diff --git a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.sgml index 471be7e68c..64a4d62951 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.sgml @@ -1,920 +1,918 @@ Localization - I18N/L10N Usage and Setup Contributed by &a.ache; Rewritten by Michael Chin-Yuan Wu keichii@mail.utexas.edu, 6 March 2000. Synopsis This section of the handbook discusses the internationalization and localization of FreeBSD to different countries and different settings. If the users wish to use languages other than the system default English, he/she will have to setup the system accordingly. Please note that language support for each language varies in level. Hence, the user should contact the respective FreeBSD local group that is responsible for each language. The author realizes that he may have been incomplete in the description of the i18n process in FreeBSD. Due to the various levels of i18n implementation in both the system and application levels, we advise you to refer to individual documentation, man pages, READMEs, and so forth. Should you have any questions or suggestions regarding this chapter, please email the author. The Basics What is i18n/l10n? Developers shortened internationalization into the term i18n, counting the number of letters between the first and the last letters of internationalization. l10n uses the same naming scheme, coming from "localization". Combined together, i18n/l10n methods, protocols, and applications allow users to use languages of their choice. I18n applications are programmed using i18n kits under libraries. It allows for developers to write a simple file and translate displayed menus and texts to each language. We strongly encourage programmers to follow this convention. Why should I use i18n/l10n? I18n/l10n is used whenever you wish to either view, input, or process data in non-English languages. What languages are supported in the i18n effort? I18n and l10n are not FreeBSD specific. Currently, one can choose from most of the major languages of the World, including but not limited to: Chinese, German, Japanese, French, Russian, and others. Using Localization In all its splendor, i18n is not FreeBSD-specific and is a convention. We encourage you to help FreeBSD in following this convention. Localization settings are based on three main terms: Language Code, Country Code, and Encoding. Locale names are constructed from these parts as follows: LanguageCode_CountryCode.Encoding Language and Country Codes In order to localize a FreeBSD system to a specific language (or any other i18n-supporting UNIX's), the user needs to find out the codes for the specify country and language (country codes tell applications what variation of given language to use). In addition, web browsers, SMTP/POP servers, web servers, etc. make decisions based on them. The following are examples of language/country codes: Language/Country Code Description en_US English - United States ru_RU Russian for Russia zh_TW Traditional Chinese for Taiwan Encodings Some languages use non-ASCII encodings that are 8-bit, wide or multibyte characters, see &man.multibyte.3; for more details. Older applications do not recognize them and mistake them for control characters. Newer applications usually do recognize 8-bit characters. Depending on the implementation, users may be required to compile an application with wide or multibyte characters support, or configure it correctly. To be able to input and process wide or multibyte characters, the FreeBSD Ports collection has provided each language with different programs. Refer to the i18n documentation in the respective FreeBSD Port. Specifically, the user needs to look at the application documentation to decide on how to configure it correctly or to pass correct values into the configure/Makefile/compiler. Some things to keep in mind are: Language specific single C chars character sets (see &man.multibyte.3;), i.e., ISO_8859-1, KOI8-R, CP437. Wide or multibyte encodings, f.e. EUC, Big5. You can check the active list of character sets at the IANA Registry. I18n applications In the FreeBSD Ports and Package system, i18n applications have been named with i18n in their names for easy identification. However, they do not always support the language needed. Setting Locale Theoretically, one only needs to export the value of his/her locale name as LANG in the login shell and is usually done through the user's ~/.login_conf or the user login shell configuration (~/.profile, ~/.bashrc, ~/.cshrc). This should set all of the locale subsets (such as LC_CTYPE, LC_CTIME, etc.). Please refer to language-specific FreeBSD documentation for more information. You should set the following two values in your configuration files: LANG for POSIX &man.setlocale.3; family functions MM_CHARSET for applications' MIME character set This includes the user shell config, the specific application config, and the X11 config. Setting Locale Methods There are two methods for setting locale, and both are