Index: zh_TW.UTF-8/books/handbook/book.xml =================================================================== --- zh_TW.UTF-8/books/handbook/book.xml +++ zh_TW.UTF-8/books/handbook/book.xml @@ -262,6 +262,7 @@ + @@ -369,6 +370,7 @@ + @@ -490,6 +492,7 @@ + @@ -523,6 +526,7 @@ + @@ -714,7 +718,7 @@ 給讀者的話 - 若您是第一次接觸 FreeBSD 的新手，可以在本書第一部分找到 FreeBSD 的安裝方法，同時會逐步介紹 UNIX 的基礎概念與一些常用、共通的東西。而閱讀這部分並不難，只需要您有探索的精神和接受新概念。 + 若您是第一次接觸 FreeBSD 的新手，可以在本書第一部分找到 FreeBSD 的安裝程序，同時會逐步介紹 UNIX 的基礎概念與一些常用、共通的東西。而閱讀這部分並不難，只需要您有探索的精神和接受新概念。 讀完這些之後，手冊中的第二部分花很長篇幅介紹的各種廣泛主題，相當值得系統管理者去注意。 在閱讀這些章節的內容時所需要的背景知識，都註釋在該章的大綱裡面，若不熟的話，可在閱讀前先預習一番。 @@ -756,7 +760,7 @@ - 增加了虛擬私人網路(VPN)、檔案系統的存取控制(ACL)，以及安全報告。 + 增加了虛擬私人網路 (VPN)、檔案系統的存取控制 (ACL)，以及安全報告。 @@ -764,7 +768,7 @@ - 新增了像是：USB 隨身碟、檔案系統快照(snapshot)、檔案系統配額(quota) 、檔案及網路的備援檔案系統、以及如何對硬碟分割區作加密等詳解。 + 新增了像是：USB 隨身碟、檔案系統快照 (Snapshot)、檔案系統配額 (Quota) 、檔案及網路的備援檔案系統、以及如何對硬碟分割區作加密等詳解。 @@ -816,11 +820,11 @@ - 新增了程序、Daemon 以及 Signal 的介紹。 + 新增了程序、Daemon 以及信號 (Signal) 的介紹。 - 新增了介紹如何管理 binary 套件的資訊。 + 新增了介紹如何管理 Binary 套件的資訊。 @@ -906,7 +910,7 @@ - 涵蓋如何使用 FreeBSD 獨創的 Ports 套件集 與標準 Binary 套件安裝第三方軟體。 + 涵蓋如何使用 FreeBSD 獨創的 Port 套件集 與標準 Binary 套件安裝第三方軟體。 @@ -989,8 +993,7 @@ - Describes the jails framework, and the improvements of - jails over the traditional chroot support of FreeBSD. + 介紹 Jail Framework，以及 Jail 改進那些 FreeBSD 傳統 chroot 不足的地方。 @@ -998,9 +1001,7 @@ - Explains what Mandatory Access Control (MAC) is and - how this mechanism can be used to secure a FreeBSD - system. + 說明什麼是強制存取控制 (Mandatory Access Control, MAC) 及這個機制如何用來確保 FreeBSD 系統的安全。 @@ -1008,9 +1009,7 @@ - Describes what FreeBSD Event Auditing is, how it can be - installed, configured, and how audit trails can be inspected - or monitored. + 介紹什麼事 FreeBSD 事件稽查，如何安裝與設定，以及如何檢查與監控稽查線索。 @@ -1018,10 +1017,7 @@ - Describes how to manage storage media and filesystems - with FreeBSD. This includes physical disks, RAID arrays, - optical and tape media, memory-backed disks, and network - filesystems. + 介紹如何在 FreeBSD 管理儲存媒體及檔案系統，這包含了實體磁碟、RAID 陣列、光碟與磁帶媒體、記憶體為基礎的磁碟以及網路檔案系統。 @@ -1029,8 +1025,7 @@ - Describes what the GEOM framework in FreeBSD is and how - to configure various supported RAID levels. + 介紹在 FreeBSD 中的 GEOM Framework 是什麼，以及如何設定各種支援的 RAID 階層。 @@ -1038,8 +1033,7 @@ - Examines support of non-native file systems in FreeBSD, - like the Z File System from Sun. + 查看 FreeBSD 還支援那些非原生檔案系統，如 Sun 的 Z 檔案系統。 @@ -1047,8 +1041,7 @@ - Describes what virtualization systems offer, and how - they can be used with FreeBSD. + 介紹虛擬化系統提供了那些功能，以及如何在 FreeBSD 上使用。 @@ -1056,9 +1049,7 @@ - Describes how to use FreeBSD in languages other than - English. Covers both system and application level - localization. + 介紹如何在 FreeBSD 使用非英文的語言，這涵蓋了系統及應用層的在地化。 @@ -1066,12 +1057,7 @@ - Explains the differences between FreeBSD-STABLE, - FreeBSD-CURRENT, and FreeBSD releases. Describes which users - would benefit from tracking a development system and - outlines that process. Covers the methods users may take - to update their system to the latest security - release. + 說明 FreeBSD-STABLE、FreeBSD-CURRENT 以及 FreeBSD 發佈版之間的差異，並介紹那些使用者適何追蹤開發系統以及程序的概述，這涵蓋了使用者更新系統到最新安全性發佈版本的方法。 @@ -1079,10 +1065,7 @@ - Describes how to configure and use the DTrace tool - from Sun in FreeBSD. Dynamic tracing can help locate - performance issues, by performing real time system - analysis. + 介紹如何在 FreeBSD 設定及使用 Sun 的 DTrace 工具，動態追蹤可以透過執行真實時間系統分析來協助定位效能問題。 @@ -1092,9 +1075,7 @@ - Explains how to connect terminals and modems to your - FreeBSD system for both dial in and dial out - connections. + 介紹如何使用撥入及撥出連線到您的 FreeBSD 系統的終端機與數據機。 @@ -1102,8 +1083,7 @@ - Describes how to use PPP to connect to remote systems - with FreeBSD. + 介紹如何在 FreeBSD 使用 PPP 來連線遠端的系統。 @@ -1111,10 +1091,7 @@ - Explains the different components of an email server - and dives into simple configuration topics for the most - popular mail server software: - sendmail. + 說明組成電子郵件伺服器的各種元件，並深入說明如何設定最熱門的郵件伺服器軟體：sendmail。 @@ -1122,10 +1099,7 @@ - Provides detailed instructions and example configuration - files to set up your FreeBSD machine as a network filesystem - server, domain name server, network information system - server, or time synchronization server. + 提供詳細的操作說明與範例設定檔，讓您可安裝您的 FreeBSD 機器為網路檔案伺服器、網域名稱伺服器、網路資訊系統伺服器或時間同步伺服器。 @@ -1133,9 +1107,7 @@ - Explains the philosophy behind software-based firewalls - and provides detailed information about the configuration - of the different firewalls available for FreeBSD. + 說明軟體為基礎的防火牆背後的理念，並提供可用於 FreeBSD 中不同的防火牆設定的詳細資訊。 @@ -1143,10 +1115,7 @@ - Describes many networking topics, including sharing an - Internet connection with other computers on your LAN, - advanced routing topics, wireless networking, Bluetooth, - ATM, IPv6, and much more. + 介紹許多網路主題，包含在您的區域網路 (LAN) 分享網際網路連線給其他電腦、進階路由主題、無線網路、Bluetooth、ATM、IPv6 以及更多相關主題。 @@ -1156,9 +1125,7 @@ - Lists different sources for obtaining FreeBSD media on - CDROM or DVD as well as different sites on the Internet - that allow you to download and install FreeBSD. + 列出取得 FreeBSD CDROM 或 DVD 媒體的各種來源，以及在網際網路上的各種網站，讓您可以下載並安裝 FreeBSD。 @@ -1166,10 +1133,7 @@ - This book touches on many different subjects that may - leave you hungry for a more detailed explanation. The - bibliography lists many excellent books that are referenced - in the text. + 本書觸及許多不同主題，可能會讓您想更深入的了解，參考書目列出了在文中引用的許多優秀書籍。 @@ -1177,9 +1141,7 @@ - Describes the many forums available for FreeBSD users to - post questions and engage in technical conversations about - FreeBSD. + 介紹了可讓 FreeBSD 使用者提出問題以及參與有關 FreeBSD 技術會談的許多論壇。 @@ -1187,8 +1149,7 @@ - Lists the PGP fingerprints of several FreeBSD - Developers. + 列出了數個 FreeBSD 開發人員的 PGP 指紋。 @@ -1204,7 +1165,7 @@ 斜體字 - 斜體字用於：檔名、目錄、網址(URL)、 強調語氣、以及第一次提及的技術詞彙。 + 斜體字用於：檔名、目錄、網址 (URL)、 強調語氣、以及第一次提及的技術詞彙。 @@ -1220,7 +1181,7 @@ 粗體字 - 以粗體字表示：應用程式、命令、按鍵。 + 以粗體字表示：應用程式、指令、按鍵。 @@ -1238,7 +1199,7 @@ 是說，一起按 Ctrl、 Alt 以及 Del 鍵。 - 若要逐一按鍵，那麼會以逗號(,)來表示，像是： + 若要逐一按鍵，那麼會以逗號 (,) 來表示，像是： @@ -1254,7 +1215,7 @@ 範例 - 範例以 C:\> 為開頭代表 MS-DOS 的指令。 若沒有特殊情況的話，這些指令應該是在 Microsoft Windows 環境的 命令提示字元(Command Prompt) 視窗內執行。 + 範例以 C:\> 為開頭代表 MS-DOS 的指令。 若沒有特殊情況的話，這些指令應該是在 Microsoft Windows 環境的 指令提示字元 (Command Prompt) 視窗內執行。 E:\> tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A: @@ -1364,7 +1325,7 @@ 4.4BSD-Lite - FreeBSD 是一個從 4.4BSD-Lite 衍生出而能在以 Intel (x86 與 Itanium), AMD64, Sun UltraSPARC 為基礎的電腦上執行的作業系統。同時，移植到其他平台的工作也在進行中。 對於本計劃歷史的介紹，請看 FreeBSD 歷史， 對於 FreeBSD 的最新版本介紹，請看 最新的發行版本。 若打算對於 FreeBSD 計劃有所貢獻的話 (程式碼、硬體、經費)， 請看 如何對 FreeBSD 有貢獻。 + FreeBSD 是一個從 4.4BSD-Lite 衍生出而能在以 Intel (x86 與 Itanium), AMD64, Sun UltraSPARC 為基礎的電腦上執行的作業系統。同時，移植到其他平台的工作也在進行中。 對於本計劃歷史的介紹，請看 FreeBSD 歷史， 對於 FreeBSD 的最新版本介紹，請看 最新的發行版。 若打算對於 FreeBSD 計劃有所貢獻的話 (程式碼、硬體、經費)， 請看 如何對 FreeBSD 貢獻。 FreeBSD 能做什麼？ @@ -1387,7 +1348,7 @@ 強大的 TCP/IP 網路 TCP/IP networking - 功能可支援許多業界標準，如：SCTP、DHCP、NFS、NIS、PPP、SLIP、IPSec、IPv6 的支援，也就是說 FreeBSD 可以容易地跟其他作業系統透過網路共同運作，或是當作企業的伺服器用途 ，例如提供遠端檔案共享(NFS)及電子郵件等服務， 或是讓您的企業連上網際網路並提供 WWW、FTP、路由及防火牆 (安全性) 等必備服務。 + 功能可支援許多業界標準，如：SCTP、DHCP、NFS、NIS、PPP、SLIP、IPSec、IPv6 的支援，也就是說 FreeBSD 可以容易地跟其他作業系統透過網路共同運作，或是當作企業的伺服器用途 ，例如提供遠端檔案共享 (NFS) 及電子郵件等服務， 或是讓您的企業連上網際網路並提供 WWW、FTP、路由及防火牆 (安全性) 等必備服務。 @@ -1420,20 +1381,20 @@ - 數以萬計的 立即可以執行 的應用程式，這些都可透過 FreeBSD 的 ports 及 套件 管理機制來取得。 不再需要費心到網路上到處搜尋所需要的軟體。 + 數以萬計的 立即可以執行 的應用程式，這些都可透過 FreeBSD 的 Port 及 套件 管理機制來取得。 不再需要費心到網路上到處搜尋所需要的軟體。 - 在網路上有數以千計 易於移植 的應用程式。FreeBSD 的原始程式碼與許多常見的商業版 UNIX 系統都相容， 所以大部分的程式都只需要很少的修改(或根本不用修改) ，就可以編譯執行。 + 在網路上有數以千計 易於移植 的應用程式。FreeBSD 的原始程式碼與許多常見的商業版 UNIX 系統都相容， 所以大部分的程式都只需要很少的修改 (或根本不用修改) ，就可以編譯執行。 - 需要時才置換的 虛擬記憶體 + 依需要換頁的 虛擬記憶體 virtual memory - 及 merged VM/buffer cache 的設計， 這點在系統中有用去大量記憶體的程式執行時，仍然有不錯的效率表現。 + 及 合併式 VM/buffer 快取 設計，有效的滿足了需使用大量記憶體的程式，同時也能維持與其他使用者的互動。 - 支援 CPU 的對稱多工處理(SMP) + 支援 CPU 的對稱多工處理 (SMP) Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP) ：可以支援多 CPU 的電腦系統。 @@ -1446,7 +1407,7 @@ compilers C++ - 完全相容的 C、C++ 以及 Fortran 的環境和其他開發工具。 以及其他許多可供進階研發的程式語言也收集在 ports 和套件。 + 完全相容的 C、C++ 以及 Fortran 的環境和其他開發工具。 以及其他許多可供進階研發的程式語言也收集在 Port 和套件集。 @@ -1474,7 +1435,7 @@ - 網際網路服務： FreeBSD 內建強勁的網路功能使它成為網路服務(如下例)的理想平台： + 網際網路服務： FreeBSD 內建強勁的網路功能使它成為網路服務 (如下例) 的理想平台： @@ -1492,7 +1453,7 @@ firewall 以及 NAT NAT - (IP masquerading) 通訊閘。 + (IP 偽裝) 通訊閘。 @@ -1551,7 +1512,7 @@ 軟體開發： 基本安裝的 FreeBSD 就包含了完整的程式開發工具，如 C/C++ Compiler - 編譯器及除錯器。 透過 port 與套件管理系統也可支援需多其他語言。 + 編譯器及除錯器。 透過 Port 與套件管理系統也可支援需多其他語言。 @@ -1568,233 +1529,134 @@ - Apache - + Apache Apache - - The Apache Software Foundation runs most of - its public facing infrastructure, including possibly one - of the largest SVN repositories in the world with over 1.4 - million commits, on FreeBSD. + - Apache 軟體基金會中大部分面對大眾的基礎設施，包括可能是世界上最大的 SVN 檔案庫 (擁有超過 140 萬次提交) 都是在 FreeBSD 上運作。 - Apple - + Apple Apple - - OS X borrows heavily from FreeBSD for the - network stack, virtual file system, and many userland - components. Apple iOS also contains elements borrowed - from FreeBSD. + - OS X 大量借鑒 FreeBSD 的網路 Stack、虛擬檔案系統以及許多使用者空間的元件。Apple iOS 中含有從 FreeBSD 借鑒來的元素。 - Cisco - + Cisco Cisco - - IronPort network security and anti-spam - appliances run a modified FreeBSD kernel. + - IronPort 網路安全及反垃圾郵件設備是採用改良後 FreeBSD 核心來運作。 - Citrix - + Citrix Citrix - - The NetScaler line of security appliances - provide layer 4-7 load balancing, content caching, - application firewall, secure VPN, and mobile cloud network - access, along with the power of a FreeBSD shell. + - 安全設備的 NetScaler 產品線提供的第 4-7 層的負載均衡、內容快取、應用層防火牆、安全的 VPN 以及行動雲端網路存取，皆運用了 FreeBSD Shell 強大的功能。 - Dell - KACE - + Dell KACE Dell KACE - - The KACE system management appliances run - FreeBSD because of its reliability, scalability, and the - community that supports its continued development. + - KACE 系統管理設備中運作了 FreeBSD，因為 FreeBSD 的可靠性、可擴展性以及支持其持續發展的社群。 - Experts - Exchange - + Experts Exchange Experts Exchange - - All public facing web servers are powered - by FreeBSD and they make extensive use of jails to isolate - development and testing environments without the overhead - of virtualization. + - 所有面對大眾的 Web 伺服器皆由 FreeBSD 驅動，且他們大量使用 Jail 來隔離開發與測試環境，減少了虛擬化的額外開銷。 - Isilon - + Isilon Isilon - - Isilon's enterprise storage appliances - are based on FreeBSD. The extremely liberal FreeBSD license - allowed Isilon to integrate their intellectual property - throughout the kernel and focus on building their product - instead of an operating system. + - Isilon 的企業存儲設備以 FreeBSD 為基礎。非常自由的 FreeBSD 授權條款讓 Isilon 整合了它們的智慧財產到整個核心，並專注打造自己的產品，而不是一個作業系統。 - iXsystems - + iXsystems iXsystems - - The TrueNAS line of unified storage - appliances is based on FreeBSD. In addition to their - commercial products, iXsystems also manages development of - the open source projects PC-BSD and FreeNAS. + - 統合存儲 (Unified Storage) 設備的 TrueNAS 產品線是以 FreeBSD 為基礎。除了該公司自己的商業產品外，iXsystems 也管理著 PC-BSD 和 FreeNAS 兩個開源計劃的開發。 - Juniper - + Juniper Juniper - - The JunOS operating system that powers all - Juniper networking gear (including routers, switches, - security, and networking appliances) is based on FreeBSD. - Juniper is one of many vendors that showcases the - symbiotic relationship between the project and vendors of - commercial products. Improvements generated at Juniper - are upstreamed into FreeBSD to reduce the complexity of - integrating new features from FreeBSD back into JunOS in the - future. + - JunOS 作業系統驅動了所有的 Juniper 網絡設備 (包括路由器，交換器，安全與網絡設備) 便是以 FreeBSD 為基礎。Juniper 在眾多廠商之中，展現了計劃與商業產品供應商之間的共生關係。由 Juniper 所開發的改進內容會回饋給 FreeBSD 來降低未來新功能從 FreeBSD 整合回 JunOS 的複雜性。 - McAfee - + McAfee McAfee - - SecurOS, the basis of McAfee enterprise - firewall products including Sidewinder is based on - FreeBSD. + - SecurOS 是 McAfee 企業防火牆產品的基礎，其中包含了 Sidewinder ，也是以 FreeBSD 為基礎。 - NetApp - + NetApp NetApp - - The Data ONTAP GX line of storage - appliances are based on FreeBSD. In addition, NetApp has - contributed back many features, including the new BSD - licensed hypervisor, bhyve. + - 存儲設備中的 Data ONTAP GX 產品線是以 FreeBSD 為基礎。除此之外，NetApp 還貢獻了回 FreeBSD 許多功能，包括新 BSD 條款授權的 hypervisor, bhyve。 - Netflix - + Netflix Netflix - - The OpenConnect appliance that Netflix - uses to stream movies to its customers is based on FreeBSD. - Netflix has made extensive contributions to the codebase - and works to maintain a zero delta from mainline FreeBSD. - Netflix OpenConnect appliances are responsible for - delivering more than 32% of all Internet traffic in North - America. + - Netflix 用來以串流傳送電影到客戶的 OpenConnect 設備是以 FreeBSD 為基礎。 Netflix 也做了大量貢獻到程式碼庫，並致力於維持與主線 FreeBSD 的零修正關係。Netflix 的 OpenConnect 設備負責了北美所有的網路流量 32％ 以上。 - Sandvine - + Sandvine Sandvine - - Sandvine uses FreeBSD as the basis of their - high performance realtime network processing platforms - that make up their intelligent network policy control - products. + - Sandvine 使用 FreeBSD 作為它們的高性能即時網路處理平台，來建立它門的智慧網路策​​略控制產品。 - Sony - + Sony Sony - - The PlayStation 4 gaming console runs a - modified version of FreeBSD. + - PlayStation 4 遊戲主機使用了修改過的 FreeBSD 版本來運作。 - Sophos - + Sophos Sophos - - The Sophos Email Appliance product is based - on a hardened FreeBSD and scans inbound mail for spam and - viruses, while also monitoring outbound mail for malware - as well as the accidental loss of sensitive - information. + - Sophos 電子郵件設備產品是以加強防護 (Hardened) 的 FreeBSD 為基礎，可掃描入站郵件中的垃圾郵件和病毒，同時也可監控出站郵件中的惡意軟體及敏感資訊。 - Spectra - Logic - + Spectra Logic Spectra Logic - - The nTier line of archive grade storage - appliances run FreeBSD and OpenZFS. + - 儲藏級儲存設備的 nTier 產品線以 FreeBSD 和 OpenZFS 來運作。 - The Weather - Channel - + The Weather Channel The Weather Channel - - The IntelliStar appliance that is installed - at each local cable providers headend and is responsible - for injecting local weather forecasts into the cable TV - network's programming runs FreeBSD. + - 被安裝在各地有線電視營運商前端，負責加入當地天氣預報到有線電視網路節目的 IntelliStar 設備便是使用 FreeBSD。 - Verisign - + Verisign Verisign - - Verisign is responsible for operating the - .com and .net root domain registries as well as the - accompanying DNS infrastructure. They rely on a number of - different network operating systems including FreeBSD to - ensure there is no common point of failure in their - infrastructure. + - VeriSign 主要經營 .com 與 .net 根網域名稱註冊業務以及隨附的 DNS 基礎設施運作。這些基礎設施的運作仰賴各種不同的網路作業系統包括 FreeBSD 來確保不會有單點故障的問題。 - Voxer - + Voxer Voxer - - Voxer powers their mobile voice messaging - platform with ZFS on FreeBSD. Voxer switched from a Solaris - derivative to FreeBSD because of its superior documentation, - larger and more active community, and more developer - friendly environment. In addition to critical features - like ZFS and DTrace, FreeBSD also offers - TRIM support for ZFS. + - Voxer 使用了 FreeBSD 的 ZFS 來驅動行動語音通訊平台，讓 Voxer 從 Solaris 改使用 FreeBSD 的原因是 FreeBSD 擁有詳盡的文件、更大型且活躍的社群、較便利的開發人員環境。除了提供關鍵的 ZFS 和 DTrace 功能之外 FreeBSD 的 ZFS 也支援了 TRIM。 - WhatsApp - + WhatsApp WhatsApp - - When WhatsApp needed a platform that would - be able to handle more than 1 million concurrent TCP - connections per server, they chose FreeBSD. They then - proceeded to scale past 2.5 million connections per - server. + - 當 WhatsApp 面臨需要一個每台伺服器能夠同時處理超過 100 萬個 TCP 連線的平台時，它們選擇了 FreeBSD。它們接著擴大規模到每台伺服器處理超過 250 萬的連線。 - Wheel - Systems - + Wheel Systems Wheel Systems - - The FUDO security appliance allows - enterprises to monitor, control, record, and audit - contractors and administrators who work on their systems. - Based on all of the best security features of FreeBSD - including ZFS, GELI, Capsicum, HAST, and - auditdistd. + - FUDO 安全性設備讓企業可以監控、控制、記錄以及稽查在其系統中作業的承包商與管理員。這些功能皆是以 FreeBSD 最佳的安全性功能為基礎，包括 ZFS, GELI, Capsicum, HAST 及 auditdistd。 @@ -1802,89 +1664,57 @@ - BSD - Router - + BSD Router BSD Router - - A FreeBSD based replacement for large - enterprise routers designed to run on standard PC - hardware. + - 以 FreeBSD 為基礎的大型企業路由器替代方案，專門設計為可在標準 PC 硬體上運作。 - FreeNAS - + FreeNAS FreeNAS - - A customized FreeBSD designed to be used as a - network file server appliance. Provides a python based - web interface to simplify the management of both the UFS - and ZFS file systems. Includes support for NFS, SMB/CIFS, - AFP, FTP, and iSCSI. Includes an extensible plugin system - based on FreeBSD jails. + - 專為網路檔案伺服器設備使用所設計的 FreeBSD。提供了以 Python 為基礎的網頁介面來簡化 UFS 與 ZFS 檔案系統的管理，支援了 NFS、SMB/ CIFS、AFP、FTP 與 iSCSI，還有以 FreeBSD Jail 為基礎的套件系統。 - GhostBSD - + GhostBSD GhostBSD - - A desktop oriented distribution of FreeBSD - bundled with the Gnome desktop environment. + - 採用 Gnome 桌面環境的 FreeBSD 發行版。 - mfsBSD - + mfsBSD mfsBSD - - A toolkit for building a FreeBSD system image - that runs entirely from memory. + - 用來建置可完全從記憶體執行 FreeBSD 系統映像檔工具。 - NAS4Free - + NAS4Free NAS4Free - - A file server distribution based on FreeBSD - with a PHP powered web interface. + - 以 FreeBSD 及 PHP 驅動網頁介面為基礎的檔案伺服器。 - OPNSense - + OPNSense OPNsense - - OPNsense is an open source, easy-to-use and - easy-to-build FreeBSD based firewall and routing platform. - OPNsense includes most of the features available in - expensive commercial firewalls, and more in many cases. - It brings the rich feature set of commercial offerings - with the benefits of open and verifiable sources. + - OPNsense 是一個以 FreeBSD 為基礎的開源、易於使用及易於建置的防火牆和路由平台。OPNsense 有大多數在昂貴的商業防火牆上才有的功能。它帶來了商業產品的豐富功能集，同時擁有開放和安全的來源。 - PC-BSD - + PC-BSD PC-BSD - - A customized version of FreeBSD geared towards - desktop users with graphical utilities to exposing the - power of FreeBSD to all users. Designed to ease the - transition of Windows and OS X users. + - 訂製版本的 FreeBSD，裝備了給桌面使用者使用的圖型化工具來展示 FreeBSD 強大的功能給所有使用者，專門設計來緩解使用者在 Windows 與 OS X 間的過渡。 - pfSense - + pfSense pfSense - - A firewall distribution based on FreeBSD with - a huge array of features and extensive IPv6 - support. + - 以 FreeBSD 為基礎的防火牆發行版，支援巨型陣列及大規模 IPv6。 - ZRouter - + ZRouter ZRouter - - An open source alternative firmware for - embedded devices based on FreeBSD. Designed to replace the - proprietary firmware on off-the-shelf routers. + - 嵌入式裝置韌體的開源替代方案，以 FreeBSD 為基礎，專門設計來取代現成路由器上的專用韌體。 @@ -1994,18 +1824,18 @@ history - FreeBSD 計畫的想法是在 1993 年初所形成的， 那是源自於維護一組『非官方 386BSD 的修正工具』計劃的三個協調維護人 Nate Williams，Rod Grimes 和 Jordan Hubbard。 + FreeBSD 計畫起源於 1993 年初， 那是源自於維護一組『非官方 386BSD 修正工具』計劃的最後三個協調人 Nate Williams，Rod Grimes 和 Jordan Hubbard。 386BSD - 最初的目標是做出一份 386BSD 綜合修正的 snapshot 版，以便修正當時一堆 patchkit 都不容易解決的問題。有些人可能還記得早期的計劃名稱叫做 386BSD 0.5 或 386BSD Interim 就是這個原因。 + 最初的目標是做出一份 386BSD 的中間版本的快照 (Snapshot) 來修正使用修正工具 (Patchkit) 機制無法解決的數個問題，也因此早期的計劃名稱叫做 386BSD 0.5 或 386BSD Interim 便是這個原因。 Jolitz, Bill - 386BSD 是 Bill Jolitz 的作業系統，在當時就已有約一年的分裂討論。 當該修正工具 (patchkit) 日漸龐雜得令人不舒服，我們無異議地同意要作一些事了， 並決定提供一份臨時性的 淨化版(cleanup) 來幫助 Bill。 然而，由於 Bill Jolitz 忽然決定取消其對該計劃的認可，且沒有明確指出未來的打算， 所以該計劃便突然面臨斷炊危機。 + 386BSD 是 Bill Jolitz 的作業系統，在當時就已經忍受了將近一年的忽視，隨著修正工具日漸龐大的令人不舒服，他們決定提供一份過渡性的 簡潔 快照來幫助 Bill。 然而，由於 Bill Jolitz 忽然決定取消其對該計劃的認可，且沒有明確指出未來的打算，所以該計劃便突然面臨中止。 Greenman, David Walnut Creek CDROM - 不久我們便決定在即使沒有 Bill 的支持下，讓該計劃仍然繼續下去， 最後我們採用 David Greenman 丟銅板決定的名字，也就是『FreeBSD』。 在詢問了當時的一些使用者意見之後，就開始決定了最初的目標， 當該計劃開始實施一切就要成真時，一切就變得更清楚了。 我跟 Walnut Creek CD-ROM 討論發行 CD-ROM 這樣子不便上網的人就可以用比較簡單的方式取得 FreeBSD。 Walnut Creek CD-ROM 不只贊成以 CD-ROM 來發行 FreeBSD 的想法，同時提供了一台機器以及快速的網際網路的頻寬。 如果不是 Walnut Creek CD-ROM 幾乎是空前的信任這個剛開始還是完全默默無聞的計劃， 那麼很可能 FreeBSD 不會如此快速的成長到今日這樣的規模。 + 這三人認為這個目標即始沒有 Bill 的支持仍有保留的價值，最後他們採用 David Greenman 丟銅板決定的名字，也就是 "FreeBSD"。在詢問了當時的一些使用者意見之後決定了最初的目標，隨著目標越來越明確便開始著手進行。Jordan 找了 Walnut Creek CD-ROM 商討，著眼於如何改進 FreeBSD 的發行通路，讓那些不便上網的人可簡單的取得。 Walnut Creek CD-ROM 不只贊成以 CD 來發行 FreeBSD 的想法，同時提供了一台機器以及快速的網路。 若不是 Walnut Creek CD-ROM 在那個時間上史無前例的信任，這個默默無名的計劃很可能不會成為現在的 FreeBSD 快速的成長到今日這樣的規模。 4.3BSD-Lite Net/2 @@ -2013,19 +1843,19 @@ 386BSD Free Software Foundation - 第一張以 CD-ROM (及網路)發行的 FreeBSD 1.0 是在 1993 年十二月。 該版本是基於由 U.C. Berkeley 以磁帶方式發行的 4.3BSD-Lite (Net/2)以及許多來自於 386BSD 和自由軟體基金會的軟體。對於第一次發行而言還算成功， 我們又接著於 1994 年 5 月發行了相當成功的 FreeBSD 1.1。 + 第一張以 CD-ROM (及網路) 發行的版本為 FreeBSD 1.0，是在 1993 年十二月發佈。 該版本採用了 U.C. Berkeley 以磁帶方式發行的 4.3BSD-Lite (Net/2) 及許多來自於 386BSD 和自由軟體基金會的元件為基礎。對於第一次發行而言還算成功，我們又接著於 1994 年 5 月發行了相當成功的 FreeBSD 1.1。 Novell U.C. Berkeley Net/2 AT&T - 然而此後不久，另一個意外的風暴在 Novell 和 U.C. Berkeley 關於 Berkeley Net/2 磁帶之法律地位的訴訟確定之後形成。 U.C. Berkeley 接受大部份的 Net/2 的程式碼都是侵佔來的且是屬於 Novell 的財產 -- 事實上是當時不久前從 AT&T 取得的。 Berkeley 得到的是 Novell 對於 4.4BSD-Lite 的祝福，最後當 4.4BSD-Lite 終於發行之後，便不再是侵佔行為。 而所有現有 Net/2 使用者都被強烈建議更換新版本，這包括了 FreeBSD。 於是，我們被要求於 1994 年 6 月底前停止散佈基於 Net/2 的產品。在此前提之下，本計劃被允許在期限以前作最後一次發行，也就是 FreeBSD 1.1.5.1。 + 然而此後不久，另一個意外的風暴在 Novell 與 U.C. Berkeley 關於 Berkeley Net/2 磁帶之法律地位的訴訟確定之後形成。 U.C. Berkeley 承認大部份的 Net/2 的程式碼都是侵佔來的且是屬於 Novell 的財產 -- 事實上是當時不久前從 AT&T 取得的。 Berkeley 得到的是 Novell 對於 4.4BSD-Lite 的祝福，最後當 4.4BSD-Lite 終於發行之後，便不再是侵佔行為。 而所有現有 Net/2 使用者都被強烈建議更換新版本，這包括了 FreeBSD。 於是，我們被要求於 1994 年 6 月底前停止散佈以 Net/2 為基礎的產品。在此前提之下，本計劃被允許在期限以前作最後一次發行，也就是 FreeBSD 1.1.5.1。 FreeBSD 便開始了這宛如『重新發明輪子』的艱鉅工作 -- 從全新的且不完整的 4.4BSD-Lite 重新整合。 這個 Lite 版本是不完整的，因為 Berkeley 的 CSRG 已經刪除了大量在建立一個可以開機執行的系統所需要的程式碼 (基於若干法律上的要求)，且該版本在 Intel 平台的移植是非常不完整的。 直到 1994 年 11 月本計劃才完成了這個轉移， 同時在該年 12 月底以 CD-ROM 以及網路的形式發行了 FreeBSD 2.0。 雖然該份版本在當時有點匆促粗糙，但仍是富有意義的成功。 隨之於 1995 年 6 月又發行了更容易安裝，更好的 FreeBSD 2.0.5。 自那時以來，FreeBSD 在每一次對先前版本改進穩定性、速度及功能時便會發佈一個新的發佈版本。 - 目前，長期的開發計畫繼續在 10.X-CURRENT (trunk) 分支中進行，而 10.X 的 snapshot 版本可以在 Snapshot 伺服器 取得。 + 目前，長期的開發計畫繼續在 10.X-CURRENT (trunk) 分支中進行，而 10.X 的快照 (Snapshot) 版本可以在 快照伺服器 取得。 @@ -2049,7 +1879,7 @@ GNU 通用公共授權條款 (GPL) GNU 較寬鬆通用公共授權條款 (LGPL) BSD 版權 - 我們程式碼樹中，有若干是以 GNU 通用公共授權條款 (GPL) 或者 GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 發佈的那些程式碼帶有少許的附加限制，還好只是強制性的要求開放程式碼而不是別的。 由於使用 GPL 的軟體在商業用途上會增加若干複雜性，因此，如果可以選擇的話， 我們會比較喜歡使用限制相對更寬鬆的 BSD 版權來發佈軟體。 + 我們程式碼樹中，有若干是以 GNU 通用公共授權條款 (GPL) 或者 GNU 較寬鬆通用公共授權條款 (LGPL) 發佈的那些程式碼帶有少許的附加限制，還好只是強制性的要求開放程式碼而不是別的。 由於使用 GPL 的軟體在商業用途上會增加若干複雜性，因此，如果可以選擇的話， 我們會比較喜歡使用限制相對更寬鬆的 BSD 版權來發佈軟體。 @@ -2092,7 +1922,7 @@ SVN Subversion - 過去數年來 FreeBSD 的中央原始碼樹 (Source tree) 一直是以 CVS (Concurrent Versions System) 來維護的， 它是一套免費的原始碼控管工具。 從 2008 年 6 月起， FreeBSD 計劃開始改用 SVN (Subversion)。 這是一個必要的更換動作，因為隨著原始碼樹及歷史版本儲存的數量不斷快速擴張，CVS 先天的技術限制越來越明顯。 文件計劃與 Ports 套件集檔案庫也同樣於 2012 年 5 月及 2012 年 7 月由 CVS 改為 SVN。請參考 同步您的原始碼樹 一節來取得有關如何取得 FreeBSD src/ 檔案庫的更多資訊，以及 使用 Ports 套件集 了解如何取得 FreeBSD Ports 套件集。 + 過去數年來 FreeBSD 的中央原始碼樹 (Source tree) 一直是以 CVS (Concurrent Versions System) 來維護的， 它是一套免費的原始碼控管工具。 從 2008 年 6 月起， FreeBSD 計劃開始改用 SVN (Subversion)。 這是一個必要的更換動作，因為隨著原始碼樹及歷史版本儲存的數量不斷快速擴張，CVS 先天的技術限制越來越明顯。 文件計劃與 Port 套件集檔案庫也同樣於 2012 年 5 月及 2012 年 7 月由 CVS 改為 SVN。請參考 同步您的原始碼樹 一節來取得有關如何取得 FreeBSD src/ 檔案庫的更多資訊，以及 使用 Port 套件集 了解如何取得 FreeBSD Port 套件集。 @@ -2100,7 +1930,7 @@ 提交者名單 - 所謂的 提交者 (Committers) 指的是對 Subversion 原始碼樹有 寫入 權限的人， 並且被授予修改 FreeBSD 原始碼的權限。 (committer 一詞源自版本管理系統中的 commit 指令，該指令是用來把新的修改提交給檔案庫)。 任何人都可以回報問題到 Bug Database，在回報問題之前，可以使用 FreeBSD 郵遞清單、IRC 頻道或論壇來確認問題真的是一個錯誤 (Bug)。 + 所謂的 提交者 (Committer) 指的是對 Subversion 原始碼樹有 寫入 權限的人， 並且被授予修改 FreeBSD 原始碼的權限。 (committer 一詞源自版本管理系統中的 commit 指令，該指令是用來把新的修改提交給檔案庫)。 任何人都可以回報問題到 Bug Database，在回報問題之前，可以使用 FreeBSD 郵遞清單、IRC 頻道或論壇來確認問題真的是一個錯誤 (Bug)。 @@ -2108,7 +1938,7 @@ FreeBSD 核心團隊 - 如果把 FreeBSD 看成是一家公司的話， FreeBSD 核心團隊 + 如果把 FreeBSD 看成是一家公司的話， FreeBSD 核心團隊 (FreeBSD core team) core team 就相當於董事會。 核心團隊的主要職責在於確保此計劃有良好的架構，以朝著正確的方向發展。 此外，邀請熱血且負責的軟體開發者加入提交者的行列， 以在若干成員離去時得以補充新血。 目前的核心團隊是在 2014 年 7 月從提交者候選人之中選出來的，這個選舉每兩年會舉辦一次。 @@ -2141,38 +1971,13 @@ 第三方程式 - In addition to the base distributions, FreeBSD offers a - ported software collection with thousands of commonly - sought-after programs. At the time of this writing, there - were over 24,000 ports! The list of ports ranges from - http servers, to games, languages, editors, and almost - everything in between. The entire Ports Collection requires - approximately 500 MB. To compile a port, you simply - change to the directory of the program you wish to install, - type make install, and let the system do - the rest. The full original distribution for each port you - build is retrieved dynamically so you need only enough disk - space to build the ports you want. Almost every port is also - provided as a pre-compiled package, which can - be installed with a simple command - (pkg install) by those who do not wish to - compile their own ports from source. More information on - packages and ports can be found in - . + 除了基礎發行版之外，FreeBSD 提供了擁有上千個常用的程式的移植軟體的套件集，在撰寫本文的同時，已有超過 24,000 個 Port! Port 的範圍從 HTTP 伺服器到遊戲、語系、編輯器，幾乎所有東西都在裡面。完整的 Port 套件集需要將近 500 MB。要編譯一個 Port 您只需要切換目錄到您想安裝的程式目錄，然後輸入 make install，接著系統便會處理剩下的動作。您編譯的每個 Port 完整原始發行版內容是動態下載的，所以您只需要有足夠的磁碟空間來編譯您想要的 Port。幾乎所有 Port 都提供以預先編譯好的套件，您可以透過簡單的指令來安裝 (pkg install)，提供那些不想要自行從原始碼編譯的人使用。更多有關套件與 Port 的資訊可於 取得。 其他文件 - All recent FreeBSD versions provide an option in the - installer (either sysinstall8 or bsdinstall8) to - install additional documentation under - /usr/local/share/doc/freebsd during the - initial system setup. Documentation may also be installed at - any later time using packages as described in - . You may view the - locally installed manuals with any HTML capable browser using - the following URLs: + 所有最近的 FreeBSD 版本在安裝程式 (不是 sysinstall8 就是 bsdinstall8) 都有提供一個選項在初始系統安裝時可安裝額外的說明文件到 /usr/local/share/doc/freebsd。說明文件也可在往後使用套件安裝，詳細說明於 。您可以使用任何支援 HTML 的瀏覽器進入下列 URL 檢視已安裝在本機的操作手冊： @@ -2220,18 +2025,20 @@ by - + + @@ -2315,9 +2122,10 @@ 最低硬體需求 - 安裝 FreeBSD 的硬體需求隨 FreeBSD 的版本和硬體架構而不同。 FreeBSD 發行版支援的硬體架構和裝置可在 FreeBSD 網站 (http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html)的發行資訊頁面找到。 + 安裝 FreeBSD 的硬體需求隨 FreeBSD 的版本和硬體架構而不同。 FreeBSD 發行版支援的硬體架構和裝置會列在 FreeBSD 發佈資訊 頁面。FreeBSD 下載頁面 +也有建議如何正確的選擇在不同架構使用的映像檔。 - FreeBSD 最小安裝需要至少 64 MB 的 RAM 和 1.5 GB 的可用硬碟空間 但是這真的是 最小，幾乎沒有剩下多餘的空間。 RAM 的需求視實際使用而訂，經特殊處理過後的 FreeBSD 系統可只使用 128MB RAM，圖形化環境最少需要 4 GB 的 RAM。 + FreeBSD 安裝程序需要至少 64 MB 的 RAM 以及 1.5 GB 的硬碟空間。然而，這樣少的記憶體及磁碟空間只適合在客製的應用上，如嵌入式設備，一般用途的桌面系統會需要更多的資源，2-4 GB RAM 與至少 8 GB 的硬碟空間是不錯的起點。 每一種架構的處理器需求概述如下： @@ -2325,10 +2133,8 @@ amd64 - 這桌上型電腦與筆記型電腦是最常見的處理器類型，有些廠商可能會稱之為 x86-64。 + 桌面電腦與筆記型電腦最常見的處理器類型，運用在近代的系統。Intel 稱該類型為 Intel64，其他製造商則稱該類型為 x86-64。 - 主要有兩個廠商提供 amd64 處理器：Intel (生產 Intel64 級處理器) 以及 AMD (生產 AMD64)。 - 與 amd64 相容的處理器包含：AMD Athlon64, AMD Opteron, 多核心 Intel Xeon 以及 Intel Core 2 與之後的處理器。 @@ -2336,11 +2142,11 @@ i386 - 這個架構即為 32-bit x86 架構。 + 舊型的桌面電腦與筆記型電腦常使用此 32-bit, x86 架構。 幾乎所有含浮點運算單元的 i386 相容處理器都有支援。所有 Intel 486 或是更高階的處理器也有支援。 - 若 CPU 有支援實體位址延伸(PAE) 功能，FreeBSD 可以運用這項功能的所帶來優點。有開啟 PAE 支援的核心會偵測超過 4 GB 的記憶體，並讓這些記憶體能夠被系統使用。 這項功能會限制驅動程式以及 FreeBSD 可能使用的其他功能，詳情請見 pae4。 + FreeBSD 可在有支援實體位址延伸 (Physical Address Extensions, PAE) 功能的 CPU 上運用該功能所帶來的優點。有開啟 PAE 支援的核心會偵測超過 4 GB 的記憶體，並讓這些超過的記憶體能夠被系統使用。 但使用 PAE 會限制裝置驅動程式及 FreeBSD 的其他功能，詳情請見 pae4。 @@ -2347,7 +2153,7 @@ ia64 - 目前支援的處理器是 Itanium 和 Itanium 2。支援的晶片組包括 HP zx1， Intel 460GX 和 Intel E8870。 單處理器 (Uniprocessor, UP) 和對稱多處理器 (Symmetric Multi-processor, SMP)的設定都有支援。 + 目前支援的處理器是 Itanium 和 Itanium 2。支援的晶片組包括 HP zx1， Intel 460GX 和 Intel E8870。 單處理器 (Uniprocessor, UP) 和對稱多處理器 (Symmetric Multi-processor, SMP) 的設定都有支援。 @@ -2372,7 +2178,7 @@ sparc64 - FreeBSD/sparc64 支援的系統列在 FreeBSD/sparc64 計劃 (http://www.freebsd.org/platforms/sparc.html)。 + FreeBSD/sparc64 支援的系統列在 FreeBSD/sparc64 計劃。 所有超過一個處理器的系統都有支援 SMP。需要專用的磁碟系統，因為此時無法和其他作業系統共用磁碟。 @@ -2389,37 +2195,37 @@ 備份重要資料 - 安裝任何作業系統前， 總是 要先備份所有重要資料。 不要儲存備份在即將安裝的系統上。改為將資料儲存在可移除磁碟，像是 USB 隨身碟，網路上的另一個系統或是線上備份服務上。 開始安裝前，要測試備份，確定它含有所有需要的檔案。 一旦安裝程式格式化系統的磁碟，所有儲存在上面的資料都會遺失。 + 安裝任何作業系統前， 總是 要先備份所有重要資料。 不要儲存備份在即將安裝的系統上，而是將資料儲存在可移除磁碟，像是 USB 隨身碟、網路上的另一個系統或是線上備份服務上。 開始安裝程序前要檢查備份，確定備份含有所有需要的檔案，一旦安裝程式格式化系統的磁碟，所有儲存在上面的資料都會遺失。 決定 FreeBSD 安裝在哪裡 - 如果 FreeBSD 是唯一要安裝的作業系統，這個步驟可以略過。 但是假如 FreeBSD 將和其他作業系統分享磁碟空間的話，要決定 FreeBSD 要安裝在哪個磁碟或是哪個分割區。 + 如果 FreeBSD 是唯一一套要安裝到電腦的作業系統，這個步驟可以略過。 但是假如 FreeBSD 要和其他作業系統共用磁碟空間的話，就要決定 FreeBSD 要安裝在哪個磁碟或是哪個分割區 (Partition)。 - 在 i386 和 amd64 平台，磁碟可以使用兩種分割區配置之一來分割成多個分割區。 傳統的主開機紀錄 (Master Boot Record, MBR) 有一個分割區表定義最多到 主分割區。 因為歷史性的理由， FreeBSD 稱這些主分割區為 slices。 其中一個主分割區可以分成一個 延伸分割區 ，他包含多個 邏輯分割區。 GUID 分割區表 (GUID Partition Table, GPT) 是較新和較簡單的分割磁碟的方法，一般 GPT 實作允許每個磁碟最多達 128 個分割區，減少使用邏輯分割區的需要。 + 在 i386 和 amd64 架構，可將磁碟分割成多個分割區，可以選擇下列兩種分割表格式 (Partitioning scheme) 的其中一種達成。 傳統的主開機紀錄 (Master Boot Record, MBR) 的一個分割區表定義最多可有四個主分割區 (Primary partition)，因一些歷史淵源，FreeBSD 稱這些主分割區為 slice，其中一個主分割區可作為延伸分割區 (Extended partition)，延伸分割區又可分割成多個邏輯分割區 (Logical partition)。 GUID 分割區表 (GUID Partition Table, GPT) 是較新和較簡單的分割磁碟的方法，一般 GPT 實作允許每個磁碟多達 128 個分割區，不再需要使用邏輯分割區。 - 一些比較舊的作業系統，像是 Windows XP 不相容 GPT 分割區配置。 如果 FreeBSD 將和這樣的作業系統共享一個磁碟，那就需要用 MBR 分割。 + 一些比較舊的作業系統，像是 Windows XP 並不相容 GPT 分割表格式。 如果 FreeBSD 將和這類作業系統共用一個磁碟，則需要用 MBR 分割表格式。 - FreeBSD 開機啟動程式需要主分割區或是 GPT 分割區。如果所有的主分割區或 GPT 分割區都已使用，必須釋放其中一個分割區讓 FreeBSD 使用。如果要建立一個分割區而不刪除原有的資料，可以使用磁碟分割工具來縮小現有的分割區，並使用多出的空間來建立新分割區。 + FreeBSD 開機啟動程式需要主分割區或是 GPT 分割區。如果所有的主分割區或 GPT 分割區都已使用，必須釋放其中一個分割區讓 FreeBSD 使用。如果要建立一個分割區而不刪除原有的資料，可以使用磁碟重設大小的工具來縮小現有的分割區，並使用釋放出來的空間建立新分割區。 - 各種自由的和商業化的磁碟分割工具列於 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disk_partitioning_software。