diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml index 843883e43d..f1d5e58c83 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml @@ -1,9578 +1,9578 @@ %books.ent; ]> FreeBSD Porter's Handbook The FreeBSD Documentation Project April 2000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 The FreeBSD Documentation Project &bookinfo.trademarks; &bookinfo.legalnotice; Introduction The FreeBSD ports collection is the way almost everyone installs applications ("ports") on FreeBSD. Like everything else about FreeBSD, it is primarily a volunteer effort. It is important to keep this in mind when reading this document. In FreeBSD, anyone may submit a new port, or volunteer to maintain an existing port if it is unmaintained—you do not need any special commit privileges to do so. Making a port yourself So, you are interested in making your own port or upgrading an existing one? Great! What follows are some guidelines for creating a new port for FreeBSD. If you want to upgrade an existing port, you should read this and then read . When this document is not sufficiently detailed, you should refer to /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk, which all port Makefiles include. Even if you do not hack Makefiles daily, it is well commented, and you will still gain much knowledge from it. Additionally, you may send specific questions to the &a.ports;. Only a fraction of the variables (VAR) that can be overridden are mentioned in this document. Most (if not all) are documented at the start of /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk; the others probably ought to be. Note that this file uses a non-standard tab setting: Emacs and Vim should recognize the setting on loading the file. Both &man.vi.1; and &man.ex.1; can be set to use the correct value by typing :set tabstop=4 once the file has been loaded. Quick Porting This section tells you how to do a quick port. In many cases, it is not sufficient, so you will have to read further on into the document. First, get the original tarball and put it into DISTDIR, which defaults to /usr/ports/distfiles. The following assumes that the software compiled out-of-the-box, i.e., there was absolutely no change required for the port to work on your FreeBSD box. If you needed to change something, you will have to refer to the next section too. Writing the <filename>Makefile</filename> The minimal Makefile would look something like this: # New ports collection makefile for: oneko # Date created: 5 December 1994 # Whom: asami # # $FreeBSD$ # PORTNAME= oneko PORTVERSION= 1.1b CATEGORIES= games MASTER_SITES= ftp://ftp.cs.columbia.edu/archives/X11R5/contrib/ MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org COMMENT= A cat chasing a mouse all over the screen MAN1= oneko.1 MANCOMPRESSED= yes USE_IMAKE= yes .include <bsd.port.mk> See if you can figure it out. Do not worry about the contents of the $FreeBSD$ line, it will be filled in automatically by CVS when the port is imported to our main ports tree. You can find a more detailed example in the sample Makefile section. Writing the description files There are two description files that are required for any port, whether they actually package or not. They are pkg-descr and pkg-plist. Their pkg- prefix distinguishes them from other files. <filename>pkg-descr</filename> This is a longer description of the port. One to a few paragraphs concisely explaining what the port does is sufficient. This is not a manual or an in-depth description on how to use or compile the port! Please be careful if you are copying from the README or manpage; too often they are not a concise description of the port or are in an awkward format (e.g., manpages have justified spacing). If the ported software has an official WWW homepage, you should list it here. Prefix one of the websites with WWW: so that automated tools will work correctly. It is recommended that you sign your name at the end of this file, as in: This is a port of oneko, in which a cat chases a poor mouse all over the screen. : (etc.) WWW: http://www.oneko.org/ - Satoshi asami@cs.berkeley.edu <filename>pkg-plist</filename> This file lists all the files installed by the port. It is also called the packing list because the package is generated by packing the files listed here. The pathnames are relative to the installation prefix (usually /usr/local or /usr/X11R6). If you are using the MANn variables (as you should be), do not list any manpages here. Here is a small example: bin/oneko lib/X11/app-defaults/Oneko lib/X11/oneko/cat1.xpm lib/X11/oneko/cat2.xpm lib/X11/oneko/mouse.xpm @dirrm lib/X11/oneko Refer to the &man.pkg.create.1; manual page for details on the packing list. You should list all the files, but not the name directories, in the list. Also, if the port creates directories for itself during installation, make sure to add @dirrm lines as necessary to remove them when the port is deleted. It is recommended that you keep all the filenames in this file sorted alphabetically. It will make verifying the changes when you upgrade the port much easier. Creating a packing list manually can be a very tedious task. If the port installs a large numbers of files, creating the packing list automatically might save time. There is only one case when pkg-plist can be omitted from a port. If the port installs just a handful of files, and perhaps directories, the files and directories may be listed in the variables PLIST_FILES and PLIST_DIRS, respectively, within the port's Makefile. For instance, we could get along without pkg-plist in the above oneko port by adding the following lines to the Makefile: PLIST_FILES= bin/oneko \ lib/X11/app-defaults/Oneko \ lib/X11/oneko/cat1.xpm \ lib/X11/oneko/cat2.xpm \ lib/X11/oneko/mouse.xpm PLIST_DIRS= lib/X11/oneko Of course, PLIST_DIRS should be left unset if a port installs no directories of its own. The price for this way of listing port's files and directories is that you cannot use command sequences described in &man.pkg.create.1;. Therefore, it is suitable only for simple ports and makes them even simpler. At the same time, it has the advantage of reducing the number of files in the ports collection. Please consider using this technique before you resort to pkg-plist. Later we will see how pkg-plist and PLIST_FILES can be used to fulfil more sophisticated tasks. Creating the checksum file Just type make makesum. The ports make rules will automatically generate the file distinfo. If a file fetched has its checksum changed regularly and you are certain the source is trusted (i.e. it comes from manufacturer CDs or documentation generated daily), you should specify these files in the IGNOREFILES variable. Then the checksum is not calculated for that file when you run make makesum, but set to IGNORE. Testing the port You should make sure that the port rules do exactly what you want them to do, including packaging up the port. These are the important points you need to verify. pkg-plist does not contain anything not installed by your port pkg-plist contains everything that is installed by your port Your port can be installed multiple times using the reinstall target Your port cleans up after itself upon deinstall Recommended test ordering make install make package make deinstall pkg_add package-name make deinstall make reinstall make package Make sure that there are not any warnings issued in any of the package and deinstall stages. After step 3, check to see if all the new directories are correctly deleted. Also, try using the software after step 4, to ensure that it works correctly when installed from a package. Checking your port with <command>portlint</command> Please use portlint to see if your port conforms to our guidelines. The portlint program is part of the ports collection. In particular, you may want to check if the Makefile is in the right shape and the package is named appropriately. Submitting the port First, make sure you have read the DOs and DON'Ts section. Now that you are happy with your port, the only thing remaining is to put it in the main FreeBSD ports tree and make everybody else happy about it too. We do not need your work directory or the pkgname.tgz package, so delete them now. Next, simply include the output of shar `find port_dir` in a bug report and send it with the &man.send-pr.1; program (see Bug Reports and General Commentary for more information about &man.send-pr.1;). If the uncompressed port is larger than 20KB, you should compress it into a tarfile and use &man.uuencode.1; before including it in the bug report (uuencoded tarfiles are acceptable even if the bug report is smaller than 20KB but are not preferred). Be sure to classify the bug report as category ports and class change-request (Do not mark the report confidential!). Also add a short description of the program you ported to the Description field of the PR and the shar or uuencoded tarfile to the Fix field. You can make our work a lot easier, if you use a good description in the synopsis of the problem report. We prefer something like New port: <category>/<portname> <short description of the port> for new ports and Update port: <category>/<portname> <short description of the update> for port updates. If you stick to this scheme, the chance that someone will take a look at your PR soon is much better. One more time, do not include the original source distfile, the work directory, or the package you built with make package. After you have submitted your port, please be patient. Sometimes it can take a few months before a port is included in FreeBSD, although it might only take a few days. You can view the list of ports waiting to be committed to FreeBSD. Once we have looked at your port, we will get back to you if necessary, and put it in the tree. Your name will also appear in the list of Additional FreeBSD Contributors and other files. Isn't that great?!? :-) Slow Porting Ok, so it was not that simple, and the port required some modifications to get it to work. In this section, we will explain, step by step, how to modify it to get it to work with the ports paradigm. How things work First, this is the sequence of events which occurs when the user first types make in your port's directory. You may find that having bsd.port.mk in another window while you read this really helps to understand it. But do not worry if you do not really understand what bsd.port.mk is doing, not many people do... :-> The fetch target is run. The fetch target is responsible for making sure that the tarball exists locally in DISTDIR. If fetch cannot find the required files in DISTDIR it will look up the URL MASTER_SITES, which is set in the Makefile, as well as our main FTP site at , where we put sanctioned distfiles as backup. It will then attempt to fetch the named distribution file with FETCH, assuming that the requesting site has direct access to the Internet. If that succeeds, it will save the file in DISTDIR for future use and proceed. The extract target is run. It looks for your port's distribution file (typically a gzip'd tarball) in DISTDIR and unpacks it into a temporary subdirectory specified by WRKDIR (defaults to work). The patch target is run. First, any patches defined in PATCHFILES are applied. Second, if any patch files named patch-* are found in PATCHDIR (defaults to the files subdirectory), they are applied at this time in alphabetical order. The configure target is run. This can do any one of many different things. If it exists, scripts/configure is run. If HAS_CONFIGURE or GNU_CONFIGURE is set, WRKSRC/configure is run. If USE_IMAKE is set, XMKMF (default: xmkmf -a) is run. The build target is run. This is responsible for descending into the port's private working directory (WRKSRC) and building it. If USE_GMAKE is set, GNU make will be used, otherwise the system make will be used. The above are the default actions. In addition, you can define targets pre-something or post-something, or put scripts with those names, in the scripts subdirectory, and they will be run before or after the default actions are done. For example, if you have a post-extract target defined in your Makefile, and a file pre-build in the scripts subdirectory, the post-extract target will be called after the regular extraction actions, and the pre-build script will be executed before the default build rules are done. It is recommended that you use Makefile targets if the actions are simple enough, because it will be easier for someone to figure out what kind of non-default action the port requires. The default actions are done by the bsd.port.mk targets do-something. For example, the commands to extract a port are in the target do-extract. If you are not happy with the default target, you can fix it by redefining the do-something target in your Makefile. The main targets (e.g., extract, configure, etc.) do nothing more than make sure all the stages up to that one are completed and call the real targets or scripts, and they are not intended to be changed. If you want to fix the extraction, fix do-extract, but never ever change the way extract operates! Now that you understand what goes on when the user types make, let us go through the recommended steps to create the perfect port. Getting the original sources Get the original sources (normally) as a compressed tarball (foo.tar.gz or foo.tar.Z) and copy it into DISTDIR. Always use mainstream sources when and where you can. You will need to set the variable MASTER_SITES to reflect where the original tarball resides. You will find convenient shorthand definitions for most mainstream sites in bsd.sites.mk. Please use these sites—and the associated definitions—if at all possible, to help avoid the problem of having the same information repeated over again many times in the source base. As these sites tend to change over time, this becomes a maintenance nightmare for everyone involved. If you cannot find a FTP/HTTP site that is well-connected to the net, or can only find sites that have irritatingly non-standard formats, you might want to put a copy on a reliable FTP or HTTP server that you control (e.g., your home page). If you cannot find somewhere convenient and reliable to put the distfile we can house it ourselves on ftp.FreeBSD.org; however, this is the least-preferred solution. The distfile must be placed into ~/public_distfiles/ of someone's freefall account. Ask the person who commits your port to do this. This person will also set MASTER_SITES to MASTER_SITE_LOCAL and MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR to their freefall username. If your port's distfile changes all the time without any kind of version update by the author, consider putting the distfile on your home page and listing it as the first MASTER_SITES. If you can, try to talk the port author out of doing this; it really does help to establish some kind of source code control. Hosting your own version will prevent users from getting checksum mismatch errors, and also reduce the workload of maintainers of our FTP site. Also, if there is only one master site for the port, it is recommended that you house a backup at your site and list it as the second MASTER_SITES. If your port requires some additional `patches' that are available on the Internet, fetch them too and put them in DISTDIR. Do not worry if they come from a site other than where you got the main source tarball, we have a way to handle these situations (see the description of PATCHFILES below). Modifying the port Unpack a copy of the tarball in a private directory and make whatever changes are necessary to get the port to compile properly under the current version of FreeBSD. Keep careful track of everything you do, as you will be automating the process shortly. Everything, including the deletion, addition, or modification of files should be doable using an automated script or patch file when your port is finished. If your port requires significant user interaction/customization to compile or install, you should take a look at one of Larry Wall's classic Configure scripts and perhaps do something similar yourself. The goal of the new ports collection is to make each port as plug-and-play as possible for the end-user while using a minimum of disk space. Unless explicitly stated, patch files, scripts, and other files you have created and contributed to the FreeBSD ports collection are assumed to be covered by the standard BSD copyright conditions. Patching In the preparation of the port, files that have been added or changed can be picked up with a recursive &man.diff.1; for later feeding to &man.patch.1;. Each set of patches you wish to apply should be collected into a file named patch-* where * indicates the pathnames of the files that are patched, such as patch-Imakefile or patch-src-config.h. These files should be stored in PATCHDIR, from where they will be automatically applied. All patches must be relative to WRKSRC (generally the directory your port's tarball unpacks itself into, that being where the build is done). To make fixes and upgrades easier, you should avoid having more than one patch fix the same file (e.g., patch-file and patch-file2 both changing WRKSRC/foobar.c). Please only use characters [-+._a-zA-Z0-9] for naming your patches. Do not use any other characters besides them. Do not name your patches like patch-aa or patch-ab etc, always mention path and file name in patch names. Do not put RCS strings in patches. CVS will mangle them when we put the files into the ports tree, and when we check them out again, they will come out different and the patch will fail. RCS strings are surrounded by dollar ($) signs, and typically start with $Id or $RCS. Using the recurse () option to &man.diff.1; to generate patches is fine, but please take a look at the resulting patches to make sure you do not have any unnecessary junk in there. In particular, diffs between two backup files, Makefiles when the port uses Imake or GNU configure, etc., are unnecessary and should be deleted. If you had to edit configure.in and run autoconf to regenerate configure, do not take the diffs of configure (it often grows to a few thousand lines!); define USE_AUTOCONF_VER=213 and take the diffs of configure.in. Quite often, there is a situation when the software being ported, especially if it is primarily developed on &windows;, uses the CR/LF convention for most of its source files. This may cause problems with further patching, compiler warnings, scripts execution (/bin/sh^M not found), etc. To quickly convert those files from CR/LF to just LF, you can do something like this: USE_REINPLACE= yes post-extract: @${FIND} -E ${WRKDIR} -type f -iregex ".*\.(c|cpp|h|txt)" -print0 | \ ${XARGS} -0 ${REINPLACE_CMD} -e 's/[[:cntrl:]]*$$//' Of course, if you need to process each and every file, above can be omitted. Be aware that this piece of code will strip all trailing control characters from each line of processed file (except \n). Also, if you had to delete a file, then you can do it in the post-extract target rather than as part of the patch. Once you are happy with the resulting diff, please split it up into one source file per patch file. Configuring Include any additional customization commands in your configure script and save it in the scripts subdirectory. As mentioned above, you can also do this with Makefile targets and/or scripts with the name pre-configure or post-configure. Handling user input If your port requires user input to build, configure, or install, you must set IS_INTERACTIVE in your Makefile. This will allow overnight builds to skip your port if the user sets the variable BATCH in his environment (and if the user sets the variable INTERACTIVE, then only those ports requiring interaction are built). This will save a lot of wasted time on the set of machines that continually build ports (see below). It is also recommended that if there are reasonable default answers to the questions, you check the PACKAGE_BUILDING variable and turn off the interactive script when it is set. This will allow us to build the packages for CDROMs and FTP. Configuring the Makefile Configuring the Makefile is pretty simple, and again we suggest that you look at existing examples before starting. Also, there is a sample Makefile in this handbook, so take a look and please follow the ordering of variables and sections in that template to make your port easier for others to read. Now, consider the following problems in sequence as you design your new Makefile: The original source Does it live in DISTDIR as a standard gzip'd tarball named something like foozolix-1.2.tar.gz? If so, you can go on to the next step. If not, you should look at overriding any of the DISTVERSION, DISTNAME, EXTRACT_CMD, EXTRACT_BEFORE_ARGS, EXTRACT_AFTER_ARGS, EXTRACT_SUFX, or DISTFILES variables, depending on how alien a format your port's distribution file is. (The most common case is EXTRACT_SUFX=.tar.Z, when the tarball is condensed by regular compress, not gzip.) In the worst case, you can simply create your own do-extract target to override the default, though this should be rarely, if ever, necessary. Naming The first part of the port's Makefile names the port, describes its version number, and lists it in the correct category. <makevar>PORTNAME</makevar> and <makevar>PORTVERSION</makevar> You should set PORTNAME to the base name of your port, and PORTVERSION to the version number of the port. <makevar>PORTREVISION</makevar> and <makevar>PORTEPOCH</makevar> <makevar>PORTREVISION</makevar> The PORTREVISION variable is a monotonically increasing value which is reset to 0 with every increase of PORTVERSION (i.e. every time a new official vendor release is made), and appended to the package name if non-zero. Changes to PORTREVISION are used by automated tools (e.g. &man.pkg.version.1;) to highlight the fact that a new package is available. PORTREVISION should be increased each time a change is made to the port which significantly affects the content or structure of the derived package. Examples of when PORTREVISION should be bumped: Addition of patches to correct security vulnerabilities, bugs, or to add new functionality to the port. Changes to the port Makefile to enable or disable compile-time options in the package. Changes in the packing list or the install-time behavior of the package (e.g. change to a script which generates initial data for the package, like ssh host keys). Version bump of a port's shared library dependency (in this case, someone trying to install the old package after installing a newer version of the dependency will fail since it will look for the old libfoo.x instead of libfoo.(x+1)). Silent changes to the port distfile which have significant functional differences, i.e. changes to the distfile requiring a correction to distinfo with no corresponding change to PORTVERSION, where a diff -ru of the old and new versions shows non-trivial changes to the code. Examples of changes which do not require a PORTREVISION bump: Style changes to the port skeleton with no functional change to what appears in the resulting package. Changes to MASTER_SITES or other functional changes to the port which do not affect the resulting package. Trivial patches to the distfile such as correction of typos, which are not important enough that users of the package should go to the trouble of upgrading. Build fixes which cause a package to become compilable where it was previously failing (as long as the changes do not introduce any functional change on any other platforms on which the port did previously build). Since PORTREVISION reflects the content of the package, if the package was not previously buildable then there is no need to increase PORTREVISION to mark a change. A rule of thumb is to ask yourself whether a change committed to a port is something which everyone would benefit from having (either because of an enhancement, fix, or by virtue that the new package will actually work at all), and weigh that against that fact that it will cause everyone who regularly updates their ports tree to be compelled to update. If yes, the PORTREVISION should be bumped. <makevar>PORTEPOCH</makevar> From time to time a software vendor or FreeBSD porter will do something silly and release a version of their software which is actually numerically less than the previous version. An example of this is a port which goes from foo-20000801 to foo-1.0 (the former will be incorrectly treated as a newer version since 20000801 is a numerically greater value than 1). In situations such as this, the PORTEPOCH version should be increased. If PORTEPOCH is nonzero it is appended to the package name as described in section 0 above. PORTEPOCH must never be decreased or reset to zero, because that would cause comparison to a package from an earlier epoch to fail (i.e. the package would not be detected as out of date): the new version number (e.g. 1.0,1 in the above example) is still numerically less than the previous version (20000801), but the ,1 suffix is treated specially by automated tools and found to be greater than the implied suffix ,0 on the earlier package. Dropping or resetting PORTEPOCH incorrectly leads to no end of grief; if you do not understand the above discussion, please keep after it until you do, or ask questions on the mailing lists. It is expected that PORTEPOCH will not be used for the majority of ports, and that sensible use of PORTVERSION can often pre-empt it becoming necessary if a future release of the software should change the version structure. However, care is needed by FreeBSD porters when a vendor release is made without an official version number — such as a code snapshot release. The temptation is to label the release with the release date, which will cause problems as in the example above when a new official release is made. For example, if a snapshot release is made on the date 20000917, and the previous version of the software was version 1.2, the snapshot release should be given a PORTVERSION of 1.2.20000917 or similar, not 20000917, so that the succeeding release, say 1.3, is still a numerically greater value. Example of <makevar>PORTREVISION</makevar> and <makevar>PORTEPOCH</makevar> usage The gtkmumble port, version 0.10, is committed to the ports collection: PORTNAME= gtkmumble PORTVERSION= 0.10 PKGNAME becomes gtkmumble-0.10. A security hole is discovered which requires a local FreeBSD patch. PORTREVISION is bumped accordingly. PORTNAME= gtkmumble PORTVERSION= 0.10 PORTREVISION= 1 PKGNAME becomes gtkmumble-0.10_1 A new version is released by the vendor, numbered 0.2 (it turns out the author actually intended 0.10 to actually mean 0.1.0, not what comes after 0.9 - oops, too late now). Since the new minor version 2 is numerically less than the previous version 10, the PORTEPOCH must be bumped to manually force the new package to be detected as newer. Since it is a new vendor release of the code, PORTREVISION is reset to 0 (or removed from the Makefile). PORTNAME= gtkmumble PORTVERSION= 0.2 PORTEPOCH= 1 PKGNAME becomes gtkmumble-0.2,1 The next release is 0.3. Since PORTEPOCH never decreases, the version variables are now: PORTNAME= gtkmumble PORTVERSION= 0.3 PORTEPOCH= 1 PKGNAME becomes gtkmumble-0.3,1 If PORTEPOCH were reset to 0 with this upgrade, someone who had installed the gtkmumble-0.10_1 package would not detect the gtkmumble-0.3 package as newer, since 3 is still numerically less than 10. Remember, this is the whole point of PORTEPOCH in the first place. <makevar>PKGNAMEPREFIX</makevar> and <makevar>PKGNAMESUFFIX</makevar> Two optional variables, PKGNAMEPREFIX and PKGNAMESUFFIX, are combined with PORTNAME and PORTVERSION to form PKGNAME as ${PKGNAMEPREFIX}${PORTNAME}${PKGNAMESUFFIX}-${PORTVERSION}. Make sure this conforms to our guidelines for a good package name. In particular, you are not allowed to use a hyphen (-) in PORTVERSION. Also, if the package name has the language- or the -compiled.specifics part (see below), use PKGNAMEPREFIX and PKGNAMESUFFIX, respectively. Do not make them part of PORTNAME. Package Naming Conventions The following are the conventions you should follow in naming your packages. This is to have our package directory easy to scan, as there are already thousands of packages and users are going to turn away if they hurt their eyes! The package name should look like language_region-name-compiled.specifics-version.numbers. The package name is defined as ${PKGNAMEPREFIX}${PORTNAME}${PKGNAMESUFFIX}-${PORTVERSION}. Make sure to set the variables to conform to that format. FreeBSD strives to support the native language of its users. The language- part should be a two letter abbreviation of the natural language defined by ISO-639 if the port is specific to a certain language. Examples are ja for Japanese, ru for Russian, vi for Vietnamese, zh for Chinese, ko for Korean and de for German. If the port is specific to a certain region within the language area, add the two letter country code as well. Examples are en_US for US English and fr_CH for Swiss French. The language- part should be set in the PKGNAMEPREFIX variable. The first letter of name part should be lowercase. (The rest of the name can contain capital letters, so use your own discretion when you are converting a software name that has some capital letters in it.) There is a tradition of naming perl 5 modules by prepending p5- and converting the double-colon separator to a hyphen; for example, the Data::Dumper module becomes p5-Data-Dumper. If the software in question has numbers, hyphens, or underscores in its name, you may include them as well (like kinput2). If the port can be built with different hardcoded defaults (usually part of the directory name in a family of ports), the -compiled.specifics part should state the compiled-in defaults (the hyphen is optional). Examples are papersize and font units. The -compiled.specifics part should be set in the PKGNAMESUFFIX variable. The version string should follow a dash (-) and be a period-separated list of integers and single lowercase alphabetics. In particular, it is not permissible to have another dash inside the version string. The only exception is the string pl (meaning patchlevel), which can be used only when there are no major and minor version numbers in the software. If the software version has strings like alpha, beta, rc, or pre, take the first letter and put it immediately after a period. If the version string continues after those names, the numbers should follow the single alphabet without an extra period between them. The idea is to make it easier to sort ports by looking at the version string. In particular, make sure version number components are always delimited by a period, and if the date is part of the string, use the yyyy.mm.dd format, not dd.mm.yyyy or the non-Y2K compliant yy.mm.dd format. Here are some (real) examples on how to convert the name as called by the software authors to a suitable package name: Distribution Name PKGNAMEPREFIX PORTNAME PKGNAMESUFFIX PORTVERSION Reason mule-2.2.2 (empty) mule (empty) 2.2.2 No changes required XFree86-3.3.6 (empty) XFree86 (empty) 3.3.6 No changes required EmiClock-1.0.2 (empty) emiclock (empty) 1.0.2 No uppercase names for single programs rdist-1.3alpha (empty) rdist (empty) 1.3.a No strings like alpha allowed es-0.9-beta1 (empty) es (empty) 0.9.b1 No strings like beta allowed mailman-2.0rc3 (empty) mailman (empty) 2.0.r3 No strings like rc allowed v3.3beta021.src (empty) tiff (empty) 3.3 What the heck was that anyway? tvtwm (empty) tvtwm (empty) pl11 Version string always required piewm (empty) piewm (empty) 1.0 Version string always required xvgr-2.10pl1 (empty) xvgr (empty) 2.10.1 pl allowed only when no major/minor version numbers gawk-2.15.6 ja- gawk (empty) 2.15.6 Japanese language version psutils-1.13 (empty) psutils -letter 1.13 Papersize hardcoded at package build time pkfonts (empty) pkfonts 300 1.0 Package for 300dpi fonts If there is absolutely no trace of version information in the original source and it is unlikely that the original author will ever release another version, just set the version string to 1.0 (like the piewm example above). Otherwise, ask the original author or use the date string (yyyy.mm.dd) as the version. Categorization <makevar>CATEGORIES</makevar> When a package is created, it is put under /usr/ports/packages/All and links are made from one or more subdirectories of /usr/ports/packages. The names of these subdirectories are specified by the variable CATEGORIES. It is intended to make life easier for the user when he is wading through the pile of packages on the FTP site or the CDROM. Please take a look at the current list of categories and pick the ones that are suitable for your port. This list also determines where in the ports tree the port is imported. If you put more than one category here, it is assumed that the port files will be put in the subdirectory with the name in the first category. See below for more discussion about how to pick the right categories. Current list of categories Here is the current list of port categories. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are virtual categories—those that do not have a corresponding subdirectory in the ports tree. They are only used as secondary categories, and only for search purposes. For non-virtual categories, you will find a one-line description in the COMMENT in that subdirectory's Makefile. Category Description Notes accessibility Ports to help disabled users. afterstep* Ports to support the AfterStep window manager. arabic Arabic language support. archivers Archiving tools. astro Astronomical ports. audio Sound support. benchmarks Benchmarking utilities. biology Biology-related software. cad Computer aided design tools. chinese Chinese language support. comms Communication software. Mostly software to talk to your serial port. converters Character code converters. databases Databases. deskutils Things that used to be on the desktop before computers were invented. devel Development utilities. Do not put libraries here just because they are libraries—unless they truly do not belong anywhere else, they should not be in this category. dns DNS-related software. editors General editors. Specialized editors go in the section for those tools (e.g., a mathematical-formula editor will go in math). elisp* Emacs-lisp ports. emulators Emulators for other operating systems. Terminal emulators do not belong here—X-based ones should go to x11 and text-based ones to either comms or misc, depending on the exact functionality. finance Monetary, financial and related applications. french French language support. ftp FTP client and server utilities. If your port speaks both FTP and HTTP, put it in ftp with a secondary category of www. games Games. german German language support. gnome* Ports from the GNOME Project. graphics Graphics utilities. haskell* Software related to the Haskell language. hebrew Hebrew language support. hungarian Hungarian language support. ipv6* IPv6 related software. irc Internet Relay Chat utilities. japanese Japanese language support. java Software related to the Java language. The java category shall not be the only one for a port. Save for ports directly related to the Java language, porters are also encouraged not to use java as the main category of a port. kde* Ports from the K Desktop Environment (KDE) Project. korean Korean language support. lang Programming languages. linux* Linux applications and support utilities. lisp* Software related to the Lisp language. mail Mail software. math Numerical computation software and other utilities for mathematics. mbone MBone applications. misc Miscellaneous utilities Basically things that do not belong anywhere else. If at all possible, try to find a better category for your port than misc, as ports tend to get overlooked in here. multimedia Multimedia software. net Miscellaneous networking software. net-mgmt Networking management software. news USENET news software. offix* Ports from the OffiX suite. palm Software support for the Palm™ series. parallel* Applications dealing with parallelism in computing. pear* Ports related to the Pear PHP framework. perl5* Ports that require Perl version 5 to run. plan9* Various programs from Plan9. polish Polish language support. portuguese Portuguese language support. print Printing software. Desktop publishing tools (previewers, etc.) belong here too. python* Software related to the Python language. ruby* Software related to the Ruby language. russian Russian language support. science Scientific ports that do not fit into other categories such as astro, biology and math. security Security utilities. shells Command line shells. sysutils System utilities. tcl76* Ports that use Tcl version 7.6 to run. tcl80* Ports that use Tcl version 8.0 to run. tcl81* Ports that use Tcl version 8.1 to run. tcl82* Ports that use Tcl version 8.2 to run. tcl83* Ports that use Tcl version 8.3 to run. textproc Text processing utilities. It does not include desktop publishing tools, which go to print. tk42* Ports that use Tk version 4.2 to run. tk80* Ports that use Tk version 8.0 to run. tk81* Ports that use Tk version 8.1 to run. tk82* Ports that use Tk version 8.2 to run. tk83* Ports that use Tk version 8.3 to run. tkstep80* Ports that use TkSTEP version 8.0 to run. ukrainian Ukrainian language support. vietnamese Vietnamese language support. windowmaker* Ports to support the WindowMaker window manager. www Software related to the World Wide Web. HTML language support belongs here too. x11 The X Window System and friends. This category is only for software that directly supports the window system. Do not put regular X applications here; most of them should go into other x11-* categories (see below). If your port is an X application, define USE_XLIB (implied by USE_IMAKE) and put it in the appropriate category. x11-clocks X11 clocks. x11-fm X11 file managers. x11-fonts X11 fonts and font utilities. x11-servers X11 servers. x11-toolkits X11 toolkits. x11-wm X11 window managers. zope* Zope support. Choosing the right category As many of the categories overlap, you often have to choose which of the categories should be the primary category of your port. There are several rules that govern this issue. Here is the list of priorities, in decreasing order of precedence: The first category must be a physical category (see above). This is necessary to make the packaging work. Virtual categories and physical categories may be intermixed after that. Language specific categories always come first. For example, if your port installs Japanese X11 fonts, then your CATEGORIES line would read japanese x11-fonts. Specific categories are listed before less-specific ones. For instance, an HTML editor should be listed as www editors, not the other way around. Also, you should not list net when the port belongs to any of irc, mail, mbone, news, security, or www, as net is included implicitly. x11 is used as a secondary category only when the primary category is a natural language. In particular, you should not put x11 in the category line for X applications. Emacs modes should be placed in the same ports category as the application supported by the mode, not in editors. For example, an Emacs mode to edit source files of some programming language should go into lang. misc should not appear with any other non-virtual category. If you have misc with something else in your CATEGORIES line, that means you can safely delete misc and just put the port in that other subdirectory! If your port truly does not belong anywhere else, put it in misc. If you are not sure about the category, please put a comment to that effect in your &man.send-pr.1; submission so we can discuss it before we import it. If you are a committer, send a note to the &a.ports; so we can discuss it first. Too often, new ports are imported to the wrong category only to be moved right away. This causes unnecessary and undesirable bloat in the master source repository. Proposing a new category As the Ports Collection has grown over time, various new categories have been introduced. New categories can either be virtual categories—those that do not have a corresponding subdirectory in the ports tree— or physical categories—those that do. The following text discusses the issues involved in creating a new physical category so that you can understand them before you propose one. Our existing practice has been to avoid creating a new physical category unless either a large number of ports would logically belong to it, or the ports that would belong to it are a logically distinct group that is of limited general interest (for instance, categories related to spoken human languages), or preferably both. The rationale for this is that such a change creates a fair amount of work for both the committers and also for all users who track changes to the Ports Collection. In addition, proposed category changes just naturally seem to attract controversy. (Perhaps this is because there is no clear consensus on when a category is too big, nor whether categories should lend themselves to browsing (and thus what number of categories would be an ideal number), and so forth.) Here is the procedure: Propose the new category on &a.ports;. You should include a detailed rationale for the new category, including why you feel the existing categories are not sufficient, and the list of existing ports proposed to move. (If there are new ports pending in GNATS that would fit this category, list them too.) If you are the maintainer and/or submitter, respectively, mention that as it may help you to make your case. Participate in the discussion. If it seems that there is support for your idea, file a PR which includes both the rationale and the list of existing ports that need to be moved. Ideally, this PR should also include patches for the following: Makefiles for the new ports once they are repocopied Makefile for the new category Makefile for the old ports' categories Makefiles for ports that depend on the old ports (for extra credit, you can include the other files that have to change, as per the procedure in the Committer's Guide.) Since it affects the ports infrastructure and involves not only performing repo-copies but also possibly running regression tests on the build cluster, the PR should be assigned to the &a.portmgr;. If that PR is approved, a committer will need to follow the rest of the procedure that is outlined in the Committer's Guide. Proposing a new virtual category should be similar to the above but much less involved, since no ports will actually have to move. In this case, the only patches to include in the PR would be those to add the new category to the CATEGORIESs of the affected ports. Proposing reorganizing all the categories Occasionally someone proposes reorganizing the categories with either a 2-level structure, or some other kind of keyword structure. To date, nothing has come of any of these proposals because, while they are very easy to make, the effort involved to retrofit the entire existing ports collection with any kind of reorganization is daunting to say the very least. Please read the history of these proposals in the mailing list archives before you post this idea; furthermore, you should be prepared to be challenged to offer a working prototype. The distribution files The second part of the Makefile describes the files that must be downloaded in order to build the port, and where they can be downloaded from. <makevar>DISTVERSION/DISTNAME</makevar> DISTNAME is the name of the port as called by the authors of the software. DISTNAME defaults to ${PORTNAME}-${PORTVERSION}, so override it only if necessary. DISTNAME is only used in two places. First, the distribution file list (DISTFILES) defaults to ${DISTNAME}${EXTRACT_SUFX}. Second, the distribution file is expected to extract into a subdirectory named WRKSRC, which defaults to work/${DISTNAME}. Some vendor's distribution names which do not fit into the ${PORTNAME}-${PORTVERSION}-scheme can be handled automatically by setting DISTVERSION. PORTVERSION and DISTNAME will be derived automatically, but can of course be overridden. The following table lists some examples: DISTVERSION PORTVERSION 0.7.1d 0.7.1.d 10Alpha3 10.a3 3Beta7-pre2 3.b7.p2 8:f_17 8f.17 PKGNAMEPREFIX and PKGNAMESUFFIX do not affect DISTNAME. Also note that if WRKSRC is equal to work/${PORTNAME}-${PORTVERSION} while the original source archive is named something other than ${PORTNAME}-${PORTVERSION}${EXTRACT_SUFX}, you should probably leave DISTNAME alone— you are better off defining DISTFILES than having to set both DISTNAME and WRKSRC (and possibly EXTRACT_SUFX). <makevar>MASTER_SITES</makevar> Record the directory part of the FTP/HTTP-URL pointing at the original tarball in MASTER_SITES. Do not forget the trailing slash (/)! The make macros will try to use this specification for grabbing the distribution file with FETCH if they cannot find it already on the system. It is recommended that you put multiple sites on this list, preferably from different continents. This will safeguard against wide-area network problems. We are even planning to add support for automatically determining the closest master site and fetching from there; having multiple sites will go a long way towards helping this effort. If the original tarball is part of one of the popular archives such as X-contrib, GNU, or Perl CPAN, you may be able refer to those sites in an easy compact form using MASTER_SITE_* (e.g., MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB and MASTER_SITE_PERL_GNU). Simply set MASTER_SITES to one of these variables and MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR to the path within the archive. Here is an example: MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications These variables are defined in /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.sites.mk. There are new entries added all the time, so make sure to check the latest version of this file before submitting a port. The user can also set the MASTER_SITE_* variables in /etc/make.conf to override our choices, and use their favorite mirrors of these popular archives instead. <makevar>EXTRACT_SUFX</makevar> If you have one distribution file, and it uses an odd suffix to indicate the compression mechanism, set EXTRACT_SUFX. For example, if the distribution file was named foo.tgz instead of the more normal foo.tar.gz, you would write: DISTNAME= foo EXTRACT_SUFX= .tgz The USE_BZIP2 and USE_ZIP variables automatically set EXTRACT_SUFX to .tar.bz2 or .zip as necessary. If neither of these are set then EXTRACT_SUFX defaults to .tar.gz. You never need to set both EXTRACT_SUFX and DISTFILES. <makevar>DISTFILES</makevar> Sometimes the names of the files to be downloaded have no resemblance to the name of the port. For example, it might be called source.tar.gz or similar. In other cases the application's source code might be in several different archives, all of which must be downloaded. If this is the case, set DISTFILES to be a space separated list of all the files that must be downloaded. DISTFILES= source1.tar.gz source2.tar.gz If not explicitly set, DISTFILES defaults to ${DISTNAME}${EXTRACT_SUFX}. <makevar>EXTRACT_ONLY</makevar> If only some of the DISTFILES must be extracted—for example, one of them is the source code, while another is an uncompressed document—list the filenames that must be extracted in EXTRACT_ONLY. DISTFILES= source.tar.gz manual.html EXTRACT_ONLY= source.tar.gz If none of the DISTFILES should be uncompressed then set EXTRACT_ONLY to the empty string. EXTRACT_ONLY= <makevar>PATCHFILES</makevar> If your port requires some additional patches that are available by FTP or HTTP, set PATCHFILES to the names of the files and PATCH_SITES to the URL of the directory that contains them (the format is the same as MASTER_SITES). If the patch is not relative to the top of the source tree (i.e., WRKSRC) because it contains some extra pathnames, set PATCH_DIST_STRIP accordingly. For instance, if all the pathnames in the patch have an extra foozolix-1.0/ in front of the filenames, then set PATCH_DIST_STRIP=-p1. Do not worry if the patches are compressed; they will be decompressed automatically if the filenames end with .gz or .Z. If the patch is distributed with some other files, such as documentation, in a gzip'd tarball, you cannot just use PATCHFILES. If that is the case, add the name and the location of the patch tarball to DISTFILES and MASTER_SITES. Then, use the EXTRA_PATCHES variable to point to those files and bsd.port.mk will automatically apply them for you. In particular, do not copy patch files into the PATCHDIR directory—that directory may not be writable. The tarball will have been extracted alongside the regular source by then, so there is no need to explicitly extract it if it is a regular gzip'd or compress'd tarball. If you do the latter, take extra care not to overwrite something that already exists in that directory. Also, do not forget to add a command to remove the copied patch in the pre-clean target. Multiple distribution files or patches from different sites and subdirectories (<literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal>) (Consider this to be a somewhat advanced topic; those new to this document may wish to skip this section at first). This section has information on the fetching mechanism known as both MASTER_SITES:n and MASTER_SITES_NN. We will refer to this mechanism as MASTER_SITES:n hereon. A little background first. OpenBSD has a neat feature inside both DISTFILES and PATCHFILES variables, both files and patches can be postfixed with :n identifiers where n both can be [0-9] and denote a group designation. For example: DISTFILES= alpha:0 beta:1 In OpenBSD, distribution file alpha will be associated with variable MASTER_SITES0 instead of our common MASTER_SITES and beta with MASTER_SITES1. This is a very interesting feature which can decrease that endless search for the correct download site. Just picture 2 files in DISTFILES and 20 sites in MASTER_SITES, the sites slow as hell where beta is carried by all sites in MASTER_SITES, and alpha can only be found in the 20th site. It would be such a waste to check all of them if maintainer knew this beforehand, would it not? Not a good start for that lovely weekend! Now that you have the idea, just imagine more DISTFILES and more MASTER_SITES. Surely our distfiles survey meister would appreciate the relief to network strain that this would bring. In the next sections, information will follow on the FreeBSD implementation of this idea. We improved a bit on OpenBSD's concept. Simplified information This section tells you how to quickly prepare fine grained fetching of multiple distribution files and patches from different sites and subdirectories. We describe here a case of simplified MASTER_SITES:n usage. This will be sufficient for most scenarios. However, if you need further information, you will have to refer to the next section. Some applications consist of multiple distribution files that must be downloaded from a number of different sites. For example, Ghostscript consists of the core of the program, and then a large number of driver files that are used depending on the user's printer. Some of these driver files are supplied with the core, but many others must be downloaded from a variety of different sites. To support this, each entry in DISTFILES may be followed by a colon and a tag name. Each site listed in MASTER_SITES is then followed by a colon, and the tag that indicates which distribution files should be downloaded from this site. For example, consider an application with the source split in two parts, source1.tar.gz and source2.tar.gz, which must be downloaded from two different sites. The port's Makefile would include lines like . Simplified use of <literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal> with 1 file per site MASTER_SITES= ftp://ftp.example1.com/:source1 \ ftp://ftp.example2.com/:source2 DISTFILES= source1.tar.gz:source1 \ source2.tar.gz:source2 Multiple distribution files can have the same tag. Continuing the previous example, suppose that there was a third distfile, source3.tar.gz, that should be downloaded from ftp.example2.com. The Makefile would then be written like . Simplified use of <literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal> with more than 1 file per site MASTER_SITES= ftp://ftp.example1.com/:source1 \ ftp://ftp.example2.com/:source2 DISTFILES= source1.tar.gz:source1 \ source2.tar.gz:source2 \ source3.tar.gz:source2 Detailed information Okay, so the previous section example did not reflect your needs? In this section we will explain in detail how the fine grained fetching mechanism MASTER_SITES:n works and how you can modify your ports to use it. Elements can be postfixed with :n where n is [^:,]+, i.e., n could conceptually be any alphanumeric string but we will limit it to [a-zA-Z_][0-9a-zA-Z_]+ for now. Moreover, string matching is case sensitive; i.e., n is different from N. However, the following words cannot be used for postfixing purposes since they yield special meaning: default, all and ALL (they are used internally in item ). Furthermore, DEFAULT is a special purpose word (check item ). Elements postfixed with :n belong to the group n, :m belong to group m and so forth. Elements without a postfix are groupless, i.e., they all belong to the special group DEFAULT. If you postfix any elements with DEFAULT, you are just being redundant unless you want to have an element belonging to both DEFAULT and other groups at the same time (check item ). The following examples are equivalent but the first one is preferred: MASTER_SITES= alpha MASTER_SITES= alpha:DEFAULT Groups are not exclusive, an element may belong to several different groups at the same time and a group can either have either several different elements or none at all. Repeated elements within the same group will be simply that, repeated elements. When you want an element to belong to several groups at the same time, you can use the comma operator (,). Instead of repeating it several times, each time with a different postfix, we can list several groups at once in a single postfix. For instance, :m,n,o marks an element that belongs to group m, n and o. All the following examples are equivalent but the last one is preferred: MASTER_SITES= alpha alpha:SOME_SITE MASTER_SITES= alpha:DEFAULT alpha:SOME_SITE MASTER_SITES= alpha:SOME_SITE,DEFAULT MASTER_SITES= alpha:DEFAULT,SOME_SITE All sites within a given group are sorted according to MASTER_SORT_AWK. All groups within MASTER_SITES and PATCH_SITES are sorted as well. Group semantics can be used in any of the following variables MASTER_SITES, PATCH_SITES, MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR, PATCH_SITE_SUBDIR, DISTFILES, and PATCHFILES according to the following syntax: All MASTER_SITES, PATCH_SITES, MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR and PATCH_SITE_SUBDIR elements must be terminated with the forward slash / character. If any elements belong to any groups, the group postfix :n must come right after the terminator /. The MASTER_SITES:n mechanism relies on the existence of the terminator / to avoid confusing elements where a :n is a valid part of the element with occurrences where :n denotes group n. For compatibility purposes, since the / terminator was not required before in both MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR and PATCH_SITE_SUBDIR elements, if the postfix immediate preceding character is not a / then :n will be considered a valid part of the element instead of a group postfix even if an element is postfixed with :n. See both and . Detailed use of <literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal> in <makevar>MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR</makevar> MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= old:n new/:NEW Directories within group DEFAULT -> old:n Directories within group NEW -> new Detailed use of <literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal> with comma operator, multiple files, multiple sites and multiple subdirectories MASTER_SITES= http://site1/%SUBDIR%/ http://site2/:DEFAULT \ http://site3/:group3 http://site4/:group4 \ http://site5/:group5 http://site6/:group6 \ http://site7/:DEFAULT,group6 \ http://site8/%SUBDIR%/:group6,group7 \ http://site9/:group8 DISTFILES= file1 file2:DEFAULT file3:group3 \ file4:group4,group5,group6 file5:grouping \ file6:group7 MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= directory-trial:1 directory-n/:groupn \ directory-one/:group6,DEFAULT \ directory The previous example results in the following fine grained fetching. Sites are listed in the exact order they will be used. file1 will be fetched from MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE http://site1/directory-trial:1/ http://site1/directory-one/ http://site1/directory/ http://site2/ http://site7/ MASTER_SITE_BACKUP file2 will be fetched exactly as file1 since they both belong to the same group MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE http://site1/directory-trial:1/ http://site1/directory-one/ http://site1/directory/ http://site2/ http://site7/ MASTER_SITE_BACKUP file3 will be fetched from MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE http://site3/ MASTER_SITE_BACKUP file4 will be fetched from MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE http://site4/ http://site5/ http://site6/ http://site7/ http://site8/directory-one/ MASTER_SITE_BACKUP file5 will be fetched from MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE MASTER_SITE_BACKUP file6 will be fetched from MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE http://site8/ MASTER_SITE_BACKUP How do I group one of the special variables from bsd.sites.mk, e.g., MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE? See . Detailed use of <literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal> with <makevar>MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE</makevar> MASTER_SITES= http://site1/ ${MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE:S/$/:sourceforge,TEST/} DISTFILES= something.tar.gz:sourceforge something.tar.gz will be fetched from all sites within MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE. How do I use this with PATCH* variables? All examples were done with MASTER* variables but they work exactly the same for PATCH* ones as can be seen in . Simplified use of <literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal> with <makevar>PATCH_SITES</makevar>. PATCH_SITES= http://site1/ http://site2/:test PATCHFILES= patch1:test What does change for ports? What does not? All current ports remain the same. The MASTER_SITES:n feature code is only activated if there are elements postfixed with :n like elements according to the aforementioned syntax rules, especially as shown in item . The port targets remain the same: checksum, makesum, patch, configure, build, etc. With the obvious exceptions of do-fetch, fetch-list, master-sites and patch-sites. do-fetch: deploys the new grouping postfixed DISTFILES and PATCHFILES with their matching group elements within both MASTER_SITES and PATCH_SITES which use matching group elements within both MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR and PATCH_SITE_SUBDIR. Check . fetch-list: works like old fetch-list with the exception that it groups just like do-fetch. master-sites and patch-sites: (incompatible with older versions) only return the elements of group DEFAULT; in fact, they execute targets master-sites-default and patch-sites-default respectively. Furthermore, using target either master-sites-all or patch-sites-all is preferred to directly checking either MASTER_SITES or PATCH_SITES. Also, directly checking is not guaranteed to work in any future versions. Check item for more information on these new port targets. New port targets There are master-sites-n and patch-sites-n targets which will list the elements of the respective group n within MASTER_SITES and PATCH_SITES respectively. For instance, both master-sites-DEFAULT and patch-sites-DEFAULT will return the elements of group DEFAULT, master-sites-test and patch-sites-test of group test, and thereon. There are new targets master-sites-all and patch-sites-all which do the work of the old master-sites and patch-sites ones. They return the elements of all groups as if they all belonged to the same group with the caveat that it lists as many MASTER_SITE_BACKUP and MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE as there are groups defined within either DISTFILES or PATCHFILES; respectively for master-sites-all and patch-sites-all. <makevar>DIST_SUBDIR</makevar> Do not let your port clutter /usr/ports/distfiles. If your port requires a lot of files to be fetched, or contains a file that has a name that might conflict with other ports (e.g., Makefile), set DIST_SUBDIR to the name of the port (${PORTNAME} or ${PKGNAMEPREFIX}${PORTNAME} should work fine). This will change DISTDIR from the default /usr/ports/distfiles to /usr/ports/distfiles/DIST_SUBDIR, and in effect puts everything that is required for your port into that subdirectory. It will also look at the subdirectory with the same name on the backup master site at ftp.FreeBSD.org. (Setting DISTDIR explicitly in your Makefile will not accomplish this, so please use DIST_SUBDIR.) This does not affect the MASTER_SITES you define in your Makefile. <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> Set your mail-address here. Please. :-) Note that only a single address without the comment part is allowed as a MAINTAINER value. The format used should be user@hostname.domain. Please do not include any descriptive text such as your real name in this entry—that merely confuses bsd.port.mk. Instead, put that information into your pkg-descr. For a detailed description of the responsibilities of maintainers, refer to the MAINTAINER on Makefiles section. If the maintainer of a port does not respond to an update request from a user after two weeks (excluding major public holidays), then that is considered a maintainer timeout, and the update may be made without explicit maintainer approval. If the maintainer does not respond within three months, then that maintainer is considered absent without leave, and can be replaced as the maintainer of the particular port in question. Exceptions to this are anything maintained by the &a.portmgr;, or the &a.security-officer;. No unauthorized commits may ever be made to ports maintained by those groups. The &a.portmgr; reserves the right to revoke or override anyone's maintainership for any reason, and the &a.security-officer; reserves the right to revoke or override maintainership for security reasons. <makevar>COMMENT</makevar> This is a one-line description of the port. Please do not include the package name (or version number of the software) in the comment. The comment should begin with a capital and end without a period. Here is an example: COMMENT= A cat chasing a mouse all over the screen The COMMENT variable should immediately follow the MAINTAINER variable in the Makefile. Please try to keep the COMMENT line less than 70 characters, as it is displayed to users as a one-line summary of the port. Dependencies Many ports depend on other ports. There are seven variables that you can use to ensure that all the required bits will be on the user's machine. There are also some pre-supported dependency variables for common cases, plus a few more to control the behavior of dependencies. <makevar>LIB_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies the shared libraries this port depends on. It is a list of lib:dir:target tuples where lib is the name of the shared library, dir is the directory in which to find it in case it is not available, and target is the target to call in that directory. For example, LIB_DEPENDS= jpeg.9:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:install will check for a shared jpeg library with major version 9, and descend into the graphics/jpeg subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The target part can be omitted if it is equal to DEPENDS_TARGET (which defaults to install). The lib part is a regular expression which is being looked up in the ldconfig -r output. Values such as intl.[5-7] and intl are allowed. The first pattern, intl.[5-7], will match any of: intl.5, intl.6 or intl.7. The second pattern, intl, will match any version of the intl library. The dependency is checked twice, once from within the extract target and then from within the install target. Also, the name of the dependency is put into the package so that &man.pkg.add.1; will automatically install it if it is not on the user's system. <makevar>RUN_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port depends on during run-time. It is a list of path:dir:target tuples where path is the name of the executable or file, dir is the directory in which to find it in case it is not available, and target is the target to call in that directory. If path starts with a slash (/), it is treated as a file and its existence is tested with test -e; otherwise, it is assumed to be an executable, and which -s is used to determine if the program exists in the search path. For example, RUN_DEPENDS= ${LOCALBASE}/etc/innd:${PORTSDIR}/news/inn \ wish8.0:${PORTSDIR}/x11-toolkits/tk80 will check if the file or directory /usr/local/etc/innd exists, and build and install it from the news/inn subdirectory of the ports tree if it is not found. It will also see if an executable called wish8.0 is in the search path, and descend into the x11-toolkits/tk80 subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. In this case, innd is actually an executable; if an executable is in a place that is not expected to be in the search path, you should use the full pathname. The official search PATH used on the ports build cluster is /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin The dependency is checked from within the install target. Also, the name of the dependency is put into the package so that &man.pkg.add.1; will automatically install it if it is not on the user's system. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>BUILD_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires to build. Like RUN_DEPENDS, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, BUILD_DEPENDS= unzip:${PORTSDIR}/archivers/unzip will check for an executable called unzip, and descend into the archivers/unzip subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. build here means everything from extraction to compilation. The dependency is checked from within the extract target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET <makevar>FETCH_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires to fetch. Like the previous two, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, FETCH_DEPENDS= ncftp2:${PORTSDIR}/net/ncftp2 will check for an executable called ncftp2, and descend into the net/ncftp2 subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The dependency is checked from within the fetch target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>EXTRACT_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires for extraction. Like the previous, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, EXTRACT_DEPENDS= unzip:${PORTSDIR}/archivers/unzip will check for an executable called unzip, and descend into the archivers/unzip subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The dependency is checked from within the extract target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. Use this variable only if the extraction does not already work (the default assumes gzip) and cannot be made to work using USE_ZIP or USE_BZIP2 described in . <makevar>PATCH_DEPENDS</makevar> This variable specifies executables or files this port requires to patch. Like the previous, it is a list of path:dir:target tuples. For example, PATCH_DEPENDS= ${NONEXISTENT}:${PORTSDIR}/java/jfc:extract will descend into the java/jfc subdirectory of your ports tree to build and install it if it is not found. The dependency is checked from within the patch target. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>DEPENDS</makevar> If there is a dependency that does not fall into either of the above categories, or your port requires having the source of the other port extracted in addition to having it installed, then use this variable. This is a list of dir:target, as there is nothing to check, unlike the previous four. The target part can be omitted if it is the same as DEPENDS_TARGET. <makevar>USE_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> A number of variables exist in order to encapsulate common dependencies that many ports have. Although their use is optional, they can help to reduce the verbosity of the port Makefiles. Each of them is styled as USE_*. The usage of these variables is restricted to the port Makefiles and ports/Mk/bsd.*.mk and is not designed to encapsulate user-settable options — use WITH_* and WITHOUT_* for that purpose. It is always incorrect to set any USE_* in /etc/make.conf. For instance, setting USE_GCC=3.2 would adds a dependency on gcc32 for every port, including gcc32 itself! The <makevar>USE_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> variables Variable Means USE_BZIP2 The port's tarballs are compressed with bzip2. USE_ZIP The port's tarballs are compressed with zip. USE_GMAKE The port requires gmake to build. USE_PERL5 The port requires perl 5 to build and install. See for additional variables that can be set relating to perl. USE_X_PREFIX The port installs in to X11BASE rather than PREFIX. See for additional variables that can be set relating to X11. USE_AUTOMAKE_VER The port uses GNU automake as part of its build process. See for additional variables that can be set relating to automake. USE_AUTOCONF_VER The port uses GNU autoconf as part of its build process. See for additional variables that can be set relating to autoconf. USE_LIBTOOL_VER The port uses GNU libtool as part of its build process. See for additional variables that can be set relating to libtool. GMAKE The full path for gmake if it is not in the PATH. USE_BISON The port uses bison for building. USE_SDL The port uses SDL for building and running. See on how to use USE_SDL. USE_GCC The port requires a specific version of gcc to build. The exact version can be specified with value such as 3.2. The minimal required version can be specified as 3.2+. The gcc from the base system is used when it satisfies the requested version, otherwise an appropriate gcc is compiled from ports and the CC and CXX variables are adjusted. USE_GCC can't be used together with USE_LIBTOOL_VER. NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES Do not use the install.man target.