described below. The first (recommended one) is by assigning the environment variables in login class, and the second is by adding the environment variable assignments to the system's shell startup file. Login Classes Method This method allows environment variables needed for locale name and MIME character sets to be assigned once for every possible shell instead of adding specific shell assignments to each shell's startup file. User Level Setup can be done by an user himself and Administrator Level Setup require superuser privileges. User Level Setup Here is a minimal example of a .login_conf file in user's home directory which has both variables set for Latin-1 encoding: me:My Account:\ :charset=ISO-8859-1:\ :lang=de_DE.ISO_8859-1: See Administrator Level Setup and &man.login.conf.5; for more details. Administrator Level Setup Check that /etc/login.conf have the correct language user's class. Make sure these settings appear in /etc/login.conf: language_name:accounts_title:\ :charset=MIME_charset:\ :lang=locale_name:\ :tc=default: So sticking with our previous example using Latin-1, it would look like this: german:German Users Accounts:\ :charset=ISO-8859-1:\ :lang=de_DE.ISO_8859-1:\ :tc=default: Changing Login Classes with &man.vipw.8; Use vipw to add new users, and make the entry look like this: user:password:1111:11:language:0:0:User Name:/home/user:/bin/sh Changing Login Classes with &man.adduser.8; Use adduser to add new users, and do the following: Set defaultclass = language in /etc/adduser.conf. Keep in mind you must enter a default class for all users of other languages in this case. An alternative variant is answering the specified language each time that Enter login class: default []: appears from &man.adduser.8; Another alternative is to use the following for each user of a different language that you wish to add: &prompt.root; adduser -class language Changing Login Classes with &man.pw.8; If you use &man.pw.8; for adding new users, call it in this form: &prompt.root; pw useradd user_name -L language Shell Startup File Method This method is not recommended because it requires a different setup for each possible login program chosen. Use the Login Class Method instead. To add the locale name and MIME character set, just set the two environment variables shown below in the /etc/profile and/or /etc/csh.login shell startup files. We will use the German language as an example below: In /etc/profile: LANG=de_DE.ISO_8859-1; export LANG MM_CHARSET=ISO-8859-1; export MM_CHARSET Or in /etc/csh.login: setenv LANG de_DE.ISO_8859-1 setenv MM_CHARSET ISO-8859-1 Alternatively, you can add the above instructions to /usr/share/skel/dot.profile (similar to what was used in /etc/profile above), or /usr/share/skel/dot.login (similar to what was used in /etc/csh.login above). For X11: In $HOME/.xinitrc: LANG=de_DE.ISO_8859-1; export LANG Or: setenv LANG de_DE.ISO_8859-1 Depending on your shell (see above). Console Setup For all single C chars character sets, set the correct console fonts in /etc/rc.conf for the language in question with: font8x16=font_name font8x14=font_name font8x8=font_name The font_name here is taken from the /usr/share/syscons/fonts directory, without the .fnt suffix. Also be sure to set the correct keymap and screenmap for your single C chars character set through /stand/sysinstall. Once inside sysinstall, choose Configure, then Console. Alternatively, you can add the following to /etc/rc.conf: scrnmap=screenmap_name keymap=keymap_name keychange="fkey_number sequence" The screenmap_name here is taken from the /usr/share/syscons/scrnmaps directory, without the .scm suffix. A screenmap with a corresponding mapped font is usually needed as a workaround for expanding bit 8 to bit 9 on a VGA adapter's font character matrix in pseudographics area, i.e., to move letters out of that area if screen font uses a bit 8 column. If you have the following settings, insert the kernel config specified in the paragraph after the list. Console uses a screen font that utilizes 8-bit column font character. The moused daemon is enabled by setting the following in your /etc/rc.conf: moused_enable="YES" A workaround for expanding 8-bit to 9-bit on a VGA adapter is usually needed for the above settings. This workaround disables 8-bit to 9-bit expansion of the font character with the mouse cursor the sc0 console driver. To enable the workaround, insert the following line into the kernel config. options SC_MOUSE_CHAR=0x03 The keymap_name here is taken from the /usr/share/syscons/keymaps directory, without the .kbd suffix. The keychange is usually needed to program function keys to match the selected terminal type because function key sequences can not be defined in the key map. Also be sure to set the correct console terminal type in /etc/ttys for all ttyv* entries. Current pre-defined correspondences are: Character Set Terminal Type ISO-8859-1 or ISO-8859-15 cons25l1 ISO-8859-2 cons25l2 KOI8-R cons25r CP437 (hardware default) cons25 For wide or multibyte characters languages, use the correct FreeBSD port in your /usr/ports/language directory. Some ports appear as console while the system sees it as serial vtty's, hence you must reserve enough vtty's for both X11 and the pseudo-serial console. Here is a partial list of applications for using other languages in console: Language Location Traditional Chinese (BIG-5) /usr/ports/chinese/big5con Japanese /usr/ports/japanese/ja-kon2-* or /usr/ports/japanese/Mule_Wnn Korean /usr/ports/korean/ko-han X11 Setup Although X11 is not part of the FreeBSD Project, we have included some information here for FreeBSD users. For more details, refer to the XFree86 web site or whichever X11 Server you use. In ~/.Xresources, you can additionally tune application specific i18n settings (e.g., fonts, menus, etc.). Displaying Fonts Install the X11 True Type-Common server (XTT-common) and install the language truetype fonts. Setting the correct locale should allow you to view your selected language in menus and such. Inputting Non-English Characters The X11 Input Method (XIM) Protocol is a new standard for all X11 clients. All X11 applications should be written as XIM clients that take input from XIM Input servers. There are several XIM servers available for different languages. Printer Setup Some single C chars character sets are usually hardware coded into printers. Wide or multibyte character sets require special setup and we recommend using apsfilter. You may also convert the document to Postscript or PDF formats using language specific converters. Kernel and File Systems The FreeBSD FFS filesystem is 8-bit clean, so it can be used with any single C chars character set (see &man.multibyte.3;), but there is no character set name stored in the filesystem; i.e., it is raw 8-bit and does not know anything about encoding order. Officially, FFS does not support any form of wide or multibyte character sets yet. However, some wide or multibyte character sets have independent patches for FFS enabling such support. They are only temporary unportable solutions or hacks and we have decided to not include them in the source tree. Refer to respective languages' web sites for more informations and the patch files. The FreeBSD MS-DOS filesystem has the configurable ability to convert between MS-DOS, Unicode character sets and chosen FreeBSD filesystem character sets. See &man.mount.msdos.8; for details. Advanced Topics If you wish to compile i18n applications or program i18n compliant applications, please read this section. Compiling i18n Programs Many FreeBSD Ports have been ported with i18n support. Some of them are marked with -i18n in the port name. These and many other programs have built in support for i18n and need no special consideration. However, some applications such as MySQL need to be have the Makefile configured with the specific charset. This is usually done in the Makefile or done by passing a value to configure in the source. Programming i18n Compliant Applications To make your application more useful for speakers of other languages, we hope that you will program i18n compliant. The GNU gcc compiler, GUI Libraries like QT and GTK support i18n through special handling of strings. Making a program i18n compliant is very easy. It allows contributors to port your application to other languages quickly. Refer to library specific i18n documentation for more details. To the contrary of common perception, i18n compliant code is easy to write. Usually, it only involves wrapping your strings with library specific functions. In addition, please be sure to allow for wide or multibyte characters support. A Call to Unify the i18n effort It has come to our attention that the individual i18n/l10n efforts for each country has been repeating each others' efforts. Many of us have been reinventing the wheel repeatedly and inefficiently. We hope that the various major groups in i18n could congregate into a group effort similar to the Core Team's responsibility. Currently, we hope that, when you write or port i18n programs, you would send it out to each country's related FreeBSD mailing lists for testing. In the future, we hope to create applications that work in all the languages out-of-the-box without dirty hacks. Perl and Python Perl and Python have i18n and wide characters handling libraries. Please use them for i18n compliance. In older FreeBSD versions, Perl may gives warning about not having a wide characters locale that is already installed in your system. You can set the environmental variable LD_PRELOAD to /usr/lib/libxpg4.so in your shell. In sh-based shells: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/libxpg4.so In C-based shells: setenv LD_PRELOAD /usr/lib/libxpg4.so Localizing FreeBSD to Specific Languages Russian Language (KOI8-R encoding) Originally contributed by &a.ache;. For more information about KOI8-R encoding, see the KOI8-R References (Russian Net Character Set). Locale