgPtkBuB3CqP8f +LOdDt6PHPqNakmI9E6fiuGfJZ3jFZYATXa0XKuIoxIJNKhqkpbF8ixJZFTxFwAA wVYM3+sqr4qQ8FzVc5entxjyxPFNkwJwRWV+iQCVAwUQM2aiBQ7tvOdmanQhAQE7 LgQAiN6Hz+zd8bh0nO6VizbJxWFRHPbrQWnJXGoMYyy88DyszAXC4zRshlyGUDQd HeP/1DFCXDEu78GfDCLaJ1bm25yVR7kLxDZaEUQEbWqxfiwuzizAjkaxrW7dBbWI LwWqrYF5TXClw+oUU/oIUW4t6t+GpAO18PLYhSMXVYErrAC0I0JyaWFuIFNvbWVy cyA8YnJpYW5AdWsuT3BlbkJTRC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQOLfPRw7tvOdmanQhAQFzOwP/ WAZvuOUvhsXwjI1ZGMVgQJTSBkup+kwZUUzUNAfn90YVLwgJLEkWZxp05uj3FD/C 3NW876w4/bPGrho09Tr0OsqQtY0ew+9Z7I0SGir4CwG7DxoxUjCk8GRcfi2xwswR L0XEm+7WJyYPoLY121XM7ZUswm1rb+KkZ1Ya6LYq4fS0I0JyaWFuIFNvbWVycyA8 YnJpYW5AdWsuRnJlZUJTRC5vcmc+iQCVAwUQNxS1nJ1nQQAMbhIVAQHGGAQAqLPZ yhE7mh/s9odFrPiCGJjfRRJvMKT1HEJl+RhYXwVEPqyW35c79Iyf39mnPaiR4CCA JSd6TJHzKVPFGBxLqFQnuGU1ObK+GXQWhfZKZtjq4hYGcCL+EAIu3QjLvWcBkbWd /s9w0LFUmoLnI2UyHsk1EeivuxN2FwDUIznahWWJAJUDBRA3FKXkDu2852ZqdCEB AeBxA/0btzY8FjtYJcRIi080aVN9UYdSM8NZYVTFSZCwBgcPYnkpI73SJLoaldYv luMCgQpU9FDhNvCo6VmwSjxSAEkWMzeMksKaa7BuR+ORBUKLKL2Bvxz3DM11NhjI 9IsFU8ZzKuyPKB+fPBMR6nxDdgEQ954JgduPfa7shpduqVvwX7QgQnJpYW4gU29t ZXJzIDxicmlhbkBPcGVuQlNELm9yZz6JAJUDBRA3FLVunWdBAAxuEhUBAUMLA/4/ Qf5ZJbSHZ0HYzqkf23TgYCQrVH/dOcupA/pOJG8Xk9WAGgOuSidqP2Y/ovuvRdvg VCf95GAe6aysLrdodHpNWbZ3BsaALEHRSeSUnjJMFGearRngplT2+ffij6t51Oqd 0SPAZ++xcyv/0MviFv1hVSW3/+jQjQm8kYkYz2xpf4kAlQMFEDcUpcgO7bznZmp0 IQEBczAD/3b7bI98gQvrHosunwf50vjZygaH39xJL+exbGa2hreM/Z+LFutXssGo kc7ipYR6qwxNe0kymnwTmldTbZe47O6IOSBT1jZVYdXCvrKQ5neueQ/KcrIc4gxe n0gLKhn059+cZdt14zttDDCuOI+COVeqxMlAwQ65l+PSeejhZH8GtCBCcmlhbiBT b21lcnMgPGJyaWFuQEZyZWVCU0Qub3JnPokAlQMFEDcUtWOdZ0EADG4SFQEBzwUD /iDFJROA7RL0mRbRuGCvbrHx0pErSGn4fxfyc0rKnXHi2YMHLon23psO/UYb6oad Asqe5LiNpBzt2tfZGd2V5Q5d1Q4ONUlf2eS8zcPb2mSrhf77RmpLTo2nOROWs51h iAOXM8LEYMnRDnHfDlTzFDK3TVkSOl0TrZ22WkUsJg/GiQCVAwUQNxSlrg7tvOdm anQhAQFlSQP+MdzI3kClfikKDupjsqCHA+BitQ41g7zRxroyWxRgZgEY6/zwptnK uNnD8wcZ30YQn8hLzWnrDQdDYy40VP5u84slZ/dn5QMx6qplN+mhHaqKF1GNk97z mM6PmzO1bSJ2qxtYlKsNRtfRoF1MFJD78vfnTSDP2mKCP3tCL9z/bro= =Tq7h -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- &a.gsutter; Type Bits KeyID Created Expires Algorithm Use sec+ 1024 0x40AE3052 1998-07-18 ---------- DSS Sign & Encrypt f20 Fingerprint20 = 61D4 6A28 F282 482E 1D82 D077 E31E 323D 40AE 3052 uid Gregory S. Sutter <gsutter@pobox.com> uid Gregory S. Sutter <gsutter@zer0.org> uid Gregory S. Sutter <gsutter@daemonnews.org> uid Gregory S. 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This chapter documents various guidelines and policies in force for the FreeBSD source tree. <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> on Makefiles June 1996. If a particular portion of the FreeBSD distribution is being maintained by a person or group of persons, they can communicate this fact to the world by adding a MAINTAINER= email-addresses line to the Makefiles covering this portion of the source tree. The semantics of this are as follows: The maintainer owns and is responsible for that code. This means that he is responsible for fixing bugs and answer problem reports pertaining to that piece of the code, and in the case of contributed software, for tracking new versions, as appropriate. Changes to directories which have a maintainer defined shall be sent to the maintainer for review before being committed. Only if the maintainer does not respond for an unacceptable period of time, to several emails, will it be acceptable to commit changes without review by the maintainer. However, it is suggested that you try and have the changes reviewed by someone else if at all possible. It is of course not acceptable to add a person or group as maintainer unless they agree to assume this duty. On the other hand it doesn't have to be a committer and it can easily be a group of people. Contributed Software Contributed by &a.phk; and &a.obrien;. June 1996. Some parts of the FreeBSD distribution consist of software that is actively being maintained outside the FreeBSD project. For historical reasons, we call this contributed software. Some examples are perl, gcc and patch. Over the last couple of years, various methods have been used in dealing with this type of software and all have some number of advantages and drawbacks. No clear winner has emerged. Since this is the case, after some debate one of these methods has been selected as the official method and will be required for future imports of software of this kind. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested that existing contributed software converge on this model over time, as it has significant advantages over the old method, including the ability to easily obtain diffs relative to the official versions of the source by everyone (even without cvs access). This will make it significantly easier to return changes to the primary developers of the contributed software. Ultimately, however, it comes down to the people actually doing the work. If using this model is particularly unsuited to the package being dealt with, exceptions to these rules may be granted only with the approval of the core team and with the general consensus of the other developers. The ability to maintain the package in the future will be a key issue in the decisions. Because of some unfortunate design limitations with the RCS file format and CVS's use of vendor branches, minor, trivial and/or cosmetic changes are strongly discouraged on files that are still tracking the vendor branch. Spelling fixes are explicitly included here under the cosmetic category and are to be avoided for files with revision 1.1.x.x. The repository bloat impact from a single character change can be rather dramatic. The TCL embedded programming language will be used as example of how this model works: src/contrib/tcl contains the source as distributed by the maintainers of this package. Parts that are entirely not applicable for FreeBSD can be removed. In the case of Tcl, the mac, win and compat subdirectories were eliminated before the import src/lib/libtcl contains only a "bmake style" Makefile that uses the standard bsd.lib.mk makefile rules to produce the library and install the documentation. src/usr.bin/tclsh contains only a bmake style Makefile which will produce and install the tclsh program and its associated man-pages using the standard bsd.prog.mk rules. src/tools/tools/tcl_bmake contains a couple of shell-scripts that can be of help when the tcl software needs updating. These are not part of the built or installed software. The important thing here is that the src/contrib/tcl directory is created according to the rules: It is supposed to contain the sources as distributed (on a proper CVS vendor-branch and without RCS keyword expansion) with as few FreeBSD-specific changes as possible. The 'easy-import' tool on freefall will assist in doing the import, but if there are any doubts on how to go about it, it is imperative that you ask first and not blunder ahead and hope it works out. CVS is not forgiving of import accidents and a fair amount of effort is required to back out major mistakes. Because of the previously mentioned design limitations with CVS's vendor branches, it is required that official patches from the vendor be applied to the original distributed sources and the result re-imported onto the vendor branch again. Official patches should never be patched into the FreeBSD checked out version and "committed", as this destroys the vendor branch coherency and makes importing future versions rather difficult as there will be conflicts. Since many packages contain files that are meant for compatibility with other architectures and environments that FreeBSD, it is permissible to remove parts of the distribution tree that are of no interest to FreeBSD in order to save space. Files containing copyright notices and release-note kind of information applicable to the remaining files shall not be removed. If it seems easier, the bmake Makefiles can be produced from the dist tree automatically by some utility, something which would hopefully make it even easier to upgrade to a new version. If this is done, be sure to check in such utilities (as necessary) in the src/tools directory along with the port itself so that it is available to future maintainers. In the src/contrib/tcl level directory, a file called FREEBSD-upgrade should be added and it should states things like: Which files have been left out Where the original distribution was obtained from and/or the official master site. Where to send patches back to the original authors Perhaps an overview of the FreeBSD-specific changes that have been made. However, please do not import FREEBSD-upgrade with the contributed source. Rather you should cvs add FREEBSD-upgrade ; cvs ci after the initial import. Example wording from src/contrib/cpio is below: This directory contains virgin sources of the original distribution files on a "vendor" branch. Do not, under any circumstances, attempt to upgrade the files in this directory via patches and a cvs commit. New versions or official-patch versions must be imported. Please remember to import with "-ko" to prevent CVS from corrupting any vendor RCS Ids. For the import of GNU cpio 2.4.2, the following files were removed: INSTALL cpio.info mkdir.c Makefile.in cpio.texi mkinstalldirs To upgrade to a newer version of cpio, when it is available: 1. Unpack the new version into an empty directory. [Do not make ANY changes to the files.] 