Define USE_XLIB=yes if your port requires the X Window System to be installed (it is implied by USE_IMAKE). Define USE_GMAKE=yes if your port requires GNU make instead of BSD make. Define USE_AUTOCONF_VER=213 if your port requires GNU autoconf to be run. Define USE_QT_VER=3 if your port uses the latest Qt toolkit. Use USE_PERL5=yes if your port requires version 5 of the perl language. (The last is especially important since some versions of FreeBSD have perl5 as part of the base system while others do not.)
Notes on dependencies As mentioned above, the default target to call when a dependency is required is DEPENDS_TARGET. It defaults to install. This is a user variable; it is never defined in a port's Makefile. If your port needs a special way to handle a dependency, use the :target part of the *_DEPENDS variables instead of redefining DEPENDS_TARGET. When you type make clean, its dependencies are automatically cleaned too. If you do not wish this to happen, define the variable NOCLEANDEPENDS in your environment. This may be particularly desirable if the port has something that takes a long time to rebuild in its dependency list, such as KDE, GNOME or Mozilla. To depend on another port unconditionally, use the variable ${NONEXISTENT} as the first field of BUILD_DEPENDS or RUN_DEPENDS. Use this only when you need to get the source of the other port. You can often save compilation time by specifying the target too. For instance BUILD_DEPENDS= ${NONEXISTENT}:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:extract will always descend to the jpeg port and extract it. Do not use DEPENDS unless there is no other way the behavior you want can be accomplished. It will cause the other port to always be built (and installed, by default), and the dependency will go into the packages as well. If this is really what you need, you should probably write it as BUILD_DEPENDS and RUN_DEPENDS instead—at least the intention will be clear. Circular dependencies are fatal Do not introduce any circular dependencies into the ports tree! The ports building technology does not tolerate circular dependencies. If you introduce one, you will have someone, somewhere in the world, whose FreeBSD installation will break almost immediately, with many others quickly to follow. These can really be hard to detect; if in doubt, before you make that change, make sure you have done the following: cd /usr/ports; make index. That process can be quite slow on older machines, but you may be able to save a large number of people—including yourself— a lot of grief in the process.
Makefile Options Some large applications can be built in a number of configurations, adding functionality if one of a number of libraries or applications is available. Examples include choice of natural (human) language, GUI versus command-line, or type of database to support. Since not all users want those libraries or applications, the ports system provides hooks that the port author can use to control which configuration should be built. Supporting these properly will make users happy, and effectively provide 2 or more ports for the price of one. <makevar>WITH_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> and <makevar>WITHOUT_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> These variables are designed to be set by the system administrator. There are many that are standardized in ports/Mk/bsd.*.mk; others are not, which can be confusing. If you need to add such a configuration variable, please consider using one of the ones from the following list. You should not assume that a WITH_* necessarily has a corresponding WITHOUT_* variable and vice versa. In general, the default is simply assumed. Unless otherwise specified, these variables are only tested for being set or not set, rather than being set to some kind of variable such as YES or NO. The <makevar>WITH_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> and <makevar>WITHOUT_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> variables Variable Means WITH_APACHE2 If set, use www/apache2 instead of the default of www/apache. WITH_BERKELEY_DB Define this variable to specify the ability to use a variant of the Berkeley database package such as databases/db41. An associated variable, WITH_BDB_VER, may be set to values such as 2, 3, 4, 41 or 42. WITH_MYSQL Define this variable to specify the ability to use a variant of the MySQL database package such as databases/mysql40-server. An associated variable, WANT_MYSQL_VER, may be set to values such as 323, 40, 41, or 50. WITHOUT_NLS If set, says that internationalization is not needed, which can save compile time. By default, internationalization is used. WITH_OPENSSL_BASE Use the version of OpenSSL in the base system. WITH_OPENSSL_PORT Use the version of OpenSSL from security/openssh, overwriting the version that was originally installed in the base system. WITH_POSTGRESQL Define this variable to specify the ability to use a variant of the PostGreSQL database package such as databases/postgresql72. WITHOUT_X11 If the port can be built both with and without X support, then it should normally be built with X support. If this variable is defined, then the version that does not have X support should be built instead.
<makevar>OPTIONS</makevar> Background The OPTIONS variable gives the user who installs the port a dialog with the available options and saves them to /var/db/ports/portname/options. Next time when the port has to be rebuild, the options are reused. Never again you will have to remember all the twenty WITH_* and WITHOUT_* options you used to build this port! Syntax The syntax for the OPTIONS variable is: OPTIONS= OPTION "descriptive text" default ... The value for default is either ON or OFF. Multiple repetitions of these three fields are allowed. When the user runs make config (or runs make build for the first time), the framework will check for /var/db/ports/portname /options. If that file does not exist, it will use the values of OPTIONS to create a dialogbox where the options can be enabled or disabled. Then the options file is saved and the selected variables will be used when building the port. Use make showconfig to see the saved configuration. Use make rmconfig to remove the saved configuration. Example Simple use of <makevar>OPTIONS</makevar> OPTIONS= FOO "Enable option foo" On \ BAR "Support feature bar" Off .include <bsd.port.pre.mk> .if defined(WITHOUT_FOO) CONFIGURE_ARGS+= --without-foo .else CONFIGURE_ARGS+= --with-foo .endif .if defined(WITH_BAR) RUN_DEPENDS+= bar:${PORTSDIR}/bar/bar .endif .include <bsd.port.post.mk> Brokenness make index does not follow OPTIONS yet (ports/75727) PACKAGE_BUILDING is ignoring OPTIONS (ports/75727?)
Specifying the working directory Each port is extracted in to a working directory, which must be writable. The ports system defaults to having the DISTFILES unpack in to a directory called ${DISTNAME}. In other words, if you have set: PORTNAME= foo PORTVERSION= 1.0 then the port's distribution files contain a top-level directory, foo-1.0, and the rest of the files are located under that directory. There are a number of variables you can override if that is not the case. <makevar>WRKSRC</makevar> The variable lists the name of the directory that is created when the application's distfiles are extracted. If our previous example extracted into a directory called foo (and not foo-1.0) you would write: WRKSRC= ${WRKDIR}/foo or possibly WRKSRC= ${WRKDIR}/${PORTNAME} <makevar>NO_WRKSUBDIR</makevar> If the port does not extract in to a subdirectory at all then you should set NO_WRKSUBDIR to indicate that. NO_WRKSUBDIR= yes <makevar>CONFLICTS</makevar> If your package cannot coexist with other packages (because of file conflicts, runtime incompatibility, etc.), list the other package names in the CONFLICTS variable. You can use shell globs like * and ? here. Packages names should be enumerated the same way they appear in /var/db/pkg. Please make sure that CONFLICTS does not match this port's package itself, or else forcing its installation with FORCE_PKG_REGISTER will no longer work. CONFLICTS automatically sets IGNORE, which is more fully documented in . Building mechanisms If your package uses GNU make, set USE_GMAKE=yes. If your package uses configure, set HAS_CONFIGURE=yes. If your package uses GNU configure, set GNU_CONFIGURE=yes (this implies HAS_CONFIGURE). If you want to give some extra arguments to configure (the default argument list --prefix=${PREFIX} for GNU configure and empty for non-GNU configure), set those extra arguments in CONFIGURE_ARGS. If your package uses GNU autoconf, set USE_AUTOCONF_VER=213. This implies GNU_CONFIGURE, and will cause autoconf to be run before configure. If your package uses GNU configure, and the resulting executable file has a strange name like i386-portbld-freebsd4.7-appname, you will need to additionally override the CONFIGURE_TARGET variable to specify the target in the way required by scripts generated by recent versions of autoconf. Add the following line immediately after the GNU_CONFIGURE=yes line in your Makefile: CONFIGURE_TARGET=--build=${MACHINE_ARCH}-portbld-freebsd${OSREL} If your package is an X application that creates Makefiles from Imakefiles using imake, then set USE_IMAKE=yes. This will cause the configure stage to automatically do an xmkmf -a. If the flag is a problem for your port, set XMKMF=xmkmf. If the port uses imake but does not understand the install.man target, NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES=yes should be set. In addition, the author of the original port should be shot. :-> If your port's source Makefile has something else than all as the main build target, set ALL_TARGET accordingly. Same goes for install and INSTALL_TARGET.
Special considerations There are some more things you have to take into account when you create a port. This section explains the most common of those. Shared Libraries If your port installs one or more shared libraries, define a INSTALLS_SHLIB make variable, which will instruct a bsd.port.mk to run ${LDCONFIG} -m on the directory where the new library is installed (usually PREFIX/lib) during post-install target to register it into the shared library cache. This variable, when defined, will also facilitate addition of an appropriate @exec /sbin/ldconfig -m and @unexec /sbin/ldconfig -R pair into your pkg-plist file, so that a user who installed the package can start using the shared library immediately and de-installation will not cause the system to still believe the library is there. If you need, you can override the default location where the new library is installed by defining the LDCONFIG_DIRS make variable, which should contain a list of directories into which shared libraries are to be installed. For example if your port installs shared libraries into PREFIX/lib/foo and PREFIX/lib/bar directories you could use the following in your Makefile: INSTALLS_SHLIB= yes LDCONFIG_DIRS= %%PREFIX%%/lib/foo %%PREFIX%%/lib/bar Note that content of LDCONFIG_DIRS is passed through &man.sed.1; just like the rest of pkg-plist, so PLIST_SUB substitutions also apply here. It is recommended that you use %%PREFIX%% for PREFIX, %%LOCALBASE%% for LOCALBASE and %%X11BASE%% for X11BASE. Ports with distribution restrictions Licenses vary, and some of them place restrictions on how the application can be packaged, whether it can be sold for profit, and so on. It is your responsibility as a porter to read the licensing terms of the software and make sure that the FreeBSD project will not be held accountable for violating them by redistributing the source or compiled binaries either via FTP/HTTP or CD-ROM. If in doubt, please contact the &a.ports;. In situations like this, the variables described in the following sections can be set. <makevar>NO_PACKAGE</makevar> This variable indicates that we may not generate a binary package of the application. For instance, the license may disallow binary redistribution, or it may prohibit distribution of packages created from patched sources. However, the port's DISTFILES may be freely mirrored on FTP/HTTP. They may also be distributed on a CD-ROM (or similar media) unless NO_CDROM is set as well. NO_PACKAGE should also be used if the binary package is not generally useful, and the application should always be compiled from the source code. For example, if the application has configuration information that is site specific hard coded in to it at compile time, set NO_PACKAGE. NO_PACKAGE should be set to a string describing the reason why the package should not be generated. <makevar>NO_CDROM</makevar> This variable alone indicates that, although we are allowed to generate binary packages, we may put neither those packages nor the port's DISTFILES onto a CD-ROM (or similar media) for resale. However, the binary packages and the port's DISTFILES will still be available via FTP/HTTP. If this variable is set along with NO_PACKAGE, then only the port's DISTFILES will be available, and only via FTP/HTTP. NO_CDROM should be set to a string describing the reason why the port cannot be redistributed on CD-ROM. For instance, this should be used if the port's license is for non-commercial use only. <makevar>RESTRICTED</makevar> Set this variable alone if the application's license permits neither mirroring the application's DISTFILES nor distributing the binary package in any way. NO_CDROM or NO_PACKAGE should not be set along with RESTRICTED since the latter variable implies the former ones. RESTRICTED should be set to a string describing the reason why the port cannot be redistributed. Typically, this indicates that the port contains proprietary software and that the user will need to manually download the DISTFILES, possibly after registering for the software or agreeing to accept the terms of an EULA. <makevar>RESTRICTED_FILES</makevar> When RESTRICTED or NO_CDROM is set, this variable defaults to ${DISTFILES} ${PATCHFILES}, otherwise it is empty. If only some of the distribution files are restricted, then set this variable to list them. Note that the port committer should add an entry to /usr/ports/LEGAL for every listed distribution file, describing exactly what the restriction entails. Using <literal>perl</literal> Variables for ports that use <literal>perl</literal> Variable Means USE_PERL5 Says that the port uses perl 5 to build and run. USE_PERL5_BUILD Says that the port uses perl 5 to build. USE_PERL5_RUN Says that the port uses perl 5 to run. PERL The full path of perl 5, either in the system or installed from a port, but without the version number. Use this if you need to replace #!lines in scripts. PERL_CONFIGURE Configure using Perl's MakeMaker. It implies USE_PERL5. PERL_MODBUILD Configure, build and install using Module::Build. It implies PERL_CONFIGURE. Read only variables PERL_VERSION The full version of perl installed (e.g., 5.00503). PERL_VER The short version of perl installed (e.g., 5.005). PERL_LEVEL The installed perl version as an integer of the form MNNNPP (e.g., 500503). PERL_ARCH Where perl stores architecture dependent libraries. Defaults to ${ARCH}-freebsd. PERL_PORT Name of the perl port that is installed (e.g., perl5). SITE_PERL Directory name where site specific perl packages go. This value is added to PLIST_SUB.
Using X11 Variables for ports that use X USE_X_PREFIX The port installs in X11BASE, not PREFIX. USE_XLIB The port uses the X libraries. USE_MOTIF The port uses the Motif toolkit. Implies USE_XPM. USE_IMAKE The port uses imake. Implies USE_X_PREFIX. XMKMF Set to the path of xmkmf if not in the PATH. Defaults to xmkmf -a.
Variables for depending on individual parts of X11 X_IMAKE_PORT Port providing imake and several other utilities used to build X11. X_LIBRARIES_PORT Port providing X11 libraries. X_CLIENTS_PORT Port providing X clients. X_SERVER_PORT Port providing X server. X_FONTSERVER_PORT Port providing font server. X_PRINTSERVER_PORT Port providing print server. X_VFBSERVER_PORT Port providing virtual framebuffer server. X_NESTSERVER_PORT Port providing a nested X server. X_FONTS_ENCODINGS_PORT Port providing encodings for fonts. X_FONTS_MISC_PORT Port providing miscellaneous bitmap fonts. X_FONTS_100DPI_PORT Port providing 100dpi bitmap fonts. X_FONTS_75DPI_PORT Port providing 75dpi bitmap fonts. X_FONTS_CYRILLIC_PORT Port providing cyrillic bitmap fonts. X_FONTS_TTF_PORT Port providing &truetype; fonts. X_FONTS_TYPE1_PORT Port providing Type1 fonts. X_MANUALS_PORT Port providing developer oriented manual pages
Using X11 related variables in port # Use X11 libraries and depend on # font server as well as cyrillic fonts. RUN_DEPENDS= ${X11BASE}/bin/xfs:${X_FONTSERVER_PORT} \ ${X11BASE}/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/crox1c.pcf.gz:${X_FONTS_CYRILLIC_PORT} USE_XLIB= yes
Using <command>automake</command>, <command>autoconf</command>, and <command>libtool</command> Variables for ports that use automake, autoconf or libtool Variable Means AUTOMAKE The full path for automake if it is not in the PATH. USE_AUTOMAKE_VER The port uses automake. Valid values for this variable are 14 and 15, and sets the AUTOMAKE_DIR and ACLOCAL_DIR variables appropriately. AUTOMAKE_ARGS One or more command line arguments to pass to AUTOMAKE if USE_AUTOMAKE_VER is set. AUTOMAKE_ENV One or more environment variables to set (and their values) before running AUTOMAKE. ACLOCAL Set to the path of the GNU aclocal if it is not in the PATH. The default is set according to the USE_AUTOMAKE_VER variable. ACLOCAL_DIR Set to the path of the GNU aclocal shared directory. The default is set according to the USE_AUTOMAKE_VER variable. AUTOMAKE_DIR Set to the path of the GNU automake shared directory. The default is set according to the USE_AUTOMAKE_VER variable. USE_AUTOCONF_VER Specifies that the port uses autoconf. Implies GNU_CONFIGURE. The default value is 213. AUTOCONF Set to the path of GNU autoconf if it is not in the PATH. The default is set according to the USE_AUTOCONF_VER variable. AUTOCONF_ARGS Command line arguments to pass to autoconf. AUTOCONF_ENV Set these variable=value pairs in the environment before running autoconf. USE_AUTOHEADER_VER Specifies that the port uses autoheader. Implies USE_AUTOCONF_VER. The default value is 213. AUTOHEADER Set to the path of GNU autoheader if it is not in the PATH. The default is set according to USE_AUTOCONF_VER. AUTORECONF Set to the path of GNU autoreconf if it is not in the PATH. The default is set according to USE_AUTOCONF_VER. AUTOSCAN Set to the path of GNU autoscan if it is not set in the PATH. The default is set according to USE_AUTOCONF_VER. AUTOIFNAMES Set to the path of GNU autoifnames if it is not set in the PATH. The default is set according to USE_AUTOCONF_VER. USE_LIBTOOL_VER The port uses libtool. Implies GNU_CONFIGURE. The default value is 13. LIBTOOL Set to the path of libtool if it is not set in the PATH. LIBTOOLFILES The files to patch for libtool. Defaults to aclocal.m4 if USE_AUTOCONF is defined, configure otherwise. LIBTOOLFLAGS Additional flags to pass to ltconfig. Defaults to --disable-ltlibs.
Using GNOME The FreeBSD/GNOME project uses its own set of variables to define which GNOME components a particular port uses. A comprehensive list of these variables exists within the FreeBSD/GNOME project's homepage. Your port does not need to depend on GNOME if it merely installs pkg-config metadata files to PREFIX/libdata/pkgconfig. As usual, your port should be prepared to clean up after itself and remove that directory if it becomes empty. Assuming that your port installs a file named gtkmumble.pc to the said location, just add the following lines to pkg-plist: libdata/pkgconfig/gtkmumble.pc @unexec rmdir %B 2>/dev/null || true The latter line must appear immediately after the former one so that %B expands correctly. Please refer to &man.pkg.create.1; for a detailed description of the syntax used in pkg-plist. Using KDE Variables for ports that use KDE USE_QT_VER The port uses the Qt toolkit. Possible values are 1 and 3; each specify the major version of Qt to use. Sets both MOC and QTCPPFLAGSto default appropriate values. USE_KDELIBS_VER The port uses KDE libraries. Possible values are 3; each specify the major version of KDE to use. Implies USE_QT_VER of the appropriate version. USE_KDEBASE_VER The port uses KDE base. Possible values are 3; each specify the major version of KDE to use. Implies USE_KDELIBS_VER of the appropriate version. MOC Set to the path of moc. Default set according to USE_QT_VER value. QTCPPFLAGS Set the CPPFLAGS to use when processing Qt code. Default set according to USE_QT_VER value.
Using Java Variable definitions If your port needs a Java™ Development Kit (JDK) to either build, run or even extract the distfile, then it should define USE_JAVA. There are several JDKs in the ports collection, from various vendors, and in several versions. If your port must use one of these versions, you can define which one. The most current version is java/jdk14. Variables that may be set by ports that use Java Variable Means USE_JAVA Should be defined for the remaining variables to have any effect. JAVA_VERSION List of space-separated suitable Java versions for the port. An optional "+" allows you to specify a range of versions (allowed values: 1.1[+] 1.2[+] 1.3[+] 1.4[+]). JAVA_OS List of space-separated suitable JDK port operating systems for the port (allowed values: native linux). JAVA_VENDOR List of space-separated suitable JDK port vendors for the port (allowed values: freebsd bsdjava sun ibm blackdown). JAVA_BUILD When set, it means that the selected JDK port should be added to the build dependencies of the port. JAVA_RUN When set, it means that the selected JDK port should be added to the run dependencies of the port. JAVA_EXTRACT When set, it means that the selected JDK port should be added to the extract dependencies of the port. USE_JIKES Whether the port should or should not use the jikes bytecode compiler to build. When no value is set for this variable, the port will use jikes to build if available. You may also explicitly forbid or enforce the use of jikes (by setting 'no' or 'yes'). In the later case, devel/jikes will be added to build dependencies of the port. In any case that jikes is actually used in place of javac, then the HAVE_JIKES variable is defined by bsd.java.mk.
Below is the list of all settings a port will receive after setting USE_JAVA: Variables provided to ports that use Java Variable Value JAVA_PORT The name of the JDK port (e.g. 'java/jdk14'). JAVA_PORT_VERSION The full version of the JDK port (e.g. '1.4.2'). If you only need the first two digits of this version number, use ${JAVA_PORT_VERSION:C/^([0-9])\.([0-9])(.*)$/\1.\2/}. JAVA_PORT_OS The operating system used by the JDK port (e.g. 'linux'). JAVA_PORT_VENDOR The vendor of the JDK port (e.g. 'sun'). JAVA_PORT_OS_DESCRIPTION Description of the operating system used by the JDK port (e.g. 'Linux'). JAVA_PORT_VENDOR_DESCRIPTION Description of the vendor of the JDK port (e.g. 'FreeBSD Foundation'). JAVA_HOME Path to the installation directory of the JDK (e.g. '/usr/local/jdk1.3.1'). JAVAC Path to the Java compiler to use (e.g. '/usr/local/jdk1.1.8/bin/javac' or '/usr/local/bin/jikes'). JAR Path to the jar tool to use (e.g. '/usr/local/jdk1.2.2/bin/jar' or '/usr/local/bin/fastjar'). APPLETVIEWER Path to the appletviewer utility (e.g. '/usr/local/linux-jdk1.2.2/bin/appletviewer'). JAVA Path to the java executable. Use this for executing Java programs (e.g. '/usr/local/jdk1.3.1/bin/java'). JAVADOC Path to the javadoc utility program. JAVAH Path to the javah program. JAVAP Path to the javap program. JAVA_KEYTOOL Path to the keytool utility program. This variable is available only if the JDK is Java 1.2 or higher. JAVA_N2A Path to the native2ascii tool. JAVA_POLICYTOOL Path to the policytool program. This variable is available only if the JDK is Java 1.2 or higher. JAVA_SERIALVER Path to the serialver utility program. RMIC Path to the RMI stub/skeleton generator, rmic. RMIREGISTRY Path to the RMI registry program, rmiregistry. RMID Path to the RMI daemon program rmid. This variable is only available if the JDK is Java 1.2 or higher. JAVA_CLASSES Path to the archive that contains the JDK class files. On JDK 1.2 or later, this is ${JAVA_HOME}/jre/lib/rt.jar. Earlier JDKs used ${JAVA_HOME}/lib/classes.zip. HAVE_JIKES Defined whenever jikes is used by the port (see USE_JIKES above).
You may use the java-debug make target to get information for debugging your port. It will display the value of many of the forecited variables. Additionally, the following constants are defined so all Java ports may be installed in a consistent way: Constants defined for ports that use Java Constant Value JAVASHAREDIR The base directory for everything related to Java. Default: ${PREFIX}/share/java. JAVAJARDIR The directory where JAR files should be installed. Default: ${JAVASHAREDIR}/classes. JAVALIBDIR The directory where JAR files installed by other ports are located. Default: ${LOCALBASE}/share/java/classes.
The related entries are defined in both PLIST_SUB (documented in ) and SUB_LIST.
Building with Ant When the port is to be built using Apache Ant, it has to define USE_ANT. Ant is thus considered to be the sub-make command. When no do-build target is defined by the port, a default one will be set that simply runs Ant according to MAKE_ENV, MAKE_ARGS and ALL_TARGETS. This is similar to the USE_GMAKE mechanism, which is documented in . If jikes is used in place of javac (see USE_JIKES in ), then Ant will automatically use it to build the port. Best practices When porting a Java library, your port should install the JAR file(s) in ${JAVAJARDIR}, and everything else under ${JAVASHAREDIR}/${PORTNAME} (except for the documentation, see below). In order to reduce the packing file size, you may reference the JAR file(s) directly in the Makefile. Just use the following statement (where myport.jar is the name of the JAR file installed as part of the port): PLIST_FILES+= %%JAVAJARDIR%%/myport.jar When porting a Java application, the port usually installs everything under a single directory (including its JAR dependencies). The use of ${JAVASHAREDIR}/${PORTNAME} is strongly encouraged in this regard. It is up the porter to decide whether the port should install the additional JAR dependencies under this directory or directly use the already installed ones (from ${JAVAJARDIR}). Regardless of the type of your port (library or application), the additional documentation should be installed in the same location as for any other port. The JavaDoc tool is known to produce a different set of files depending on the version of the JDK that is used. For ports that do not enforce the use of a particular JDK, it is therefore a complex task to specify the packing list (pkg-plist). This is one reason why porters are strongly encouraged to use the PORTDOCS macro. Moreover, even if you can predict the set of files that will be generated by javadoc, the size of the resulting pkg-plist advocates for the use of PORTDOCS. The default value for DATADIR is ${PREFIX}/share/${PORTNAME}. It is a good idea to override DATADIR to ${JAVASHAREDIR}/${PORTNAME} for Java ports. Indeed, DATADIR is automatically added to PLIST_SUB (documented in ) so you may use %%DATADIR%% directly in pkg-plist. As for the choice of building Java ports from source or directly installing them from a binary distribution, there is no defined policy at the time of writing. However, people from the &os; Java Project encourage porters to have their ports built from source whenever it is a trivial task. All the features that have been presented in this section are implemented in bsd.java.mk. If you ever think that your port needs more sophisticated Java support, please first have a look at the bsd.java.mk CVS log as it usually takes some time to document the latest features. Then, if you think the support you are lacking would be beneficial to many other Java ports, feel free to discuss it on the &a.java;. Although there is a java category for PRs, it refers to the JDK porting effort from the &os; Java project. Therefore, you should submit your Java port in the ports category as for any other port, unless the issue you are trying to resolve is related to either a JDK implementation or bsd.java.mk. Similarly, there is a defined policy regarding the CATEGORIES of a Java port, which is detailed in .
Using Apache and PHP Apache Variables for ports that use Apache USE_APACHE The port requires Apache. WITH_APACHE2 The port requires Apache 2.0. Without this variable, the port will depend on Apache 1.3. APXS Full path to the apxs binary (read-only variable).
PHP Variables for ports that use PHP USE_PHP The port requires PHP. The value yes adds a dependency on PHP. The list of required PHP extensions can be specified instead. Example: pcre xml gettext DEFAULT_PHP_VER Selects which major version of PHP will be installed as a dependency when no PHP is installed yet. Default is 4. Possible values: 4, 5 BROKEN_WITH_PHP The port does not work with PHP of the given version. Possible values: 4, 5 USE_PHPIZE The port will be built as a PHP extension. USE_PHPEXT The port will be treated as a PHP extension, including installation and registration in the extension registry. USE_PHP_BUILD Set PHP as a build dependency. WANT_PHP_CLI Want the CLI (command line) version of PHP. WANT_PHP_CGI Want the CGI version of PHP. WANT_PHP_MOD Want the Apache module version of PHP. WANT_PHP_SCR Want the CLI or the CGI version of PHP. WANT_PHP_WEB Want the Apache module or the CGI version of PHP. WANT_PHP_PEAR Want the PEAR framework.
PEAR modules Porting PEAR modules is a very simple process. Use the variables FILES, TESTS, DATA, SQLS, SCRIPTFILES, DOCS and EXAMPLES to list the files you want to install. All listed files will be automatically installed into the appropriate locations and added to pkg-plist. Include ${PORTSDIR}/devel/pear-PEAR/Makefile.common on the last line of the Makefile. Example Makefile for PEAR class PORTNAME= Date PORTVERSION= 1.4.3 CATEGORIES= devel www pear MAINTAINER= example@domain.com COMMENT= PEAR Date and Time Zone Classes BUILD_DEPENDS= ${PEARDIR}/PEAR.php:${PORTSDIR}/devel/pear-PEAR RUN_DEPENDS= ${BUILD_DEPENDS} FILES= Date.php Date/Calc.php Date/Human.php Date/Span.php \ Date/TimeZone.php TESTS= test_calc.php test_date_methods_span.php testunit.php \ testunit_date.php testunit_date_span.php wknotest.txt \ bug674.php bug727_1.php bug727_2.php bug727_3.php \ bug727_4.php bug967.php weeksinmonth_4_monday.txt \ weeksinmonth_4_sunday.txt weeksinmonth_rdm_monday.txt \ weeksinmonth_rdm_sunday.txt DOCS= TODO _DOCSDIR= . .include <bsd.port.pre.mk> .include "${PORTSDIR}/devel/pear-PEAR/Makefile.common" .include <bsd.port.post.mk>
Using Python Most useful variables for ports that use Python USE_PYTHON The port needs Python. Minimal required version can be specified with values such as 2.3+. USE_PYDISTUTILS Use Python distutils for configuring, compiling and installing. This is required when the port comes with setup.py. PYTHON_PKGNAMEPREFIX Used as a PKGNAMEPREFIX to distinguish packages for different Python versions. Example: py24- PYTHON_SITELIBDIR Location of the site-packages tree. Useful when installing Python modules. Always use %%PYTHON_SITELIBDIR%% in pkg-plist when possible. Default value: lib/python2.4/site-packages PYNUMERIC Add dependency on numeric extension. PYXML Add dependency on XML extension. USE_TWISTED Add dependency on twistedCore. The list of required components can be specified as a value of this variable. Example: web lore pair flow USE_ZOPE Add dependency on Zope, a web application platform. Change Python dependency to Python 2.3. Set ZOPEBASEDIR containing a directory with Zope installation.
A complete list of available variables can be found in /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.python.mk.
Using Emacs This section is yet to be written. Using Ruby Useful variables for ports that use Ruby Variable Description USE_RUBY The port requires Ruby. USE_RUBY_EXTCONF The port uses extconf.rb to configure. USE_RUBY_SETUP The port uses setup.rb to configure. RUBY_SETUP Set to the alternative name of setup.rb. Common value is install.rb.
The following table shows the selected variables available to port authors via the ports infrastructure. These variables should be used to install files into their proper locations. Use them in pkg-plist as much as possible. These variables should not be redefined in the port. Selected read-only variables for ports that use Ruby Variable Description Example value RUBY_PKGNAMEPREFIX Used as a PKGNAMEPREFIX to distinguish packages for different Ruby versions. ruby18- RUBY_VERSION Full version of Ruby in the form of x.y.z. 1.8.2 RUBY_SITELIBDIR Architecture independent libraries installation path. /usr/local/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.8 RUBY_SITEARCHILIBDIR Architecture dependent libraries installation path. /usr/local/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.8/amd64-freebsd6 RUBY_MODDOCDIR Module documentation installation path. /usr/local/share/doc/ruby18/patsy RUBY_MODEXAMPLESDIR Module examples installation path. /usr/local/share/examples/ruby18/patsy
A complete list of available variables can be found in /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.ruby.mk.