Setup Put the following lines into your ~/.login_conf file: me:My Account:\ :charset=KOI8-R:\ :lang=ru_RU.KOI8-R: See earlier in this chapter for examples of setting up the locale. Console Setup Add the following to your kernel configuration file: options SC_MOUSE_CHAR=0x03 Use following settings in /etc/rc.conf: keymap="ru.koi8-r" keychange="61 ^[[K" scrnmap="koi8-r2cp866" font8x16="cp866b-8x16" font8x14="cp866-8x14" font8x8="cp866-8x8" Note that the ^[ here stands for a real Escape character (\033) entered directly in /etc/rc.conf, not for sequence of two characters '^' and '['. For each ttyv* entry in /etc/ttys, use cons25r as the terminal type. See earlier in this chapter for examples of setting up the console. Printer Setup Since most printers with Russian characters come with hardware code page CP866, a special output filter is needed for KOI8-R -> CP866 conversion. Such a filter is installed by default as /usr/libexec/lpr/ru/koi2alt. A Russian printer /etc/printcap entry should look like: lp|Russian local line printer:\ :sh:of=/usr/libexec/lpr/ru/koi2alt:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/output/lpd:lf=/var/log/lpd-errs: See &man.printcap.5; for a detailed description. MS-DOS FS and Russian Filenames The following example &man.fstab.5; entry enables support for Russian filenames in mounted MS-DOS filesystems: /dev/ad0s2 /dos/c msdos rw,-W=koi2dos,-L=ru_RU.KOI8-R 0 0 See &man.mount.msdos.8; for a detailed description of the and options. X11 Setup Do non-X locale setup first as described. The Russian KOI8-R locale may not work with old XFree86 releases (lower than 3.3). The XFree86 port from /usr/ports/x11/XFree86 already is the most recent XFree86 version, so it will work if you install XFree86 from the port. This should not be an issue unless you are using an old version of FreeBSD. Go to the /usr/ports/russian/X.language directory and issue the following command: &prompt.root; make install The above port installs the latest version of the KOI8-R fonts. XFree86 3.3 already has some KOI8-R fonts, but these are scaled better. Check the "Files" section in your /etc/XF86Config file. The following lines must be added before any other FontPath entries: FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/misc" FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/75dpi" FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/100dpi" If you use a high resolution video mode, swap the 75 dpi and 100 dpi lines. To activate a Russian keyboard, add the following to the "Keyboard" section of your XF86Config file: XkbLayout "ru" XkbOptions "grp:caps_toggle" Also make sure that XkbDisable is turned off (commented out) there. The RUS/LAT switch will be CapsLock. The old CapsLock function is still available via Shift+CapsLock (in LAT mode only). If you have Windows keys on your keyboard, and notice that some non-alphabetical keys are mapped incorrectly in RUS mode, add the following line in your XF86Config file: XkbVariant "winkeys" The Russian XKB keyboard may not work with old XFree86 versions, see the above note for more information. The Russian XKB keyboard may also not work with non-localized applications as well. Minimally localized applications should call a XtSetLanguageProc (NULL, NULL, NULL); function early in the program. See KOI8-R for X-Window for more instructions on localizing X11 applications. Traditional Chinese Localization for Taiwan The FreeBSD-Taiwan Project has an i18n/l10n tutorial for FreeBSD at http://freebsd.sinica.edu.tw/~ncvs/zh-l10n-tut/index.html using many /usr/ports/chinese/* applications. The editor for the zh-l10n-tut is Clive Lin Clive@CirX.org. You can also cvsup the following collections at freebsd.sinica.edu.tw: Collection Description outta-port tag=. Beta-quality Ports Collection for Chinese zh-l10n-tut tag=. Localizing FreeBSD Tutorial in BIG-5 Traditional Chinese zh-doc tag=. FreeBSD Documentation Translation to BIG-5 Traditional Chinese Chuan-Hsing Shen s874070@mail.yzu.edu.tw has created the Chinese FreeBSD Collection (CFC) using FreeBSD-Taiwan's zh-l10n-tut. The packages and the script files - are available at ftp://ftp-cnpa.admin.yzu.edu.tw/pub1/CFC/cfc40r/cfe.txt - and ftp://ftp-cnpa.admin.yzu.edu.tw/pub1/CFC/cfc40r/. + are available at ftp://ftp.csie.ncu.edu.tw/OS/FreeBSD/taiwan/CFC/. German Language Localization (For All ISO 8859-1 Languages) Slaven Rezic eserte@cs.tu-berlin.de wrote a tutorial how to use umlauts on a FreeBSD machine. The tutorial is written in German and available at http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/de/umlaute/. Japanese and Korean Language Localization For Japanese, refer to http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/, and for Korean, refer to http://www.kr.FreeBSD.org/. Non-English FreeBSD Documentation Some FreeBSD contributors have translated parts of FreeBSD to other languages. They are available through links on the main site or in /usr/share/doc. diff --git