GParted Live (http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php) 是包含分割編輯工具 GParted 的自由的 live CD。 GParted 也包含在許多 Linux live CD 套件裡。 + 各種免費和付費的磁碟重設大小工具列於 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disk_partitioning_software。GParted Live (http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php) 是內含分割區編輯程式 GParted 的免費 Live CD。 GParted 同時也被許多 Linux Live CD 發行版所收錄。 - 當正確地使用，磁碟分割工具可以安全地建立空間讓新的分割區使用。 因為有可能會誤選已經存在的分割區，所以在修改磁碟分割區前， 一定要備份重要資料，並確認備份的完整性。 + 在正確使用的情況下，磁碟重設大小的工具可以安全的建立讓新的分割區使用的空間。 但因仍有可能會誤選已經存在的分割區，所以在修改磁碟分割區前， 一定要備份重要資料，並確認備份的完整性。 - 包含不同作業系統的磁碟分割區可以讓一台電腦安裝多重作業系統。 另一種作法是使用虛擬化 () ，可以讓多重作業系統同時間執行而不需要改變任何磁碟分割區。 + 在磁碟分割區中儲存不同的作業系統讓一台電腦可以安裝多個作業系統，另一種作法是使用虛擬化技術 () ，可讓多個作業系統同時間執行而不需要改變任何磁碟分割區。 收集網路資訊 - 有些 FreeBSD 安裝方法為了下載安裝檔案需要網路連線。 在系統安裝之後，安裝程式將會讓您設定系統的網路介面。 + 部份 FreeBSD 安裝方式需要網路連線來下載安裝檔，因此之後的安裝程序，安裝程式進入設定系統網路的介面。 - 如果網路有 DHCP 伺服器，可以自動設定網路。 如果沒有 DHCP ， 需要從區域網路管理者或是網際網路服務商取得以下系統的網路資訊： + 如果網路中有 DHCP 伺服器，則可透過該伺服器自動設定網路，若無法使用 DHCP，則需要從區域網路管理者或是網際網路服務供應商 (Internet Service Provider, ISP) 取得以的網路資訊供系統使用： 需要的網路資訊 @@ -2458,96 +2264,42 @@ 準備安裝的媒體 - The FreeBSD installer is not an application that can be run - from within another operating system. Instead, download a - FreeBSD installation file, burn it to the media associated with - its file type and size (CD, - DVD, or USB), and boot - the system to install from the inserted media. + FreeBSD 安裝程式並不是一個可以在其他作業系統上執行的應用程式，反而您需要下載 FreeBSD 安裝檔，燒錄安裝檔到符合其檔案類型與大小的媒體 (CD, DVD 或 USB)，然後開機從插入的媒體來安裝。 - FreeBSD installation files are available at www.freebsd.org/where.html#download. - Each installation file's name includes the release version of - FreeBSD, the architecture, and the type of file. For example, to - install FreeBSD 10.2 on an amd64 system from a - DVD, download - FreeBSD-10.2-RELEASE-amd64-dvd1.iso, burn - this file to a DVD, and boot the system - with the DVD inserted. + FreeBSD 的安裝檔可於 www.freebsd.org/where.html#download 取得。安裝檔的名稱由 FreeBSD 發佈版本、架構、以及檔案類型所組成，舉例，要從 DVD 安裝 FreeBSD 10.2 到 amd64 的系統，需下載 FreeBSD-10.2-RELEASE-amd64-dvd1.iso，並燒錄這個檔案到 DVD，然後使用插入 DVD 來開機。 - Installation files are available in several formats. - The formats vary depending on computer architecture and media - type. + 安裝檔有許多種可用的格式，格式會依據電腦架構及媒體類型的不同而異。 - Additional - installation files are included for computers that boot with - UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware - Interface). The names of these files include the string - uefi. + 還有另一種安裝檔是給使用 UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) 開機的電腦使用，這些安裝檔的名稱會含有 uefi。 - File types: + 檔案類型: - -bootonly.iso: This is the smallest - installation file as it only contains the installer. A - working Internet connection is required during - installation as the installer will download the files it - needs to complete the FreeBSD installation. This file should - be burned to a CD using a - CD burning application. + -bootonly.iso: 這是最精簡的安裝檔，檔案中只含安裝程式。 安裝時需要網際網路連線來下載所需的檔案以完成 FreeBSD 安裝。這個檔案應使用 CD 燒錄應用程式燒錄到 CD 使用。 - -disc1.iso: This file contains all - of the files needed to install FreeBSD, its source, and the - Ports Collection. It should be burned to a - CD using a CD - burning application. + -disc1.iso: 這個檔案含有所有安裝 FreeBSD 所需的檔案，包含原始碼及 Port 套件集。這個檔案應使用 CD 燒錄應用程式燒錄到 CD 使用。 - -dvd1.iso: This file contains all - of the files needed to install FreeBSD, its source, and the - Ports Collection. It also contains a set of popular - binary packages for installing a window manager and some - applications so that a complete system can be installed - from media without requiring a connection to the Internet. - This file should be burned to a DVD - using a DVD burning application. + -dvd1.iso: 這個檔案含有所有安裝 FreeBSD 所需的檔案，包含原始碼及 Port 套件集，也內含熱門的 Binary 套件可安裝視窗管理程式以及一些應用程式，如此便可從媒體安裝完整的系統，無須連線到網際網路。這個檔案應使用 DVD 燒錄應用程式燒錄到 DVD 使用。 - -memstick.img: This file contains - all of the files needed to install FreeBSD, its source, and - the Ports Collection. It should be burned to a - USB stick using the instructions - below. + -memstick.img: 這個檔案含有所有安裝 FreeBSD 所需的檔案，包含原始碼及 Port 套件集。這個檔案應依據以下操作指示寫入到 USB 隨身碟使用。 - After downloading the image file, download - CHECKSUM.SHA256 from - the same directory. Calculate a - checksum for the image file. - FreeBSD provides sha2561 for this, used as sha256 - imagefilename. - Other operating systems have similar programs. + 映像檔下載完成之後，下載同一個目錄之中的 CHECKSUM.SHA256。FreeBSD 提供 sha2561 可用來計算映像檔的 校驗和 (Checksum)，使用方式為 sha256 imagefilename，其他作業系統也會有類似的程式。 - Compare the calculated checksum with the one shown in - CHECKSUM.SHA256. The checksums must - match exactly. If the checksums do not match, the image file - is corrupt and must be downloaded again. + 比對計算後的 checksum 與 CHECKSUM.SHA256 檔案中的值，checksum 應該要完全相符，若 checksum 不相符，則代表該映像檔是損壞的，必須再下載一次。 寫入映象檔到 <acronym>USB</acronym> - The *.img file is an - image of the complete contents of a - memory stick. It cannot be copied to - the target device as a file. Several applications are - available for writing the *.img to a - USB stick. This section describes two of - these utilities. + *.img 檔案是隨身碟的完整內容的映像檔 (image)，該檔案不能直接用檔案的方式複製到目標裝置。有許多應用程式可用來寫入 *.img 到 USB 隨身碟，本節會介紹其中兩種。 在繼續之前，請先備份 USB 上的重要資料，這個程序會清除在隨身碟上既有的資料。 @@ -2557,34 +2309,15 @@ 使用 <command>dd</command> 來寫入映像檔 - This example uses /dev/da0 as - the target device where the image will be written. Be - very careful that the correct - device is used as this command will destroy the existing - data on the specified target device. + 本範例使用 /dev/da0 做為目標裝置，是映像檔將會寫入的位置。 務必十分小心確認要使用的裝置正確，因為這個指示會摧毀所有在指定目標裝置上已存在的資料。 - The dd1 command-line utility is - available on BSD, Linux, and Mac OS systems. To burn - the image using dd, insert the - USB stick and determine its device - name. Then, specify the name of the downloaded - installation file and the device name for the - USB stick. This example burns the - amd64 installation image to the first - USB device on an existing FreeBSD - system. + dd1 指令列工具在 BSD, Linux 以及Mac OS 系統皆可使用。要使用 dd 燒錄映像檔需先插入 USB 隨身碟，然後確認隨身碟的裝置名稱。然後指定已下載的安裝檔名稱以及 USB 隨身碟的裝置名稱。本例示範在已有的 FreeBSD 系統燒錄 amd64 安裝映像檔到第一個 USB 裝置。 # dd if=FreeBSD-10.2-RELEASE-amd64-memstick.img of=/dev/da0 bs=1M conv=sync - If this command fails, verify that the - USB stick is not mounted and that the - device name is for the disk, not a partition. Some - operating systems might require this command to be run - with sudo8. Systems like Linux might buffer - writes. To force all writes to complete, use - sync8. + 若這個指示執行失敗，請確認 USB 隨身碟是否未掛載，以及該裝置名稱是否為這個隨身碟，而非一個分割區。部份作業系統可能需要使用 sudo8 來執行這個指令。像 Linux 這類的系統可能會暫存寫入動作，要強制完成所有寫入動作，可使用 sync8。 @@ -2592,9 +2325,7 @@ 使用 <trademark class="registered">Windows</trademark> 來寫入映象檔 - Be sure to give the correct drive letter as the - existing data on the specified drive will be overwritten - and destroyed. + 務必確認指定的磁碟機代號正確，因在指定磁碟機上的既有資料將會被覆蓋與摧毀。 @@ -2619,7 +2350,7 @@ 開始安裝 - 預設安裝程式在下列訊息顯示之前不會對磁碟做任何更動： + 預設安裝程序在下列訊息顯示之前不會對磁碟做任何更動： Your changes will now be written to disk. If you have chosen to overwrite existing data, it will @@ -2629,52 +2360,26 @@ 在這個警告訊息之前可以隨時中止安裝，若有任何設定錯誤的疑慮，只需在此時關閉電腦，將不會對系統磁碟做任何更改。 - This section describes how to boot the system from the - installation media which was prepared using the instructions in - . When using a - bootable USB stick, plug in the USB stick - before turning on the computer. When booting from - CD or DVD, turn on the - computer and insert the media at the first opportunity. How to - configure the system to boot from the inserted media depends - upon the architecture. + 本節將介紹如何使用根據 指示所準備的安裝媒體來開機。要使用可開機的 USB，請在開啟電腦前插入 USB 隨身碟。要使用 CD 或DVD，則可開啟電腦後在第一時間插入媒體。如何設定系統使用插入的媒體開機依不同的系統架構會有所不同。 在 <trademark>i386</trademark> 及 amd64 開機 - These architectures provide a BIOS - menu for selecting the boot device. Depending upon the - installation media being used, select the - CD/DVD or - USB device as the first boot device. Most - systems also provide a key for selecting the boot device - during startup without having to enter the - BIOS. Typically, the key is either - F10, F11, - F12, or Escape. + 這兩種架構提供了 BIOS 選單可選擇開機的裝置，依據要使用的安裝媒體類型，選擇 CD/DVD 或 USB 裝置做為第一個開機裝置。大多數的系統也會提供快速鍵可在啟動時選擇開機裝置，而不需要進入BIOS，通常這個按鍵可能是 F10, F11, F12 或 Escape 其中之一。 - If the computer loads the existing operating system - instead of the FreeBSD installer, then either: + 若電腦仍載入了現有的作業系統，而不是 FreeBSD 安裝程式，原因可能為: - The installation media was not inserted early enough - in the boot process. Leave the media inserted and try - restarting the computer. + 執行開機程序時安裝媒體插入主機的時間不夠早，請讓安裝媒體留在電腦中並重新啟動電腦。 - The BIOS changes were incorrect or - not saved. Double-check that the right boot device is - selected as the first boot device. + 未正確修改 BIOS 或未儲檔，請再三檢查第一個開機裝置選擇了正確的裝置。 - This system is too old to support booting from the - chosen media. In this case, the Plop Boot - Manager () - can be used to boot the system from the selected - media. + 系統太舊，無法支援使用選擇的開機媒體開機，發生這個情況可以使用 Plop Boot Manager () 來從選擇的開機媒體開機。 @@ -2682,21 +2387,7 @@ 在 <trademark class="registered">PowerPC</trademark> 開機 - On most machines, holding C on the - keyboard during boot will boot from the CD. - Otherwise, hold - Command - Option - O - F - , or - - Windows - Alt - O - F - on non-Apple keyboards. At the - 0 > prompt, enter + 在大部份機型，可於開機時按住鍵盤上的 C，便可從 CD 開機。若在非 Apple 的鍵盤則可按住 Command Option O F 或 Windows Alt O F ，出現 0 > 提示時，輸入 boot cd:,\ppc\loader cd:0 @@ -2704,13 +2395,9 @@ 在 <trademark class="registered">SPARC64</trademark> 開機 - Most SPARC64 systems are set up to boot automatically - from disk. To install FreeBSD from a CD - requires a break into the PROM. + 大多數 SPARC64 系統會自動從磁碟開機，要從 CD 安裝 FreeBSD 需要進入 PROM。 - To do this, reboot the system and wait until the boot - message appears. The message depends on the model, but should - look something like this: + 要進入 PROM，需重新開機系統然後等候開機訊息出現。訊息會依機型而有所不同，但大致結果會如: Sun Blade 100 (UltraSPARC-IIe), Keyboard Present Copyright 1998-2001 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. @@ -2717,28 +2404,15 @@ OpenBoot 4.2, 128 MB memory installed, Serial #51090132. Ethernet address 0:3:ba:b:92:d4, Host ID: 830b92d4. - If the system proceeds to boot from disk at this point, - press L1A - or StopA - on the keyboard, or send a BREAK over the - serial console. When using tip or - cu, ~# will - issue a BREAK. The PROM prompt will be - ok on systems with one - CPU and ok {0} on - SMP systems, where the digit indicates the - number of the active CPU. + 若系統繼續從磁碟開機，此時按下鍵盤上的 L1A 或 StopA 或透過序列 Console 送出 BREAK。當使用 tip 或 cu, ~# 發出一個 BREAK 後，PROM 的提示會在單 CPU 的系統出現 ok，SMP 的系統出現 ok {0} ，其中的數字代表啟動的 CPU 數。 - At this point, place the CD into the - drive and type boot cdrom from the - PROM prompt. + 此時，放入 CD 到磁碟機然後在 PROM 提示畫面輸入 boot cdrom。 FreeBSD 開機選單 - Once the system boots from the installation media, a menu - similar to the following will be displayed: + 從安裝媒體開機之後，會顯示如下的選單：
FreeBSD 開機載入程式選單 @@ -2750,47 +2424,27 @@
- By default, the menu will wait ten seconds for user input - before booting into the FreeBSD installer or, if FreeBSD is already - installed, before booting into FreeBSD. To pause the boot timer - in order to review the selections, press - Space. To select an option, press its - highlighted number, character, or key. The following options - are available. + 預設在開機進入 FreeBSD 安裝程式前選單會等候使用者輸入 10 秒鐘，若已經安裝 FreeBSD，則會在開機進入 FreeBSD 前等候。要暫停開機計時器來仔細查看選項，請按 Space 鍵。要選擇選項，按下明顯標示的數字、字元或按鍵。選單有以下選項可選。 - Boot Multi User: This will - continue the FreeBSD boot process. If the boot timer has - been paused, press 1, upper- or - lower-case B, or - Enter. + 啟動多使用者模式 (Boot Multi User): 這個選項會繼續 FreeBSD 開機程序，若開機計時器已經暫停，可按 1、大寫或小寫 B 或 Enter 鍵。 - Boot Single User: This mode can be - used to fix an existing FreeBSD installation as described in - . Press - 2 or the upper- or lower-case - S to enter this mode. + 啟動單使用者模式 (Boot Single User): 這個模式用來修正已安裝的 FreeBSD，如 所述。可按 2、大寫或小寫 S 進入這個模式。 - Escape to loader prompt: This will - boot the system into a repair prompt that contains a - limited number of low-level commands. This prompt is - described in . Press - 3 or Esc to boot into - this prompt. + 離開到載入程式提示 (Escape to loader prompt): 這個選項會開機進入修復提示，這個模式含有有限數量的低階指令，這個模式詳細說明於 。可按 3 或 Esc 進入這個提示。 - Reboot: Reboots the system. + 重新開機 (Reboot): 重新開啟系統。 - Configure Boot Options: Opens the - menu shown in, and described under, . + 設定開機選項 (Configure Boot Options): 開啟內部選單，詳細說明於 。 @@ -2804,55 +2458,29 @@ - The boot options menu is divided into two sections. The - first section can be used to either return to the main boot - menu or to reset any toggled options back to their - defaults. + 開機選項選單分成兩個部份。第一個部份用來返回主開機選單或重設任何已切換的選項回預設值。 - The next section is used to toggle the available options - to On or Off by pressing - the option's highlighted number or character. The system will - always boot using the settings for these options until they - are modified. Several options can be toggled using this - menu: + 第二個部份用來切換可用的選項為開 (On) 或關 (Off)，透過按下選項明顯標示的編號或字元。系統將會一直使用這些選項開機，直到選項被修改。有數個選項可以在這個選單做切換： - ACPI Support: If the system hangs - during boot, try toggling this option to - Off. + ACPI 支援 (ACPI Support): 若系統在開機時卡住，可嘗試切換這個選項為關 (Off)。 - Safe Mode: If the system still - hangs during boot even with ACPI - Support set to Off, try - setting this option to On. + 安全模式 (Safe Mode): 若系統在 ACPI 支援 (ACPI Support) 設為關 (Off) 時開機時仍然會卡住，可嘗試將此選項設為開 (On)。 - Single User: Toggle this option to - On to fix an existing FreeBSD installation - as described in . Once - the problem is fixed, set it back to - Off. + 單使用者 (Single User): 切換這個選項為開 (On) 來修正已存在的 FreeBSD 如 所述，問題修正後，將其設回關 (Off)。 - Verbose: Toggle this option to - On to see more detailed messages during - the boot process. This can be useful when troubleshooting - a piece of hardware. + 詳細資訊 (Verbose): 切換這個選項為開 (On) 來查看開機程序中更詳細的訊息，這在診斷硬體問題時非常有用。 - After making the needed selections, press - 1 or Backspace to return to - the main boot menu, then press Enter to - continue booting into FreeBSD. A series of boot messages will - appear as FreeBSD carries out its hardware device probes and - loads the installation program. Once the boot is complete, - the welcome menu shown in will be displayed. + 在做完所需的選擇後，按下 1 或 Backspace 返回主開機選單，然後按下 Enter 繼續開機進入 FreeBSD。FreeBSD 執行裝置偵測及載入安裝程式時會顯示一系列的開機訊息，開機完成之後，會顯示歡迎選單如 。
歡迎選單 @@ -2864,27 +2492,10 @@
- Press Enter to select the default of - [ Install ] to enter the - installer. The rest of this chapter describes how to use this - installer. Otherwise, use the right or left arrows or the - colorized letter to select the desired menu item. The - [ Shell ] can be used to - access a FreeBSD shell in order to use command line utilities to - prepare the disks before installation. The - [ Live CD ] option can be - used to try out FreeBSD before installing it. The live version - is described in . + 按下 Enter 選擇預設的 [ Install ] 進入安裝程式，接下來本章將介紹如何使用這個安裝程式。 若要選擇其他項目，可使用右或左方向鍵或顏色標示的字母選擇想要的選單項目。[ Shell ] 可用來進入 FreeBSD 的 Shell 使用指令列工具在安裝之前準備磁碟。[ Live CD ] 選項可用來在安裝之前試用 FreeBSD，Live 版本的詳細說明於 。 - To review the boot messages, including the hardware - device probe, press the upper- or lower-case - S and then Enter to access - a shell. At the shell prompt, type more - /var/run/dmesg.boot and use the space bar to - scroll through the messages. When finished, type - exit to return to the welcome - menu. + 要重新檢視開機訊息，包含硬體裝置偵測，請按大寫或小寫 S 然後再按 Enter 進入 Shell。在 Shell 提示之後輸入 more /var/run/dmesg.boot 然後使用空白鍵來捲動訊息。當查看完畢後輸入 exit 返回歡迎選單。 @@ -2892,20 +2503,12 @@ 使用 <application>bsdinstall</application> - This section shows the order of the - bsdinstall menus and the type of - information that will be asked before the system is installed. - Use the arrow keys to highlight a menu option, then - Space to select or deselect that menu item. - When finished, press Enter to save the - selection and move onto the next screen. + 本節將告訴您在系統安裝之前 bsdinstall 選單的順序以及會詢問的資訊類型，可使用方向鍵來選擇選單的選項，然後按下 Space 選擇或取消選擇選單項目。當完成之後，按下 Enter 儲存選項然後進入下一個畫面。 選擇鍵盤對應表選單 - Depending on the system console being used, - bsdinstall may initially display - the menu shown in . + 依據使用的系統 Console，bsdinstall 可能一開始顯示的選單會如 。
鍵盤對應表選擇 @@ -2917,13 +2520,7 @@
- To configure the keyboard layout, press - Enter with - [ YES ] selected, which will - display the menu shown in . To instead use the - default layout, use the arrow key to select - [ NO ] and press - Enter to skip this menu screen. + 要設定鍵盤配置，請選擇 [ YES ] 按下 Enter，接著會顯示選單如 。若要使用預設的配置，則可使用方向鍵選擇 [ NO ] 然後按下 Enter 跳過這個選單畫面。
選擇鍵盤選單 @@ -2935,23 +2532,13 @@
- When configuring the keyboard layout, use the up and down - arrows to select the keymap that most closely represents the - mapping of the keyboard attached to the system. Press - Enter to save the selection. + 設定鍵盤配置時，可使用上與下方向鍵來選擇最接近已連接到系統的鍵盤的鍵盤對應表 (Keymap)，然後按下 Enter 儲存選項。 - Pressing Esc will exit this menu and - use the default keymap. If the choice of keymap is not - clear, United States of America - ISO-8859-1 is also a safe option. + 按 Esc 會離開這個選單然後使用預設的鍵盤對應表，若不清選要使用那種鍵盤對應表，United States of America ISO-8859-1 是也是保險的選項。 - In FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE and later, this menu has been - enhanced. The full selection of keymaps is shown, with the - default preselected. In addition, when selecting a different - keymap, a dialog is displayed that allows the user to try the - keymap and ensure it is correct before proceeding. + 在 FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE 以及之後的版本，已經加強了這個選單，會顯示完整的鍵盤對應表選項，並預先選擇預設值。另外，當選擇其他鍵盤對應用時，在繼續之前會顯示對話框讓使用者測試鍵盤對應表來確認。
改進後的鍵盤對應表選單 @@ -2968,9 +2555,7 @@ 設定主機名稱 - The next bsdinstall menu is - used to set the hostname for the newly installed - system. + 下一個 bsdinstall 選單用來為新安裝的系統設定主機名稱。
設定主機名稱 @@ -2982,15 +2567,13 @@
- Type in a hostname that is unique for the network. It - should be a fully-qualified hostname, such as machine3.example.com. + 輸入在網路上獨一無二的主機名稱，主機名稱要是完整的主機名稱，如 machine3.example.com。 選擇要安裝的元件 - Next, bsdinstall will prompt to - select optional components to install. + 接下來 bsdinstall 會提示選擇要安裝的選用元件。
選擇要安裝的元件 @@ -3002,60 +2585,31 @@
- Deciding which components to install will depend largely - on the intended use of the system and the amount of disk space - available. The FreeBSD kernel and userland, collectively known - as the base system, are always - installed. Depending on the architecture, some of these - components may not appear: + 決定要安裝的元件主要會根據系統的用途以及可用的磁碟空間容量。FreeBSD 核心 (Kernel) 及 Userland 統稱為 基礎系統 (Base system)，是必須安裝的部份。依據系統的架構，部份元件可能不會顯示: - doc - Additional documentation, - mostly of historical interest, to install into - /usr/share/doc. The documentation - provided by the FreeBSD Documentation Project may be - installed later using the instructions in . + doc - 額外的說明文件，大部份是經年累月的產物，會安裝到 /usr/share/doc。由 FreeBSD 文件計劃所提供的說明文件可在之後安裝，依照 中的指示操作。 - games - Several traditional - BSD games, including - fortune, - rot13, and others. + games - 數個傳統 BSD 遊戲，包含 fortune, rot13 以及其他。 - lib32 - Compatibility libraries for - running 32-bit applications on a 64-bit version of - FreeBSD. + lib32 - 在 64-bit 版本的 FreeBSD 供執行 32-bit 應用程式使用的相容性程式庫。 - ports - The FreeBSD Ports Collection - is a collection of files which automates the downloading, - compiling and installation of third-party software - packages. discusses how to use - the Ports Collection. + ports - FreeBSD Port 套件集是一套可自動下載、編譯安裝第三方軟體套件的集合， 中會討論到如何使用 Port 套件集。 - The installation program does not check for - adequate disk space. Select this option only if - sufficient hard disk space is available. The FreeBSD Ports - Collection takes up about 500 MB of disk - space. + 安裝程式並不會檢查是否有充足的磁碟空間，FreeBSD Port 套件集會使用約 500 MB 的磁碟空間，只有在有足夠的磁碟空間時才選擇這個選項。 - src - The complete FreeBSD source code - for both the kernel and the userland. Although not - required for the majority of applications, it may be - required to build device drivers, kernel modules, or some - applications from the Ports Collection. It is also used - for developing FreeBSD itself. The full source tree requires - 1 GB of disk space and recompiling the entire FreeBSD - system requires an additional 5 GB of space. + src - 完整的 FreeBSD 原始碼，包含核心 (Kernel) 與 Userland。雖然大多數的應用程式並不需要，但它可以編譯裝置驅動程式、核心模組或部份來自 Port 套件集的應用程式，它同時也用來做為開發 FreeBSD 本身所使用。完整的原始碼樹需要 1 GB 的磁碟空間，重新編譯整個 FreeBSD 系統需要額外再 5 GB 的空間。 @@ -3063,13 +2617,7 @@ 從網路安裝 - The menu shown in only appears when - installing from a -bootonly.iso - CD as this installation media does not hold - copies of the installation files. Since the installation - files must be retrieved over a network connection, this menu - indicates that the network interface must be first - configured. + 於 所示的選單只會在使用 -bootonly.iso CD 安裝時顯示，因這個安裝媒體中並未含安裝檔的複本。由於安裝檔必須透過網路下載，此選單會告知要先設定網路介面。
從網路安裝 @@ -3081,13 +2629,7 @@
- To configure the network connection, press - Enter and follow the instructions in . Once the - interface is configured, select a mirror site that is - located in the same region of the world as the computer on - which FreeBSD is being installed. Files can be retrieved more - quickly when the mirror is close to the target computer, - reducing installation time. + 要設定網路連線，按下 Enter 然後依照 中的指示操作，完成網路介面的設定之後，選擇與要安裝 FreeBSD 的電腦相同所在地區的鏡像站，當鏡像站越接近目標電腦，檔案下載的速度會比較快，這會減少安裝的時間。
選擇鏡像站 @@ -3099,8 +2641,7 @@
- Installation will then continue as if the installation - files were located on the local installation media. + 若在本機的安裝媒體中找到安裝檔案，安裝程序便會繼續。 @@ -3107,12 +2648,10 @@ 配置磁碟空間 - The next menu is used to determine the method for - allocating disk space. The options available in the menu - depend upon the version of FreeBSD being installed. + 接下來的選單用來決定配置磁碟空間的方式，選單中可用的選項會依安裝的 FreeBSD 版本而有所不同。
- FreeBSD 9.x 的分割區選擇 + FreeBSD 9.x 的磁碟分割選項 @@ -3131,20 +2670,9 @@
- Guided partitioning automatically sets up - the disk partitions, Manual partitioning - allows advanced users to create customized partitions from menu - options, and Shell opens a shell prompt where - advanced users can create customized partitions using - command-line utilities like gpart8, fdisk8, and - bsdlabel8. ZFS partitioning, only - available in FreeBSD 10 and later, creates an optionally encrypted - root-on-ZFS system with support for boot - environments. + 引導式 (Guided) 磁碟分割會自動設定磁碟的分割區 (Partition)，手動 (Manual) 磁碟分割可讓進階的使用者使用選單項目建立自訂的分割區，而 Shell 會開啟 Shell 提示讓進階的使用者可以使用指示列工具如 gpart8, fdisk8 以及 bsdlabel8 來建立自訂的分割區。ZFS 磁碟分割只在 FreeBSD 10 及之後的版本可以使用，可建立選擇性加密的 root-on-ZFS 系統並支援 開機環境 (Boot environment)。 - This section describes what to consider when laying out the - disk partitions. It then demonstrates how to use the different - partitioning methods. + 本節會介紹在配置磁碟分割時需要考量那些事情，並且會示範各種磁碟分割的方式。 規劃分割區配置 @@ -3160,45 +2688,17 @@ /usr - When laying out file systems, remember that hard drives - transfer data faster from the outer tracks to the inner. - Thus, smaller and heavier-accessed file systems should be - closer to the outside of the drive, while larger partitions - like /usr should be placed toward the - inner parts of the disk. It is a good idea to create - partitions in an order similar to: /, - swap, /var, and - /usr. + 配置檔案系統時要記得硬碟的傳輸資料外軌較內軌的速度快，因此較小且大量存取的檔案系統應要較接近磁碟的外軌，而較大的分割區如 /usr 應放置在磁碟較內部，建議建立分割區的順序如下: /, swap, /var 然後 /usr。 - The size of the /var partition - reflects the intended machine's usage. This partition is - used to hold mailboxes, log files, and printer spools. - Mailboxes and log files can grow to unexpected sizes - depending on the number of users and how long log files are - kept. On average, most users rarely need more than about a - gigabyte of free disk space in - /var. + 機器預期的用途會反映在 /var 分割區的大小，這個分割區用來保存郵件 (Mailbox)、記錄檔 (Log file) 及印表機緩衝 (Spool)。依使用者數及保存的期間，郵件及記錄檔可能成長到無法預期的大小，一般來說大部份的使用很少會在 /var 需要超過 1 GB 的可用磁碟空間。 - Sometimes, a lot of disk space is required in - /var/tmp. When new software is - installed, the packaging tools extract a temporary copy of - the packages under /var/tmp. Large - software packages, like Firefox, - Apache OpenOffice or - LibreOffice may be tricky to - install if there is not enough disk space under - /var/tmp. + 有時在 /var/tmp 會需要較多的空間，當新軟體安裝，套件工具會從套件中取出暫存的複本置於 /var/tmp。若在 /var/tmp 沒有足夠的空間，要安裝大型軟體套件，例如 Firefox, Apache OpenOffice 或 LibreOffice 會很困難。 - The /usr partition holds many of the - files which support the system, including the FreeBSD Ports - Collection and system source code. At least 2 gigabytes is - recommended for this partition. + /usr 分割區會保存許多支持系統運作的檔案，包含 FreeBSD Port 套件集以及系統原始碼。這個分割區建議至少要有 2 GB 的空間。 - When selecting partition sizes, keep the space - requirements in mind. Running out of space in one partition - while barely using another can be a hassle. + 在規劃分割區大小時，請牢記空間需求，當因某個分割區空間不足時要改使用其他分割區時會很麻煩。 swap sizing @@ -3207,45 +2707,17 @@ swap partition - As a rule of thumb, the swap partition should be about - double the size of physical memory (RAM). - Systems with minimal RAM may perform - better with more swap. Configuring too little swap can lead - to inefficiencies in the VM page scanning - code and might create issues later if more memory is - added. + 根據經驗，交換分割區應為是實體記憶體 (RAM) 的兩倍。使用最低需求的 RAM 來運作的系統會需要更多的交換空間來取得更好的表現。配置太小的交換交間可能導致 VM 分頁掃描碼效率不佳，且往後增加更多記憶體時可能會產生問題。 - On larger systems with multiple SCSI - disks or multiple IDE disks operating on - different controllers, it is recommended that swap be - configured on each drive, up to four drives. The swap - partitions should be approximately the same size. The - kernel can handle arbitrary sizes but internal data structures - scale to 4 times the largest swap partition. Keeping the swap - partitions near the same size will allow the kernel to - optimally stripe swap space across disks. Large swap sizes - are fine, even if swap is not used much. It might be easier - to recover from a runaway program before being forced to - reboot. + 在有數個 SCSI 磁碟或數個 IDE 磁碟在不同控制器的大型系統建議在每個磁碟機上都設定交換空間，最多可至四個磁碟機。每個交換分割區的大小應接近相同。核心雖可以處以任意大小的交換空間，但內部資料結構擴充到 4 倍的最大交換分割區大小時，讓交換分割區擁有相同的大小可以讓核心可以最佳的方式串連各個磁碟的交換空間。規劃較大交換空間是可以的，即使沒有使用到多少交換空間，這也會讓要從失控的程式恢復運作更容易，而不需強制重新啟動系統。 - By properly partitioning a system, fragmentation - introduced in the smaller write heavy partitions will not - bleed over into the mostly read partitions. Keeping the - write loaded partitions closer to the disk's edge will - increase I/O performance in the - partitions where it occurs the most. While - I/O performance in the larger partitions - may be needed, shifting them more toward the edge of the disk - will not lead to a significant performance improvement over - moving /var to the edge. + 正確的做磁碟分割，可以區隔頻繁寫入所產生的資料碎片與經常讀取的分割區，將寫入頻繁的分割區放在磁碟的邊緣可以增加 I/O 效率。雖然較大的分割區可能也需要增加 I/O 效率，但將這些分割區往磁碟邊緣移動所增加的效率並不會比將 /var 移到磁碟邊緣所增加的效率來的顯著。 引導式磁碟分割 - When this method is selected, a menu will display the - available disk(s). If multiple disks are connected, choose - the one where FreeBSD is to be installed. + 當選擇這個方法，選單上會顯示可用的磁碟，若電腦有安裝多個磁碟，則需選擇其中一個來安裝 FreeBSD。
自多個磁碟選擇 @@ -3257,14 +2729,7 @@
- Once the disk is selected, the next menu prompts to - install to either the entire disk or to create a partition - using free space. If - [ Entire Disk ] is - chosen, a general partition layout filling the whole disk is - automatically created. Selecting - [ Partition ] creates a - partition layout from the unused space on the disk. + 選擇磁碟之後，接下來選單會提示是否要安裝到整個磁碟或是使用剩餘的空間建立新的分割區。若選擇 [ Entire Disk ]，會自動建立通用的分割區配置來填滿整個磁碟。選擇 [ Partition ] 則會使用磁碟上未使用的空間來建立分割區配置。
選擇完整磁碟或分割區 @@ -3276,15 +2741,7 @@
- After the partition layout has been created, review it to - ensure it meets the needs of the installation. Selecting - [ Revert ] will reset the - partitions to their original values and pressing - [ Auto ] will recreate the - automatic FreeBSD partitions. Partitions can also be manually - created, modified, or deleted. When the partitioning is - correct, select [ Finish ] to - continue with the installation. + 分割區配置建立完成之後，再檢查一次確定是否符合安裝的需求。選擇 [ Revert ] 會重設分割區回復為原來的設定值，選擇 [ Auto ] 會重新建立自動配置的 FreeBSD 分割區。分割區也可以手動建立、修改或刪除。當確認磁碟分割正確之後，選擇 [ Finish ] 繼續安裝。
確認已建立的分割區 @@ -3300,7 +2757,7 @@ 手動磁碟分割 - Selecting this method opens the partition editor: + 選擇這個方法會開啟分割區編輯程式：
手動建立分割區 @@ -3312,10 +2769,7 @@
- Highlight the installation drive - (ada0 in this example) and select - [ Create ] to display a menu - of available partition schemes: + 選擇要安裝的磁碟機 (在這個例子為 ada0) 然後選擇 [ Create ] 會以選單顯示可用的分割表格式 (Partition scheme):
手動建立分割區 @@ -3327,14 +2781,10 @@