Using SDL The USE_SDL variable is used to autoconfigure the dependencies for ports which use an SDL based library like devel/sdl12 and x11-toolkits/sdl_gui. The following SDL libraries are recognized at the moment: sdl: devel/sdl12 gfx: graphics/sdl_gfx gui: x11-toolkits/sdl_gui image: graphics/sdl_image ldbad: devel/sdl_ldbad mixer: audio/sdl_mixer mm: devel/sdlmm net: net/sdl_net sound: audio/sdl_sound ttf: graphics/sdl_ttf Therefore, if a port has a dependency on net/sdl_net and audio/sdl_mixer, the syntax will be: USE_SDL= net mixer The dependency devel/sdl12, which is required by net/sdl_net and audio/sdl_mixer, is automatically added as well. If you use USE_SDL, it will automatically: Add a dependency on sdl12-config to BUILD_DEPENDS Add the variable SDL_CONFIG to CONFIGURE_ENV Add the dependencies of the selected libraries to the LIB_DEPENDS To check whether an SDL library is available, you can do it with the WANT_SDL variable: WANT_SDL=yes .include <bsd.port.pre.mk> .if ${HAVE_SDL:Mmixer}!="" USE_SDL+= mixer .endif .include <bsd.port.post.mk>
<makevar>MASTERDIR</makevar> If your port needs to build slightly different versions of packages by having a variable (for instance, resolution, or paper size) take different values, create one subdirectory per package to make it easier for users to see what to do, but try to share as many files as possible between ports. Typically you only need a very short Makefile in all but one of the directories if you use variables cleverly. In the sole Makefile, you can use MASTERDIR to specify the directory where the rest of the files are. Also, use a variable as part of PKGNAMESUFFIX so the packages will have different names. This will be best demonstrated by an example. This is part of japanese/xdvi300/Makefile; PORTNAME= xdvi PORTVERSION= 17 PKGNAMEPREFIX= ja- PKGNAMESUFFIX= ${RESOLUTION} : # default RESOLUTION?= 300 .if ${RESOLUTION} != 118 && ${RESOLUTION} != 240 && \ ${RESOLUTION} != 300 && ${RESOLUTION} != 400 @${ECHO} "Error: invalid value for RESOLUTION: \"${RESOLUTION}\"" @${ECHO} "Possible values are: 118, 240, 300 (default) and 400." @${FALSE} .endif japanese/xdvi300 also has all the regular patches, package files, etc. If you type make there, it will take the default value for the resolution (300) and build the port normally. As for other resolutions, this is the entire xdvi118/Makefile: RESOLUTION= 118 MASTERDIR= ${.CURDIR}/../xdvi300 .include "${MASTERDIR}/Makefile" (xdvi240/Makefile and xdvi400/Makefile are similar). The MASTERDIR definition tells bsd.port.mk that the regular set of subdirectories like FILESDIR and SCRIPTDIR are to be found under xdvi300. The RESOLUTION=118 line will override the RESOLUTION=300 line in xdvi300/Makefile and the port will be built with resolution set to 118. Shared library versions Please read our policy on shared library versioning to understand what to do with shared library versions in general. Do not blindly assume software authors know what they are doing; many of them do not. It is very important that these details are carefully considered, as we have quite a unique situation where we are trying to have dozens of potentially incompatible software pairs co-exist. Careless port imports have caused great trouble regarding shared libraries in the past (ever wondered why the port jpeg-6b has a shared library version of 9?). If in doubt, send a message to the &a.ports;. Most of the time, your job ends by determining the right shared library version and making appropriate patches to implement it. Manpages The MAN[1-9LN] variables will automatically add any manpages to pkg-plist (this means you must not list manpages in the pkg-plist—see generating PLIST for more). It also makes the install stage automatically compress or uncompress manpages depending on the setting of NOMANCOMPRESS in /etc/make.conf. If your port tries to install multiple names for manpages using symlinks or hardlinks, you must use the MLINKS variable to identify these. The link installed by your port will be destroyed and recreated by bsd.port.mk to make sure it points to the correct file. Any manpages listed in MLINKS must not be listed in the pkg-plist. To specify whether the manpages are compressed upon installation, use the MANCOMPRESSED variable. This variable can take three values, yes, no and maybe. yes means manpages are already installed compressed, no means they are not, and maybe means the software already respects the value of NOMANCOMPRESS so bsd.port.mk does not have to do anything special. MANCOMPRESSED is automatically set to yes if USE_IMAKE is set and NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES is not set, and to no otherwise. You do not have to explicitly define it unless the default is not suitable for your port. If your port anchors its man tree somewhere other than PREFIX, you can use the MANPREFIX to set it. Also, if only manpages in certain sections go in a non-standard place, such as some perl modules ports, you can set individual man paths using MANsectPREFIX (where sect is one of 1-9, L or N). If your manpages go to language-specific subdirectories, set the name of the languages to MANLANG. The value of this variable defaults to "" (i.e., English only). Here is an example that puts it all together. MAN1= foo.1 MAN3= bar.3 MAN4= baz.4 MLINKS= foo.1 alt-name.8 MANLANG= "" ja MAN3PREFIX= ${PREFIX}/share/foobar MANCOMPRESSED= yes This states that six files are installed by this port; ${PREFIX}/man/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/ja/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/man/man4/baz.4.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man4/baz.4.gz Additionally ${PREFIX}/man/man8/alt-name.8.gz may or may not be installed by your port. Regardless, a symlink will be made to join the foo(1) manpage and alt-name(8) manpage. Ports that require Motif There are many programs that require a Motif library (available from several commercial vendors, while there is a free clone reported to be able to run many applications in x11-toolkits/lesstif) to compile. Since it is a popular toolkit and their licenses usually permit redistribution of statically linked binaries, we have made special provisions for handling ports that require Motif in a way that we can easily compile binaries linked either dynamically (for people who are compiling from the port) or statically (for people who distribute packages). <makevar>USE_MOTIF</makevar> If your port requires Motif, define this variable in the Makefile. This will prevent people who do not own a copy of Motif from even attempting to build it. <makevar>MOTIFLIB</makevar> This variable will be set by bsd.port.mk to be the appropriate reference to the Motif library. Please patch the source of your port to reference this wherever the Motif library is referenced in the Makefile or Imakefile. There are two common cases: If the port refers to the Motif library as -lXm in its Makefile or Imakefile, simply substitute ${MOTIFLIB} for it. If the port uses XmClientLibs in its Imakefile, change it to ${MOTIFLIB} ${XTOOLLIB} ${XLIB}. Note that MOTIFLIB (usually) expands to -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lXm or /usr/X11R6/lib/libXm.a, so there is no need to add -L or -l in front. X11 fonts If your port installs fonts for the X Window System, put them in X11BASE/lib/X11/fonts/local. This directory was new to XFree86 3.3.3. If it does not exist, please create it, and print out a message urging the user to update their XFree86 to 3.3.3 or newer, or at least add this directory to the font path in /etc/XF86Config. Info files If your package needs to install GNU info files, they should be listed in the INFO variable (without the trailing .info), and appropriate installation/de-installation code will be automatically added to the temporary pkg-plist before package registration. The <filename>pkg-<replaceable>*</replaceable></filename> files There are some tricks we have not mentioned yet about the pkg-* files that come in handy sometimes. <filename>pkg-message</filename> If you need to display a message to the installer, you may place the message in pkg-message. This capability is often useful to display additional installation steps to be taken after a &man.pkg.add.1; or to display licensing information. The pkg-message file does not need to be added to pkg-plist. Also, it will not get automatically printed if the user is using the port, not the package, so you should probably display it from the post-install target yourself. <filename>pkg-install</filename> If your port needs to execute commands when the binary package is installed with &man.pkg.add.1; you can do this via the pkg-install script. This script will automatically be added to the package, and will be run twice by &man.pkg.add.1;: the first time as ${SH} pkg-install ${PKGNAME} PRE-INSTALL and the second time as ${SH} pkg-install ${PKGNAME} POST-INSTALL. $2 can be tested to determine which mode the script is being run in. The PKG_PREFIX environmental variable will be set to the package installation directory. See &man.pkg.add.1; for additional information. This script is not run automatically if you install the port with make install. If you are depending on it being run, you will have to explicitly call it from your port's Makefile, with a line like PKG_PREFIX=${PREFIX} ${SH} ${PKGINSTALL} ${PKGNAME} PRE-INSTALL. <filename>pkg-deinstall</filename> This script executes when a package is removed. This script will be run twice by &man.pkg.delete.1;. The first time as ${SH} pkg-deinstall ${PKGNAME} DEINSTALL and the second time as ${SH} pkg-deinstall ${PKGNAME} POST-DEINSTALL. <filename>pkg-req</filename> If your port needs to determine if it should install or not, you can create a pkg-req requirements script. It will be invoked automatically at installation/de-installation time to determine whether or not installation/de-installation should proceed. The script will be run at installation time by &man.pkg.add.1; as pkg-req ${PKGNAME} INSTALL. At de-installation time it will be run by &man.pkg.delete.1; as pkg-req ${PKGNAME} DEINSTALL. Changing <filename>pkg-plist</filename> based on make variables Some ports, particularly the p5- ports, need to change their pkg-plist depending on what options they are configured with (or version of perl, in the case of p5- ports). To make this easy, any instances in the pkg-plist of %%OSREL%%, %%PERL_VER%%, and %%PERL_VERSION%% will be substituted for appropriately. The value of %%OSREL%% is the numeric revision of the operating system (e.g., 4.9). %%PERL_VERSION%% is the full version number of perl (e.g., 5.00502) and %%PERL_VER%% is the perl version number minus the patchlevel (e.g., 5.005). Several other %%VARS%% related to port's documentation files are described in the relevant section. If you need to make other substitutions, you can set the PLIST_SUB variable with a list of VAR=VALUE pairs and instances of %%VAR%% will be substituted with VALUE in the pkg-plist. For instance, if you have a port that installs many files in a version-specific subdirectory, you can put something like OCTAVE_VERSION= 2.0.13 PLIST_SUB= OCTAVE_VERSION=${OCTAVE_VERSION} in the Makefile and use %%OCTAVE_VERSION%% wherever the version shows up in pkg-plist. That way, when you upgrade the port, you will not have to change dozens (or in some cases, hundreds) of lines in the pkg-plist. This substitution (as well as addition of any manual pages) will be done between the pre-install and do-install targets, by reading from PLIST and writing to TMPPLIST (default: WRKDIR/.PLIST.mktmp). So if your port builds PLIST on the fly, do so in or before pre-install. Also, if your port needs to edit the resulting file, do so in post-install to a file named TMPPLIST. Another possibility to modify port's packing list is based on setting the variables PLIST_FILES and PLIST_DIRS. The value of each variable is regarded as a list of pathnames to write to TMPPLIST along with PLIST contents. Names listed in PLIST_FILES and PLIST_DIRS are subject to %%VAR%% substitution, as described above. Except for that, names from PLIST_FILES will appear in the final packing list unchanged, while @dirrm will be prepended to names from PLIST_DIRS. To take effect, PLIST_FILES and PLIST_DIRS must be set before TMPPLIST is written, i.e. in pre-install or earlier. Changing the names of <filename>pkg-<replaceable>*</replaceable></filename> files All the names of pkg-* files are defined using variables so you can change them in your Makefile if need be. This is especially useful when you are sharing the same pkg-* files among several ports or have to write to one of the above files (see writing to places other than WRKDIR for why it is a bad idea to write directly into the pkg-* subdirectory). Here is a list of variable names and their default values. (PKGDIR defaults to ${MASTERDIR}.) Variable Default value DESCR ${PKGDIR}/pkg-descr PLIST ${PKGDIR}/pkg-plist PKGINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/pkg-install PKGDEINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/pkg-deinstall PKGREQ ${PKGDIR}/pkg-req PKGMESSAGE ${PKGDIR}/pkg-message Please change these variables rather than overriding PKG_ARGS. If you change PKG_ARGS, those files will not correctly be installed in /var/db/pkg upon install from a port. Making use of <makevar>SUB_FILES</makevar> and <makevar>SUB_LIST</makevar> The SUB_FILES and SUB_LIST variables are useful for dynamic values in port files, such as the installation PREFIX in pkg-message. The SUB_FILES variable specifies a list of files to be automatically modified. Each file in the SUB_FILES list must have a corresponding file.in present in FILESDIR. A modified version will be created in WRKDIR. Files defined as a value of USE_RC_SUBR and USE_RCORDER are automatically added to SUB_FILES. For the files pkg-message, pkg-install, pkg-deinstall and pkg-reg, the corresponding Makefile variable is automatically set to point to the processed version. The SUB_LIST variable is a list of VAR=VALUE pairs. For each pair %%VAR%% will get replaced with VALUE in each file listed in SUB_FILES. Several common pairs are automatically defined: PREFIX, LOCALBASE, X11BASE, DATADIR, DOCSDIR, EXAMPLESDIR. Any line beginning with @comment will be deleted from resulting files after a variable substitution. The following example will replace %%ARCH%% with the system architecture in a pkg-message: SUB_FILES= pkg-message SUB_LIST= ARCH=${ARCH} Note that for this example, the pkg-message.in file must exist in FILESDIR. Example of a good pkg-message.in: Now it's time to configure this package. Copy %%PREFIX%%/share/examples/putsy/%%ARCH%%.conf into your home directory as .putsy.conf and edit it. Testing your port Running <command>make describe</command> Several of the &os; port maintenance tools, such as &man.portupgrade.1;, rely on a database called /usr/ports/INDEX which keeps track of such items as port dependencies. INDEX is created by the top-level ports/Makefile via make index, which descends into each port subdirectory and executes make describe there. Thus, if make describe fails in any port, no one can generate INDEX, and many people will quickly become unhappy. It is important to be able to generate this file no matter what options are present in make.conf, so please avoid doing things such as using .error statements when (for instance) a dependency is not satisfied. How to avoid using <literal>.error</literal> Assume that someone has the line USE_POINTYHAT=yes in make.conf. The first of the next two Makefile snippets will cause make index to fail, while the second one will not: .if USE_POINTYHAT .error "POINTYHAT is not supported" .endif .if USE_POINTYHAT IGNORE=POINTYHAT is not supported .endif If make describe produces a string rather than an error message, you are probably safe. See bsd.port.mk for the meaning of the string produced. Also note that running a recent version of portlint (as specified in the next section) will cause make describe to be run automatically. Portlint Do check your work with portlint before you submit or commit it. portlint warns you about many common errors, both functional and stylistic. For a new (or repocopied) port, portlint -A is the most thorough; for an existing port, portlint -C is sufficient. Since portlint uses heuristics to try to figure out errors, it can produce false positive warnings. In addition, occasionally something that is flagged as a problem really cannot be done in any other way due to limitations in the ports framework. When in doubt, the best thing to do is ask on &a.ports;. <makevar>PREFIX</makevar> Do try to make your port install relative to PREFIX. The value of this variable will be set to LOCALBASE (default /usr/local). If USE_X_PREFIX or USE_IMAKE is set, PREFIX will be X11BASE (default /usr/X11R6). If USE_LINUX_PREFIX is set, PREFIX will be LINUXBASE (default /compat/linux). Avoiding the hard-coding of /usr/local or /usr/X11R6 anywhere in the source will make the port much more flexible and able to cater to the needs of other sites. For X ports that use imake, this is automatic; otherwise, this can often be done by simply replacing the occurrences of /usr/local (or /usr/X11R6 for X ports that do not use imake) in the various scripts/Makefiles in the port to read ${PREFIX}, as this variable is automatically passed down to every stage of the build and install processes. Make sure your application is not installing things in /usr/local instead of PREFIX. A quick test for this is to do this is: &prompt.root; make clean; make package PREFIX=/var/tmp/port-name If anything is installed outside of PREFIX, the package creation process will complain that it cannot find the files. This does not test for the existence of internal references, or correct use of LOCALBASE for references to files from other ports. Testing the installation in /var/tmp/port-name to do that while you have it installed would do that. Do not set USE_X_PREFIX unless your port truly requires it (i.e., it links against X libs or it needs to reference files in X11BASE). The variable PREFIX can be reassigned in your Makefile or in the user's environment. However, it is strongly discouraged for individual ports to set this variable explicitly in the Makefiles. Also, refer to programs/files from other ports with the variables mentioned above, not explicit pathnames. For instance, if your port requires a macro PAGER to be the full pathname of less, use the compiler flag: -DPAGER=\"${LOCALBASE}/bin/less\" instead of -DPAGER=\"/usr/local/bin/less\". This way it will have a better chance of working if the system administrator has moved the whole /usr/local tree somewhere else. Upgrading When you notice that a port is out of date compared to the latest version from the original authors, you should first ensure that you have the latest port. You can find them in the ports/ports-current directory of the &os; FTP mirror sites. However, if you are working with more than a few ports, you will probably find it easier to use CVSup to keep your whole ports collection up-to-date, as described in the Handbook. This will have the added benefit of tracking all the ports' dependencies. The next step is to see if there is an update already pending. To do this, you have two options. There is a searchable interface to the FreeBSD Problem Report (PR) database (also known as GNATS). Select ports in the dropdown, and enter the name of the port. However, sometimes people forget to put the name of the port into the Synopsis field in an unambiguous fashion. In that case, you can try the FreeBSD Ports Monitoring System (also known as portsmon). This system attempts to classify port PRs by portname. To search for PRs about a particular port, - use the + use the Overview of One Port. If there is no pending PR, the next step is to send an email to the port's maintainer, as shown by make maintainer. That person may already be working on an upgrade, or have a reason to not upgrade the port right now (because of, for example, stability problems of the new version); you would not want to duplicate their work. Note that unmaintained ports are listed with a maintainer of ports@FreeBSD.org, which is just the general ports mailing list, so sending mail there probably will not help in this case. If the maintainer asks you to do the upgrade or there is no maintainer, then you have a chance to help out &os; by preparing the update yourself! Please make the changes and save the result of the recursive diff output of the new and old ports directories (e.g., if your modified port directory is called superedit and the original is in our tree as superedit.bak, then save the result of diff -ruN superedit.bak superedit). Either unified or context diff is fine, but port committers generally prefer unified diffs. Note the use of the -N option—this is the accepted way to force diff to properly deal with the case of new files being added or old files being deleted. Before sending us the diff, please examine the output to make sure all the changes make sense. To simplify common operations with patch files, you can use /usr/ports/Tools/scripts/patchtool.py. Before using it, please read /usr/ports/Tools/scripts/README.patchtool. If the port is unmaintained, and you are actively using it yourself, please consider volunteering to become its maintainer. &os; has over 2000 ports without maintainers, and this is an area where more volunteers are always needed. (For a detailed description of the responsibilities of maintainers, refer to the MAINTAINER on Makefiles section.) The best way to send us the diff is by including it via &man.send-pr.1; (category ports). If you are volunteering to maintain the port, be sure to put [maintainer update] at the beginning of your synopsis line and set the Class of your PR to maintainer-update. Otherwise, the Class of your PR should be change-request. Please mention any added or deleted files in the message, as they have to be explicitly specified to &man.cvs.1; when doing a commit. If the diff is more than about 20KB, please compress and uuencode it; otherwise, just include it in the PR as is. Before you &man.send-pr.1;, you should review the Writing the problem report section in the Problem Reports article; it contains far more information about how to write useful problem reports. If your upgrade is motivated by security concerns or a serious fault in the currently committed port, please notify the &a.portmgr; to request immediate rebuilding and redistribution of your port's package. Unsuspecting users of &man.pkg.add.1; will otherwise continue to install the old version via pkg_add -r for several weeks. Once again, please use &man.diff.1; and not &man.shar.1; to send updates to existing ports! Now that you have done all that, you will want to read about how to keep up-to-date in . Ports security Why security is so important Bugs are occasionally introduced to the software. Arguably, the most dangerous of them are those opening security vulnerabilities. From the technical viewpoint, such vulnerabilities are to be closed by exterminating the bugs that caused them. However, the policies for handling mere bugs and security vulnerabilities are very different. A typical small bug affects only those users who have enabled some combination of options triggering the bug. The developer will eventually release a patch followed by a new version of the software, free of the bug, but the majority of users will not take the trouble of upgrading immediately because the bug has never vexed them. A critical bug that may cause data loss represents a graver issue. Nevertheless, prudent users know that a lot of possible accidents, besides software bugs, are likely to lead to data loss, and so they make backups of important data; in addition, a critical bug will be discovered really soon. A security vulnerability is all different. First, it may remain unnoticed for years because often it does not cause software malfunction. Second, a malicious party can use it to gain unauthorized access to a vulnerable system, to destroy or alter sensitive data; and in the worst case the user will not even notice the harm caused. Third, exposing a vulnerable system often assists attackers to break into other systems that could not be compromised otherwise. Therefore closing a vulnerability alone is not enough: the audience should be notified of it in most clear and comprehensive manner, which will allow to evaluate the danger and take appropriate actions. Fixing security vulnerabilities While on the subject of ports and packages, a security vulnerability may initially appear in the original distribution or in the port files. In the former case, the original software developer is likely to release a patch or a new version instantly, and you will only need to update the port promptly with respect to the author's fix. If the fix is delayed for some reason, you should either mark the port as FORBIDDEN or introduce a patch file of your own to the port. In the case of a vulnerable port, just fix the port as soon as possible. In either case, the standard procedure for submitting your change should be followed unless you have rights to commit it directly to the ports tree. Being a ports committer is not enough to commit to an arbitrary port. Remember that ports usually have maintainers, whom you should respect. Please make sure that the port's revision is bumped as soon as the vulnerability has been closed. That is how the users who upgrade installed packages on a regular basis will see they need to run an update. Besides, a new package will be built and distributed over FTP and WWW mirrors, replacing the vulnerable one. PORTREVISION should be bumped unless PORTVERSION has changed in the course of correcting the vulnerability. That is you should bump PORTREVISION if you have added a patch file to the port, but you should not if you have updated the port to the latest software version and thus already touched PORTVERSION. Please refer to the corresponding section for more information. Keeping the community informed The VuXML database A very important and urgent step to take as early as a security vulnerability is discovered is to notify the community of port users about the jeopardy. Such notification serves two purposes. First, should the danger be really severe, it will be wise to apply an instant workaround, e.g., stop the affected network service or even deinstall the port completely, until the vulnerability is closed. Second, a lot of users tend to upgrade installed packages just occasionally. They will know from the notification that they must update the package without delay as soon as a corrected version is available. Given the huge number of ports in the tree, a security advisory cannot be issued on each incident without creating a flood and losing the attention of the audience by the time it comes to really serious matters. Therefore security vulnerabilities found in ports are recorded in the FreeBSD VuXML database. The Security Officer Team members are monitoring it for issues requiring their intervention. If you have committer rights, you can update the VuXML database by yourself. So you will both help the Security Officer Team and deliver the crucial information to the community earlier. However, if you are not a committer, or you believe you have found an exceptionally severe vulnerability, or whatever, please do not hesitate to contact the Security Officer Team directly as described on the FreeBSD Security Information page. All right, you elected the hard way. As it may be obvious from its title, the VuXML database is essentially an XML document. Its source file vuln.xml is kept right inside the port security/vuxml. Therefore the file's full pathname will be PORTSDIR/security/vuxml/vuln.xml. Each time you discover a security vulnerability in a port, please add an entry for it to that file. Until you are familiar with VuXML, the best thing you can do is to find an existing entry fitting your case, then copy it and use as a template. A short introduction to VuXML The full-blown XML is complex and far beyond the scope of this book. However, to gain basic insight on the structure of a VuXML entry, you need only the notion of tags. XML tag names are enclosed in angle brackets. Each opening <tag> must have a matching closing </tag>. Tags may be nested. If nesting, the inner tags must be closed before the outer ones. There is a hierarchy of tags, i.e. more complex rules of nesting them. Sounds very similar to HTML, doesn't it? The major difference is that XML is eXtensible, i.e. based on defining custom tags. Due to its intrinsic structure, XML puts otherwise amorphous data into shape. VuXML is particularly tailored to mark up descriptions of security vulnerabilities. Now let's consider a realistic VuXML entry: <vuln vid="f4bc80f4-da62-11d8-90ea-0004ac98a7b9"> <topic>Several vulnerabilities found in Foo</topic> <affects> <package> <name>foo</name> <name>foo-devel</name> <name>ja-foo</name> <range><ge>1.6</ge><lt>1.9</lt></range> <range><ge>2.*</ge><lt>2.4_1</lt></range> <range><eq>3.0b1</eq></range> </package> <package> <name>openfoo</name> <range><lt>1.10_7</lt></range> <range><ge>1.2,1</ge><lt>1.3_1,1</lt></range> </package> </affects> <description> <body xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <p>J. Random Hacker reports:</p> <blockquote cite="http://j.r.hacker.com/advisories/1"> <p>Several issues in the Foo software may be exploited via carefully crafted QUUX requests. These requests will permit the injection of Bar code, mumble theft, and the readability of the Foo administrator account.</p> </blockquote> </body> </description> <references> <freebsdsa>SA-10:75.foo</freebsdsa> <freebsdpr>ports/987654</freebsdpr> <cvename>CAN-2010-0201</cvename> <cvename>CAN-2010-0466</cvename> <bid>96298</bid> <certsa>CA-2010-99</certsa> <certvu>740169</certvu> <uscertsa>SA10-99A</uscertsa> <uscertta>SA10-99A</uscertta> <mlist msgid="201075606@hacker.com">http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=bugtraq&amp;m=203886607825605</mlist> <url>http://j.r.hacker.com/advisories/1</url> </references> <dates> <discovery>2010-05-25</discovery> <entry>2010-07-13</entry> <modified>2010-09-17</entry> </dates> </vuln> The tag names are supposed to be self-descriptive, so we shall take a closer look only at fields you will need to fill in by yourself: This is the top-level tag of a VuXML entry. It has a mandatory attribute, vid, specifying a universally unique identifier (UUID) for this entry (in quotes). You should generate a UUID for each new VuXML entry (and do not forget to substitute it for the template UUID unless you are writing the entry from scratch). You can use &man.uuidgen.1; in FreeBSD 5.x, or you may install the port devel/p5-Data-UUID and issue the following command: perl -MData::UUID -le 'print lc new Data::UUID->create_str' This is a one-line description of the issue found. The names of packages affected are listed there. Multiple names can be given since several packages may be based on a single master port or software product. This may include stable and development branches, localized versions, and slave ports featuring different choices of important build-time configuration options. It is your responsibility to find all such related packages when writing a VuXML entry. Keep in mind that make search name=foo is your friend. The primary points to look for are as follows: the foo-devel variant for a foo port; other variants with a suffix like -a4 (for print-related packages), -without-gui (for packages with X support disabled), or similar; jp-, ru-, zh-, and other possible localized variants in the corresponding national categories of the ports collection. Affected versions of the package(s) are specified there as one or more ranges using a combination of <lt>, <le>, <eq>, <ge>, and <gt> elements. The version ranges given should not overlap. In a range specification, * (asterisk) denotes the smallest version number. In particular, 2.* is less than 2.a. Therefore an asterisk may be used for a range to match all possible alpha, beta, and RC versions. For instance, <ge>2.*</ge><lt>3.*</lt> will selectively match every 2.x version while <ge>2.0</ge><lt>3.0</lt> will obviously not since the latter misses 2.r3 and matches 3.b. The above example specifies that affected are versions from 1.6 to 1.9 inclusive, versions 2.x before 2.4_1, and version 3.0b1. Several related package groups (essentially, ports) can be listed in the <affected> section. This can be used if several software products (say FooBar, FreeBar and OpenBar) grow from the same code base and still share its bugs and vulnerabilities. Note the difference from listing multiple names within a single <package> section. The version ranges should allow for PORTEPOCH and PORTREVISION if applicable. Please remember that according to the collation rules, a version with a non-zero PORTEPOCH is greater than any version without PORTEPOCH, e.g., 3.0,1 is greater than 3.1 or even than 8.9. This is a summary of the issue. XHTML is used in this field. At least enclosing <p> and </p> should appear. More complex mark-up may be used, but only for the sake of accuracy and clarity: No eye candy please. This section contains references to relevant documents. As many references as apply are encouraged. This is a FreeBSD security advisory. This is a FreeBSD problem report. This is a Mitre CVE identifier. This is a SecurityFocus Bug ID. This is a US-CERT security advisory. This is a US-CERT vulnerability note. This is a US-CERT Cyber Security Alert. This is a US-CERT Technical Cyber Security Alert. This is a URL to an archived posting in a mailing list. The attribute msgid is optional and may specify the message ID of the posting. This is a generic URL. It should be used only if none of the other reference categories apply. This is the date when the issue was disclosed (YYYY-MM-DD). This is the date when the entry was added (YYYY-MM-DD). This is the date when any information in the entry was last modified (YYYY-MM-DD). New entries must not include this field. It should be added upon editing an existing entry. Testing your changes to the VuXML database Assume you just wrote or filled in an entry for a vulnerability in the package clamav that has been fixed in version 0.65_7. As a prerequisite, you need to install fresh versions of the ports security/portaudit and security/portaudit-db. First, check whether there already is an entry for this vulnerability. If there were such entry, it would match the previous version of the package, 0.65_6: &prompt.user; packaudit &prompt.user; portaudit clamav-0.65_6 To run packaudit, you must have permission to write to its DATABASEDIR, typically /var/db/portaudit. If there is none found, you get the green light to add a new entry for this vulnerability. Now you can generate a brand-new UUID (assume it's 74a9541d-5d6c-11d8-80e3-0020ed76ef5a) and add your new entry to the VuXML database. Please verify its syntax after that as follows: &prompt.user; cd ${PORTSDIR}/security/vuxml && make validate You will need at least one of the following packages installed: textproc/libxml2, textproc/jade. Now rebuild the portaudit database from the VuXML file: &prompt.user; packaudit To verify that the <affected> section of your entry will match correct package(s), issue the following command: &prompt.user; portaudit -f /usr/ports/INDEX -r 74a9541d-5d6c-11d8-80e3-0020ed76ef5a Please refer to &man.portaudit.1; for better understanding of the command syntax. Make sure that your entry produces no spurious matches in the output. Now check whether the right package versions are matched by your entry: &prompt.user; portaudit clamav-0.65_6 clamav-0.65_7 Affected package: clamav-0.65_6 (matched by clamav<0.65_7) Type of problem: clamav remote denial-of-service. Reference: <http://www.freebsd.org/ports/portaudit/74a9541d-5d6c-11d8-80e3-0020ed76ef5a.html> 1 problem(s) found. Obviously, the former version should match while the latter one should not. Finally, verify whether the web page generated from the VuXML database looks like expected: &prompt.user; mkdir -p ~/public_html/portaudit &prompt.user; packaudit &prompt.user; lynx ~/public_html/portaudit/74a9541d-5d6c-11d8-80e3-0020ed76ef5a.html If VuXML still scares you... As an easy alternative to writing VuXML, you may opt to add a single line to a different file with much simpler syntax, PORTSDIR/security/portaudit-db/database/portaudit.txt, which resides within the port security/portaudit-db, and send a request for review to the Security Officer Team as described on the FreeBSD Security Information page. A line in that file consists of four fields separated by |, a pipe character. The first field is a &man.pkg.version.1; pattern expression matching the vulnerable packages. The second field contains URLs to relevant information, separated by space characters. The third field is a one-line description of the issue. The fourth and last field is the entry's UUID. You may want take a closer look at existing entries in portaudit.txt before adding your first line to that file. Dos and Don'ts Introduction Here is a list of common dos and don'ts that you encounter during the porting process. You should check your own port against this list, but you can also check ports in the PR database that others have submitted. Submit any comments on ports you check as described in Bug Reports and General Commentary. Checking ports in the PR database will both make it faster for us to commit them, and prove that you know what you are doing. Stripping Binaries Do not strip binaries manually unless you have to. All binaries should be stripped, but the INSTALL_PROGRAM macro will install and strip a binary at the same time (see the next section). If you need to strip a file, but do not wish to use the INSTALL_PROGRAM macro, ${STRIP_CMD} will strip your program. This is typically done within the post-install target. For example: post-install: ${STRIP_CMD} ${PREFIX}/bin/xdl Use the &man.file.1; command on the installed executable to check whether the binary is stripped or not. If it does not say not stripped, it is stripped. Additionally, &man.strip.1; will not strip a previously stripped program; it will instead exit cleanly. INSTALL_* macros Do use the macros provided in bsd.port.mk to ensure correct modes and ownership of files in your own *-install targets. INSTALL_PROGRAM is a command to install binary executables. INSTALL_SCRIPT is a command to install executable scripts. INSTALL_DATA is a command to install sharable data. INSTALL_MAN is a command to install manpages and other documentation (it does not compress anything). These are basically the install command with all the appropriate flags. See below for an example on how to use them. <makevar>WRKDIR</makevar> Do not write anything to files outside WRKDIR. WRKDIR is the only place that is guaranteed to be writable during the port build (see installing ports from a CDROM for an example of building ports from a read-only tree). If you need to modify one of the pkg-* files, do so by redefining a variable, not by writing over it. <makevar>WRKDIRPREFIX</makevar> Make sure your port honors WRKDIRPREFIX. Most ports do not have to worry about this. In particular, if you are referring to a WRKDIR of another port, note that the correct location is WRKDIRPREFIXPORTSDIR/subdir/name/work not PORTSDIR/subdir/name/work or .CURDIR/../../subdir/name/work or some such. Also, if you are defining WRKDIR yourself, make sure you prepend ${WRKDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR} in the front. Differentiating operating systems and OS versions You may come across code that needs modifications or conditional compilation based upon what version of Unix it is running under. If you need to make such changes to the code for conditional compilation, make sure you make the changes as general as possible so that we can back-port code to older FreeBSD systems and cross-port to other BSD systems such as 4.4BSD from CSRG, BSD/386, 386BSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. The preferred way to tell 4.3BSD/Reno (1990) and newer versions of the BSD code apart is by using the BSD macro defined in sys/param.h. Hopefully that file is already included; if not, add the code: #if (defined(__unix__) || defined(unix)) && !defined(USG) #include <sys/param.h> #endif to the proper place in the .c file. We believe that every system that defines these two symbols has sys/param.h. If you find a system that does not, we would like to know. Please send mail to the &a.ports;. Another way is to use the GNU Autoconf style of doing this: #ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H #include <sys/param.h> #endif Do not forget to add -DHAVE_SYS_PARAM_H to the CFLAGS in the Makefile for this method. Once you have sys/param.h included, you may use: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199103)) to detect if the code is being compiled on a 4.3 Net2 code base or newer (e.g. FreeBSD 1.x, 4.3/Reno, NetBSD 0.9, 386BSD, BSD/386 1.1 and below). Use: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199306)) to detect if the code is being compiled on a 4.4 code base or newer (e.g. FreeBSD 2.x, 4.4, NetBSD 1.0, BSD/386 2.0 or above). The value of the BSD macro is 199506 for the 4.4BSD-Lite2 code base. This is stated for informational purposes only. It should not be used to distinguish between versions of FreeBSD based only on 4.4-Lite vs. versions that have merged in changes from 4.4-Lite2. The __FreeBSD__ macro should be used instead. Use sparingly: __FreeBSD__ is defined in all versions of FreeBSD. Use it if the change you are making only affects FreeBSD. Porting gotchas like the use of sys_errlist[] vs strerror() are Berkeley-isms, not FreeBSD changes. In FreeBSD 2.x, __FreeBSD__ is defined to be 2. In earlier versions, it is 1. Later versions always bump it to match their major version number. If you need to tell the difference between a FreeBSD 1.x system and a FreeBSD 2.x or above system, usually the right answer is to use the BSD macros described above. If there actually is a FreeBSD specific change (such as special shared library options when using ld) then it is OK to use __FreeBSD__ and #if __FreeBSD__ > 1 to detect a FreeBSD 2.x and later system. If you need more granularity in detecting FreeBSD systems since 2.0-RELEASE you can use the following: #if __FreeBSD__ >= 2 #include <osreldate.h> # if __FreeBSD_version >= 199504 /* 2.0.5+ release specific code here */ # endif #endif In the hundreds of ports that have been done, there have only been one or two cases where __FreeBSD__ should have been used. Just because an earlier port screwed up and used it in the wrong place does not mean you should do so too. __FreeBSD_version values Here is a convenient list of __FreeBSD_version values as defined in sys/param.h: __FreeBSD_version values Release __FreeBSD_version 2.0-RELEASE 119411 2.1-CURRENT 199501, 199503 2.0.5-RELEASE 199504 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1 199508 2.1.0-RELEASE 199511 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1.5 199512 2.1.5-RELEASE 199607 2.2-CURRENT before 2.1.6 199608 2.1.6-RELEASE 199612 2.1.7-RELEASE 199612 2.2-RELEASE 220000 2.2.1-RELEASE 220000 (no change) 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.1-RELEASE 220000 (no change) 2.2-STABLE after texinfo-3.9 221001 2.2-STABLE after top 221002 2.2.2-RELEASE 222000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.2-RELEASE 222001 2.2.5-RELEASE 225000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.5-RELEASE 225001 2.2-STABLE after ldconfig -R merge 225002 2.2.6-RELEASE 226000 2.2.7-RELEASE 227000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.7-RELEASE 227001 2.2-STABLE after &man.semctl.2; change 227002 2.2.8-RELEASE 228000 2.2-STABLE after 2.2.8-RELEASE 228001 3.0-CURRENT before &man.mount.2; change 300000 3.0-CURRENT after &man.mount.2; change 300001 3.0-CURRENT after &man.semctl.2; change 300002 3.0-CURRENT after ioctl arg changes 300003 3.0-CURRENT after ELF conversion 300004 3.0-RELEASE 300005 3.0-CURRENT after 3.0-RELEASE 300006 3.0-STABLE after 3/4 branch 300007 3.1-RELEASE 310000 3.1-STABLE after 3.1-RELEASE 310001 3.1-STABLE after C++ constructor/destructor order change 310002 3.2-RELEASE 320000 3.2-STABLE 320001 3.2-STABLE after binary-incompatible IPFW and socket changes 320002 3.3-RELEASE 330000 3.3-STABLE 330001 3.3-STABLE after adding &man.mkstemp.3; to libc 330002 3.4-RELEASE 340000 3.4-STABLE 340001 3.5-RELEASE 350000 3.5-STABLE 350001 4.0-CURRENT after 3.4 branch 400000 4.0-CURRENT after change in dynamic linker handling 400001 4.0-CURRENT after C++ constructor/destructor order change 400002 4.0-CURRENT after functioning &man.dladdr.3; 400003 4.0-CURRENT after __deregister_frame_info dynamic linker bug fix (also 4.0-CURRENT after EGCS 1.1.2 integration) 400004 4.0-CURRENT after &man.suser.9; API change (also 4.0-CURRENT after newbus) 400005 4.0-CURRENT after cdevsw registration change 400006 4.0-CURRENT after the addition of so_cred for socket level credentials 400007 4.0-CURRENT after the addition of a poll syscall wrapper to libc_r 400008 4.0-CURRENT after the change of the kernel's dev_t type to struct specinfo pointer 400009 4.0-CURRENT after fixing a hole in &man.jail.2; 400010 4.0-CURRENT after the sigset_t datatype change 400011 4.0-CURRENT after the cutover to the GCC 2.95.2 compiler 400012 4.0-CURRENT after adding pluggable linux-mode ioctl handlers 400013 4.0-CURRENT after importing OpenSSL 400014 4.0-CURRENT after the C++ ABI change in GCC 2.95.2 from -fvtable-thunks to -fno-vtable-thunks by default 400015 4.0-CURRENT after importing OpenSSH 400016 4.0-RELEASE 400017 4.0-STABLE after 4.0-RELEASE 400018 4.0-STABLE after the introduction of delayed checksums. 400019 4.0-STABLE after merging libxpg4 code into libc. 400020 4.0-STABLE after upgrading Binutils to 2.10.0, ELF branding changes, and tcsh in the base system. 400021 4.1-RELEASE 410000 4.1-STABLE after 4.1-RELEASE 410001 4.1-STABLE after &man.setproctitle.3; moved from libutil to libc. 410002 4.1.1-RELEASE 411000 4.1.1-STABLE after 4.1.1-RELEASE 411001 4.2-RELEASE 420000 4.2-STABLE after combining libgcc.a and libgcc_r.a, and associated GCC linkage changes. 420001 4.3-RELEASE 430000 4.3-STABLE after wint_t introduction. 430001 4.3-STABLE after PCI powerstate API merge. 430002 4.4-RELEASE 440000 4.4-STABLE after d_thread_t introduction. 440001 4.4-STABLE after mount structure changes (affects filesystem klds). 440002 4.4-STABLE after the userland components of smbfs were imported. 440003 4.5-RELEASE 450000 4.5-STABLE after the usb structure element rename. 450001 4.5-STABLE after the sendmail_enable &man.rc.conf.5; variable was made to take the value NONE. 450004 4.5-STABLE after moving to XFree86 4 by default for package builds. 450005 4.5-STABLE after accept filtering was fixed so that is no longer susceptible to an easy DoS. 450006 4.6-RELEASE 460000 4.6-STABLE &man.sendfile.2; fixed to comply with documentation, not to count any headers sent against the amount of data to be sent from the file. 460001 4.6.2-RELEASE 460002 4.6-STABLE 460100 4.6-STABLE after MFC of `sed -i'. 460101 4.6-STABLE after MFC of many new pkg_install features from the HEAD. 460102 4.7-RELEASE 470000 4.7-STABLE 470100 Start generated __std{in,out,err}p references rather than __sF. This changes std{in,out,err} from a compile time expression to a runtime one. 470101 4.7-STABLE after MFC of mbuf changes to replace m_aux mbufs by m_tag's 470102 4.7-STABLE gets OpenSSL 0.9.7 470103 4.8-RELEASE 480000 4.8-STABLE 480100 4.8-STABLE after &man.realpath.3; has been made thread-safe 480101 4.8-STABLE 3ware API changes to twe. 480102 4.9-RELEASE 490000 4.9-STABLE 490100 4.9-STABLE after e_sid was added to struct kinfo_eproc. 490101 4.9-STABLE after MFC of libmap functionality for rtld. 490102 4.10-RELEASE 491000 4.10-STABLE 491100 4.10-STABLE after MFC of revision 20040629 of the package tools 491101 4.10-STABLE after VM fix dealing with unwiring of fictitious pages 491102 4.11-RELEASE 492000 4.11-STABLE 492100 5.0-CURRENT 500000 5.0-CURRENT after adding addition ELF header fields, and changing our ELF binary branding method. 500001 5.0-CURRENT after kld metadata changes. 500002 5.0-CURRENT after buf/bio changes. 500003 5.0-CURRENT after binutils upgrade. 500004 5.0-CURRENT after merging libxpg4 code into libc and after TASKQ interface introduction. 500005 5.0-CURRENT after the addition of AGP interfaces. 500006 5.0-CURRENT after Perl upgrade to 5.6.0 500007 5.0-CURRENT after the update of KAME code to 2000/07 sources. 500008 5.0-CURRENT after ether_ifattach() and ether_ifdetach() changes. 500009 5.0-CURRENT after changing mtree defaults back to original variant, adding -L to follow symlinks. 500010 5.0-CURRENT after kqueue API changed. 500011 5.0-CURRENT after &man.setproctitle.3; moved from libutil to libc. 500012 5.0-CURRENT after the first SMPng commit. 500013 5.0-CURRENT after <sys/select.h> moved to <sys/selinfo.h>. 500014 5.0-CURRENT after combining libgcc.a and libgcc_r.a, and associated GCC linkage changes. 500015 5.0-CURRENT after change allowing libc and libc_r to be linked together, deprecating -pthread option. 500016 5.0-CURRENT after switch from struct ucred to struct xucred to stabilize kernel-exported API for mountd et al. 500017 5.0-CURRENT after addition of CPUTYPE make variable for controlling CPU-specific optimizations. 500018 5.0-CURRENT after moving machine/ioctl_fd.h to sys/fdcio.h 500019 5.0-CURRENT after locale names renaming. 500020 5.0-CURRENT after Bzip2 import. Also signifies removal of S/Key. 500021 5.0-CURRENT after SSE support. 500022 5.0-CURRENT after KSE Milestone 2. 500023 5.0-CURRENT after d_thread_t, and moving UUCP to ports. 500024 5.0-CURRENT after ABI change for descriptor and creds passing on 64 bit platforms. 500025 5.0-CURRENT after moving to XFree86 4 by default for package builds, and after the new libc strnstr() function was added. 500026 5.0-CURRENT after the new libc strcasestr() function was added. 500027 5.0-CURRENT after the userland components of smbfs were imported. 500028 5.0-CURRENT after the new C99 specific-width integer types were added. (Not incremented.) 5.0-CURRENT after a change was made in the return value of &man.sendfile.2;. 500029 5.0-CURRENT after the introduction of the type fflags_t, which is the appropriate size for file flags. 500030 5.0-CURRENT after the usb structure element rename. 500031 5.0-CURRENT after the introduction of Perl 5.6.1. 500032 5.0-CURRENT after the sendmail_enable &man.rc.conf.5; variable was made to take the value NONE. 500033 5.0-CURRENT after mtx_init() grew a third argument. 500034 5.0-CURRENT with Gcc 3.1. 500035 5.0-CURRENT without Perl in /usr/src 500036 5.0-CURRENT after the addition of &man.dlfunc.3; 500037 5.0-CURRENT after the types of some struct sockbuf members were changed and the structure was reordered. 500038 5.0-CURRENT after GCC 3.2.1 import. Also after headers stopped using _BSD_FOO_T_ and started using _FOO_T_DECLARED. This value can also be used as a conservative estimate of the start of &man.bzip2.1; package support. 500039 5.0-CURRENT after various changes to disk functions were made in the name of removing dependency on disklabel structure internals. 500040 5.0-CURRENT after the addition of &man.getopt.long.3; to libc. 500041 5.0-CURRENT after Binutils 2.13 upgrade, which included new FreeBSD emulation, vec, and output format. 500042 5.0-CURRENT after adding weak pthread_XXX stubs to libc, obsoleting libXThrStub.so. 5.0-RELEASE. 500043 5.0-CURRENT after branching for RELENG_5_0 500100 <sys/dkstat.h> is empty and should not be included. 500101 5.0-CURRENT after the d_mmap_t interface change. 500102 5.0-CURRENT after taskqueue_swi changed to run without Giant, and taskqueue_swi_giant added to run with Giant. 500103 cdevsw_add() and cdevsw_remove() no longer exists. Appearance of MAJOR_AUTO allocation facility. 500104 5.0-CURRENT after new cdevsw initialization method. 500105 devstat_add_entry() has been replaced by devstat_new_entry() 500106 Devstat interface change; see sys/sys/param.h 1.149 500107 Token-Ring interface changes. 500108 Addition of vm_paddr_t. 500109 5.0-CURRENT after &man.realpath.3; has been made thread-safe 500110 5.0-CURRENT after &man.usbhid.3; has been synced with NetBSD 500111 5.0-CURRENT after new NSS implementation and addition of POSIX.1 getpw*_r, getgr*_r functions 500112 5.0-CURRENT after removal of the old rc system. 500113 5.1-RELEASE. 501000 5.1-CURRENT after branching for RELENG_5_1. 501100 5.1-CURRENT after correcting the semantics of sigtimedwait(2) and sigwaitinfo(2). 501101 5.1-CURRENT after adding the lockfunc and lockfuncarg fields to &man.bus.dma.tag.create.9;. 501102 5.1-CURRENT after GCC 3.3.1-pre 20030711 snapshot integration. 501103 5.1-CURRENT 3ware API changes to twe. 501104 5.1-CURRENT dynamically-linked /bin and /sbin support and movement of libraries to /lib. 501105 5.1-CURRENT after adding kernel support for Coda 6.x. 501106 5.1-CURRENT after 16550 UART constants moved from <dev/sio/sioreg.h> to <dev/ic/ns16550.h>. Also when libmap functionality was unconditionally supported by rtld. 501107 5.1-CURRENT after PFIL_HOOKS API update 501108 5.1-CURRENT after adding kiconv(3) 501109 5.1-CURRENT after changing default operations for open and close in cdevsw 501110 5.1-CURRENT after changed layout of cdevsw 501111 5.1-CURRENT after adding kobj multiple inheritance 501112 5.1-CURRENT after the if_xname change in struct ifnet 501113 5.1-CURRENT after changing /bin and /sbin to be dynamically linked 501114 5.2-RELEASE 502000 5.2.1-RELEASE 502010 5.2-CURRENT after branching for RELENG_5_2 502100 5.2-CURRENT after __cxa_atexit/__cxa_finalize functions were added to libc. 502101 5.2-CURRENT after change of default thread library from libc_r to libpthread. 502102 5.2-CURRENT after device driver API megapatch. 502103 5.2-CURRENT after getopt_long_only() addition. 502104 5.2-CURRENT after NULL is made into ((void *)0) for C, creating more warnings. 502105 5.2-CURRENT after pf is linked to the build and install. 502106 5.2-CURRENT after time_t is changed to a 64-bit value on sparc64. 502107 5.2-CURRENT after Intel C/C++ compiler support in some headers and execve(2) changes to be more strictly conforming to POSIX. 502108 5.2-CURRENT after the introduction of the bus_alloc_resource_any API 502109 5.2-CURRENT after the addition of UTF-8 locales 502110 5.2-CURRENT after the removal of the getvfsent(3) API 502111 5.2-CURRENT after the addition of the .warning directive for make. 502112 5.2-CURRENT after ttyioctl() was made mandatory for serial drivers. 502113 5.2-CURRENT after import of the ALTQ framework. 502114 5.2-CURRENT after changing sema_timedwait(9) to return 0 on success and a non-zero error code on failure. 502115 5.2-CURRENT after changing kernel dev_t to be pointer to struct cdev *. 502116 5.2-CURRENT after changing kernel udev_t to dev_t. 502117 5.2-CURRENT after adding support for CLOCK_VIRTUAL and CLOCK_PROF to clock_gettime(2) and clock_getres(2). 502118 5.2-CURRENT after changing network interface cloning overhaul. 502119 5.2-CURRENT after the update of the package tools to revision 20040629. 502120 5.2-CURRENT after marking Bluetooth code as non-i386 specific. 502121 5.2-CURRENT after the introduction of the KDB debugger framework, the conversion of DDB into a backend and the introduction of the GDB backend. 502122 5.2-CURRENT after change to make VFS_ROOT take a struct thread argument as does vflush. Struct kinfo_proc now has a user data pointer. The switch of the default X implementation to xorg was also made at this time. 502123 5.2-CURRENT after the change to separate the way ports rc.d and legacy scripts are started. 502124 5.2-CURRENT after the backout of the previous change. 502125 5.2-CURRENT after the removal of kmem_alloc_pageable() and the import of gcc 3.4.2. 502126 5.2-CURRENT after changing the UMA kernel API to allow ctors/inits to fail. 502127 5.2-CURRENT after the change of the vfs_mount signature as well as global replacement of PRISON_ROOT with SUSER_ALLOWJAIL for the suser(9) API. 502128 5.3-BETA/RC before the pfil API change 503000 5.3-RELEASE 503001 5.3-STABLE after branching for RELENG_5_3 503100 5.3-STABLE after addition of glibc style &man.strftime.3; padding options. 503101 5.3-STABLE after OpenBSD's nc(1) import MFC. 503102 5.4-PRERELEASE after the MFC of the fixes in <src/include/stdbool.h> and <src/sys/i386/include/_types.h> for using the GCC-compatibility of the Intel C/C++ compiler. 503103 5.4-PRERELEASE after the MFC of the change of ifi_epoch from wall clock time to uptime. 503104 5.4-PRERELEASE after the MFC of the fix of EOVERFLOW check in vswprintf(3). 503105 5.4-RELEASE. 504000 5.4-STABLE after branching for RELENG_5_4 504100 5.4-STABLE after increasing the default thread stacksizes 504101 5.4-STABLE after the addition of sha256 504102 6.0-CURRENT 600000 6.0-CURRENT after permanently enabling PFIL_HOOKS in the kernel. 600001 6.0-CURRENT after initial addition of ifi_epoch to struct if_data. Backed out after a few days. Do not use this value. 600002 6.0-CURRENT after the re-addition of the ifi_epoch member of struct if_data. 600003 6.0-CURRENT after addition of the struct inpcb argument to the pfil API. 600004 6.0-CURRENT after addition of the "-d DESTDIR" argument to newsyslog. 600005 6.0-CURRENT after addition of glibc style &man.strftime.3; padding options. 600006 6.0-CURRENT after addition of 802.11 framework updates. 600007 6.0-CURRENT after changes to VOP_*VOBJECT() functions and introduction of MNTK_MPSAFE flag for Giantfree filesystems. 600008 6.0-CURRENT after addition of the cpufreq framework and drivers. 600009 6.0-CURRENT after importing OpenBSD's nc(1). 600010 6.0-CURRENT after removing semblance of SVID2 matherr() support. 600011 6.0-CURRENT after increase of default thread stacks' size. 600012 6.0-CURRENT after fixes in <src/include/stdbool.h> and <src/sys/i386/include/_types.h> for using the GCC-compatibility of the Intel C/C++ compiler. 600013 6.0-CURRENT after EOVERFLOW checks in vswprintf(3) fixed. 600014 6.0-CURRENT after changing the struct if_data member, ifi_epoch, from wall clock time to uptime. 600015 6.0-CURRENT after LC_CTYPE disk format changed. 600016 6.0-CURRENT after NLS catalogs disk format changed. 600017 6.0-CURRENT after LC_COLLATE disk format changed. 600018 Installation of acpica includes into /usr/include. 600019 Addition of MSG_NOSIGNAL flag to send(2) API. 600020 Addition of fields to cdevsw 600021 Removed gtar from base system. 600022 LOCAL_CREDS, LOCAL_CONNWAIT socket options added to unix(4). 600023 &man.hwpmc.4; and related tools added to 6.0-CURRENT. 600024 struct icmphdr added to 6.0-CURRENT. 600025 pf updated to 3.7. 600026 Kernel libalias and ng_nat introduced. 600027 POSIX ttyname_r(3) made available through unistd.h and libc. 600028 6.0-CURRENT after libpcap updated to v0.9.1 alpha 096. 600029 6.0-CURRENT after importing NetBSD's if_bridge(4). 600030 6.0-CURRENT after struct ifnet was broken out of the driver softcs. 600031 6.0-CURRENT after the import of libpcap v0.9.1. 600032 7.0-CURRENT. 700000
Note that 2.2-STABLE sometimes identifies itself as 2.2.5-STABLE after the 2.2.5-RELEASE. The pattern used to be year followed by the month, but we decided to change it to a more straightforward major/minor system starting from 2.2. This is because the parallel development on several branches made it infeasible to classify the releases simply by their real release dates. If you are making a port now, you do not have to worry about old -CURRENTs; they are listed here just for your reference.