a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.sgml b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.sgml index 471be7e68c..64a4d62951 100644 --- a/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.sgml +++ b/en_US.ISO_8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.sgml @@ -1,920 +1,918 @@ Localization - I18N/L10N Usage and Setup Contributed by &a.ache; Rewritten by Michael Chin-Yuan Wu keichii@mail.utexas.edu, 6 March 2000. Synopsis This section of the handbook discusses the internationalization and localization of FreeBSD to different countries and different settings. If the users wish to use languages other than the system default English, he/she will have to setup the system accordingly. Please note that language support for each language varies in level. Hence, the user should contact the respective FreeBSD local group that is responsible for each language. The author realizes that he may have been incomplete in the description of the i18n process in FreeBSD. Due to the various levels of i18n implementation in both the system and application levels, we advise you to refer to individual documentation, man pages, READMEs, and so forth. Should you have any questions or suggestions regarding this chapter, please email the author. The Basics What is i18n/l10n? Developers shortened internationalization into the term i18n, counting the number of letters between the first and the last letters of internationalization. l10n uses the same naming scheme, coming from "localization". Combined together, i18n/l10n methods, protocols, and applications allow users to use languages of their choice. I18n applications are programmed using i18n kits under libraries. It allows for developers to write a simple file and translate displayed menus and texts to each language. We strongly encourage programmers to follow this convention. Why should I use i18n/l10n? I18n/l10n is used whenever you wish to either view, input, or process data in non-English languages. What languages are supported in the i18n effort? I18n and l10n are not FreeBSD specific. Currently, one can choose from most of the major languages of the World, including but not limited to: Chinese, German, Japanese, French, Russian, and others. Using Localization In all its splendor, i18n is not FreeBSD-specific and is a convention. We encourage you to help FreeBSD in following this convention. Localization settings are based on three main terms: Language Code, Country Code, and Encoding. Locale names are constructed from these parts as follows: LanguageCode_CountryCode.Encoding Language and Country Codes In order to localize a FreeBSD system to a specific language (or any other i18n-supporting UNIX's), the user needs to find out the codes for the specify country and language (country codes tell applications what variation of given language to use). In addition, web browsers, SMTP/POP servers, web servers, etc. make decisions based on them. The following are examples of language/country codes: Language/Country Code Description en_US English - United States ru_RU Russian for Russia zh_TW Traditional Chinese for Taiwan Encodings Some languages use non-ASCII encodings that are 8-bit, wide or multibyte characters, see &man.multibyte.3; for more details. Older applications do not recognize them and mistake them for control characters. Newer applications usually do recognize 8-bit characters. Depending on the implementation, users may be required to compile an application with wide or multibyte characters support, or configure it correctly. To be able to input and process wide or multibyte characters, the FreeBSD Ports collection has provided each language with different programs. Refer to the i18n documentation in the respective FreeBSD Port. Specifically, the user needs to look at the application documentation to decide on how to configure it correctly or to pass correct values into the configure/Makefile/compiler. Some things to keep in mind are: Language specific single C chars character sets (see &man.multibyte.3;), i.e., ISO_8859-1, KOI8-R, CP437. Wide or multibyte encodings, f.e. EUC, Big5. You can check the active list of character sets at the IANA Registry. I18n applications In the FreeBSD Ports and Package system, i18n applications have been named with i18n in their names for easy identification. However, they do not always support the language needed. Setting Locale Theoretically, one only needs to export the value of his/her locale name as LANG in the login shell and is usually done through the user's ~/.login_conf or the user login shell configuration (~/.profile, ~/.bashrc, ~/.cshrc). This should set all of the locale subsets (such as LC_CTYPE, LC_CTIME, etc.). Please refer to language-specific FreeBSD documentation for more information. You should set the following two values in your configuration files: LANG for POSIX &man.setlocale.3; family functions MM_CHARSET for applications' MIME character set This includes the user shell config, the specific