- GPT is usually the most appropriate - choice for amd64 computers. Older computers that are - not compatible with GPT should use - MBR. The other partition schemes are - generally used for uncommon or older computers. + amd64 電腦最適合的選擇通常是 GPT，無法相容 GPT 的舊電腦則應使用 MBR。而其他分割表格式一般會用在那些較罕見或較舊的電腦上。 - 磁碟分割格式 + 磁碟分割表格式 @@ -3347,46 +2797,38 @@ APM - Apple Partition Map, used by PowerPC. + Apple Partition Map，用於 PowerPC。 BSD - BSD label without an - MBR, sometimes called - dangerously dedicated mode as - non-BSD disk utilities may not - recognize it. + 無 MBR 的 BSD 標籤，因非 BSD 的磁碟工具可能無法辨識該標籤，有時被稱做 危險專用模式 (Dangerously dedicated mode)。 GPT - GUID Partition Table (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table). + GUID 分割區表 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table)。 MBR - Master Boot Record (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record). + 主開機記錄 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record)。 PC98 - MBR variant used by NEC PC-98 - computers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pc9801). + 使用 MBR 改編，用於 NEC PC-98 電腦 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pc9801)。 VTOC8 - Volume Table Of Contents used by Sun SPARC64 and - UltraSPARC computers. + Volume Table Of Contents，用於 Sun SPARC64 及 UltraSPARC 電腦。
- After the partitioning scheme has been selected and - created, select [ Create ] - again to create the partitions. + 選擇完分割區表格式並建立之後，再選擇 [ Create ] 一次來建立分割區。
手動建立分割區 @@ -3398,111 +2840,55 @@
- A standard FreeBSD GPT installation uses - at least three partitions: + 標準的 FreeBSD GPT 安裝會使用至少三種分割區: - freebsd-boot - Holds the FreeBSD boot - code. + freebsd-boot - 儲存 FreeBSD 開機程式 (Boot code)。 - freebsd-ufs - A FreeBSD - UFS file system. + freebsd-ufs - FreeBSD 的 UFS 檔案系統。 - freebsd-swap - FreeBSD swap - space. + freebsd-swap - FreeBSD 交換空間。 - Another partition type worth noting is - freebsd-zfs, used for partitions that will - contain a FreeBSD ZFS file system (). Refer to gpart8 for - descriptions of the available GPT partition - types. + 另一個值得注意的分割區類型是 freebsd-zfs，這個分割區用來放置 FreeBSD ZFS 檔案系統 ()。請參考 gpart8 取得可用的 GPT 分割區類型說明。 - Multiple file system partitions can be created and some - people prefer a traditional layout with separate partitions - for /, /var, - /tmp, and /usr. See - for an - example. + 檔案系統分割區可建立多個，且有部份人會偏好使用傳統的配置方式將 /, /var, /tmp 以及 /usr 分開存放在不同的分割區。請參考 的範例。 - The Size may be entered with common - abbreviations: K for kilobytes, - M for megabytes, or - G for gigabytes. + 大小 (Size) 欄位可以使用常用的縮寫來輸入: K 代表 KB, M 代表 MB, G 代表 GB。 - Proper sector alignment provides the best performance, - and making partition sizes even multiples of 4K bytes helps - to ensure alignment on drives with either 512-byte or - 4K-byte sectors. Generally, using partition sizes that are - even multiples of 1M or 1G is the easiest way to make sure - every partition starts at an even multiple of 4K. There is - one exception: the freebsd-boot - partition should be no larger than 512K due to current boot - code limitations. + 適當的對齊磁碟扇區 (Sector) 會提供最佳的效能，而且讓分割區大小為 4 KB 的偶數倍數可協助確保對齊在磁碟機上的 512-byte 或 4K-byte 扇區。一般來說，使用分割區大小為 1M 或 1G 的偶數倍數是最簡單的方式確保每個分割區以 4K 的偶數倍數做為開始。唯一一個例外是: freebsd-boot 分割區因目前開機程式 (Boot code) 的限制，不可大於 512K。 - A Mountpoint is needed if the partition - will contain a file system. If only a single - UFS partition will be created, the - mountpoint should be /. + 若分割區內含檔案系統便會需要一個掛載點 (Mountpoint)，若只要建立一個 UFS 分割區，那麼掛載點應設為 /。 - The Label is a name by which the - partition will be known. Drive names or numbers can change if - the drive is connected to a different controller or port, but - the partition label does not change. Referring to labels - instead of drive names and partition numbers in files like - /etc/fstab makes the system more tolerant - to hardware changes. GPT labels appear in - /dev/gpt/ when a disk is attached. Other - partitioning schemes have different label capabilities and - their labels appear in different directories in - /dev/. + 標籤 (Label) 是分割區的名稱，磁碟機名稱或編號可能因為磁碟機連接到不同的控制器或連結埠而有所不同，但分割區標籤並不會改變。因此在檔案如 /etc/fstab 中參照時，使用標籤來替代磁碟機名稱與分割區編號會讓系統對硬體變更有更多的容錯空間。GPT 標籤會於磁碟連結之後出現在 /dev/gpt/。其他分割表格式的標籤格有不同功能，且標籤會在 /dev/ 中有各自的目錄。 - Use a unique label on every partition to avoid - conflicts from identical labels. A few letters from the - computer's name, use, or location can be added to the label. - For instance, use labroot or - rootfslab for the UFS - root partition on the computer named - lab. + 每個分割區請使用獨一無二的標籤來避免相同名稱的衝突，標籤可以加入與電腦名稱、用途、地點有關的文字。例如，使用 labroot 或 rootfslab 來做為電腦名稱為 lab 的 UFS 根目錄分割區。 建立傳統分割的檔案系統分割區 - For a traditional partition layout where the - /, /var, - /tmp, and /usr - directories are separate file systems on their own - partitions, create a GPT partitioning - scheme, then create the partitions as shown. Partition - sizes shown are typical for a 20G target disk. If more - space is available on the target disk, larger swap or - /var partitions may be useful. Labels - shown here are prefixed with ex for - example, but readers should use other unique - label values as described above. + 傳統的分割區配置會將 /, /var, /tmp 以及 /usr 分別使用不同的檔案系統與分割區。先建立 GPT 分割表格式，然後依照下表所示建立分割區。下表是針對 20G 目標磁碟的分割區大小，若在目標磁碟有更多可用的空間，則可增加交換空間 (Swap) 或 /var 會比較有用。以下所示的標籤皆以 ex 為字首，代表 example，讀者應照前面的說明使用其他獨一無二的標籤。 - By default, FreeBSD's gptboot expects - the first UFS partition to be the - / partition. + 預設 FreeBSD 的 gptboot 會預期第一個 UFS 分割區為 / 分割區。 - Partition Type - Size - Mountpoint - Label + 分割區類型 + 大小 + 掛載點 + 標籤 @@ -3542,8 +2928,7 @@ freebsd-ufs - accept the default (remainder of the - disk) + 接受預設值 (依磁碟提示) /usr exusrfs @@ -3552,39 +2937,18 @@ - After the custom partitions have been created, select - [ Finish ] to continue with - the installation. + 自訂的分割區建立完後，選擇 [ Finish ] 繼續安裝。 Root-on-ZFS 自動磁碟分割 - Support for automatic creation of root-on-ZFS - installations was added in FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE. This - partitioning mode only works with whole disks and will erase - the contents of the entire disk. The installer will - automatically create partitions aligned to 4k boundaries and - force ZFS to use 4k sectors. This is safe - even with 512 byte sector disks, and has the added benefit of - ensuring that pools created on 512 byte disks will be able to - have 4k sector disks added in the future, either as additional - storage space or as replacements for failed disks. The - installer can also optionally employ GELI - disk encryption as described in . - If encryption is enabled, a 2 GB unencrypted boot pool - containing the /boot directory is - created. It holds the kernel and other files necessary to - boot the system. A swap partition of a user selectable size - is also created, and all remaining space is used for the - ZFS pool. + 在 FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE 之後支援了自動建立 root-on-ZFS 的安裝程序。這種磁碟分割模式只能使用整個磁碟，並會清除整個磁碟內的內容。安裝程式會自動建立對齊 4k 邊界的分割區然後強制 ZFS 使用 4k 扇區 (Sector)。即使在 512 位元扇區的磁碟使用也很安全，並增加了確保在 512 位元的磁碟上建立儲存池 (Pool) 也可在未來加入 4k 扇區磁碟的好處，無論是作為額外的存儲空間或作為故障磁碟的替代品。安裝程式也可選擇性採用 GELI 磁碟加密，如 所介紹，若開啟磁碟加密，會建立一個內含 /boot 目錄的 2 GB 未加密的開機儲存池，這個儲存池中會儲存核心及其他開機必要的檔案。然後剩餘的空用會給 ZFS 儲存池使用。 - The main ZFS configuration menu offers - a number of options to control the creation of the - pool. + 主要 ZFS 設定選單提供了數個設定選項來控制儲存池的建立。
- <acronym>ZFS</acronym> 分割區選單 + <acronym>ZFS</acronym> 磁碟分割選單 @@ -3593,21 +2957,7 @@
- Select T to configure the Pool - Type and the disk(s) that will constitute the - pool. The automatic ZFS installer - currently only supports the creation of a single top level - vdev, except in stripe mode. To create more complex pools, - use the instructions in to create the pool. The - installer supports the creation of various pool types, - including stripe (not recommended, no redundancy), mirror - (best performance, least usable space), and RAID-Z 1, 2, and 3 - (with the capability to withstand the concurrent failure of 1, - 2, and 3 disks, respectively). while selecting the pool type, - a tooltip is displayed across the bottom of the screen with - advice about the number of required disks, and in the case of - RAID-Z, the optimal number of disks for each - configuration. + 選擇 T 來設定儲存池類型 (Pool Type) 以及要組成儲存池的磁碟。自動 ZFS 安裝程式目前僅支援建立單一頂層 vdev，除了在串連 (Stripe) 模式。要建立更複雜的儲存池，需使用 的操作來建立儲存池。安裝程式支援建立各種儲存池類型，包含串連 Stripe (不建議，沒有備援功能)、鏡像 Mirror (效能較佳，但可用空間較少) 以及 RAID-Z 1, 2, 與 3 (分別有能力承受同時 1, 2 與 3 個磁碟的損壞)。在選擇儲存池類型時會有提示顯示在螢幕的下方，提示所需要的磁碟數以及在使用 RAID-Z 時，每個配置最佳的磁碟數。
<acronym>ZFS</acronym> 儲存池類型 @@ -3619,14 +2969,7 @@
- Once a Pool Type has been selected, a - list of available disks is displayed, and the user is prompted - to select one or more disks to make up the pool. The - configuration is then validated, to ensure enough disks are - selected. If not, select <Change - Selection> to return to the list of disks, or - <Cancel> to change the pool - type. + 選擇儲存池 (Pool Type) 之後，會顯示可用的磁碟清單，然後會提示使用者選擇一個或多個磁碟來建立儲存池。接著會檢驗設定來確定選擇的磁碟足夠，若不足，選擇更改選項 (<Change Selection>) 來返回磁碟清單或取消 (<Cancel>) 來更改儲存池類型。
磁碟選擇 @@ -3648,15 +2991,7 @@
- If one or more disks are missing from the list, or if - disks were attached after the installer was started, select - - Rescan Devices to repopulate the list - of available disks. To ensure that the correct disks are - selected, so as not to accidently destroy the wrong disks, the - - Disk Info menu can be used to inspect - each disk, including its partition table and various other - information such as the device model number and serial number, - if available. + 若有一個或多磁碟未出現在清單上，或在安裝程式啟動後才連接的磁碟，可選擇重新掃描裝置 (- Rescan Devices) 來更新可用磁碟的清單。要避免清除掉錯的磁碟，可用磁碟資訊 (- Disk Info) 來檢查每個磁碟，包含磁碟中的分割表以及各種其他資訊如裝置型號與序號 (若有的話)。
分析磁碟 @@ -3668,19 +3003,9 @@
- The main ZFS configuration menu also - allows the user to enter a pool name, disable forcing 4k - sectors, enable or disable encryption, switch between - GPT (recommended) and - MBR partition table types, and select the - amount of swap space. Once all options have been set to the - desired values, select the - >>> Install option at the - top of the menu. + 主 ZFS 設定選單也允許使用者輸入儲存池名稱、關閉強制 4k 扇區對齊、開啟或關閉加密、切換 GPT (建議) 與 MBR 分割表類型以及選擇交換空間容量。設定所有選項為想要的值之後，請選擇選單上方的安裝 (>>> Install) 選項。 - If GELI disk encryption was enabled, - the installer will prompt twice for the passphrase to be used - to encrypt the disks. + 若開啟了 GELI 磁碟加密，安裝程式會提示輸入兩次用來加密磁碟的密碼。
磁碟加密密碼 @@ -3692,9 +3017,7 @@
- The installer then offers a last chance to cancel before - the contents of the selected drives are destroyed to create - the ZFS pool. + 安裝程式接著會提供最後一次修改的機會可取消先前所選擇摧毀用來建立 ZFS 儲存池的磁碟機。
最後修改 @@ -3706,7 +3029,7 @@
- The installation then proceeds normally. + 然後安裝程序會正常繼續。 @@ -3713,17 +3036,7 @@ Shell 模式磁碟分割 - When creating advanced installations, the - bsdinstall paritioning menus may - not provide the level of flexibility required. Advanced users - can select the Shell option from the - partitioning menu in order to manually partition the drives, - create the file system(s), populate - /tmp/bsdinstall_etc/fstab, and mount the - file systems under /mnt. Once this is - done, type exit to return to - bsdinstall and continue the - installation. + 當要做進階的安裝時，bsdinstall 的磁碟分割選單可能無法提供需要的彈性。進階的使用者可以在磁碟分割選單選擇 Shell 選項來手動分割磁碟機、建立檔案系統、填寫 /tmp/bsdinstall_etc/fstab 以及掛載檔案系統到 /mnt 下。這些動作完成之後，輸入 exit 可返回 bsdinstall 繼續安裝程序。 @@ -3730,14 +3043,7 @@ 確認安裝 - Once the disks are configured, the next menu provides the - last chance to make changes before the selected hard drive(s) - are formatted. If changes need to be made, select - [ Back ] to return to the main - partitioning menu. - [ Revert & Exit ] - will exit the installer without making any changes to the hard - drive. + 磁碟設定完之後，接下來的選單會讓您在格式化所選的硬碟之前有最後一次機會做變更，若需要做變更，可選 [ Back ] 返回到主磁碟分割選單。[ Revert & Exit ] 則會離開安裝程式，不會對硬碟做任何變更。
最後確認 @@ -3749,20 +3055,14 @@
- To instead start the actual installation, select - [ Commit ] and press - Enter. + 要開始實際的安裝，請選擇 [ Commit ] 然後按下 Enter。 - Installation time will vary depending on the distributions - chosen, installation media, and speed of the computer. A series - of messages will indicate the progress. + 安裝時間會依據選擇的發行版、安裝媒體、電腦的速度而有所不同，接下來會有一系列訊息會告知目前的進度。 - First, the installer formats the selected disk(s) and - initializes the partitions. Next, in the case of a bootonly - media, it downloads the selected components: + 首先，安裝程式會格式化選擇的磁碟，然後初始化分割區。然後，若使用僅可開機 (Boot only) 的媒體則會開始下載選擇的元件:
- 取得發佈版本檔案 + 取得發行版檔案 @@ -3771,12 +3071,10 @@
- Next, the integrity of the distribution files is verified - to ensure they have not been corrupted during download or - misread from the installation media: + 接著，會檢驗發行版的檔案完整性來確保沒有因下載過程中或安裝媒體的讀取過程中讀取錯誤造成的損壞:
- 檢驗發佈版本檔案 + 檢驗發行版檔案 @@ -3785,11 +3083,10 @@
- Finally, the verified distribution files are extracted to - the disk: + 最後，檢驗過的發行版檔案會被取出儲存至磁碟:
- 解開發佈版本檔案 + 解開發行版檔案 @@ -3798,36 +3095,22 @@
- Once all requested distribution files have been extracted, - bsdinstall displays the first - post-installation configuration screen. The available - post-configuration options are described in the next - section. + 所有選擇的發行版檔案取出後，bsdinstall 會顯示第一次安裝後設定畫面，可用的安裝後設定選項會在下一節說明。 安裝後注意事項 - Once FreeBSD is installed, - bsdinstall will prompt to configure - several options before booting into the newly installed system. - This section describes these configuration options. + FreeBSD 安裝完之後，bsdinstall 會在開機進入新安裝的系統之前提示設定數個選項，本節將介紹這些設定選項。 - Once the system has booted, - bsdconfig provides a menu-driven method for - configuring the system using these and additional - options. + 系統開機之後，bsdconfig 提供了一個選單導向的方式可用來設定系統使用這些以及其他的選項。 設定 <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> 密碼 - First, the root - password must be set. While entering the password, the - characters being typed are not displayed on the screen. After - the password has been entered, it must be entered again. This - helps prevent typing errors. + 首先，必需設定 root 的密碼，輸入密碼時，並不會直接在畫面上顯示輸入的字元。輸入完密碼之後，必須再輸入一次來確認沒有輸入錯誤。
設定 <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> 密碼 @@ -3841,19 +3124,16 @@ - 設定網路介面 + 設定網路介面卡 - Next, a list of the network interfaces found on the - computer is shown. Select the interface to configure. + 接著，會顯示在電腦上找到的網路介面卡清單。請選擇要設定的介面卡。 - The network configuration menus will be skipped if the - network was previously configured as part of a - bootonly installation. + 若使用 bootonly 的方式安裝在先前已有設定過網路，將會跳過網路設定選單。
- 選擇網路介面 + 選擇網路介面卡 @@ -3862,10 +3142,7 @@
- If an Ethernet interface is selected, the installer will - skip ahead to the menu shown in . If a wireless - network interface is chosen, the system will instead scan for - wireless access points: + 若選擇的是乙太網路介面卡，安裝程式會跳過這部份直接到 ，若選擇的是無線網路介面卡，系統則會開始掃描無線存取點 (Wireless Access Point):
掃描無線網路存取點 @@ -3877,16 +3154,7 @@
- Wireless networks are identified by a Service Set - Identifier (SSID), a short, unique name - given to each network. SSIDs found during - the scan are listed, followed by a description of the - encryption types available for that network. If the desired - SSID does not appear in the list, select - [ Rescan ] to scan again. If - the desired network still does not appear, check for problems - with antenna connections or try moving the computer closer to - the access point. Rescan after each change is made. + 網線網路會使用 Service Set Identifier (SSID) 來辦識，SSID 是一段簡短、獨一無二的名稱，用來命名每個網路。 掃描時找到的 SSID 會列到清單，並會說明該網路可用的加密類型。 若想要連線的 SSID 並未出現在清單上，可選擇 [ Rescan ] 再掃描一次，若想要連線的網路仍然沒有出現，請檢查天線的連線是否有問題，或者嘗試將電腦移至更靠近存取點的位置，然後再掃描一次。
選擇無線網路 @@ -3898,14 +3166,7 @@
- Next, enter the encryption information for connecting to - the selected wireless network. WPA2 - encryption is strongly recommended as older encryption types, - like WEP, offer little security. If the - network uses WPA2, input the password, also - known as the Pre-Shared Key (PSK). For - security reasons, the characters typed into the input box are - displayed as asterisks. + 然後，輸入加密資訊來連線到選擇的無線網路。強列建議使用 WPA2 加密，因較舊的加密類型，如 WEP 僅提供微弱的安全性。若網路使用 WPA2 則需輸入密碼，也稱作 Pre-Shared Key (PSK)。考量安全性，輸入到輸入框的字元會以星號顯示。
WPA2 設定 @@ -3917,9 +3178,7 @@
- Next, choose whether or not an IPv4 - address should be configured on the Ethernet or wireless - interface: + 接下來，選擇是否要設定乙太網路或無線網路介面卡的 IPv4 位址:
選擇 <acronym>IPv4</acronym> 網路 @@ -3931,27 +3190,13 @@
- There are two methods of IPv4 - configuration. DHCP will automatically - configure the network interface correctly and should be used - if the network provides a DHCP server. - Otherwise, the addressing information needs to be input - manually as a static configuration. + 有兩種方式可以設定 IPv4。 DHCP 會自動設定網路介面卡且該網路上需有 DHCP 伺服器才可使用。否則，必須手動輸入位址的資訊來做靜態設定。 - Do not enter random network information as it will not - work. If a DHCP server is not available, - obtain the information listed in from - the network administrator or Internet service - provider. + 請不要隨便輸入網路資訊，因為這不管用。如果沒有可用的 DHCP 伺服器，可向網路管理者或網路服務供應商 (Internet Service Provider, ISP) 索取列於 的資訊。 - If a DHCP server is available, select - [ Yes ] in the next menu to - automatically configure the network interface. The installer - will appear to pause for a minute or so as it finds the - DHCP server and obtains the addressing - information for the system. + 若有可用的 DHCP 伺服器，請在接下來的選單中選擇 [ Yes ] 則會自動設定網路介面卡。當找到 DHCP 伺服器並且取得系統的位址資訊時，安裝程式會出現一分鐘左右的停頓。
選擇 <acronym>IPv4</acronym> <acronym>DHCP</acronym> 設定 @@ -3963,9 +3208,7 @@
- If a DHCP server is not available, - select [ No ] and input the - following addressing information in this menu: + 若沒有可用的 DHCP 伺服器，則選擇 [ No ] 然後在這個選單中輸入以下位址資訊:
<acronym>IPv4</acronym> 靜態位置設定 @@ -3979,28 +3222,19 @@ - IP Address - The - IPv4 address assigned to this computer. - The address must be unique and not already in use by - another piece of equipment on the local network. + IP 位址 (IP Address) - 要分配給這台電腦的 IPv4 位址。位址必須獨一無二且不可已被其他在區域網路上的設備使用。 - Subnet Mask - The subnet mask for - the network. + 子網路遮罩 (Subnet Mask) - 網路的子網路遮罩。 - Default Router - The - IP address of the network's default - gateway. + 預設路由器 (Default Router) - IP 位址所在網段的預設閘道器。 - The next screen will ask if the interface should be - configured for IPv6. If - IPv6 is available and desired, choose - [ Yes ] to select it. + 接下來的畫面會詢問是否要設定介面卡的 IPv6 位址，若可以且想要使用 IPv6，請選擇 [ Yes ]。
選擇 IPv6 網路 @@ -4012,19 +3246,9 @@
- IPv6 also has two methods of - configuration. StateLess Address AutoConfiguration - (SLAAC) will automatically request the - correct configuration information from a local router. Refer - to http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4862 - for more information. Static configuration requires manual - entry of network information. + 同樣有兩種方式可以設定 IPv6。StateLess Address AutoConfiguration (SLAAC) 會自動向區域路由器請求取得正確的設定資訊，請參考 http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4862 取得進一步資訊。靜態設定則需要手動輸入網路資訊。 - If an IPv6 router is available, select - [ Yes ] in the next menu to - automatically configure the network interface. The installer - will appear to pause for a minute or so as it finds the router - and obtains the addressing information for the system. + 若有可用的 IPv6 路由器，請在接下來的選單選擇 [ Yes ] 來自動設定網路介面卡。當找到路由器並且取得系統的位址資訊時，安裝程式會出現一分鐘左右的停頓。
選擇 IPv6 SLAAC 設定 @@ -4036,9 +3260,7 @@
- If an IPv6 router is not available, - select [ No ] and input the - following addressing information in this menu: + 若沒有可用的 IPv6 路由器，請選擇 [ No ] 然後在這個選單中輸入以下位址資訊:
IPv6 靜態位置設定 @@ -4052,31 +3274,15 @@ - IPv6 Address - The - IPv6 address assigned to this computer. - The address must be unique and not already in use by - another piece of equipment on the local network. + IPv6 位址 (IPv6 Address) - 要分配給這台電腦的 IPv6 位址。位址必須獨一無二且不可已被其他在區域網路上的設備使用。 - Default Router - The - IPv6 address of the network's default - gateway. + 預設路由器 (Default Router) - IPv6 位址所在網段的預設閘道器。 - The last network configuration menu is used to configure - the Domain Name System (DNS) resolver, - which converts hostnames to and from network addresses. If - DHCP or SLAAC was used - to autoconfigure the network interface, the Resolver - Configuration values may already be filled in. - Otherwise, enter the local network's domain name in the - Search field. DNS #1 - and DNS #2 are the IPv4 - and/or IPv6 addresses of the - DNS servers. At least one - DNS server is required. + 最後的網路設定選單是用來設定網域名稱系統 (Domain Name System, DNS) 的解析器，解析器會轉換主機名稱為網路位址。若已使用 DHCP 或 SLAAC 來自動設定網路介面卡，解析器設定 (Resolver Configuration) 的值可能會事先已填入，否則需輸入區域網路的網域名稱到搜尋 (Search) 欄位。 DNS #1 與 DNS #2 要填寫 DNS 伺服器的 IPv4 及/或 IPv6 位址，至少需填寫一個 DNS 伺服器。
DNS 設定 @@ -4092,10 +3298,7 @@ 設定時區 - The next menu asks if the system clock uses - UTC or local time. When in doubt, select - [ No ] to choose the more - commonly-used local time. + 接下來的選單會詢問系統時鐘要使用 UTC 或者當地時間。 若有疑問時可選擇 [ No ]使用更常用的當地時間。
選擇本地或 UTC 時鐘 @@ -4107,16 +3310,9 @@
- The next series of menus are used to determine the correct - local time by selecting the geographic region, country, and - time zone. Setting the time zone allows the system to - automatically correct for regional time changes, such as - daylight savings time, and perform other time zone related - functions properly. + 接下來一系列的選單會透過選擇地理區域、城市及時區來判斷正確的當地時間。設定時區可讓系統自動更正區域時間的更改，如日光節約時間以及正確執行其他時區相關的功能。 - The example shown here is for a machine located in the - Eastern time zone of the United States. The selections will - vary according to the geographical location. + 此處以位於美國東部時區的機器為例，選擇會依據地理位置不同改變。
選擇區域 @@ -4128,8 +3324,7 @@
- The appropriate region is selected using the arrow keys - and then pressing Enter. + 使用方向鍵選擇適當的區域然後按下 Enter。
選擇城市 @@ -4141,8 +3336,7 @@
- Select the appropriate country using the arrow keys and - press Enter. + 使用方向鍵選擇適當的城市然後按下 Enter。
選擇時區 @@ -4154,8 +3348,7 @@
- The appropriate time zone is selected using the arrow keys - and pressing Enter. + 使用方向鍵選擇適當的時區然後按下 Enter。
確認時區 @@ -4167,18 +3360,13 @@
- Confirm the abbreviation for the time zone is correct. If - it is, press Enter to continue with the - post-installation configuration. + 確認時區的縮寫是否正確，若正確，按下 Enter 繼續安裝後設定。 開啟服務 - The next menu is used to configure which system services - will be started whenever the system boots. All of these - services are optional. Only start the services that are - needed for the system to function. + 接下來的選單用來設定有那些系統服務要在系統啟動時執行。所有的服務為選用，只需開啟系統運作真正需要的服務。
選擇要開啟的其他服務 @@ -4190,49 +3378,34 @@
- Here is a summary of the services which can be enabled in - this menu: + 這是可以在這個選單開啟的服務摘要: - sshd - The Secure Shell - (SSH) daemon is used to remotely access - a system over an encrypted connection. Only enable this - service if the system should be available for remote - logins. + sshd - Secure Shell (SSH) Daemon 可從遠端透過加密的連線存取系統，只有在系統允許遠端登入時開啟這個服務。 - moused - Enable this service if the - mouse will be used from the command-line system - console. + moused - 若在指令列系統 Console 會使用到滑鼠時，可開啟此服務。 - ntpd - The Network Time Protocol - (NTP) daemon for automatic clock - synchronization. Enable this service if there is a - Windows, Kerberos, or LDAP server on - the network. + ntpd - 網路時間通訊協定 (Network Time Protoco, NTP) Daemon 用來自動同步時間。若在網路上有使用 Windows, Kerberos 或 LDAP 伺服器時，可開啟此服務。 - powerd - System power control - utility for power control and energy saving. + powerd - 系統電源控制工具用來做電源控制與節能。 - 開啟 Crash Dumps + 開啟當機資訊 (Crash Dump) - The next menu is used to configure whether or not crash - dumps should be enabled. Enabling crash dumps can be useful - in debugging issues with the system, so users are encouraged - to enable crash dumps. + 接下來的選單用來設定是否開啟當機資訊 (Crash dump)，開啟當機資訊對系統除錯非常有用，因此建議使用者開啟當機資訊。
- 開啟 Crash Dumps + 開啟當機資訊 (Crash Dump) @@ -4245,15 +3418,10 @@ 新增使用者 - The next menu prompts to create at least one user account. - It is recommended to login to the system using a user account - rather than as root. - When logged in as root, there are essentially no - limits or protection on what can be done. Logging in as a - normal user is safer and more secure. + 下個選單會提示建立至少一個使用者帳號。建議使用 root 以外的使用者帳號登入系統，當使用 root 登入時，基本上沒有任何的限制或保護。 +使用一般使用者登入較保險且安全。 - Select [ Yes ] to add new - users. + 選擇 [ Yes ] 來新增新使用者。
新增使用者帳號 @@ -4265,8 +3433,7 @@
- Follow the prompts and input the requested information for - the user account. The example shown in creates the asample user account. + 請依照提示輸入請求的使用者帳號資訊， 的範例示範建立 asample 使用者帳號。
輸入使用者資訊 @@ -4278,106 +3445,71 @@
- Here is a summary of the information to input: + 這裡是要輸入的資訊摘要: - Username - The name the user will - enter to log in. A common convention is to use the first - letter of the first name combined with the last name, as - long as each username is unique for the system. The - username is case sensitive and should not contain any - spaces. + 使用者名稱 (Username) - 登入時使用者要輸入的名稱，常見的慣例是用姓的前一個字母與名結合，只要每個使用者名稱在系統唯一的皆可。使用者名稱區分大小寫且不應含有任何空白字元。 - Full name - The user's full name. - This can contain spaces and is used as a description for - the user account. + 全名 (Full name) - 使用者的全名，這個欄位可使用空白並且會用來描述該使用者帳號。 - Uid - User ID. - Typically, this is left blank so the system will assign a - value. + Uid - 使用者 ID，通常這個欄位會留空，系統會自動分配一個值。 - Login group - The user's group. - Typically this is left blank to accept the default. + 登入群組 (Login group) - 使用者的群組，通常這個欄位會留空來使用預設值。 - Invite user into - other groups? - Additional groups to which the - user will be added as a member. If the user needs - administrative access, type wheel - here. + 邀請使用者進入其他群組? (Invite user into other groups?) - 使用者要加入成為其成員的其他群組，若該使用者需要管理權限，則在此輸入 wheel。 - Login class - Typically left blank - for the default. + 登入類別 (Login class) - 通常會留空來使用預設值。 - Shell - Type in one of the listed - values to set the interactive shell for the user. Refer - to for more information about - shells. + Shell - 輸入清單中的其中一項來設定使用者所互動的 Shell，請參考 取得更多有關 Shell 的資訊。 - Home directory - The user's home - directory. The default is usually correct. + 家目錄 (Home directory) - 使用者的家目錄，預設值通常是沒有問題的。 - Home directory permissions - - Permissions on the user's home directory. The default is - usually correct. + 家目錄權限 (Home directory permissions) - 使用者家目錄的權限，預設值通常是沒有問題的。 - Use password-based authentication? - - Typically yes so that the user is - prompted to input their password at login. + 使用密碼為基礎的認証方式? (Use password-based authentication?) - 通常為是 (yes)，使用者才可於登入時輸入密碼。 - Use an empty password? - - Typically no as it is insecure to have - a blank password. + 使用空白密碼? (Use an empty password?) - 通常為否 (no)，因為使用空白密碼並不安全。 - Use a random password? - Typically - no so that the user can set their own - password in the next prompt. + 使用隨機密碼? (Use a random password?) - 通常為否 (no)，這樣使用者接下來才可設定自己的密碼。 - Enter password - The password for - this user. Characters typed will not show on the - screen. + 輸入密碼 (Enter password) - 這個使用者的密碼，輸入的字元不會顯示在畫面上。 - Enter password again - The password - must be typed again for verification. + 再輸入密碼一次 (Enter password again) - 再輸入一次密碼來確認無誤。 - Lock out the account after - creation? - Typically no so - that the user can login. + 建立後鎖定使用者帳號? (Lock out the account after creation?) - 通常為否 (no)，這樣使用者才可以登入。 - After entering everything, a summary is shown for review. - If a mistake was made, enter no and try - again. If everything is correct, enter yes - to create the new user. + 在輸入完全部的資料後，會顯示摘要供檢查，若發現錯誤，可輸入否 (no) 然後再輸入一次，若輸入的所有資訊皆正確，輸入是 (yes) 以後便會建立新使用者。
離開使用者與群組管理 @@ -4389,20 +3521,15 @@
- If there are more users to add, answer the Add - another user? question with - yes. Enter no to finish - adding users and continue the installation. + 若還有其他要新增的使用者，則在詢問新增其他使用者? (Add another user?) 時回答是 (yes)。輸入否 (no) 來完成加入使用者然後繼續安裝。 - For more information on adding users and user management, - see . + 要取得新增使用者與使用者管理的更多資訊，請參考 。 最後設定 - After everything has been installed and configured, a - final chance is provided to modify settings. + 在所有東西安裝並設定完之後，會提供最後一次修改設定的機會。
最後設定 @@ -4414,42 +3541,39 @@
- Use this menu to make any changes or do any additional - configuration before completing the installation. + 使用這個選單在完成安裝前做任何更改或做任何額外的設定。 - Add User - Described in . + 新增使用者 (Add User) - 詳述於 。 - Root Password - Described in . + Root 密碼 (Root Password) - 詳述於 。 - Hostname - Described in . + 主機名稱 (Hostname) - 詳述於 。 - Network - Described in . + 網路 (Network) - 詳述於 。 - Services - Described in . + 服務 (Services) - 詳述於 。 - Time Zone - Described in . + 時區 (Time Zone) - 詳述於 。 - Handbook - Download and install the - FreeBSD Handbook. + 使用手冊 (Handbook) - 下載並安裝 FreeBSD 使用手冊。 - After any final configuration is complete, select - Exit. + 完成最後的設定之後，選擇 Exit。
手動設定 @@ -4461,13 +3585,7 @@
- bsdinstall will prompt if there - are any additional configuration that needs to be done before - rebooting into the new system. Select - [ Yes ] to exit to a shell - within the new system or - [ No ] to proceed to the last - step of the installation. + bsdinstall 會提示是否有任何額外的設定需要在重新開機進入新系統之前完成。選擇 [ Yes ] 會離開進入到新系統的 Shell 或 [ No ] 繼續最後的安裝步驟。
完成安裝 @@ -4479,43 +3597,15 @@