Writing something after <filename>bsd.port.mk</filename> Do not write anything after the .include <bsd.port.mk> line. It usually can be avoided by including bsd.port.pre.mk somewhere in the middle of your Makefile and bsd.port.post.mk at the end. You need to include either the bsd.port.pre.mk/bsd.port.post.mk pair or bsd.port.mk only; do not mix these two usages. bsd.port.pre.mk only defines a few variables, which can be used in tests in the Makefile, bsd.port.post.mk defines the rest. Here are some important variables defined in bsd.port.pre.mk (this is not the complete list, please read bsd.port.mk for the complete list). Variable Description ARCH The architecture as returned by uname -m (e.g., i386) OPSYS The operating system type, as returned by uname -s (e.g., FreeBSD) OSREL The release version of the operating system (e.g., 2.1.5 or 2.2.7) OSVERSION The numeric version of the operating system; the same as __FreeBSD_version. PORTOBJFORMAT The object format of the system (elf or aout; note that for modern versions of FreeBSD, aout is deprecated.) LOCALBASE The base of the local tree (e.g., /usr/local/) X11BASE The base of the X11 tree (e.g., /usr/X11R6) PREFIX Where the port installs itself (see more on PREFIX). If you have to define the variables USE_IMAKE, USE_X_PREFIX, or MASTERDIR, do so before including bsd.port.pre.mk. Here are some examples of things you can write after bsd.port.pre.mk: # no need to compile lang/perl5 if perl5 is already in system .if ${OSVERSION} > 300003 BROKEN= perl is in system .endif # only one shlib version number for ELF .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "elf" TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR} .else TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR}.${SHLIB_MINOR} .endif # software already makes link for ELF, but not for a.out post-install: .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "aout" ${LN} -sf liblinpack.so.1.0 ${PREFIX}/lib/liblinpack.so .endif You did remember to use tab instead of spaces after BROKEN= and TCL_LIB_FILE=, did you not? :-). Install additional documentation If your software has some documentation other than the standard man and info pages that you think is useful for the user, install it under PREFIX/share/doc. This can be done, like the previous item, in the post-install target. Create a new directory for your port. The directory name should reflect what the port is. This usually means PORTNAME. However, if you think the user might want different versions of the port to be installed at the same time, you can use the whole PKGNAME. Make the installation dependent on the variable NOPORTDOCS so that users can disable it in /etc/make.conf, like this: post-install: .if !defined(NOPORTDOCS) ${MKDIR} ${DOCSDIR} ${INSTALL_MAN} ${WRKSRC}/docs/xvdocs.ps ${DOCSDIR} .endif Here are some handy variables and how they are expanded by default when used in the Makefile: DATADIR gets expanded to PREFIX/share/PORTNAME. DOCSDIR gets expanded to PREFIX/share/doc/PORTNAME. EXAMPLESDIR gets expanded to PREFIX/share/examples/PORTNAME. These variables are exported to PLIST_SUB. Their values will appear there as pathnames relative to PREFIX if possible. That is, share/doc/PORTNAME will be substituted for %%DOCSDIR%% in the packing list by default, and so on. (See more on pkg-plist substitution here.) All documentation files and directories installed should be included in pkg-plist with the %%PORTDOCS%% prefix, for example: %%PORTDOCS%%%%DOCSDIR%%/AUTHORS %%PORTDOCS%%%%DOCSDIR%%/CONTACT %%PORTDOCS%%@dirrm %%DOCSDIR%% As an alternative to enumerating the documentation files in pkg-plist, a port can set the variable PORTDOCS to a list of file names and shell glob patterns to add to the final packing list. The names will be relative to DOCSDIR. Therefore, a port that utilizes PORTDOCS and uses a non-default location for its documentation should set DOCSDIR accordingly. If a directory is listed in PORTDOCS or matched by a glob pattern from this variable, the entire subtree of contained files and directories will be registered in the final packing list. PORTDOCS should not be set if NOPORTDOCS is in effect. Installing the documentation at PORTDOCS as shown above remains up to the port itself. A typical example of utilizing PORTDOCS looks as follows: .if !defined(NOPORTDOCS) PORTDOCS= * .endif You can also use the pkg-message file to display messages upon installation. See the section on using pkg-message for details. The pkg-message file does not need to be added to pkg-plist. Subdirectories Try to let the port put things in the right subdirectories of PREFIX. Some ports lump everything and put it in the subdirectory with the port's name, which is incorrect. Also, many ports put everything except binaries, header files and manual pages in the a subdirectory of lib, which does not work well with the BSD paradigm. Many of the files should be moved to one of the following: etc (setup/configuration files), libexec (executables started internally), sbin (executables for superusers/managers), info (documentation for info browser) or share (architecture independent files). See &man.hier.7; for details; the rules governing /usr pretty much apply to /usr/local too. The exception are ports dealing with USENET news. They may use PREFIX/news as a destination for their files. Cleaning up empty directories Do make your ports clean up after themselves when they are de-installed. This is usually accomplished by adding @dirrm lines for all directories that are specifically created by the port. You need to delete subdirectories before you can delete parent directories. : lib/X11/oneko/pixmaps/cat.xpm lib/X11/oneko/sounds/cat.au : @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/pixmaps @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/sounds @dirrm lib/X11/oneko However, sometimes @dirrm will give you errors because other ports also share the same subdirectory. You can call rmdir from @unexec to remove only empty directories without warning. @unexec rmdir %D/share/doc/gimp 2>/dev/null || true This will neither print any error messages nor cause &man.pkg.delete.1; to exit abnormally even if PREFIX/share/doc/gimp is not empty due to other ports installing some files in there. UIDs and GIDs If your port requires a certain user to be on the installed system, let the pkg-install script call pw to create it automatically. Look at net/cvsup-mirror for an example. If your port must use the same user/group ID number when it is installed as a binary package as when it was compiled, then you must choose a free UID from 50 to 999 and register it below. Look at japanese/Wnn6 for an example. Make sure you do not use a UID already used by the system or other ports. This is the current list of UIDs between 50 and 999. bind:*:53:53:Bind Sandbox:/:/sbin/nologin majordom:*:54:54:Majordomo Pseudo User:/usr/local/majordomo:/nonexistent rdfdb:*:55:55:rdfDB Daemon:/var/db/rdfdb:/bin/sh spamd:*:58:58:SpamAssassin user:/var/spool/spamd:/sbin/nologin cyrus:*:60:60:the cyrus mail server:/nonexistent:/nonexistent gnats:*:61:1:GNATS database owner:/usr/local/share/gnats/gnats-db:/bin/sh proxy:*:62:62:Packet Filter pseudo-user:/nonexistent:/nonexistent uucp:*:66:66:UUCP pseudo-user:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/libexec/uucp/uucico xten:*:67:67:X-10 daemon:/usr/local/xten:/nonexistent pop:*:68:6:Post Office Owner (popper):/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin wnn:*:69:7:Wnn:/nonexistent:/nonexistent pgsql:*:70:70:PostgreSQL pseudo-user:/usr/local/pgsql:/bin/sh oracle:*:71:71::0:0:Oracle:/usr/local/oracle7:/sbin/nologin ircd:*:72:72:IRC daemon:/nonexistent:/nonexistent ircservices:*:73:73:IRC services:/nonexistent:/nonexistent ifmail:*:75:66:Ifmail user:/nonexistent:/nonexistent www:*:80:80:World Wide Web Owner:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin alias:*:81:81:QMail user:/var/qmail/alias:/nonexistent qmaild:*:82:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmaill:*:83:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailp:*:84:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailq:*:85:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailr:*:86:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmails:*:87:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent mysql:*:88:88:MySQL Daemon:/var/db/mysql:/sbin/nologin vpopmail:*:89:89:VPop Mail User:/usr/local/vpopmail:/nonexistent firebird:*:90:90:Firebird Database Administrator:/usr/local/firebird:/bin/sh mailman:*:91:91:Mailman User:/usr/local/mailman:/sbin/nologin gdm:*:92:92:GDM Sandbox:/:/sbin/nologin jabber:*:93:93:Jabber Daemon:/nonexistent:/nonexistent p4admin:*:94:94:Perforce admin:/usr/local/perforce:/sbin/nologin interch:*:95:95:Interchange user:/usr/local/interchange:/sbin/nologin squeuer:*:96:96:SQueuer Owner:/nonexistent:/bin/sh mud:*:97:97:MUD Owner:/nonexistent:/bin/sh msql:*:98:98:mSQL-2 pseudo-user:/var/db/msqldb:/bin/sh rscsi:*:99:99:Remote SCSI:/usr/local/rscsi:/usr/local/sbin/rscsi squid:*:100:100:squid caching-proxy pseudo user:/usr/local/squid:/sbin/nologin quagga:*:101:101:Quagga route daemon pseudo user:/usr/local/etc/quagga:/sbin/nologin ganglia:*:102:102:Ganglia User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin sgeadmin:*:103:103:Sun Grid Engine Admin:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin slimserv:*:104:104:Slim Devices SlimServer pseudo-user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin dnetc:*:105:105:distributed.net client and proxy pseudo-user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin clamav:*:106:106:Clamav Antivirus:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin cacti:*:107:107:Cacti Sandbox:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin webkit:*:108:108:WebKit Default User:/usr/local/www/webkit:/bin/sh quickml:*:109:109:quickml Server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin vscan:*:110:110:Scanning Virus Account:/var/amavis:/bin/sh fido:*:111:111:Fido System:/usr/local/fido:/bin/sh dcc:*:112:112:Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin amavis:*:113:113:Amavis-stats Account:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin dhis:*:114:114:DHIS Daemon:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin _symon:*:115:115:Symon Account:/var/empty:/sbin/nologin postfix:*:125:125:Postfix Mail System:/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin rbldns:*:153:153:rbldnsd pseudo-user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin sfs:*:171:171:Self-Certifying File System:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin agk:*:172:172:AquaGateKeeper:/nonexistent:/nonexistent polipo:*:173:173:polipo web cache:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin bogomilter:*:174:174:milter-bogom:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin moinmoin:*:192:192:MoinMoin User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin sympa:*:200:200:Sympa Owner:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin dspam:*:202:202:Dspam:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin _tor:*:256:256:Tor anonymising router:/var/db/tor:/bin/sh ldap:*:389:389:OpenLDAP Server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin drweb:*:426:426:Dr.Web Mail Scanner:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin courier:*:465:465:Courier Mail Server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin _bbstored:*:505:505::0:0:BoxBackup Store Daemon:/nonexistent:/bin/sh qtss:*:554:554:Darwin Streaming Server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin ircdru:*:555:555:Russian hybrid IRC server:/nonexistent:/bin/sh messagebus:*:556:556:D-BUS Daemon User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin bnetd:*:700:700:Bnetd user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin bopm:*:717:717:Blitzed Open Proxy Monitor:/nonexistent:/bin/sh bacula:*:910:910:Bacula Daemon:/var/db/bacula:/sbin/nologin This is the current list of reserved GIDs. bind:*:53: rdfdb:*:55: spamd:*:58: cyrus:*:60: proxy:*:62: authpf:*:63: uucp:*:66: xten:*:67: dialer:*:68: network:*:69: pgsql:*:70: www:*:80: qnofiles:*:81: qmail:*:82: mysql:*:88: vpopmail:*:89: firebird:*:90: mailman:*:91: gdm:*:92: jabber:*:93: p4admin:*:94: interch:*:95: squeuer:*:96: mud:*:97: msql:*:98: rscsi:*:99: squid:*:100: quagga:*:101: ganglia:*:102: sgeadmin:*:103: slimserv:*:104: dnetc:*:105: clamav:*:106: cacti:*:107: webkit:*:108: quickml:*:109: vscan:*:110: fido:*:111: dcc:*:112: amavis:*:113: dhis:*:114: _symon:*:115: postfix:*:125: maildrop:*:126: rbldns:*:153: sfs:*:171: agk:*:172: polipo:*:173: moinmoin:*:192: sympa:*:200: dspam:*:202: _tor:*:256: ldap:*:389: drweb:*:426: courier:*:465: _bbstored:*:505: qtss:*:554: ircdru:*:555: messagebus:*:556: realtime:*:557: bnetd:*:700: bopm:*:717: bacula:*:910: Please include a notice when you submit a port (or an upgrade) that reserves a new UID or GID in this range. This allows us to keep the list of reserved IDs up to date. Do things rationally The Makefile should do things simply and reasonably. If you can make it a couple of lines shorter or more readable, then do so. Examples include using a make .if construct instead of a shell if construct, not redefining do-extract if you can redefine EXTRACT* instead, and using GNU_CONFIGURE instead of CONFIGURE_ARGS += --prefix=${PREFIX}. If you find yourself having to write a lot of new code to try to do something, please go back and review bsd.port.mk to see if it contains an existing implementation of what you are trying to do. While hard to read, there are a great many seemingly-hard problems for which bsd.port.mk already provides a shorthand solution. Respect both <makevar>CC</makevar> and <makevar>CXX</makevar> The port should respect both CC and CXX variables. What we mean by this is that the port should not set the values of these variables absolutely, overriding existing values; instead, it should append whatever values it needs to the existing values. This is so that build options that affect all ports can be set globally. If the port does not respect these variables, please add NO_PACKAGE=ignores either cc or cxx to the Makefile. An example of a Makefile respecting both CC and CXX variables follows. Note the ?=: CC?= gcc CXX?= g++ Here is an example which respects neither CC nor CXX variables: CC= gcc CXX= g++ Both CC and CXX variables can be defined on FreeBSD systems in /etc/make.conf. The first example defines a value if it was not previously set in /etc/make.conf, preserving any system-wide definitions. The second example clobbers anything previously defined. Respect <makevar>CFLAGS</makevar> The port should respect the CFLAGS variable. What we mean by this is that the port should not set the value of this variable absolutely, overriding the existing value; instead, it should append whatever values it needs to the existing value. This is so that build options that affect all ports can be set globally. If it does not, please add NO_PACKAGE=ignores cflags to the Makefile. An example of a Makefile respecting the CFLAGS variable follows. Note the +=: CFLAGS+= -Wall -Werror Here is an example which does not respect the CFLAGS variable: CFLAGS= -Wall -Werror The CFLAGS variable is defined on FreeBSD systems in /etc/make.conf. The first example appends additional flags to the CFLAGS variable, preserving any system-wide definitions. The second example clobbers anything previously defined. You should remove optimization flags from the third party Makefiles. System CFLAGS contains system-wide optimization flags. An example from an unmodified Makefile: CFLAGS= -O3 -funroll-loops -DHAVE_SOUND Using system optimization flags, the Makefile would look similar to the following example: CFLAGS+= -DHAVE_SOUND Configuration files If your port requires some configuration files in PREFIX/etc, do not just install them and list them in pkg-plist. That will cause &man.pkg.delete.1; to delete files carefully edited by the user and a new installation to wipe them out. Instead, install sample files with a suffix (filename.sample will work well) and print out a message pointing out that the user has to copy and edit the file before the software can be made to work. Feedback Do send applicable changes/patches to the original author/maintainer for inclusion in next release of the code. This will only make your job that much easier for the next release. <filename>README.html</filename> Do not include the README.html file. This file is not part of the cvs collection but is generated using the make readme command. Marking a port <makevar>BROKEN</makevar>, <makevar>FORBIDDEN</makevar>, or otherwise not installable In certain cases users should be prevented from installing a port. For instance, there may come a time when a particular port will contain a security vulnerability, will be radically broken and needs many hours of tender loving care, or is generally obsoleted, but for one reason or another should remain in the tree (and get fixed, right?). To tell a user that a port should not be installed, there are several make variables that can be used in a port's Makefile. The value of the following make variables will be the reason that is given back to users for why the port refuses to install itself. Please use the correct make variable as each make variable conveys radically different meanings to both users, and to automated systems that depend on the Makefiles, such as the ports build cluster, FreshPorts, and portsmon. BROKEN is reserved for ports that do not compile or install. This will prevent users from wasting their time trying to install the port. The build cluster will still attempt to try to build them to see if the underlying problem has been resolved. FORBIDDEN is used for ports that do contain a security vulnerability or induce grave concern regarding the security of a FreeBSD system with a given port installed (ex: a reputably insecure program or a program that provides easily exploitable services). Ports should be marked as FORBIDDEN as soon as a particular piece of software has a vulnerability and there is no released upgrade. Ideally ports should be upgraded as soon as possible when a security vulnerability is discovered so as to reduce the number of vulnerable FreeBSD hosts (we like being known for being secure), however sometimes there is a noticeable time gap between disclosure of a vulnerability and an updated release of the vulnerable software. Do not mark a port FORBIDDEN for any reason other than security. IGNORE is reserved for ports that should not be built for some other reason. The build cluster will not, under any circumstances, build ports marked as IGNORE. For instance, use IGNORE when a port: compiles but does not run properly does not work on the installed version of &os; requires &os; kernel sources to build, but the user does not have them installed has a distfile which may not be automatically fetched due to licensing restrictions does not work with a currently installed port If a port would conflict with a currently installed port, use CONFLICTS instead. CONFLICTS will set IGNORE by itself. If a port sould be marked IGNORE only on certain architectures, there are two other convenience variables that will automatically set IGNORE for you: ONLY_FOR_ARCHS and NOT_FOR_ARCHS. Examples: ONLY_FOR_ARCHS= i386 amd64 NOT_FOR_ARCHS= alpha ia64 sparc64 Do remember that BROKEN and FORBIDDEN are to be used as a last resort if a port is not upgradeable. Permanently broken ports should be removed from the tree entirely. When it makes sense to do so, users can be warned about a pending port removal with DEPRECATED and EXPIRATION_DATE. The former is simply a string stating why the port is scheduled for removal; the latter is a string in ISO 8601 format (YYYY-MM-DD). Both will be shown to the user. It is possible to set DEPRECATED without an EXPIRATION_DATE (for instance, recommending a newer version of the port), but the converse does not make any sense. There is no set policy on how much notice to give. Current practice seems to be one month for security-related issues and two months for build issues. This also gives any interested committers a little time to fix the problems. Necessary workarounds Sometimes it is necessary to work around bugs in software included with older versions of &os;. Some versions of &man.make.1; were broken on at least 4.8 and 5.0 with respect to handling comparisons based on OSVERSION. This would often lead to failures during make describe (and thus, the overall ports make index). The workaround is to enclose the conditional comparison in spaces, e.g.: if ( ${OSVERSION} > 500023 ) Be aware that test-installing a port on 4.9 or 5.2 will not detect this problem. Miscellanea The files pkg-descr and pkg-plist should each be double-checked. If you are reviewing a port and feel they can be worded better, do so. Do not copy more copies of the GNU General Public License into our system, please. Please be careful to note any legal issues! Do not let us illegally distribute software! If you are stuck… Do look at existing examples and the bsd.port.mk file before asking us questions! ;-) Do ask us questions if you have any trouble! Do not just beat your head against a wall! :-)
A Sample <filename>Makefile</filename> Here is a sample Makefile that you can use to create a new port. Make sure you remove all the extra comments (ones between brackets)! It is recommended that you follow this format (ordering of variables, empty lines between sections, etc.). This format is designed so that the most important information is easy to locate. We recommend that you use portlint to check the Makefile. [the header...just to make it easier for us to identify the ports.] # New ports collection makefile for: xdvi [the "version required" line is only needed when the PORTVERSION variable is not specific enough to describe the port.] # Date created: 26 May 1995 [this is the person who did the original port to FreeBSD, in particular, the person who wrote the first version of this Makefile. Remember, this should not be changed when upgrading the port later.] # Whom: Satoshi Asami <asami@FreeBSD.org> # # $FreeBSD$ [ ^^^^^^^^^ This will be automatically replaced with RCS ID string by CVS when it is committed to our repository. If upgrading a port, do not alter this line back to "$FreeBSD$". CVS deals with it automatically.] # [section to describe the port itself and the master site - PORTNAME and PORTVERSION are always first, followed by CATEGORIES, and then MASTER_SITES, which can be followed by MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR. PKGNAMEPREFIX and PKGNAMESUFFIX, if needed, will be after that. Then comes DISTNAME, EXTRACT_SUFX and/or DISTFILES, and then EXTRACT_ONLY, as necessary.] PORTNAME= xdvi PORTVERSION= 18.2 CATEGORIES= print [do not forget the trailing slash ("/")! if you are not using MASTER_SITE_* macros] MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications PKGNAMEPREFIX= ja- DISTNAME= xdvi-pl18 [set this if the source is not in the standard ".tar.gz" form] EXTRACT_SUFX= .tar.Z [section for distributed patches -- can be empty] PATCH_SITES= ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/X11/japanese/ PATCHFILES= xdvi-18.patch1.gz xdvi-18.patch2.gz [maintainer; *mandatory*! This is the person (preferably with commit privileges) whom a user can contact for questions and bug reports - this person should be the porter or someone who can forward questions to the original porter reasonably promptly. If you really do not want to have your address here, set it to "ports@FreeBSD.org".] MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org COMMENT= A DVI Previewer for the X Window System [dependencies -- can be empty] RUN_DEPENDS= gs:${PORTSDIR}/print/ghostscript LIB_DEPENDS= Xpm.5:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/xpm [this section is for other standard bsd.port.mk variables that do not belong to any of the above] [If it asks questions during configure, build, install...] IS_INTERACTIVE= yes [If it extracts to a directory other than ${DISTNAME}...] WRKSRC= ${WRKDIR}/xdvi-new [If the distributed patches were not made relative to ${WRKSRC}, you may need to tweak this] PATCH_DIST_STRIP= -p1 [If it requires a "configure" script generated by GNU autoconf to be run] GNU_CONFIGURE= yes [If it requires GNU make, not /usr/bin/make, to build...] USE_GMAKE= yes [If it is an X application and requires "xmkmf -a" to be run...] USE_IMAKE= yes [et cetera.] [non-standard variables to be used in the rules below] MY_FAVORITE_RESPONSE= "yeah, right" [then the special rules, in the order they are called] pre-fetch: i go fetch something, yeah post-patch: i need to do something after patch, great pre-install: and then some more stuff before installing, wow [and then the epilogue] .include <bsd.port.mk> Automated package list creation First, make sure your port is almost complete, with only pkg-plist missing. Next, create a temporary directory tree into which your port can be installed, and install any dependencies. port-type should be local for non-X ports and x11-4 or x11 for ports which install into the directory hierarchy of XFree86 4 or an earlier XFree86 release, respectively. &prompt.root; mkdir /var/tmp/port-name &prompt.root; mtree -U -f /etc/mtree/BSD.port-type.dist -d -e -p /var/tmp/port-name &prompt.root; make depends PREFIX=/var/tmp/port-name Store the directory structure in a new file. &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find -d * -type d) | sort > OLD-DIRS Create an empty pkg-plist file: &prompt.root; touch pkg-plist If your port honors PREFIX (which it should) you can then install the port and create the package list. &prompt.root; make install PREFIX=/var/tmp/port-name &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find -d * \! -type d) | sort > pkg-plist You must also add any newly created directories to the packing list. &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find -d * -type d) | sort | comm -13 OLD-DIRS - | sort -r | sed -e 's#^#@dirrm #' >> pkg-plist Finally, you need to tidy up the packing list by hand; it is not all automated. Manual pages should be listed in the port's Makefile under MANn, and not in the package list. User configuration files should be removed, or installed as filename.sample. The info/dir file should not be listed and appropriate install-info lines should be added as noted in the info files section. Any libraries installed by the port should be listed as specified in the shared libraries section. Alternatively, use the plist script in /usr/ports/Tools/scripts/ to build the package list automatically. The first step is the same as above: take the first three lines, that is, mkdir, mtree and make depends. Then build and install the port: &prompt.root; make install PREFIX=/var/tmp/port-name And let plist create the pkg-plist file: &prompt.root; /usr/ports/Tools/scripts/plist -Md -m /etc/mtree/BSD.port-type.dist /var/tmp/port-name > pkg-plist The packing list still have to tidied up the by hand as stated above. Keeping Up The &os; Ports Collection is constantly changing. Here is some information on how to keep up. FreshPorts One of the easiest ways to learn about updates that have already been committed is by subscribing to FreshPorts. You can select multiple ports to monitor. Maintainers are strongly encouraged to subscribe, because they will receive notification of not only their own changes, but also any changes that any other &os; committer has made. (These are often necessary to keep up with changes in the underlying ports framework—although it would be most polite to receive an advance heads-up from those committing such changes, sometimes this is overlooked or just simply impractical. Also, in some cases, the changes are very minor in nature. We expect everyone to use their best judgement in these cases.) If you wish to use FreshPorts, all you need is an account. If your registered email address is @FreeBSD.org, you will see the opt-in link on the right hand side of the webpages. For those of you who already have a FreshPorts account, but are not using your @FreeBSD.org email address, just change your email to @FreeBSD.org, subscribe, then change it back again. FreshPorts also has a sanity test feature which automatically tests each commit to the FreeBSD ports tree. If subscribed to this service, you will be notified of any errors which FreshPorts detects during sanity testing of your commits. The Web Interface to the Source Repository It is possible to browse the files in the source repository by using a web interface. Changes that affect the entire port system are now documented in the CHANGES file. Changes that affect individual ports are now documented in the UPDATING file. However, the definitive answer to any question is undoubtedly to read the source code of bsd.port.mk, and associated files. The &os; Ports Mailing List If you maintain ports, you should consider following the &a.ports;. Important changes to the way ports work will be announced there, and then committed to CHANGES. The &os; Port Building Cluster on <hostid role="hostname">pointyhat.FreeBSD.org</hostid> One of the least-publicized strengths of &os; is that an entire cluster of machines is dedicated to continually building the Ports Collection, for each of the major OS releases and for each Tier-1 architecture. You can find the results of these builds at package building logs and errors. Individual ports are built unless they are specifically marked with IGNORE. Ports that are marked with BROKEN will still be attempted, to see if the underlying problem has been resolved. (This is done by passing TRYBROKEN to the port's Makefile.) The &os; Port Distfile Survey The build cluster is dedicated to building the latest release of each port with distfiles that have already been fetched. However, as the Internet continually changes, distfiles can quickly go missing. The FreeBSD Ports distfiles survey attempts to query every download site for every port to find out if each distfile is still currently available. Maintainers are asked to check this report periodically, not only to speed up the building process for users, but to help avoid wasting bandwidth of the sites that volunteer to host all these distfiles. The &os; Ports Monitoring System Another handy resource is the - + FreeBSD Ports Monitoring System (also known as portsmon). This system comprises a database that processes information from several sources and allows its to be browsed via a web interface. Currently, the ports Problem Reports (PRs), the error logs from the build cluster, and individual files from the ports collection are used. In the future, this will be expanded to include the distfile survey, as well as other sources. To get started, you can view all information about a particular port by using the - + Overview of One Port. As of this writing, this is the only resource available that maps GNATS PR entries to portnames. (PR submitters do not always include the portname in their Synopsis, although we would prefer that they did.) So, portsmon) is a good place to start if you want to find out whether an existing port has any PRs filed against it and/or any build errors; or, to find out if a new port that you may be thinking about creating has already been submitted.