application config, and the X11 config. Setting Locale Methods There are two methods for setting locale, and both are described below. The first (recommended one) is by assigning the environment variables in login class, and the second is by adding the environment variable assignments to the system's shell startup file. Login Classes Method This method allows environment variables needed for locale name and MIME character sets to be assigned once for every possible shell instead of adding specific shell assignments to each shell's startup file. User Level Setup can be done by an user himself and Administrator Level Setup require superuser privileges. User Level Setup Here is a minimal example of a .login_conf file in user's home directory which has both variables set for Latin-1 encoding: me:My Account:\ :charset=ISO-8859-1:\ :lang=de_DE.ISO_8859-1: See Administrator Level Setup and &man.login.conf.5; for more details. Administrator Level Setup Check that /etc/login.conf have the correct language user's class. Make sure these settings appear in /etc/login.conf: language_name:accounts_title:\ :charset=MIME_charset:\ :lang=locale_name:\ :tc=default: So sticking with our previous example using Latin-1, it would look like this: german:German Users Accounts:\ :charset=ISO-8859-1:\ :lang=de_DE.ISO_8859-1:\ :tc=default: Changing Login Classes with &man.vipw.8; Use vipw to add new users, and make the entry look like this: user:password:1111:11:language:0:0:User Name:/home/user:/bin/sh Changing Login Classes with &man.adduser.8; Use adduser to add new users, and do the following: Set defaultclass = language in /etc/adduser.conf. Keep in mind you must enter a default class for all users of other languages in this case. An alternative variant is answering the specified language each time that Enter login class: default []: appears from &man.adduser.8; Another alternative is to use the following for each user of a different language that you wish to add: &prompt.root; adduser -class language Changing Login Classes with &man.pw.8; If you use &man.pw.8; for adding new users, call it in this form: &prompt.root; pw useradd user_name -L language Shell Startup File Method This method is not recommended because it requires a different setup for each possible login program chosen. Use the Login Class Method instead. To add the locale name and MIME character set, just set the two environment variables shown below in the /etc/profile and/or /etc/csh.login shell startup files. We will use the German language as an example below: In /etc/profile: LANG=de_DE.ISO_8859-1; export LANG MM_CHARSET=ISO-8859-1; export MM_CHARSET Or in /etc/csh.login: setenv LANG de_DE.ISO_8859-1 setenv MM_CHARSET ISO-8859-1 Alternatively, you can add the above instructions to /usr/share/skel/dot.profile (similar to what was used in /etc/profile above), or /usr/share/skel/dot.login (similar to what was used in /etc/csh.login above). For X11: In $HOME/.xinitrc: LANG=de_DE.ISO_8859-1; export LANG Or: setenv LANG de_DE.ISO_8859-1 Depending on your shell (see above). Console Setup For all single C chars character sets, set the correct console fonts in /etc/rc.conf for the language in question with: font8x16=font_name font8x14=font_name font8x8=font_name The font_name here is taken from the /usr/share/syscons/fonts directory, without the .fnt suffix. Also be sure to set the correct keymap and screenmap for your single C chars character set through /stand/sysinstall. Once inside sysinstall, choose Configure, then Console. Alternatively, you can add the following to /etc/rc.conf: scrnmap=screenmap_name keymap=keymap_name keychange="fkey_number sequence" The screenmap_name here is taken from the /usr/share/syscons/scrnmaps directory, without the .scm suffix. A screenmap with a corresponding mapped font is usually needed as a workaround for expanding bit 8 to bit 9 on a VGA adapter's font character matrix in pseudographics area, i.e., to move letters out of that area if screen font uses a bit 8 column. If you have the following settings, insert the kernel config specified in the paragraph after the list. Console uses a screen font that utilizes 8-bit column font character. The moused daemon is enabled by setting the following in your /etc/rc.conf: moused_enable="YES" A workaround for expanding 8-bit to 9-bit on a VGA adapter is usually needed for the above settings. This workaround disables 8-bit to 9-bit expansion of the font character with the mouse cursor the sc0 console driver. To enable the workaround, insert the following line into the kernel config. options SC_MOUSE_CHAR=0x03 The keymap_name here is taken from the /usr/share/syscons/keymaps directory, without the .kbd suffix. The keychange is usually needed to program function keys to match the selected terminal type because function key sequences can not be defined in the key map. Also be sure to set the correct console terminal type in /etc/ttys for all ttyv* entries. Current pre-defined correspondences