- If further configuration or special setup is needed, - select [ Live CD ] to - boot the install media into Live CD - mode. + 若有需要做進一步或特殊的設定，選擇 [ Live CD ] 會開機進入安裝媒體的 Live CD 模式。 - If the installation is complete, select - [ Reboot ] to reboot the - computer and start the new FreeBSD system. Do not forget to - remove the FreeBSD install media or the computer may boot from it - again. + 若安裝已完成，選擇 [ Reboot ] 重新開啟電腦然後啟動新的 FreeBSD 電腦。不要忘了移除 FreeBSD 安裝媒體，否則電腦會再次開機進入安裝程式。 - As FreeBSD boots, informational messages are displayed. - After the system finishes booting, a login prompt is - displayed. At the login: prompt, enter the - username added during the installation. Avoid logging in as - root. Refer to - for instructions on how to - become the superuser when administrative access is - needed. + FreeBSD 開機的過程會顯示許多可以參考的訊息，系統開機完成後，會顯示登入提示，在 login: 提示，輸入安裝時新增的使用者名稱。登入時避免直接使用 root，請參考 來取得當需要管理權限時如何成為超級使用者的說明。 - The messages that appeared during boot can be reviewed by - pressing Scroll-Lock to turn on the - scroll-back buffer. The PgUp, - PgDn, and arrow keys can be used to scroll - back through the messages. When finished, press - Scroll-Lock again to unlock the display and - return to the console. To review these messages once the - system has been up for some time, type less - /var/run/dmesg.boot from a command prompt. Press - q to return to the command line after - viewing. + 要查看開機過程顯示的訊息可按 Scroll-Lock 鍵來開啟卷軸暫存，然後可使用 PgUp, PgDn 以及方向鍵來捲動訊息。查看完成之後再按 Scroll-Lock 鍵一次來解除畫面鎖定並返回 Console。系統開機一段時間之後要查看這些訊息可在指令提示後輸入 less /var/run/dmesg.boot，查看後按下 q 鍵便可返回指令列。 - If sshd was enabled in , the first boot may be - a bit slower as the system will generate the - RSA and DSA keys. - Subsequent boots will be faster. The fingerprints of the keys - will be displayed, as seen in this example: + 若在 有開啟 sshd，因系統會產生 RSA 及 DSA 金鑰第一次開機可能會有點慢，之後的開機便會恢復正常速度。接著會顯示金鑰的指紋 (Fingerprint)，如這個範例: Generating public/private rsa1 key pair. Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key. @@ -4553,22 +3643,11 @@ +-----------------+ Starting sshd. - Refer to for more information - about fingerprints and SSH. + 請參考 來取得更多有關指紋與 SSH 的資訊。 - FreeBSD does not install a graphical environment by default. - Refer to for more information about - installing and configuring a graphical window manager. + FreeBSD 預設並不會安裝圖型化介面，請參考 取得有關安裝與設定圖型化視窗管理程式的資訊。 - Proper shutdown of a FreeBSD computer helps protect data and - hardware from damage. Do not turn off the power - before the system has been properly shut down! If - the user is a member of the wheel group, become the - superuser by typing su at the command line - and entering the root password. Then, type - shutdown -p now and the system will shut - down cleanly, and if the hardware supports it, turn itself - off. + 正確的將 FreeBSD 電腦關機對保護資料及避免硬體損壞有幫助。在系統尚未正常關機之前請不要關閉電源! 若使用者為 wheel 群組的成員之一，可在指令列輸入 su 然後輸入 root 密碼來成為超級使用者。接著輸入 shutdown -p now 系統便會關機，若硬體支援的話，電腦會自行關閉電源。 @@ -4579,88 +3658,41 @@ installation troubleshooting - This section covers basic installation - troubleshooting, such as common problems people have - reported. + 本節涵蓋基礎的安裝疑難排解，例如一些已有人回報的常見問題。 - Check the Hardware Notes (http://www.freebsd.org/releases/index.html) - document for the version of FreeBSD to make sure the hardware is - supported. If the hardware is supported and lock-ups or other - problems occur, build a custom kernel using the instructions in - to add support for devices which - are not present in the GENERIC kernel. The - default kernel assumes that most hardware devices are in their - factory default configuration in terms of - IRQs, I/O addresses, and - DMA channels. If the hardware has been - reconfigured, a custom kernel configuration file can tell FreeBSD - where to find things. + 查看該 FreeBSD 版本的 Hardware Notes (http://www.freebsd.org/releases/index.html) 文件來確認是否支援該硬體。若確定有支援該硬體但仍然卡住或發生其他問題，請依照 的指示編譯自訂核心來加入未在 GENERIC 核心的裝置。預設的核心會假設大部份的硬體裝置會使用原廠預設的 IRQs, I/O 位址，及 DMA 通道，若硬體已經被重新設定過，自訂的核心設定檔可以告訴 FreeBSD 到那找到這些裝置。 - Some installation problems can be avoided or alleviated by - updating the firmware on various hardware components, most - notably the motherboard. Motherboard firmware is usually - referred to as the BIOS. Most motherboard - and computer manufacturers have a website for upgrades and - upgrade information. + 部份安裝問題可以透過更各種硬體元件的韌體來避免或緩解，特別是主機板。主機板的韌體通常稱為 BIOS，大部份主機板與電腦製造商會有網站可以取得升級程式與升級資訊。 - Manufacturers generally advise against upgrading the - motherboard BIOS unless there is a good - reason for doing so, like a critical update. The upgrade - process can go wrong, leaving the - BIOS incomplete and the computer - inoperative. + 製造商通常會建議若沒有特殊原因盡量避免升級主機板 BIOS - If the system hangs while probing hardware during boot, or - it behaves strangely during install, ACPI may - be the culprit. FreeBSD makes extensive use of the system - ACPI service on the i386, - amd64, and ia64 platforms to aid in system configuration - if it is detected during boot. Unfortunately, some bugs still - exist in both the ACPI driver and within - system motherboards and BIOS firmware. - ACPI can be disabled by setting the - hint.acpi.0.disabled hint in the third stage - boot loader: + 若系統在開機偵測硬體時卡住或安裝時運作異常，可能主因為 ACPI，FreeBSD 在 i386, amd64 及 ia64 平台廣泛的使用了系統 ACPI 服務來協助設定系統組態，若在開機時有偵測到該功能。不幸的是，ACPI 驅動程式與系統主機板及 BIOS 韌體之間仍存在部份問題。可於開機載入程式的第三階段設定 hint.acpi.0.disabled Hint 來關閉 ACPI: set hint.acpi.0.disabled="1" - This is reset each time the system is booted, so it is - necessary to add hint.acpi.0.disabled="1" to - the file /boot/loader.conf. More - information about the boot loader can be found in . + 每一次系統重開之後便會重設，因此需要在 /boot/loader.conf 檔案加入 hint.acpi.0.disabled="1"。更多有關開機載入程式的資訊可於 取得。 使用 Live <acronym>CD</acronym> - The welcome menu of bsdinstall, - shown in , provides a - [ Live CD ] option. This - is useful for those who are still wondering whether FreeBSD is the - right operating system for them and want to test some of the - features before installing. + 如 所示 bsdinstall 的歡迎選單提供了 [ Live CD ] 選項，這對那些對 FreeBSD 是否為正確的作業系統尚存疑慮的人非常有幫助，這可讓這些人在安裝前測試一部份功能。 - The following points should be noted before using the - [ Live CD ]: + 在使用 [ Live CD ] 之前必須注意以下幾點事項: - To gain access to the system, authentication is - required. The username is root and the password is - blank. + 若要增加存取權限，必須透過認証。使用者名稱為 root 而密碼則是空白。 - As the system runs directly from the installation media, - performance will be significantly slower than that of a - system installed on a hard disk. + 系統是直接從安裝媒體上執行，比起安裝到硬碟的系統，效能可能較差。 - This option only provides a command prompt and not a - graphical interface. + 這個選項只提供指令提示，不會有圖型化介面。 @@ -4684,7 +3716,7 @@ --> - FreeBSD Basics + FreeBSD 基礎 概述 @@ -4699,8 +3731,7 @@ - How to create and manage users and groups on - FreeBSD. + 如何在 FreeBSD 建立與管理使用者與群組。 @@ -4716,11 +3747,11 @@ - 如何掛載(mount)、卸載(umount)檔案系統。 + 如何掛載 (Mount)、卸載 (Umount) 檔案系統。 - 什麼是程序、Daemon 以及 Signal。 + 什麼是程序、Daemon 以及信號 (Signal)。 @@ -4732,7 +3763,7 @@ - 什麼是 Devices 和 Device node 。 + 什麼是裝置 (Device) 和裝置節點 (Device node)。 @@ -4762,7 +3793,7 @@ 第一行包含了剛開機完系統的資訊，amd64 代表此範例所使用的系統是執行 64-位元版本的 FreeBSD，這台主機的名稱是 pc3.example.org，ttyv0 代表這是個 系統 Console。第二行則是登人的提示訊息。 - FreeBSD 是一個多使用者的系統，需要一套可以分辨不同使用者的方法。因此所有的使用者在執行程式之前必須先“登入”系統以取得系統內程式的存取權限。每個使用者都有一組獨特的帳號名稱 (username) 及個人密碼 (password)。 + FreeBSD 是一個多使用者的系統，需要一套可以分辨不同使用者的方法。因此所有的使用者在執行程式之前必須先“登入”系統以取得系統內程式的存取權限。每個使用者都有一組獨一無二的使用者名稱 (username) 及個人密碼 (password)。 要登入系統 Console 需輸入在系統安裝時設定的使用者名稱，請參考 ，並按下 Enter。 接著輸入該使用者名稱的密碼按下 Enter。 輸入的密碼為了安全起見不會顯示在畫面上。 @@ -4815,7 +3846,7 @@ # when going to single-user mode. console none unknown off secure - 預設狀態為安全 (secure)，這代表誰能夠操作實體鍵盤不是不重要就是已受到實體安全規範管制。 若設定更該為不安全(insecure) 則代表主機所在的環境不安全，因為任何人皆可接觸鍵盤。 當此行設定更改為不安全 (insecure) 時，當使用擇選擇單使用者模式時，FreeBSD 將會要求輸入 root 的密碼。 + 預設狀態為安全 (secure)，這代表誰能夠操作實體鍵盤不是不重要就是已受到實體安全規範管制。 若設定更該為不安全 (insecure) 則代表主機所在的環境不安全，因為任何人皆可接觸鍵盤。 當此行設定更改為不安全 (insecure) 時，當使用擇選擇單使用者模式時，FreeBSD 將會要求輸入 root 的密碼。 請審慎考慮是否要改為 insecure！ 因為萬一忘記 root 密碼的話，雖然還是有其他辦法可以登入單使用者模式，只是對不熟 FreeBSD 開機程序的人可就麻煩了。 @@ -4858,33 +3889,25 @@ 使用者與基礎帳號管理 - FreeBSD allows multiple users to use the computer at the same - time. While only one user can sit in front of the screen and - use the keyboard at any one time, any number of users can log - in to the system through the network. To use the system, each - user should have their own user account. + FreeBSD 允許多使用者同時使用電腦，在一次只能有一位使用者坐在電腦螢幕前使用鍵盤操作的同時，可讓任何數量的使用者透過網路登入到系統。每一位要使用該系統的使用者應有自己的帳號。 - This chapter describes: + 本章介紹︰ - The different types of user accounts on a - FreeBSD system. + FreeBSD 系統中各種類型的使用者帳號。 - How to add, remove, and modify user accounts. + 如何加入、移除與修改使用者帳號。 - How to set limits to control the - resources that users and - groups are allowed to access. + 如何設定用來控制使用者與群組允許存取的資源的限制。 - How to create groups and add users as members of a - group. + 如何建立群組與加入使用者作為群組成員。 @@ -4891,12 +3914,9 @@ 帳號類型 - Since all access to the FreeBSD system is achieved using - accounts and all processes are run by users, user and account - management is important. + 由於所有對 FreeBSD 系統的存取是透過使用者帳號來達成，且所有的程序需要經由使用者來執行，因此使用者帳號管理非常重要。 - There are three main types of accounts: system accounts, - user accounts, and the superuser account. + 有三種主要類型的帳號：系統帳號、使用者帳號以及超級使用者帳號。 系統帳號 @@ -4906,10 +3926,7 @@ system - System accounts are used to run services such as DNS, - mail, and web servers. The reason for this is security; if - all services ran as the superuser, they could act without - restriction. + 系統帳號用來執行服務，例如 DNS、郵件及網頁伺服器，要這麼作是因為安全性考量，若所有的服務均以超級使用者來執行，那麼這些服務的運作將不會受到限制。 accounts @@ -4920,12 +3937,7 @@ operator - Examples of system accounts are - daemon, - operator, - bind, - news, and - www. + 系統帳號的例子有 daemon, operator, bind, news, and www。 accounts @@ -4932,12 +3944,7 @@ nobody - nobody is the - generic unprivileged system account. However, the more - services that use - nobody, the more - files and processes that user will become associated with, - and hence the more privileged that user becomes. + nobody 是通用的無權限系統帳號。雖然如此，只有要越多的服務使用 nobody，就會有更多的檔案與程式與該使用者相關聯，會讓該使用者擁有更多的權限。 @@ -4948,148 +3955,90 @@ user - User accounts are assigned to real people and are used - to log in and use the system. Every person accessing the - system should have a unique user account. This allows the - administrator to find out who is doing what and prevents - users from clobbering the settings of other users. + 使用者帳號會分配給實際人員，用來登入及使用系統。每位要存取系統的人員需要擁有一組唯一的使用者帳號，這可讓管理者辨識誰在做什麼以及避免使用者覆蓋其他使用者的設定。 - Each user can set up their own environment to - accommodate their use of the system, by configuring their - default shell, editor, key bindings, and language - settings. + 每位使用者可以設定自己的環境來配合自己使用系統的習慣，透過設定預設的 Shell、編輯器、組合鍵 (Key Binding) 及語言設定。 - Every user account on a FreeBSD system has certain - information associated with it: + 每個在 FreeBSD 系統的使用者帳號都會有一些相關的資訊： - User name + 使用者名稱 (User name) - The user name is typed at the - login: prompt. Each user must have - a unique user name. There are a number of rules for - creating valid user names which are documented in - passwd5. It is recommended to use user names - that consist of eight or fewer, all lower case - characters in order to maintain backwards - compatibility with applications. + 在 login: 提示出現時便要輸入使用者名稱，每位使用者必須要有一個唯一的使用者名稱。要建立有效的使用者名稱要遵守數條規則，在 passwd5 中有說明。建議使用者名稱由 8 個或更少的字母組成，全部採用小寫字元以向下相容應用程式。 - Password + 密碼 (Password) - Each account has an associated password. + 每個帳號都會有密碼。 - User ID (UID) + 使用者 ID (UID) - The User ID (UID) is a number - used to uniquely identify the user to the FreeBSD system. - Commands that allow a user name to be specified will - first convert it to the UID. It is - recommended to use a UID less than 65535, since higher - values may cause compatibility issues with some - software. + 使用者 ID (User ID, UID) 是一組數字用來獨一無二的辨識 FreeBSD 系統的使用者，用到使用者名稱的指令會先將使用者名稱轉換為 UID。建議使用小於 65535 的 UID，超過這個值可能會造成部份軟體的相容性問題。 - Group ID (GID) + 群組 ID (GID) - The Group ID (GID) is a number - used to uniquely identify the primary group that the - user belongs to. Groups are a mechanism for - controlling access to resources based on a user's - GID rather than their - UID. This can significantly reduce - the size of some configuration files and allows users - to be members of more than one group. It is - recommended to use a GID of 65535 or lower as higher - GIDs may break some software. + 群組 ID (Group ID, GID) 是一組數字用來獨一無二的辨識使用者所屬的主要群組。群組是一個除了使用 UID 之外根據使用者的 GID 來控制資源存取權的機制。這可以顯著的降低某些設定檔的大小且可讓使用者成為一個以上群組的成員。建議使用 65535 或以下的 GID，因超過此值的 GID 可能會讓部份軟體無法運作。 - Login class + 登入類別 (Login class) - Login classes are an extension to the group - mechanism that provide additional flexibility when - tailoring the system to different users. Login - classes are discussed further in - . + 登入類別 (Login class) 擴充了群組機制，當在對不同使用者客製化系統時可提供額外的彈性。在 有對登入類別更進一步的討論。 - Password change time + 密碼更改時間 (Password change time) - By default, passwords do not expire. However, - password expiration can be enabled on a per-user - basis, forcing some or all users to change their - passwords after a certain amount of time has - elapsed. + 預設情況下密碼並不會過期，雖然如此，密碼期限可在各別使用者上開啟，可強制部份或所有使用者在某段期間過後更改他們的密碼。 - Account expiration time + 帳號到期時間 (Account expiration time) - By default, FreeBSD does not expire accounts. When - creating accounts that need a limited lifespan, such - as student accounts in a school, specify the account - expiry date using pw8. After the expiry time - has elapsed, the account cannot be used to log in to - the system, although the account's directories and - files will remain. + 預設情況下 FreeBSD 的帳號不會有期限。當建立需要有限壽命的帳號時，例如，學校的學生帳號，可使用 pw8 指定帳號的到期日期。到期日期過後，便無法使用該帳號登入到系統，儘管該帳號的目錄及檔案仍存在。 - User's full name + 使用者的全名 (User's full name) - The user name uniquely identifies the account to - FreeBSD, but does not necessarily reflect the user's real - name. Similar to a comment, this information can - contain spaces, uppercase characters, and be more - than 8 characters long. + 使用者名稱用來獨一無二的辦識 FreeBSD 的帳號，但並不一定反映了使用者的真實姓名。類似註解，這個資訊可以含有空白、大寫字元並可超過 8 個字母的長度。 - Home directory + 家目錄 (Home directory) - The home directory is the full path to a directory - on the system. This is the user's starting directory - when the user logs in. A common convention is to put - all user home directories under /home/username - or /usr/home/username. - Each user stores their personal files and - subdirectories in their own home directory. + 家目錄是系統中某個目錄的完整路徑，這個目錄是使用者登入後的起點目錄。習慣上會將所有使用者目錄放置在 /home/username 或 /usr/home/username。每位使用者可以儲存他們的個人檔案及子目錄於他們自己的家目錄。 - User shell + 使用者 Shell (User shell) - The shell provides the user's default environment - for interacting with the system. There are many - different kinds of shells and experienced users will - have their own preferences, which can be reflected in - their account settings. + Shell 提供了使用者預設的環境來與系統互動。有數種不同類型的 Shell，有經驗的使用者會有自己偏好的選擇，可儲存在自己的帳號設定。 @@ -5103,46 +4052,17 @@ superuser (root) - The superuser account, usually called - root, is used to - manage the system with no limitations on privileges. For - this reason, it should not be used for day-to-day tasks like - sending and receiving mail, general exploration of the - system, or programming. + 超級使用者帳號，通常稱作 root，用來管理系統，沒有權限的限制，也因這個原因，該帳號不應該用來做每日的例行作業，如：寄信與收信、系統的一般探索或程式設計。 - The superuser, unlike other user accounts, can operate - without limits, and misuse of the superuser account may - result in spectacular disasters. User accounts are unable - to destroy the operating system by mistake, so it is - recommended to login as a user account and to only become - the superuser when a command requires extra - privilege. + 超級使用者並不像其他使用者帳號，可以沒有限制的操作，不正確的使用超級使用者帳號可能會造成可觀的災害。一般使用者帳號不會因為失誤而法摧毀作業系統，所以建議登入一般使用者帳號，只有在指令需要額外權限時切換為超級使用者。 - Always double and triple-check any commands issued as - the superuser, since an extra space or missing character can - mean irreparable data loss. + 使用超級使用者下指令時永遠要再三檢查，由於一個多餘的空白或缺少的字元可能意味著無法挽回的資料遺失。 - There are several ways to gain superuser privilege. - While one can log in as - root, this is - highly discouraged. + 有數種方法可以提升為超級使用者權限，雖然可以直接登入為 root，但強烈不建議這樣做。 - Instead, use su1 to become the superuser. If - - is specified when running this command, - the user will also inherit the root user's environment. The - user running this command must be in the - wheel group or - else the command will fail. The user must also know the - password for the - root user - account. + 改使用 su1 切換為超級使用者。執行此指令時若指定 - 參數，該使用者會繼承 root 的使用者環境。執行此指令的使用者必須在 wheel 群組中，否則指令會失敗。使用者也必須要知道 root 使用者帳號的密碼。 - In this example, the user only becomes superuser in - order to run make install as this step - requires superuser privilege. Once the command completes, - the user types exit to leave the - superuser account and return to the privilege of their user - account. + 在此例當中，該使用者只在要執行 make install 時切換為超級使用者，因為這個步驟需要超級使用者權限。指令完成之後，該使用者輸入 exit 離開超級使用者帳號並返回他的使用者帳號權限。 以超級使用者的身份安裝程式 @@ -5156,13 +4076,7 @@ % - The built-in su1 framework works well for single - systems or small networks with just one system - administrator. An alternative is to install the - security/sudo package or port. This - software provides activity logging and allows the - administrator to configure which users can run which - commands as the superuser. + 內建的 su1 框架在單人系統或只有一位系統管理者的小型網路可以運作的很好。另一種方式是安裝 security/sudo 套件或 Port。此軟體提供了活動記錄且允許管理者設定那個使用者可以用超級使用者執行那個指令。 @@ -5174,11 +4088,7 @@ modifying - FreeBSD provides a variety of different commands to manage - user accounts. The most common commands are summarized in - , followed by some - examples of their usage. See the manual page for each utility - for more details and usage examples. + FreeBSD 提供了各種不同指令來管理使用者帳號，最常用的指令已摘要於 ，接著有一些用法的範例。請參考每個工具的操作手冊來取得更多詳細的資訊與用法範例。 管理使用者帳號的工具 @@ -5196,32 +4106,27 @@ adduser8 - The recommended command-line application for - adding new users. + 建議用來新增新使用者的指令列應用程式。 rmuser8 - The recommended command-line application for - removing users. + 建議用來移除使用者的指令列應用程式。 chpass1 - A flexible tool for changing user database - information. + 用來更改使用者資料庫資訊的工具。 passwd1 - The command-line tool to change user - passwords. + 用來更改使用者密碼的指令列工具。 pw8 - A powerful and flexible tool for modifying all - aspects of user accounts. + 用來修改使用者帳號各方面資訊強大且靈活的工具。 @@ -5244,26 +4149,9 @@ skeleton directory - The recommended program for adding new users is - adduser8. When a new user is added, this program - automatically updates /etc/passwd and - /etc/group. It also creates a home - directory for the new user, copies in the default - configuration files from - /usr/share/skel, and can optionally - mail the new user a welcome message. This utility must be - run as the superuser. + 建議用來新增新使用者的程式為 adduser8。當新使用者新增之後，此程式會自動更新 /etc/passwd 以及 /etc/group，這同時也會建立新使用者的家目錄 (複製 /usr/share/skel 中的預設設定檔)，並且可以選擇是否要寄送歡迎訊息通知新使用者。這個工具必須使用超級使用者執行。 - The adduser8 utility is interactive and walks - through the steps for creating a new user account. As seen - in , either input - the required information or press Return - to accept the default value shown in square brackets. - In this example, the user has been invited into the - wheel group, - allowing them to become the superuser with su1. - When finished, the utility will prompt to either - create another user or to exit. + adduser8 工具採用互動的方式，只需幾個步驟便可建立新使用者帳號。如 所示，可輸入必填的資訊或按 Return 鍵採用方括中的預設值。在此例當中，使用者被邀請加入 wheel 群組，這讓使用者可使用 su1 變成超級使用者。完成之後，此工具會詢問是否要建立其他的使用者或離開。 在 FreeBSD 新增使用者 @@ -5301,9 +4189,7 @@ - Since the password is not echoed when typed, be - careful to not mistype the password when creating the user - account. + 由於密碼在輸入時並不會顯示，在建立使用者帳號時要小心密碼不要輸入錯誤。 @@ -5318,62 +4204,45 @@ removing - To completely remove a user from the system, run - rmuser8 as the superuser. This command performs the - following steps: + 要自系統完全移除一個使用者可使用超級使用者執行 rmuser8。這個指令會執行以下步驟： - Removes the user's crontab1 entry, if one - exists. + 移除使用者的 crontab1 項目，若項目存在。 - Removes any at1 jobs belonging to the - user. + 移除任何屬於該使用者的 at1 工作。 - Kills all processes owned by the user. + 中止所有該使用者擁有的程序。 - Removes the user from the system's local password - file. + 自系統本地密碼檔移除該使用者。 - Optionally removes the user's home directory, if it - is owned by the user. + 選擇性移除該使用者的家目錄，若使用者擁有該目錄。 - Removes the incoming mail files belonging to the - user from /var/mail. + 自 /var/mail 移除屬於該使用者的收件郵件檔。 - Removes all files owned by the user from temporary - file storage areas such as - /tmp. + 自暫存檔儲存區域 (如 /tmp) 移除所有使用者擁有的檔案。 - Finally, removes the username from all groups to - which it belongs in /etc/group. If - a group becomes empty and the group name is the same as - the username, the group is removed. This complements - the per-user unique groups created by - adduser8. + 最後，自 /etc/group 中該使用者所屬的所有群組移除該使用者。若群組無任何成員且群組名稱與該使用者名稱相同，則該群組也會一併移除。這是為了輔助 adduser8 替每位使用者建立獨一無二的群組。 - rmuser8 cannot be used to remove superuser - accounts since that is almost always an indication of - massive destruction. + rmuser8 無法用來移除超級使用者帳號，因為這幾乎代表著大規模破壞。 - By default, an interactive mode is used, as shown - in the following example. + 預設會使用互動式模式，如下範例所示。 <command>rmuser</command> 互動式帳號移除 @@ -5395,29 +4264,15 @@ chpass - Any user can use chpass1 to change their default - shell and personal information associated with their user - account. The superuser can use this utility to change - additional account information for any user. + 任何使用者都可以使用 chpass1 來變更自己的預設 Shell 以及與自己的使用者帳號關聯的個人資訊。超級使用者可以使用這個工具更改任何使用者的其他帳號資訊。 - When passed no options, aside from an optional username, - chpass1 displays an editor containing user - information. When the user exits from the editor, the user - database is updated with the new information. + 除了選填的使用者名稱外，未傳入任何選項時，chpass1 會開啟含有使用者資訊的編輯器。當使用者自編輯器離開，便會更新新的資訊到使用者資料庫。 - This utility will prompt for the user's password when - exiting the editor, unless the utility is run as the - superuser. + 離開編輯器時，此工具會提示使用者輸入密碼，除非使用超級使用者執行此工具。 - In , the - superuser has typed chpass jru and is - now viewing the fields that can be changed for this user. - If jru runs this - command instead, only the last six fields will be displayed - and available for editing. This is shown in - . + 在 中，超級使用者輸入了 chpass jru 並正在檢視這個使用者可以更改的欄位。若改以 jru 執行這個指令，只會顯示最後六個欄位供編輯，如 所示。 以超級使用者的身份使用 <command>chpass</command> @@ -5452,12 +4307,7 @@ - The commands chfn1 and chsh1 are links - to chpass1, as are ypchpass1, - ypchfn1, and ypchsh1. Since - NIS support is automatic, specifying - the yp before the command is not - necessary. How to configure NIS is covered in . + 指令 chfn1 以及 chsh1 皆連結至 chpass1，就如同 ypchpass1, ypchfn1 以及 ypchsh1 的關係。自從 NIS 支援自動化以後，便不再需要特別加上 yp，如何設定 NIS 在 中有說明。 @@ -5472,10 +4322,7 @@ changing password - Any user can easily change their password using - passwd1. To prevent accidental or unauthorized - changes, this command will prompt for the user's original - password before a new password can be set: + 任何使用者皆可簡單的使用 passwd1 更改自己的密碼。要避免意外或未授權的變更，這個指令在設定新密碼之前會提示使用者輸入原來的密碼。 更改您的密碼 @@ -5489,12 +4336,7 @@ passwd: done - The superuser can change any user's password by - specifying the username when running passwd1. When - this utility is run as the superuser, it will not prompt for - the user's current password. This allows the password to be - changed when a user cannot remember the original - password. + 超級使用者可以更改任何使用者的密碼透過在執行 passwd1 時指定使用者名稱。當此工具以超級使用者執行時，將不會提示輸入使用者目前的密碼，這可在使用者忘記原來的密碼時更改密碼。 以超級使用者的身份更改其他使用者的密碼 @@ -5508,9 +4350,7 @@ - As with chpass1, yppasswd1 is a link to - passwd1, so NIS works with - either command. + 如同 chpass1，yppasswd1 連結到 passwd1，因此 NIS 在兩個指令上皆可運作。 @@ -5521,13 +4361,7 @@ pw - The pw8 utility can create, remove, - modify, and display users and groups. It functions as a - front end to the system user and group files. pw8 - has a very powerful set of command line options that make it - suitable for use in shell scripts, but new users may find it - more complicated than the other commands presented in this - section. + pw8 工具可以建立、移除、修改以及顯示使用者與群組，它的功能是做為系統使用者與群組檔的前端。pw8 有非常強大的的指令列選項集，這讓該指令非常適合用於 Shell scripts，但新的使用者可能會發現它比其他在本節的指令要複雜許多。 @@ -5545,26 +4379,11 @@ groups - A group is a list of users. A group is identified by its - group name and GID. In FreeBSD, the kernel - uses the UID of a process, and the list of - groups it belongs to, to determine what the process is allowed - to do. Most of the time, the GID of a user - or process usually means the first group in the list. + 群組代表一群使用者，群組可以由其群組名稱及 GID 來辨識。在 FreeBSD，核心會使用程序的 UID 以及其所屬的群組清單來決定程序可以做那些事。大多數情況使用者或程序的 GID 通常指的是清單中的第一個群組。 - The group name to GID mapping is listed - in /etc/group. This is a plain text file - with four colon-delimited fields. The first field is the - group name, the second is the encrypted password, the third - the GID, and the fourth the comma-delimited - list of members. For a more complete description of the - syntax, refer to group5. + 群組名稱與 GID 的對應表列在 /etc/group。這個純文字檔案使用了四個以冒號分隔的欄位，第一個欄位為群組名稱，第二個欄位為加密後的密碼，第二個欄位為 GID 以及第四個欄位為以逗號分隔的成員清單。要取得更完整的語法說明，請參考 group5。 - The superuser can modify /etc/group - using a text editor. Alternatively, pw8 can be used to - add and edit groups. For example, to add a group called - teamtwo and then - confirm that it exists: + 超級使用者可以使用文字編輯器修改 /etc/group，或者可使用 pw8 加入與編輯群組。例如，要加入一個叫做 teamtwo 的群組然後確認該群組已新增： 使用 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> 新增群組 @@ -5574,13 +4393,7 @@ teamtwo:*:1100: - In this example, 1100 is the - GID of - teamtwo. Right - now, teamtwo has no - members. This command will add - jru as a member of - teamtwo. + 在本例中，1100 是 teamtwo 的 GID。目前 teamtwo 沒有任何成員，這個指令會加入 jru 作為 teamtwo 的成員。 使用 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> 加入使用者帳號到新的群組 @@ -5590,18 +4403,7 @@ teamtwo:*:1100:jru - The argument to is a comma-delimited - list of users to be added to a new (empty) group or to replace - the members of an existing group. To the user, this group - membership is different from (and in addition to) the user's - primary group listed in the password file. This means that - the user will not show up as a member when using - with pw8, but will show up - when the information is queried via id1 or a similar - tool. When pw8 is used to add a user to a group, it - only manipulates /etc/group and does not - attempt to read additional data from - /etc/passwd. + 給 的參數是以逗號分隔的使用者清單，用來加入成員到新的 (空的) 群組或取代既有群組中的成員。對使用者來說這裡的群組成員與使用者列於密碼檔的主要群組不同 (額外的)，這代表在 pw8 使用 時不會顯示做為使用者主要群組的成員，但會顯示在使用 id1 或同類工具所查詢的資訊當中。當使用 pw8 來加入使用者到某個群組，該指令只會處理 /etc/group 且不會嘗試自 /etc/passwd 讀取其他的資料。 使用 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> 加入新成員到群組 @@ -5611,11 +4413,7 @@ teamtwo:*:1100:jru,db - In this example, the argument to is a - comma-delimited list of users who are to be added to the - group. Unlike the previous example, these users are appended - to the group and do not replace existing users in the - group. + 在本例當中，給 的參數是以逗號分隔的使用者清單，用來加入使用者到群組。不像前面的例子，這些使用者會加入到群組，而非取代既有群組中的使用者。 使用 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> 來查看所屬群組 @@ -5624,14 +4422,9 @@ uid=1001(jru) gid=1001(jru) groups=1001(jru), 1100(teamtwo) - In this example, - jru is a member of - the groups jru and - teamtwo. + 在本例中，jru 是群組 jru 以及 teamtwo 的成員。 - For more information about this command and the format of - /etc/group, refer to pw8 and - group5. + 要取得更多有關此指令的資訊及 /etc/group 的格式，請參考 pw8 以及 group5。 @@ -5642,37 +4435,13 @@ UNIX - In FreeBSD, every file and directory has an associated set of - permissions and several utilities are available for viewing - and modifying these permissions. Understanding how permissions - work is necessary to make sure that users are able to access - the files that they need and are unable to improperly access - the files used by the operating system or owned by other - users. + 在 FreeBSD 中，每個檔案與目都有相關聯的數個權限，且有許多工具可以檢視與修改這些權限。了解權限如何運作是必須的，這可確保使用者能夠存存取它們所需的檔案以及無法不正確的存取供作業系統或其他使用者擁有的檔案。 - This section discusses the traditional UNIX permissions - used in FreeBSD. For finer grained file system access control, - refer to . + 本節會探討在 FreeBSD 中所用到的傳統 UNIX 權限。要做檔案系統存取控制的微調，請參考 。 - In UNIX, basic permissions are assigned using - three types of access: read, write, and execute. These access - types are used to determine file access to the file's owner, - group, and others (everyone else). The read, write, and execute - permissions can be represented as the letters - r, w, and - x. They can also be represented as binary - numbers as each permission is either on or off - (0). When represented as a number, the - order is always read as rwx, where - r has an on value of 4, - w has an on value of 2 - and x has an on value of - 1. + 在 UNIX，基礎權限透過三種類型的存取來分配：讀取、寫入與執行。這些存取類型用來決定檔案擁有者、群組以及其他人 (其他任何人) 的檔案存取權。讀取、寫入及執行權限可使用 r, w, and x 字母來表示。這些權限也可以使用二進位數字來表示每種權限的開或關 (0)。當以二進位數字來表示時，閱讀的順序為 rwx，其中 r 開啟的值為 4，w 開啟的值為 2 以及 x 開啟的值為 1。 - Table 4.1 summarizes the possible numeric and alphabetic - possibilities. When reading the Directory - Listing column, a - is used to - represent a permission that is set to off. + 表格 4.1 摘要了可用的數字及可用的字母。當閱讀 目錄清單標示 欄位時，- 用來代表該權限設為關閉。 permissions @@ -5689,7 +4458,7 @@ 數值 權限 - 目錄標示 + 目錄清單標示 @@ -5768,7 +4537,7 @@ 要能夠列出目錄內容，必須擁有目錄的讀取權限。 要刪除已知檔名的檔案，必須擁有檔案所在目錄的寫入 以及 執行的權限。 - 還有一些權限位元，但這些權限主要在特殊情況使用，如 setuid binaries 及 sticky directories。 如果您還想知道更多檔案權限的資訊及使用方法，請務必參閱 chmod1。 + 還有一些權限位元，但這些權限主要在特殊情況使用，如 setuid 執行檔及 sticky 目錄。 如果您還想知道更多檔案權限的資訊及使用方法，請務必參閱 chmod1。 @@ -5854,25 +4623,25 @@ (權限) w - Write + 寫入 (權限) x - 寫入 + 執行 (權限) t - Sticky bit + Sticky 位元 (權限) s - Set UID 或 GID + 設定 UID 或 GID @@ -5942,64 +4711,34 @@ - Other than the permissions already discussed, there are - three other specific settings that all administrators should - know about. They are the setuid, - setgid, and sticky - permissions. + 除了已經探討過的權限外，這裡尚有另外三種特別的設定所有管理者都應該知道，這些設定為 setuid, setgid 以及 sticky 權限。 - These settings are important for some UNIX operations - as they provide functionality not normally granted to normal - users. To understand them, the difference between the real - user ID and effective user ID must be noted. + 這些設定對某些一般不會授權給一般使用者的 UNIX 操作非常重要，它讓這些功能可運作。要了解這些權限，就必須說明真實使用者 ID (Real user ID) 與有效使用者 ID (Effective user ID) 的差異。 - The real user ID is the UID who owns - or starts the process. The effective UID - is the user ID the process runs as. As an example, - passwd1 runs with the real user ID when a user changes - their password. However, in order to update the password - database, the command runs as the effective ID of the - root user. This - allows users to change their passwords without seeing a - Permission Denied error. + 真實使用者 ID 即是擁有者或啟動程序者的 UID，而有效 UID 是執行程序所使用的使用者 ID。例如，passwd1 在使用者更改自己的密碼時會以真實使用者 ID 執行，然而，為了要更新密碼資料庫，該指令必須以 root 使用者做為有效 ID 來執行，這讓使用者可以更改自己的密碼而不會遇到權限不足 (Permission Denied) 的錯誤。 - The setuid permission may be set by prefixing a permission - set with the number four (4) as shown in the following - example: + setuid 權限可以透過在權限集前加上數字 (4) 來設定，如下範例所示： # chmod 4755 suidexample.sh - The permissions on - suidexample.sh - now look like the following: + 現在 suidexample.sh 的權限會如下所示： -rwsr-xr-x 1 trhodes trhodes 63 Aug 29 06:36 suidexample.sh - Note that a s is now part of the - permission set designated for the file owner, replacing the - executable bit. This allows utilities which need elevated - permissions, such as passwd1. + 注意，s 現在取代了原來的執行位元成為指定檔案擁有者權限集的一部份，這會允許須要提升權限的工具，如 passwd1 可正常使用。 - The nosuid mount8 option will - cause such binaries to silently fail without alerting - the user. That option is not completely reliable as a - nosuid wrapper may be able to circumvent - it. + mount8 的 nosuid 選項會造成這類 Binary 執行失敗，但不會警告使用者。由於 nosuid Wrapper 可能可繞過該選項，因此該選項並非完全可靠。 - To view this in real time, open two terminals. On - one, type passwd as a normal user. - While it waits for a new password, check the process - table and look at the user information for - passwd1: + 實際來看這個範例，先開啟兩個終端機，其中一個用一般使用者輸入 passwd。在等待輸入新密碼的同時，檢查程序表並查看 passwd1 程序的使用者資訊： - In terminal A: + 於終端機 A： Changing local password for trhodes Old Password: - In terminal B: + 於終端機 Ｂ： # ps aux | grep passwd @@ -6006,54 +4745,29 @@ trhodes 5232 0.0 0.2 3420 1608 0 R+ 2:10AM 0:00.00 grep passwd root 5211 0.0 0.2 3620 1724 2 I+ 2:09AM 0:00.01 passwd - Although passwd1 is run as a normal user, it is - using the effective UID of - root. + 雖然使用一般使用者來執行 passwd1，但該程序使用了 root 的有效 UID。 - The setgid permission performs the - same function as the setuid permission; - except that it alters the group settings. When an application - or utility executes with this setting, it will be granted the - permissions based on the group that owns the file, not the - user who started the process. + setgid 權限的功能與 setuid 相似，當應用程式或工具使用此設定執行時，將會以擁有該檔案的群組來執行，而非執行行該程序的使用者。 - To set the setgid permission on a - file, provide chmod1 with a leading two (2): + 要在檔案設定 setgid 權限，需在 chmod1 的參數前加上 (2)： # chmod 2755 sgidexample.sh - In the following listing, notice that the - s is now in the field designated for the - group permission settings: + 注意以下清單中，s 現在位於指定群組權限設定的欄位： -rwxr-sr-x 1 trhodes trhodes 44 Aug 31 01:49 sgidexample.sh - In these examples, even though the shell script in - question is an executable file, it will not run with - a different EUID or effective user ID. - This is because shell scripts may not access the - setuid2 system calls. + 在以上這些範例中，雖然在例子中的 Shell script 是可執行的檔案，但並不會以其他的 EUID 或有效使用者 ID 執行，這是因為 Shell script 並不會存取 setuid2 系統呼叫 (System call)。 - The setuid and - setgid permission bits may lower system - security, by allowing for elevated permissions. The third - special permission, the sticky bit, can - strengthen the security of a system. + setuid 及 setgid 權限位元可能會因允許提升權限而降低系統的安全性，因此有了第三個特殊的權限：sticky bit，可以加強系統的安全性。 - When the sticky bit is set on a - directory, it allows file deletion only by the file owner. - This is useful to prevent file deletion in public directories, - such as /tmp, by users - who do not own the file. To utilize this permission, prefix - the permission set with a one (1): + 當在目錄上設定 sticky bit，將只允許由檔案擁有者刪除檔案。這對避免公開目錄，如 /tmp 中的檔案被不擁有該檔案的人刪除非常有用。要使用這個權限，可在權限集前加上 (1)： # chmod 1777 /tmp - The sticky bit permission will display - as a t at the very end of the permission - set: + sticky bit 權限會以 t 顯示於權限集的最後： # ls -al / | grep tmp @@ -6092,7 +4806,7 @@ /bin/ - single-user、multi-user 兩種模式皆可使用的基本工具 。 + 單使用者 (Single-user)、多使用者 (Multi-user) 兩種模式皆可使用的基本工具 。 @@ -6107,12 +4821,12 @@ /dev/ - Device nodes，詳情請參閱 intro4。 + 裝置節點 (Device node)，詳情請參閱 intro4。 /etc/ - 系統設定檔及一些 script 檔。 + 系統設定檔及一些 Script 檔。 @@ -6122,7 +4836,7 @@ /etc/mail/ - MTA(Mail Transport Agent)的相關設定檔，像是 sendmail8。 + MTA (Mail Transport Agent) 的相關設定檔，像是 sendmail8。 @@ -6132,7 +4846,7 @@ /etc/periodic/ - 每日、每週、每月透過 cron8，執行的定期排程 script，詳情請參閱 periodic8。 + 每日、每週、每月透過 cron8，執行的定期排程 Script，詳情請參閱 periodic8。 @@ -6147,12 +4861,12 @@ /proc/ - Process 檔案系統，詳情請參閱 procfs5 及 mount_procfs8。 + 程序 (Process) 檔案系統，詳情請參閱 procfs5 及 mount_procfs8。 /rescue/ - 緊急救援用途的一些 statically linked 程式，詳情請參閱 rescue8。 + 緊急救援用途的一些靜態連結 (Statically linked) 的程式，詳情請參閱 rescue8。 @@ -6162,12 +4876,12 @@ /sbin/ - 供 single-user 及 multi-user 環境使用的系統程式及管理工具 。 + 供單使用者 (Single-user) 及多使用者 (Multi-user) 環境使用的系統程式及管理工具 。 /tmp/ - 臨時檔案。 一般而言，重開機之後 /tmp 內的東西會被清除掉。 而通常會將 memory-based 檔案系統掛載在 /tmp 上。 這些瑣事可透過 tmpmfs 相關的 rc.conf5 環境變數來自動完成 。(或是在 /etc/fstab 內做設定， 詳情請參閱 mdmfs8)。 + 臨時檔案。 一般而言，重開機之後 /tmp 內的東西會被清除掉。 而通常會將以記憶體為基礎 (Memory-based) 的檔案系統掛載在 /tmp 上。 這些瑣事可透過 tmpmfs 相關的 rc.conf5 環境變數來自動完成 。(或是在 /etc/fstab 內做設定， 詳情請參閱 mdmfs8)。 @@ -6203,7 +4917,7 @@ /usr/local/ - 存放一些自行安裝的執行檔、程式庫等等。 同時，也是 FreeBSD ports 架構的預設安裝目錄。 /usr/local 內的目錄架構大致與 /usr 相同，詳情請參閱 hier7 說明。 但 man 目錄例外，它們是直接放在 /usr/local 底下，而非 /usr/local/share，而 ports 所安裝的說明文件則在 share/doc/port。 + 存放一些自行安裝的執行檔、程式庫等等。 同時，也是 FreeBSD Port 架構的預設安裝目錄。 /usr/local 內的目錄架構大致與 /usr 相同，詳情請參閱 hier7 說明。 但 man 目錄例外，它們是直接放在 /usr/local 底下，而非 /usr/local/share，而 Port 所安裝的說明文件則在 share/doc/port。 @@ -6213,7 +4927,7 @@ /usr/ports/ - FreeBSD Ports 套件集 (選用)。 + FreeBSD Port 套件集 (選用)。 @@ -6233,27 +4947,27 @@ /var/ - 存放各種用途的日誌(log)檔、臨時或暫時存放、列印或郵件的 spool 檔案。有時候，memory-based 檔案系統也會掛載在 /var。 這些瑣事可透過 varmfs 相關的 rc.conf5 環境變數來自動完成。(或是在 /etc/fstab 內做設定，相關細節請參閱 mdmfs8)。 + 存放各種用途的日誌 (Log) 檔、臨時或暫時存放、列印或郵件的緩衝 (Spool) 檔案。有時候，以記憶體為基礎 (Memory-based) 的檔案系統也會掛載在 /var。 這些瑣事可透過 varmfs 相關的 rc.conf5 環境變數來自動完成。(或是在 /etc/fstab 內做設定，相關細節請參閱 mdmfs8)。 /var/log/ - 各項系統記錄的日誌(log)檔。 + 各項系統記錄的日誌 (Log) 檔。 /var/mail/ - 各使用者的郵件(mailbox)檔案。 + 各使用者的郵件 (Mailbox) 檔案。 /var/spool/ - 各種印表機、郵件系統的 spool 目錄。 + 各種印表機、郵件系統的緩衝 (Spool) 目錄。 /var/tmp/ - 臨時檔案。 這些檔案在重開機後通常仍會保留，除非 /var 是屬於 memory-based 檔案系統。 + 臨時檔案。 這些檔案在重開機後通常仍會保留，除非 /var 是屬於以記憶體為基礎 (Memory-based) 的檔案系統。 @@ -6272,11 +4986,11 @@ 檔案存在目錄裡面。 一個目錄中可能沒有任何檔案，也可能有好幾百個檔案。 目錄之中也可以包含其他的目錄； 您可以建立階層式的目錄以便資料的管理。 - 檔案或目錄的對應是藉由給定的檔案或目錄名稱，然後加上正斜線符號 (/)；之後再視需要加上其他的目錄名稱。 如果您有一個目錄 foo ，裡面有一個目錄叫作 bar，這個目錄中又包含了一個叫 readme.txt 的檔案，那麼這個檔案的全名，或者說檔案的路徑就是 foo/bar/readme.txt。Note that this is different from Windows which uses \ to separate file and directory names. FreeBSD does not use drive letters, or other drive names in the path. For example, one would not type c:\foo\bar\readme.txt on FreeBSD. + 檔案或目錄的對應是藉由給定的檔案或目錄名稱，然後加上正斜線符號 (/)；之後再視需要加上其他的目錄名稱。 如果您有一個目錄 foo ，裡面有一個目錄叫作 bar，這個目錄中又包含了一個叫 readme.txt 的檔案，那麼這個檔案的全名，或者說檔案的路徑 (Path)就是 foo/bar/readme.txt。注意這與 Windows 用來分隔檔案與目錄名稱所使用的 \ 不同，且 FreeBSD 在路徑上並不使用磁碟機代號或其他磁碟機名稱，意思是，在 FreeBSD 上不會有人輸入 c:\foo\bar\readme.txt 這種路徑。 - 目錄及檔案儲存在檔案系統之中。 每個檔案系統都有唯一一個最上層的目錄，叫做根目錄 (root directory)。 然後在這個根目錄下面才能有其他的目錄。One file system is designated the root file system or /. Every other file system is mounted under the root file system. No matter how many disks are on the FreeBSD system, every directory appears to be part of the same disk. + 目錄及檔案儲存在檔案系統 (File system) 之中。 每個檔案系統都有唯一一個最上層的目錄，叫做根目錄 (Root directory)。 然後在這個根目錄下面才能有其他的目錄。其中一個檔案系統會被指定成為根檔案系統 (Root file system) 或 /，其他的檔案系統均會掛載 (mounted) 在該根檔案系統之下，不論在 FreeBSD 有多少個磁碟，所有目錄都會成為該磁碟的一部份。 - 假設您有三個檔案系統，分別叫作 A, B 及 C。 每個檔案系統都包含兩個目錄，叫做 A1, A2 (依此類推得 B1, B2 及 C1, C2)。 + 假設您有三個檔案系統，分別叫作 A, B 及 C。 每個檔案系統都包含兩個目錄，叫做 A1, A2 (以此類推得 B1, B2 及 C1, C2)。 稱 A 為主要的檔案系統；如果您用 ls1 指令查看此目錄的內容，您會看到兩個子目錄： A1 及 A2，如下所示： @@ -6314,7 +5028,7 @@ - 在 B1 或 B2 目錄中的任何檔案必須經由路徑 /A1/B1 或 /A1/B2 才能達到。 所有原來在 /A1 中的檔案會暫時被隱藏起來，直到 B 被移除後才會再顯現出來。 + 在 B1 或 B2 目錄中的任何檔案必須經由路徑 /A1/B1 或 /A1/B2 才能達到。 所有原來在 /A1 中的檔案會暫時被隱藏起來，直到 B 被解除掛載 (Unmounted) 後才會再顯現出來。 如果 B 掛載在 A2 之上，則會變成： @@ -6386,17 +5100,17 @@ - 您完全可以使用單一的一個大的根檔案系統 (root file system) 而不建立其他的檔案系統。 這樣有好處也有有壞處。 + 您可以使用單一的一個大的根檔案系統而不建立其他的檔案系統。 這樣有好處也有有壞處。 使用多個檔案系統的好處 - 不同的檔案系統在掛上的時候可以有不同的 掛載參數。 舉例來說，為求謹慎您可以將根檔案系統設成唯讀， 以避免不小心刪除或修改掉重要的檔案。 將使用者可寫入的檔案系統 (例如 /home) 獨立出來也可以讓他們用 nosuid 的參數掛載，此選項可以讓在這個檔案系統中執行檔的 suid/guid bits 失效，也許可以讓系統更安全。 + 不同的檔案系統在掛上的時候可以有不同的 掛載參數 (Mount option)。 舉例來說，為求謹慎您可以將根檔案系統設成唯讀， 以避免不小心刪除或修改掉重要的檔案。 將使用者可寫入的檔案系統 (例如 /home) 獨立出來也可以讓他們用 nosuid 的參數掛載，此選項可以讓在這個檔案系統中執行檔的 suid/guid 位元失效，可讓系統更安全。 - FreeBSD 會自動根據您檔案系統的使用方式來做最佳的檔案配置方式。 因此，一個有很多小檔案、 常常寫入的檔案系統跟只有幾個較大的檔案的檔案系統配置是不一樣的。 如果您只有單一一個大的檔案系統，這部分就沒用了。 + FreeBSD 會自動根據您檔案系統的使用方式來做最佳的檔案配置方式。 因此，一個有很多小檔案、 常常寫入的檔案系統跟只有幾個較大的檔案的檔案系統配置是不一樣的。 如果您只有單一個大的檔案系統，這部分就沒用了。 @@ -6408,7 +5122,7 @@ 使用單一檔案系統的好處 - 檔案系統的大小是固定的。 您當初安裝 FreeBSD 的時候應該會給定一個大小，可是後來您可能會想把空間加大。 如果沒有備份的話是很難達成的； 您必須將檔案系統重新建立為您需要的大小，然後將備份回存回來。 + 檔案系統的大小是固定的。 若您在當初安裝 FreeBSD 的時指定了一個大小，可是後來您想把空間加大，在沒有備份的情況下很難達成，您必須將檔案系統重新建立為您需要的大小，然後將備份回存回來。 FreeBSD 的 growfs8 指令可以突破此限制直接變更檔案系統的大小。 @@ -6416,11 +5130,11 @@ - 檔案系統包含在分割區裡面。 因為 FreeBSD 承襲 UNIX 架構，這邊講的分割區和一般提到的分割區 (例如 MS-DOS 分割區) 不同。 每一個分割區由一個代號(字母)表示，從 a 到 h。 每個分割區只能包含一個檔案系統。 因此除了說常見到用檔案系統同的掛載點來表示檔案系統外， 也可以用包含他的分割區代號來表示。 + 檔案系統放在分區 (Partition) 中。 因為 FreeBSD 承襲 UNIX 架構，這邊講的分區和一般提到的分割區 (例如 MS-DOS 分割區) 不同。每一個分區由一個代號 (字母) 表示，從 a 到 h。 每個分區只能含有一個檔案系統，因此在表示檔案系統時，除了用該檔案系統的常用的掛載點表示外，也可以使用該檔案系統所在的分區來表示。 - FreeBSD 也會拿磁碟空間來當 swap space。 Swap space 給 FreeBSD 當作虛擬記憶體用。 這讓您的電腦好像擁有比實際更多的記憶體。 當 FreeBSD 的記憶體用完的時候，它會把一些目前沒用到的資料移到 swap space，然後在用到的時候移回去 (同時移出部份沒用到的)。 + FreeBSD 也會使用磁碟空間作為交換空間 (Swap space) 來提供虛擬記憶體 (Virtual memory)。 這讓您的電腦好像擁有比實際更多的記憶體。 當 FreeBSD 的記憶體用完的時候，它會把一些目前沒用到的資料移到交換空間，然後在用到的時候移回去 (同時移出部份沒用到的)。 - 某些分割區有慣例的使用方式如下： + 部份分區有使用的慣例如下： @@ -6429,7 +5143,7 @@ - 分割區 + 分區 慣例 @@ -6437,28 +5151,28 @@ a - 通常包含根檔案系統 (root file system) + 通常內含根檔案系統 b - 通常是 swap space + 通常內含交換空間 c - 通常和整個 slice 的大小一樣，給一些會用到整個 slice 的工具程式 (例如硬碟壞軌檢查工具) 來使用。 一般來說您應該不會把檔案系統建立在這個分割區。 + 通常用來代表整個切割區 (Slice)，因此大小會與其所在的切割區一樣。這可讓需要對整個切割區處理的工具 (例如硬碟壞軌檢查工具) 可在 c 分區上執行。一般來說不會把檔案系統建立在這個分區。 d - 分割區 d 曾經有代表特殊意義，但是已經不再使用。 所以現在 d 就和其他一般的分割區相同了。 + 分區 d 曾經有代表特殊意義，但是已經不再使用。所以現在 d 和一般的分區相同。 - 每個包含有檔案系統的分割區是存在所謂的 slice 裡面。 FreeBSD 的 slice 就是指平常我們在 Windows 稱為分割區 (partition) 的東西一樣有自己的檔案系統，用單字標示，編號從 1 號到 4 號。 + 在 FreeBSD 的磁碟會分割成數個切割區 (Slice)，如同 Windows 中由編號 1 到 4 表示的分割區。這些切割區會再分成數個分區，每個分區內含檔案系統，且會使用字母來標示。 slices @@ -6470,17 +5184,17 @@ dangerously dedicated - slice 號碼跟在裝置名稱後面，先接一個字母 s，然後從 1 號開始編下去。 因此 da0s1 就是指第一個 SCSI 硬碟的第一個 slice。 一個磁碟上只能有四個實體的 slice，但是在實體的 slice 中您可以塞進適當類型的邏輯 slice。 這些延伸的 slice 編號從 5 開始，所以 ada0s5 是第一個 SATA 硬碟上的第一個延伸 slice。 檔案系統在裝置 (device) 裡就是在一個 slice 之中。 + 切割區的編號在裝置名稱後面，會先以 s 為字首，然後從 1 開始編號。 因此 da0s1 是指第一個 SCSI 硬碟的第一個切割區。 一個磁碟上只能有四個實體切割區，但是在實體切割區中放進適當類型的邏輯切割區。這些延伸的切割區編號會從 5 開始，所以 ada0s5 是第一個 SATA 硬碟上的第一個延伸切割區。因此可以預期這些由檔案系統使用的裝置 (Device) 上均會各別佔據一個切割區。 - Slices、dangerously dedicated 模式的實體磁碟機，以及其他包含分割區(partition) 的磁碟都是以字母 a 到 h 的編號來表示。 編號是接在裝置名稱的後面的，因此 da0a is the a 是磁碟機 da 上的第一個 dangerously dedicated 模式之分割區。 而 ada1s3e 則是第二顆 SATA 硬碟上第三個 slice 的第五個分割區。 + 切割區、危險專用 (Dangerously dedicated) 的實體磁碟機以及其他內含分割區 (Partition) 的磁碟都是以字母 a 到 h 來表示。 字母會接在裝置名稱的後面，因此 da0a 是第一顆 dangerously dedicated 磁碟機 da 上的 a 分割區。 而 ada1s3e 則是第二顆 SATA 硬碟上第三個切割區的第五個分區。 - 最後，我們就可以把系統上的每個磁碟都區分出來了。 一個磁碟的名稱會有一個代碼來表示這個磁碟的類型，接著是一個數字， 表示這是哪一個磁碟。 這邊跟 slice 每個磁碟編號從 0 開始不一樣。 常見的代碼可以參考 表格 。 + 終於，我們可以辨識系統上的每個磁碟了，一個磁碟的名稱會有一個代碼來表示這個磁碟的類型，接著是一個表示這是那一個磁碟的編號。不像切割區，磁碟的編號從 0 開始。常見的代碼可以參考 。 - 當要參照一個分割區的時候，需包含磁碟機名稱 s 加上 slice 編號，最後再輸入分割區字母代號。 範例可以參考 。 + 當要參照一個分區的時候，需包含磁碟機名稱、s、切割區編號以及分區字母。範例可以參考 。 示範了一個基本的磁碟配置，相信對您有些幫助。 - 要安裝 FreeBSD，您必須先建置磁碟的 slice，接著於 slice 中建立要給 FreeBSD 用的分割區。 最後在這些分割區中建立檔案系統 (或 swap space) 並決定要將這些檔案系統掛載於哪裡。 + 要安裝 FreeBSD，您必須先建置磁碟的切割區，接著於切割區中建立要給 FreeBSD 用的分區。 最後在這些分區中建立檔案系統 (或交換空間) 並決定要將這些檔案系統掛載於哪裡。
磁碟裝置名稱 @@ -6498,7 +5212,7 @@ - SATA 及IDE 硬碟 + SATA 及 IDE 硬碟 ada 或 ad @@ -6546,7 +5260,7 @@
- 磁碟、Slice 及分割區命名範例 + 磁碟、切割區及分區命名範例 @@ -6563,12 +5277,12 @@ ada0s1a - 第一個 SATA 硬碟 (ada0) 上第一個 slice (s1)的第一個分割區(a) 。 + 第一個 SATA 硬碟 (ada0) 上第一個切割區 (s1)的第一個分區(a) 。 da1s2e - 第二個 SCSI 硬碟 (da1) 上第二個 slice (s2) 的第五個分割區 (e) 。 + 第二個 SCSI 硬碟 (da1) 上第二個切割區 (s2) 的第五個分區 (e) 。 @@ -6578,9 +5292,9 @@ 磁碟的概念模型 - 此圖顯示 FreeBSD 中接到系統的第一個 SATA 磁碟機內部配置圖。 假設這個磁碟的容量是 250 GB，並且包含了一個 80 GB 的 slice 及一個 170 GB 的 slice (MS-DOS 的分割區)。 第一個 slice 是 Windows NTFS 檔案系統的 C: 磁碟機，第二個則安裝了 FreeBSD。 本範例的 FreeBSD 有三個分割區以及一個 swap 分割區。 + 此圖顯示 FreeBSD 中連接到系統的第一個 SATA 磁碟機內部配置圖。 假設這個磁碟的容量是 250 GB，並且包含了一個 80 GB 的切割區及一個 170 GB 的切割區 (MS-DOS 的分割區)。 第一個切割區是 Windows NTFS 檔案系統的 C: 磁碟機，第二個則安裝了 FreeBSD。 本範例中安裝的 FreeBSD 有四個資料分區及一個交換分區。 - 這四個分割區每個都是一個檔案系統。 a 分割是根 (root) 檔案系統；分割 d 是 /var/；分割 e 是 /tmp/，而 f 分割是 /usr/ 目錄結構。Partition letter c refers to the entire slice, and so is not used for ordinary partitions. + 這四個分區中各有一個檔案系統。 分區 a 是根檔案系統、分區 d 是 /var/、分區 e 是 /tmp/，而分區 f 是 /usr/。分區字母 c 用來代表整個切割區，因此並不作為一般分區使用。 @@ -6591,7 +5305,7 @@ - 掛載與缷載檔案系組 + 掛載與缷載檔案系統 檔案系統就像一顆樹。/ 就像是樹根，而 /dev，/usr 以及其他在根目錄下的目錄就像是樹枝，而這些樹枝上面又還有分支，像是 /usr/local 等。 @@ -6611,7 +5325,7 @@ mounted with fstab - 在 /etc/fstab 裡面有設定的檔案系統會在開機()的過程中自動地被掛載 (除非該檔案系統有被加上 參數)。檔案內容的格式如下： + 在 /etc/fstab 裡面有設定的檔案系統會在開機 () 的過程中自動地被掛載 (除非該檔案系統有被加上 參數)。檔案內容的格式如下： device /mount-point fstype options dumpfreq passno @@ -6643,7 +5357,7 @@ options - 可讀可寫(Read-Write)的檔案系統用 ，而唯讀(Read-Only)的檔案系統則是用 ，後面視需要還可以加其他選項。 常見的選項如 是用在不要於開機過程中自動的掛載的檔案系統。 其他選項可參閱 mount8 說明。 + 可讀可寫 (Read-Write) 的檔案系統用 ，而唯讀 (Read-Only) 的檔案系統則是用 ，後面視需要還可以加其他選項。 常見的選項如 是用在不要於開機過程中自動的掛載的檔案系統。 其他選項可參閱 mount8 說明。 @@ -6699,7 +5413,7 @@ - 執行所有的動作，但是不真的去呼叫掛載的 system call。 這個選項和 搭配拿來推測 mount8 將要做什麼動作時很好用。 + 執行所有的動作，但是不真的去呼叫掛載的系統呼叫 (System call)。 這個選項和 搭配拿來推測 mount8 將要做什麼動作時很好用。 @@ -6785,13 +5499,13 @@ 程序與 Daemon - FreeBSD 是一個多工的作業系統，也就是說在同一時間內可以跑超過一個程式。 每一個正在花時間跑的程式就叫做 程序 (process)。 您下的每個指令都至少會開啟一個新的程序， 而有些系統程序是一直在跑以維持系統正常運作的。 + FreeBSD 是一個多工的作業系統，也就是說在同一時間內可以跑超過一個程式。 每一個正在花時間跑的程式就叫做程序 (Process)。 您下的每個指令都至少會開啟一個新的程序， 而有些系統程序是一直在跑以維持系統正常運作的。 - 每一個程序都有一個獨一無二的數字叫做 程序代號 (Process ID, PID)，而且就像檔案一樣，每一個程序也有擁有者及群組。 擁有者及群組的資訊是用來決定什麼檔案或裝置是這個程序可以開啟的 (前面有提到過檔案權限)。 大部份的程序都有父程序。 父程序是開啟這個程序的程序，例如：您對 shell 輸入指令，shell 本身就是一個程序，而您執行的指令也是程序。 每一個您用這種方式跑的程序的父程序都是 shell。 有一個特別的程序叫做 init8 是個例外，在 FreeBSD 開機的時候 init 會自動地被開啟，init 永遠是第一個程序，所以他的 PID 一直都會是 1。 + 每一個程序都有一個獨一無二的數字叫做 程序代號 (Process ID, PID)，而且就像檔案一樣，每一個程序也有擁有者及群組。 擁有者及群組的資訊是用來決定什麼檔案或裝置是這個程序可以開啟的 (前面有提到過檔案權限)。 大部份的程序都有父程序。 父程序是開啟這個程序的程序，例如：您對 Shell 輸入指令，Shell 本身就是一個程序，而您執行的指令也是程序。 每一個您用這種方式跑的程序的父程序都是 Shell。 有一個特別的程序叫做 init8 是個例外，在 FreeBSD 開機的時候 init 會自動地被開啟，init 永遠是第一個程序，所以他的 PID 一直都會是 1。 有些程式並不是設計成一直在接收使用者的輸入的， 而是在開始執行的時候就從中斷與終端機的連線。 例如說， 網頁伺服器整天都在回應網頁方面的要求，它通常不需要您輸入任何東西。 另外，像是把信從一個站傳送到另一個站的程式，也是這種類型的應用程式。我們把這種程式稱作 Daemon。 Daemon 一詞是來自是希臘神話中的角色：祂們既不屬於善良陣營或邪惡陣營，祂們在背地裡做一些有用的事情。這也就是為何 BSD 的吉祥物，是一隻穿著帆布鞋拿著三叉耙的快樂小惡魔的原因。 - 通常來說做為 Deamon 執行的程式名字後面都會加一個字母 d。 BIND 是 Berkeley Internet Name Domain 的縮寫，但實際上執行的程式名稱是 named、Apache 網頁伺服器的程式名稱是 httpd、行列式印表機暫存服務(Line Printer Spooling) Daemon 是 lpd，依此類推。 但這是習慣用法，並沒有硬性規定，例如 Sendmail 主要的寄信 Daemon 是叫做 sendmail 而不是 maild。 + 通常來說做為 Deamon 執行的程式名字後面都會加一個字母 d。 BIND 是 Berkeley Internet Name Domain 的縮寫，但實際上執行的程式名稱是 named、Apache 網頁伺服器的程式名稱是 httpd、行列式印表機緩衝服務(Line Printer Spooling) Daemon 是 lpd，依此類推。 但這是習慣用法，並沒有硬性規定，例如 Sendmail 主要的寄信 Daemon 是叫做 sendmail 而不是 maild。 檢視程序 @@ -6832,9 +5546,9 @@ 2338 dru 1 20 0 440M 84532K select 1 0:06 0.00% kwin 1427 dru 5 22 0 605M 86412K select 1 0:05 0.00% kdeinit4 - 輸出的資訊分成兩個部份。開頭 (前五行或六行) 顯示出最近一個程序的 PID、系統平均負載 (系統有多忙錄的測試)、系統的開機時間 (從上次重開算起) 以及現在的時間等。 在開頭裡面的其他數字分別是在講有多少程序正在執行、有多少記憶體及 swap 空間被占用了，還有就是系統分別花了多少時間在不同的 CPU 狀態上。If the ZFS file system module has been loaded, an ARC line indicates how much data was read from the memory cache instead of from disk. + 輸出的資訊分成兩個部份。開頭 (前五行或六行) 顯示出最近一個程序的 PID、系統平均負載 (系統忙磁程度評估方式)、系統的開機時間 (自上次重新開機) 以及現在的時間等。 在開頭裡面的其他數字分別是在講有多少程序正在執行、有多少記憶體及交換空間被占用了，還有就是系統分別花了多少時間在不同的 CPU 狀態上。若有載入 ZFS 檔案系統模組，會有一行 ARC 標示有多少資料從磁碟改由記憶體快取中取得。 - 接下來的部份是由好幾個欄位所構成，和 ps1 輸出的資訊類似。 就如同前例，您可以看到 PID、使用者名稱、CPU 花費的時間以及正在執行的指令。 top1 在預設的情況下還會告訴您程序用掉了多少的記憶體空間。 在這邊會分成兩欄，一個是總用量 (total size)，另一個是實際用量 (resident size)——總用量是指這個應用程式需要的記憶體空間，而實際用量則是指目前實際上該程式的記憶體使用量。 + 接下來的部份是由好幾個欄位所構成，和 ps1 輸出的資訊類似。 就如同前例，您可以看到 PID、使用者名稱、CPU 花費的時間以及正在執行的指令。 top1 在預設的情況下還會告訴您程序用掉了多少的記憶體空間。 在這邊會分成兩欄，一個是總用量 (Total size)，另一個是實際用量 (Resident size)——總用量是指這個應用程式需要的記憶體空間，而實際用量則是指目前實際上該程式的記憶體使用量。 top(1) 每隔 2 秒鐘會自動更新顯示內容，可用 選項來改變間隔的時間。 @@ -6842,9 +5556,9 @@ 終止程序 - 要與執行中的程序或 Daemon 溝通唯一的方法是透過 kill1 指令傳送信號 (signal)。 信號有很多種，有些有特定的意義，有些則是會由應用程式來解讀，應用程式的說明文件會告訴您該程式是如何解讀信號。 使用者只能送信號給自己所擁有的程序，送信號給其他人的程序會出現權限不足的錯誤。 唯一的例外是 root使用者，他可以送信號給任何人的程序。 + 要與執行中的程序或 Daemon 溝通唯一的方法是透過 kill1 指令傳送信號 (Signal)。 信號有很多種，有些有特定的意義，有些則是會由應用程式來解讀，應用程式的說明文件會告訴您該程式是如何解讀信號。 使用者只能送信號給自己所擁有的程序，送信號給其他人的程序會出現權限不足的錯誤。 唯一的例外是 root使用者，他可以送信號給任何人的程序。 - 作業系統在某些情況也會送信號給應用程式。 假設有個應用程式寫得不好，企圖要存取它不該碰的記憶體的時候，FreeBSD 會送一個 Segmentation Violation 信號 (SIGSEGV) 給這個程序。 如果有一個應用程式用了 alarm3 的 system call 要求系統在過一段時間之後發出通知，時間到了的時候系統就會發出通知信號 (SIGALRM) 給該程式。 + 作業系統在某些情況也會送信號給應用程式。 假設有個應用程式寫得不好，企圖要存取它不該碰的記憶體的時候，FreeBSD 會送一個 Segmentation Violation 信號 (SIGSEGV) 給這個程序。 如果有一個應用程式用了 alarm3 的系統呼叫 (System call) 要求系統在過一段時間之後發出通知，時間到了的時候系統就會發出通知信號 (SIGALRM) 給該程式。 SIGTERM 與 SIGKILL 這兩個信號可以拿來終止程序。 用 SIGTERM 結束程序是比較有禮貌的方式，該程序收到信號後可以把自已所使用的日誌檔關閉及其他要在結束前要做的事完成， 然後在關掉程序之前結束掉手邊的工作。 在某些情況下程序有可能會忽略 SIGTERM，如它正在做一些不能中斷的工作的話。 @@ -6902,7 +5616,7 @@ command line - Shell 提供了指令列介面可用來與作業系統互動，Shell 負責從輸入的頻道接收指令並執行它們。 多數 Shell 也內建一些有助於日常工作的功能，像是檔案管理、檔案搜尋、指令列編輯、指令巨集以及環境變數等。 FreeBSD 有內附了幾個 Shell，包含 Bourne Shell (sh1)，與改良版的 C-shell (tcsh1)。 還有許多其他的 Shell 可以從 FreeBSD Ports 套件集中取得，像是 zsh 以及 bash 等。 + Shell 提供了指令列介面可用來與作業系統互動，Shell 負責從輸入的頻道接收指令並執行它們。 多數 Shell 也內建一些有助於日常工作的功能，像是檔案管理、檔案搜尋、指令列編輯、指令巨集以及環境變數等。 FreeBSD 有內附了幾個 Shell，包含 Bourne Shell (sh1)，與改良版的 C-shell (tcsh1)。 還有許多其他的 Shell 可以從 FreeBSD Port 套件集中取得，像是 zsh 以及 bash 等。 要用哪個 Shell 牽涉到每個人的喜好。 如果您是一個 C 程式設計師，那對於使用像是 tcsh1 這種 C-like 的 shell 可能會感到較容易上手。 如果是 Linux 的使用者，那您也許會想要用 bash。 每一個 Shell 都有自已獨特之處，至於這些特點能不能符合使用者的喜好，就是您選擇 shell 的重點了。 @@ -6957,8 +5671,7 @@ TERMCAP - Database entry of the terminal escape codes to - perform various terminal functions. + 用來執行各種終端機功能的終端機跳脫碼 (Terminal escape code) 的資料庫項目。 @@ -6993,7 +5706,7 @@ Bourne shells - 在不同的 shell 底下設定環境變數的方式也有所不同。 在 tcsh1 和 csh1，使用 setenv 來設定環境變數。 在 sh1 和 bash, use export，則使用 export 來設定目前環境的變數。 以下範例將 tcsh1 下的 EDITOR 環境變數從預設值更改為 /usr/local/bin/emacs： + 在不同的 Shell 底下設定環境變數的方式也有所不同。 在 tcsh1 和 csh1，使用 setenv 來設定環境變數。 在 sh1 和 bash 則使用 export 來設定目前環境的變數。 以下範例將 tcsh1 Shell 下的 EDITOR 環境變數從預設值更改為 /usr/local/bin/emacs： % setenv EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs @@ -7005,12 +5718,12 @@ Shell 中有特殊字元用來表示特殊資料，我們將其稱作 Ｍeta-characters。 其中最常見的 Ｍeta-characters 是 * 字元，它代表了檔名中的任意字元。 Meta-characters 可以用在搜尋檔名，舉例來說，輸入 echo * 會和輸入 ls 得到幾乎相同的結果，這是因為 shell 會將所有符合 * 字元的檔案由 echo 顯示出來。 - 為了避免 Shell 轉譯這些特殊字元，我們可以在這些特殊字元前放一個反斜線 (\) 字元使他們跳脫(escape) Shell 的轉譯。舉例來說，echo $TERM 會印出你目前終端機的設定， echo \$TERM 則會直接印出 $TERM 這幾個字。 + 為了避免 Shell 轉譯這些特殊字元，我們可以在這些特殊字元前放一個反斜線 (\) 字元使他們跳脫 (Escape) Shell 的轉譯。舉例來說，echo $TERM 會印出你目前終端機的設定， echo \$TERM 則會直接印出 $TERM 這幾個字。 變更 Shell - 永久變更 Shell 最簡單的方法就是透過 chsh 命令。 執行 chsh 將會使用環境變數中 EDITOR 指定的文字編輯器，如果沒有設定，則預設是 vi1。 請修改 Shell: 為新的 Shell 的完整路徑。 + 永久變更 Shell 最簡單的方法就是透過 chsh 指令。 執行 chsh 將會使用環境變數中 EDITOR 指定的文字編輯器，如果沒有設定，則預設是 vi1。 請修改 Shell: 為新的 Shell 的完整路徑。 或者，使用 chsh -s， 來直接設定 Shell 而不開啟文字編輯器。 例如， 假設想把 Shell 更改為 bash： @@ -7017,7 +5730,7 @@ % chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash - 新的 Shell 必須已列於 /etc/shells 裡頭。 若是依 說明由 Ports 套件集來裝的 Shell， 那就會自動列入至該檔案裡。 若仍缺少，請使用以下指令加入檔案 (請將路徑替換為新的 Shell 的路徑)： + 新的 Shell 必須已列於 /etc/shells 裡頭。 若是依 說明由 Port 套件集來裝的 Shell， 那就會自動列入至該檔案裡。 若仍缺少，請使用以下指令加入檔案 (請將路徑替換為新的 Shell 的路徑)： # echo /usr/local/bin/bash >> /etc/shells @@ -7040,63 +5753,29 @@ - The UNIX shell is not just a command interpreter, it - acts as a powerful tool which allows users to execute - commands, redirect their output, redirect their input and - chain commands together to improve the final command output. - When this functionality is mixed with built in commands, the - user is provided with an environment that can maximize - efficiency. + UNIX Shell 不只是指令的直譯器，它是一個強大的工具可讓使用者執行指令、重新導向指令的輸出、重新導向指令的輸入並將指令串連在一起來改進最終指令的輸出結果。當這個功能與內建的指令混合使用時，可提供一個可以最佳化效率的環境給使用者。 - Shell redirection is the action of sending the output or - the input of a command into another command or into a file. - To capture the output of the ls1 command, for example, - into a file, redirect the output: + Shell 重新導向是將一個指令的輸出或輸入傳送給另一個指令或檔案。例如，要擷取 ls1 指令的輸出到一個檔案，可以重新導向輸出: % ls > directory_listing.txt - The directory contents will now be listed in - directory_listing.txt. Some commands can - be used to read input, such as sort1. To sort this - listing, redirect the input: + 目錄的內容現在會列到 directory_listing.txt 中，部份指令可以讀取輸入，例如 sort1。要排序這個清單，可重新導向輸入: % sort < directory_listing.txt - The input will be sorted and placed on the screen. To - redirect that input into another file, one could redirect the - output of sort1 by mixing the direction: + 輸入的內容會被排序後呈現在畫面上，要重新導向該輸入到另一個檔案，可以重新導向 sort1 的出輸: % sort < directory_listing.txt > sorted.txt - In all of the previous examples, the commands are - performing redirection using file descriptors. Every UNIX - system has file descriptors, which include standard input - (stdin), standard output (stdout), and standard error - (stderr). Each one has a purpose, where input could be a - keyboard or a mouse, something that provides input. Output - could be a screen or paper in a printer. And error would be - anything that is used for diagnostic or error messages. All - three are considered I/O based file - descriptors and sometimes considered streams. + 於上述所有的範例中，指令會透過檔案描述符 (File descriptor) 來執行重新導向。每個 UNIX 系統都有檔案描述符，其中包含了標準輸入 (stdin)、標準輸出 (stdout) 以及標準錯誤 (stderr)。每一種檔案描述符都有特定的用途，輸入可能來自鍵盤或滑鼠、任何可能提供輸入的來源，輸出則可能是螢幕或印表機中的紙張，而錯誤則為任何可能用來診斷的資訊或錯誤訊息。這三種皆被認為是以 I/O 為基礎的檔案描述符，有些也會被當做串流。 - Through the use of these descriptors, the shell allows - output and input to be passed around through various commands - and redirected to or from a file. Another method of - redirection is the pipe operator. + 透過使用這些檔案描述符，Shell 能夠讓輸出與輸入在各種指令間傳遞與重新導向到或自檔案。另一種重新導向的方式是使用管線運算子 (Pipe operator)。 - The UNIX pipe operator, | allows the - output of one command to be directly passed or directed to - another program. Basically, a pipe allows the standard - output of a command to be passed as standard input to another - command, for example: + UNIX 的管線運算子，即 |，可允許指令的輸出可直接傳遞或導向到另一個程式。基本上，管線運算子允許指令的標準輸出以標準輸入傳遞給另一個指令，例如: % cat directory_listing.txt | sort | less - In that example, the contents of - directory_listing.txt will be sorted and - the output passed to less1. This allows the user to - scroll through the output at their own pace and prevent it - from scrolling off the screen. + 在這個例子中，directory_listing.txt 的內容會被排序然後輸出傳遞給 less1，這可讓使用者依自己的閱讀步調捲動輸出的結果，避免結果直接捲動出畫面。 @@ -7110,7 +5789,7 @@ editors - 在 FreeBSD 中有許多設定必須透過編輯文字檔完成。 因此，若能熟悉文字編輯器是再好不過的。 FreeBSD 本身就內建幾種文字編輯器， 您也可以透過 Ports 套件集來安裝其他的文字編輯器。 + 在 FreeBSD 中有許多設定必須透過編輯文字檔完成。 因此，若能熟悉文字編輯器是再好不過的。 FreeBSD 本身就內建幾種文字編輯器， 您也可以透過 Port 套件集來安裝其他的文字編輯器。 ee @@ -7120,7 +5799,7 @@ ee1 - 最簡單易學的文字編輯器叫做 ee1，意為簡易的編輯器(Easy Editor)。 要開始使用這個編輯器， 只需輸入 ee filename，其中 filename 代表你想要編輯的檔案名稱。 在編輯器中， 所有編輯器的功能與操作都顯示在螢幕的上方。 其中的插入符號 (^) 代表鍵盤上的 Ctrl 鍵，所以 ^e 代表的是 Ctrl e 。 若要結束 ee1，請按下 Esc 鍵，接著選擇 leave editor 即可。 此時如果該檔案有修改過，編輯器會提醒你是否要存檔。 + 最簡單易學的文字編輯器叫做 ee1，意為簡易的編輯器 (Easy Editor)。 要開始使用這個編輯器， 只需輸入 ee filename，其中 filename 代表你想要編輯的檔案名稱。 在編輯器中， 所有編輯器的功能與操作都顯示在螢幕的上方。 其中的插入符號 (^) 代表鍵盤上的 Ctrl 鍵，所以 ^e 代表的是 Ctrl e 。 若要結束 ee1，請按下 Esc 鍵，接著選擇 leave editor 即可。 此時如果該檔案有修改過，編輯器會提醒你是否要存檔。 vi @@ -7132,22 +5811,19 @@ emacs - FreeBSD 同時也內建功能強大的文字編輯器，像是vi1。 其他編輯器如 editors/emacs 及 editors/vim 則由 FreeBSD Ports 套件集提供。 這些編輯器提供更強的功能，但是也比較難學習。 長期來看學習 vim 或 Emacs 會在日後為您省下更多的時間。 + FreeBSD 同時也內建功能強大的文字編輯器，像是vi1。 其他編輯器如 editors/emacs 及 editors/vim 則由 FreeBSD Port 套件集提供。 這些編輯器提供更強的功能，但是也比較難學習。 長期來看學習 vim 或 Emacs 會在日後為您省下更多的時間。 - Many applications which modify files or require typed input - will automatically open a text editor. To change the default - editor, set the EDITOR environment - variable as described in . + 有許多應用程式在修改檔案或需要輸入時會自動開啟文字編輯器，要更改預設的編輯器可設定 EDITOR 環境變數如 所說明。 裝置及裝置節點 - 裝置(Device)一詞大多是跟硬體比較有關的術語，包括磁碟、印表機、顯示卡和鍵盤。 FreeBSD 開機過程當中，開機訊息(Boot Message)中主要是會列出偵測到的硬體裝置，開機訊息的複本也會存放在 /var/run/dmesg.boot。 + 裝置 (Device) 一詞大多是跟硬體比較有關的術語，包括磁碟、印表機、顯示卡和鍵盤。 FreeBSD 開機過程當中，開機訊息 (Boot Message) 中主要是會列出偵測到的硬體裝置，開機訊息的複本也會存放在 /var/run/dmesg.boot。 每一個裝置都有一個裝置名稱及編號，舉例來說 ada0 是第一台 SATA 硬碟，而 kbd0 則代表鍵盤。 - 在 FreeBSD 中大多數的裝置必須透過裝置節點(Device Node)的特殊檔案來存取，這些檔案會放置在 /dev。 + 在 FreeBSD 中大多數的裝置必須透過裝置節點 (Device Node) 的特殊檔案來存取，這些檔案會放置在 /dev。 @@ -7173,7 +5849,7 @@ - 系統呼叫(System call)與錯誤編號。 + 系統呼叫 (System call) 與錯誤編號。 @@ -7234,7 +5910,7 @@ Free Software Foundation - FreeBSD 有許多應用程式與工具來自自由軟體基金會(Free Software Foundation, FSF)。 除了操作手冊之外，這些程式提供了另外一種更具有彈性的超文字文件叫做 info 檔。 這些檔案可以使用 info1 指令來閱讀，或者若有裝 editors/emacs 亦可透過 emacs 的 info 模式閱讀。 + FreeBSD 有許多應用程式與工具來自自由軟體基金會 (Free Software Foundation, FSF)。 除了操作手冊之外，這些程式提供了另外一種更具有彈性的超文字文件叫做 info 檔。 這些檔案可以使用 info1 指令來閱讀，或者若有裝 editors/emacs 亦可透過 emacs 的 info 模式閱讀。 要使用 info1 指令，只需輸入： @@ -7253,7 +5929,7 @@ --> - 安裝應用程式: 套件與 Ports + 安裝應用程式: 套件與 Port 概述 @@ -7260,13 +5936,13 @@ ports 套件 - FreeBSD 已內建豐富的系統工具，此外 FreeBSD 提供了 2 種安裝第三方軟體的套件管理技術︰由原始碼安的 FreeBSD Ports 套件集，以及由預先編譯好的 Binary 安裝的 Binary 套件集。 無論要用哪一種方式，都可由本地的媒體或網路來安裝軟體。 + FreeBSD 已內建豐富的系統工具，此外 FreeBSD 提供了 2 種安裝第三方軟體的套件管理技術︰由原始碼安的 FreeBSD Port 套件集，以及由預先編譯好的 Binary 安裝的 Binary 套件集。 無論要用哪一種方式，都可由本地的媒體或網路來安裝軟體。 讀完這章，您將了解︰ - Binary 套件集與 Ports 的差別。 + Binary 套件集與 Port 的差別。 @@ -7278,7 +5954,7 @@ - 如何編譯來自 Ports 套件集的第三方軟體原始碼。 + 如何編譯來自 Port 套件集的第三方軟體原始碼。 @@ -7324,11 +6000,11 @@ FreeBSD Port 套件則包含了已設計好從原始碼編譯成應用程式的自動化程序。 Port 套件中的檔案包含自動下載、解壓縮、修補、編譯及安裝應用程式流程中所有需要的資訊。 - Ports 系統可以透過 FreeBSD 套件管理指令來產生套件。 + Port 系統可以透過 FreeBSD 套件管理指令來產生套件。 - 不論是 Binary 套件或者 Ports 套件都有相依的功能，若以 Binary 或 Port 套件安裝應用程式，且該應用程式有相依的程式庫尚未被安裝，則會自動先安裝該程式庫。 + 不論是 Binary 套件或者 Port 套件都有相依的功能，若以 Binary 或 Port 套件安裝應用程式，且該應用程式有相依的程式庫尚未被安裝，則會自動先安裝該程式庫。 - 雖然兩種技術非常相似，但 Binary 套件及 Ports 套件有各自的優點。 要視您要安裝的應用程式需求來選擇。 + 雖然兩種技術非常相似，但 Binary 套件及 Port 套件有各自的優點。 要視您要安裝的應用程式需求來選擇。 Binary 套件優點 @@ -7372,13 +6048,13 @@ - 要持續追蹤 Ports 的更新可以訂閱 FreeBSD Ports 郵遞論壇 與 FreeBSD Ports 問題郵遞論壇。 + 要持續追蹤 Port 的更新可以訂閱 FreeBSD Port 郵遞論壇 與 FreeBSD Port 問題郵遞論壇。 在安裝任何應用程式之前，請先查看 是否有與該應用程式相關的安全性問題或輸入 pkg audit -F 來檢查所有已安裝的應用程式是否有已知的漏洞。 - 本章接下來的部份將說明如何在 FreeBSD 使用 Binary 套件及 Ports 套件安裝與管理第三方軟體。 + 本章接下來的部份將說明如何在 FreeBSD 使用 Binary 套件及 Port 套件安裝與管理第三方軟體。 @@ -7388,13 +6064,13 @@ - FreeBSD 網站有維護一份可搜尋的最新應用程式清單，在 http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/。 可以依應用程式名稱或軟體分類來搜尋 Ports。 + FreeBSD 網站有維護一份可搜尋的最新應用程式清單，在 http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/。 可以依應用程式名稱或軟體分類來搜尋 Port。 FreshPorts - 由 Dan Langille 維護的 FreshPorts.org，提供完整的搜尋工具並且可追蹤在 Ports 套件集中的應用程式變更。註冊的使用者可以建立自訂的監視清單會自動寄發電子郵件通知 Ports 的更新資訊。 + 由 Dan Langille 維護的 FreshPorts.org，提供完整的搜尋工具並且可追蹤在 Port 套件集中的應用程式變更。註冊的使用者可以建立自訂的監視清單會自動寄發電子郵件通知 Port 的更新資訊。 @@ -7424,7 +6100,7 @@ subversion16-1.6.23_4 subversion17-1.7.16_2 - 套件名稱包含版本編號，且若 Ports 使用 Python 為基礎，也會包含用來編譯該套件的 Python 版本。有些 Ports 會有多個版本可使用，如 subversion ，因編譯選項不同，有多個版本可用，這個例子中即指靜態連結版本的 subversion。在指定要安裝的套件時，最好使用 Ports 來源來指定該應用程式，Ports 來源是指應用程式在 Ports 樹中的路徑。再輸入一次 pkg search 並加上 來列出每個套件來源： + 套件名稱包含版本編號，且若 Port 使用 Python 為基礎，也會包含用來編譯該套件的 Python 版本。有些 Port 會有多個版本可使用，如 subversion ，因編譯選項不同，有多個版本可用，這個例子中即指靜態連結版本的 subversion。在指定要安裝的套件時，最好使用 Port 來源來指定該應用程式，Port 來源是指應用程式在 Port 樹中的路徑。再輸入一次 pkg search 並加上 來列出每個套件來源： # pkg search -o subversion devel/git-subversion @@ -7439,18 +6115,25 @@ devel/subversion-book devel/subversion-static - pkg search 支援使用 Shell 萬手字元(globs)、正規表示法、描述或檔案庫中的其他其他內容。