2. Remove the files listed above and any others that don't apply to FreeBSD. 3. Use the command: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU cpio v<version>' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_<version> For example, to do the import of version 2.4.2, I typed: cvs import -ko -m 'Virgin import of GNU v2.4.2' \ src/contrib/cpio GNU cpio_2_4_2 4. Follow the instructions printed out in step 3 to resolve any conflicts between local FreeBSD changes and the newer version. Do not, under any circumstances, deviate from this procedure. To make local changes to cpio, simply patch and commit to the main branch (aka HEAD). Never make local changes on the GNU branch. All local changes should be submitted to "cpio@gnu.ai.mit.edu" for inclusion in the next vendor release. obrien@FreeBSD.org - 30 March 1997 - Encumbered files + Encumbered Files It might occasionally be necessary to include an encumbered file in the FreeBSD source tree. For example, if a device requires a small piece of binary code to be loaded to it before the device will operate, and we do not have the source to that code, then the binary file is said to be encumbered. The following policies apply to including encumbered files in the FreeBSD source tree. Any file which is interpreted or executed by the system CPU(s) and not in source format is encumbered. Any file with a license more restrictive than BSD or GNU is encumbered. A file which contains downloadable binary data for use by the hardware is not encumbered, unless (1) or (2) apply to it. It must be stored in an architecture neutral ASCII format (file2c or uuencoding is recommended). Any encumbered file requires specific approval from the Core team before it is added to the CVS repository. Encumbered files go in src/contrib or src/sys/contrib. The entire module should be kept together. There is no point in splitting it, unless there is code-sharing with non-encumbered code. Object files are named arch/filename.o.uu>. Kernel files; Should always be referenced in conf/files.* (for build simplicity). Should always be in LINT, but the Core team decides per case if it should be commented out or not. The Core team can, of course, change their minds later on. The Release Engineer decides whether or not it goes in to the release. User-land files; The Core team decides if the code should be part of make world. The Release Engineer decides if it goes in to the release. Shared Libraries Contributed by &a.asami;, &a.peter;, and &a.obrien; 9 December 1996. If you are adding shared library support to a port or other piece of software that doesn't have one, the version numbers should follow these rules. Generally, the resulting numbers will have nothing to do with the release version of the software. The three principles of shared library building are: Start from 1.0 If there is a change that is backwards compatible, bump minor number (note that ELF systems ignore the minor number) If there is an incompatible change, bump major number For instance, added functions and bugfixes result in the minor version number being bumped, while deleted functions, changed function call syntax etc. will force the major version number to change. Stick to version numbers of the form major.minor (x.y). Our a.out dynamic linker does not handle version numbers of the form x.y.z well. Any version number after the y (ie. the third digit) is totally ignored when comparing shared lib version numbers to decide which library to link with. Given two shared libraries that differ only in the micro revision, ld.so will link with the higher one. Ie: if you link with libfoo.so.3.3.3, the linker only records 3.3 in the headers, and will link with anything starting with libfoo.so.3.(anything >= 3).(highest available). ld.so will always use the highest minor revision. Ie: it will use libc.so.2.2 in preference to libc.so.2.0, even if the program was initially linked with libc.so.2.0. In addition, our ELF dynamic linker does not handle minor version numbers at all. However, one should still specify a major and minor version number as our Makefiles "do the right thing" based on the type of system. For non-port libraries, it is also our policy to change the shared library version number only once between releases. In addition, it is our policy to change the major shared library version number only once between major OS releases. Ie: X.0 to (X+1).0. When you make a change to a system library that requires the version number to be bumped, check the Makefile's commit logs. It is the responsibility of the committer to ensure that the first such change since the release will result in the shared library version number in the Makefile to be updated, and any subsequent changes will not.