diff --git a/zh_CN.GB2312/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml b/zh_CN.GB2312/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml index f8fdcae710..1ae9bbac4a 100644 --- a/zh_CN.GB2312/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml +++ b/zh_CN.GB2312/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml @@ -1,8995 +1,8995 @@ %books.ent; ]> FreeBSD Porter 手册 The FreeBSD Documentation Project 2000 年 4 月 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 The FreeBSD Documentation Project &bookinfo.trademarks; &bookinfo.legalnotice; 介绍 几乎每个人都是通过 FreeBSD Ports Collection 在 FreeBSD 上面装应用程序 (“ports”)的。 就像FreeBSD的其他部分一样, 它主要来自于志愿者的努力。 所以在阅读这份文档的时候请务必记住这些。 在 FreeBSD 的世界里, 任何人都能提交新的 port, 或志愿地维护一个已有的 port, 如果那个 port 没人维护的话 — 不需要任何特殊的权限来做这件事情。 自行制作 port 那么, 您有兴趣创建自己的 port 或升级现有的 port? 太好了。 下面的内容将会提供一些创建FreeBSD port的指导。 如果想升级一个现有的 port, 那么您应该在看完这些内容并阅读 因为这份文档不是十分详细, 您还应该再参考一下 /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk, 所有 port 的 Makefile 文件都会包含它。 即使不是每天都去摆弄 Makefile, 您也会从那个文件里面获得很多知识, 里面的注释非常详细。 还有要补充一下,如果您有其他的问题, 可以给&a.ports; 这个 mailing list 发信。 在这份文档里提到的大部分的变量 (VAR) 是不能修改的。 大多 (但不是全部) 都在 /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk 的开始部分进行了介绍; 其他一些也应该可以在那里找到。 注意这些文件使用了非标准的制表符: EmacsVim 应该能在打开文件的时候自动识别它, 而 &man.vi.1; 和 &man.ex.1 则需要在打开文件的时候通过 :set tabstop=4 来修正默认的设置。 简单的 port 这一章主要介绍如何快速创建一个简单的 port。 很多时候, 这点内容是不够的, 您需要阅读这份文档中更深入的内容。 首先, 需要取得包含源代码的 tar包, 并把它放到 DISTDIR变量所指的地方。 默认的情况下, 这应该是 /usr/ports/distfiles 下面的内容假定您不需要修改软件的源代码就能在 FreeBSD 上编译通过。 如果需要修改代码, 就需要参考下一章的内容了。 编写 <filename>Makefile</filename> 最简单的 Makefile 应该是这个样子的: # New ports collection makefile for: oneko # Date created: 5 December 1994 # Whom: asami # # $FreeBSD$ # PORTNAME= oneko PORTVERSION= 1.1b CATEGORIES= games MASTER_SITES= ftp://ftp.cs.columbia.edu/archives/X11R5/contrib/ MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org COMMENT= A cat chasing a mouse all over the screen MAN1= oneko.1 MANCOMPRESSED= yes USE_IMAKE= yes .include <bsd.port.mk> 看看您是否能够看懂。 不必担心 $FreeBSD$ 那一行, 当这个 port 被导入到 ports 树里的时候, CVS 会自动填写它。 您可以在 示范的 Makefile那章找到更多的细节。 创建描述文件 有 2 个描述文件对于任何一个 port 来说是必须的, 不论它是不是打算成为 package。 它们是 pkg-descrpkg-plist。 这两个文件使用 pkg- 前缀以区别于其他文件。 <filename>pkg-descr</filename> (关于 port 的冗长描述文件) 这是 port 里一个较长的描述文件。 使用一段或几段文件文字来简明的描述这个 ports 是用来做什么的。 不是 手册或者对如何 深入使用/编译这个port的说明! 要是您从 README 或者联机手册里面中复制文字的话, 请务必小心; 通常, 它们不是对这个 port 简明扼要的描述, 或者用了难以使用的格式 (比如, 联机手册里有迫使两端对齐的空格)。 如果要移植的软件有官方的WWW网页, 您应该在这里列出来。 使用 WWW: 作为前缀来表示 一个网站, 这样其他的自动工具就能正常工作了。 建议您在文件的最后留下您的名字, 就像这样: This is a port of oneko, in which a cat chases a poor mouse all over the screen. : (etc.) WWW: http://www.oneko.org/ - Satoshi asami@cs.berkeley.edu <filename>pkg-plist</filename> (port 的装箱单) 这份文件列出了 port 安装的所有文件。 之所以也被称为 装箱单 (“packing list”) 是因为 package 的制作就是将这份列表里的文件打包。 这个文件中, 路径是相对于安装的路径的 (通常是 /usr/local/usr/X11R6)。 如果您使用 MANn 变量的话, 请不要在这里列出任何联机手册。 下面是一个简单的例子: bin/oneko lib/X11/app-defaults/Oneko lib/X11/oneko/cat1.xpm lib/X11/oneko/cat2.xpm lib/X11/oneko/mouse.xpm @dirrm lib/X11/oneko 参考 &man.pkg.create.1; 的联机手册以获得更多有关装箱单的细节 您应该在列表里列出所有的文件而不仅仅是目录名。 如果这个 port 在安装的过程中给自己创建了目录, 则一定要加入 @dirrm 以便在删除这个 port 时能将这些目录也一并删除。 建议您将这个文件里的所有的文件名按字母排序。 这样, 在升级这个port的时候就能够更方便地核实所做的修改。 手工创建一份这样的文件列表将会是一件非常枯燥的事情。 如果 port 要安装非常多的文件的话, 请参考 自动创建这个文件列表 一节, 会帮您省下不少时间。 只有一种情况可以不用 pkg-plist文件。 如果这个 port 只安装很少量的一些文件或目录的话, 这些文件和目录就可以分别列在 MakefilePLIST_FILESPLIST_DIRS 变量里。 举个例子来说, 我们可以在上面那个 oneko port 里面不用 pkg-plist, 而把下面的这几行加到 Makefile 里面: PLIST_FILES= bin/oneko \ lib/X11/app-defaults/Oneko \ lib/X11/oneko/cat1.xpm \ lib/X11/oneko/cat2.xpm \ lib/X11/oneko/mouse.xpm PLIST_DIRS= lib/X11/oneko 当然, 如果一个 port 不需要给它自己创建目录的话, 就不用设置 PLIST_DIRS 变量了。 这样列出 port 要安装的文件很目录的代价就是, 将无法使用在 &man.pkg.create.1; 里面介绍的命令来建立 package。 因此, 这种方法仅仅适合一些简单的 port, 因为它会让这些 port 变得更为简单。 此外, 这样做也有助于减少 port collection 中的文件数量。 请在打算采用 pkg-plist 前考虑一下这个方法。 稍后我们将看到 pkg-plistPLIST_FILES 如何处理 更复杂的任务。 创建校验和文件 只要键入 make makesum, port 便会自动创建 distinfo文件。 如果下载的文件的校验和经常变化, 而您又能确保它们的来源可靠 (比如, 来自于CD制造商, 或每天构建生成的文档文件), 就应该在 IGNOREFILES 里面标明这些文件。 这样, 再运行 make makesum 的时候便不会把这些标记 IGNORE 的文件计算在内了。 测试 port 应当确定您的 port 确实做了您希望它们做的事情, 包括打包。下面是需要重点检查的一些重要的工作。 pkg-plist 中没有包括任何不想安装的文件 pkg-plist 包含了所有应该安装的文件 您的 port 能够使用 reinstall 多次安装。 您的 port 能在 deinstall 以后自动完成 清理 推荐的测试顺序 make install make package make deinstall pkg_add package-name make deinstall make reinstall make package 确信在 packagedeinstall 阶段没有任何警告。 第三步以后, 检查是否所有新建的目录都被正确删除了。 在第四步以后, 试着运行一下所装的软件, 确保当它以 package 方式安装的时候也能正常工作。 用 <command>portlint</command> 来检查 port 请使用 portlint 命令来检查您的 port 是否符合我们的规范。 portlint 程序是 ports collection 的一部分。 另外, 您也许要检查 Makefile 是否符合规范, 以及 package 是否被恰当地命名。 提交 port 首先, 确信您已经阅读了 该做什么和不该做什么 一节。 既然您很满意您的 port, 剩下的工作便是把它放进 FreeBSD 的 ports树, 使得其他的人也喜欢它。 我们不需要您的 work 目录或者 pkgname.tgz 包, 所以现在可以删除它们了。 下一步,只要把 shar `find port_dir`命令的输出 放在一份 bug 报告中, 用 &man.send-pr.1; 程序提交 (请参阅 Bug Reports and General Commentary 以获得更多关于 &man.send-pr.1;的详情。) 如果未压缩的 port 大于 20KB, 您可能希望把它压缩成 tar 包, 并在把它加进 bug报告前使用 &man.uuencode.1; (虽然小于 20KB 的 bug 报告也可以使用采用 uuencode 编码的 tar包, 但是我们并不鼓励这样做。) 确保您的 bug 报告按照 portschange-request 分类, (注意不要把 Bug 报告标记成 机密, 即 confidential 的!) 在 PR 的 Description 一栏里填写一下您的 port 的简单描述, 同时将 shar 或 uuencode 编码的 tar 文件填在 Fix 那一栏。 在问题报告里面使用了一段好的描述, 能使我们的工作变得更容易。 我们更倾向于这样的描述: 用 New port: <category>/<portname> <short description of the port> 来说明这是一个新的 port, 而用 Update port: <category>/<portname> <short description of the update> 来说明这是对一个已有的 port 的升级。 如果您坚持使用这样的方案, 那么我们将更容易更方便地阅读您的 PR。 再次声明, 不要包含原始的distfile, work目录, 或者您用 make package 制作的包 在您提交的您的 port 以后请耐心等待。 有时在一个 port 正式加入 FreeBSD 之前需要花费好几个月, 尽管也有可能是几天。 您可以查看 正等待被 commit 到 FreeBSD 的 port 一旦我们看过了您的报告, 有必要的话我们会联系您, 并把它放到 ports 树里。 您的名字也会出现在 Additional FreeBSD Contributors 和其他的文件。 不是很棒吗!? :-) 复杂的 Porting 好了, 也许工作没那么简单, port 需要做些修改才能够在 FreeBSD 上跑起来。 在这一章里, 我们将会一步步举例来介绍应该如何修改来使您的 port 能在 FreeBSD 上面运行。 整个系统是如何运转的? 首先, 这一系列的动作是由用户在您的 port 目录里敲入 make 后发生的。 您也许会发现在另外的一个窗口里阅读一下 bsd.port.mk 将会有助于您的理解。 要是您不是非常明白 bsd.port.mk 是做什么的话, 也不用太担心, 很多人都不知道的... :-> fetch 会首先被执行。 fetch 将检查在本地的 DISTDIR 目录里是否存在 tar 包。 如果 fetch 没有找到就会查找 Makefile 中定义的 MASTER_SITES URL, 还有我们的主 FTP 站点 , 在那里我们备份了所有被认可的 distfile。 假设那个 MASTER_SITES 站点是直接连在 Internet 上的, 就会试着用 FETCH 指定的程序取回 distfile。 如果成功的话, 文件会被保存在DISTDIR 所指定的目录以备稍后使用。 接下来会执行 extract。 它会在 DISTDIR 中寻找您的 tar 包 (通常是用 gzip 压缩的 tar 包),然后解压缩到由 WRKDIR 所指定的临时目录里 (默认为work目录)。 下一步是执行 patch。 首先任何在 PATCHFILES 中定义的补丁都会被打上。 然后, 在由 PATCHDIR 指定的目录 (默认为 files目录) 中发现的patch-*, 它们将会以文件名的字母顺序被先后打上。 configure会被执行。 这一步骤可能会有以下几种情形。 如果存在 scripts/configure, 就会执行它 如果定义了 HAS_CONFIGURe 或者 GNU_CONFIGURE, 就会执行 WRKSRC/configure 如果定义了USE_IMAGE, 就会执行 XMKMF (默认为: xmkmf -a)。 build会被执行。 这一步将会进入ports的工作目录 (WRKSRC) 然后进行编译。如果定义了USE_GMAKE, 就会使用 GNU make, 反之, 则会使用系统默认的 make 以上都是系统默认的步骤。 您也可以定义 pre-something 或者 post-something, 或者把以此命名的脚本放到 scripts 目录, 它们会在默认的动作之前或之后被执行。 举个例子, 如果您在您的 Makefile 里定义了post-extract, 并在 script 目录里放了一个 pre-build 脚本, 那么在 tar 包解开之后 post-extract 将被调用, pre-build 脚本会在默认的编译之前被执行。 我们推荐您在 Makefile 定义所有的动作, 如果不是十分复杂的话, 这样, 别人能更容易明白您的 port 需要执行哪些非默认的动作。 默认的行为都是由 bsd.port.mk 定义的 do-something 来表示的。 例如, port 中用来解压缩的命令是由 do-extract 来定义的。 如果您对默认的设置不满意, 可以通过在 Makefile 重新定义 do-someting 来做些改变。 动作 (例如 extractconfigure, 等等) 仅仅是用来确定所有相应的阶段都完成了, 以及调用真实的动作或脚本, 它们不应被修改。 如果您想要修改解压缩这个动作, 可以修改 do-extract, 但永远都不要改变 extract 的操作! 我们已经介绍了在用户敲入 make 之后会发生哪些事情了。 接下来我们将进行进一步的学习, 来看一看如何创建一个理想的 port。 获取源代码 获取源代码的 tar 包 (通常是 foo.tar.gz 或者 foo.tar.Z) 并把它们放进 DISTDIR。 最好使用 主流 的版本。 您需要设置变量 MASTER_SITES 来指向原始 tar 包的获取位置。 您可以在 bsd.sites.mk 里找到一些速度较快的主流站点。 请使用这些站点 — 和相关的定义 — 如果可能的话, 应尽量避免在同一个源代码树里出现大量重复的信息。 这些站点会随着时间而变化, 如果每个人都随意加入的话会使维护变得非常困难。 如果您找不到一个有很好网络连接的 FTP/HTTP 站点, 或者它们使用了非标准的格式, 您也许就会想在您自己的 FTP 或 HTTP 服务器上放上一份副本。 如果您找不到可靠的地方放置 distfiles, 我们也可以提供给您一些空间来保存它。 我们自己的 ftp.FreeBSD.org; 然而这只是一个折衷的办法。 distfile 必须放进某人在 freefall 上的 ~/public_distfiles/ 目录中。 可以要求帮助您 commit port 的人来放这个 distfile, 而这个人也需要把 MASTER_SITESMASTER_SITE_LOCAL 以及 MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR 的设置, 改为在 freefall 上的用户名。 如果您的 port 的 distfile 一直在变化, 而作者拒绝改变其版本号, 您可以考虑把 distfiles 放在自己的主页, 并在 MASTER_SITES 里把原作者的列为首选位置。 如果可能, 试着与 port 的作者沟通一下让他不要这么做, 这将有助于建立对源代码的控制。 在您的主页上放置您自己的 distfile 会避免用户得到 checksum mismatch 的错误, 而且能减轻我们 FTP 站点维护人员的工作量。 如果您的port只有一个主站点的话, 我们建议您在自己的网站上做一份备份, 并他列为 MASTER_SITES的第2项。 如果您的 port 需要来自网络上的一些补丁, 请把它们放到 DISTDIR里。 不用担心它们跟源代码不是来自同一站点。 我们有办法处理 (参阅下面的 补丁文件)。 修改 port 解开 tar 包, 对源代码做出合理的修改使得这个 port 能在最新版本的 FreeBSD 上面运行。 一定要 仔细记录 您所做的每处改动, 包括删除、添加、修改的文件等等, 这些修改以后会在您的 port 中以脚本或补丁的方式出现, 并且能通过运行它们来自动完成您对 port 的改动要求。 如果您的 port 要求用与用户交互/配置来完成编译或安装的话, 您可以看一下 Larry Wall 的经典的 Configure 脚本, 适当地模仿一下。 Port collection 的目的, 就是使每个 port 占用最少的空间, 并做到软件的 即插即用 除非明确地声明, 否则您提交给 FreeBSD ports collection 的补丁, 脚本和其他的文件都将被假定以标准的 BSD 版权发布。 打补丁 在您制作 port 的过程中, 文件的添加或修改都可以用 &man.diff.1; 做成补丁, 使得今后的能够使用 &man.patch.1; 在安装过程中自动对 port 做出相应的修改。 每一个您想要打的补丁应该以 patch-* 这样形式的文件名保存, * 表示将要被打补丁的文件名, 例如 patch-Imakefilepatch-src-config.h 这样。 这些文件应该被放在 PATCHDIR 里, 这样这些补丁都会被自动打上。 所有的补丁必须相对于 WRKSRC 的 (port 会把 tarball 解压缩在那里, 并完成余下的其他动作)。 为了使修改和升级变得更容易, 应避免使用多个 patch 去修改同一个文件 (比如, patch-filepatch-file2 都修改 WRKSRC/foobar.c 就应被避免)。 只有 [-+._a-zA-Z0-9] 这些字符, 可以出现在补丁的文件名中, 请务必不要使用除这些字符以外的其他字符。 不要把您的补丁命名成 patch-aapatch-ab 等这样的名字, 最好能在补丁名中提到路径和文件名。 不要把 RCS 字符串放进补丁。 我们把文件放进 ports 树的时候, CVS 会损坏它们, 当我们再 check out 出来的时候, 它们就会和原来的不一样, 从而导致打补丁失败。 RCS 字符串 是由美元符号 ($) 围绕的, 通常由 $Id$RCS 开头。 使用 &man.diff.1; 的递归选项() 很好, 但是请检查一下最后输出的 patch, 确保没有任何的垃圾信息。 特别地, 有 2 种文件不需要 diff, 并且应该删除: 一种是 Makefile, 当您的port使用了Imake, 或者 GNU configure 等等的话。 如果您不得不编辑configure.in 以使 autoconf 去生成 configure, 不要使用 configure 来做 diff (这常常会有好几千行长!); 请定义 USE_AUTOCONF_VER=213 并对应 configure.in 来制作 diff。 往往在移植某个软件的时候会遇到这样一种情况, 特别是这个软件是在 &windows; 上开发的时候, 大多数的源代码都需要进行CR/LF的转换。 这也许会给以后打补丁, 编译警告、 脚本执行造成问题 ( /bin/sh^M not found) 等等。 您能加入以下这行代码来快速地把那些文件从 CR/LF 转换到 LF: USE_REINPLACE= yes post-extract: @${FIND} -E ${WRKDIR} -type f -iregex ".*\.(c|cpp|h|txt)" -print0 | \ ${XARGS} -0 ${REINPLACE_CMD} -e 's/[[:cntrl:]]*$$//' 当然, 如果您想要处理所有文件的话, 就可以省略上面的 选项。 请注意这段代码会从被处理文件的每一行里面剔除所有的控制字符。 (但不包括 \n)。 假如需要删除文件, 您可以在 post-extract 里面做这件事, 而不是在把它作为一个补丁。 一旦您对您所做修改的感觉比较满意, 那么请把diff输出分成一个补丁对应一个源文件。 配置 把任何附加的配置命令加进您的 configure 脚本并把它保存到 scripts 子目录。 如前面提到的那样, 您也能在 Makefile 和/或 使用 pre-configurepost-configure 的脚本来做同样的事情。 处理用户输入 如果您的 port 要求用户的输入以便配置编译、 或安装配置过程, 就必须在 Makefile 里设置 IS_INTERACTIVE 变量。 如果用户设置了 BATCH 的话, 这将让用户能跳过您的 port 来完成 通宵编译 (如果用户设置了 INTERACTIVE的话, 那么 只有 那些要求互动的 port 才会被编译) 这将给那些不停编译 ports 的机器省下很多时间。 通常我们还建议, 如果对于那些问题能有合理的缺省答案的话, 应检查一下 PACKAGE_BUILDING 变量, 并根据其设置决定是否执行关闭交互脚本。 这将允许我们为 CDROM 和 FTP 来编译 package。 配置 Makefile 配置 Makefile 是相当简单的, 我们在此建议您在开始之前看一下现有的例子。 在这份手册里也有一个 Makefile例子, 照着里面变量的顺序来写能使得您的 port 更容易地被其他人看懂。 现在, 当您开始编写您新的Makefile 的时候, 可以依次思考一下以下的问题: 作者发布的代码 放在 DISTDIR 中的是不是标准的用 gzip 压缩的 tar 包, 例如 foozolix-1.2.tar.gz? 如果是, 可以先略过这一节。 如果不是, 您应当看看是不是要覆盖这些变量: DISTVERSIONDISTNAMEEXTRACT_CMDEXTRACT_BEFORE_ARGSEXTRACT_AFTER_ARGSEXTRACT_SUFXDISTFILES,取决于您 port 的 distfile 格式有多么怪异。 (最常见的一个例子便是 EXTRACT_SUFX=.tar.Z, 一般这是因为 tar 包是用 compress 而不是 gzip 压缩的时候。) 最糟的情况是, 您需要自己编写 do-extract 来覆盖默认的定义, 尽管这不常见, 但如果遇到了, 还是需要这么做。 命名 Makefile 的第一部分便是 port 的名字、 版本号, 以及它所属的分类。 <makevar>PORTNAME</makevar> 和 <makevar>PORTVERSION</makevar> 您应该把 PORTNAME 设置为您 port 的名字, PORTVERSION 则是 port 的版本号。 <makevar>PORTREVISION</makevar> 和 <makevar>PORTEPOCH</makevar> <makevar>PORTREVISION</makevar> (port 的修订版本号) PORTERVISION 变量是一个单调递增的值, 如果不为 0, 就会被加到包名的后面, 当 PORTVERSION 增加 的时候应被置 0 (也就是当官方有新版本发布的时候)。 PORTREVISION 会被自动化工具 (比如 &man.pkg.version.1;) 用来检测是否存在可用的新版本。 每当 port 发生变化并对生成的 package 的内容或结构有显著影响时, 都应增加 PORTREVISION 值。 下面是一些应当修改 PORTREVISION 的情况: 有新的补丁用来修正安全漏洞、 错误, 或给 port 添加了新的功能。 修改了 Makefile 里编译时开启或禁用的选项。 修改了要安装文件的列表或安装时的行为 (例如, 修改了一个用来给 package 初始化数据的脚本, 如 ssh host keys)。 一个port依赖的共享库版本改变 (在这种情况下, 当安装了新版本的共享库, 后再去安装较早的软件就会出错, 因为它们要依赖老的 libfoo.x 而不是libfoo.(x+1))。 原作者修改了 port distfile, 并且 distfile 的新老版本之间用 diff -ru 只能发现一些细微的变化, 这时我们只需要对 distinfo 做相应的修正, 而不需要修改 PORTVERSION 不需要修改 PORTREVISION 的例子: port 结构风格的改变, 但对于打成的包没有功能的上的变化。 MASTER_SITES 发生变化, 或进行了对 port 功能的修改, 但不致影响最后打成的包。 对 distfiles 诸如修正拼写错误之类的补丁, 对用户而言没有升级上的麻烦。 对一个原本编译失败的包的修改, 使其可编译, 而没有加入新功能。 因为 PORTREVISION 表示包的内容发生了变化, 如果先前没有可编译的包, 也就不需要修改 PORTREVISION 来表示变化。 一个修改并提交 port 的原则是: 使得别人能从中受益 (改进、 修改已有错误, 或使新的 package 能够运行), 您还要权衡一下这是否应让那些经常更新 ports 树的人升级, 如果回答是 的话, PORTREVISION 就应该修改了。 <makevar>PORTEPOCH</makevar> (port 的加权版本号) 有时软件商或 FreeBSD 的 porter 会使用比旧版的版本号小的数字做为新版本号的情况。 举例来说, 从 foo-20000801 到 foo-1.0 (从形式上来说这是不对的, 因为 20000801 在数值上比1大很多)。 在这种情况下, PORTEPOCH 应当增加。 如果 PORTEPOCH 非 0, 就应当加到包名字的后面。 PORTEPOCH 永远不能被减少或清零, 因为那样会导致与前一时期的 package 比较版本时产生不正确的结果。 (就是说, 那个 package 就不会被检测到已经过时了。) 新的版本号 (比如前面在前面那个例子中的 1.0,1) 在数值上比前一个版本 (20000801) 小, 但多数自动化的工具会认为 ,1 后缀意味着比前一个包的后缀 ,0 大。 错误的去除或重置 PORTEPOCH 会导致很多不幸发生; 如果您还不明白前面的讨论, 请多阅读几次直至明白为止, 或到邮件列表上来提问。 大多数 port 都不会用到 PORTEPOCH, 并且如果某个软件的下一个版本改变了版本号结构的话, 用巧妙的方法来设定 PORTVERSION 也能避免使用 PORTEPOCH。 然而, FreeBSD porter 也需要注意, 当有新版本的软件发布, 但并非正式版本时 — 比如 snapshot 版本, 原作者可能会使用当时的日期来命名, 这在新的 官方 版本发布的时候, 就很容易引起前面提到的问题。 举个例子, 如果 snapshot 版本的发布日期是 20000917, 这个软件的上一个版本是1.2, 那么这个版本的 PORTVERSIN 应该设为 1.2.20000917 或类似的样子, 而不是20000917, 这样在 1.3 发布以后, 新版本就可以在数值上大于旧的版本了。 关于 <makevar>PORTREVISION</makevar> 和 <makevar>PORTEPOCH</makevar> 的用例 gtkmumble port,版本号 0.10, 被提交到 ports collection: PORTNAME= gtkmumble PORTVERSION= 0.10 PKGNAME 变成 gtkmumble-0.10 然后有人发现了一个安全漏洞, 需要用一个FreeBSD的补丁。 PORTREVISION 就要相应的增加。 PORTNAME= gtkmumble PORTVERSION= 0.10 PORTREVISION= 1 PKGNAME变成了 gtkmumble-0.10_1 软件的作者发布了新的版本, 版本为 0.2 (作者本来的意思是, 用 0.10 表示 0.1.0而不是指 0.9 之后的那个版本 - 但是现在太迟了)。 因为现在的次版本号 2 在数值上比上一个版本 10 小, PORTEPOCH 必须增加, 以使新的 package 被认为是 更新的。 由于那是作者发布的一个新版本, 因此 PORTREVISION 应被置0 (或者从 Makefile 里面删除它)。 PORTNAME= gtkmumble PORTVERSION= 0.2 PORTEPOCH= 1 PKGNAME 变成了 gtkmumble-0.2,1 下一个版本将会是 0.3。 由于 PORTEPOCH 从不减少, 那么就无须改动: PORTNAME= gtkmumble PORTVERSION= 0.3 PORTEPOCH= 1 PKGNAME 变成 gtkmumble-0.3,1 如果在这次升级中 PORTEPOCH 被置为了0, 那么在装了 gtkmumble-0.10_1 包的机器上就无法检测到 gtkmumble-0.3 包的更新, 因为 3 在数值上比 10 小。 记住, 这是 PORTEPOCH 最重要的地方。 <makevar>PKGNAMEPREFIX</makevar> 和 <makevar>PKGNAMESUFFIX</makevar> 2 个可选的变量, PKGNAMEPREFIXPKGNAMESUFFIX 可以和 PORTNAME 还有 PORTVERSION 配合使用, 形成像这样的 PKGNAME${PKGNAMEPREFIX}${PORTNAME}${PKGNAMESUFFIX}-${PORTVERSION}。 请确定符合我们的 包命名规则。 当然, 允许在 PORTVERSION 中使用连字符 (-)。 如果包名有 language--compiled.specifics 部分 (见下文), 请分别用 PKGNAMEPREFIXPKGNAMESUFFIX, 不要直接加到 PORTNAME 中。 包命名规则 以下是您在命名您的包时应当遵守的规则。 这将使得我们放包的目录更利于浏览, 因为我们已经有数以万计的包了, 如果用户觉得查看包名很困难的话, 他们会很快走开的。 一个包的名字应该看起来像这样: language_region-name-compiled.specifics-version.numbers 要像这样来定义包的名字: ${PKGNAMEPREFIX}${PORTNAME}${PKGNAMESUFFIX}-${PORTVERSION}。 确保所有的变量符合上面的格式。 FreeBSD 会尽力去支持用户当地的语言。 如果这个 port 是某种语言专用的, 那么 language- 部分应该是 由 ISO-639 定义的自然语言的 2 个字母缩写。 比如, ja是表示日本, ru 是表示俄罗斯, vi 表示越南, zh 表示中国, ko 表示韩国, de 表示德国。 如果是针对某种语言的某一地区的话, 再要加上2个字母的国家代码。 例如, en_US 表示美国英语, fr_CH 表示瑞士法语。 language- 部分应该在 PKGNAMEPREFIX 变量里设置。 name 部分的首字母应该 小写。 (余下的部分能包含大写字母, 所以当您 要转换一个包含大写字母软件的名字时, 您需要 自己做出判断。) 对于perl 5 模块的命名, 有个传统的规则是, 在前面 加上 p5- 并把两个冒号的部分改为连字号, 如: Data::Dumper 模块变成 p5-Data-Dumper。 如果软件的名字里还有数字、 连字号、 下划线, 您也可以把这些包括进来 (例如 kinput2)。 如果这个 port 能将不同的默认设置 硬编码 进程序 (通常是部分的目录名), 那么 -compiled.specifics 应该声明被编译进去的默认设置 (连字号是可选的)。 这样的用例包括纸张大小和不同的字体。 -compiled.specifics 部分应该在 PKGNAMESUFFIX 变量里设置。 版本号应该紧随在连字号 (-) 后面并由数字和字母组成。 特别指出, 另外的连字号是不允许出现在版本号里的。 唯一例外的是字符串 pl (表示 patchlevel), 只能 用在软件没有主版本号和次版本号的情况下。 如果软件的版本号里出现了像 alphabetarcpre, 取第一个字母把它放在小数点的后面。 如果在版本号里一直出现那些名字, 那么在数字和字母之间不应有多余的小数点。 这个方法是为了更容易得凭版本号来排序 port。 特别注意的是, 确保版本号之间的每部分都由小数点来分隔, 如果日期也是版本号的一部分, 就用这样的格式, yyyy.mm.dd 或者 dd.mm.yyyy 这样的格式, 而非 yy.mm.dd, 因为后者不适合表示千年的格式。 这里是一些真实的例子, 我们藉此说明如何把软件作者对软件的命名, 转换为适合我们包的命名方式: 发行版的名字 PKGNAMEPREFIX PORTNAME PKGNAMESUFFIX PORTVERSION 说明 mule-2.2.2 (空) mule (空) 2.2.2 没什么需要修改的 XFree86-3.3.6 (空) XFree86 (空) 3.3.6 没什么需要修改的 EmiClock-1.0.2 (空) emiclock (空) 1.0.2 程序的名字不能使用大写字母 rdist-1.3alpha (空) rdist (空) 1.3.a alpha 这样的字符串是不允许出现的 es-0.9-beta1 (空) es (空) 0.9.b1 beta 这样的字符串是不允许出现的 mailman-2.0rc3 (空) mailman (空) 2.0.r3 rc 这样的字符串是不允许出现的 v3.3beta021.src (空) tiff (空) 3.3 那个是啥鬼东西? tvtwm (空) tvtwm (空) pl11 总需要有个版本号吧 piewm (空) piewm (空) 1.0 总需要有个版本号吧 xvgr-2.10pl1 (空) xvgr (空) 2.10.1 pl 只允许在没有 主/次 版本号的情况下才能出现 gawk-2.15.6 ja- gawk (空) 2.15.6 日文版 psutils-1.13 (空) psutils -letter 1.13 纸张大小已经在编译的时候被硬编码到程序里了 pkfonts (空) pkfonts 300 1.0 300dpi 字体的包 如果在原始的代码里没有版本号, 或者原作者并不打算开发另外的版本, 就应把版本号设成 1.0 (就像前面 piewm 的例子那样)。 否则, 要求原始的作者加上版本号或使用日期 (yyyy.mm.dd) 来作为版本号。 分类 <makevar>CATEGORIES</makevar> (所属分类) 在包制作完成之后, 它会被放在 /usr/ports/packages/All, 并建立一系列来自 /usr/ports/packages 下子目录的符号连接。 这些子目录的名称是由 CATEGORIES 指定的。 这将方便于那些用户在 FTP 站点或 CDROM 的一大堆包里面寻找自己想要的包。 请查看一下 目前的分类表, 并找出一个适合您 port 的分类。 此列表也会决定您的 port 在 port 目录中的位置。 如果您在这里设定了 1 个以上的分类, 则认为您 port 文件应放到以第一个分类命名的子目录中。 请参阅 后面 关于如何选择正确分类的更多讨论。 目前的分类表 这是目前 port 中的分类。 那些用星号 (*) 标记的是 虚拟分类 — 它们在ports树里没有相应的子目录, 因而只用来做为次要的分类, 用以方便搜索。 对于非虚拟的分类来说, 您会看到在相对应子目录中的 Makefile 里有写在 COMMENT 里的单行描述。 分类 描述 注意事项 accessibility 帮助残障人士的 port。 afterstep* 对于 AfterStep 窗口管理器的支持。 arabic 阿拉伯语言支持。 archivers 压缩与备份工具。 astro 有关天文学的 port。 audio 声音支持。 benchmarks 测评程序。 biology 生物学相关的软件。 cad 计算机辅助设计工具。 chinese 中文语言支持。 comms 通讯软件。 大部分是用于串口通讯的。 converters 字符编码转换。 databases 数据库。 deskutils 在发明计算机以前就已经在桌面上使用的东西。 devel 程序开发工具。 不要把开发库放在这里 — 除非您再也找不到更合适的分类, 否则就不该放在这个分类里。 dns DNS 相关的软件。 editors 通用编辑器。 有特殊用途的编辑器应该被置于相应的分类中 (比如, 数学-方程式 编辑器应该放在 math 分类里。 elisp* Emacs-lisp相关的port。 emulators 其他操作系统的模拟器。 终端模拟器 不应该 属于这个分类 — 基于 X 的应该放在 x11 而基于文本模式的应该放到 commsmisc 中去, 取决于具体的功能。 finance 货币、 金融以及相关的应用程序。 french 法语语言支持。 ftp FTP 客户端和服务器端的程序。 如果您的 port 同时支持 FTP 和 HTTP 的话, 把它放进 ftp 并把 www 做为第二分类。 games 游戏。 german 德语语言支持。 gnome* 关于 GNOME 项目的支持。 graphics 图形图象程序。 haskell* 有关 Haskell 编程语言的软件。 hebrew 希伯来语语言支持。 hungarian 匈牙利语语言支持。 ipv6* IPv6 相关软件。 irc IRC 相关程序 japanese 日语语言支持。 java 有关 Java 编程语言的软件。 java 分类对于一个 port 来说并不是唯一的分类。 最好用来放和 Java 语言相关的 port, 而且我们鼓励不要把 java 做为一个 port 的主分类。 kde* K 桌面环境 (KDE) 相关的软件。 korean 韩语语言支持。 lang 编程语言。 linux* Linux 相关的应用程序。 lisp* 和 Lisp 编程语言有关的软件。 mail 电子邮件软件。 math 数值计算和其他数学相关的软件。 mbone MBone 应用程序。 misc 各式各样的实用程序。 通常不属于其他的任何分类, 如果可能的话, 尽量为您的 port 选择 misc 以外的分类, 因为在这里的 port 比较容易被人忽略。 multimedia 多媒体软件。 net 各种网络相关的软件。 net-mgmt 网络管理软件。 news USENET新闻组相关软件。 offix* OffiX 相关套件。 palm Palm™ 系列相关软件。 parallel* 并行计算相关软件。 pear* Pear PHP 架构相关软件。 perl5* Perl5 相关的软件。 plan9* Plan9 相关程序。 polish 波兰语语言语言支持。 portuguese 葡萄牙语语言支持。 print 打印相关的软件。 桌面出版工具 (打印预览工具等等) 也可以放在此分类里。 python* Python 编程语言相关的软件。 ruby* Ruby 编程语言相关的软件。 russian 俄语语言支持。 science 科学相关但不适合放在 astrobiology, 以及 math 分类的 port。 security 安全相关的实用程序。 shells 命令行 shell。 sysutils 系统相关的实用程序。 tcl76* 依赖于 Tcl 7.6 版运行的 port。 tcl80* 依赖于 Tcl 8.0 版运行的 port。 tcl81* 依赖于 Tcl 8.1 版运行的 port。 tcl82* 依赖于 Tcl 8.2 版运行的 port。 tcl83* 依赖于 Tcl 8.3 版运行的 port。 textproc 文本处理的实用程序。 这个分类并不适合于那些应该放到 print 的桌面出版工具。 tk42* 依赖于 Tk 4.2 版运行的 port。 tk80* 依赖于 Tk 8.0 版运行的 port。 tk81* 依赖于 Tk 8.1 版运行的 port。 tk82* 依赖于 Tk 8.2 版运行的 port。 tk83* 依赖于 Tk 8.3 版运行的 port。 tkstep80* 需要 TkSTEP 8.0 来运行的 port。 ukrainian 乌克兰语语言支持。 vietnamese 越南语语言支持。 windowmaker* WindowMaker 窗口管理器的相关支持。 www Word Wide Web的相关软件。 HTML语言相关的支持也可以放在这个分类里。 x11 X Window System以及相关软件。 这个分类是给那些直接支持X Window System 的软件的。 不要把常规的 X 应用程序也放进这里; 它们中的大多数都应被归类到 x11-* (参见下文)。 如果您的 port X 应用程序, 应定义 USE_XLIB (使用 USER_IMAKE 隐含包括它), 然后把它放到合适的分类里。 x11-clocks X11 下的时钟程序。 x11-fm X11 下的文件管理器。 x11-fonts X11 下的字体以及相关工具。 x11-servers X11 服务器。 x11-toolkits X11 工具包。 x11-wm X11 窗口管理器。 zope* Zope 相关的支持。 选择正确的分类 由于不少分类是重复的, 您通常在用哪个分类作为您 port 的主分类上做出选择。 下面有几条规则能帮您解决这个问题。 这是一个带优先级的表, 按优先级降序罗列: 第一个分类必须是个物理的分类 (参阅 前面)。 这对于制作包是必要的。 虚拟分类和物理分类可能在包制作完成后混合在一起。 对于特定语言的分类通常放在第一位。 例如, 如果您的 port 会安装一些 X11 的日文字体, 那么 CATEGORIES那行 就应该是 japanese x11-fonts 有特定意义的分类应当被列在无特定意义的前面。 例如, HTML 编辑器应该是这样的 www editors, 而不是其他的什么。 同样地, 您不应该列出 net, 如果 port 属于 ircmailmbonenewssecurity, 或是 www, 因为 net 可以表示它们的超集。 只有当主要的分类是一门自然语言的时候, x11 能被做为第二分类。 需要特别指出的是, 您不应把 X 的应用程序也归类为 x11 Emacs 模式应当于相应的应用程序放在同一个分类里, 而不是 editors 分类。 举例来说, 一个用于编辑某种编程语言源代码的 Emacs 模式应该被归为 lang 一类。 misc 分类的 port 不能有其他非虚拟的分类。 如果您在您的 CATEGORIES 里设了 misc 和另外的分类, 那意味着可以安全地删除 misc 并把 port 放到其他的子目录中了! 如果您的 port 确实不属于现有的分类, 才把它放到 misc 如果您不能确定使用哪个分类, 请在您提交的 &man.send-pr.1; 里加上一行注释, 这样我们就能在导入进 port 树之前讨论一下。 如果您是 committer, 发一份备忘到 &a.ports; 先讨论一下。 很多情况是新的 port 被加到错误的分类里, 然后又立即被移走。这会造成源代码库不必要和不良的膨胀。 提议建立新的分类 由于 Ports Collection 在持续增长, 已经引入了许多新的分类。 新的分类既可以是 虚拟的 分类 — 这些分类在整个 ports 目录中没有属于自己的子目录 — 或 物理的 分类 — 它们有自己的子目录。 接下来我们将讨论与建立新的物理分类有关的事项, 以便帮助您理解如何提议建立新的分类。 我们目前的做法是避免建立新的物理分类, 除非有非常多的 port 应被归入这一分类, 或者 port 属于某一特定的小团体 (例如, 与某种人类语言相关), 或两者皆是。 这样做的原因是这类修改会让 committer 和用户都不得不进行 许多工作 来在 Ports Collection 进行或追踪修改。 此外, 提议新的分类通常都会引起争论。 (可能这是因为关于某个分类是否 太大 一直没有非常一致的意见的缘故, 另一方面, 分类是否能够能够有助于浏览 (以及多少个分类是合适的), 等等, 也都是问题。) 下面是具体的步骤: 在 &a.ports; 提议新的分类。 您应提供建立新分类的详细依据, 包括为什么认为现有的分类不够, 以及希望移动位置的一系列 port 的名字。 (如果有尚在 GNATS 而未 commit 的 port, 也应一一列出。) 如果您是相关 port 的监护人或提交者, 说明这一情况可能有助于您的提议得到通过。 参与讨论。 如果有人支持您的建议, 应及时提交一个 PR, 其中包括提议 PR 的理由, 以及需要移动的 port 的列表。 理想情况下, 这个 PR 也应包含针对下列文件的补丁: 进行 repocopy 之后对 Makefile 进行的修改 新分类的 Makefile 旧分类的 Makefile 依赖于旧 port 的 port 的 Makefile (此外, 作为一项加分因素, 您还可以提供一些其它需要修改的文件, 按照 Committer 指南所介绍的流程。) 由于这是一项影响 ports 基础设施的变动, 它不仅涉及 repo-copy 的使用, 而且也可能会影响构建集群的衰退测试操作, 因此这类 PR 应分派给 &a.portmgr;。 如果这一 PR 得到批准, 某个 committer 将按照在 Committer 指南 中所介绍的步骤来完成余下的工作。 提议新的虚拟分类和上述过程类似, 但会容易许多, 因为不需要实际地移动任何 port。 这种情况下, PR 应附带的补丁, 就只需要修改影响到的 port 的 Makefile, 以便在其中的 CATEGORIES 中加入新的分类了。 提议对分类进行重新组织 有些时候会有一些人提议重新将分类组织为 2-层 或某种基于关键字的结构。 目前为止, 还没有进行任何相关的改变, 因为尽管这些修改比较容易完成, 但修改整个 Ports Collection 所需要进行的工作, 至少也是令人生畏的。 在发表您的观点之前, 请阅读在邮件列表存档中历史上所进行过的提议; 此外, 您也会被要求提供一个可用的原形。 源码包文件 Makefile 中的第二部分是描述用于构建 port 所必需下载的文件, 以及到什么地方去下载它们。 <makevar>DISTVERSION/DISTNAME</makevar> (源码包版本号/名称) DISTNAME 是作者称呼您所 port 软件的名字。 DISTNAME 的默认值是 ${PORTNAME}-${PORTVERSION}, 因此只有在需要时才应手工指定。 DISTNAME 只在两个地方用到。 第一处是源码包文件列表 (DISTFILES), 其默认值是 ${DISTNAME}${EXTRACT_SUFX}。 第二处是源码包应被展开到的目录名, 即 WRKSRC 所指定的目录, 其默认值是 work/${DISTNAME} 某些软件作者发布源码包的时候并不采取 ${PORTNAME}-${PORTVERSION} 这样的模式, 这可以通过设置 DISTVERSION 来自动处理。 PORTVERSIONDISTNAME 会自动地展开, 当然, 也可以改掉它。 下表给出了一些例子: DISTVERSION PORTVERSION 0.7.1d 0.7.1.d 10Alpha3 10.a3 3Beta7-pre2 3.b7.p2 8:f_17 8f.17 PKGNAMEPREFIXPKGNAMESUFFIX 并不影响 DISTNAME。 此外还应注意 WRKSRC 等于 work/${PORTNAME}-${PORTVERSION}, 而源代码的压缩包则可能是 ${PORTNAME}-${PORTVERSION}${EXTRACT_SUFX} 以外的其它名字。 一般情况下应该保持 DISTNAME 不变 — 更好的方法是定义 DISTFILES 而不是同时设置 DISTNAMEWRKSRC (可能还有 EXTRACT_SUFX)。 <makevar>MASTER_SITES</makevar> (主流下载站点) 记录 FTP/HTTP-URL 指向 MASTER_SITES 中原始压缩档的目录部分。 不要忘了结尾的斜线 (/)! make 宏将尝试使用 FETCH 来抓取所指定的源码包文件, 如果无法在本地系统中找到这些文件的话。 建议您指定多个镜像站点, 最好是在不同的大洲上的。 这样将有效地防止由于大范围网络问题所导致无法下载的问题。 我们甚至打算增加自动检测距离最近的站点并从那里下载的功能; 使用多个站点是这样做的重要一步。 如果原始的源码包是流行的软件, 例如 X-contrib、 GNU, 或 Perl CPAN 等等之一, 您可能会希望使用 MASTER_SITE_* (例如 MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIBMASTER_SITE_PERL_GNU) 来简化撰写。 简单地将 MASTER_SITES 设置为这些变量之一, 并使用 MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR 来指定路径就可以达到目的。 下面是一个例子: MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications 这些变量是在 /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.sites.mk 中定义的。 新项目会随时增加, 因此在您提交 port 之前, 应先看一看这个文件的最新版本。 用户也可以在他们的 /etc/make.conf 文件中自行设置 MASTER_SITE_* 变量, 以便让系统使用他们的选择, 从他们喜欢的镜像站点进行下载。 <makevar>EXTRACT_SUFX</makevar> (压缩包所用的扩展名) 如果您有一个源码包文件, 而它使用了某种怪异的扩展名来表达压缩方法, 应设置 EXTRACT_SUFX 例如, 如果源码包文件的名字是 foo.tgz 而非更为一般的 foo.tar.gz, 您应写上: DISTNAME= foo EXTRACT_SUFX= .tgz USE_BZIP2USE_ZIP 变量会自动根据需要将 EXTRACT_SUFX 设置为 .tar.bz2.zip。 如果这两个都没设置, 则 EXTRACT_SUFX 的 默认值将是 .tar.gz 任何时候都不需要同时设置 EXTRACT_SUFXDISTFILES. <makevar>DISTFILES</makevar> (全部源代码包) 有些时候所下载的文件名字和 port 的名字没有任何联系。 例如, 可能是 source.tar.gz, 或者与此类似的其它名字。 也有一些其它的应用软件, 它们的源代码可能被存放到了不同的压缩包中, 而且全都需要下载。 如果遇到这种情况, 可以将 DISTFILES 设置为以空格分隔的一组需要下载的文件列表。 DISTFILES= source1.tar.gz source2.tar.gz 如果没有予以明确的设置, DISTFILES 的默认值将是 ${DISTNAME}${EXTRACT_SUFX} <makevar>EXTRACT_ONLY</makevar> (只解压缩部分源文件) 如果只有一部分 DISTFILES 需要解压缩 — 例如, 其中的一个是源代码, 而其它则是未压缩的文档 — 此时应把那些需要解压缩的文件加到 EXTRACT_ONLY 中。 DISTFILES= source.tar.gz manual.html EXTRACT_ONLY= source.tar.gz 如果 DISTFILES没有 需要解压缩的文件, 则应将 EXTRACT_ONLY 设为空串。 EXTRACT_ONLY= <makevar>PATCHFILES</makevar> (通过下载得到的补丁文件) 如果您的 port 需要来自 FTP 或 HTTP 的一些额外的补丁, 应将 PATCHFILES 设置为这些文件的名字, 并将 PATCH_SITES 指向包含这些文件的目录的 URL (格式与 MASTER_SITES 相同)。 如果这些补丁, 由于包含了其它的目录名, 而导致它们不是相对于源代码目录的顶级目录 (也就是 WRKSRC) 的话, 就需要相应地设置 PATCH_DIST_STRIP 了。 例如, 如果补丁中所有的目录名前面都有一个多余的 foozolix-1.0/, 就应设置 PATCH_DIST_STRIP=-p1 不需要担心补丁文件本身是否是压缩的; 如果文件名以 .gz or .Z 结尾, 系统会自动解压缩。 如果补丁是同某些其它文件, 例如文档, 一同以 gzip 压缩的 tar 格式发布的, 就不能简单地使用 PATCHFILES 了。 这种情况下, 您应将这些补丁包的文件和位置加入到 DISTFILESMASTER_SITES 中。 然后, 用 EXTRA_PATCHES 变量来指出这些文件, 这样 bsd.port.mk 就会自动地为您应用这些补丁了。 需要特别注意的是, 不要 将补丁文件复制到 PATCHDIR 目录中 — 这个目录可能是不可写的。 压缩包会以同源代码一样的方式解压缩, 因此不需要自行完成解压缩操作, 并复制补丁文件。 如果您一定要这样做, 就要注意, 不要让解压缩出来的文件覆盖先前已经存在的文件。 此外, 这么做还需要手工增加命令, 以便在 pre-clean target 中删除这些复制出来的文件。 来自不同站点的多个源代码包或补丁文件 (<literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal>) (这一节在某种程度上应被视作 进阶话题; 刚开始阅读这份文档的读者可能会希望先跳过这一部分)。 这一节提供了被称作 MASTER_SITES:nMASTER_SITES_NN 的下载控制机制。 这里我们把它们称为 MASTER_SITES:n 首先给出一些背景。 OpenBSD 在其 DISTFILESPATCHFILES 变量中提供了一个很棒的功能, 即, 允许这些文件和补丁拥有 :n 后缀, 其中 n 可以使用 [0-9], 来表达组。 例如: DISTFILES= alpha:0 beta:1 在 OpenBSD 中, 源码包文件 alpha 应被关联到变量 MASTER_SITES0 而不是公共的 MASTER_SITES 变量上; 而 beta 则应关联到 MASTER_SITES1 上。 这是一个很有意思的功能, 它可以避免无休止地搜索正确的下载站点的过程。 想象 DISTFILES 中指定了 2 个文件, 而 MASTER_SITES 包含了 20 个站点的情形, 这其中许多站点慢如蜗牛, 而 beta 可以在 MASTER_SITES 的所有站点找到, 而 alpha 只能在第 20 个上面找到。 如果监护人了解这一点, 那么检查所有的站点无疑是在浪费时间, 不是吗? 这显然不是开始一个愉快周末的好办法! 现在您有了一个感性的认识了, 想象一下 DISTFILES 和更多的 MASTER_SITES。 显然, 我们的 distfiles 调查员先生 会感谢您减少他浪费在等待下载上所耗费的时间。 下一节中, 将按照 FreeBSD 对上述想法的实现来加以阐释。 我们对 OpenBSD 所提出的概念进行了一些改进。 简化信息 这一节将介绍如何迅速地对从不同的站点以及子目录下载多个源码包和补丁进行精确的控制。 这里, 我们将描述 MASTER_SITES:n 的一种简化用法。 对于多数情况而言这样做是足够的。 然而, 如果您需要更多信息, 还需要参考下面的几节。 一些应用程序需要从多个站点下载不同的源码包。 例如, Ghostscript 包括了程序核心本身, 以及大量的驱动文件, 以及则取决于用户的打印机品牌和型号的驱动程序。 某些驱动文件已经随程序核心附带, 但也有很多需要从其他站点下载。 为了适应这种需要, 每一个 DISTFILES 项应跟随一个冒号, 以及一个 标签名。 在 MASTER_SITES 的每个站点也应跟随冒号和标签名, 以便指定从哪个网站下载源码包文件。 例如, 考虑一个将源代码包分为两部分, 即 source1.tar.gzsource2.tar.gz 的软件, 它必须从两个不同的站点下载。 port 的 Makefile 应包括类似 的配置。 简化的 <literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal> 用法, 每个文件来自一个站点 MASTER_SITES= ftp://ftp.example1.com/:source1 \ ftp://ftp.example2.com/:source2 DISTFILES= source1.tar.gz:source1 \ source2.tar.gz:source2 多个源码包可以使用同一个标签。 继续前面的例子, 假定增加了第三个源码包, source3.tar.gz, 应从 ftp.example2.com 下载。 Makefile 的这部分应写成 的样子。 简化的 <literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal> 用法, 其中同一个站点上提供了不止一个文件 MASTER_SITES= ftp://ftp.example1.com/:source1 \ ftp://ftp.example2.com/:source2 DISTFILES= source1.tar.gz:source1 \ source2.tar.gz:source2 \ source3.tar.gz:source2 深入介绍 前面的例子无法满足您的需求? 这一节, 我们将详细介绍 MASTER_SITES:n 的精细控制是如何工作的, 以及如何修改您的 port 来使用它们。 元素可以包含 :n 这样的后缀, 其中 n[^:,]+, 概念上即 n 可以取任意数字或字母, 但我们目前将其限定为 [a-zA-Z_][0-9a-zA-Z_]+ 此外, 字符串匹配时对大小写是敏感的; 换言之, nN 不同。 但是, 由于表达特殊的意义, 下列单词不能用于后缀: defaultallALL (它们会在 中介绍的部分用到)。 此外, DEFAULT 是一个有特殊用途的词 (请参见 )。 后缀为 :n 的项目属于 n 组, 而 :m 属于 m 组, 依此类推。 没有后缀的元素是无组的, 也就是它们都属于那个特殊的 DEFAULT 组。 给元素加入 DEFAULT 后缀通常是多余的, 除非您有同时属于 DEFAULT 和其他组的元素 (参见 )。 下面的例子是等价的, 但通常应适用第一个: MASTER_SITES= alpha MASTER_SITES= alpha:DEFAULT 组之间不是互斥的, 同一元素可以同时隶属于多个组, 而组则可以为空或者有任意多个元素。 同一组中的重复元素, 并不会被自动消去。 如果希望同一元素同时属于多个组, 可以用逗号 (,) 分开。 这种办法可以避免仅为指定不同的组而多次重复同一元素。 例如 :m,n,o 表示这个元素同时属于 mno 这三组。 下面这些写法都是等价的, 但只推荐使用最后一种: MASTER_SITES= alpha alpha:SOME_SITE MASTER_SITES= alpha:DEFAULT alpha:SOME_SITE MASTER_SITES= alpha:SOME_SITE,DEFAULT MASTER_SITES= alpha:DEFAULT,SOME_SITE 同一组中的所有站点, 会根据 MASTER_SORT_AWK 排序。 在 MASTER_SITESPATCH_SITES 中的组也会进行排序。 MASTER_SITESPATCH_SITESMASTER_SITE_SUBDIRPATCH_SITE_SUBDIRDISTFILES, 以及 PATCHFILES 中, 都可以使用组, 其语法为: 所有 MASTER_SITESPATCH_SITESMASTER_SITE_SUBDIR 以及 PATCH_SITE_SUBDIR 的元素, 都必须以 / 字符结尾。 如果有元素属于某些组, 则组后缀 :n 必须出现在终结符 / 之后。 MASTER_SITES:n 机制依赖于 / 的存在, 以避免在 :n 是元素一部分, 而 :n 同时又表示组 n 时发生混淆。 为了兼容性的考虑, 因为之前 / 终结符在 MASTER_SITE_SUBDIRPATCH_SITE_SUBDIR 元素中都不是必需的, 如果后缀所紧跟的字符不是 /, 则 :n 将被认为是元素的一部分, 而不被当作组后缀, 即使元素拥有 :n 后缀。 请参见 以了解进一步的细节。 在 <makevar>MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR</makevar> 中 <literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal> 的详细用法 MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= old:n new/:NEW DEFAULT 中的目录 -> old:n NEW 中的目录 -> new 用到逗号分隔符、 多个文件, 多个站点和 不同子目录的 <literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal> 详细用法 MASTER_SITES= http://site1/%SUBDIR%/ http://site2/:DEFAULT \ http://site3/:group3 http://site4/:group4 \ http://site5/:group5 http://site6/:group6 \ http://site7/:DEFAULT,group6 \ http://site8/%SUBDIR%/:group6,group7 \ http://site9/:group8 DISTFILES= file1 file2:DEFAULT file3:group3 \ file4:group4,group5,group6 file5:grouping \ file6:group7 MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= directory-trial:1 directory-n/:groupn \ directory-one/:group6,DEFAULT \ directory 前述的例子的结果是下述的对于下载行为的精细控制。 站点的列表按照使用的顺序给出。 file1 将从 MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE http://site1/directory-trial:1/ http://site1/directory-one/ http://site1/directory/ http://site2/ http://site7/ MASTER_SITE_BACKUP 下载。 file2 将和 file1 以同样的方式下载, 因为它们属于同一组 MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE http://site1/directory-trial:1/ http://site1/directory-one/ http://site1/directory/ http://site2/ http://site7/ MASTER_SITE_BACKUP file3 将从 MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE http://site3/ MASTER_SITE_BACKUP 下载。 file4 将从 MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE http://site4/ http://site5/ http://site6/ http://site7/ http://site8/directory-one/ MASTER_SITE_BACKUP 下载。 file5 将从 MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE MASTER_SITE_BACKUP 下载。 file6 将从 MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE http://site8/ MASTER_SITE_BACKUP 下载。 如何对来自 bsd.sites.mk 的特殊变量, 例如 MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE 进行分组? 参见 <makevar>MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE</makevar> 中 <literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal> 的详细用法 MASTER_SITES= http://site1/ ${MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE:S/$/:sourceforge,TEST/} DISTFILES= something.tar.gz:sourceforge something.tar.gz 将从所有 MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE 中的站点下载。 如何与 PATCH* 变量连用? 前面的例子介绍的都是 MASTER* 变量, 但对于 PATCH* 也是完全一样的, 它们在 有所介绍。 简化的 <makevar>PATCH_SITES</makevar> 中的 <literal>MASTER_SITES:n</literal> 用法。 PATCH_SITES= http://site1/ http://site2/:test PATCHFILES= patch1:test 会改变 ports 的哪些行为? 哪些不会? 所有普通的 ports 的行为都会保持不变。 MASTER_SITES:n 功能的代码, 只有在某些元素包含了前述, 特别是 中所提及语法的 :n 后缀时, 才会启用。 不受影响的 port target: checksummakesumpatchconfigurebuild, 等等。 显然, do-fetchfetch-listmaster-sitespatch-sites 的行为会发生变化。 do-fetch: 会按照新的、 带有组后缀的 DISTFILESPATCHFILESMASTER_SITESPATCH_SITES 所匹配的组元素, 以及 MASTER_SITE_SUBDIRPATCH_SITE_SUBDIR 来进行。 请参见 fetch-list: 和旧式的 fetch-list 类似, 但以同 do-fetch 相似的方式处理组。 master-sitespatch-sites: (与旧版本不兼容) 仅返回组 DEFAULT 的元素; 事实上, 它们会执行 master-sites-defaultpatch-sites-default 这两个 target。 更进一步, 使用 master-sites-allpatch-sites-all 这两个 target 之一, 要比直接检查 MASTER_SITESPATCH_SITES 更好。 此外, 未来版本可能不再保证直接检查能够正确工作。 请参见 以了解关于这些新 target 的更多技术细节。 port 中的新 target 一系列 master-sites-npatch-sites-n target 可以分别用来列出 MASTER_SITESPATCH_SITES 中的 n 组的内容。 例如, master-sites-DEFAULTpatch-sites-DEFAULT 都会返回 DEFAULT 组的内容, 而 master-sites-testpatch-sites-test 则返回 test 组的内容, 等等。 新增的 master-sites-allpatch-sites-all 这两个 target, 会完成先前 master-sitespatch-sites 所做的工作。 它们会返回所有组的元素, 就像这些元素都属于同一组一样, 并且会列出与 MASTER_SITE_BACKUPMASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE 中在 DISTFILESPATCHFILES 中指定的同样多个; 分别对于 master-sites-allpatch-sites-all <makevar>DIST_SUBDIR</makevar> (独立的源码包子目录) 避免让您的 port 使 /usr/ports/distfiles 陷入混乱。 如果您的 port 需要下载很多文件, 或者需要下载可能与其它 port 的源文件名冲突的文件 (例如, Makefile), 则应将 DIST_SUBDIR 设置为 port 的名字 (通常可以用 ${PORTNAME}${PKGNAMEPREFIX}${PORTNAME})。 这将把 DISTDIR 从默认的 /usr/ports/distfiles 改为 /usr/ports/distfiles/DIST_SUBDIR, 并将与您的 port 有关的文件放到那个目录中。 此外, 它也会在备份文件主服务器 ftp.FreeBSD.org 上查找同一子目录下的文件 (直接在您的 Makefile 中设置 DISTDIR 则不会有这样的效果, 因此您应使用 DIST_SUBDIR。) 这一设置并不影响您在 Makefile 中定义的 MASTER_SITES <makevar>MAINTAINER</makevar> (监护人) 请在此处写上您的电子邮件地址。 :-) 需要注意的是, MAINTAINER 的值只允许一个电子邮件地址, 其格式是 user@hostname.domain。 此处不要写任何说明性的文字, 例如您的真实姓名 — 这会使 bsd.port.mk 感到困惑。 此类文字, 应放在 pkg-descr 中。 监护人的职责说明, 可以在 Makefiles 中的 MAINTAINER 找到。 如果某一 port 的监护人没有在两周 (重要的公共假日除外) 之内响应用户的更新请求, 则视为监护人超时, 从而允许在没有监护人明确同意的情形下进行更新。 如果监护人没有在三个月之内予以响应, 且属于不辞而别的情形, 则可以变更相应 port 的监护人。 此规定对于监护人为 &a.portmgr; 或 &a.security-officer; 的 port 不适用。 未经许可, 不允许 commit 这些小组所监护的 port。 &a.portmgr; 保留以任何原因收回或绕过监护权的权力, 而 &a.security-officer; 则保留以安全原因收回或绕过监护权的权力。 <makevar>COMMENT</makevar> (一句话说明) 这一变量用于指定 port 的一句话说明。 勿将 package 的名字 (或软件的版本) 放在说明中。 这一说明的第一个字母应大写, 结尾不用句点。 下面是一个例子: COMMENT= A cat chasing a mouse all over the screen Makefile 中的 COMMENT 变量应该紧接着 MAINTAINER 变量出现。 请务必将 COMMENT 这行限制在 70 个字符之内, 因为它的主要目的是向用户展示 port 的一句话简介。 依赖关系 许多 port 会依赖其他 port。 有七个变量用于帮助您确保所需的文件都存在于用户的机器上。 此外, 也提供了用于支持常见情形的依赖关系变量, 以及对依赖关系行为的更多控制。 <makevar>LIB_DEPENDS</makevar> (依赖的函数库/共享库) 这个变量用于指定 port 所依赖的共享库。 其内容是由一系列 lib:dir:target 元组构成的表, 其中 lib 是共享库的名字, 而 dir 则是在找不到时应该从哪里构建和安装, 最后, target 用于指定在那个目录中调用的 target。 例如, LIB_DEPENDS= jpeg.9:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:install 会检测主版本号为 9 的 jpeg 共享库, 如果它不存在, 则会进入到您的 ports 目录中的 graphics/jpeg 子目录, 并构建和安装它。 如果您指定的 target 就是 DEPENDS_TARGET (默认是 install), 则可以略去不写。 lib 部分是一个正则表达式, 用于在 ldconfig -r 的输出中进行查找。 可以使用类似 intl.[5-7]intl 这样的值。 后者表示任意主版本号的 intl 库。 依赖关系会被检测两次, 一次是在 extract target 中, 而另一次则是在 install target。 另外, 依赖关系的名字会放到 package 中, 以便让 &man.pkg.add.1; 能够自动地在用户系统上安装所需的未安装的其他 package。 <makevar>RUN_DEPENDS</makevar> (依赖的运行环境) 这个变量可以用来指定 port 在运行时所需要的可执行文件, 以及资源文件。 它是一系列 path:dir:target 元组的列表, 这里, path 时所需的可执行, 或者资源文件的名字, dir 是在无法找到这些文件或目录时, 去什么地方完成构建和安装以便获得这些文件; 而 target 则用来指定在这个目录中所调用的 target 的名字。 假如 path 以斜线 (/) 开始, 则会当作普通文件, 使用 test -e 来测试; 反之, 则系统会假定这是一个可执行文件, 并且用 which -s 来检测程序是否存在于搜索路径中。 例如, RUN_DEPENDS= ${LOCALBASE}/etc/innd:${PORTSDIR}/news/inn \ wish8.0:${PORTSDIR}/x11-toolkits/tk80 将检查文件, 或者目录 /usr/local/etc/innd 是否存在, 如果找不到, 则将从 port 目录的 news/inn 子目录加以安装。 系统也会检查是否能够在搜索路径中找到名为 wish8.0 的文件, 如果找不到的话, 则会进入 ports 目录中的 x11-toolkits/tk80 子目录, 并进行构建和安装的操作。 这种情况下, innd 实际上是一个可执行文件; 如果可执行文件不会出现在搜索路径中, 您就需要指定完整路径了。 ports 构建集群上官方的搜索 PATH /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin 这个依赖关系会在 install target 的过程中进行检查。 此外, 依赖关系的名字会被放到 package 中, 以便 &man.pkg.add.1; 能够在用户的系统中尚未安装相关软件时自动地安装那些 package。 如果您希望指定一个的 target 和默认的 DEPENDS_TARGET 相同, 则可以略去不写。 <makevar>BUILD_DEPENDS</makevar> (依赖的构建环境) 此变量用于指定用来构建 port 的可执行文件或资源文件。 与 RUN_DEPENDS 类似, 它是一个 path:dir:target 元组的列表。 例如, BUILD_DEPENDS= unzip:${PORTSDIR}/archivers/unzip 将检测名为 unzip 的可执行文件是否存在, 如果不存在, 则会进入到您的 ports 目录中的 archivers/unzip 并完成构建和安装工作。 这里的 build 表示从解压缩到编译的全部过程。 依赖关系是在 extract target 的过程中检测的。 假如您要指定的 targetDEPENDS_TARGET 相同, 则可以略去不写。 <makevar>FETCH_DEPENDS</makevar> (依赖的下载环境) 这一变量用于指定 port 在下载时所需的可执行文件或资源文件。 和前两个类似, 它是一组 path:dir:target 元组。 例如, FETCH_DEPENDS= ncftp2:${PORTSDIR}/net/ncftp2 将检测名为 ncftp2 的可执行文件是否存在, 如果找不到, 则将进入到您 ports 目录中的 net/ncftp2 子目录并加以构建和安装。 这个依赖关系是在 fetch target 过程中检查的。 如果与 DEPENDS_TARGET 相同, 则可以省略 target 部分。 <makevar>EXTRACT_DEPENDS</makevar> (依赖的解压缩环境) 此变量用于指定 port 在解压缩时所需的可执行文件或其他资源文件。 和前一个变量类似, 它是一系列 path:dir:target 元组的列表。 例如, EXTRACT_DEPENDS= unzip:${PORTSDIR}/archivers/unzip 将检查名为 unzip 的可执行文件是否存在, 如果不存在, 则会进入到您的 ports 目录中的 archivers/unzip 子目录, 予以构建和安装。 这个依赖关系是在 extract target 的过程中检查的。 如果与 DEPENDS_TARGET 相同, 则可以略去 target 部分。 只有在其他方式都不可用 (默认是 gzip) 而且无法通过 所介绍的 USE_ZIPUSE_BZIP2 都不能达到需要时, 才应使用这个变量。 <makevar>PATCH_DEPENDS</makevar> (依赖的打补丁环境) 这个变量用于指定 port 在进行 patch 操作时所需的可执行文件或其他资源文件。 和前一个变量类似, 它是一组 path:dir:target 元组的表。 例如, PATCH_DEPENDS= ${NONEXISTENT}:${PORTSDIR}/java/jfc:extract 表示进入到您的 ports 目录中的 java/jfc 子目录, 并将其解压缩, 而无论它是否之前安装过。 这个依赖关系是在 patch target 的过程中检查的。 target 部分如果和 DEPENDS_TARGET 相同, 就可略去不写。 <makevar>DEPENDS</makevar> (一般依赖) 如果有无法归类于上述类别的依赖关系, 或者您的 port 需要解压缩其他 port 的源代码才能够完成构建或安装, 则应使用它来表达。 这个变量是一组格式为 dir:target 的元组表, 与前四个不同, 它并不实施检查。 这里的 target 部分, 如果与 DEPENDS_TARGET 相同, 就可以略去不写。 <makevar>USE_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> 提供了一系列变量, 用以封装大量 port 都用到的依赖关系。 虽然使用这些变量是可选的, 但它们能显著减少 port 的 Makefile 复杂性。 这些变量的共同特征在于, 它们的名字都是 USE_* 这样的形式。 这些变量的使用, 应严格限制于 port 的 Makefile 以及 ports/Mk/bsd.*.mk, 而绝不应用于表达用户能够设置的选项 — 这种情况下应采用 WITH_*WITHOUT_* 这样的变量。 任何 情况下, 都不应在 /etc/make.conf 中配置 USE_*。 例如, 设置 USE_GCC=3.2 将导致每一个 port 都依赖于 gcc32, 甚至包括 gcc32 本身! 常用的 <makevar>USE_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> 变量 变量 含义 USE_BZIP2 此 port 的源码包是使用 bzip2 压缩的。 USE_ZIP 此 port 的源码包是用 zip 压缩的。 USE_GMAKE 此 port 需要使用gmake 来进行构建。 USE_PERL5 此 port 的构建和安装需要使用 perl 5。 参见 以了解与 perl 有关的其他变量。 USE_X_PREFIX 此 port 将安装到 X11BASE 而非默认的 PREFIX。 请参见 以了解其他与 X11 有关的变量。 USE_AUTOMAKE_VER 此 port 的构建过程中用到了 GNU automake。 请参见 以了解与 automake 有关的其他变量。 USE_AUTOCONF_VER 此 port 的构建过程中用到了 GNU autoconf。 请参见 以了解与 autoconf 有关的其他变量。 USE_LIBTOOL_VER 此 port 构建过程用到了 GNU libtool。 请参见 以了解与 libtool 有关的其他变量。 GMAKE gmake 的完整路径, 如果它不在 PATH 中的话。 USE_BISON 此 port 在构建时使用 bison USE_SDL 此 port 使用 SDL 来完成构建和支持运行。 参见 以了解如何使用 USE_SDL USE_GCC 此 port 需要使用某一特定版本的 gcc 才能完成编译。 可以使用类似 3.2 这样的值来精确指定版本。 如果希望使用不低于某一版本的编译器, 则可以用 3.2+ 这样的形式。 如果与所希望的版本吻合, 则将使用基本系统中所提供的 gcc, 反之, 系统会从 ports 中安装所希望版本的 gcc, 并调整 CC 以及 CXX 变量的设置。 需要注意的是, USE_GCC 不能与 USE_LIBTOOL_VER 联用。 NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES 不要使用 install.man target。
如果您的 port 需要使用 X Window 系统, 则应定义 USE_XLIB=yes。 (如果定义了 USE_IMAKE 则会作隐含定义)。 如果您的 port 使用了 GNU make 而不是 BSD make, 还应定义 USE_GMAKE=yes。 如果需要运行 GNU autoconf, 还需要定义 USE_AUTOCONF_VER=213。 定义 USE_QT_VER=3 表示您的 port 需要使用最新的 Qt toolkit。 此外, 还可以用 USE_PERL5=yes 来表示 port 需要 perl 语言的第 5 版。 (最后一个变量很重要, 因为某些版本的 FreeBSD 的基本系统中包含了 perl5, 而新版本则没有。)
关于依赖关系的补充说明 如前面所提到的那样, 在需要某一依赖的 port 时, 将调用 DEPENDS_TARGET 所指定的 target。 这一变量的默认值是 install。 这不是一个用户变量, 它不应在 port 的 Makefile 中予以定义。 如果您的 port 需要使用特殊的 target 来处理依赖关系, 应使用 *_DEPENDS:target 部分, 而不是重定义 DEPENDS_TARGET 来完成。 当您输入 make clean 时, 其依赖的 port 也会自动进行清理。 如果您不希望如此, 应定义环境变量 NOCLEANDEPENDS。 如果 port 依赖一些重新构建需要花费很长时间的 port 时, 例如 KDE, GNOME 或 Mozilla 时, 这一方法会非常有用。 要无条件地依赖某个 port, 可以使用 ${NONEXISTENT} 作为 BUILD_DEPENDSRUN_DEPENDS 的第一部分。 只有在您需要使用其他 port 提供的源代码时才应这样做。 通常也可以通过这样指定来缩短编译所需的时间。 例如 BUILD_DEPENDS= ${NONEXISTENT}:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/jpeg:extract 表示依赖 jpeg port 并将其解压缩。 除非其他方式都不适合, 否则不要使用 DEPENDS。 这样指定将在任何情况下都构建 (默认情况下还会安装) 其他 port, 而且这依赖关系还会进入 package。 如果真的需要这样, 写成 BUILD_DEPENDSRUN_DEPENDS 可能更合适一些 — 至少它的表达更为明确。 循环的依赖关系是致命的 不要在 ports tree 中引入任何循环依赖关系! ports 构建技术不能够容忍循环依赖关系。 如果您引入了这样的关系, 就一定会有人安装的 FreeBSD 会因此而损坏, 而且这种现象会越来越多。 这些情形很难检测; 如果有疑虑, 在进行这样的修改之前, 务必执行: cd /usr/ports; make index。 这个过程在旧的机器上会很慢, 但能够让大量的用户 — 也包括您自己 — 拯救于由这种问题所造成的困惑之中。
Makefile 选项 某些大型应用程序可以在构建时使用一系列配置选项, 用以在系统中已经安装了某些库或应用程序时增加一些功能。 例如, 选择某种自然 (人类的) 语言, GUI 或命令行界面, 由于并不是所有的用户都希望使用这些库或者应用程序, port 系统提供了一组方便的机制, 来让 port 的作者控制构建时的配置。 支持这些特性可以让用户体验更好, 并达到事半功倍的效果。 <makevar>WITH_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> 和 <makevar>WITHOUT_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> 这些变量是为系统管理员准备的。 许多这样的变量被标准化并置于 ports/Mk/bsd.*.mk; 也有一些没有, 这可能会比较令人困惑。 如果您需要增加类似的配置变量, 请考虑使用下表中的变量。 您不应假定每一个 WITH_* 都会有对应的 WITHOUT_* 变量, 反之亦然。 一般而言, 会使用默认值。 除非另有说明, 这些变量都是测试是否定义, 而不是它们设置了 YESNO <makevar>WITH_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> 和 <makevar>WITHOUT_<replaceable>*</replaceable></makevar> 变量 变量 意义 WITH_APACHE2 如果定义了这个变量, 则使用 www/apache2 而不是默认的 www/apache WITH_BERKELEY_DB 这个变量表示所用的 Berkeley 数据库软件包版本, 例如 databases/db41WITH_BDB_VER 可以取的值包括 2、 3、 4、 41 和 42。 WITH_MYSQL 这个变量用于指定所用的 MySQL 数据库软件包的版本, 例如 databases/mysql40-serverWANT_MYSQL_VER 可以取的值, 包括 323、 40、 41 和 50。 WITHOUT_NLS 表示不需要国际化支持, 这可以节省编译所消耗的时间。 默认情况下, 会启用国际化支持。 WITH_OPENSSL_BASE 使用基本系统中的 OpenSSL 版本。 WITH_OPENSSL_PORT 使用从 security/openssh 中安装的 OpenSSL 版本, 并覆盖原先随基本系统安装的 OpenSSL 版本。 WITH_POSTGRESQL 这个变量用于指定所需的 PostGreSQL 数据库软件包的版本, 例如 databases/postgresql72 WITHOUT_X11 如果 port 能够在是否包含 X 支持的情况下分别构建, 则一般情况应该默认以包含 X 支持的配置来构建。 如果定义了这一变量, 则应构建不包含 X 支持的版本。
<makevar>OPTIONS</makevar> (菜单式可选项) 背景 OPTIONS 变量将向安装 port 的用户给出一个对话框, 其中给出可用的选项, 这些选项将保存到 /var/db/ports/portname/options 中。 下次重新构建 port 时, 这些选项将被重用。 这样, 就不再需要记忆您上次构建 port 时所用的那样多的 WITH_*WITHOUT_* 了! 语法 OPTIONS 变量的语法是: OPTIONS= OPTION "说明性文字" 默认值 ... 默认值必须是 ONOFF 之一。 这种三元组可以使用多次。 当用户执行 make config (或首次执行 make build) 时, 系统将检查 /var/db/ports/portname /options。 如果这个文件不存在, 它将使用 OPTIONS 中的值来显示一个对话框, 以便启用或禁用某些选项。 随后, 用户所选的项目将被保存起来, 而对应的变量则将用于构建过程。 make showconfig 来查看保存的配置。 用 make rmconfig 删除已经保存的配置。 例子 简单的 <makevar>OPTIONS</makevar> 用法 OPTIONS= FOO "启用 foo 选项" On \ BAR "支持 bar 选项" Off .include <bsd.port.pre.mk> .if defined(WITHOUT_FOO) CONFIGURE_ARGS+= --without-foo .else CONFIGURE_ARGS+= --with-foo .endif .if defined(WITH_BAR) RUN_DEPENDS+= bar:${PORTSDIR}/bar/bar .endif .include <bsd.port.post.mk> 已知问题 make index 目前还不能按照 OPTIONS 的设置来完成生成过程 (ports/75727) PACKAGE_BUILDING 目前无法正确配合 OPTIONS (ports/75727?)