are: Character Set Terminal Type ISO-8859-1 or ISO-8859-15 cons25l1 ISO-8859-2 cons25l2 KOI8-R cons25r CP437 (hardware default) cons25 For wide or multibyte characters languages, use the correct FreeBSD port in your /usr/ports/language directory. Some ports appear as console while the system sees it as serial vtty's, hence you must reserve enough vtty's for both X11 and the pseudo-serial console. Here is a partial list of applications for using other languages in console: Language Location Traditional Chinese (BIG-5) /usr/ports/chinese/big5con Japanese /usr/ports/japanese/ja-kon2-* or /usr/ports/japanese/Mule_Wnn Korean /usr/ports/korean/ko-han X11 Setup Although X11 is not part of the FreeBSD Project, we have included some information here for FreeBSD users. For more details, refer to the XFree86 web site or whichever X11 Server you use. In ~/.Xresources, you can additionally tune application specific i18n settings (e.g., fonts, menus, etc.). Displaying Fonts Install the X11 True Type-Common server (XTT-common) and install the language truetype fonts. Setting the correct locale should allow you to view your selected language in menus and such. Inputting Non-English Characters The X11 Input Method (XIM) Protocol is a new standard for all X11 clients. All X11 applications should be written as XIM clients that take input from XIM Input servers. There are several XIM servers available for different languages. Printer Setup Some single C chars character sets are usually hardware coded into printers. Wide or multibyte character sets require special setup and we recommend using apsfilter. You may also convert the document to Postscript or PDF formats using language specific converters. Kernel and File Systems The FreeBSD FFS filesystem is 8-bit clean, so it can be used with any single C chars character set (see &man.multibyte.3;), but there is no character set name stored in the filesystem; i.e., it is raw 8-bit and does not know anything about encoding order. Officially, FFS does not support any form of wide or multibyte character sets yet. However, some wide or multibyte character sets have independent patches for FFS enabling such support. They are only temporary unportable solutions or hacks and we have decided to not include them in the source tree. Refer to respective languages' web sites for more informations and the patch files. The FreeBSD MS-DOS filesystem has the configurable ability to convert between MS-DOS, Unicode character sets and chosen FreeBSD filesystem character sets. See &man.mount.msdos.8; for details. Advanced Topics If you wish to compile i18n applications or program i18n compliant applications, please read this section. Compiling i18n Programs Many FreeBSD Ports have been ported with i18n support. Some of them are marked with -i18n in the port name. These and many other programs have built in support for i18n and need no special consideration. However, some applications such as MySQL need to be have the Makefile configured with the specific charset. This is usually done in the Makefile or done by passing a value to configure in the source. Programming i18n Compliant Applications To make your application more useful for speakers of other languages, we hope that you will program i18n compliant. The GNU gcc compiler, GUI Libraries like QT and GTK support i18n through special handling of strings. Making a program i18n compliant is very easy. It allows contributors to port your application to other languages quickly. Refer to library specific i18n documentation for more details. To the contrary of common perception, i18n compliant code is easy to write. Usually, it only involves wrapping your strings with library specific functions. In addition, please be sure to allow for wide or multibyte characters support. A Call to Unify the i18n effort It has come to our attention that the individual i18n/l10n efforts for each country has been repeating each others' efforts. Many of us have been reinventing the wheel repeatedly and inefficiently. We hope that the various major groups in i18n could congregate into a group effort similar to the Core Team's responsibility. Currently, we hope that, when you write or port i18n programs, you would send it out to each country's related FreeBSD mailing lists for testing. In the future, we hope to create applications that work in all the languages out-of-the-box without dirty hacks. Perl and Python Perl and Python have i18n and wide characters handling libraries. Please use them for i18n compliance. In older FreeBSD versions, Perl may gives warning about not having a wide characters locale that is already installed in your system. You can set the environmental variable LD_PRELOAD to /usr/lib/libxpg4.so in your shell. In sh-based shells: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/libxpg4.so In C-based shells: setenv LD_PRELOAD /usr/lib/libxpg4.so Localizing FreeBSD to Specific Languages Russian Language (KOI8-R encoding) Originally contributed