在安裝 ports-mgmt/pkg 或 ports-mgmt/pkg-devel 之後，可參考 pkg-search8 以取得更多詳細資訊。 + pkg search 支援使用 Shell 萬手字元 (globs)、正規表示法、描述或檔案庫中的其他其他內容。在安裝 ports-mgmt/pkg 或 ports-mgmt/pkg-devel 之後，可參考 pkg-search8 以取得更多詳細資訊。 - 若 Ports 套件集已安裝，有數個方法可以查詢 Ports 樹中的本地版本。要找到 Port 所在的分類，可輸入 whereis file，其中 file 是要安裝的程式： + 若 Port 套件集已安裝，有數個方法可以查詢 Port 樹中的本地版本。要找到 Port 所在的分類，可輸入 whereis file，其中 file 是要安裝的程式： # whereis lsof lsof: /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof + + 或者，也可使用 echo1： + + # echo /usr/ports/*/*lsof* +/usr/ports/sysutils/lsof + + 請注意，這也會顯示已下載至 /usr/ports/distfiles 目錄中任何已符合條件的檔案。 - 另一個方法是使用 Ports 套件集內建的搜尋機制來找軟體。要使用搜尋的功能需先 cd 到 /usr/ports 然後執行 make search name=program-name，其中 program-name 代表軟體的名稱。舉例搜尋 lsof： + 另一個方法是使用 Port 套件集內建的搜尋機制來找軟體。要使用搜尋的功能需先 cd 到 /usr/ports 然後執行 make search name=program-name，其中 program-name 代表軟體的名稱。舉例搜尋 lsof： # cd /usr/ports # make search name=lsof @@ -7466,7 +6149,7 @@ 內建的搜尋機制會使用索引檔內的資訊。若出現訊息指出需要 INDEX 檔，可執行 make fetchindex 來下載最新的索引檔。當 INDEX 檔存在時，make search 方可執行請求的搜尋動作。 - Path: 此行代表 Ports 的所在位置。 + Path: 此行代表 Port 的所在位置。 若不要接受這麼多資訊，可使用 quicksearch 功能： @@ -7476,7 +6159,7 @@ Path: /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof Info: Lists information about open files (similar to fstat(1)) - 若要進行更有深度的搜尋，使用 make search key=string 或 make quicksearch key=string 其中 string 是要搜尋的文字。該文字可以是一部份的註解、描述或相依套件，當不清楚程式的名稱時可以找到與特定主題相關的 Ports。 + 若要進行更有深度的搜尋，使用 make search key=string 或 make quicksearch key=string 其中 string 是要搜尋的文字。該文字可以是一部份的註解、描述或相依套件，當不清楚程式的名稱時可以找到與特定主題相關的 Port。 當使用 search 或 quicksearch 時，搜尋的字串不分大小寫。 搜尋 LSOF 會與搜尋 lsof 產生相同的結果。 @@ -7486,20 +6169,21 @@ 使用 <application>pkg</application> 管理 Binary 套件 - pkg is the - FreeBSD package management tool, - offering many features that make dealing with binary packages - fast and easy. + pkg 是新一代套件管理工具用來取代舊版工具，提供許多功能讓處理 Binary 套件更快更簡單。 + pkg 並不是用來取代 Port 管理工具如 ports-mgmt/portmaster 或 ports-mgmt/portupgrade，這些工具可用來安裝來自 Binary 與 Port 套件集的第三方軟體，而 pkg 僅能安裝 Binary 套件。 + 開始使用 <application>pkg</application> - FreeBSD 內建啟動(Bootstrap)工具可用來下載並安裝 pkg 及其操作手冊。 + FreeBSD 內建啟動 (Bootstrap) 工具可用來下載並安裝 pkg 及其操作手冊。 要啟動(Bootstrap)系統請執行： # /usr/sbin/pkg + 對較舊的 FreeBSD 版本，pkg 必須改透過 Port 套件集或者 Binary 套件來安裝。 + 要安裝 Port 套件，請執行： # cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/pkg @@ -7506,6 +6190,24 @@ # make # make install clean + 當升級原使用舊版套件系統的既有系統時，必須將資料庫轉換成新的格式，因此新的工具才會知道有那些已安裝過的套件。一旦 pkg 已安裝，必須執行以下指令將套件資料庫從舊版格式轉換到新版格式： + + # pkg2ng + + 新安裝的版本因尚未安裝任何第三方軟體因此不須做這個步驟。 + + + 這個步驟無法還原。一旦套件資料庫轉為成 pkg 的格式，舊版 pkg_* 工具就不該再繼續使用。 + + + + 套件資料庫轉換的過程可能會因內容轉換為新版本產生錯誤。通常，這些錯誤皆可安全忽略，雖然如此，仍然有在執行 pkg2ng 後無法成功轉換的第三方軟體清單，這些應用程式則必須手動重新安裝。 + + + 為了確保 FreeBSD Port 套件集會將新軟體的資訊註冊到 pkg 而非舊版套件格式，FreeBSD 版本 10.X 之前需要在 /etc/make.conf 加入此行： + + WITH_PKGNG= yes + 預設 pkg 會使用 FreeBSD 套件鏡像站。若要取得有關編譯自訂套件檔案庫的資訊，請參考 @@ -7519,12 +6221,7 @@ # man pkg-install - The rest of this section demonstrates common binary - package management tasks which can be performed using - pkg. Each command - provides many switches to customize its use. Refer to a - command's help or man page for details and more - examples. + 本章節剩餘的部份將會示範使用 pkg 執行常用的 Binary 套件管理工作。每個示範的指令皆會提供多個參數可使用，請參考指令的說明或操作手冊以取得詳細資訊或更多範例。 @@ -7625,34 +6322,21 @@ 還原套件資料庫 - - pkg includes its own package - database backup mechanism. This functionality is enabled by - default. + 不如傳統的套件管理系統，pkg 有自己的套件資料庫備份機制，此功能預設是開啟的。 - To disable periodic backups of the - package database, set - daily_backup_pkgdb_enable="NO" in - periodic.conf5. + 要停止週期的 Script 備份套件資料庫可在 periodic.conf5 設定 daily_backup_pkgdb_enable="NO"。 - To restore the contents of a previous package database - backup, run this command replacing - /path/to/pkg.sql with the location - of the backup: + 要還原先前套件資料庫的備份，可執行以下指令並將 /path/to/pkg.sql 替換為備份的位置： # pkg backup -r /path/to/pkg.sql - If restoring a backup made by the periodic script, - it must be decompressed prior to being restored. + 若要還原有週期 Script 所產生的備份必須在還原前先解壓縮。 - To create a manual backup of the - pkg database, run the following - command, replacing /path/to/pkg.sql - with a suitable file name and location: + 要手動備份 pkg 資料庫，可執行以下指令，並替換 /path/to/pkg.sql 為適當的檔案名稱與位置： # pkg backup -d /path/to/pkg.sql @@ -7664,7 +6348,7 @@ # pkg clean - The entire cache can be cleared by running: + 使用以下指令可清空全部的快取： # pkg clean -a @@ -7672,7 +6356,7 @@ 修改套件 Metadata - 在 FreeBSD Ports 套件集中的軟體可能會經歷主要版號的修改，要解決這個問題可使用 pkg 內建的指令來更新套件來源。這非常有用，例如 lang/php5 重新命名為 lang/php53 因此 lang/php5 從此之後代表版本 5.4。 + 在 FreeBSD Port 套件集中的軟體可能會經歷主要版號的修改，要解決這個問題可使用 pkg 內建的指令來更新套件來源。這非常有用，例如 lang/php5 重新命名為 lang/php53 因此 lang/php5 從此之後代表版本 5.4。 要更改上述例子中的套件來源，可執行： @@ -7695,17 +6379,17 @@ - 使用 Ports 套件集 + 使用 Port 套件集 - Ports 套件集是指一系列儲存在 /usr/ports 的 Makefiles、修補及描述檔，這一系列檔案用來編譯與安裝在 FreeBSD 上的應用程式。在使用 Port 安裝應用程式前，必須先安裝 Ports 套件集，若未在安裝 FreeBSD 的過程式中安裝，可使用下列其中一種方法來安裝： + Port 套件集是指一系列儲存在 /usr/ports 的 Makefiles、修補及描述檔，這一系列檔案用來編譯與安裝在 FreeBSD 上的應用程式。在使用 Port 安裝應用程式前，必須先安裝 Port 套件集，若未在安裝 FreeBSD 的過程式中安裝，可使用下列其中一種方法來安裝： Portsnap 方法 - FreeBSD 的基礎系統內含 Portsnap，這是一個可用來取得 Ports 套件集簡單又快速的工具，較建議多數使用者使用這個方式。此工具會連線到 FreeBSD 的網站，驗証密鑰，然後下載 Ports 套件集的新複本。該金鑰是要用來檢驗所有已下載檔案的完整性。 + FreeBSD 的基礎系統內含 Portsnap，這是一個可用來取得 Port 套件集簡單又快速的工具，較建議多數使用者使用這個方式。此工具會連線到 FreeBSD 的網站，驗証密鑰，然後下載 Port 套件集的新複本。該金鑰是要用來檢驗所有已下載檔案的完整性。 - 要下載壓縮後的 Ports 套件集快照 (Snapshot) 到 /var/db/portsnap： + 要下載壓縮後的 Port 套件集快照 (Snapshot) 到 /var/db/portsnap： # portsnap fetch @@ -7731,15 +6415,15 @@ Subversion 方法 - 若要取得更多對 Ports 樹的控制，或若有本地的變更需要維護，可以使用 Subversion 來取得 Ports 套件集。請參考 Subversion Primer 來取得 Subversion 的詳細說明。 + 若要取得更多對 Port 樹的控制，或若有本地的變更需要維護，可以使用 Subversion 來取得 Port 套件集。請參考 Subversion Primer 來取得 Subversion 的詳細說明。 - 必須安裝 Subversion 才可用來取出 (Check out) Ports 樹。若已存在 Ports 樹的複本，可使用此方式安裝 Subversion： + 必須安裝 Subversion 才可用來取出 (Check out) Port 樹。若已存在 Port 樹的複本，可使用此方式安裝 Subversion： # cd /usr/ports/devel/subversion # make install clean - 若尚無法使用 Ports 樹，或已經使用 pkg 來管理套件，可使用套件來安裝 Subversion： + 若尚無法使用 Port 樹，或已經使用 pkg 來管理套件，可使用套件來安裝 Subversion： # pkg install subversion @@ -7746,7 +6430,7 @@ - 取出 Ports 樹的複本： + 取出 Port 樹的複本： # svn checkout https://svn.FreeBSD.org/ports/head /usr/ports @@ -7758,7 +6442,7 @@ - Ports 套件集會安裝一系列代表軟體分類的目錄，每個分類底下的子目錄代表每隻應用程式。 這些子目錄又稱做 Ports Skeleton，裡面檔案是用來告訴 FreeBSD 如何編譯與安裝該程式，每個 Port Skeleton 會含有以下檔案及目錄： + Port 套件集會安裝一系列代表軟體分類的目錄，每個分類底下的子目錄代表每隻應用程式。 這些子目錄又稱做 Port Skeleton，裡面檔案是用來告訴 FreeBSD 如何編譯與安裝該程式，每個 Port Skeleton 會含有以下檔案及目錄： @@ -7770,7 +6454,7 @@ - files/: 此目錄含有編譯與安裝程式到 FreeBSD 時所需的修補檔。此目錄也可能含有其他用來編譯 Ports 的檔案。 + files/: 此目錄含有編譯與安裝程式到 FreeBSD 時所需的修補檔。此目錄也可能含有其他用來編譯 Port 的檔案。 @@ -7778,16 +6462,16 @@ - pkg-plist: Port 安裝的所有檔案清單，也同時會告訴 Ports 系統解除安裝時要移除那一些檔案。 + pkg-plist: Port 安裝的所有檔案清單，也同時會告訴 Port 系統解除安裝時要移除那一些檔案。 - 部份 Ports 含有 pkg-message 或其他檔案用來處理特殊情況。要取得有關這些檔案的詳細資訊，以及 Ports 的概要可參考 FreeBSD Porter's Handbook。 + 部份 Port 含有 pkg-message 或其他檔案用來處理特殊情況。要取得有關這些檔案的詳細資訊，以及 Port 的概要可參考 FreeBSD Porter's Handbook。 Port 中並不含實際的原始碼，即為 distfile，在編譯 Port 解壓縮時會自動下載的原始碼到 /usr/ports/distfiles。 - 安裝 Ports + 安裝 Port ports @@ -7794,13 +6478,13 @@ installing - 下面我們會介紹如何使用 Ports 套件集來安裝、移除軟體的基本用法。 make 可用的目標及環境變數詳細說明可參閱 ports7。 + 下面我們會介紹如何使用 Port 套件集來安裝、移除軟體的基本用法。 make 可用的目標及環境變數詳細說明可參閱 ports7。 - 在編譯任何 Port 套件前，請先確認已經如前章節所敘述之方法更新 Ports 套件集。安裝任何第三方軟體皆可能會導致安全性漏洞，建議在安裝前先閱讀 了解 Port 已知的安全性問題。或者在每次安裝新 Port 前執行 pkg audit -F。此指令可以設定在每日系統安全性檢查時自動完成安全性稽查以及更新漏洞資料庫。要取得更多資訊，請參考 pkg-audit8 及 periodic8。 + 在編譯任何 Port 套件前，請先確認已經如前章節所敘述之方法更新 Port 套件集。安裝任何第三方軟體皆可能會導致安全性漏洞，建議在安裝前先閱讀 了解 Port 已知的安全性問題。或者在每次安裝新 Port 前執行 pkg audit -F。此指令可以設定在每日系統安全性檢查時自動完成安全性稽查以及更新漏洞資料庫。要取得更多資訊，請參考 pkg-audit8 及 periodic8。 - 使用 Ports 套件集會假設您擁有可正常連線的網路，同時也會需要超級使用者的權限。 + 使用 Port 套件集會假設您擁有可正常連線的網路，同時也會需要超級使用者的權限。 要編譯並安裝 Port，需切換目錄到要安裝的 Port 底下，然後輸入 make install，訊息中會顯示安裝的進度： @@ -7852,19 +6536,19 @@ - 自訂 Ports 安裝 + 自訂 Port 安裝 - 部份 Ports 提供編譯選項，可用來開啟或關閉應用程式中的元件、安全選項、或其他允許自訂的項目。這類的應用程式例子包括 www/firefox, security/gpgme 以及 mail/sylpheed-claws。若 Port 相依的其他 Port 有可設定的選項時，預設的模式會提示使用者選擇選單中的選項，這可能會讓安裝的過程暫停讓使用者操作數次。要避免這個情況，可在 Port skeleton 中執行 make config-recursive 來一次設定所有選項。然後再執行 make install [clean] 編譯與安裝該 Port。 + 部份 Port 提供編譯選項，可用來開啟或關閉應用程式中的元件、安全選項、或其他允許自訂的項目。這類的應用程式例子包括 www/firefox, security/gpgme 以及 mail/sylpheed-claws。若 Port 相依的其他 Port 有可設定的選項時，預設的模式會提示使用者選擇選單中的選項，這可能會讓安裝的過程暫停讓使用者操作數次。要避免這個情況，可在 Port skeleton 中執行 make config-recursive 來一次設定所有選項。然後再執行 make install [clean] 編譯與安裝該 Port。 - 使用 config-recursive 時，會使用 all-depends-list Target 來收集所有要設定 Port 清單。建議執行 make config-recursive 直到所有相依的 Port 選項都已定義，直到 Ports 的選項畫面不會再出現，來確定所有相依的選項都已經設定。 + 使用 config-recursive 時，會使用 all-depends-list Target 來收集所有要設定 Port 清單。建議執行 make config-recursive 直到所有相依的 Port 選項都已定義，直到 Port 的選項畫面不會再出現，來確定所有相依的選項都已經設定。 有許多方式可以重新進入 Port 的編譯選項清單，以便在編譯 Port 之後加入、移除或更改這些選項。方法之一是 cd 進入含有 Port 的目錄並輸入 make config。還有另一個方法是使用 make showconfig。最後一個方法是執行 make rmconfig 來移除所有曾選擇過的選項，讓您能夠重新設定。這些方法在 ports7 中都有詳細的說明。 - Ports 系統使用 fetch1 來下載檔案，它支援許多的環境變數可設定。若 FreeBSD 系統在防火牆或 FTP/HTTP 代理伺服器後面，可以設定 FTP_PASSIVE_MODE, FTP_PROXY 以及 FTP_PASSWORD 變數。請參考 fetch3 取得完整支援的變數清單。 + Port 系統使用 fetch1 來下載檔案，它支援許多的環境變數可設定。若 FreeBSD 系統在防火牆或 FTP/HTTP 代理伺服器後面，可以設定 FTP_PASSIVE_MODE, FTP_PROXY 以及 FTP_PASSWORD 變數。請參考 fetch3 取得完整支援的變數清單。 - 對於那些無法一直連線到網際網路的使用者，可在 /usr/ports 下執行 make fetch 來下載所有的 distfiles，或是可在某個分類的目錄中，例如 /usr/ports/net，或指定的 Port Skeleton 中執行。要注意的是，若 Port 有任何的相依，在分類或 Ports Skeleton 中執行此指令並 不會 下載相依在其他分類的 Port distfiles。可使用 make fetch-recursive 來下載所有相依 Port 的 distfiles。 + 對於那些無法一直連線到網際網路的使用者，可在 /usr/ports 下執行 make fetch 來下載所有的 distfiles，或是可在某個分類的目錄中，例如 /usr/ports/net，或指定的 Port Skeleton 中執行。要注意的是，若 Port 有任何的相依，在分類或 Port Skeleton 中執行此指令並 不會 下載相依在其他分類的 Port distfiles。可使用 make fetch-recursive 來下載所有相依 Port 的 distfiles。 在部份少數情況，例如當公司或組織有自己的本地 distfiles 檔案庫，可使用 MASTER_SITES 變數來覆蓋在 Makefile 中指定的下載位址。當要指定替代的位址時可： @@ -7891,7 +6575,7 @@ - 移除已安裝的 Ports + 移除已安裝的 Port ports @@ -7898,7 +6582,7 @@ removing - 安裝的 Ports 可以使用 pkg delete 解除安裝。 使用這個指令的範例可以在 pkg-delete8 操作手冊找到。 + 安裝的 Port 可以使用 pkg delete 解除安裝。 使用這個指令的範例可以在 pkg-delete8 操作手冊找到。 或者，可在 Port 的目錄下執行 make deinstall： @@ -7917,7 +6601,7 @@ - 升級 Ports + 升級 Port ports @@ -7924,51 +6608,51 @@ upgrading - 隨著時間推移，Ports 套件集中會有新版的軟體可用。本節將說明如何檢查是否有可以升級的軟體及如何升級。 + 隨著時間推移，Port 套件集中會有新版的軟體可用。本節將說明如何檢查是否有可以升級的軟體及如何升級。 - 要檢查已安裝 Ports 是否有新版可用，請先確定已安裝最新版本的 Ports 樹，使用 或 中說明的指令來更新。在 FreeBSD 10 與更新的版本，或若套件系統已轉換為 pkg，可以使用下列指令列出已經安裝的 Ports 中有那些已過時： + 要檢查已安裝 Port 是否有新版可用，請先確定已安裝最新版本的 Port 樹，使用 或 中說明的指令來更新。在 FreeBSD 10 與更新的版本，或若套件系統已轉換為 pkg，可以使用下列指令列出已經安裝的 Port 中有那些已過時： # pkg version -l "<" - 在 FreeBSD 9.X 與較舊的版本，可以使用下列指令列出已經安裝的 Ports 中有那些已過時： + 在 FreeBSD 9.X 與較舊的版本，可以使用下列指令列出已經安裝的 Port 中有那些已過時： # pkg_version -l "<" - 在嘗試升級之前，請先從檔首閱讀 /usr/ports/UPDATING 來取得最近有那些 Ports 已升級或系統已安裝。這個檔案中會說明各種問題及在升級 Port 時可能會需要使用者執行的額外步驟，例如檔案格式更改、設定檔位置更改、或任何與先前版本不相容的問題。留意那些與您要升級 Ports 相關的指示，並依照這些指示執行升級。 + 在嘗試升級之前，請先從檔首閱讀 /usr/ports/UPDATING 來取得最近有那些 Port 已升級或系統已安裝。這個檔案中會說明各種問題及在升級 Port 時可能會需要使用者執行的額外步驟，例如檔案格式更改、設定檔位置更改、或任何與先前版本不相容的問題。留意那些與您要升級 Port 相關的指示，並依照這些指示執行升級。 要執行實際的升級，可使用 Portmaster 或 Portupgrade。 - 使用 <application>Portmaster</application> 升級 Ports + 使用 <application>Portmaster</application> 升級 Port portmaster - ports-mgmt/portmaster 是可用來升級已安裝 Port 的小巧工具，它可不需要相依其他 Ports 或資料庫便可在 FreeBSD 使用，要使用 Port 安裝此工具可： + ports-mgmt/portmaster 是可用來升級已安裝 Port 的小巧工具，它可不需要相依其他 Port 或資料庫便可在 FreeBSD 使用，要使用 Port 安裝此工具可： # cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/portmaster # make install clean - Portmaster 將 Ports 定義成四種類型： + Portmaster 將 Port 定義成四種類型： - 根 Port：沒有相依且也不被任何其他 Ports 相依。 + 根 Port：沒有相依且也不被任何其他 Port 相依。 - 主幹 Port：沒有相依，但被其他 Ports 相依。 + 主幹 Port：沒有相依，但被其他 Port 相依。 - 分支 Port：有相依，且其被其他 Ports 相依。 + 分支 Port：有相依，且其被其他 Port 相依。 - 枝 Port：有相依，但沒有被其他 Ports 相依。 + 枝 Port：有相依，但沒有被其他 Port 相依。 @@ -8004,38 +6688,38 @@ 預設 Portmaster 會在刪除已存在的 Port 前備份套件，若成功安裝新版 Portmaster 會刪除該備份。使用 來讓 Portmaster 不會自動刪除備份。加入 可啟動 Portmaster 的互動模式，會在升級每個 Port 前提示訊息。尚有許多可用的其他選項，請閱讀 portmaster8 的操作手冊來取得詳細的用法。 - 若升級的過程發生錯誤，可加入 來升級並重新編譯所有 Ports： + 若升級的過程發生錯誤，可加入 來升級並重新編譯所有 Port： # portmaster -af - Portmaster 也可用來安裝新的 Ports 到系統，在編譯及安裝新 Port 前升級所有相依模組。要使用這個功能，要指定 Port 位於 Ports 套件集中的位置： + Portmaster 也可用來安裝新的 Port 到系統，在編譯及安裝新 Port 前升級所有相依模組。要使用這個功能，要指定 Port 位於 Port 套件集中的位置： # portmaster shells/bash - 使用 Portupgrade 升級 Ports + 使用 Portupgrade 升級 Port portupgrade - 另一個可以用來升級 Ports 的工具是 Portupgrade，可在 ports-mgmt/portupgrade 取得套件或 Ports，此工具會安裝一套可以用來管理 Ports 的應用程式，但是它需要相依 Ruby。要安裝該 Port： + 另一個可以用來升級 Port 的工具是 Portupgrade，可在 ports-mgmt/portupgrade 取得套件或 Port，此工具會安裝一套可以用來管理 Port 的應用程式，但是它需要相依 Ruby。要安裝該 Port： # cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/portupgrade # make install clean - 在執行升級之前使用此工具，建議使用 pkgdb -F 掃描已安裝的 Ports 並修正該指令回報的所有資訊不一致的套件。 + 在執行升級之前使用此工具，建議使用 pkgdb -F 掃描已安裝的 Port 並修正該指令回報的所有資訊不一致的套件。 - 要升級所有安裝在系統上過時的 Ports，可使用 portupgrade -a，或者加上 會在每個套件升級時詢問確認： + 要升級所有安裝在系統上過時的 Port，可使用 portupgrade -a，或者加上 會在每個套件升級時詢問確認： # portupgrade -ai - 要升級指定的應用程式而非所有可用 Ports 可使用 portupgrade pkgname，非常重要的是，要加上 來先升級指定應用程式所有相依的 Ports： + 要升級指定的應用程式而非所有可用 Port 可使用 portupgrade pkgname，非常重要的是，要加上 來先升級指定應用程式所有相依的 Port： # portupgrade -R firefox - 若使用 ，Portupgrade 會先在 PKG_PATH 清單中的本地目錄中搜尋可用的套件。若本地沒有可用的套件，則會從遠端下載。若套件無法在本地或遠端找到，Portupgrade 則會使用 Ports 來安裝。要避免完全使用 Ports 安裝，可使用 ，這個選項會告訴 Portupgrade 若沒有套件可用時放棄安裝： + 若使用 ，Portupgrade 會先在 PKG_PATH 清單中的本地目錄中搜尋可用的套件。若本地沒有可用的套件，則會從遠端下載。若套件無法在本地或遠端找到，Portupgrade 則會使用 Port 來安裝。要避免完全使用 Port 安裝，可使用 ，這個選項會告訴 Portupgrade 若沒有套件可用時放棄安裝： # portupgrade -PP gnome3 @@ -8044,7 +6728,7 @@ - Ports 與磁碟空間 + Port 與磁碟空間 ports @@ -8051,11 +6735,11 @@ disk-space - 使用 Ports 套件集會隨著時間消耗磁碟空間。在編譯與安裝 Port 完之後，在 Ports Skeleton 中執行 make clean 可清除暫存的 work 目錄。若使用 Portmaster 來安裝 Port，則會自動移除該目錄，除非使用 。若有安裝 Portupgrade，此指令將會移除所有在 Ports 套件集的本地複本中找到的 work 目錄： + 使用 Port 套件集會隨著時間消耗磁碟空間。在編譯與安裝 Port 完之後，在 Port Skeleton 中執行 make clean 可清除暫存的 work 目錄。若使用 Portmaster 來安裝 Port，則會自動移除該目錄，除非使用 。若有安裝 Portupgrade，此指令將會移除所有在 Port 套件集的本地複本中找到的 work 目錄： # portsclean -C - 除此之外，許多過時的原始碼發行檔案會儲存在 /usr/ports/distfiles。若有安裝 Portupgrade，此指令將會刪除所有不再被任何 Ports 所引用的 distfiles： + 除此之外，許多過時的原始碼發行檔案會儲存在 /usr/ports/distfiles。若有安裝 Portupgrade，此指令將會刪除所有不再被任何 Port 所引用的 distfiles： # portsclean -D @@ -8069,7 +6753,7 @@ 預設這個指令會互動的方式詢問使用者確認是否要刪除 distfile。 - 除了以上指令外，ports-mgmt/pkg_cutleaves 套件或 Port 可自動移除不再需要使用的 Ports。 + 除了以上指令外，ports-mgmt/pkg_cutleaves 套件或 Port 可自動移除不再需要使用的 Port。 @@ -8078,40 +6762,16 @@ Poudriere 是一個使用 BSD 授權條款用來建立與測試 FreeBSD 套件的工具。它使用 FreeBSD Jail 來建置獨立的編譯環境，這些 Jail 可以用來編譯與目前所在系統不同 FreeBSD 版本的套件，也同樣可以在主機為 amd64 的系統上編譯供 i386 使用的套件。套件編譯完成後的目錄配置會與官方鏡像站完全相同。這些套件可由 pkg8 及其他套件管理工具使用。 - Poudriere 可使用 ports-mgmt/poudriere 套件或 Ports 安裝。安裝完成後會有一個範例的設定檔 /usr/local/etc/poudriere.conf.sample。複製此檔案到 /usr/local/etc/poudriere.conf，編輯複製的檔案來配合本地的設定。 + Poudriere 可使用 ports-mgmt/poudriere 套件或 Port 安裝。安裝完成後會有一個範例的設定檔 /usr/local/etc/poudriere.conf.sample。複製此檔案到 /usr/local/etc/poudriere.conf，編輯複製的檔案來配合本地的設定。 - While ZFS is not required on the system - running poudriere, it is beneficial. - When ZFS is used, - ZPOOL must be specified in - /usr/local/etc/poudriere.conf and - FREEBSD_HOST should be set to a nearby - mirror. Defining CCACHE_DIR enables the use - of devel/ccache to cache - compilation and reduce build times for frequently-compiled code. - It may be convenient to put - poudriere datasets in an isolated - tree mounted at /poudriere. Defaults for the - other configuration values are adequate. + 雖然在系統上執行 poudriere 並不一定要使用 ZFS，但使用了是有幫助的。當使用了 ZFS，則必須在 /usr/local/etc/poudriere.conf 指定 ZPOOL 以及 FREEBSD_HOST 應設定到一個最近的鏡像站。定義 CCACHE_DIR 可開啟使用 devel/ccache 快取的功能來快取編譯結果並減少那些需時常編譯的程式碼的編譯次數。將 poudriere 資料集放到一個獨立的目錄並掛載到 /poudriere 可能會比較方便，其他設定項目採用預設值便足夠。 - The number of processor cores detected is used to define how - many builds should run in parallel. Supply enough virtual - memory, either with RAM or swap space. If - virtual memory runs out, compiling jails will stop and be torn - down, resulting in weird error messages. + 偵測到的處理器數量可用來定義要同時執行多少個編譯。並請給予足夠的虛擬記憶體，不論是 RAM 或交換空間，若虛擬記憶體不足，編譯 Jail 將會停止並被清除，可能會造成奇怪的錯誤訊息。 - 初始化 Jails 與 Port 樹 + 初始化 Jail 與 Port 樹 - After configuration, initialize - poudriere so that it installs a - jail with the required FreeBSD tree and a ports tree. Specify a - name for the jail using and the FreeBSD - version with . On systems running - FreeBSD/amd64, the architecture can be set with - to either i386 or - amd64. The default is the - architecture shown by uname. + 在設定之後，初始化 poudriere 來安裝 Jail 及其所需的 FreeBSD 樹與 Port 樹。使用 來指定 Jail 的名稱以及 來指定 FreeBSD 的版本。在執行 FreeBSD/amd64 的系統上可使用 來設定要使用的架構為 i386 或 amd64，預設會採用使用 uname 所顯示的架構。 # poudriere jail -c -j 10amd64 -v 10.0-RELEASE ====>> Creating 10amd64 fs... done @@ -8160,27 +6820,11 @@ Building new INDEX files... done. - On a single computer, poudriere - can build ports with multiple configurations, in multiple - jails, and from different port trees. Custom configurations - for these combinations are called sets. - See the CUSTOMIZATION section of poudriere8 for details - after ports-mgmt/poudriere or - ports-mgmt/poudriere-devel is - installed. + 在一台電腦，poudriere 可使用多組設定在多個 Jail 編譯來自不同 Port 樹的 Port。用來定義這些組合的自訂設定稱作 sets，可在安裝 ports-mgmt/poudriere 或 ports-mgmt/poudriere-devel 後參考 poudriere8 中的 CUSTOMIZATION 章節來取得詳細的資訊。 - The basic configuration shown here puts a single jail-, - port-, and set-specific make.conf in - /usr/local/etc/poudriere.d. - The filename in this example is created by combining the jail - name, port name, and set name: - 10amd64-local-workstation-make.conf. - The system make.conf and this new file - are combined at build time to create the - make.conf used by the build jail. + 在此處示範的基本設定放了單一個 jail-, port- 以及 set- 特定的 make.conf 在 /usr/local/etc/poudriere.d。在此範例使用的檔案名稱由 Jail 名稱、Port 名稱以及 set 名稱所組成: 10amd64-local-workstation-make.conf。系統 make.conf 與這個新的檔案在編譯時期會被合併為編譯 Jail 要使用的 make.conf。 - Packages to be built are entered in - 10amd64-local-workstation-pkglist: + 要編譯的套件會輸入到 10amd64-local-workstation-pkglist: editors/emacs devel/git @@ -8187,58 +6831,32 @@ ports-mgmt/pkg ... - Options and dependencies for the specified ports are - configured: + 可使用以下方式設定選項及相依: # poudriere options -j 10amd64 -p local -z workstation -f 10amd64-local-workstation-pkglist - Finally, packages are built and a package - repository is created: + 最後，編譯套件並建立套件檔案庫: # poudriere bulk -j 10amd64 -p local -z workstation -f 10amd64-local-workstation-pkglist - Ctrlt - displays the current state of the build. - Poudriere also builds files in - /poudriere/logs/bulk/jailname - that can be used with a web server to display build - information. + Ctrlt 可以顯示目前編譯的狀態，Poudriere 也會編譯在 /poudriere/logs/bulk/jailname 中的檔案，可用在網頁伺服器來顯示編譯資訊。 - Packages are now available for - installation from the poudriere - repository. + 套件現在可以從 poudriere 檔案庫來安裝。 - For more information on using - poudriere, see poudriere8 - and the main web site, . + 要取得更多使用 poudriere 的資訊，請參考 poudriere8 及主網站 。 設定 pkg 客戶端使用 Poudriere 檔案庫 - While it is possible to use both a custom repository along - side of the official repository, sometimes it is useful to - disable the official repository. This is done by creating a - configuration file that overrides and disables the official - configuration file. Create - /usr/local/etc/pkg/repos/FreeBSD.conf - that contains the following: + 雖然可以同時使用自訂的檔案庫與官方檔案庫，但有時關閉官方檔案庫會有幫助。這可以透過建立一個設定檔覆蓋並關閉官方的設定檔來完成。建立 /usr/local/etc/pkg/repos/FreeBSD.conf 包含以下內容: FreeBSD: { enabled: no } - Usually it is easiest to serve a poudriere repository to - the client machines via HTTP. Setup a webserver to serve up - the package directory, usually something like: - /usr/local/poudriere/data/packages/10amd64. - Where 10amd64 is the name of the - build. + 通常最簡單要提供 poudriere 給客戶端的方式是透過 HTTP。安裝一個網頁伺服器來提供套件目錄，通常會像: /usr/local/poudriere/data/packages/10amd64，其中 10amd64 是編譯的名稱。 - If the URL to the package repository is: - http://pkg.example.com/10amd64, then the - repository configuration file in - /usr/local/etc/pkg/repos/custom.conf - would look like: + 若要連往套件檔案庫的 URL 是: http://pkg.example.com/10amd64，則在 /usr/local/etc/pkg/repos/custom.conf 的檔案庫設定檔為: custom: { url: "http://pkg.example.com/10amd64", @@ -8276,7 +6894,7 @@ - 處理損壞的 Ports + 處理損壞的 Port 當發現某個 Port 無法順利編譯或安裝，可以嘗試以下幾種方法解決： @@ -8286,12 +6904,12 @@ - 尋求維護人員的協助，在 Ports Skeleton 目錄中輸入 make maintainer 或閱讀 Port 的 Makefile 來取得維護人員的電子郵件位址。寄給維護人員的郵件內容請記得要包含 Port 的 Makefile 中的 $FreeBSD: 一整行及輸出的錯誤訊息。 + 尋求維護人員的協助，在 Port Skeleton 目錄中輸入 make maintainer 或閱讀 Port 的 Makefile 來取得維護人員的電子郵件位址。寄給維護人員的郵件內容請記得要包含 Port 的 Makefile 中的 $FreeBSD: 一整行及輸出的錯誤訊息。 有一些 Port 並非由個人維護，而是由 郵遞論壇 維護，只要郵件地址長的像 freebsd-listname@FreeBSD.org 都是，寄信時記得代入實際的論壇名稱。 - 尤其是顯示 ports@FreeBSD.org 的 Port 都不是由特定個人維護，該 Ports 的修正與支援來自訂閱該郵遞論壇的一般社群所提供，我們非常歡迎志工參與。 + 尤其是顯示 ports@FreeBSD.org 的 Port 都不是由特定個人維護，該 Port 的修正與支援來自訂閱該郵遞論壇的一般社群所提供，我們非常歡迎志工參與。 若寄信後沒有取得任何回應，可以依照 撰寫 FreeBSD 問題回報 的說明使用 Bugzilla 提出問題回報。 @@ -8384,7 +7002,7 @@ - X 伺服器(X Server) + X 伺服器 (X Server) X 最初設計是以網路為中心，採用 client-server 架構。在此架構下 X 伺服器 在有鍵盤、螢幕、滑鼠的電腦上運作。該伺服器負責的工作包含管理顯示、處理來自鍵盤、滑鼠的輸入及來自其他設備(如平板或或影像投影機)的輸入或輸出。這點可能會讓人感到困惑，因為 X 使用的術語與一般的認知剛好相反。 一般認知會以為 X 伺服器 是要在最強悍的主機上執行，而 X 客戶端 才是在桌機上面執行，實際上卻是相反。 @@ -8392,7 +7010,7 @@ - X 客戶端(X Client) + X 客戶端 (X Client) 每個 X 應用程式，如 XTerm、Firefox 都是 客戶端。 客戶端會傳訊息到伺服器，例如：請在這些座標畫一個視窗，接著伺服器會傳回訊息，如：使用者剛點選了確定按鈕。 @@ -8402,10 +7020,10 @@ - 視窗管理程式(Window Manager) + 視窗管理程式 (Window Manager) - X 並不規定螢幕上的視窗該長什麼樣、要如何移動滑鼠指標、 要用什麼鍵來在視窗切換、每個視窗的標題列長相，及是否該有關閉按鈕，等等。事實上，X 把這部分交給所謂的視窗管理程式來管理。可用的視窗管理程式有很多種，每一種視窗管理程式都提供不同的使用介面風格：有些支援虛擬桌面，有些允許自訂組合鍵來管理桌面，有些有 開始 鈕，有些則是可更換佈景主題，可自行安裝新的佈景主題以更換外觀。 視窗管理程式可在 Ports 套件集的 x11-wm 分類找到。 + X 並不規定螢幕上的視窗該長什麼樣、要如何移動滑鼠指標、 要用什麼鍵來在視窗切換、每個視窗的標題列長相，及是否該有關閉按鈕，等等。事實上，X 把這部分交給所謂的視窗管理程式來管理。可用的視窗管理程式有很多種，每一種視窗管理程式都提供不同的使用介面風格：有些支援虛擬桌面，有些允許自訂組合鍵來管理桌面，有些有 開始 鈕，有些則是可更換佈景主題，可自行安裝新的佈景主題以更換外觀。 視窗管理程式可在 Port 套件集的 x11-wm 分類找到。 每個視窗管理程式也各有其不同的設定機制，有些需要手動修改設定檔， 而有的則可透過圖型化工具來完成大部分的設定工作。 @@ -8412,7 +7030,7 @@ - 桌面環境(Desktop Environment) + 桌面環境 (Desktop Environment) KDE 與 GNOME 會被稱作桌面環境是因為包含了完整常用桌面作業的應用程式，這些應用程式可能包含文書軟體、網頁瀏覽器及遊戲。 @@ -8420,12 +7038,12 @@ - 聚焦政策(Focus Policy) + 聚焦政策 (Focus Policy) 視窗管理程式負責滑鼠指標的聚焦政策。 聚焦政策指的是如何決定使用中及接收鍵盤輸入的視窗。 - 通常較為人熟悉的聚焦政策叫做 click-to-focus，這個模式中，滑鼠點選到的視窗便會處於作用中(Active)的狀態。在 focus-follows-mouse 模式滑鼠指標所在的視窗便是作用中的視窗，只要把滑鼠移到其他視窗就可以改變作用中的視窗，若滑鼠移到根視窗(Root Window)，則會聚焦在根視窗。在 sloppy-focus 模式，既使滑鼠移到根視窗，仍然會聚焦在最後聚焦的視窗上，此模式只有當滑鼠進入新的視窗時才會聚焦於該視窗，而非離開目前視窗時。click-to-focus 模式用滑鼠點擊來決定作用中的視窗，且該視窗會被置頂到所有其他視窗之前，即使滑鼠移到其他視窗，所有的鍵盤輸入仍會由該視窗所接收。 + 通常較為人熟悉的聚焦政策叫做 click-to-focus，這個模式中，滑鼠點選到的視窗便會處於作用中 (Active) 的狀態。在 focus-follows-mouse 模式滑鼠指標所在的視窗便是作用中的視窗，只要把滑鼠移到其他視窗就可以改變作用中的視窗，若滑鼠移到根視窗 (Root Window)，則會聚焦在根視窗。在 sloppy-focus 模式，既使滑鼠移到根視窗，仍然會聚焦在最後聚焦的視窗上，此模式只有當滑鼠進入新的視窗時才會聚焦於該視窗，而非離開目前視窗時。click-to-focus 模式用滑鼠點擊來決定作用中的視窗，且該視窗會被置頂到所有其他視窗之前，即使滑鼠移到其他視窗，所有的鍵盤輸入仍會由該視窗所接收。 不同的視窗管理程式支援不同的聚焦模式，全部都支援 click-to-focus 且其中大部份支援其他模式，請查看視窗管理程式的說明文件來了解可用的聚焦模式。 @@ -8432,7 +7050,7 @@ - 視窗元件(Widget) + 視窗元件 (Widget) 視窗元件指的是在所有在使用者介面上可被點選或操作的項目，這包括按鈕、核選方塊、單選按鈕、圖示及清單。 視窗元件工具包(Widget toolkit)是指用來建立圖型化應用程式的一系列的視窗元件。目前有數個有名的視窗元件工具包，包含 KDE 所使用的 Qt、GNOME 所使用的 GTK+。 因此應用程式會依其開發時所選用的視窗元件工具包而有不同的外觀。 @@ -8444,28 +7062,20 @@ 安裝 <application>Xorg</application> - On FreeBSD, Xorg can be installed - as a package or port. + 在 FreeBSD，Xorg 可透過套件或 Port 來安裝。 - To build and install from the Ports Collection: + 要從 Port 套件集編譯與安裝: # cd /usr/ports/x11/xorg # make install clean - The binary package can be installed more quickly but with - fewer options for customization: + 使用 Binary 套件安裝快速，但可用的自訂選項較少: # pkg install xorg - Either of these installations results in the complete - Xorg system being installed. This - is the best option for most users. + 兩種安裝方式皆可完整安裝 Xorg 系統。此方式較建議大多數使用者。 - A smaller version of the X system suitable for experienced - users is available in x11/xorg-minimal. Most - of the documents, libraries, and applications will not be - installed. Some applications require these additional - components to function. + 較精簡版本的 X 系統適合給有經驗的使用者使用，可至 x11/xorg-minimal 取得。這個版本就不會安裝大多數的文件、函數庫以及應用程式，而部份應用程式會需要這些額外的元件才能運作。 @@ -8487,16 +7097,11 @@ 快速開始 - Xorg supports most common - video cards, keyboards, and pointing devices. These devices - are automatically detected and do not require any manual - configuration. + Xorg 支援大多數常見的顯示卡、鍵盤以及指標裝置，Xorg 會自動偵測這些裝置，並不需要手動設定。 - If Xorg has been used on - this computer before, move or remove any existing - configuration files: + 若 Xorg 曾經在電腦使用過，可先將現有的設定檔重新命名或移除: # mv /etc/X11/xorg.conf ~/xorg.conf.etc # mv /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf ~/xorg.conf.localetc @@ -8503,46 +7108,27 @@ - Add the user who will run - Xorg to the - video or - wheel group to enable 3D acceleration - when available. To add user - jru to whichever group is - available: + 加入要執行 Xorg 的使用者到 video 或 wheel 群組，以便在可用時能開啟 3D 加速。要加入使用者 jru 到任一個可用的群組: # pw groupmod video -m jru || pw groupmod wheel -m jru - The TWM window manager is included - by default. It is started when - Xorg starts: + 預設內含 TWM 視窗管理程式，啟動 Xorg 時便會啟動該視窗管理程式: % startx - On some older versions of FreeBSD, the system console - must be set to vt4 before switching back to the - text console will work properly. See - . + 在部份較舊版的 FreeBSD，在切換回文字 Console 前系統 Console 必須設為 vt4 才可正常運作，請參考 。 - 用來加速影像處理的使用者群組 + 可加速影像處理的使用者群組 - Access to /dev/dri is needed to allow - 3D acceleration on video cards. It is usually simplest to add - the user who will be running X to either the - video or wheel group. - Here, pw8 is used to add user - slurms to the - video group, or to the - wheel group if there is no - video group: + 要存取 /dev/dri 需要允許顯示卡的 3D 加速功能，這通常只需要將要執行 X 的使用者加入 video 或 wheel 群組。此處使用 pw8 來將使用者 slurms 加入 video 群組，若沒有 video 則會加入 wheel 群組: # pw groupmod video -m slurms || pw groupmod wheel -m slurms @@ -8550,19 +7136,9 @@ 核心模式設定 (Kernel Mode Setting, <acronym>KMS</acronym>) - When the computer switches from displaying the console to - a higher screen resolution for X, it must set the video - output mode. Recent versions of - Xorg use a system inside the kernel to do - these mode changes more efficiently. Older versions of FreeBSD - use sc4, which is not aware of the - KMS system. The end result is that after - closing X, the system console is blank, even though it is - still working. The newer vt4 console avoids this - problem. + 當電腦顯示從 Console 切換到高螢幕解析度供 X 使用時，必須設定影像輸出模式。最近版本的 Xorg 使用了核心內部的系統來讓切換模式更有效率。較舊版的 FreeBSD 使用的 sc4 並不知到 KMS 系統的存在，這會導致關閉 X 之後即始仍在運作但系統 Console 卻呈現空白。較新版的 vt4 Console 可避免這個問題。 - Add this line to /boot/loader.conf - to enable vt4: + 加入此行到 /boot/loader.conf 來開啟 vt4: kern.vty=vt @@ -8573,37 +7149,19 @@ 目錄 - Xorg looks in several - directories for configuration files. - /usr/local/etc/X11/ is the recommended - directory for these files on FreeBSD. Using this directory - helps keep application files separate from operating system - files. + Xorg 會查看數個目錄來尋找設定檔，在 FreeBSD 較建議使用 /usr/local/etc/X11/ 來存放這些設定檔，使用這個目錄可以幫助將應用程式檔案與作業系統檔案分離。 - Storing configuration files in the legacy - /etc/X11/ still works. However, this - mixes application files with the base FreeBSD files and is not - recommended. + 儲存設定檔在傳統的 /etc/X11/ 仍可運作，但並不建議將應用程式檔案與基礎 FreeBSD 檔案混合在一起存放。 單檔或多檔 - It is easier to use multiple files that each configure a - specific setting than the traditional single - xorg.conf. These files are stored in - the xorg.conf.d/ subdirectory of the - main configuration file directory. The full path is - typically - /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/. + 使用多檔，每一個檔案只設定一個指定項目會較傳統使用單一 xorg.conf 設定來的簡單。這些檔案會存放在主設定檔目錄下的 xorg.conf.d/ 子目錄，完整路徑通常為 /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/。 - Examples of these files are shown later in this - section. + 於本節稍後會有這些檔案的範例。 - The traditional single xorg.conf - still works, but is neither as clear nor as flexible as - multiple files in the xorg.conf.d/ - subdirectory. + 傳統單一 xorg.conf 的方式仍可運作，但比起在 xorg.conf.d/ 子目錄中的多檔設定方式較不明瞭且沒有彈性。 @@ -8615,14 +7173,11 @@ Intel - 3D acceleration is supported on most Intel - graphics up to Ivy Bridge (HD Graphics 2500, 4000, and - P4000), including Iron Lake (HD Graphics) and - Sandy Bridge (HD Graphics 2000). + 3D 加速在大多數 Intel 顯示晶片都有支援，最新到 Ivy Bridge (HD Graphics 2500, 4000, 及 P4000) 包含 Iron Lake (HD Graphics) 與 Sandy Bridge (HD Graphics 2000)。 - Driver name: intel + 驅動程式名稱: intel - For reference, see . + 參考文獻請至 。 @@ -8630,12 +7185,11 @@ AMD Radeon - 2D and 3D acceleration is supported on Radeon - cards up to and including the HD6000 series. + Radeon 顯示卡支援 2D 及 3D 加速，最新到 HD6000 系列。 - Driver name: radeon + 驅動程式名稱: radeon - For reference, see . + 參考文獻請至 。 @@ -8643,81 +7197,43 @@ NVIDIA - Several NVIDIA drivers are available in the - x11 category of the Ports - Collection. Install the driver that matches the video - card. + 有數個 NVIDIA 驅動程式可於 Port 套件集中的 x11 分類取得，請安裝其中與顯示卡相符的驅動程式。 - For reference, see . + 參考文獻請至 。 - Hybrid Combination Graphics + 混合組合繪圖晶片 - Some notebook computers add additional graphics - processing units to those built into the chipset or - processor. Optimus combines - Intel and NVIDIA hardware. - Switchable Graphics or - Hybrid Graphics are a combination - of an Intel or AMD processor and an AMD Radeon - GPU. + 部份筆記型電腦加入了額外繪圖處理單元到那些內建晶片組或處理。Optimus 結合了 Intel 及 NVIDIA 的硬體，Switchable Graphics 或 Hybrid Graphics 則是結合了 Intel 或 AMD 處理器與 AMD Radeon GPU。 - Implementations of these hybrid graphics systems - vary, and Xorg on FreeBSD is - not able to drive all versions of them. + 這些混合繪圖系統的實作方式均不同，FreeBSD 的 Xorg 尚無法驅動所有的混合繪圖系統版本。 - Some computers provide a BIOS - option to disable one of the graphics adapters or select - a discrete mode which can be used - with one of the standard video card drivers. For - example, it is sometimes possible to disable the NVIDIA - GPU in an Optimus system. The - Intel video can then be used with an Intel - driver. + 部份電腦提供了 BIOS 的選項可以關閉其中一個繪圖介面卡或選擇 discrete 模式，可用使用其中一種標準顯示卡驅動程式來驅動。例如，有時關閉 Optimus 系統中的 NVIDIA GPU 是可能讓 Intel 顯示晶片可用 Intel 驅動程式驅動。 - BIOS settings depend on the model - of computer. In some situations, both - GPUs can be left enabled, but - creating a configuration file that only uses the main - GPU in the Device - section is enough to make such a system - functional. + BIOS 設定會依電腦的型號有所不同，在某些情況下，可以同時開啟兩個 GPU，而在建立的設定檔中的 Device 節只使用主要的 GPU 便能讓系統運作。 - Other Video Cards + 其他顯示卡 - Drivers for some less-common video cards can be - found in the x11-drivers directory - of the Ports Collection. + 較不常見的顯示卡驅動程式可在 Port 套件集的 x11-drivers 目錄找到。 - Cards that are not supported by a specific driver - might still be usable with the - x11-drivers/xf86-video-vesa driver. - This driver is installed by x11/xorg. - It can also be installed manually as - x11-drivers/xf86-video-vesa. - Xorg attempts to use this - driver when a specific driver is not found for the video - card. + 若沒有特定的驅動程式可以支援顯示卡，仍可能可用 x11-drivers/xf86-video-vesa 驅動程式來驅動。該驅動程式可使用 x11/xorg 安裝，也可使用 x11-drivers/xf86-video-vesa 手動安裝。當沒有指定驅動程式時 Xorg 會嘗試使用這個驅動程式來驅動顯示卡。 - x11-drivers/xf86-video-scfb is a - similar nonspecialized video driver that works on many - UEFI and ARM computers. + x11-drivers/xf86-video-scfb 也是不特定顯示卡的驅動程式，可在許多 UEFI 及 ARM 的電腦上運作。 - Setting the Video Driver in a File + 在檔案中設定影像驅動程式 - To set the Intel driver in a configuration - file: + 要在設定檔設定使用 Intel 驅動程式: 在單檔中選擇 <trademark class="registered">Intel</trademark> 影像驅動程式 @@ -8730,16 +7246,10 @@ # BusID "PCI:1:0:0" EndSection - If more than one video card is present, the - BusID identifier can be uncommented - and set to select the desired card. A list of video - card bus IDs can be displayed with - pciconf -lv | grep -B3 - display. + 若有多張顯示卡，可取消註解 BusID identifier 然後設定為想要的顯示卡，顯示卡的 Bus ID 清單可以使用 pciconf -lv | grep -B3 display 取得。 - To set the Radeon driver in a configuration - file: + 要在設定檔設定使用 Radeon 驅動程式: 在單檔中選擇 Radeon 影像驅動程式 @@ -8752,8 +7262,7 @@ EndSection - To set the VESA driver in a - configuration file: + 要在設定檔設定使用 VESA 驅動程式: 在單檔中選擇 <acronym>VESA</acronym> 影像驅動程式 @@ -8766,8 +7275,7 @@ EndSection - To set the scfb driver for use - with a UEFI or ARM computer: + 要設定 UEFI 或 ARM 電腦使用 scfb 驅動程式: 在單檔中選擇 <literal>scfb</literal> 影像驅動程式 @@ -8787,26 +7295,16 @@ 顯示器 - Almost all monitors support the Extended Display - Identification Data standard (EDID). - Xorg uses EDID - to communicate with the monitor and detect the supported - resolutions and refresh rates. Then it selects the most - appropriate combination of settings to use with that - monitor. + 幾乎所有顯示器都支援延伸顯示辨識資料標準 (Extended Display Identification Data, EDID)，Xorg 會使用 EDID 與顯示器通訊並偵測支援的解析度與更新頻率，然後選擇最適合的設定組合使用該顯示器。 - Other resolutions supported by the monitor can be - chosen by setting the desired resolution in configuration - files, or after the X server has been started with - xrandr1. + 其他顯示器支援的解析度可透過在設定檔中設定想要的解析度來選擇，或者在 X 伺服器啟動之後使用 xrandr1。 - Using xrandr1 + 使用 xrandr1 - Run xrandr1 without any parameters to see a - list of video outputs and detected monitor modes: + 執行 xrandr1 不加任何參數可檢查影像輸出及已偵測到的顯示器模式清單: % xrandr Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 3000 x 1920, maximum 8192 x 8192 @@ -8824,29 +7322,15 @@ DisplayPort-0 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) HDMI-0 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) - This shows that the DVI-0 output - is being used to display a screen resolution of - 1920x1200 pixels at a refresh rate of about 60 Hz. - Monitors are not attached to the - DisplayPort-0 and - HDMI-0 connectors. + 這個結果顯示 DVI-0 輸出被用來顯示解析度為 1920x1200 像素於更新頻率約 60 Hz 的畫面，未有顯示器連接到 DisplayPort-0 與 HDMI-0 接頭。 - Any of the other display modes can be selected with - xrandr1. For example, to switch to 1280x1024 at - 60 Hz: + 可使用 xrandr1 來選擇任何其他的顯示模式。例如要切換為 1280x1024 於 60 Hz: % xrandr --mode 1280x1024 --rate 60 - A common task is using the external video output on - a notebook computer for a video projector. + 在筆記型電腦使用外部顯示輸出到投影機是常見的作業。 - The type and quantity of output connectors varies - between devices, and the name given to each output - varies from driver to driver. What one driver calls - HDMI-1, another might call - HDMI1. So the first step is to run - xrandr1 to list all the available - outputs: + 不同裝置間輸出接頭的類型與數量也不同，給每個輸出的名稱在不同驅動程式間也不同。在某些驅動程式稱為 HDMI-1 的輸出在其他驅動程式則可能稱為 HDMI1。因此第一個步驟是執行 xrandr1 列出所有可用的輸出: % xrandr Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 1366 x 768, maximum 8192 x 8192 @@ -8867,40 +7351,23 @@ HDMI1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) DP1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) - Four outputs were found: the built-in panel - LVDS1, and external - VGA1, HDMI1, and - DP1 connectors. + 已找到四個輸出: 內建面板的 LVDS1，外接的 VGA1, HDMI1 以及 DP1 接頭。 - The projector has been connected to the - VGA1 output. xrandr1 is now - used to set that output to the native resolution of the - projector and add the additional space to the right side - of the desktop: + 投影機已連接至 VGA1 輸出，現在使用 xrandr1 來設定該輸出到投影機 (原始解析度) 並加入額外的空間到桌面的右側: % xrandr --output VGA1 --auto --right-of LVDS1 - --auto chooses the resolution and - refresh rate detected by EDID. If - the resolution is not correctly detected, a fixed value - can be given with --mode instead of - the --auto statement. For example, - most projectors can be used with a 1024x768 resolution, - which is set with - --mode 1024x768. + --auto 會選擇使用 EDID 偵測到的解析度與更新頻率。若未正確偵測解析度，可替換 --auto 為 --mode 然後給予固定值。例如大部份的投影機可使用 1024x768 解析度為，則可設定 --mode 1024x768。 - xrandr1 is often run from - .xinitrc to set the appropriate - mode when X starts. + xrandr1 通常會在 .xinitrc 執行以在 X 啟動時設定適合的模式。 - Setting Monitor Resolution in a File + 在檔案中設定螢幕解析度 - To set a screen resolution of 1024x768 in a - configuration file: + 在設定檔設定螢幕解析度為 1024x768: 在單檔中設定螢幕解析度 @@ -8916,11 +7383,7 @@ EndSection - The few monitors that do not have - EDID can be configured by setting - HorizSync and - VertRefresh to the range of - frequencies supported by the monitor. + 少數顯示器沒有 EDID，可設定 HorizSync 及 VertRefresh 為顯示器支援的頻率範圍。 手動設定顯示器頻率 @@ -8946,23 +7409,14 @@ - Keyboard Layout + 鍵盤配置 - The standardized location of keys on a keyboard - is called a layout. Layouts and - other adjustable parameters are listed in - xkeyboard-config7. + 鍵盤上標準按鍵的位置稱做 配置 (Layout)。配置與其他可調整的參數列於 xkeyboard-config7。 - A United States layout is the default. To select - an alternate layout, set the - XkbLayout and - XkbVariant options in an - InputClass. This will be applied - to all input devices that match the class. + 預設為 United States 配置，要選擇其他的配置可在 InputClass 設定 XkbLayout 與 XkbVariant 選項。這會套用所有符合該類別的輸入裝置。 - This example selects a French keyboard layout with - the oss variant. + 這個例子選擇 French 鍵盤配置使用 oss 變體。 設定鍵盤配置 @@ -8981,16 +7435,7 @@ 設定多個鍵盤配置 - Set United States, Spanish, and Ukrainian - keyboard layouts. Cycle through these layouts by - pressing - - Alt - Shift - . x11/xxkb or - x11/sbxkb can be used for - improved layout switching control and - current layout indicators. + 設定 United States, Spanish 與 Ukrainian 鍵盤配置，並可按 Alt Shift 來切換這些配置。可使用 x11/xxkb 或 x11/sbxkb 來加強配置切換控制與目前配置的指示。 /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/kbd-layout-multi.conf @@ -9004,16 +7449,10 @@ - Closing Xorg From the - Keyboard + 從鍵盤關閉 Xorg - X can be closed with a combination of keys. - By default, that key combination is not set because it - conflicts with keyboard commands for some - applications. Enabling this option requires changes - to the keyboard InputDevice - section: + X 可以使用組合鍵來關閉，預設並未設定組合鍵，因為該組合鍵與部份應用程式的鍵盤指令衝突。要開啟這個選項需要更改鍵盤 InputDevice 節: 開啟鍵盤離開 X 功能 @@ -9035,21 +7474,17 @@ 滑鼠與指標裝置 - Many mouse parameters can be adjusted with configuration - options. See mousedrv4 for a full list. + 有許多滑鼠參數可使用設定選項來調整，請參考 mousedrv4 來取得完整清單。 - Mouse Buttons + 滑鼠按鍵 - The number of buttons on a mouse can be set in the - mouse InputDevice section of - xorg.conf. To set the number of - buttons to 7: + 滑鼠的按鍵數可在 xorg.conf 的滑鼠 InputDevice 節設定，例如要設定按鍵數為 7: - 設定滑鼠按鍵編號 + 設定滑鼠按鍵數 /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/mouse0-buttons.conf @@ -9067,29 +7502,19 @@ 手動設定 - In some cases, Xorg - autoconfiguration does not work with particular hardware, or a - different configuration is desired. For these cases, a custom - configuration file can be created. + 在某些情況 Xorg 的自動設定無法在特定硬體上運作，或需要使用不同的設定。針對這些情況會建立自訂的設定檔。 - A configuration file can be generated by - Xorg based on the detected - hardware. This file is often a useful starting point for - custom configurations. + 設定檔可由 Xorg 根據偵測到的硬體產生，這個檔案對一開始自訂設定很有幫助。 - Generating an xorg.conf: + 產生 xorg.conf: # Xorg -configure - The configuration file is saved to - /root/xorg.conf.new. Make any changes - desired, then test that file with: + 設定檔會儲存至 /root/xorg.conf.new，做任何需要的更改，然後使用以下指令測試該檔案: # Xorg -config /root/xorg.conf.new - After the new configuration has been adjusted and tested, - it can be split into smaller files in the normal location, - /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/. + 在新設定檔調整與測試過後，便可分開成較小的檔案放置到正常的位置 /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/。 @@ -9110,53 +7535,23 @@ Type1 字型 - The default fonts that ship with - Xorg are less than ideal for - typical desktop publishing applications. Large presentation - fonts show up jagged and unprofessional looking, and small - fonts are almost completely unintelligible. However, there - are several free, high quality Type1 (PostScript) fonts - available which can be readily used with - Xorg. For instance, the URW font - collection (x11-fonts/urwfonts) includes - high quality versions of standard type1 fonts (Times Roman, Helvetica, Palatino and others). The - Freefonts collection (x11-fonts/freefonts) - includes many more fonts, but most of them are intended for - use in graphics software such as the - Gimp, and are not complete enough - to serve as screen fonts. In addition, - Xorg can be configured to use - TrueType fonts with a minimum of effort. For more details - on this, see the X7 manual page or . + 由於 Xorg 內建的預設字型用在典型的桌面出版應用程式並不是很理想，大字型會呈現鋸齒狀邊緣，看起來很不專業，小字型幾乎完全看不清楚。不過，這裡有幾個免費高品質的 Type1 (PostScript) 字型可用，且能容易的在 Xorg 使用。例如，URW 字型集 (Times Roman, Helvetica, Palatino 及其他)。 Freefont 字型集 (x11-fonts/freefonts) 包含了更多的字型，但其中大部分是給圖形軟體如 GIMP 所使用的字型，並不能完全作為螢幕字型使用。此外，Xorg 可以簡單的設定使用 TrueType 字型。更多有關本主題的詳細資訊，請參考 X7 操作手冊或 。 - To install the above Type1 font collections from the Ports - Collection, run the following commands: + 要從 Port 套件集安裝上述的 Type1 字型集可執行以下指令: # cd /usr/ports/x11-fonts/urwfonts # make install clean - And likewise with the freefont or other collections. To - have the X server detect these fonts, add an appropriate line - to the X server configuration file - (/etc/X11/xorg.conf), which reads: + 同樣的安裝方式也適用 Freefont 或其他字型集。要讓 X 伺服器偵測到這些新安裝的字型，可加入適當的設定到 X 伺服器設定檔 (/etc/X11/xorg.conf)，內容為: FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts/urwfonts/" - Alternatively, at the command line in the X session - run: + 或者在 X session 的指令列執行: % xset fp+ /usr/local/share/fonts/urwfonts % xset fp rehash - This will work but will be lost when the X session is - closed, unless it is added to the startup file - (~/.xinitrc for a normal - startx session, or - ~/.xsession when logging in through a - graphical login manager like XDM). - A third way is to use the new - /usr/local/etc/fonts/local.conf as - demonstrated in . + 這樣便可，但在 X session 關閉時將會失效，除非將該設定加入啟動檔 (一般的 startx session 可在 ~/.xinitrc 設定，若透過圖型化登入管理程式如 XDM 登入時則在 ~/.xsession 設定)。第三種方式是使用新 /usr/local/etc/fonts/local.conf，如 的示範。 @@ -9170,54 +7565,27 @@ TrueType - Xorg has built in support for - rendering TrueType fonts. There are two different modules - that can enable this functionality. The freetype module is - used in this example because it is more consistent with the - other font rendering back-ends. To enable the freetype module - just add the following line to the "Module" - section of /etc/X11/xorg.conf. + Xorg 內建支援繪製 TrueType 字型，目前有兩個模組可以支援這項功能。在本例中使用 freetype 模組，由於此模組與其他字型繪製後端較為一致。要開啟 freetype 模組只需要將下行加入到 /etc/X11/xorg.conf 中的 "Module" section。 Load "freetype" - Now make a directory for the TrueType fonts (for - example, /usr/local/share/fonts/TrueType) - and copy all of the TrueType fonts into this directory. - Keep in mind that TrueType fonts cannot be directly taken - from an Apple Mac; they must be in - UNIX/MS-DOS/Windows format for use by - Xorg. Once the files have been - copied into this directory, use - mkfontdir to create a - fonts.dir, so that the X font renderer - knows that these new files have been installed. - mkfontdir can be installed as a - package: + 現在要建立一個儲存 TrueType 字型的目錄 (例如，/usr/local/share/fonts/TrueType) 然後複製所有 TrueType 字型到這個目錄。要注意 TrueType 字型並無法直接取自 Apple Mac，Xorg 使用的字型必須為 UNIX/MS-DOS/Windows 的格式。檔案複製到讓目錄之後，使用 mkfontdir 來建立 fonts.dir 來讓 X 字型繪製程式知道安裝了新的檔案。mkfontdir 可用套件的方式安裝: # pkg install mkfontdir - Then create an index of X font files in a - directory: + 然後在目錄中建立 X 字型檔的索引: # cd /usr/local/share/fonts/TrueType # mkfontdir - Now add the TrueType directory to the font path. This - is just the same as described in : + 接著加入 TrueType 目錄到字型路徑。這個動作與 中所介紹的方式相同: % xset fp+ /usr/local/share/fonts/TrueType % xset fp rehash - or add a FontPath line to - xorg.conf. + 或直接加入 FontPath 一行到 xorg.conf。 - Now Gimp, - Apache OpenOffice, and all of the - other X applications should now recognize the installed - TrueType fonts. Extremely small fonts (as with text in a - high resolution display on a web page) and extremely large - fonts (within StarOffice) will - look much better now. + 現在 Gimp, Apache OpenOffice 以及其他 X 應用程式應可以辨識到已安裝的 TrueType 字型。極小的字型 (以高解析度在網頁中顯示的文字) 與極大的字型 (在 StarOffice 中) 現在會看起來比較像樣了。 @@ -9242,58 +7610,27 @@ anti-aliased - All fonts in Xorg that are - found in /usr/local/share/fonts/ and - ~/.fonts/ are automatically made - available for anti-aliasing to Xft-aware applications. Most - recent applications are Xft-aware, including - KDE, - GNOME, and - Firefox. + 所有可在 /usr/local/share/fonts/ 及 ~/.fonts/ 找到的 Xorg 字型均可在 Xft-aware 的應用程式使用反鋸齒的效果。大多最近的應用程式均為 Xft-aware 的，包括 KDE, GNOME 以及 Firefox。 - In order to control which fonts are anti-aliased, or to - configure anti-aliasing properties, create (or edit, if it - already exists) the file - /usr/local/etc/fonts/local.conf. Several - advanced features of the Xft font system can be tuned using - this file; this section describes only some simple - possibilities. For more details, please see - fonts-conf5. + 要控制那一些字型要做反鋸齒或設定反鋸齒的屬性，需建立 /usr/local/etc/fonts/local.conf 檔案 (若檔案存在則編輯)。在這個檔案中可以調整 Xft 字型系統的數項進階功能，本章節僅介紹部份簡單的項目，要取得進一步資訊，可參考 fonts-conf5。 XML - This file must be in XML format. Pay careful attention to - case, and make sure all tags are properly closed. The file - begins with the usual XML header followed by a DOCTYPE - definition, and then the <fontconfig> - tag: + 這個檔案必須使用 XML 格式，小心文字大小寫，且要確定所有標籤均有正常結尾。檔案的開頭使用常見的 XML 檔首，接著為 DOCTYPE 定義，然後是 <fontconfig> 標籤: <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd"> <fontconfig> - As previously stated, all fonts in - /usr/local/share/fonts/ as well as - ~/.fonts/ are already made available to - Xft-aware applications. If you wish to add another directory - outside of these two directory trees, add a line similar to - the following to - /usr/local/etc/fonts/local.conf: + 如同前面所提到的，所有在 /usr/local/share/fonts/ 與 ~/.fonts/ 的字型均已在 Xft-aware 的應用程式做反鋸齒效果，若您想要加入除了上兩者以外的目錄，可加入下行設定到 /usr/local/etc/fonts/local.conf: <dir>/path/to/my/fonts</dir> - After adding new fonts, and especially new font - directories, you should run the following command to rebuild - the font caches: + 加入新字型及額外的新字型目錄之後，您應執行以下指令來重新建立字型快取: # fc-cache -f - Anti-aliasing makes borders slightly fuzzy, which makes - very small text more readable and removes - staircases from large text, but can cause - eyestrain if applied to normal text. To exclude font sizes - smaller than 14 point from anti-aliasing, include these - lines: + 反鋸齒效果會讓文字的邊緣變模糊，這會讓非常小的文字更能閱讀且去除大型文字的 鋸齒，但套用在一般的文字可能會造成眼睛的疲勞。要排除小於 14 點的字型大小使用反鋸齒效果，可加入這些行: <match target="font"> <test name="size" compare="less"> @@ -9317,11 +7654,7 @@ spacing - Spacing for some monospaced fonts may also be - inappropriate with anti-aliasing. This seems to be an issue - with KDE, in particular. One - possible fix for this is to force the spacing for such fonts - to be 100. Add the following lines: + 反鋸齒所產生的間距對於部份等寬字型並不適合，尤其是在使用 KDE 時會發生問題。可能的修正方式是強制字型的間距為 100，可加入以下行: <match target="pattern" name="family"> <test qual="any" name="family"> @@ -9340,8 +7673,7 @@ </edit> </match> - (this aliases the other common names for fixed fonts as - "mono"), and then add: + (這會設定等寬字型的其他常用名稱為 "mono")，然後加入: <match target="pattern" name="family"> <test qual="any" name="family"> @@ -9352,11 +7684,7 @@ </edit> </match> - Certain fonts, such as Helvetica, may have a problem when - anti-aliased. Usually this manifests itself as a font that - seems cut in half vertically. At worst, it may cause - applications to crash. To avoid this, consider adding the - following to local.conf: + 部份字型，如 Helvetica，在使用反鋸齒時可能會發生問題，通常會呈現像垂直切成兩半的字型，最差還可能會導致應用程式當掉。要避免這個問題，可考慮加入以下設定到 local.conf: <match target="pattern" name="family"> <test qual="any" name="family"> @@ -9367,27 +7695,15 @@ </edit> </match> - Once you have finished editing - local.conf make sure you end the file - with the </fontconfig> tag. Not - doing this will cause your changes to be ignored. + 編輯 local.conf 完之後，請確認有使用 </fontconfig> 標籤結尾，若沒使用會讓您的更改直接被忽略。 - Finally, users can add their own settings via their - personal .fonts.conf files. To do this, - each user should simply create a - ~/.fonts.conf. This file must also be in - XML format. + 最後，使用者可以透過個人的 .fonts.conf 檔案來加入自己的設定。要加入個人設定，每位使用者只需簡單的建立 ~/.fonts.conf，這個檔案也同樣需要為 XML 格式。 LCD screen Fonts LCD screen - One last point: with an LCD screen, sub-pixel sampling may - be desired. This basically treats the (horizontally - separated) red, green and blue components separately to - improve the horizontal resolution; the results can be - dramatic. To enable this, add the line somewhere in - local.conf: + 最後一點: 若有使用 LCD 螢幕，可能會想要使用子像素取樣 (Sub-pixel sampling)，這基本上會分開處理 (水平分隔) 紅、綠、藍色彩組成來提高垂直解析度，結果可能是無法預料的。要開啟這個功能，加入下行到 local.conf 的任一處: <match target="font"> <test qual="all" name="rgba"> @@ -9399,11 +7715,7 @@ </match> - Depending on the sort of display, - rgb may need to be changed to - bgr, vrgb or - vbgr: experiment and see which works - best. + 依據不同的顯示器類型，rgb 可能會需要更改為 bgr, vrgb 或 vbgr: 可實驗看看然後看那一個效果最好。 @@ -9424,43 +7736,20 @@ X Display Manager - Xorg provides an X Display - Manager, XDM, which can be used for - login session management. XDM - provides a graphical interface for choosing which display server - to connect to and for entering authorization information such as - a login and password combination. + Xorg 提供了 X 顯示管理程式 (X Display Manager, XDM)，可用來做登入階段的管理。XDM 提供了一個圖型化的介面來選擇要連結的顯示伺服器以及輸入認証資訊 (登入與密碼)。 - This section demonstrates how to configure the X Display - Manager on FreeBSD. Some desktop environments provide their own - graphical login manager. Refer to for instructions on how to configure - the GNOME Display Manager and for - instructions on how to configure the KDE Display Manager. + 本節將示範如何設定 FreeBSD 的 X 顯示管理程式。部份桌面環境會提供自己的圖型化登入管理程式，請參考 取得如何設定 GNOME 顯示管理程式 (GNOME Display Manager) 的操作方式以及 取得如何設定 KDE 顯示管理程式 (KDE Display Manager) 的操作方式。 設定 <application>XDM</application> - To install XDM, use the - x11/xdm package or port. Once installed, - XDM can be configured to run when - the machine boots up by editing this entry in - /etc/ttys: + 要安裝 XDM 可使用 x11/xdm 套件或 Port。安裝完成之後，可設定 XDM 在開機時執行，只需編輯 /etc/ttys 中的此項目: ttyv8 "/usr/local/bin/xdm -nodaemon" xterm off secure - Change the off to on - and save the edit. The ttyv8 in this entry - indicates that XDM will run on the - ninth virtual terminal. + 更改關 (off) 為開 (on) 然後儲存編輯。在此項目中的 ttyv8 代表 XDM 會在第 9 個虛擬終端機執行。 - The XDM configuration directory - is located in /usr/local/lib/X11/xdm. - This directory contains several files used to change the - behavior and appearance of XDM, as - well as a few scripts and programs used to set up the desktop - when XDM is running. summarizes the function of each - of these files. The exact syntax and usage of these files is - described in xdm1. + XDM 的設定目錄位於 /usr/local/lib/X11/xdm。此目錄中包含數個可用來更改 XDM 行為與外觀的檔案以及在 XDM 執行時用來設定桌面的一些 Script 及程式， 摘要了每個檔案的功能。這些檔案正確的語法與用法在 xdm1 有說明。 XDM 設定檔 @@ -9476,76 +7765,42 @@ Xaccess - The protocol for connecting to - XDM is called the X Display - Manager Connection Protocol (XDMCP) - This file is a client authorization ruleset for - controlling XDMCP connections from - remote machines. By default, this file does not allow - any remote clients to connect. + 連線到 XDM 所需的通訊協定稱做 X 顯示管理程式連線通訊協定 (X Display Manager Connection Protocol, XDMCP)，此檔案為客戶端認証規則，用來控制來自遠端機器的 XDMCP 連線。預設此檔案並不允許任何遠端的客戶端連線。 Xresources - This file controls the look and feel of the - XDM display chooser and - login screens. The default configuration is a simple - rectangular login window with the hostname of the - machine displayed at the top in a large font and - Login: and Password: - prompts below. The format of this file is identical - to the app-defaults file described in the - Xorg - documentation. + 此檔案控制 XDM 顯示選擇器及登入畫面的外觀。預設的設定簡單的矩形登入視窗，上方用較大的字型顯示機器的主機名稱，並在下方顯示 Login: 與 Password: 提示。此檔案的格式與 Xorg 說明文件中說明的 app-defaults 檔相同。 Xservers - The list of local and remote displays the chooser - should provide as login choices. + 登入選擇時在選擇器上要提供的本地及遠端顯示清單。 Xsession - Default session script for logins which is run by - XDM after a user has logged - in. Normally each user will have a customized session - script in ~/.xsession that - overrides this script + 預設的登入階段 Script，使用者登入之後由 XDM 執行。一般每一位使用者都會有自訂的階段 Script 在 ~/.xsession 來覆蓋此 Script 的設定。 Xsetup_* - Script to automatically launch applications - before displaying the chooser or login interfaces. - There is a script for each display being used, named - Xsetup_*, where - * is the local display number. - Typically these scripts run one or two programs in the - background such as - xconsole. + 用來在顯示選擇器與登入介面之前自動執行應用程式的 Script。每一個顯示各有一個 Script，名稱為 Xsetup_*，其中 * 為本地顯示編號。正常情況這些 Script 會在背景執行一兩個程式，例如 xconsole。 xdm-config - Global configuration for all displays running - on this machine. + 用來設定所有在此機器上執行的顯示的全域設定檔。 xdm-errors - Contains errors generated by the server program. - If a display that XDM is - trying to start hangs, look at this file for error - messages. These messages are also written to the - user's ~/.xsession-errors on a - per-session basis. + 內含由伺服器程式產生的錯誤訊息，若 XDM 嘗試啟動的顯示沒有回應，可查看此檔案來取得錯誤訊息。以登入階段為基礎，這些訊息也同樣會寫入至使用者的 ~/.xsession-errors。 xdm-pid - The running process ID of - XDM. + XDM 的執行程序 ID。 @@ -9555,25 +7810,15 @@ 設定遠端存取 - By default, only users on the same system can login using - XDM. To enable users on other - systems to connect to the display server, edit the access - control rules and enable the connection listener. + 預設只有同系統的使用者可以使用 XDM 登入。要開啟讓其他系統的使用者可連線到顯示伺服器，需編輯存取控制規則及開啟連線傾聽程式。 - To configure XDM to listen for - any remote connection, comment out the - DisplayManager.requestPort line in - /usr/local/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-config by - putting a ! in front of it: + 要設定 XDM 傾聽作何遠端的連線，在 /usr/local/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-config 中的 DisplayManager.requestPort 行前加上 ! 來註解該行: ! SECURITY: do not listen for XDMCP or Chooser requests ! Comment out this line if you want to manage X terminals with xdm DisplayManager.requestPort: 0 - Save the edits and restart XDM. - To restrict remote access, look at the example entries in - /usr/local/lib/X11/xdm/Xaccess and refer - to xdm1 for further information. + 儲存編輯並重新啟動 XDM，要限制遠端存取，請看 /usr/local/lib/X11/xdm/Xaccess 中的範例項目，並參考 xdm1 取得進一步資訊。 @@ -9593,94 +7838,47 @@ - This section describes how to install three popular desktop - environments on a FreeBSD system. A desktop environment can range - from a simple window manager to a complete suite of desktop - applications. Over a hundred desktop environments are available - in the x11-wm category of the Ports - Collection. + 本節將介紹如何在 FreeBSD 系統安裝三種熱門的桌面環境。一套桌面環境的範圍可從簡單的視窗管理程式到完整的桌面應用程式集。有上百套的桌面環境可在 Port 套件集的 x11-wm 分類取得。 GNOME GNOME - GNOME is a user-friendly - desktop environment. It includes a panel for starting - applications and displaying status, a desktop, a set of tools - and applications, and a set of conventions that make it easy - for applications to cooperate and be consistent with each - other. More information regarding - GNOME on FreeBSD can be found at http://www.FreeBSD.org/gnome. - That web site contains additional documentation about - installing, configuring, and managing - GNOME on FreeBSD. + GNOME 是一個擁有友善使用者介面的的桌面環境，它包括用於啟動應用程式和顯示狀態的面板、一系列工具與應用程序及一套可讓應用程式更容易進行合作、相互一致的協定。更多有關 FreeBSD GNOME 的訊息可在http://www.FreeBSD.org/gnome 取得，該網站包含了有關在 FreeBSD 安裝、設定和管理 GNOME 的額外文件。 - This desktop environment can be installed from a - package: + 這套桌面環境可以從套件安裝: # pkg install gnome3 - To instead build GNOME from - ports, use the following command. - GNOME is a large application and - will take some time to compile, even on a fast - computer. + 也可使用以下指令從 Port 編譯 GNOME，GNOME 是一套大型的應用程式，即使在速度較快的電腦上，也會需要花費一些時間編譯。 # cd /usr/ports/x11/gnome3 # make install clean - GNOME - requires /proc to be mounted. Add this - line to /etc/fstab to mount this file - system automatically during system startup: + GNOME 需要掛載 /proc。加入下行到 /etc/fstab 讓系統啟動時會自動掛載這個檔案系統。 proc /proc procfs rw 0 0 - GNOME uses - D-Bus and - HAL for a message bus and hardware - abstraction. These applications are automatically installed - as dependencies of GNOME. Enable - them in /etc/rc.conf so they will be - started when the system boots: + GNOME 使用了 D-Bus 以及 HAL 的 Message bus 與 Hardware abstraction。這兩個應用程式會隨著 GNOME 的相依一併自動安裝，但需要在 /etc/rc.conf 開啟，這樣在系統開機時才會啟動: dbus_enable="YES" hald_enable="YES" - After installation, - configure Xorg to start - GNOME. The easiest way to do this - is to enable the GNOME Display Manager, - GDM, which is installed as part of - the GNOME package or port. It can - be enabled by adding this line to - /etc/rc.conf: + 安裝完之後，需設定讓 Xorg 啟動 GNOME。最簡單的方法是開啟 GNOME Display Manager, GDM，該程式已做為 GNOME 套件或 Port 的一部份安裝了，可加入下行到 /etc/rc.conf 來開啟: gdm_enable="YES" - It is often desirable to also start all - GNOME services. To achieve this, - add a second line to /etc/rc.conf: + 通常也會需要啟動所有的 GNOME 服務，可加入下行到 /etc/rc.conf: gnome_enable="YES" - GDM will start - automatically when the system boots. + GDM 則會在系統開機時自動啟動。 - A second method for starting - GNOME is to type - startx from the command-line after - configuring ~/.xinitrc. If this file - already exists, replace the line that starts the current - window manager with one that starts - /usr/local/bin/gnome-session. If this - file does not exist, create it with this command: + 第二種啟動 GNOME 的方法是在設定完 ~/.xinitrc 後在指令列輸入 startx。若這個檔案已經存在，替換啟動目前視窗管理程式的那一行，改為啟動 /usr/local/bin/gnome-session。若檔案不存在，則使用以下指令建立一個: % echo "exec /usr/local/bin/gnome-session" > ~/.xinitrc - A third method is to use XDM as - the display manager. In this case, create an executable - ~/.xsession: + 第三種方法是使用 XDM 做為顯示管理程式，在這個方法需要建立一個可執行的 ~/.xsession: % echo "#!/bin/sh" > ~/.xsession % echo "exec /usr/local/bin/gnome-session" >> ~/.xsession @@ -9692,25 +7890,13 @@ KDE - KDE is another easy-to-use - desktop environment. This desktop provides a suite of - applications with a consistent look and feel, a standardized - menu and toolbars, keybindings, color-schemes, - internationalization, and a centralized, dialog-driven desktop - configuration. More information on - KDE can be found at http://www.kde.org/. - For FreeBSD-specific information, consult http://freebsd.kde.org. + KDE 是另一套易於使用的桌面環境。