指定工作临时目录 每个 port 都会被解压缩到一个工作临时目录中, 这个目录必须是可写的。 ports 系统默认情况下会将 DISTFILES 解压缩到一个叫做 ${DISTNAME} 的目录中。 换言之, 如果设了: PORTNAME= foo PORTVERSION= 1.0 则 port 的源码包文件的顶级目录将是 foo-1.0 如果这不是所希望的情形, 您可以修改一系列变量的设置。 <makevar>WRKSRC</makevar> (开始构建操作的目录名) 这个变量给出了在应用程序的源代码包解压缩之后所生成的目录的名字。 如果我们之前的例子解压缩生成一个叫做 foo (而不是 foo-1.0) 的目录, 您应: WRKSRC= ${WRKDIR}/foo 或者, 也可能是 WRKSRC= ${WRKDIR}/${PORTNAME} <makevar>NO_WRKSUBDIR</makevar> (不需要临时的构建目录) 如果 port 完全不需要写入到某个子目录中, 您应设置 NO_WRKSUBDIR 以明示这一点。 NO_WRKSUBDIR= yes <makevar>CONFLICTS</makevar> (设置与其它包的冲突) 如果您的软件包无法与某些其它软件包共存 (由于文件冲突, 运行环境不兼容, 等等), 将这些包的名字列在 CONFLICTS 变量中。 此处可以使用 shell 通配符, 如 *?。 列举软件包的名称时, 应采用 /var/db/pkg 中的形式。 请确认 CONFLICTS 不会匹配它本身, 否则将导致 FORCE_PKG_REGISTER 无法正常工作。 CONFLICTS 会自动地设置 IGNORE, 后者的完整介绍, 可以在 找到。 构建机制 如果您的软件用到了 GNU make, 则应设置 USE_GMAKE=yes。 如果包含 configure, 还应设置 HAS_CONFIGURE=yes。 假如要使用 GNU configure, 则需要设置 GNU_CONFIGURE=yes (这会自动设置 HAS_CONFIGURE)。 如果希望向 configure 传递一些参数 (对于 GNU configure 而言, 其默认值是 --prefix=${PREFIX}, 而对非 GNU configure 则是空串), 将这些额外的参数设置为 CONFIGURE_ARGS。 如果您的软件包使用 GNU autoconf, 可以设置 USE_AUTOCONF_VER=213。 这会自动设置 GNU_CONFIGURE, 并让 autoconfconfigure 之前执行。 如果软件包用到 GNU configure, 而最终生成的可执行文件的名字很 奇怪, 例如 i386-portbld-freebsd4.7-appname, 您需要额外地手工修改 CONFIGURE_TARGET 变量, 按照较新版的 autoconf 希望的方式指定目标的名字。 做法是在 Makefile 中的 GNU_CONFIGURE=yes 这行之后加入: CONFIGURE_TARGET=--build=${MACHINE_ARCH}-portbld-freebsd${OSREL} 如果您的软件包是 X 应用程序, 并且使用 imakeImakefile 中生成的 Makefile, 就应设置 USE_IMAKE=yes。 这样, 就能够在 configure 阶段自动地执行 xmkmf -a。 如果您的 port 使用 参数会导致问题, 需要进一步设置 XMKMF=xmkmf。 如果 port 使用 imake 但无法采用 install.man target, 则应设置 NO_INSTALL_MANPAGES=yes。 最后, 这些问题应通知您所 port 软件的原作者。 :-> 如果您的 port 的源 Makefile 用于构建的 target 名字不是 all, 需要相应地设置 ALL_TARGET; 同理, 对于 install 可以配置 INSTALL_TARGET
特殊情况 有一些您在创建port时的特殊情况,我们在这里提一下。 共享库 如果您的port安装了一个或多个共享库,那么请定义一个 INSTALLS_SHLIB make 变量, 在post-install标记把它注册进共享库 缓冲时会调用bsd.port.mk去运行 ${LDCONFIG} -m来指向新库的安装目录。 (通常是 PREFIX/lib) 同样,您也可以适当的在您的 pke-plist文件 中定义一组@exec /sbin/ldconfig -m@unexec /sbin/ldconfig -R, 那么用户可以在安装后马上 就能使用,并且在卸载软件包后系统也不会认为这些共享库仍然存在。 如果您需要把共享库安装在缺省的位置之外, 可以定义 LDCONFIG_DIRS make 变量,它包含安装共享库的目录列表 例如: 如果您的共享库安装到 PREFIX/lib/fooPREFIX/lib/bar directories目录,您可以在您的 Makefile中这样设置: INSTALLS_SHLIB= yes LDCONFIG_DIRS= %%PREFIX%%/lib/foo %%PREFIX%%/lib/bar 值得注意的是这里 LDCONFIG_DIRS 的内 容就像 pkg-plist 的其他部分一样要通过&man.sed.1;过滤,所 以 PLIST_SUB 置换也会应用。我们推荐您使用 %%PREFIX%% 替换 PREFIX%%LOCALBASE%% 替换LOCALBASE%%X11BASE%% 替换X11BASE. Ports的发行限制 众多协议,并且其中的一些致力于 限制怎样的应用程序能被打包, 是否能用于销售赢利等等。 做为一名porter您有义务去阅读软件的协议 并且确保FreeBSD 项目不必为通过FTP/HTTP 或CD-ROM重新发布源码或编译的二进制而解释 什么。如果有任何疑问, 请联系 &a.ports;。 处于这种情况,就可以设置以下描述 的变量。 <makevar>NO_PACKAGE</makevar> (禁止编译结果打包) 这个变量表示我们可能不能生成这个应用 程序的二进制文件。例如,他的协议不允许 二进制文件的再次发行,或者他可能禁止从 补丁过的源代码打包的发行。 不管怎么样,port的 DISTFILES 可以 随意的镜像到FTP/HTTP。除非NO_CDROM 变量也被设置,软件包也可以发行在一张CD-ROM (或类似的媒介上)。 NO_PACKAGE也能用在当二进制包 不是非常有用,并且这个应用软件经常要 从源代码编译。例如:当这个应用软件在 编译的时候要在配置信息中指定特定的硬件 代码时,可以设置NO_PACKAGE NO_PACKAGE应该设置成字符串 来描述为什么这个软件 不能打包。 <makevar>NO_CDROM</makevar> (禁止以 CDROM 发行预编译包) 这个变量仅仅指出虽然我们允许 生成二进制包,但也许我们既不能把这个 软件包也不能把port的DISTFILES 放在光盘(或类似的媒介)上销售。但不管怎么样, 二进制包和port的DISTFILES 可以从FTP/HTTP上获得。 如果这个变量和 NO_PACKAGE一起被设置, 那么这个port的DISTFIELS 将只能从FTP/HTTP上获得。 NO_CDROM 应该被设置成一个字符串 来描述为什么这个port不能重新发布在CD-ROM上。 例如:如果这个port的协议仅仅是用于非商业活动 ,那么这个变量就能设置了。 <makevar>RESTRICTED</makevar> (禁止任何形式的再分发) 如果应用程序既不允许镜像其 DISTFILES, 也不允许发布其预编译版本的包, 设置它就可以了。 NO_CDROMNO_PACKAGE 不应与 RESTRICTED 同时设置, 因为它包含了这些情形。 RESTRICTED 应设置为一个说明 port 为何不能发布的串。 典型情况可能是由于 port 包含了专有的软件, 因而用户需要自行下载 DISTFILES, 可能是注册或者同意某一 EULA 的条款。 <makevar>RESTRICTED_FILES</makevar> (禁止某些文件的再分发) 当设置了 RESTRICTEDNO_CDROM 时, 这个变量会默认设置为 ${DISTFILES} ${PATCHFILES}, 否则它会为空。 如果只有某些源码包文件是受限的, 则可以用这个变量来指明它们。 注意, port committer 应该在 /usr/ports/LEGAL 中为每一个源码包文件撰写对应的项目, 并介绍这些限制的原因。 使用 <literal>perl</literal> 使用 <literal>perl</literal> 的 ports 可以使用的变量 变量 意义 USE_PERL5 表示 port 将 perl 5 用于构建和运行。 USE_PERL5_BUILD 表示 port 将 perl 5 用于构建。 USE_PERL5_RUN 表示 port 将 perl 5 用于运行。 PERL perl 5 的完整路径, 可能是系统自带的, 或者从 port 安装, 但没有版本号。 如果您需要在脚本中替换 #! 行, 则应使用这个变量。 PERL_CONFIGURE 采用 Perl 的 MakeMaker 进行配置。 这一变量隐含设置 USE_PERL5 PERL_MODBUILD 使用 Module::Build 进行配置、 构建并安装。 这一变量隐含设置 PERL_CONFIGURE 只读变量 PERL_VERSION 系统中安装的 perl 的完整版本 (例如, 5.00503)。 PERL_VER 系统中安装的 perl 的短版本 (例如, 5.005)。 PERL_LEVEL 系统中安装的 perl 的版本整数值, 其形式为 MNNNPP (例如, 500503)。 PERL_ARCH perl 保存某平台专用的库的位置。 默认值为 ${ARCH}-freebsd PERL_PORT 系统中所安装的 perl port 的名字 (例如, perl5)。 SITE_PERL 站点专用的 perl package 安装路径。 其值会自动加入到 PLIST_SUB 中。
使用 X11 用到 X 的 port 可以使用的变量 USE_X_PREFIX 此 port 将文件安装到 X11BASE 而非通常的 PREFIX USE_XLIB 此 port 用到了 X 库。 USE_MOTIF 此 port 使用 Motif 工具包。 这一变量暗含 USE_XPM 设置。 USE_IMAKE 此 port 用到了 imake。 这一变量也会自动设置 USE_X_PREFIX XMKMF 设置为 xmkmf 的完整路径名, 如果它不在 PATH 中的话。 默认值是 xmkmf -a
用于表示对 X11 某些组件的依赖关系的变量 X_IMAKE_PORT 用以提供 imake 以及许多其他用于构建 X11 的工具的 port。 X_LIBRARIES_PORT 用以提供 X11 库的 port。 X_CLIENTS_PORT 用以提供 X 客户的 port。 X_SERVER_PORT 用以提供 X 服务的 port。 X_FONTSERVER_PORT 用以提供字体服务的 port。 X_PRINTSERVER_PORT 用以提供打印服务的 port。 X_VFBSERVER_PORT 用以提供在虚拟帧缓存服务(virtual framebuffer server) 的 port。 X_NESTSERVER_PORT 用以提供嵌套 X 服务的 port。 X_FONTS_ENCODINGS_PORT 用以为字体提供编码的 port。 X_FONTS_MISC_PORT 用以提供多种位图字体的 port。 X_FONTS_100DPI_PORT 用以提供 100dpi 位图字体的 port。 X_FONTS_75DPI_PORT 用以提供 75dpi 位图字体的 port。 X_FONTS_CYRILLIC_PORT 用以提供西里尔位图字体的 port。 X_FONTS_TTF_PORT 用以提供 &truetype; 字体的 port。 X_FONTS_TYPE1_PORT 用以提供 Type1 字体的 port。 X_MANUALS_PORT 用以提供面向开发人员的联机手册的 port。
在变量中使用与 X11 有关的变量 # 使用 X11 库并依赖字体服务和西里尔字体。 RUN_DEPENDS= ${X11BASE}/bin/xfs:${X_FONTSERVER_PORT} \ ${X11BASE}/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/crox1c.pcf.gz:${X_FONTS_CYRILLIC_PORT} USE_XLIB= yes
使用 <command>automake</command>、 <command>autoconf</command>, 以及 <command>libtool</command> 用到 automake, autoconf 或 libtool 的 port 可以使用的变量 变量 意义 AUTOMAKE 如果没有在 PATH 中的话, automake 的完整路径。 USE_AUTOMAKE_VER 表示此 port 使用 automake。 它可能的取值包括 1415, 并且会自动地设置 AUTOMAKE_DIRACLOCAL_DIR 这两个变量为适当的值。 AUTOMAKE_ARGS 设置了 USE_AUTOMAKE_VER 时, 希望传递给 AUTOMAKE 的参数。 AUTOMAKE_ENV 执行 AUTOMAKE 之前应设置的环境变量 (以及这些变量的值)。 ACLOCAL GNU aclocal 的完整路径, 如果它不在 PATH 中的话。 默认值是 USE_AUTOMAKE_VER 变量的设置决定的。 ACLOCAL_DIR GNU aclocal 共享目录的完整路径。 默认值是由 USE_AUTOMAKE_VER 变量的设置决定的。 AUTOMAKE_DIR GNU automake 共享目录的完整路径。 默认值是由 USE_AUTOMAKE_VER 变量的设置决定的。 USE_AUTOCONF_VER 指定 port 所用 autoconf 的版本。 它会自动设置 GNU_CONFIGURE。 此变量默认值为 213。 AUTOCONF GNU autoconf 的完整路径, 如果它不在 PATH 中的话。 默认值与 USE_AUTOCONF_VER 变量的设置有关。 AUTOCONF_ARGS 传递给 autoconf 的命令行参数。 AUTOCONF_ENV 在运行 autoconf 之前, 将按照它来设置 变量名= 的环境变量。 USE_AUTOHEADER_VER 指定 port 所用的 autoheader 版本。 它会自动设置 USE_AUTOCONF_VER。 此变量默认值为 213。 AUTOHEADER GNU autoheader 的完整路径, 如果它不在 PATH 中的话。 默认值和 USE_AUTOCONF_VER 的设置有关。 AUTORECONF GNU autoreconf 的完整路径, 如果它不在 PATH 中的话。 默认值和 USE_AUTOCONF_VER 的设置有关。 AUTOSCAN GNU autoscan 的完整路径, 如果它不在 PATH 中的话。 默认值和 USE_AUTOCONF_VER 的设置有关。 AUTOIFNAMES GNU autoifnames 的完整路径, 如果它不在 PATH 中的话。 默认值和 USE_AUTOCONF_VER 的设置有关。 USE_LIBTOOL_VER 这一 port 使用的 libtool 版本。 它会自动设置 GNU_CONFIGURE。 默认值是 13。 LIBTOOL libtool 的完整路径, 如果它不在 PATH 中的话。 LIBTOOLFILES 用于对 libtool 作自动修改的文件。 如果定义了 USE_AUTOCONF, 则是 aclocal.m4; 否则应该是 configure LIBTOOLFLAGS 将要传递给 ltconfig 的额外标志参数。 默认是 --disable-ltlibs
使用 GNOME The FreeBSD/GNOME project 使用一组自己的变量来定义 port 所使用的 GNOME 组件。 这些变量的详细列表 可以在 FreeBSD/GNOME 项目的主页找到。 如果只是安装 pkg-config 元数据文件到 PREFIX/libdata/pkgconfig 的话, 您的 port 就不需要依赖 GNOME。 同其他 port 类似, 您的 port 应做好清理的准备, 并删除那些空的目录。 假定您的 port 安装 gtkmumble.pc 到上述位置, 则应在 pkg-plist 中加入: libdata/pkgconfig/gtkmumble.pc @unexec rmdir %B 2>/dev/null || true 后一行必须紧挨前一行, 以便 %B 能够正确地展开。 请参考 &man.pkg.create.1; 以进一步了解关于 pkg-plist 中所用的语法的资料。 使用 KDE 用于使用 KDE 的 port 的变量 USE_QT_VER 表示您的 port 有用到了 Qt。 可选的值是 13; 它们表示所用的 Qt 的主版本号。 这个变量将自动把 MOCQTCPPFLAGS 设置为适当的值。 USE_KDELIBS_VER 表示您的 port 有使用 KDE 库。 可选的值是 3; 它表示所用 KDE 的主版本号。 这个变量会自动将 USE_QT_VER 设置为合适的版本。 USE_KDEBASE_VER 表示您的 port 要使用 KDE 基本运行环境。 可选的值是 3; 它表示所用 KDE 的主版本号。 这个变量会自动将 USE_KDELIBS_VER 设置为合适的版本。 MOC 设置 moc 的路径。 默认的值, 与 USE_QT_VER 有关。 QTCPPFLAGS 设置用于处理 Qt 代码的 CPPFLAGS。 默认设置与 USE_QT_VER 的值有关。
使用 Java 变量定义 如果您的 port 需要 Java™ 开发包 (JDK) 来完成构建、 支持运行, 甚至完成解开源代码包这样的工作, 就应该定义 USE_JAVA 在 Ports Collection 中有许多不同的 JDK, 它们的版本各不相同, 或是来自不同的供应商。 如果您的 port 必须使用其中的某个特定的版本, 也可以予以定义。 最新的稳定版本是 java/jdk14 用到 Java 的 port 可以使用的变量 变量 意义 USE_JAVA 只有定义它才能使其他变量生效。 JAVA_VERSION 用空格分开的适合 port 使用的 Java 版本。 可选的 "+" 可以用于指定某个范围的版本 (可以用: 1.1[+] 1.2[+] 1.3[+] 1.4[+])。 JAVA_OS 用空格分开的适应 port 的 JDK port 操作系统类型 (可以用: native linux)。 JAVA_VENDOR 用空格分开的适应 port 的 JDK port 供应商 (可以用: freebsd bsdjava sun ibm blackdown)。 JAVA_BUILD 设置这个变量表示所选的 JDK port 应被列入 port 的构建依赖关系。 JAVA_RUN 设置这个变量表示所选的 JDK port 应被列入 port 的运行环境依赖关系。 JAVA_EXTRACT 设置这个变量表示所选的 JDK port 应被列入 port 的解压缩支持依赖关系。 USE_JIKES port 是否应使用 jikes bytecode 编译器进行构建。 如果没有设置, 则 port 将在 jikes 可用的情况下在构建时使用它。 您也可以明确地禁止使用或要求使用 jikes (通过将这个变量设置为 'no''yes')。 后一种情形中, devel/jikes 将加入 port 的构建依赖关系。 任何情况下, 如果 jikes 被作为 javac 使用, 则 bsd.java.mk 会定义 HAVE_JIKES 变量。
下面是在设置了 USE_JAVA 之后, port 能够从系统中获得的配置: 向使用了 Java 的 port 提供的变量 变量 JAVA_PORT JDK port 的名字 (例如 'java/jdk14')。 JAVA_PORT_VERSION JDK port 的完整版本 (例如 '1.4.2')。 如果您只需要版本号的前两位, 则可用 ${JAVA_PORT_VERSION:C/^([0-9])\.([0-9])(.*)$/\1.\2/} JAVA_PORT_OS 所用 JDK port 的操作系统 (例如 'linux')。 JAVA_PORT_VENDOR 所用 JDK port 的供应商 (例如 'sun')。 JAVA_PORT_OS_DESCRIPTION 所用 JDK port 操作系统的描述 (例如 'Linux')。 JAVA_PORT_VENDOR_DESCRIPTION 所用 JDK port 供应商的描述 (例如 'FreeBSD Foundation')。 JAVA_HOME JDK 的安装目录 (例如 '/usr/local/jdk1.3.1')。 JAVAC 所用 Java 编译器的完整路径 (例如 '/usr/local/jdk1.1.8/bin/javac''/usr/local/bin/jikes')。 JAR 所用 jar 工具的完整路径 (例如 '/usr/local/jdk1.2.2/bin/jar''/usr/local/bin/fastjar')。 APPLETVIEWER 所用 appletviewer 工具的完整路径 (例如 '/usr/local/linux-jdk1.2.2/bin/appletviewer')。 JAVA 所用 java 执行文件的完整路径。 您应使用它来执行 Java 程序 (例如 '/usr/local/jdk1.3.1/bin/java')。 JAVADOC 所用 javadoc 工具的完整路径。 JAVAH 所用 javah 程序的完整路径。 JAVAP 所用 javap 程序的完整路径。 JAVA_KEYTOOL 所用 keytool 工具的完整路径。 只有当 JDK 是 Java 1.2 或更高版本时才可用。 JAVA_N2A 所用 native2ascii 工具的完整路径。 JAVA_POLICYTOOL 所用 policytool 程序的完整路径。 只有当 JDK 是 Java 1.2 或更高版本时才可用。 JAVA_SERIALVER 所用 serialver 程序的完整路径。 RMIC 所用 RMI 桩/架 生成器, rmic 的完整路径。 RMIREGISTRY 所用 RMI 注册表程序, rmiregistry 的完整路径。 RMID 所用 RMI 服务程序 rmid 的完整路径。 只有当 JDK 是 Java 1.2 或更高版本时才可用。 JAVA_CLASSES 所用 JDK 类文件目录的完整路径。 对 JDK 1.2 和更高版本的环境而言, 这应该是 ${JAVA_HOME}/jre/lib/rt.jar。 更早版本的 JDK 则使用 ${JAVA_HOME}/lib/classes.zip HAVE_JIKES jikes 是否将被应用于 port 的构建过程而定 (参见前述 USE_JIKES)。
您可以使用 java-debug make target 以获取用于调试 port 的信息。 大多数前述变量的值皆会予以呈现。 此外, 还会定义下述常量, 以确保所有的 Java port 均以一致之方式安装: 为使用 Java 的 port 定义的常量 常量 JAVASHAREDIR 所有 Java 相关资料的安装根目录。 默认值: ${PREFIX}/share/java. JAVAJARDIR 用以安装 JAR 文件的目录。 默认值: ${JAVASHAREDIR}/classes JAVALIBDIR 其他 port 安装的 JAR 文件所在的目录。 默认值: ${LOCALBASE}/share/java/classes
相关的项也在 PLIST_SUB (在 中进行介绍) 和 SUB_LIST 提供了对应的定义。
采用 Ant 进行构建 如果 port 采用 Apache Ant 进行构建, 则需要定义 USE_ANT。 如是, 则 Ant 将作为 子-make 命令来使用。 如果 port 未予定义 do-build target, 则默认将依 MAKE_ENVMAKE_ARGSALL_TARGETS 的设置执行 Ant。 这类似于 USE_GMAKE 的机制, 后者在 有所介绍。 jikes 被作为 javac 使用 (参见 中的 USE_JIKES), 则 Ant 将自动地用它来构建 port。 最佳实践 如果您正移植某个 Java 库, 您的 port 应把 JAR 文件安装到 ${JAVAJARDIR}, 而其他文件则应放在 ${JAVASHAREDIR}/${PORTNAME} 下 (除了文档, 参见下文)。 要减少打包文件的尺寸, 您可以直接在 Makefile 中引用这些 JAR 文件, 具体做法是使用下面的语句 (此处的 myport.jar 是作为 port 一部分安装的 JAR 文件的名字): PLIST_FILES+= %%JAVAJARDIR%%/myport.jar 移植 Java 应用程序时, port 通常会希望将所有文件安装到同一目录 (包括其依赖的 JAR)。 这时强烈建议使用 ${JAVASHAREDIR}/${PORTNAME}。 移植软件的开发人员, 可以自行决定是否将所依赖的其他 JAR 安装到此目录, 或直接使用已经装好的那些 (来自 ${JAVAJARDIR})。 无论您正制作哪一类的 port (库或者应用程序), 附加的文档都应安装到和其他 port 同样的位置。 已经知道, JavaDoc 会根据 JDK 版本的不同而产生不同的文件。 对于那些不打算强制使用某一特定版本 JDK 的 port 而言, 这无疑提高了制作装箱单 (pkg-plist) 的难度。 这是为什么强烈建议使用 PORTDOCS 宏的原因。 更进一步, 即使您能够预测 javadoc 将要生成的文件, 所需的 pkg-plist 的尺寸, 也是鼓吹使用 PORTDOCS 的一大理由。 DATADIR 的默认值是 ${PREFIX}/share/${PORTNAME}。 对 Java port 而言将 DATADIR 改为 ${JAVASHAREDIR}/${PORTNAME} 是一个好主意。 当然, DATADIR 会自动加到 PLIST_SUB 中 (在 有所介绍) 因此您可以在 pkg-plist 中直接使用 %%DATADIR%% 撰写本文时, 对是应该从源代码构建, 还是直接安装预编译的 Java ports 安装包并没有明确的规定。 尽管如此, &os; Java Project 的开发人员仍鼓励移植软件的开发者在不麻烦的情况下尽可能从源代码完成构建。 本节中所介绍的全部特性, 均是在 bsd.java.mk 中实现的。 如果您感觉自己的 port 需要更为复杂的 Java 支持, 请首先参阅 bsd.java.mk CVS 日志, 因为通常撰文介绍最新特性需要一些时间。 此外, 如果您认为所缺少的支持对许多其他 Java port 亦属有益, 请在 &a.java; 对其进行讨论。 在 PR 中的 java 类别, 主要是用于 &os; Java project 移植 JDK 本身之用。 因而, 提交您的 Java port 时, 应归入 ports 类别, 除非您正尝试解决的问题是 JDK 实现本身或 bsd.java.mk 的。 类似地, 您应参考 中所详述的关于 CATEGORIES 在 Java port 中的使用规则。
使用 Apache 和 PHP Apache 用到 Apache 的 port 可以使用的变量 USE_APACHE 此 port 需要 Apache。 WITH_APACHE2 此 port 需要 Apache 2.0。 如果没有这个变量, 则 port 将依赖 Apache 1.3。 APXS apxs 程序的完整路径 (这是一个只读的变量)。
PHP 用到 PHP 的 port 中可以使用的变量 USE_PHP 此 port 需要 PHP。 取值为 yes 将把 PHP 加入依赖关系。 此外, 还可以在此指定将所需要的 PHP 扩展模块。 例如: pcre xml gettext DEFAULT_PHP_VER 选择在没有安装 PHP 时自动安装的 PHP 主版本。 默认是 4。 可选 45 之一。 BROKEN_WITH_PHP 此 port 无法与给定版本的 PHP 一同工作。 可选值为 45 之一。 USE_PHPIZE 此 port 将作为 PHP 扩展模块进行构建。 USE_PHPEXT 此 port 将作为 PHP 扩展, 且需要作为扩展模块注册。 USE_PHP_BUILD 构建依赖于 PHP。 WANT_PHP_CLI 希望使用 CLI (命令行) 版本的 PHP。 WANT_PHP_CGI 希望使用 CGI 版本的 PHP。 WANT_PHP_MOD 希望使用 Apache 模块版本的 PHP。 WANT_PHP_SCR 希望使用 CLI 或 CGI 版本的 PHP。 WANT_PHP_WEB 希望使用 Apache 模块或 CGI 版本的 PHP。 WANT_PHP_PEAR 希望使用 PEAR 框架。
PEAR 模块 移植 PEAR 模块的过程非常简单。 使用 FILESTESTSDATASQLSSCRIPTFILESDOCS 以及 EXAMPLES 这些变量来指明您希望安装的文件。 所有这里列出的文件都会自动安装到合适的位置, 并加入 pkg-plist Makefile 的最后一行引用 ${PORTSDIR}/devel/pear-PEAR/Makefile.common 用于 PEAR 类的 Makefile 例子 PORTNAME= Date PORTVERSION= 1.4.3 CATEGORIES= devel www pear MAINTAINER= example@domain.com COMMENT= PEAR Date and Time Zone Classes BUILD_DEPENDS= ${PEARDIR}/PEAR.php:${PORTSDIR}/devel/pear-PEAR RUN_DEPENDS= ${BUILD_DEPENDS} FILES= Date.php Date/Calc.php Date/Human.php Date/Span.php \ Date/TimeZone.php TESTS= test_calc.php test_date_methods_span.php testunit.php \ testunit_date.php testunit_date_span.php wknotest.txt \ bug674.php bug727_1.php bug727_2.php bug727_3.php \ bug727_4.php bug967.php weeksinmonth_4_monday.txt \ weeksinmonth_4_sunday.txt weeksinmonth_rdm_monday.txt \ weeksinmonth_rdm_sunday.txt DOCS= TODO _DOCSDIR= . .include <bsd.port.pre.mk> .include "${PORTSDIR}/devel/pear-PEAR/Makefile.common" .include <bsd.port.post.mk>
使用 Python 对用到 Python 的 port 最有用的一些变量 USE_PYTHON 此 port 需要 Python。 可以用 2.3+ 这样的形式来指定所希望的版本。 USE_PYDISTUTILS 使用 Python distutils 来完成配置、 编译和安装。 对包含 setup.py 的 port 而言这是必需的。 PYTHON_PKGNAMEPREFIX 作为 PKGNAMEPREFIX 来区分不同 Python 版本的 package。 例如: py24- PYTHON_SITELIBDIR 全站 package 所在的目录。 一般用于安装 Python 模块。 如果可能, 尽量在 pkg-plist 中使用 %%PYTHON_SITELIBDIR%%。 默认值: lib/python2.4/site-packages PYNUMERIC 将数值处理扩展模块加入依赖关系。 PYXML 将 XML 扩展模块加入依赖关系。 USE_TWISTED 将 twistedCore 加入依赖关系。 也可以用这个变量指定所需的组件, 例如: web lore pair flow USE_ZOPE 加入对 Zope, 一种 web 应用平台的依赖。 这会把 Python 依赖改为 Python 2.3。 此外 ZOPEBASEDIR 也会自动设为 Zope 安装目录的位置。
完整的可用变量列表, 可以在 /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.python.mk 中找到。
使用 Emacs 本节尚有待撰写。 使用 Ruby 使用 Ruby 的 port 可以使用的变量 变量 说明 USE_RUBY 此 port 需要 Ruby。 USE_RUBY_EXTCONF 此 port 使用 extconf.rb 来完成配置。 USE_RUBY_SETUP 此 port 使用 setup.rb 来完成配置。 RUBY_SETUP 将此变量名设置为所用的 setup.rb 的文件名。 通常会是 install.rb
下表展示了 ports 系统提供给 port 作者的一些变量。 您应使用这些变量, 以便把文件装到合适的位置。 请尽可能多地在 pkg-plist 中使用它们。 这些变量不应在 port 中重新定义。 使用 Ruby 的 port 中的一些可用的只读变量 变量 说明 示范值 RUBY_PKGNAMEPREFIX 作为 PKGNAMEPREFIX 以区分用于不同 Ruby 版本的 package。 ruby18- RUBY_VERSION x.y.z 形式的完整 ruby 版本。 1.8.2 RUBY_SITELIBDIR 平台无关库的安装路径。 /usr/local/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.8 RUBY_SITEARCHILIBDIR 平台相关的库的安装路径。 /usr/local/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.8/amd64-freebsd6 RUBY_MODDOCDIR 模块文档的安装路径。 /usr/local/share/doc/ruby18/patsy RUBY_MODEXAMPLESDIR 模块用例的安装路径。 /usr/local/share/examples/ruby18/patsy
可用变量的完整列表, 可以在 /usr/ports/Mk/bsd.ruby.mk 中找到。
使用 SDL 变量 USE_SDL 可以用于自动配置 port 的依赖关系, 以适应使用类似 devel/sdl12x11-toolkits/sdl_gui 这些依赖 SDL 的库的情形。 目前系统能够识别下列 SDL 库: sdl: devel/sdl12 gfx: graphics/sdl_gfx gui: x11-toolkits/sdl_gui image: graphics/sdl_image ldbad: devel/sdl_ldbad mixer: audio/sdl_mixer mm: devel/sdlmm net: net/sdl_net sound: audio/sdl_sound ttf: graphics/sdl_ttf 因此, 如果 port 需要依赖 net/sdl_netaudio/sdl_mixer, 则对应的写法将是: USE_SDL= net mixer 同时, net/sdl_netaudio/sdl_mixer 所依赖的 devel/sdl12 也会被自动地加入。 加入您使用 USE_SDL, 它将自动地: 将对于 sdl12-config 的依赖关系加入到 BUILD_DEPENDS 将变量 SDL_CONFIG 加入到 CONFIGURE_ENV 将对所选的库的依赖, 加入到 LIB_DEPENDS 要检查某个特定的 SDL 库是否可用, 可以通过 WANT_SDL 变量来达到目的: WANT_SDL=yes .include <bsd.port.pre.mk> .if ${HAVE_SDL:Mmixer}!="" USE_SDL+= mixer .endif .include <bsd.port.post.mk>
<makevar>MASTERDIR</makevar> (主 port 所在的目录) 如果您的 port 需要通过某些变量 (例如, 分辨率, 或纸型) 取不同的值来构建软件包, 则为它创建一个新的目录将使用户更容易知道他们自己在做什么; 此时应在不同的 port 之间共享尽可能多的文件。 一般情况下, 您只需要一个很短的 Makefile, 如果对变量的运用得当的话。 这种 Makefile 中可以使用 MASTERDIR 来指定其他文件所在的目录。 另外, 您还应指定一个 PKGNAMESUFFIX 以便让 package 的名字上有所区别。 这些使用例子来加以阐述会更为明晰。 下面是 japanese/xdvi300/Makefile 的部分代码: PORTNAME= xdvi PORTVERSION= 17 PKGNAMEPREFIX= ja- PKGNAMESUFFIX= ${RESOLUTION} : # default RESOLUTION?= 300 .if ${RESOLUTION} != 118 && ${RESOLUTION} != 240 && \ ${RESOLUTION} != 300 && ${RESOLUTION} != 400 @${ECHO} "Error: invalid value for RESOLUTION: \"${RESOLUTION}\"" @${ECHO} "Possible values are: 118, 240, 300 (default) and 400." @${FALSE} .endif japanese/xdvi300 也提供了全部常规的补丁, 以及打包用到的文件等等内容。 如果您在那里输入 make, 它将使用默认的分辨率值 (300) 并构建 port。 与其他分辨率的版本类似, 下面是 完整的 xdvi118/Makefile RESOLUTION= 118 MASTERDIR= ${.CURDIR}/../xdvi300 .include "${MASTERDIR}/Makefile" (xdvi240/Makefilexdvi400/Makefile 是相似的)。 MASTERDIR 定义会告诉 bsd.port.mk 常规的目录, 例如 FILESDIRSCRIPTDIR 应该在 xdvi300 中查找。 RESOLUTION=118 这行将覆盖在 xdvi300/Makefile 所进行的 RESOLUTION=300 设置, 从而以分辨率 118 构建 port。 共享库的版本 请阅读我们的 关于共享库版本命名的规定 以了解在为共享库指定版本时的一般规则。 不要盲目地假定软件的作者知道他们在做什么; 许多人并不清楚。 仔细地考虑这些细节非常重要, 因为我们需要面对许多互相冲突的软件并存的情形。 粗心地引入 port 曾经在过去导致过非常严重的问题 (您是否留意过, 为什么 jpeg-6b 的共享库版本是 9?)。 如果有疑虑, 请致信 &a.ports; 询问。 绝大多数时候, 您的工作会以选择了一个适当的共享库版本, 并恰当地对软件进行修改而得以实现。 联机手册 如果使用了 MAN[1-9LN] 变量, 就会自动地将联机手册加入到 pkg-plist 中 (这意味着您 绝不 应该把联机手册列入 pkg-plist—参见 生成 PLIST 了解更多细节)。 此外, 这也会让安装阶段自动地根据在 /etc/make.conf 中的 NOMANCOMPRESS 设置来压缩或解压缩联机手册文件。 如果您的 port 尝试将联机手册使用硬连接安装成多个名字, 则必须通过 MLINKS 变量来予以说明。 由您的 port 安装的连接会被 bsd.port.mk 毁掉和重建, 以保证它们指向了正确的文件。 所有在 MLINKS 中给出的联机手册, 都不应再在 pkg-plist 中列出。 要指定联机手册是否在安装时进行压缩, 可以使用 MANCOMPRESSED 变量。 这个变量可以使用三个值, yesnomaybeyes 表示联机手册已经以压缩的形式安装, no 表示还没有, 而 maybe 则表示所安装的软件会尊重 NOMANCOMPRESS 的设置值, 换言之 bsd.port.mk 不需要做什么特别的事情。 如果设置了 USE_IMAKE 而未定义 NO_INSTALL_MANPAGESMANCOMPRESSED 会自动设置为 yes, 反之则是 no。 除非默认值不合适, 否则就不需要在您的 port 中修改之。 如果您的 port 将手册页的目录放到了 PREFIX 以外的地方, 则可以使用 MANPREFIX 来设置它。 此外, 如果只有某些部分的联机手册会安装到不标准的位置, 例如某些 perl 模块的 port, 还可以配置 MANsectPREFIX (这里 sect1-9LN 之一)。 如果您的联机手册需要装入专用于某一语言专用的子目录, 需要将 MANLANG 设置为那一语言。 这个变量的默认值是 "" (也就是只用英语)。 下面是一个综合的例子。 MAN1= foo.1 MAN3= bar.3 MAN4= baz.4 MLINKS= foo.1 alt-name.8 MANLANG= "" ja MAN3PREFIX= ${PREFIX}/share/foobar MANCOMPRESSED= yes 这表示 port 会安装六个文件; ${PREFIX}/man/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man1/foo.1.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/share/foobar/man/ja/man3/bar.3.gz ${PREFIX}/man/man4/baz.4.gz ${PREFIX}/man/ja/man4/baz.4.gz 另外 ${PREFIX}/man/man8/alt-name.8.gz 可能会通过您的 port 安装, 也可能不会。 无论如何, 都会创建一个符号连接, 把 foo(1) 和 alt-name(8) 联机手册连起来。 需要使用 Motif 的 port 许多程序在编译时会用到 Motif 库 (有很多商业版本, 另外也有一个能够支持许多应用程序运行的 x11-toolkits/lesstif)。 因为这是一个非常流行的工具包, 而且其授权通常允许发布静态连接的可执行文件, 我们对处理需要 Motif 的 port 是有一些特殊的规定, 这样就能够轻松地编译动态连接的可执行文件 (用于从 port 编译程序的用户) 或静态地连接 (用于那些希望发布 package 的用户)。 <makevar>USE_MOTIF</makevar> (用到了 Motif) 如果您的 port 需要 Motif, 则应在 Makefile 定义它。 这样没有安装 Motif 的用户就不会尝试编译它了。 <makevar>MOTIFLIB</makevar> (指定使用的 Motif 库版本) 这个变量会被 bsd.port.mk 设置为对 Motif 库的适当的引用。 请对您的 port 中用到的源代码进行修改, 把所有直接指定 Motif 库的 MakefileImakefile 改为使用这个变量。 下面是两种常见的情形: 如果 port 在其 MakefileImakefile 中以 -lXm 的形式引用了 Motif 库, 简单地将其改为 ${MOTIFLIB} 即可。 如果 port 在其 Imakefile 中使用了 XmClientLibs, 则应将其改为 ${MOTIFLIB} ${XTOOLLIB} ${XLIB} 注意 MOTIFLIB (通常情况下) 会展开成 -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lXm/usr/X11R6/lib/libXm.a, 这样就不再需要在前面增加 -L-l 了。 X11 字体 如果您的 port 需要向 X Window 系统安装字体, 应把它们放到 X11BASE/lib/X11/fonts/local。 这个目录是在 XFree86 3.3.3 中新增的。 如果它不存在, 则应建立一个, 并给出一条消息要求用户将 XFree86 更新到 3.3.3 或更新版本, 或者, 至少将这个目录加入到 /etc/XF86Config 中的字体路径中。 Info 文件 如果您的 package 需要安装 GNU info 文件, 应把它们列在 INFO 变量中 (不需要指定 .info 后缀), 这样安装/卸载代码就会自动地在 package 注册时加入到 pkg-plist 了。 <filename>pkg-<replaceable>*</replaceable></filename> 文件 前面有一些没有提及的关于 pkg-* 文件的技巧, 它们可以方便地完成许多任务。 <filename>pkg-message</filename> (安装预编译包时显示的消息文件) 如果您需要在安装时显示一条消息给用户, 可以把这消息放在 pkg-message 中。 这一特性通常可以用于在 &man.pkg.add.1; 之后显示一些附加的安装步骤, 或显示关于授权的信息。 pkg-message 文件, 并不需要明确地加到 pkg-plist 中。 此外, 在用户使用 port 而不是 package 来安装软件时, 它并不会被显示出来。 因此如果需要的话, 您应该在 post-install target 中指定显示它。 <filename>pkg-install</filename> (安装预编译包时执行的脚本文件) 如果您的 port 需要在预编译的安装包通过 &man.pkg.add.1; 安装时执行一些命令, 则应通过 pkg-install 脚本来完成。 这个脚本会自动地加入 package, 并被 &man.pkg.add.1; 执行两次: 第一次是 ${SH} pkg-install ${PKGNAME} PRE-INSTALL 而第二次是 ${SH} pkg-install ${PKGNAME} POST-INSTALL$2 可被用来检测脚本运行的模式。 环境变量 PKG_PREFIX 将设置为 package 的安装目录。 请参见 &man.pkg.add.1; 以了解更进一步的细节。 在使用 make install 时这个脚本不会被自动运行。 如果需要运行它, 则必须在您的 port 中的 Makefile 里明确地予以调用, 其方法是加入类似 PKG_PREFIX=${PREFIX} ${SH} ${PKGINSTALL} ${PKGNAME} PRE-INSTALL 这样的命令。 <filename>pkg-deinstall</filename> (卸载时执行的脚本文件) 这一脚本将在 package 被卸载时执行。 此脚本会被 &man.pkg.delete.1; 执行两次。 第一次是 ${SH} pkg-deinstall ${PKGNAME} DEINSTALL 而第二次则是 ${SH} pkg-deinstall ${PKGNAME} POST-DEINSTALL <filename>pkg-req</filename> (安装预编译包时检测是否应执行操作的脚本文件) 如果您的 port 需要确定它是否应被安装, 可以创建 pkg-req requirements 脚本。 它会在安装/卸载时自动运行, 以决定操作是否应被实施。 这个脚本会在使用 &man.pkg.add.1; 安装时以 pkg-req ${PKGNAME} INSTALL 的命令行执行。 卸载时, 它将由 &man.pkg.delete.1; 以 pkg-req ${PKGNAME} DEINSTALL 的命令行执行。 根据 make 变量改变 <filename>pkg-plist</filename> 某些 port, 特别是 p5- port, 会需要根据配置选项 (或对于 p5- 而言, perl 的版本) 来对它们的pkg-plist 进行修改。 为方便起见, 在 pkg-plist 中的 %%OSREL%%%%PERL_VER%%, 以及 %%PERL_VERSION%% 都会被适当地予以替换。 其中, %%OSREL%% 表示操作系统的数字形式的值 (例如 4.9)。 %%PERL_VERSION%% 则被替换为 perl 的完整版本号 (例如, 5.00502) 而 %%PERL_VER%% 则表示 perl 版本号去掉 patchlevel 的部分 (例如, 5.005)。 许多其它的关于 ports 的文档文件的 %%VARS%% 的描述, 在 相关小节 中会分别介绍。 如果您还需要进行其它的替换, 可以通过在 PLIST_SUB 变量中设置一组 VAR=VALUE 来把 pkg-plist 中的 %%VAR%% 替换为 VALUE 举例来说, 如果您的 port 需要把很多文件放到和版本有关的目录中, 可以在 Makefile 中按照类似下面的例子: OCTAVE_VERSION= 2.0.13 PLIST_SUB= OCTAVE_VERSION=${OCTAVE_VERSION} 来书写, 并把 pkg-plist 中的具体版本改为 %%OCTAVE_VERSION%%。 这样, 在您升级 port 时, 就不需要再到 pkg-plist 中修改那几十 (或者, 某些情况下可能是数百) 行的内容了。 这一替换 (以及加入 联机手册) 会在 pre-installdo-install 两个 target 之间, 通过读取 PLIST 并写入 TMPPLIST 来完成 (默认情况下, 是 WRKDIR/.PLIST.mktmp)。 如果您的 port 直接构建 PLIST, 则应在 pre-install 或之前进行。 此外, 如果您的 port 需要编辑生成的最终文件, 应在 post-install 中对 TMPPLIST 进行操作。 另一种可能是, 需要基于 PLIST_FILESPLIST_DIRS 变量配置来修改 port 的装箱单。 这两个变量的值会作为路径名写入到 TMPPLISTPLIST。 在 PLIST_FILESPLIST_DIRS 中列出的名字也会进行和前面介绍的方式相同的 %%VAR%% 替换。 初次之外, 在 PLIST_FILES 中的路径名会不加修改地出现在最终的装箱单中, 而 @dirrm 则会加入来自 PLIST_DIRS 所预先指定的名字。 要达到效果, PLIST_FILESPLIST_DIRS 必须在写入 TMPPLIST 之前进行设置, 也就是 pre-install 或更早。 改变 <filename>pkg-<replaceable>*</replaceable></filename> 文件的名字 所有 pkg-* 文件的名字, 皆系采用变量予以定义, 因此在需要时可以在您的 Makefile 中加以改变。 当您需要在多个 port 之间共享某些 pkg-* 文件, 或需要写入某些文件时就非常有用了。 (参见 在 WRKDIR 以外的地方写文件, 以了解为什么直接将变更写入 pkg-* 子目录是个糟糕的主意) 下面是一组变量以及它们的默认值 (PKGDIR 默认情况下是 ${MASTERDIR}。) 变量 默认值 DESCR ${PKGDIR}/pkg-descr PLIST ${PKGDIR}/pkg-plist PKGINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/pkg-install PKGDEINSTALL ${PKGDIR}/pkg-deinstall PKGREQ ${PKGDIR}/pkg-req PKGMESSAGE ${PKGDIR}/pkg-message 请修改这些变量, 而不是直接覆盖 PKG_ARGS 的值。 如果您改变了 PKG_ARGS, 这些文件将无法在安装 port 时正确地复制到 /var/db/pkg 目录。 使用 <makevar>SUB_FILES</makevar> 和 <makevar>SUB_LIST</makevar> SUB_FILESSUB_LIST 这两个变量可以用来在 port 文件中使用某些动态的值, 例如 pkg-message 中的 installation PREFIX 使用 SUB_FILES 变量可以指定需要自动修改的文件列表。 在 SUB_FILES 中的每一个 file, 都必须有一个对应的、 存在于 FILESDIR 目录的 file.in 文件。 如果您加入了一些文件, 例如 pkg-messagepkg-installpkg-deinstallpkg-reg, 则相关的 PKG-FILE 变量就应设置为 WRKDIR/pkg-file SUB_FILES 变量, 可以指定需要自动进行修改的文件列表。 在 SUB_FILES 中的每一个 文件, 在 FILESDIR 目录中都必须有一个对应的 文件.in。 修改后的版本将保存在 WRKDIR。 在 USE_RC_SUBRUSE_RCORDER 中定义的文件会自动加入到 SUB_FILES 中。 对于 pkg-messagepkg-installpkg-deinstall and pkg-reg, 对应的 Makefile 变量会被自动设置, 以指向处理过的版本。 SUB_LIST 这个变量的内容是一系列 VAR=VALUE 对。 SUB_FILES 所列出的文件中所有的 %%VAR%% 都将被替换为 VALUE。 系统自动定义了一些常用的替换对, 包括: PREFIXLOCALBASEX11BASEDATADIRDOCSDIR, 以及 EXAMPLESDIR。 替换结果中所有以 @comment 开头的行, 都将在变量替换之后被删去。 下面的例子中, 将把 pkg-message 中的 %%ARCH%% 替换为系统所运行的架构名称: SUB_FILES= pkg-message SUB_LIST= ARCH=${ARCH} 注意, 在上述例子中, FILESDIR 里必须有 pkg-message.in 这个文件。 下面是一个正确的 pkg-message.in 例子: Now it's time to configure this package. Copy %%PREFIX%%/share/examples/putsy/%%ARCH%%.conf into your home directory as .putsy.conf and edit it. 测试您的 port 运行 <command>make describe</command> 许多 &os; port 维护工具, 例如 &man.portupgrade.1;, 会依赖于一个名为 /usr/ports/INDEX 的数据库的正确性, 它提供了关于 port 的相关信息, 例如依赖关系等等。 INDEX 是由顶级的 ports/Makefile 通过 make index 来建立的, 这个命令会进入每一个 port 的子目录, 并在那里执行 make describe。 因此, 如果某个 port 的 make describe 失败, 就没有人能生成 INDEX, 人们很快会变得不高兴。 无论在 make.conf 中设置了什么选项, 这个文件都应能够正确地生成。 因此, 应避免在 (例如) 某个依赖关系无法满足时使用 .error 如何避免使用 <literal>.error</literal> 考虑有人在 make.conf 中设置了 USE_POINTYHAT=yes 的情形。 