by &a.ache;. For more information about KOI8-R encoding, see the KOI8-R References (Russian Net Character Set). Locale Setup Put the following lines into your ~/.login_conf file: me:My Account:\ :charset=KOI8-R:\ :lang=ru_RU.KOI8-R: See earlier in this chapter for examples of setting up the locale. Console Setup Add the following to your kernel configuration file: options SC_MOUSE_CHAR=0x03 Use following settings in /etc/rc.conf: keymap="ru.koi8-r" keychange="61 ^[[K" scrnmap="koi8-r2cp866" font8x16="cp866b-8x16" font8x14="cp866-8x14" font8x8="cp866-8x8" Note that the ^[ here stands for a real Escape character (\033) entered directly in /etc/rc.conf, not for sequence of two characters '^' and '['. For each ttyv* entry in /etc/ttys, use cons25r as the terminal type. See earlier in this chapter for examples of setting up the console. Printer Setup Since most printers with Russian characters come with hardware code page CP866, a special output filter is needed for KOI8-R -> CP866 conversion. Such a filter is installed by default as /usr/libexec/lpr/ru/koi2alt. A Russian printer /etc/printcap entry should look like: lp|Russian local line printer:\ :sh:of=/usr/libexec/lpr/ru/koi2alt:\ :lp=/dev/lpt0:sd=/var/spool/output/lpd:lf=/var/log/lpd-errs: See &man.printcap.5; for a detailed description. MS-DOS FS and Russian Filenames The following example &man.fstab.5; entry enables support for Russian filenames in mounted MS-DOS filesystems: /dev/ad0s2 /dos/c msdos rw,-W=koi2dos,-L=ru_RU.KOI8-R 0 0 See &man.mount.msdos.8; for a detailed description of the and options. X11 Setup Do non-X locale setup first as described. The Russian KOI8-R locale may not work with old XFree86 releases (lower than 3.3). The XFree86 port from /usr/ports/x11/XFree86 already is the most recent XFree86 version, so it will work if you install XFree86 from the port. This should not be an issue unless you are using an old version of FreeBSD. Go to the /usr/ports/russian/X.language directory and issue the following command: &prompt.root; make install The above port installs the latest version of the KOI8-R fonts. XFree86 3.3 already has some KOI8-R fonts, but these are scaled better. Check the "Files" section in your /etc/XF86Config file. The following lines must be added before any other FontPath entries: FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/misc" FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/75dpi" FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/100dpi" If you use a high resolution video mode, swap the 75 dpi and 100 dpi lines. To activate a Russian keyboard, add the following to the "Keyboard" section of your XF86Config file: XkbLayout "ru" XkbOptions "grp:caps_toggle" Also make sure that XkbDisable is turned off (commented out) there. The RUS/LAT switch will be CapsLock. The old CapsLock function is still available via Shift+CapsLock (in LAT mode only). If you have Windows keys on your keyboard, and notice that some non-alphabetical keys are mapped incorrectly in RUS mode, add the following line in your XF86Config file: XkbVariant "winkeys" The Russian XKB keyboard may not work with old XFree86 versions, see the above note for more information. The Russian XKB keyboard may also not work with non-localized applications as well. Minimally localized applications should call a XtSetLanguageProc (NULL, NULL, NULL); function early in the program. See KOI8-R for X-Window for more instructions on localizing X11 applications. Traditional Chinese Localization for Taiwan The FreeBSD-Taiwan Project has an i18n/l10n tutorial for FreeBSD at http://freebsd.sinica.edu.tw/~ncvs/zh-l10n-tut/index.html using many /usr/ports/chinese/* applications. The editor for the zh-l10n-tut is Clive Lin Clive@CirX.org. You can also cvsup the following collections at freebsd.sinica.edu.tw: Collection Description outta-port tag=. Beta-quality Ports Collection for Chinese zh-l10n-tut tag=. Localizing FreeBSD Tutorial in BIG-5 Traditional Chinese zh-doc tag=. FreeBSD Documentation Translation to BIG-5 Traditional Chinese Chuan-Hsing Shen s874070@mail.yzu.edu.tw has created the Chinese FreeBSD Collection (CFC) using FreeBSD-Taiwan's zh-l10n-tut. The packages and the script files - are available at ftp://ftp-cnpa.admin.yzu.edu.tw/pub1/CFC/cfc40r/cfe.txt - and ftp://ftp-cnpa.admin.yzu.edu.tw/pub1/CFC/cfc40r/. + are available at ftp://ftp.csie.ncu.edu.tw/OS/FreeBSD/taiwan/CFC/. German Language Localization (For All ISO 8859-1 Languages) Slaven Rezic eserte@cs.tu-berlin.de wrote a tutorial how to use umlauts on a FreeBSD machine. The tutorial is written in German and available at http://www.de.FreeBSD.org/de/umlaute/. Japanese and Korean Language Localization For Japanese, refer to http://www.jp.FreeBSD.org/, and for Korean, refer to http://www.kr.FreeBSD.org/. Non-English FreeBSD Documentation Some FreeBSD contributors have translated parts of FreeBSD to other languages. They are available through links on the main site or in /usr/share/doc.