下面的例子中, 第一个 Makefile 将导致 make index 失败, 而第二个不会: .if USE_POINTYHAT .error "POINTYHAT is not supported" .endif .if USE_POINTYHAT IGNORE=POINTYHAT is not supported .endif 如果 make describe 只是产生一个字符串, 而不是错误信息, 可能就没什么问题。 请参见 bsd.port.mk 以了解所生成的串的意义。 最后要说明的是, 新版本的 portlint (在下一节中将进行介绍) 将会自动地运行 make describe Portlint 在提交或 commit 之前, 应使用 portlint 来进行检查。 portlint 会对常见的、 包括功能上的和格式上的错误给出警告。 对于新的 (或在 repocopy 代码库中复制的) port, portlint -A 可以完成全面检查; 对于暨存的 port, portlint -C 一般就足够了。 由于 portlint 采用启发式方法来检查错误, 有时它会产生误警。 另外, 有时由于 port 框架的限制可能没有办法修正它指出的问题。 如果您有疑虑, 请写信询问 &a.ports;。 <makevar>PREFIX</makevar> (安装时的顶级目录名) 尽可能让 port 安装到 PREFIX 之下的目录。 (一般情况下, 这个变量的值是 LOCALBASE (默认为 /usr/local)。 如果设置了 USE_X_PREFIXUSE_IMAKE, 则 PREFIX 将是 X11BASE (默认为 /usr/X11R6)。 如果设置了 USE_LINUX_PREFIXPREFIX 将是 LINUXBASE (默认为 /compat/linux)。 避免在源代码中的任何地方硬编码 /usr/local/usr/X11R6 这样的路径, 这会让您的 port 灵活许多, 而且能够适应大型站点的需求。 对于使用了 imake 的 X port 而言, 这是自动的; 对于其他 port, 这通常可以通过把在 脚本/Makefile 中出现的 /usr/local (或对于不使用 imake 的 X port, /usr/X11R6) 改为使用 ${PREFIX} 来完成, 因为这个变量会传达到构建和安装的各个步骤。 确认一下您的应用程序不会错误地把文件安装到 /usr/local 而非 PREFIX。 简单的测试步骤是: &prompt.root; make clean; make package PREFIX=/var/tmp/port-name 如果有文件安装到了 PREFIX 以外的地方, 打包过程将抱怨找不到这些文件。 这一步骤并不能帮助发现内部引用, 或纠正在引用其它 port 中的文件时使用的 LOCALBASE。 您需要在 /var/tmp/port-name 中测试安装好的软件, 才能够达到这样的目的。 除非真的需要, 否则不要设置 USE_X_PREFIX (例如, 如果它需要连接或引用 X11BASE 中的 X 库或文件)。 您可以在自己的 Makefile 中改变 PREFIX 变量的值, 也可以通过用户环境变量来影响它。 然而, 一般情况下决不应该在 Makefile 中明确设置它的值。 此外, 引用其它 port 中的文件时, 应使用前面介绍的变量, 而不要直接指定它们的路径名。 例如, 如果您的 port 需要使用 PAGER 这个宏来指明 less 的完整路径, 应使用下面的编译选项: -DPAGER=\"${LOCALBASE}/bin/less\" 而非 -DPAGER=\"/usr/local/bin/less\"。 这种方法能够增加在系统管理员把整个 /usr/local 目录挪到其他位置时安装成功的机会。 升级 如果您发现某个 port 相对原作者所发布的版本已经过时, 则首先需要确认的是您的 port 是最新的。 您可以在 &os; FTP 镜像的 ports/ports-current 目录中找到它们。 但是, 如果您正在使用较多的 port, 则可能使用 CVSup 来保持 Ports Collection 最新更为简单, 这在 使用手册 中进行了介绍。 此外, 这样做也有助于保持 port 依赖关系的正确性。 下一步是检查是否已经有在等待的更新。 要完成这项工作, 可以采用下列两种方法之一。 有一个用于搜索 FreeBSD 问题报告 (PR) 数据库 (也被称作 GNATS)。 在下拉框中选择 ports, 然后输入 port 的名字。 但是, 有些时候人们会忘记将避免混淆的 port 的名字放到 Synopsis 字段中。 这种时候, 您可以试试看 FreeBSD Ports 监视系统 (也被叫做 portsmon)。 这个系统会尝试按照 port 的名字来进行分类。 要搜索和某个特定 port 有关的 PR, 可以使用 + url="http://portsmon.FreeBSD.org/portoverview.py"> port概览 如果没有候审的 PR, 下一步是给 port 的维护者写信, 这可以通过执行 make maintainer 看到。 这个人可能正在进行升级工作, 或者由于某种理由暂时没有升级 (例如, 新版本有稳定性问题); 一般您不希望重复他们的工作。 注意没有维护者的 port 的维护者会显示为 ports@FreeBSD.org, 这是一般性 port 问题的邮件列表, 因此发邮件给它一般没什么意义。 如果维护者要求您去完成升级, 或者没有维护者, 您就可以通过自行完成升级来帮助 &os; 了! 请进行修改, 并保存在新旧目录上执行的递归式 diff 的输出 (例如, 如果您修改的 port 的目录名是 superedit 而修改前的目录的名字是 superedit.bak, 则应提交的是 diff -ruN superedit.bak superedit 的结果)。 一致式 (unified) 或 上下文式 (context) diff 都是可以的, 但一般来说 port committer 会更喜欢一致式 diff。 请注意这里使用的选项 -N, 它的目的是强制 diff 正确地处理出现新文件, 或老文件被删除的情形。 在把 diff 发给我们之前, 请再次检查输出, 以便确认每一个修改都是有意义的。 为了简化常用的补丁文件操作, 您可以使用 /usr/ports/Tools/scripts/patchtool.py。 使用之前, 请首先阅读 /usr/ports/Tools/scripts/README.patchtool 如果 port 目前还无人维护, 而且您自己经常使用它, 请考虑自荐为它的维护者。 &os; 有超过 2000 个没有维护者的 port, 而这正是最需要志愿人员的领域。 (要了解关于维护者的任务描述, 请参见 Makefile 中的 MAINTAINER 小节)。 将 diff 发送给我们的最佳方式是通过 &man.send-pr.1; (category 一栏写 ports)。 如果您是维护那个 port 的志愿者, 请务必在 synopsis 的开头写上 [maintainer update], 并将您的 PR 的 Class 设置为 maintainer-update。 反之, 您的 PR 的 Class 就应该是 change-request。 请在信中逐个提及每一个删除或增加的文件, 因为这些都必须明确地在使用 &man.cvs.1; 进行 commit 时明确地指定。 如果 diff 超过了 20K, 请考虑压缩并对其进行 uuencode; 否则, 简单地将其原样加入 PR 即可。 在您 &man.send-pr.1; 之前, 请再次阅读 Problem Reports 一文中的 如何撰写问题报告 小节; 它给出了丰富的关于如何撰写更好的问题报告的介绍。 如果您的更新是由于安全考虑, 或修复已经 commit 的 port 中的严重问题, 请通知 &a.portmgr; 来申请立即重建和分发您的 port 的 package。 否则, 不愿怀疑的使用 &man.pkg.add.1; 的用户, 可能会在未来数周之内继续通过使用 pkg_add -r 安装旧版本。 再次强调, 请使用 &man.diff.1; 而非 &man.shar.1; 来发送现有 port 的更新! 现在您已经了解了所需的所有操作, 您可能会像要阅读在 中关于如何保持最新的描述。 Ports 的安全 安全为何如此重要 软件中偶尔会引入 bug。 毋庸置疑, 安全漏洞是最为危险的。 从技术角度看, 这些漏洞可以通过消除导致它们的 bug 来修复。 然而, 处理一般的 bug 和安全漏洞的策略是截然不同的。 典型的小 bug 通常只影响那些启用了某些能够触发它的选项组合的用户。 开发人员最终会在发布没有那个问题的新版之后给出一个补丁来修正它, 而用户中的主体并不会立即升级, 因为他们并没有因存在问题而感到苦恼。 严重的 bug 可能会导致数据丢失和其他问题, 无论如何, 谨慎的用户知道, 除了软件 bug 之外还有很多其他事故可能会导致数据丢失, 因此他们会备份重要数据; 此外, 严重的 bug 通常会被很快发现。 安全漏洞则完全不同。 第一, 它们可能存在数年而不被发现, 因为它们可能并不导致软件无法正常工作。 第二, 通过利用漏洞, 恶意的一方可能会得到未获授权的访问权限, 并利用这些权限毁掉或修改敏感数据; 而更糟糕的情况则是用户可能根本注意不到损害已经发生。 第三, 暴露出安全漏洞的系统, 往往能够帮助攻击者闯入其他之前不可能进入的系统。 因此, 只是修正安全漏洞是不够的: 必须以清晰和全面的方式通知公众, 这样他们就能够评估风险, 并采取适当的措施。 修复安全漏洞 当说起 port 或 package 时, 安全漏洞往往是出现在原作者的发行包, 或移植过程中加入的文件里。 对于前一种情况, 软件的原作者通常会立刻发布一个补丁甚至新版, 您只需要按照原作者的修正去更新 port 就可以了。 如果由于某种原因修正被延误, 则要么 将 port 标记为 FORBIDDEN, 要么在 port 中加入一个自己的补丁。 如果有存在漏洞的 port, 尽可能尽快修复其漏洞就是。 无论是哪种情况, 您还是需要按照 标准的提交流程 提交, 除非您有直接在 ports tree 上 commit 的权限。 作为 ports committer 并不能够随便 commit 所有 port。 请注意通常 port 都有维护者, 而他们应得到您的尊重。 在漏洞被修正之后, 一定要同时增加 port 的修订版本号。 这样, 规律性地升级安装的 package 的用户就能够看到他们需要进行升级。 另外, 还应构建预编译的安装包, 并通过 FTP 和 WWW 镜像发布, 以取代有漏洞的版本。 注意要增加 PORTREVISION 数字, 除非在修正问题时 PORTVERSION 发生了变化。 一般来说, 如果在 port 中增加了补丁文件, 就应该增加 PORTREVISION, 但例外的例子是您已经将软件升级到了最新版, 因为这时已经改掉 PORTVERSION 了。 请参见 相关小节 以了解进一步的信息。 通知整个用户群体 VuXML 数据库 当发现了安全漏洞时的一项重要而紧迫的步骤, 就是让使用 port 的用户群了解其危险。 这类通知有两重目的。 首先, 如果危害真的很严重, 可能理性的办法就是立即应用一项缓解措施, 例如, 停止受到影响的服务, 甚至完全删除 port, 直到问题被修正为止。 其次, 许多用户只是偶尔升级所安装的软件包, 通过通知, 他们能够知道已经到了 必须 更新软件的时候, 因为已经有了修正这些问题的版本了。 由于现有的 port 数量极其庞大, 为每一个问题都发布安全公告, 毫无疑问地会发表和狼来了一样多的安全公告, 并增大受众在真的发生严重的问题时忽略问题的可能。 因此, 在 port 中发现的安全漏洞, 会在 FreeBSD VuXML 数据库 中记录。 安全官团队成员会持续地追踪这个数据库的修改, 以了解需要他们注意的内容。 如果您是 committer, 则可以自行更新 VuXML 数据库。 这样, 您就能够同时帮助安全官团队, 并尽早将至关重要的信息传达给用户群体。 然而, 如果您不是 committer, 或者您相信自己发现了一个异常严重的漏洞, 或者由于其他情况, 请不要由于按照 FreeBSD 安全信息 页面上的方法联系安全官团队。 现在您选择了一条艰难的路。 正如其名称所暗示的那样, VuXML 数据库本质上是一个 XML 文档。 其源文件 vuln.xml 被保存在 security/vuxml port 的目录中。 所以, 它的全名是 PORTSDIR/security/vuxml/vuln.xml。 每当您发现 port 中的安全漏洞时, 请把新的纪录加入到那个文件中。 在熟悉 VuXML 之前, 您最好先看看是否有类似的您发现的问题的其他记录, 并复制它作为模板。 VuXML 简介 XML 是一个复杂的语言, 它远远超越了这本书的范围。 不过, 只需了解标记的命名规则, 就能 VuXML 记录的结构有一个大体的了解了。 XML 标记的名字应出现在一对尖括号之间。 每一个 <tag> 必须有一个对应的 </tag>。 标记可以嵌套, 如果嵌套的话, 内层的标记必须在外层标记之前结束。 这就形成了一个标记的层次结构, 也就是关于它们之间如何嵌套的规则。 听起来很像 HTML, 是不是? 最主要的区别在于, XML 是可扩展的 (eXtensible), 例如通过定义新的标记等等。 由于其结构的内在性质, XML 能够赋予无组织的数据新的形态。 VuXML 是专门为描述安全漏洞设计的语言。 现在让我们来观察一个实际的 VuXML 记录: <vuln vid="f4bc80f4-da62-11d8-90ea-0004ac98a7b9"> <topic>Several vulnerabilities found in Foo</topic> <affects> <package> <name>foo</name> <name>foo-devel</name> <name>ja-foo</name> <range><ge>1.6</ge><lt>1.9</lt></range> <range><ge>2.*</ge><lt>2.4_1</lt></range> <range><eq>3.0b1</eq></range> </package> <package> <name>openfoo</name> <range><lt>1.10_7</lt></range> <range><ge>1.2,1</ge><lt>1.3_1,1</lt></range> </package> </affects> <description> <body xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <p>J. Random Hacker reports:</p> <blockquote cite="http://j.r.hacker.com/advisories/1"> <p>Several issues in the Foo software may be exploited via carefully crafted QUUX requests. These requests will permit the injection of Bar code, mumble theft, and the readability of the Foo administrator account.</p> </blockquote> </body> </description> <references> <freebsdsa>SA-10:75.foo</freebsdsa> <freebsdpr>ports/987654</freebsdpr> <cvename>CAN-2010-0201</cvename> <cvename>CAN-2010-0466</cvename> <bid>96298</bid> <certsa>CA-2010-99</certsa> <certvu>740169</certvu> <uscertsa>SA10-99A</uscertsa> <uscertta>SA10-99A</uscertta> <mlist msgid="201075606@hacker.com">http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=bugtraq&amp;m=203886607825605</mlist> <url>http://j.r.hacker.com/advisories/1</url> </references> <dates> <discovery>2010-05-25</discovery> <entry>2010-07-13</entry> <modified>2010-09-17</entry> </dates> </vuln> 标记的名字都是简单明了的, 下面我们来介绍一下需要由您填写的字段: 这是 VuXML 记录的顶级 tag。 它有一个强制性的字段, vid, 用于为此记录 (它包含的部分) 指定一个全局唯一标识符 (UUID)。 您应为每一个新的 vuXML 生成新的 UUID (而且别忘了要把模板中的 UUID 换成新的, 如果您不是从头开始的话)。 在 FreeBSD 5.x 和更高版本中, 可以使用 &man.uuidgen.1;。此外也可以用 devel/p5-Data-UUID 并执行: perl -MData::UUID -le 'print lc new Data::UUID->create_str' 关于问题的一句话描述。 此处给出受到影响的 package 的名字。 可以给出多个名字, 因为可能有多个软件包基于同一个 master port 或软件产品。 这可能包括稳定和开发分支、 本地化版本, 以及提供了不同的编译时选项的 slave port。 撰写 VuXML 记录时, 您有责任找到所有相关的包。 很多时候 make search name=foo 是您的朋友。 需要留意的通常包括: foo port 的 foo-devel 变体; 包含不同后缀的其他变体, 例如 -a4 (对于和打印有关的软件包), -without-gui (提供但禁用了 X 支持的软件包), 以及类似的其他情况; jp-ru-zh-, 以及其他可能的本地化变体, 它们通常可以在 Ports Collection 中相应的国家分类中找到。 受影响的 package 版本, 可以使用 <lt>, <le>, <eq>, <ge>, 和 <gt> 表达成一个或多个版本及其范围。 注意给出的版本范围不应存在重叠。 在描述范围的时候, * (星号) 表达最小的版本。 更具体地说, 2.* 小于 2.a。 因此, 星号可以用来匹配所有可能的 alphabeta, 以及 RC 版本。 例如, <ge>2.*</ge><lt>3.*</lt> 可以选择性地匹配每一个 2.x 的版本, 而 <ge>2.0</ge><lt>3.0</lt> 显然不能, 因为它会漏掉 2.r3 而匹配 3.b 上面的例子指定了受影响的版本, 是包括 1.61.9 上下界的所有版本, 以及 2.x2.4_1 之前的版本, 和 3.0b1 版。 受到影响的一组 package (本质上是 ports) 可以列在 <affected> 小节中。 如果多个软件产品都采用了同样的基础代码, (比如说 FooBar、 FreeBar 和 OpenBar) 而且包含同样的 bug 或漏洞。 请注意列出多个名字时, 应该在一个 <package> 小节中完成。 如果可能, 版本的范围应包括 PORTEPOCHPORTREVISION。 务必注意, 根据加权规则, 带有非零 PORTEPOCH 的版本, 系统会认为比没有 PORTEPOCH 的版本高, 例如 3.0,1 高于 3.1 甚至 8.9 关于问题的摘要性信息。 此处使用 XHTML。 务必要成对使用 <p></p>。 可以使用较为复杂的标记, 但仅限于有助于让信息更准确和明了的修饰: 请不要过分地美化。 这部分包含了相关的可供参考的文档。 请尽可能多提供参考文献。 指定 FreeBSD 安全公告 指定 FreeBSD 问题报告 指定 Mitre CVE ID。 指定 SecurityFocus Bug ID 指定 US-CERT 安全公告。 指定 US-CERT 漏洞说明。 指定 US-CERT 计算机安全警报。 指定 US-CERT 技术性计算机安全警报。 指向邮件列表存档的 URL。 属性 msgid 是可选项, 用以指定某一封信的 message ID。 一般的 URL。 只有在没有其他更适合的参考文献时, 才应使用它。 问题被全面披露的日期 (YYYY-MM-DD)。 记录加入到数据库中的日期 (YYYY-MM-DD)。 记录最后一次被修改的日期 (YYYY-MM-DD)。 新记录不应包括这个字段。 只有在修改记录时才应加入它。 测试您对 VuXML 数据库所作的修改 假定您打算撰写, 或已经写好了一个关于 package clamav 的问题描述, 并且, 已经知道 0.65_7 版本修正了这个问题。 您需要做的准备工作, 是安装一个新版本的 ports security/portaudit 程序以及 security/portaudit-db 首先, 检查一下是否已经有了关于这个漏洞的描述。 如果已经有过这样的记录, 那么它将匹配较早版本的 package, 0.65_6 &prompt.user; packaudit &prompt.user; portaudit clamav-0.65_6 要运行 packaudit, 您必须拥有写入 DATABASEDIR 目录, 通常是 /var/db/portaudit 的权限。 如果什么都没有发现, 您就可以考虑写一个新的记录来描述这个漏洞了。 现在可以生成一个新的 UUID (假设它是 74a9541d-5d6c-11d8-80e3-0020ed76ef5a), 然后将您的新记录加入到 VuXML 数据库中。 接下来, 用下面的命令来检查它是否符合语法: &prompt.user; cd ${PORTSDIR}/security/vuxml && make validate 您需要安装下列 package 中的至少一个: textproc/libxml2textproc/jade 接下来从 VuXML 文件重构 portaudit 数据库: &prompt.user; packaudit 要验证您新加入的项的 <affected> 小节能够正确地匹配希望的 package, 可以使用下面的命令: &prompt.user; portaudit -f /usr/ports/INDEX -r 74a9541d-5d6c-11d8-80e3-0020ed76ef5a 请参见 &man.portaudit.1; 以了解关于这个命令语法的更多细节。 请确信新添加的记录不会在输出中匹配不应匹配的项。 现在检查您添加的记录所匹配的版本是否正确: &prompt.user; portaudit clamav-0.65_6 clamav-0.65_7 Affected package: clamav-0.65_6 (matched by clamav<0.65_7) Type of problem: clamav remote denial-of-service. Reference: <http://www.freebsd.org/ports/portaudit/74a9541d-5d6c-11d8-80e3-0020ed76ef5a.html> 1 problem(s) found. 显然, 前一个版本会匹配, 而后一个不会。 最后, 验证您从 VuXML 数据库中能够正确地得到预期的网页效果: &prompt.user; mkdir -p ~/public_html/portaudit &prompt.user; packaudit &prompt.user; lynx ~/public_html/portaudit/74a9541d-5d6c-11d8-80e3-0020ed76ef5a.html 假如 VuXML 仍然让您感到恐惧…… 除了撰写 VuXML 之外, 另一种简单的方法, 就是用简单的多的语法的单行描述, 加入到 PORTSDIR/security/portaudit-db/database/portaudit.txt 中。 这个文件是 port security/portaudit-db 的一部分, 随后, 按照在 FreeBSD 安全信息 网页中介绍的方法, 发一个要求安全官团队进行复审的请求。 这个文件中的每一行包括四个字段, 中间使用 |, 即管道符分隔。 第一个字段是用来匹配可能存在问题的 package 的 &man.pkg.version.1; 模式。 第二个字段是相关信息的 URL, 中间使用空格分开。 第三个字段是对于问题的一句话描述。 第四个字段, 则是这个项的 UUID。 您可以参考已经写入 portaudit.txt 的记录, 并按照类似的格式来撰写新项目。 该做什么和不该做什么 介绍 这里是一些在移植软件时可能会遇到的常见问题。 您应按照这个列表检查自己的 port, 同样地, 您也可以帮助检查 PR 数据库 中由其他人提交的 port。 请按照在 问题报告和一般性注释 中介绍的方法提交您的看法。 帮助检查 PR 数据库中的 ports 即能够帮助我们更快地 commit 它们, 也能证明您清楚地了解如何完成这些工作。 对可执行文件做脱模 (strip) 操作 除非不得不进行, 否则不要对可执行文件作脱模操作。 所有文件在安装时都应脱模, 但 INSTALL_PROGRAM 宏会在安装的同时对其进行脱模 (参见下一节的内容)。 如果您需要对某一文件进行脱模, 但不希望使用 INSTALL_PROGRAM 宏, 则应使用 ${STRIP_CMD} 来处理程序。 一般而言这应该在 post-install target 中进行。 例如: post-install: ${STRIP_CMD} ${PREFIX}/bin/xdl 可以使用 &man.file.1; 命令来检查所安装的可执行文件是否进行过脱模。 如果它没有给出 not stripped 的提示, 则表示已经做过脱模了。 另外, &man.strip.1; 不会对已经脱模过的文件重新脱模, 它会直接退出的。 INSTALL_* 宏 您应使用由 bsd.port.mk 提供的宏来完成操作, 以确保您自己的 *-install target 能够正确地设置属主和权限信息。 INSTALL_PROGRAM 代表用于安装二进制的可执行文件的命令。 INSTALL_SCRIPT 代表用于安装可执行脚本的命令。 INSTALL_DATA 代表用于安装普通用户可访问的数据的命令。 INSTALL_MAN 代表用于安装联机手册, 以及其他文档的命令 (注意, 它并不会对这些文件实施压缩操作)。 这些宏基本上就是给出了适当参数的 install 命令。 下面给出了如何使用它们的例子。 <makevar>WRKDIR</makevar> (构建时使用的临时目录) 任何时候都不要在 WRKDIR 以外的位置写文件。 WRKDIR 是在 port 构建过程中唯一的一处一定可写的地方 (参见 如何从 CDROM 安装 port 以了解从只读的目录中构建和安装 port 的例子)。 如果您需要改变 pkg-* 文件, 请按照 重新定义某个变量 介绍的方法, 而不是覆盖它们来实现。 <makevar>WRKDIRPREFIX</makevar> (用于构建的临时目录的父目录名) 一定要确保您的 port 尊重 WRKDIRPREFIX 的设置。 绝大多数 port 并不需要担心这个。 具体说来, 当引用其他 port 的 WRKDIR 时, 需要注意正确的位置应该是 WRKDIRPREFIXPORTSDIR/subdir/name/work 而不是 PORTSDIR/subdir/name/work.CURDIR/../../subdir/name/work, 或别的什么。 另外, 如果您自行定义了 WRKDIR, 也要把 ${WRKDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR} 放到前面。 区分不同的操作系统, 以及 OS 的版本 在不同版本的 Unix 下可能需要对代码进行一些修改或增加少许编译选项, 才能够正确地编译和运行。 如果您需要根据一些条件来对代码进行修改, 请尽可能让这些修改通用, 这样, 我们就能够将这些代码移植回更早的 FreeBSD 系统, 并交叉移植到其他 BSD 系统, 例如来自 CSRG 的 4.4BSD, BSD/386, 386BSD, NetBSD 和 OpenBSD。 推荐的获得 4.3BSD/Reno (1990) 以及更新版本 BSD 代码版本号的方式, 是使用 sys/param.h 中所定义的 BSD 宏的值。 一般来说这个文件已经被引用了; 如果没有的话, 增加下述代码: #if (defined(__unix__) || defined(unix)) && !defined(USG) #include <sys/param.h> #endif .c 文件中合适的地方。 我们相信所有定义了这两个符号的系统中, 都提供了 sys/param.h。 如果您发现有不这样做的系统, 请通过致信 &a.ports; 让我们了解这一情况。 另一种方法是使用 GNU Autoconf 风格的方式: #ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H #include <sys/param.h> #endif 采用这种方法时, 不要忘了把 -DHAVE_SYS_PARAM_H 加到 Makefile 中的 CFLAGS 里。 一旦引用了 sys/param.h, 您就可以使用: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199103)) 来检测代码是否正在 4.3 Net2 代码基础, 或更新的系统上编译 (例如 FreeBSD 1.x, 4.3/Reno, NetBSD 0.9, 386BSD, BSD/386 1.1 以及更高版本)。 使用: #if (defined(BSD) && (BSD >= 199306)) 来检测代码是否正在 4.4 或更新的系统 (例如 FreeBSD 2.x, 4.4, NetBSD 1.0、 BSD/386 2.0 或更高版本)。 对于 4.4BSD-Lite2 代码系来说, BSD 宏的值应该是 199506。 这里只是作为信息提供, 您不应使用它来区分基于 4.4-Lite 的 FreeBSD 和基于 4.4-Lite2 的版本。 这些情况下, 您应使用 __FreeBSD__ 宏。 保守地使用: __FreeBSD__ 在所有版本的 FreeBSD 中皆有定义。 如果您正进行的修改 影响 FreeBSD, 则应使用这个宏。 类似 sys_errlist[] 之于 strerror() 这样的移植问题是伯克利代码系公用的, 而并非 FreeBSD 所专有。 在 FreeBSD 2.x 中, __FreeBSD__ 定义为 2。 更早版本中, 它曾经是 1。 新的版本都会在主要的版本号变化时变更它。 如果您需要区分 FreeBSD 1.x 系统和 FreeBSD 2.x 及更高版本的区别, 通常应使用前述的 BSD 宏来进行。 如果事实上需要一个 FreeBSD 专有的修改 (例如, 在使用 ld 时需要特殊的共享库选项), 则可以用 __FreeBSD__#if __FreeBSD__ > 1 来检测 FreeBSD 2.x 和新系统上的变化。 如果需要更细粒度地检测 FreeBSD 2.0-RELEASE 之后版本的变化, 则可以使用: #if __FreeBSD__ >= 2 #include <osreldate.h> # if __FreeBSD_version >= 199504 /* 2.0.5+ release specific code here */ # endif #endif 在已有的数百个 port 中, 只有一两个应该使用 __FreeBSD__。 早期的 port 在不适当的地方使用了它并引发问题, 并不意味着您也必定如此。 __FreeBSD_version 值 下面是在 sys/param.h __FreeBSD_version 中定义的值及其意义的列表, 这里给出以方便您查阅: __FreeBSD_version 值 版本 __FreeBSD_version 2.0-RELEASE 119411 2.1-CURRENT 199501, 199503 2.0.5-RELEASE 199504 2.1 之前的 2.2-CURRENT 199508 2.1.0-RELEASE 199511 2.1.5 之前的 2.2-CURRENT 199512 2.1.5-RELEASE 199607 2.1.6 之前的 2.2-CURRENT 199608 2.1.6-RELEASE 199612 2.1.7-RELEASE 199612 2.2-RELEASE 220000 2.2.1-RELEASE 220000 (无变化) 在 2.2.1-RELEASE 之后的 2.2-STABLE 220000 (无变化) texinfo-3.9 之后的 2.2-STABLE 221001 top 之后的 2.2-STABLE 221002 2.2.2-RELEASE 222000 2.2.2-RELEASE 之后的 2.2-STABLE 222001 2.2.5-RELEASE 225000 2.2.5-RELEASE 之后的 2.2-STABLE 225001 合并 ldconfig -R 之后的 2.2-STABLE 225002 2.2.6-RELEASE 226000 2.2.7-RELEASE 227000 2.2.7-RELEASE 之后的 2.2-STABLE 227001 &man.semctl.2; 修改之后的 2.2-STABLE 227002 2.2.8-RELEASE 228000 2.2.8-RELEASE 之后的 2.2-STABLE 228001 &man.mount.2; 修改之前的 3.0-CURRENT 300000 &man.mount.2; 修改之后的 3.0-CURRENT 300001 &man.semctl.2; 修改之后的 3.0-CURRENT 300002 ioctl 参数变化之后的 3.0-CURRENT 300003 ELF 变换之后的 3.0-CURRENT 300004 3.0-RELEASE 300005 3.0-RELEASE 之后的 3.0-CURRENT 300006 3/4切分之后的 3.0-STABLE 300007 3.1-RELEASE 310000 3.1-RELEASE 之后的 3.1-STABLE 310001 C++ 构建/析构函数顺序变化之后的 3.1-STABLE 310002 3.2-RELEASE 320000 3.2-STABLE 320001 二进制不兼容的 IPFW 和 socket 变化之后的 3.2-STABLE 320002 3.3-RELEASE 330000 3.3-STABLE 330001 libc 中加入 &man.mkstemp.3; 之后的 3.3-STABLE 330002 3.4-RELEASE 340000 3.4-STABLE 340001 3.5-RELEASE 350000 3.5-STABLE 350001 3/4切分之后的 4.0-CURRENT 400000 修改动态连接器处理方式之后的 4.0-CURRENT 400001 C++ 构建/析构函数顺序变化之后的 400002 提供 &man.dladdr.3; 之后的 4.0-CURRENT 400003 修正了 __deregister_frame_info 的 4.0-CURRENT (也表示在 EGCS 1.1.2 集成之后的 4.0-CURRENT) 400004 &man.suser.9; API 变化之后的 4.0-CURRENT (也表示 newbus 之后的 4.0-CURRENT) 400005 cdevsw 注册机制改变之后的 4.0-CURRENT 400006 加入了 socket 级凭据的 so_cred 之后的 4.0-CURRENT 400007 在 libc_r 中加入 poll 系统调用接口之后的 4.0-CURRENT 400008 将内核中 dev_t 类型改为 struct specinfo 指针之后的 4.0-CURRENT 400009 修正了一处 &man.jail.2; 漏洞之后的 4.0-CURRENT 400010 sigset_t 数据类型改变之后的 4.0-CURRENT 400011 切换到 GCC 2.95.2 编译器之后的 4.0-CURRENT 400012 加入了可插的 linux模式 ioctl 处理程序后的 4.0-CURRENT 400013 引入 OpenSSL 之后的 4.0-CURRENT 400014 GCC 2.95.2 中 ABI 默认值从 -fvtable-thunks 改为 -fno-vtable-thunks 之后的 4.0-CURRENT 400015 引入 OpenSSH 之后的 4.0-CURRENT 400016 4.0-RELEASE 400017 4.0-RELEASE 之后的 4.0-STABLE 400018 引入延迟校验和之后的 4.0-STABLE 400019 将 libxpg4 的代码并入 libc 之后的 4.0-STABLE 400020 Binutils 升级到 2.10.0 之后的 4.0-STABLE, ELF 标志变化, 以及将 tcsh 引入基本系统 400021 4.1-RELEASE 410000 4.1-RELEASE 之后的 4.1-STABLE 410001 &man.setproctitle.3; 从 libutil 移入 libc 之后的 4.1-STABLE 410002 4.1.1-RELEASE 411000 4.1.1-RELEASE 之后的 4.1.1-STABLE 411001 4.2-RELEASE 420000 合并 libgcc.a 和 libgcc_r.a, 并修改了相关的 GCC 连接方式之后的 4.2-STABLE 420001 4.3-RELEASE 430000 引入 wint_t 之后的 4.3-STABLE 430001 PCI 电源状态 API 合并之后的 4.3-STABLE 430002 4.4-RELEASE 440000 引入 d_thread_t 之后的 4.4-STABLE 440001 mount 结构改变之后的 4.4-STABLE (影响文件系统 kld) 440002 用户态部分的 smbfs 被引入之后的 4.4-STABLE 440003 4.5-RELEASE 450000 usb 结构元素改名之后的 4.5-STABLE 450001 在 &man.rc.conf.5; 变量 sendmail_enable 默认值改为 NONE 之后的 4.5-STABLE 450004 默认将 XFree86 4 用于预编译包构建之后的 4.5-STABLE 450005 accept 过滤器修正了安全问题并且不再会轻易被 DoS 之后的 4.5-STABLE 450006 4.6-RELEASE 460000 修正了 &man.sendfile.2; 以吻合文档, 而不再根据发出的头计算发出数据量之后的 4.6-STABLE 460001 4.6.2-RELEASE 460002 4.6-STABLE 460100 MFC `sed -i' 之后的 4.6-STABLE 460101 MFC 许多 pkg_install 新特性之后的 4.6-STABLE 460102 4.7-RELEASE 470000 4.7-STABLE 470100 开始生成 __std{in,out,err}p 引用, 而不是 __sF。 这将 std{in,out,err} 从编译时表达式变成了运行时值。 470101 MFC mbuf 相关的将 m_aux mbuf 改为 m_tag 的修改之后的 4.7-STABLE 470102 OpenSSL 升级到 0.9.7 之后的 4.7-STABLE 470103 4.8-RELEASE 480000 4.8-STABLE 480100 &man.realpath.3; 变为线程安全的之后的 4.8-STABLE 480101 对 twe 的 3ware API 修改之后的 4.8-STABLE 480102 4.9-RELEASE 490000 4.9-STABLE 490100 kinfo_eproc 中加入 e_sid 之后的 4.9-STABLE 490101 MFC rtld 的 libmap 功能之后的 4.9-STABLE 490102 4.10-RELEASE 491000 4.10-STABLE 491100 MFC 20040629 版本的包维护工具之后的 4.10-STABLE 491101 修正了 VM 当解除 wire 不存在页面时的问题之后的 4.10-STABLE 491102 4.11-RELEASE 492000 4.11-STABLE 492100 5.0-CURRENT 500000 加入 ELF 头字段, 并改变我们的 ELF 执行文件标记方式之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500001 kld 元数据修改之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500002 buf/bio 修改之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500003 binutils 升级后的 5.0-CURRENT 500004 将 libxpg4 并入 libc, 以及引入 TASKQ 之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500005 加入 AGP 接口之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500006 Perl 升级到 5.6.0 之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500007 KAME 代码升级到 2000/07 之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500008 ether_ifattach() 和 ether_detach() 修改之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500009 将 mtree 改为原先的默认值, 并使用 -L 来跟随符号连接之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500010 kqueue API 修改之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500011 &man.setproctitle.3; 从 libutil 挪到 libc 之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500012 首个 SMPng commit 之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500013 <sys/select.h> 改为 <sys/selinfo.h> 之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500014 libgcc.a 和 libgcc_r.a 以及 GCC 连接方式变动之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500015 修改以允许 libc 和 libc_r 连接到一起, 不再鼓励使用 -pthread 之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500016 从 struct ucred 切换到 struct xucred 以便使内核为 mountd 等程序导出的 API 稳定下来之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500017 加入 CPUTYPE 用于 CPU 专用的优化的 make 变量之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500018 machine/ioctl_fd.h 改为 sys/fdcio.h 之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500019 locale 名称改变之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500020 引入 bzip2 之后的 5.0-CURRENT, 同时也代表删去了 S/Key 500021 加入 SSE 支持之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500022 KSE 第2个里程碑之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500023 d_thread_t 之后的 5.0-CURRENT, 同时 UUCP 被移入 ports 500024 64-位平台上的描述符和 creds API 变化之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500025 采用 XFree86 4 作为默认的预编译包, 以及加入 strnstr() libc 函数之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500026 加入 strcasestr() libc 函数之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500027 引入了用户态的 smbfs 组件之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500028 加入了新的 C99 指定位宽整形变量之后的 5.0-CURRENT (未予增加) 修改了 &man.sendfile.2; 的返回值之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500029 引入适合表达文件标志的 fflags_t 类型之后的 5.0- 500030 usb 结构元素改名之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500031 引入 Perl 5.6.1 之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500032 &man.rc.conf.5; 变量 sendmail_enable 默认值改为 NONE 之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500033 mtx_init() 增加了第三个参数之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500034 包含 Gcc 3.1 的 5.0-CURRENT 500035 在 /usr/src 中删去了 Perl 的 5.0-CURRENT 500036 加入 &man.dlfunc.3; 之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500037 一些 struct sockbuf 的成员变为结构, 并重新排列顺序之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500038 引入 GCC 3.2.1 之后的 5.0-CURRENT。 头文件也不再使用 _BSD_FOO_T_ 而开始使用 _FOO_T_DECLARED。 这个值还可以用于作为一个包含使用 &man.bzip2.1; 的预编译包支持的预期点。 500039 以去掉对 disklabel 结构内容的依赖的名义, 对磁盘相关的函数进行了许多修改之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500040 libc 中加入 &man.getopt.long.3; 之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500041 Binutils 2.13 升级, 包含了新的 FreeBSD 模拟, vec 以及输出格式之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500042 libc 中加入了弱 pthread_XXX 符号之后的 5.0-CURRENT, 从而淘汰了 libXThrStub.so。 5.0-RELEASE。 500043 创建 RELENG_5_0 分支之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500100 <sys/dkstat.h> 变成了一个空文件, 不应再被引用 500101 修改 d_mmap_t 接口之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500102 taskqueue_swi 以无全局锁的方式运行之后的 5.0-CURRENT, 同时还加入了使用全局锁的 taskqueue_swi_giant 500103 去掉了 cdevsw_add() 和 cdevsw_remove() 出现 MAJOR_AUTO 分配机制 500104 采用新的 cdevsw 初始化方法之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500105 devstat_add_entry() 被 devstat_new_entry() 取代 500106 修改 devstat 接口; 请参见 sys/sys/param.h 1.149 500107 改变了 Token-Ring 接口 500108 加入 vm_paddr_t 500109 将 &man.realpath.3; 改为线程安全之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500110 &man.usbhid.3; 与 NetBSD 同步之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500111 加入新的 NSS 实现, 以及 POSIX.1 getpw*_r, getgr*_r 函数之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500112 删去旧式 rc 系统之后的 5.0-CURRENT 500113 5.1-RELEASE. 501000 创建 RELENG_5_1 分支之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501100 改正 sigtimedwait(2) 和 sigwaitinfo(2) 语义之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501101 在 &man.bus.dma.tag.create.9; 中加入了 lockfunc 和 lockfuncarg 字段之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501102 集成了 GCC 3.3.1-pre 20030711 之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501103 twe 中 3ware API 变化之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501104 允许动态连接 /bin 和 /sbin, 以及将某些库移动到 /lib 之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501105 增加内核级 Coda 6.x 支持之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501106 将 16550 UART 常量从 <dev/sio/sioreg.h> 挪到 <dev/ic/ns16550.h> 之后的 5.1-CURRENT。 此外, rtld 也从此无条件支持 libmap 功能 501107 更新 PFIL_HOOKS API 之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501108 增加 kiconv(3) 之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501109 默认的 cdevsw open 和 close 操作变化之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501110 cdevsw 的布局变化之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501111 增加 kobj 多继承之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501112 修改 struct ifnet 中的 if_xname 之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501113 将 /bin 和 /sbin 改为动态连接之后的 5.1-CURRENT 501114 5.2-RELEASE 502000 5.2.1-RELEASE 502010 创建 RELENG_5_2 分支之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502100 libc 中加入了 __cxa_atexit/__cxa_finalize 两个函数之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502101 默认线程库从 libc_r 改为 libpthread 之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502102 设备驱动 API 大规模翻修之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502103 增加 getopt_long_only() 之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502104 C 的 NULL 定义改为 ((void *)0) 之后的 5.2-CURRENT, 这会产生更多的编译警告 502105 pf 连入构建和安装过程之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502106 在 sparc64 上将 time_t 改为 64-位 值之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502107 在一些头文件修改以支持 Intel C/C++ 编译器, 以及让 execve(2) 更严格地符合 POSIX 之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502108 引入 bus_alloc_resource_any API 之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502109 加入 UTF-8 locale 之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502110 删去 getvfsent(3) API 之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502111 为 make(1) 增加 .warning 语句之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502112 所有串口设备都强制使用 ttyioctl() 之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502113 引入 ALTQ 框架之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502114 修改 sema_timedwait(9) 使其成功时返回 0, 失败时返回非 0 的错误代码之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502115 将内核 dev_t 改为指向 struct cdev * 的指针之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502116 将内核 udev_t 改为 dev_t 之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502117 为 clock_gettime(2) 和 clock_getres(2) 增加 CLOCK_VIRTUAL 和 CLOCK_PROF 支持之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502118 对网络接口复制进行全面修改之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502119 package 工具升级为 20040629 之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502120 不再将蓝牙代码标记为 i386 专用之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502121 引入 KDB 调试器框架之后的 5.2-CURRENT。 同时还引入了 DDB 作为后台, 以及 GDB 后台。 502122 修改 VFS_ROOT 和 vflush 使其使用一个 struct thread 参数之后的 5.2-CURRENT。 struct kinfo_proc 增加了一个用户数据指针。 同时, 默认的 X 实现切换为 xorg 502123 将使用 rc.d 和传统脚本的 port 分别启动之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502124 取消前一修改之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502125 删除 kmem_alloc_pageable() 并引入 gcc 3.4.2 的 5.2-CURRENT 502126 修改 UMA 内核 API 允许构建函数和初始化失败之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502127 vfs_mount 签名和全局替换 suser(9) API 的 PRISON_ROOT 为 SUSER_ALLOWJAIL 之后的 5.2-CURRENT 502128 pfil API 修改之前的 5.3-BETA/RC 503000 5.3-RELEASE 503001 创建 RELENG_5_3 分支之后的 5.3-STABLE 503100 加入了 glibc 风格的 &man.strftime.3; 填充选项的 5.3-STABLE 503101 MFC OpenBSD 的 nc(1) 之后的 5.3-STABLE 503102 在 MFC 了 <src/include/stdbool.h><src/sys/i386/include/_types.h> 用于兼容 GCC 和 Intel C/C++ 编译器的修正之后的 5.4-PRERELEASE 503103 MFC 了将 ifi_epoch 由 wall 时钟时间改为 uptime 之后的 5.4-PRERELEASE 503104 MFC 了 vswprintf(3) 中的 EOVERFLOW 检查的 5.4-PRERELEASE 503105 5.4-RELEASE. 504000 创建 RELENG_5_4 分支之后的 5.4-STABLE 504100 加大默认线程堆栈尺寸之后的 5.4-STABLE 504101 加入 sha256 之后的 5.4-STABLE 504102 6.0-CURRENT 600000 内核中永久性启用 PFIL_HOOKS 之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600001 最初将 ifi_epoch 加入 if_data 结构之后的 6.0-CURRENT。 此后不久即被撤销。 请不要使用这个值。 600002 if_data 中再次加入 ifi_epoch 成员之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600003 将 struct inpcb 参数加入 pfil API 之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600004 newsyslog 加入了 "-d DESTDIR" 参数之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600005 加入了 glibc 风格的 &man.strftime.3; 填充选项之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600006 加入了 802.11 框架更新之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600007 修改 VOP_*VOBJECT() 并为无全局锁的文件系统引入 MNTK_MPSAFE 标志之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600008 加入 cpufreq 框架和驱动之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600009 引入 OpenBSD 的 nc(1) 之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600010 删去并不存在的 SVID2 matherr() 支持之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600011 增大默认线程堆栈尺寸之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600012 增加了针对 <src/include/stdbool.h><src/sys/i386/include/_types.h> 的用于 Intel C/C++ 编译器的 GCC-兼容性修正。 600013 修正了 vswprintf(3) 的 EOVERFLOW 检查之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600014 将 struct if_data 成员 ifi_epoch 从 wall 时钟时间改为 uptime 之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600015 修改 LC_CTYPE 磁盘格式之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600016 修改 NLS 编录磁盘格式之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600017 修改 LC_COLLATE 磁盘格式之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600018 将 acpica 头文件安装到 /usr/include 600019 为 send(2) API 加入了 MSG_NOSIGNAL 600020 在 cdevsw 上增加了一些字段 600021 基本系统中删去了 gtar 600022 unix(4) 中加入了 LOCAL_CREDS, LOCAL_CONNWAIT 两个 socket 选项 600023 加入了 &man.hwpmc.4; 及其相关工具之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600024 加入 struct icmphdr 之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600025 pf 更新到了 3.7 600026 引入了内核 libalias 和 ng_nat 600027 将 ttyname_r(3) 接口改为符合 POSIX 标准, 并通过 unistd.h 和 libc 600028 将 libpcap 升级为 v0.9.1 alpha 096 之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600029 引入 NetBSD 的 if_bridge(4) 之后的 6.0-CURRENT 600030 将 struct ifnet 从驱动的 softc 中拆出之后的 6.0-CURRENT。 600031 引入了 libpcap v0.9.1 之后的 6.0-CURRENT。 600032 7.0-CURRENT。 700000
请注意, 2.2.5-RELEASE 之后有一段时间的 2.2-STABLE 会声称自己是 2.2.5-STABLE。 这种模式的版本号表示的是年月。 但随后, 我们决定, 从 2.2 开始, 将它改为更为简洁的 主/次 版本号的形式来命名版本。 这是因为并行地在多个分支上进行开发, 使得通过实际的发布日期来区分不同的版本变得不再显示。 如果您正在做新的 port, 应该不需要担心较早的 -CURRENT; 在此列出仅供参考。
在 <filename>bsd.port.mk</filename> 之后写一些内容 不要在 .include <bsd.port.mk> 这行之后增加任何内容。 这通常可以通过在您的 Makefile 中间的某处引用 bsd.port.pre.mk, 并在结尾的地方引用 bsd.port.post.mk 来避免。 只能够采用 bsd.port.pre.mk/bsd.port.post.mkbsd.port.mk 两种写法之一; 任何时候都不要同时使用两种写法。 bsd.port.pre.mk 只定义了很少的变量, 它们可以在 Makefile 中用于进行一些测试, 而 bsd.port.post.mk 则定义了所有其他的变量。 下面是一些由 bsd.port.pre.mk 定义的比较重要的变量 (这并不是一份完整的列表, 您可以阅读 bsd.port.mk 以获得全部变量的名字)。 变量 描述 ARCH uname -m 输出得到的硬件架构的名字 (例如, i386) OPSYS uname -s 返回的操作系统类型 (例如, FreeBSD) OSREL 操作系统的版本号 (例如 2.1.52.2.7) OSVERSION 操作系统的版本号的数值形式; 它等于 __FreeBSD_version PORTOBJFORMAT 系统默认的执行文件格式 (elfaout; 请注意, 现代的 FreeBSD 版本中, aout 已在淘汰之列。) LOCALBASE local 目录的根 (例如, /usr/local/) X11BASE X11 目录的根 (例如, /usr/X11R6) PREFIX port 应被安装到哪里 (参见 关于 PREFIX 的更多说明)。 如果您需要定义 USE_IMAKEUSE_X_PREFIX, 或 MASTERDIR 这些变量, 则应在引用 bsd.port.pre.mk 之前完成。 下面是一些在引用 bsd.port.pre.mk 之后可以进行的判断: # 如果 perl5 已经在系统中提供, 则不必编译 lang/perl5 .if ${OSVERSION} > 300003 BROKEN= perl is in system .endif # ELF 只使用一个 shlib 版本 .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "elf" TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR} .else TCL_LIB_FILE= ${TCL_LIB}.${SHLIB_MAJOR}.${SHLIB_MINOR} .endif # 软件会自动为 ELF 创建符号链接, 但 a.out 则需要另行创建 post-install: .if ${PORTOBJFORMAT} == "aout" ${LN} -sf liblinpack.so.1.0 ${PREFIX}/lib/liblinpack.so .endif 您还记得应该在 BROKEN=TCL_LIB_FILE= 后面使用制表符, 而不是空格, 对吧? :-) 安装附加的文档 如果您的软件包含了标准的联机手册和 info 手册以外的文档, 而且您认为它们对用户会有用, 请把这些文档安装到 PREFIX/share/doc 下。 和前面类似, 这也可以在 post-install target 中完成。 为您的 port 建立一个新的目录。 这个目录的名字应该反映它是属于哪个 port 的。 通常建议使用 PORTNAME。 不过, 如果您认为不同版本的 port 可能会同时安装, 也可以用完整的 PKGNAME 另外, 应该让是否安装取决于变量 NOPORTDOCS 的设置, 这样用户就能够在 /etc/make.conf 中禁止安装它。 例如: post-install: .if !defined(NOPORTDOCS) ${MKDIR} ${DOCSDIR} ${INSTALL_MAN} ${WRKSRC}/docs/xvdocs.ps ${DOCSDIR} .endif 这里是一些便于使用的变量, 以及它们在 Makefile 中默认的展开方式: DATADIR 会展开成 PREFIX/share/PORTNAME DOCSDIR 会展开成 PREFIX/share/doc/PORTNAME EXAMPLESDIR 会展开成 PREFIX/share/examples/PORTNAME 这些变量也会被导出到 PLIST_SUB 中。 只要可能, 它们的值就将在那里以相对于 PREFIX 的路径形式出现。 也就是说, share/doc/PORTNAME 在装箱单中默认情况下会替换掉 %%DOCSDIR%%, 等等。 (更多的 pkg-plist 代换可以在 这里 找到。) 所有的安装的文档文件和目录, 都应在 pkg-plist 出现, 并且使用 %%PORTDOCS%% 前缀, 例如: %%PORTDOCS%%%%DOCSDIR%%/AUTHORS %%PORTDOCS%%%%DOCSDIR%%/CONTACT %%PORTDOCS%%@dirrm %%DOCSDIR%% 如果不想在 pkg-plist 中一一列举文档, port 也可以设置 PORTDOCS 来列出所需要的那些文件的名称, 以及希望加入到最终的装箱单中的 shell glob 模式。 这些名字应该是相对于 DOCSDIR 路径的。 因此, 使用了 PORTDOCS 并且使用了非默认的位置来存放文档的 port, 应该相应地设置 DOCSDIR。 如果目录被列到了 PORTDOCS 中, 或和这个变量的 glob 模式匹配, 则其所有子目录下的文件和目录, 也都会注册到最终的装箱单中。 如果指定了 NOPORTDOCS, 则不应设置 PORTDOCS。 按照上面的方式, 将文档安装到 PORTDOCS 中, 仍需由 port 本身来完成。 使用 PORTDOCS 的典型例子是: .if !defined(NOPORTDOCS) PORTDOCS= * .endif 您也可以使用 pkg-message 这个文件, 来在安装时显示一些信息。 参见 关于使用 pkg-message 的这一节 以了解进一步的详情。 需要说明的是, 并不需要把 pkg-message 加到 pkg-plist 中。 子目录 尽可能让 port 将它创建的文件, 放置到 PREFIX 中正确的位置。 一些 port 会把各式各样的东西混在一起, 并放到一个同名的目录中, 这是不对的。 另外, 许多 port 会把除了可执行文件、 头文件和联机手册之外的所有文件, 全都一股脑地放到 lib 中, 这在和 BSD 配合使用时会有问题。 多数文件, 应被放到下列位置之一: etc (安装/配置文件)、 libexec (由系统内部调用的可执行文件)、 sbin (为超级用户/管理员提供的可执行文件)、 info (用于 info 浏览器的文档) 或 share (平台无关的其他文件)。 请参见 &man.hier.7; 以了解进一步的详情; 针对 /usr 的那些规则, 同样也适用于 /usr/local。 例外情况是那些需要和 USENET news 打交道的 port, 它们可以选择采用 PREFIX/news 作为文件的目的地。 清理空目录 一定要让您的 port 在卸载时进行清理。 这通常是通过为所有由 port 创建的目录增加一行 @dirrm 来完成的。 请注意, 在删除父目录之前, 需要首先删除子目录。 : lib/X11/oneko/pixmaps/cat.xpm lib/X11/oneko/sounds/cat.au : @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/pixmaps @dirrm lib/X11/oneko/sounds @dirrm lib/X11/oneko 然而, 有时 @dirrm 会在其他 port 共用同一个子目录时给出错误。 您可以通过使用 @unexec 来调用 rmdir 来达到删除空目录, 而不给出警告的目的。 @unexec rmdir %D/share/doc/gimp 2>/dev/null || true 这样做既不会显示出错错误信息, 也不会导致 &man.pkg.delete.1; 异常退出, 即使由于安装了其他 port 并使用 PREFIX/share/doc/gimp 而导致它非空的时候也是如此。 UID 和 GID 如果您的 port 安装到系统上之前需要一些用户, 请使用 pkg-install 脚本来调用 pw 以便自动地创建它们。 请参见 net/cvsup-mirror 提供的例子。 如果您的 port 需要与其编译成安装包时同样的用户/组 ID, 则必须在 50 到 999 之间选择一个未用的 UID。 请参见 japanese/Wnn6 提供的例子。 一定不要使用系统或其他 port 已经使用的 UID。 下面是目前预留的 50 到 999 之间的 UID。 bind:*:53:53:Bind Sandbox:/:/sbin/nologin majordom:*:54:54:Majordomo Pseudo User:/usr/local/majordomo:/nonexistent rdfdb:*:55:55:rdfDB Daemon:/var/db/rdfdb:/bin/sh spamd:*:58:58:SpamAssassin user:/var/spool/spamd:/sbin/nologin cyrus:*:60:60:the cyrus mail server:/nonexistent:/nonexistent gnats:*:61:1:GNATS database owner:/usr/local/share/gnats/gnats-db:/bin/sh proxy:*:62:62:Packet Filter pseudo-user:/nonexistent:/nonexistent uucp:*:66:66:UUCP pseudo-user:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/libexec/uucp/uucico xten:*:67:67:X-10 daemon:/usr/local/xten:/nonexistent pop:*:68:6:Post Office Owner (popper):/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin wnn:*:69:7:Wnn:/nonexistent:/nonexistent pgsql:*:70:70:PostgreSQL pseudo-user:/usr/local/pgsql:/bin/sh oracle:*:71:71::0:0:Oracle:/usr/local/oracle7:/sbin/nologin ircd:*:72:72:IRC daemon:/nonexistent:/nonexistent ircservices:*:73:73:IRC services:/nonexistent:/nonexistent ifmail:*:75:66:Ifmail user:/nonexistent:/nonexistent www:*:80:80:World Wide Web Owner:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin alias:*:81:81:QMail user:/var/qmail/alias:/nonexistent qmaild:*:82:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmaill:*:83:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailp:*:84:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailq:*:85:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmailr:*:86:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent qmails:*:87:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent mysql:*:88:88:MySQL Daemon:/var/db/mysql:/sbin/nologin vpopmail:*:89:89:VPop Mail User:/usr/local/vpopmail:/nonexistent firebird:*:90:90:Firebird Database Administrator:/usr/local/firebird:/bin/sh mailman:*:91:91:Mailman User:/usr/local/mailman:/sbin/nologin gdm:*:92:92:GDM Sandbox:/:/sbin/nologin jabber:*:93:93:Jabber Daemon:/nonexistent:/nonexistent p4admin:*:94:94:Perforce admin:/usr/local/perforce:/sbin/nologin interch:*:95:95:Interchange user:/usr/local/interchange:/sbin/nologin squeuer:*:96:96:SQueuer Owner:/nonexistent:/bin/sh mud:*:97:97:MUD Owner:/nonexistent:/bin/sh msql:*:98:98:mSQL-2 pseudo-user:/var/db/msqldb:/bin/sh rscsi:*:99:99:Remote SCSI:/usr/local/rscsi:/usr/local/sbin/rscsi squid:*:100:100:squid caching-proxy pseudo user:/usr/local/squid:/sbin/nologin quagga:*:101:101:Quagga route daemon pseudo user:/usr/local/etc/quagga:/sbin/nologin ganglia:*:102:102:Ganglia User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin sgeadmin:*:103:103:Sun Grid Engine Admin:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin slimserv:*:104:104:Slim Devices SlimServer pseudo-user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin dnetc:*:105:105:distributed.net client and proxy pseudo-user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin clamav:*:106:106:Clamav Antivirus:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin cacti:*:107:107:Cacti Sandbox:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin webkit:*:108:108:WebKit Default User:/usr/local/www/webkit:/bin/sh quickml:*:109:109:quickml Server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin vscan:*:110:110:Scanning Virus Account:/var/amavis:/bin/sh fido:*:111:111:Fido System:/usr/local/fido:/bin/sh dcc:*:112:112:Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin amavis:*:113:113:Amavis-stats Account:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin dhis:*:114:114:DHIS Daemon:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin _symon:*:115:115:Symon Account:/var/empty:/sbin/nologin postfix:*:125:125:Postfix Mail System:/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin rbldns:*:153:153:rbldnsd pseudo-user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin sfs:*:171:171:Self-Certifying File System:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin agk:*:172:172:AquaGateKeeper:/nonexistent:/nonexistent polipo:*:173:173:polipo web cache:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin bogomilter:*:174:174:milter-bogom:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin moinmoin:*:192:192:MoinMoin User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin sympa:*:200:200:Sympa Owner:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin dspam:*:202:202:Dspam:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin _tor:*:256:256:Tor anonymising router:/var/db/tor:/bin/sh ldap:*:389:389:OpenLDAP Server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin drweb:*:426:426:Dr.Web Mail Scanner:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin courier:*:465:465:Courier Mail Server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin _bbstored:*:505:505::0:0:BoxBackup Store Daemon:/nonexistent:/bin/sh qtss:*:554:554:Darwin Streaming Server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin ircdru:*:555:555:Russian hybrid IRC server:/nonexistent:/bin/sh messagebus:*:556:556:D-BUS Daemon User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin bnetd:*:700:700:Bnetd user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin bopm:*:717:717:Blitzed Open Proxy Monitor:/nonexistent:/bin/sh bacula:*:910:910:Bacula Daemon:/var/db/bacula:/sbin/nologin 下面是目前预留的 GID。 bind:*:53: rdfdb:*:55: spamd:*:58: cyrus:*:60: proxy:*:62: authpf:*:63: uucp:*:66: xten:*:67: dialer:*:68: network:*:69: pgsql:*:70: www:*:80: qnofiles:*:81: qmail:*:82: mysql:*:88: vpopmail:*:89: firebird:*:90: mailman:*:91: gdm:*:92: jabber:*:93: p4admin:*:94: interch:*:95: squeuer:*:96: mud:*:97: msql:*:98: rscsi:*:99: squid:*:100: quagga:*:101: ganglia:*:102: sgeadmin:*:103: slimserv:*:104: dnetc:*:105: clamav:*:106: cacti:*:107: webkit:*:108: quickml:*:109: vscan:*:110: fido:*:111: dcc:*:112: amavis:*:113: dhis:*:114: _symon:*:115: postfix:*:125: maildrop:*:126: rbldns:*:153: sfs:*:171: agk:*:172: polipo:*:173: moinmoin:*:192: sympa:*:200: dspam:*:202: _tor:*:256: ldap:*:389: drweb:*:426: courier:*:465: _bbstored:*:505: qtss:*:554: ircdru:*:555: messagebus:*:556: realtime:*:557: bnetd:*:700: bopm:*:717: bacula:*:910: 如果您的 port 需要在这一范围内预留新的 UID 或 GID 的话, 请在提交 (或升级) 时予以说明。 这样我们就能够让这份列表中的保留 ID 与现实同步了。 理性行事 任何 Makefile 都应该简单并理性地行事。 如果您能让其中的条目更为简单和易读, 一定要这样做。 例如, 使用 make 提供的 .if 结构, 而不要使用 shell 的 if, 只要能重定义 EXTRACT* 就不要重载 do-extract, 尽量使用 GNU_CONFIGURE 而不是 CONFIGURE_ARGS += --prefix=${PREFIX} 如果您在尝试做什么事情的时候发现不得不写大量的代码, 请回过头来复审一下 bsd.port.mk, 看看是否有您正打算做的事情的现成实现。 尽管读起来可能很费劲, 但有很多貌似很难的问题, 在 bsd.port.mk 中都给出了十分简便的解决方案。 遵循 <makevar>CC</makevar> 和 <makevar>CXX</makevar> 设置 port 应遵循 CCCXX 变量的设置。 这也就是说, port 不应使用绝对的方式来设置这个变量的值, 而罔顾已经存在的设置; 与此相反, 它应该在其值后加入需要的其他值。 这样, 就可以设置全局的构建选项, 令其影响所有的 port 构建过程了。 如果实在无法这样做, 请在 Makefile 中加入 NO_PACKAGE=ignores cflags 下面的 Makefile 实例给出了如何遵循 CCCXX 变量的设置。 注意这里用到的 ?= CC?= gcc CXX?= g++ 下面则是没有遵循 CCCXX 的例子: CC= gcc CXX= g++ 在 FreeBSD 系统中, CCCXX 这两个变量都可以在 /etc/make.conf 中自行定义。 第一个例子只有在 /etc/make.conf 中没有定义时才对这两个变量进行定义, 从而保持了系统范围的配置。 而第二个例子则会覆盖任何现有的配置。 遵循 <makevar>CFLAGS</makevar> 您的 port 应遵循 CFLAGS 变量的设置。 这也就是说, port 不应使用绝对的方式来设置这个变量的值, 而罔顾已经存在的设置; 与此相反, 它应该在其值后加入需要的其他值, 这样, 就可以设置全局的构建选项, 令其影响所有的 port 构建过程了。 如果实在无法这样做, 请在 Makefile 中加入 NO_PACKAGE=ignores cflags 下面的 Makefile 例子, 可以帮助我们理解如何遵循 CFLAGS 的设置。 注意所用的 += CFLAGS+= -Wall -Werror 下面是一个未能遵循 CFLAGS 设置的例子: CFLAGS= -Wall -Werror 一般来说, CFLAGS 在 FreeBSD 系统中是在 /etc/make.conf 里配置的。 第一个例子在 CFLAGS 变量中增加了一些参数, 并保持了所有系统预定义的标志。 而第二个例子, 则会覆盖掉任何先前定义的参数。 您应从第三方软件的 Makefile 中去掉特殊的优化设置。 系统的 CFLAGS 给出了全系统范围内的优化设置参数。 下面是一个未经修改的 Makefile 实例: CFLAGS= -O3 -funroll-loops -DHAVE_SOUND 如果使用系统的优化参数, 则 Makefile 中的设置应该类似下面这样: CFLAGS+= -DHAVE_SOUND 配置文件 如果您的 port 需要在 PREFIX/etc 中保存配置文件, 不要 简单地安装它们并将其列入 pkg-plist。 这将导致 &man.pkg.delete.1; 删除用户精心编写的配置文件, 而且新的安装也会把这些文件清除掉。 因此, 您应把配置文件的例子按其他的后缀来安装 (例如 filename.sample 就是一个不错的选择) 并显示一条 消息 告诉用户如何复制并编辑这个配置文件, 以便让软件能够正确工作。 反馈 如果进行了一些很好的修改和补丁, 一定要把它们发回给原作者, 或维护者, 以便在下一版本的代码中包含它们。 这会让您在软件发布新版本的时候变得轻松一些。 <filename>README.html</filename> 不要包含 README.html 文件。 这个文件并非 CVS 代码库中的一部分, 它是由 make readme 命令生成的。 将 port 标记为 <makevar>BROKEN</makevar>, <makevar>FORBIDDEN</makevar>, 或以其它方式阻止安装 某些时候, 需要阻止用户安装某个 port。 例如, 有时可能某个 port 包含了某些安全漏洞, 或彻底无法使用, 或基本上过时了, 但由于某种原因仍然在代码库中 (以便有人能修好它们, 对吗?)。 想要告诉用户某个 port 不应被安装, 有许多可以在 port 的 Makefile 中使用的 make 变量。 下列 make 的值, 将是在用户试图安装时得到的提示信息。 务请使用正确的 make 变量, 因为每一个都表达了截然不同的意义, 而且许多自动化系统, 例如 port 构建集群、 FreshPorts, 以及 portsmon, 都依赖于 Makefile 的正确性。 BROKEN 用来表示 port 无法编译或安装。 这将防止用户把时间浪费在安装这些 port 上。 构建集群仍然会尝试构建, 以确认是否导致其无法编译的问题已经被解决。 FORBIDDEN 用于表示 ports 中包含安全漏洞, 或者可能会给安装了这个 port 的 FreeBSD 系统带来严重的安全隐患 (例如: 一个很不安全的程序, 或包含了能够被轻易攻陷的服务的软件)。 如果发现了安全漏洞, 而其作者没有发布升级版本, 则应立即把那个 port 标记为 FORBIDDEN。 理想情况下, 包含安全漏洞的 port 应被尽快升级, 以便减少包含漏洞的 FreeBSD 主机的数量 (我们希望保持良好的安全记录), 然而, 有时在安全漏洞的披露和软件更新之间可能会有一个间隔, 此时应予以说明。 除了安全之外, 请不要以任何其他理由将 port 标记为 FORBIDDEN IGNORE 用来表示 port 由于某些其他原因不应予以构建。 任何情况下, 构建集群都不会构建标记为 IGNORE 的 port。 以下是使用 IGNORE 的一些例子: 能够编译但无法正常运行 无法与运行的 &os; 版本一同工作 构建时需要 &os; 内核的源代码, 但用户没有安装它们 由于授权原因, 必须手工下载 distfile 无法与已经安装的某个 port 一同工作 如果 port 与某个已经安装的 port 冲突, 则应 使用 CONFLICTS 来标记它。 CONFLICTS 将自动地设置 IGNORE 如果 port 只应在某些平台上标记为 IGNORE, 还有另外两个方便使用的 IGNORE 变量可供选择: ONLY_FOR_ARCHSNOT_FOR_ARCHS。 例如: ONLY_FOR_ARCHS= i386 amd64 NOT_FOR_ARCHS= alpha ia64 sparc64 一定要记得 BROKENFORBIDDEN 只应作为当某个 port 无法升级时的最终解决方案。 永久性地坏掉了的 port 应被从 ports tree 中完全删除。 需要时还可以使用 DEPRECATEDEXPIRATION_DATE 来通知用户某个 port 不应被使用, 并即将被删除。 前一个变量用来表达为什么计划删除 port; 而后一个是则是一个 ISO 8601 格式的日期 (YYYY-MM-DD)。 两者都会向用户呈现。 也可以设置 DEPRECATED 而不给出 EXPIRATION_DATE (例如, 建议使用某个新版本的 port), 但反之则没有意义。 目前还没有确切的关于需要给出多少通知的政策。 当前的实践是, 对于与安全有关的问题为一个月, 而与构建有关的问题则为两个月。 这也让有兴趣的 committer 能够有一点时间来修正问题。 一些必要的 workaround 有时, 需要绕过一些较早版本的 &os; 中包含软件中的 bug。 某些版本的 &man.make.1; 在处理 OSVERSION 的比较时存在问题, 至少对 4.8 和 5.0 是这样。 这经常会导致在 make describe 时发生问题 (因而, ports make index 也会无法正常工作)。 绕过这个问题的方法, 是在判断语句周围增加空格, 例如: if ( ${OSVERSION} > 500023 ) 请小心, 在 4.9 或 5.2 上测试安装, 是 不能 检测到这个问题的。 杂记 需要仔细地反复检查 pkg-descrpkg-plist 这两个文件。 如果您正在复审一个 port, 并认为这两个文件应该改进, 请一定要这样做。 请不要在系统中复制多份 GNU General Public License。 一定要非常小心地处理法律问题! 不要让我们发布没有得到合法授权的软件! 如果遇到了问题… 看一看现有的范例, 以及 bsd.port.mk 文件, 然后再考虑提问! ;-) 如果遇到了麻烦一定要提问! 不要只是拿自己的头去撞墙! :-)
示范的 <filename>Makefile</filename> 这里是一个您可以在建立新 port 时参考的 Makefile。 请务必删除不需要的那些注释 (方括号中间的文字)! 建议您按照下面这样的格式 (变量顺序, 小节之间的空行等) 来编写。 这个格式的作用是便于查找重要的信息。 我们建议您使用 portlint 来检查 Makefile [头部... 主要是让我们更容易地分辨不同的 port。] # New ports collection makefile for: xdvi [版本这行, 只有在 PORTVERSION 变量不足以描述 port 时才需要] # Date created: 26 May 1995 [这是最初将软件移植到 FreeBSD 上的日期, 一般来说是建立这份 Makefile 的日期。 请注意不要在之后再次修改这个日期。] # Whom: Satoshi Asami <asami@FreeBSD.org> # # $FreeBSD$ [ ^^^^^^^^^ 这是 CVS 在文件 commit 到我们的代码库时, 自动进行替换的 RCS ID。 如果您正在升级 port, 不要把它改回 "$FreeBSD$"。 CVS 会自动进行处理。] # [这个小节描述 port 本身以及主要下载站点 - PORTNAME 和 PORTVERSION 应放在最前面, 随后是 CATEGORIES, 然后是 MASTER_SITES, 接下来是 MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR。 如果需要的话, 接下来应指定 PKGNAMEPREFIX 和 PKGNAMESUFFIX。 随后是 DISTNAME, EXTRACT_SUFX, 以及 DISTFILES, EXTRACT_ONLY, 如果需要的话。] PORTNAME= xdvi PORTVERSION= 18.2 CATEGORIES= print [如果不想使用 MASTER_SITE_* 宏, 一定不要忘记结尾的斜线 ("/")!] MASTER_SITES= ${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB} MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR= applications PKGNAMEPREFIX= ja- DISTNAME= xdvi-pl18 [如果源代码包不是标准的 ".tar.gz" 形式, 就需要设置这个] EXTRACT_SUFX= .tar.Z [分散的补丁 -- 可以为空] PATCH_SITES= ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/X11/japanese/ PATCHFILES= xdvi-18.patch1.gz xdvi-18.patch2.gz [维护者(maintainer); *必须有*! 这是某个用户在发现问题或报告 bug 时可以联络的人 (最好有 commit 权限) - 这个人应该是 port, 或某个可以把问题转发给最初 port 的那个人的人。 如果您真的不想在这里写自己的地址, 可以设置为 "ports@FreeBSD.org"。] MAINTAINER= asami@FreeBSD.org COMMENT= A DVI Previewer for the X Window System [依赖的其他软件包 -- 可以为空] RUN_DEPENDS= gs:${PORTSDIR}/print/ghostscript LIB_DEPENDS= Xpm.5:${PORTSDIR}/graphics/xpm [这节是其它不适合上几节的标准 bsd.port.mk 变量] [如果需要在 configure、 build 或 install 过程中提问...] IS_INTERACTIVE= yes [如果解压缩到 ${DISTNAME} 以外的目录...] WRKSRC= ${WRKDIR}/xdvi-new [如果作者发布的补丁不是相对于 ${WRKSRC} 的, 可能需要调整这个] PATCH_DIST_STRIP= -p1 [如果需要运行由 GNU autoconf 生成的 "configure" 脚本] GNU_CONFIGURE= yes [如果需要使用 GNU make, 而不是 /usr/bin/make 来完成构建...] USE_GMAKE= yes [如果是一个 X 应用程序, 并使用 "xmkmf -a" 来运行...] USE_IMAKE= yes [et cetera.] [将在接下来的部分使用的非标准的变量] MY_FAVORITE_RESPONSE= "yeah, right" [接下来是特殊规则, 按调用顺序排列] pre-fetch: i go fetch something, yeah post-patch: i need to do something after patch, great pre-install: and then some more stuff before installing, wow [结语] .include <bsd.port.mk> 装箱单 (package list) 的自动化制作 首先, 请确认已经基本上完成了 port 的工作, 仅缺 pkg-plist 接下来, 建立一个临时的目录, 以便于安装您的 port, 首先在其中安装所有依赖的 port。 对于非 X 的 port, port-type 应该是 local, 而如果是一个 XFree86 4 或更早的 XFree 86 版本的 port, 则应相应选择 x11-4x11 &prompt.root; mkdir /var/tmp/port-name &prompt.root; mtree -U -f /etc/mtree/BSD.port-type.dist -d -e -p /var/tmp/port-name &prompt.root; make depends PREFIX=/var/tmp/port-name 将目录结构保存到一个新文件中。 &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find -d * -type d) | sort > OLD-DIRS 建立一个空的 pkg-plist 文件: &prompt.root; touch pkg-plist 如果您的 port 依据 PREFIX 安装 (本应如此) 则可以安装它并创建 package list。 &prompt.root; make install PREFIX=/var/tmp/port-name &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find -d * \! -type d) | sort > pkg-plist 您也可以把新增的目录加入到 packing list 中。 &prompt.root; (cd /var/tmp/port-name && find -d * -type d) | sort | comm -13 OLD-DIRS - | sort -r | sed -e 's#^#@dirrm #' >> pkg-plist 最后, 需要手工整理 packing list; 这一过程不是 完全 自动的。 联机手册应列入 port 的 MakefileMANn, 而不是 package list。 用户配置文件应被删除, 或以 filename.sample 的名字来安装。 info/dir 文件, 也不应列入, 同时应按照 info 文件 的说明来增加一些 install-info 行。 所有由 port 安装的库, 应按照 动态连接库 小节中介绍的方法处理。 另外, 也可以使用 /usr/ports/Tools/scripts/ 中的 plist 脚本来自动创建 package list。 第一步和上面一样, 也就是 mkdirmtreemake depends。 然后构建和安装 port: &prompt.root; make install PREFIX=/var/tmp/port-name 之后就可以用 plist 来建立 pkg-plist 文件了: &prompt.root; /usr/ports/Tools/scripts/plist -Md -m /etc/mtree/BSD.port-type.dist /var/tmp/port-name > pkg-plist 同样地, 如此创建的 packing list 也需要手工地整理一下。 保持同步 &os; 的 Ports Collection 在持续地进行修改。 这里提供了一些关于如何保持同步的信息。 FreshPorts 最简单的了解已经被 commit 到 ports 中的更新的方法, 是订阅 FreshPorts。 您可以选择多个 ports 并对其进行监视。 强烈建议维护人员订阅它, 这样就不仅能接收到他们自己所做的修改, 而且能看到其他 &os; committer 所做的改动。 (保持与所依赖的 ports 框架同步是必要的—虽然一般来说您会在这样的 commit 之前收到一个礼貌性的通知, 但有时可能会有人没有注意到需要这样做, 或者这样做很困难。 另外, 有些时候通知的修改也可能是微不足道的。 我们希望每一个人能够正确地进行判断。) 如果想使用 FreshPorts, 之需要建立一个账号。 如果您注册的邮件地址是 @FreeBSD.org, 您会看到 web 页面右侧的 opt-in 连接。 如果您已经注册了 FreshPorts 账号, 但没有使用 @FreeBSD.org 邮件地址, 则只需把邮件地址改为 @FreeBSD.org, 重新订阅, 并将其改回。 FreshPorts 也会对每一个 FreeBSD ports tree 上的 commit 进行自动的合法性检查。 如果您订阅了这项服务, 则如果发现了错误, 就会收到来自 FreshPorts 的检测报告。 代码库的 Web 访问界面 可以通过 web 界面来浏览源代码库中的文件。 影响整个 ports 系统的修改, 现在都会在 CHANGES 文件中说明。 影响某一个 port 的变动, 则在 UPDATING 文件中说明。 尽管如此, 所有问题最为权威的答案, 毫无疑问应该是 bsd.port.mk 的源代码, 以及相关的文件。 &os; Ports 邮件列表 如果您维护了某个或某一些 ports, 则应该考虑订阅 &a.ports;。 对于 ports 工作方式的重要修改都会在此宣示, 并提交到 CHANGES 位于 <hostid role="hostname">pointyhat.FreeBSD.org</hostid> 的 &os; Port 构建集群 &os; 的一个最不为人所知的强项是, 它拥有一个专用于持续构建 Ports Collection 的集群, 这个集群会构建所有主要的 OS 版本在每一个 Tier-1 架构上的 package。 您可以在 package 构建和错误日志 找到其结果。 每一个 port 都会被构建, 除非标记为 IGNORE。 标记了 BROKEN 的 port 仍然会被继续尝试, 以了解是否某些依赖关系的变动解决了其问题 (这是通过给 port 的 MakefileTRYBROKEN 参数来完成的)。 &os; 的 Port Distfile 普查 构建集群是一组专门用于构建所有 ports 的最新的版本的机器, 其上已经下载所有的 distfile。 然而, 由于 Internet 在持续地发生变化, distfile 可能很快就消失了。 FreeBSD Ports distfiles 普查 试图查询每一个 port 的所有下载站点, 以期找出这些文件是否依然存在。 维护者应规律性地检查这些报告, 这不仅会提高用户构建的速度, 同时也避免了浪费那些镜像了全部 distfile 的志愿者的带宽。 &os; 的 Ports 追踪系统 另一个非常方便的资源, 就是 - + FreeBSD Ports 追踪系统 (也被称作 portsmon)。 这个系统包含了一个处理若干信息来源的数据库, 并提供了一个可以通过 web 方式浏览的界面。 目前, 它利用到了和 ports 有关的问题报告 (PR)、 来自构建集群的错误日志, 以及来自 Ports Collection 的文件所提供的信息。 未来, 还会对它进行进一步的扩展, 从而提供包括 distfile 普查, 以及其他来源在内的更多信息。 要使用这个工具, 可以从查看关于某一个 port 的全部资料的 - + Port 的纵览 开始。 本文撰写时, 这是唯一一个能够将 GNATS PR 项, 同对应的 port 名字映射起来的资源。 (提交 PR 的用户, 有时并不在 Synopsis (概要) 中指明 port 的名字, 尽管我们希望他们这样做)。 因此, portsmon 在您想要查找是否有人提交某个现存的 port 的 PR, 以及它的构建是否出现了错误; 或在您创建新的 port 之前想要查找一下是否已经有人提交过时, 就非常有用了。