這個桌面環境提供了一致外觀的應用程式、標準化的選單和工具列、組合鍵、配色方案、國際化與集中、對話框導向的桌面設定。更多有關 KDE 可在 http://www.kde.org/ 取得。要取得 FreeBSD 特定的資訊，則可參考 http://freebsd.kde.org。 - To install the KDE package, - type: + 要安裝 KDE 套件，請輸入: # pkg install x11/kde4 - To instead build the KDE port, - use the following command. Installing the port will provide a - menu for selecting which components to install. - KDE is a large application and will - take some time to compile, even on a fast computer. + 或者要使用 KDE Port 編譯，可使用以下指令，採用 Port 方式安裝會有選單可以選擇要安裝的元件。KDE 是一個大型的應用程式，即使在較快的電腦上仍需要花費一段時間來編譯。 # cd /usr/ports/x11/kde4 # make install clean @@ -9720,90 +7906,51 @@ display manager - KDE requires - /proc to be mounted. Add this line to - /etc/fstab to mount this file system - automatically during system startup: + KDE 需要掛載 /proc。加入下行到 /etc/fstab 讓系統啟動時會自動掛載這個檔案系統: proc /proc procfs rw 0 0 - KDE uses - D-Bus and - HAL for a message bus and hardware - abstraction. These applications are automatically installed - as dependencies of KDE. Enable - them in /etc/rc.conf so they will be - started when the system boots: + KDE 使用了 D-Bus 以及 HAL 的 Message bus 與 Hardware abstraction。這兩個應用程式會隨著 KDE 的相依一併自動安裝，但需要在 /etc/rc.conf 開啟，這樣在系統開機時才會啟動: dbus_enable="YES" hald_enable="YES" - The installation of KDE - includes the KDE Display Manager, - KDM. To enable this display - manager, add this line to - /etc/rc.conf: + KDE 的安裝包含了 KDE Display Manager, KDM，要開啟這個顯示管理程式，需加入下行到 /etc/rc.conf: kdm4_enable="YES" - A second method for launching - KDE is to type - startx from the command line. For this to - work, the following line is needed in - ~/.xinitrc: + 第二種執行 KDE 的方法是在在指令列輸入 startx。要採用這個方式，需要加入下行到 ~/.xinitrc: exec /usr/local/bin/startkde - A third method for starting KDE - is through XDM. To do so, create - an executable ~/.xsession as - follows: + 第三種啟動 KDE 的方式是透過 XDM，要使用這個方法需要建立一個可執行的 ~/.xsession 如下: % echo "#!/bin/sh" > ~/.xsession % echo "exec /usr/local/bin/startkde" >> ~/.xsession % chmod +x ~/.xsession - Once KDE is started, refer to - its built-in help system for more information on how to use - its various menus and applications. + 啟動 KDE 之後，請參考內建的說明系統來取得更多有關如何使用各種選單及應用程式的資訊。 Xfce - Xfce is a desktop environment - based on the GTK+ toolkit used by - GNOME. However, it is more - lightweight and provides a simple, efficient, easy-to-use - desktop. It is fully configurable, has a main panel with - menus, applets, and application launchers, provides a file - manager and sound manager, and is themeable. Since it is - fast, light, and efficient, it is ideal for older or slower - machines with memory limitations. More information on - Xfce can be found at http://www.xfce.org. + Xfce 是以 GNOME 使用的 GTK +工具包做為基礎所開發的桌面環境，但是它更輕巧且提供了一種簡單、高效、易於使用的桌面。它可完全自訂設定、附有選單、Applet 及應用程式啟動器的主面板、提供檔案管理程式和音效管理程式並且可設定主題。由於它是快速、輕巧、高效的桌面環境，因此它非常適合有記憶體限制的較舊或較慢機器。更多有關 Xfce 的資訊可至 http://www.xfce.org 取得。 - To install the Xfce - package: + 要安裝 Xfce 套件: # pkg install xfce - Alternatively, to build the port: + 或者使用 Port 編譯: # cd /usr/ports/x11-wm/xfce4 # make install clean - Unlike GNOME or - KDE, - Xfce does not provide its own login - manager. In order to start Xfce - from the command line by typing startx, - first add its entry to ~/.xinitrc: + 不像 GNOME 或 KDE，Xfce 並沒有自己的登入管理程式，要由指令列啟動 Xfce 需輸入 startx，在這之前需先加入其項目到 ~/.xinitrc: % echo "exec /usr/local/bin/startxfce4 --with-ck-launch" > ~/.xinitrc - An alternate method is to use - XDM. To configure this method, - create an executable ~/.xsession: + 另一種方式是使用 XDM，要設定這個方式需建立一個可執行的 ~/.xsession: % echo "#!/bin/sh" > ~/.xsession % echo "exec /usr/local/bin/startxfce4 --with-ck-launch" >> ~/.xsession @@ -9814,82 +7961,56 @@ 安裝 Compiz Fusion - One way to make using a desktop - computer more pleasant is with nice 3D effects. + 要令使用桌面電腦更令人愉快的方法是用炫麗的 3D 效果。 - Installing the Compiz Fusion - package is easy, but configuring it requires a few steps that - are not described in the port's documentation. + 安裝 Compiz Fusion 套件非常簡單，但設定該套件需要一些未在 Port 說明文件中說明的步驟。 設定 FreeBSD nVidia 驅動程式 - Desktop effects can cause quite a load on the graphics - card. For an nVidia-based graphics card, the proprietary - driver is required for good performance. Users of other - graphics cards can skip this section and continue with the - xorg.conf configuration. + 桌面特效需要使用相當程度的顯示卡，對於以 nVidia 為基礎的顯示卡，需要使用專用的驅動程序來取得較佳的性能。其他顯示卡的使用可以跳過這一節，並繼續 xorg.conf 設定。 - To determine which nVidia driver is needed see the FAQ question - on the subject. + 要知道需要那一種 nVidia 驅動程式可以查看 FAQ 中與此主題相關的問題。 - Having determined the correct driver to use for your card, - installation is as simple as installing any other - package. + 知道您的顯示卡要使用那種驅動程式才是正確的之後，接下來的安裝程序跟安裝其他套件一樣簡單。 - For example, to install the latest driver: + 例如，要安裝最新的驅動程式: # pkg install x11/nvidia-driver - The driver will create a kernel module, which needs to be - loaded at system startup. Add the following line to - /boot/loader.conf: + 驅動程式會建立一個需要在系統啟動時載入的核心模組，加入下行到 /boot/loader.conf: nvidia_load="YES" - To immediately load the kernel module into the running - kernel by issuing a command like kldload - nvidia, however it has been noted that the some - versions of Xorg will not - function properly if the driver is not loaded at boot time. - After editing /boot/loader.conf, a - reboot is recommended. + 要立即載入核心模組到執行中的核心可以下 kldload nvidia 指令，但是需要注意，若不是在開機時載入，某些 Xorg 版本會無法正常運作。因此編輯完 /boot/loader.conf 之後建議要重新開機。 - With the kernel module loaded, you normally only need to - change a single line in xorg.conf - to enable the proprietary driver: + 核心模組載入之後，您只需要更改 xorg.conf 的其中一行來開啟專用的驅動程式: - Find the following line in - /etc/X11/xorg.conf: + 找到 /etc/X11/xorg.conf 中的下行: Driver "nv" - and change it to: + 然後更改該行為: Driver "nvidia" - Start the GUI as usual, and you should be greeted by the - nVidia splash. Everything should work as usual. + 如往常般啟動 GUI，您應該會看到 nVidia 的啟動畫面，其他東西應如往常般運作。 設定 xorg.conf 來啟動桌面特效 - To enable Compiz Fusion, - /etc/X11/xorg.conf needs to be - modified: + 要開啟 Compiz Fusion 需要修改 /etc/X11/xorg.conf: - Add the following section to enable composite - effects: + 加入以下 Section 來開啟合成特效: Section "Extensions" Option "Composite" "Enable" EndSection - Locate the Screen section which should look - similar to the one below: + 找到 Screen section，長的應該如下所示: Section "Screen" Identifier "Screen0" @@ -9897,17 +8018,12 @@ Monitor "Monitor0" ... - and add the following two lines (after - Monitor will do): + 然後加入以下兩行 (在Monitor 之後): DefaultDepth 24 Option "AddARGBGLXVisuals" "True" - Locate the Subsection that refers to the - screen resolution that you wish to use. For example, if you - wish to use 1280x1024, locate the section that follows. If - the desired resolution does not appear in any subsection, you - may add the relevant entry by hand: + 找到您欲使用的螢幕解析度所在的 Subsection，例如，您想要使用 1280x1024，則找到如下所示的 Section。若想要使用的解析度不在任何 Subsection 之中，您可以手動加入對應的項目: SubSection "Display" Viewport 0 0 @@ -9914,8 +8030,7 @@ Modes "1280x1024" EndSubSection - A color depth of 24 bits is needed for desktop - composition, change the above subsection to: + 桌面合成需要 24 bit 的色彩深度，更改上述 Subsection 為: SubSection "Display" Viewport 0 0 @@ -9923,9 +8038,7 @@ Modes "1280x1024" EndSubSection - Finally, confirm that the glx and - extmod modules are loaded in the - Module section: + 最後確認在 Module section 中已經載入 glx 與 extmod 模組: Section "Module" Load "extmod" @@ -9932,9 +8045,7 @@ Load "glx" ... - The preceding can be done automatically with - x11/nvidia-xconfig by running (as - root): + 前面所述的動作可以執行 x11/nvidia-xconfig 來自動完成 (使用 root) : # nvidia-xconfig --add-argb-glx-visuals # nvidia-xconfig --composite @@ -9944,64 +8055,38 @@ 安裝與設定 Compiz Fusion - Installing Compiz Fusion - is as simple as any other package: + 安裝 Compiz Fusion 如同安裝其他套件一樣簡單: # pkg install x11-wm/compiz-fusion - When the installation is finished, start your graphic - desktop and at a terminal, enter the following commands (as a - normal user): + 安裝完成之後，開啟您的圖型化桌面，然後在終端機的畫面輸入以下指令 (使用一般使用者): % compiz --replace --sm-disable --ignore-desktop-hints ccp & % emerald --replace & - Your screen will flicker for a few seconds, as your window - manager (e.g. Metacity if you are - using GNOME) is replaced by - Compiz Fusion. - Emerald takes care of the window - decorations (i.e. close, minimize, maximize buttons, title - bars and so on). + 由於您的視窗管理程式 (例如: Metacity，若您使用 GNOME) 會被替換成 Compiz Fusion，您的螢幕會閃爍幾秒。而 Emerald 會處理視窗的裝飾 (例如: 關閉、最小化、最大化按鈕、標題列及其他相關)。 - You may convert this to a trivial script and have it run - at startup automatically (e.g. by adding to - Sessions in a GNOME - desktop): + 您或許可以將這些指令改寫成較小的 Script 然後在啟動時自動執行 (加到 GNOME 桌面的 Sessions 中): #! /bin/sh compiz --replace --sm-disable --ignore-desktop-hints ccp & emerald --replace & - Save this in your home directory as, for example, - start-compiz and make it - executable: + 儲存這個 Script 到您的家目錄所在位置，例如 start-compiz，然後讓該檔案可以執行: % chmod +x ~/start-compiz - Then use the GUI to add it to Startup - Programs (located in - System, - Preferences, - Sessions on a - GNOME desktop). + 接著使用 GUI 將該檔案加入啟動程式 Startup Programs (位於 GNOME 桌面的系統 System, 偏好設定 Preferences, 工作階段 Sessions)。 - To actually select all the desired effects and their - settings, execute (again as a normal user) the - Compiz Config Settings Manager: + 要選擇所想使用的特效與相關設定，可執行 (一樣使用一般使用者) Compiz Config 設定管理程式 Compiz Config Settings Manager: % ccsm - In GNOME, this can also be - found in the System, - Preferences menu. + 在 GNOME 中，也可在系統 System, 偏好設定 Preferences 選單中找到。 - If you have selected gconf support during - the build, you will also be able to view these settings using - gconf-editor under - apps/compiz. + 若您在編譯時選擇了 gconf support，您便可使用 gconf-editor 在 apps/compiz 下查看設定。 @@ -10009,41 +8094,16 @@ 疑難排解 - If the mouse does not work, you will need to first configure - it before proceeding. - In recent Xorg - versions, the InputDevice sections in - xorg.conf are ignored in favor of the - autodetected devices. To restore the old behavior, add the - following line to the ServerLayout or - ServerFlags section of this file: + 若滑鼠無法使用，您將需要做第一次設定方可繼續。在最近的 Xorg 版本，使用自動偵測裝置會忽略在 xorg.conf 中的 InputDevice section。要採用舊的方式，需在此檔案加入下行到 ServerLayout 或 ServerFlags section: Option "AutoAddDevices" "false" - Input devices may then be configured as in previous - versions, along with any other options needed (e.g., keyboard - layout switching). + 輸入裝置便可如先前版本一樣設定，連同其他所需的選項 (如: 切換鍵盤配置)。 - As previously explained the - hald daemon will, by default, - automatically detect your keyboard. There are chances that - your keyboard layout or model will not be correct, desktop - environments like GNOME, - KDE or - Xfce provide tools to configure - the keyboard. However, it is possible to set the keyboard - properties directly either with the help of the - setxkbmap1 utility or with a - hald's configuration rule. + 如同前面有說明過，hald Daemon 預設會自動偵測您的鍵盤，因此您的鍵盤配置或型號可能不正確，桌面環境如 GNOME, KDE 或 Xfce 會提供設定鍵盤的工具。即使如此，還是有可能透過 setxkbmap1 工具或 hald 的設定規則的協助來直接設定鍵盤屬性。 - For example if, one wants to use a PC 102 keys keyboard - coming with a french layout, we have to create a keyboard - configuration file for hald - called x11-input.fdi and saved in the - /usr/local/etc/hal/fdi/policy - directory. This file should contain the following - lines: + 舉例來說，若有人想要使用 PC 102 鍵的鍵盤，採用法語 (French) 配置，我們便需要建立一個給 hald 的鍵盤設定檔，名稱為 x11-input.fdi，然後儲存到 /usr/local/etc/hal/fdi/policy 目錄。這個檔案中應要有以下幾行: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> <deviceinfo version="0.2"> @@ -10055,32 +8115,21 @@ </device> </deviceinfo> - If this file already exists, just copy and add to your - file the lines regarding the keyboard configuration. + 若這個檔案已經存在，只需要複製並貼上您的檔案中有關鍵盤設定的那幾行。 - You will have to reboot your machine to force - hald to read this file. + 您會需要重新啟動您的機器來讓 hald 讀取這個檔案。 - It is possible to do the same configuration from an X - terminal or a script with this command line: + 也是可以從 X 終端機或 Script 下指令來做同樣的設定: % setxkbmap -model pc102 -layout fr - /usr/local/share/X11/xkb/rules/base.lst - lists the various keyboard, layouts and options - available. + /usr/local/share/X11/xkb/rules/base.lst 中列出了各種可用的鍵盤、配置與設定。 Xorg tuning - The xorg.conf.new configuration file - may now be tuned to taste. Open the file in a text editor - such as emacs1 or ee1. If the monitor is an - older or unusual model that does not support autodetection of - sync frequencies, those settings can be added to - xorg.conf.new under the - "Monitor" section: + 現在可以開始調整 xorg.conf.new 設定檔，在文字編輯器如 emacs1 或 ee1 開啟該設定檔。若顯示器是不支援自動偵測同步頻率 (Sync frequency) 的舊或特殊的型號，同步頻率的設定可以手動加到 xorg.conf.new 的 "Monitor" section: Section "Monitor" Identifier "Monitor0" @@ -10090,17 +8139,9 @@ VertRefresh 48-120 EndSection - Most monitors support sync frequency autodetection, making - manual entry of these values unnecessary. For the few - monitors that do not support autodetection, avoid potential - damage by only entering values provided by the - manufacturer. + 多數顯示器都支援自動偵測同步頻率，並不需要手動設定這些數值。對於那些不支援自動偵測的顯示器，請輸入由製造商提供的數值來避免損壞顯示器。 - X allows DPMS (Energy Star) features to be used with - capable monitors. The xset1 program controls the - time-outs and can force standby, suspend, or off modes. If - you wish to enable DPMS features for your monitor, you must - add the following line to the monitor section: + X 允許在支援的顯示器使用 DPMS (Energy Star) 功能，xset1 程式可以控制逾時並可強制待機 (Standby)、暫停 (Suspend) 或關閉 (Off) 模式。若您想要為您的顯示器開啟 DPMS 功能，您需要加入下行到顯示器 (Monitor) 的 Section: Option "DPMS" @@ -10108,10 +8149,7 @@ xorg.conf - While the xorg.conf.new configuration - file is still open in an editor, select the default resolution - and color depth desired. This is defined in the - "Screen" section: + 在編輯器還未關閉 xorg.conf.new 設定檔前，選擇想要使用的預設解析度及色彩深度。這些項目可在 "Screen" section 定義: Section "Screen" Identifier "Screen0" @@ -10125,45 +8163,19 @@ EndSubSection EndSection - The DefaultDepth keyword describes the - color depth to run at by default. This can be overridden with - the command line switch to - Xorg1. The Modes keyword describes - the resolution to run at for the given color depth. Note that - only VESA standard modes are supported as defined by the - target system's graphics hardware. In the example above, the - default color depth is twenty-four bits per pixel. At this - color depth, the accepted resolution is 1024 by 768 - pixels. + DefaultDepth 關鍵字代表預設執行要使用的色彩深度，這個設定可以被 Xorg1 的指令列參數 覆蓋。Modes 關鍵字代表執行要使用的解析度，注意，只有 VESA 標準模式才支援目標系統的繪圖硬體來定義解析度。在上述的例子中，預設使用的色彩深度為每像素 24 bit，這個色彩深度可用的解析度為 1024 x 768 像素。 - Finally, write the configuration file and test it using - the test mode given above. + 最後，儲存設定檔並使用測試模式來測試上述的設定。 - One of the tools available to assist you during - troubleshooting process are the - Xorg log files, which contain - information on each device that the - Xorg server attaches to. - Xorg log file names are in the - format of /var/log/Xorg.0.log. The - exact name of the log can vary from - Xorg.0.log to - Xorg.8.log and so forth. + 有一個工具可以協助您診斷問題，那就是 Xorg 記錄檔。該記錄檔中記錄了 Xorg 連接的每個裝置的資訊。Xorg 記錄檔名稱的格式為 /var/log/Xorg.0.log，確切的記錄檔名會可能從 Xorg.0.log 到 Xorg.8.log 以此類推。 - If all is well, the configuration file needs to be - installed in a common location where Xorg1 can find it. - This is typically /etc/X11/xorg.conf or - /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf. + 若一且運作正常，設定檔需要安裝到 Xorg1 會尋找的常用設定檔位置，通常是 /etc/X11/xorg.conf 或 /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf。 # cp xorg.conf.new /etc/X11/xorg.conf - The Xorg configuration - process is now complete. Xorg - may be now started with the startx1 utility. The - Xorg server may also be started - with the use of xdm1. + 現在已經完成了 Xorg 的設定程序。Xorg 現在可以使用 startx1 工具啟動。Xorg 伺服器也可以使用 xdm1 來啟動。 設定 <trademark class="registered">Intel</trademark> <literal>i810</literal> 繪圖晶片組 @@ -10172,18 +8184,9 @@ Intel i810 graphic chipset - Configuration with Intel i810 integrated chipsets - requires the agpgart AGP programming - interface for Xorg to drive the - card. See the agp4 driver manual page for more - information. + 要設定 Intel i810 整合晶片組需要使用 agpgart AGP 程式介面來控制 Xorg 驅動該顯示卡。請參考 agp4 驅動程式操作手冊來取得更多詳細資訊。 - This will allow configuration of the hardware as any - other graphics board. Note on systems without the - agp4 driver compiled in the kernel, trying to load - the module with kldload8 will not work. This driver - has to be in the kernel at boot time through being compiled - in or using /boot/loader.conf. + 這也可讓您可以設定任何其他繪圖卡的硬體。注意，在未編譯 agp4 到核心的系統，並無法使用 kldload8 來載入該模組，因此驅動程式必須在開機時便在核心啟動，所以需要透過編譯或使用 /boot/loader.conf 來載入。 @@ -10193,17 +8196,9 @@ widescreen flatpanel configuration - This section assumes a bit of advanced configuration - knowledge. If attempts to use the standard configuration - tools above have not resulted in a working configuration, - there is information enough in the log files to be of use in - getting the setup working. Use of a text editor will be - necessary. + 此章節會需要有一些進階的設定知識，若嘗試使用上述的標準設定工具仍無法產生可運作的設定，在記錄檔中應有足夠的資訊可運用來讓顯示卡運作。在此會需要使用文字編輯器。 - Current widescreen (WSXGA, WSXGA+, WUXGA, WXGA, WXGA+, - et.al.) formats support 16:10 and 10:9 formats or aspect - ratios that can be problematic. Examples of some common - screen resolutions for 16:10 aspect ratios are: + 目前使用寬螢幕 (WSXGA, WSXGA+, WUXGA, WXGA, WXGA+, et.al.) 格式支援的 16:10 及 10:9 格式或其他的寬高比可會有問題。例如一些 16:10 寬高比常見的螢幕解析度: @@ -10227,9 +8222,7 @@ - At some point, it will be as easy as adding one of these - resolutions as a possible Mode in the - Section "Screen" as such: + 在某些時候，可以簡單的將這些要使用的解析度以 Mode 加入到 Section "Screen": Section "Screen" Identifier "Screen0" @@ -10243,18 +8236,9 @@ EndSubSection EndSection - Xorg is smart enough to - pull the resolution information from the widescreen via - I2C/DDC information so it knows what the monitor can handle - as far as frequencies and resolutions. + Xorg 能夠從寬螢幕設定取得解析度資訊 (透過 I2C/DDC)，因此能夠知道螢幕能處理的頻率及解析度。 - If those ModeLines do not exist in - the drivers, one might need to give - Xorg a little hint. Using - /var/log/Xorg.0.log one can extract - enough information to manually create a - ModeLine that will work. Simply look for - information resembling this: + 若驅動程式中不存在那些螢幕能處理的 ModeLines，則需要給 Xorg 一點提示。透過 /var/log/Xorg.0.log 可以取得足夠的資訊來手動建立可運作的 ModeLine。只需要在記錄檔中找到類似以下的訊息: (II) MGA(0): Supported additional Video Mode: (II) MGA(0): clock: 146.2 MHz Image Size: 433 x 271 mm @@ -10262,15 +8246,11 @@ (II) MGA(0): v_active: 1050 v_sync: 1053 v_sync_end 1059 v_blanking: 1089 v_border: 0 (II) MGA(0): Ranges: V min: 48 V max: 85 Hz, H min: 30 H max: 94 kHz, PixClock max 170 MHz - This information is called EDID information. Creating a - ModeLine from this is just a matter of - putting the numbers in the correct order: + 這些資訊稱作 EDID 資訊，使用 EDIT 資訊建立 ModeLine 只需要將數據使用正確的順序放入: ModeLine <name> <clock> <4 horiz. timings> <4 vert. timings> - So that the ModeLine in - Section "Monitor" for this example would - look like this: + 將資訊放入之後，本例中 Section "Monitor" 中的 ModeLine 會看起來像這樣: Section "Monitor" Identifier "Monitor1" @@ -10280,8 +8260,7 @@ Option "DPMS" EndSection - Now having completed these simple editing steps, X - should start on your new widescreen monitor. + 便完成編輯的步驟，接著需要在您的寬螢幕顯示器啟動 X。 @@ -10290,36 +8269,21 @@ - I have installed - Compiz Fusion, and - after running the commands you mention, my windows are - left without title bars and buttons. What is - wrong? + 我已經安裝了 Compiz Fusion，但在執行了您所提到的指令後，我的視窗的標題列與按鈕便消失了。是那裡有問題? - You are probably missing a setting in - /etc/X11/xorg.conf. Review this - file carefully and check especially the - DefaultDepth and - AddARGBGLXVisuals - directives. + 您可能忘記在 /etc/X11/xorg.conf 中的設定。請重新檢查這個檔案，特別是 DefaultDepth 及 AddARGBGLXVisuals 指令項。 - When I run the command to start - Compiz Fusion, the X - server crashes and I am back at the console. What is - wrong? + 當我執行指令來啟動 Compiz Fusion，X 伺服器便當掉了，然後我又返回 Console。是那裡有問題? - If you check - /var/log/Xorg.0.log, you - will probably find error messages during the X - startup. The most common would be: + 若您檢查 /var/log/Xorg.0.log，您可能可以找到當 X 啟動時所發生的錯誤訊息。最常發生的錯誤會是: (EE) NVIDIA(0): Failed to initialize the GLX module; please check in your X (EE) NVIDIA(0): log file that the GLX module has been loaded in your X @@ -10327,10 +8291,7 @@ (EE) NVIDIA(0): you continue to encounter problems, Please try (EE) NVIDIA(0): reinstalling the NVIDIA driver. - This is usually the case when you upgrade - Xorg. You will need to - reinstall the x11/nvidia-driver - package so glx is built again. + 會發生這個情形通常是因為您升級了 Xorg，您需要重新安裝 x11/nvidia-driver 套件來重新編譯 glx。 @@ -10394,7 +8355,7 @@ 概述 - 隨著 FreeBSD 優越的效能及穩定性越來越熱門，它同時適合作為每日使用的桌面系統。FreeBSD 套件或 Ports 有超過 24,000 個可用的應用程式，可以簡單的建立一個自訂的桌面環境來執行各種不同的桌面應用程式。本章將示範如何安裝數個桌面應用程式，包含網頁瀏覽器、辦工軟體、文件閱覽程式以及財務軟體。 + 隨著 FreeBSD 優越的效能及穩定性越來越熱門，它同時適合作為每日使用的桌面系統。FreeBSD 套件或 Port 有超過 24,000 個可用的應用程式，可以簡單的建立一個自訂的桌面環境來執行各種不同的桌面應用程式。本章將示範如何安裝數個桌面應用程式，包含網頁瀏覽器、辦工軟體、文件閱覽程式以及財務軟體。 比起重頭設定，更偏好安裝預先編譯好桌面環境的 FreeBSD 版本的使用者可參考 pcbsd.org 網站 @@ -10423,13 +8384,13 @@ web - 在 FreeBSD 中並未預先安裝好網頁瀏覽器。 但在 Ports 套件集中的 www 分類中有許多瀏覽器可以採 Binary 套件安裝或自 Ports 套件集編譯的方式安裝。 + 在 FreeBSD 中並未預先安裝好網頁瀏覽器。 但在 Port 套件集中的 www 分類中有許多瀏覽器可以採 Binary 套件安裝或自 Port 套件集編譯的方式安裝。 KDE 和 GNOME 桌面環境都有提供自有的 HTML 瀏覽器。請參考 來了解更多有關如何設定完整桌面環境的資訊。 有一些輕量化的瀏覽器可使用，包含 www/dillo2, www/links 以及 www/w3m。 - 本章節將示範如何安裝下列常見的網頁瀏覽器並說明該應用程式是否需要用到大量資源、花費大量時間自 Ports 編譯或何主要的相依套件。 + 本章節將示範如何安裝下列常見的網頁瀏覽器並說明該應用程式是否需要用到大量資源、花費大量時間自 Port 編譯或何主要的相依套件。 @@ -10437,7 +8398,7 @@ 應用程式名稱 所需資源 - 自 Ports 安裝時間 + 自 Port 安裝時間 說明 @@ -10493,7 +8454,7 @@ 在地化的版本可在 www/firefox-i18n 及 www/firefox-esr-i18n 取得。 - 使用 Ports 套件地可以用原始碼編譯成您想要的 Firefox 版本。此範例編譯 www/firefox，其中 firefox 可替換為 ESR 或在地化版本來安裝。 + 使用 Port 套件地可以用原始碼編譯成您想要的 Firefox 版本。此範例編譯 www/firefox，其中 firefox 可替換為 ESR 或在地化版本來安裝。 # cd /usr/ports/www/firefox # make install clean @@ -10590,7 +8551,7 @@ # pkg install opera - 或者，可安裝 Ports 套件集中的版本，以下範例會編譯原生的版本。 + 或者，可安裝 Port 套件集中的版本，以下範例會編譯原生的版本。 # cd /usr/ports/www/opera # make install clean @@ -10701,7 +8662,7 @@ 當開始進行辦公，新的使用者通常會去找好用的辦公室軟體或是好上手的文件處理程式。 雖然有些 桌面環境 像是 KDE 已經提供了辦公軟體組合的套件，FreeBSD 預設未提供任何辦工工具。 不論是否有安裝視窗管理程式，FreeBSD 可安裝多套辦公軟體以及圖型化文件處理程式。 - 本章節元範如何安裝以下熱門的辦工軟體以及說明該應用程式所需的資源、自 Ports 編譯的時間或者是否有其他主要相依套件。 + 本章節元範如何安裝以下熱門的辦工軟體以及說明該應用程式所需的資源、自 Port 編譯的時間或者是否有其他主要相依套件。 @@ -10709,7 +8670,7 @@ 應用程式名稱 所需資源 - 自 Ports 安裝時間 + 自 Port 安裝時間 主要相依套件 @@ -10798,13 +8759,13 @@ AbiWord 是一個免費的文件處理軟體，外觀和感覺都近似於 Microsoft Word。 它非常快速，包含了許多功能而且非常容易上手。 - AbiWord 可以輸入或輸出許多檔案格式， 包括一些有專利的格式，例如 Microsoft .rtf 格式。 + AbiWord 可以輸入或輸出許多檔案格式， 包括一些有專用的格式，例如 Microsoft .rtf 格式。 要安裝 AbiWord Binary 套件，可使用下列指令： # pkg install abiword - 若沒有 Binary 套件版本，也可以從 Ports 套件集中編譯安裝： + 若沒有 Binary 套件版本，也可以從 Port 套件集中編譯安裝： # cd /usr/ports/editors/abiword # make install clean @@ -10823,12 +8784,12 @@ # pkg install gimp - 或使用 Ports 套件集安裝： + 或使用 Port 套件集安裝： # cd /usr/ports/graphics/gimp # make install clean - 在 Ports 套件集的 graphics 分類 (freebsd.org/ports/graphics.html) 下也包含了許多 GIMP 相關的附加元件，說明檔及使用手冊。 + 在 Port 套件集的 graphics 分類 (freebsd.org/ports/graphics.html) 下也包含了許多 GIMP 相關的附加元件，說明檔及使用手冊。 @@ -10962,7 +8923,7 @@ 應用程式名稱 所需資源 - 自 Ports 安裝時間 + 自 Port 安裝時間 主要相依套件 @@ -11023,7 +8984,7 @@ # pkg install xpdf - 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Ports 套件集安裝： + 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Port 套件集安裝： # cd /usr/ports/graphics/xpdf # make install clean @@ -11052,7 +9013,7 @@ # pkg install gv - 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Ports 套件集安裝： + 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Port 套件集安裝： # cd /usr/ports/print/gv # make install clean @@ -11069,7 +9030,7 @@ # pkg install geeqie - 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Ports 套件集安裝： + 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Port 套件集安裝： # cd /usr/ports/graphics/geeqie # make install clean @@ -11100,7 +9061,7 @@ # pkg install epdfview - 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Ports 套件集安裝： + 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Port 套件集安裝： # cd /usr/ports/graphics/epdfview # make install clean @@ -11129,7 +9090,7 @@ # pkg install okular - 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Ports 套件集安裝： + 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Port 套件集安裝： # cd /usr/ports/graphics/okular # make install clean @@ -11149,7 +9110,7 @@ 應用程式名稱 所需資源 - 自 Ports 安裝時間 + 自 Port 安裝時間 主要相依套件 @@ -11194,7 +9155,7 @@ # pkg install gnucash - 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Ports 套件集安裝： + 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Port 套件集安裝： # cd /usr/ports/finance/gnucash # make install clean @@ -11214,7 +9175,7 @@ # pkg install gnumeric - 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Ports 套件集安裝： + 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Port 套件集安裝： # cd /usr/ports/math/gnumeric # make install clean @@ -11243,7 +9204,7 @@ # pkg install kmymoney-kde4 - 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Ports 套件集安裝： + 若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Port 套件集安裝： # cd /usr/ports/finance/kmymoney-kde4 # make install clean @@ -11276,9 +9237,9 @@ 概述 - FreeBSD 廣泛地支援各種音效卡， 讓您可以享受來自電腦上的高傳真音質(Hi-Fi)， 此外還包括了錄製和播放 MPEG Audio Layer 3 (MP3)、 Waveform Audio File (WAV)、Ogg Vorbis 以及其他許多種格式聲音的能力。同時 FreeBSD Ports 套件集也包含了許多可讓您可以錄音、編修音效以及控制 MIDI 配備的應用程式。 + FreeBSD 廣泛地支援各種音效卡， 讓您可以享受來自電腦上的高傳真音質(Hi-Fi)， 此外還包括了錄製和播放 MPEG Audio Layer 3 (MP3)、 Waveform Audio File (WAV)、Ogg Vorbis 以及其他許多種格式聲音的能力。同時 FreeBSD Port 套件集也包含了許多可讓您可以錄音、編修音效以及控制 MIDI 配備的應用程式。 - FreeBSD 也能播放一般的視訊檔和 DVD。 FreeBSD Ports 套件集中含有可編碼、轉換以及播放格種影像媒體的應用程式。 + FreeBSD 也能播放一般的視訊檔和 DVD。 FreeBSD Port 套件集中含有可編碼、轉換以及播放格種影像媒體的應用程式。 本章會說明如何設定 FreeBSD 上的音效卡、影像播放器、電視卡及掃描器。同時會說明有那些應用程式可以使用這些裝置。 @@ -12117,7 +10078,7 @@ - 可處理影像的 Ports 與套件 + 可處理影像的 Port 與套件 video ports video packages @@ -13972,23 +11933,16 @@ - Putting information on paper is a vital function, despite many - attempts to eliminate it. Printing has two basic components. The - data must be delivered to the printer, and must be in a form that - the printer can understand. + 儘管很多人試圖淘汰列印功能，但列印資訊到紙上仍是一個重要的功能。列印由兩個基本元件組成，包含了資料傳送到印表機的方式以及印表機可以理解的資料形式。 快速開始 - Basic printing can be set up quickly. The printer must be - capable of printing plain ASCII text. For - printing to other types of files, see - . + 基本的列印功能可以快速設定完成，列印機必須能夠列印純 ASCII 文字。若要列印其他類型的檔案，請參考 。 - Create a directory to store files while they are being - printed: + 建立一個目錄來儲存要被列印的檔案: # mkdir -p /var/spool/lpd/lp # chown daemon:daemon /var/spool/lpd/lp @@ -13996,9 +11950,7 @@ - As root, - create /etc/printcap with these - contents: + 以 root 建立 /etc/printcap 內容如下: lp:\ :lp=/dev/unlpt0:\ @@ -14009,34 +11961,27 @@ - This line is for a printer connected to a - USB port. + 此行是針對連接到 USB 埠的印表機: - For a printer connected to a parallel or - printer port, use: + 連接到並列或 印表器 (Printer) 埠的印表機要使用: :lp=/dev/lpt0:\ - For a printer connected directly to a network, - use: + 直接連接到網路的印表機要使用: :lp=:rm=network-printer-name:rp=raw:\ - Replace - network-printer-name with the - DNS host name of the network - printer. + 替換 network-printer-name 為網路印表機的 DNS 主機名稱。 - Enable lpd by editing - /etc/rc.conf, adding this line: + 編輯 /etc/rc.conf 加入下行來開啟 lpd: lpd_enable="YES" - Start the service: + 啟動服務: # service lpd start Starting lpd. @@ -14043,20 +11988,15 @@ - Print a test: + 測試列印: # printf "1. This printer can print.\n2. This is the second line.\n" | lpr - If both lines do not start at the left border, but - stairstep instead, see - . + 若列印的兩行未從左邊界開始，而是呈現 階梯狀 (Stairstep)，請參考 。 - Text files can now be printed with - lpr. Give the filename on the command - line, or pipe output directly into - lpr. + 現在可以使用 lpr 來列印文字檔，只要在指令列給序檔案名稱，或者將輸出使用管線符號 (Pipe) 傳送給 lpr。 % lpr textfile.txt % ls -lh | lpr @@ -14067,16 +12007,9 @@ 印表機連線 - Printers are connected to computer systems in a variety of - ways. Small desktop printers are usually connected directly to - a computer's USB port. Older printers are - connected to a parallel or printer port. Some - printers are directly connected to a network, making it easy for - multiple computers to share them. A few printers use a rare - serial port connection. + 印表機有許多方式可以連接到電腦，小型的桌面印表機會直接連接到電腦的 USB 埠，舊式的印表機會連接到並列 (Parallel) 或 印表機 (Printer) 埠，而有一部份印表機則是直接連接網路，讓印表機能夠給多台電腦共享使用，還有少部分印表機則是連接到較罕見的序列 (Serial) 埠。 - FreeBSD can communicate with all of these types of - printers. + FreeBSD 可以與這些類型的印表機溝通。 @@ -14083,93 +12016,45 @@ USB - USB printers can be connected to - any available USB port on the - computer. + USB 印表機可以連接到電腦上任何可用的 USB 埠。 - When FreeBSD detects a USB printer, - two device entries are created: - /dev/ulpt0 and - /dev/unlpt0. Data sent to either - device will be relayed to the printer. After each print - job, ulpt0 resets the - USB port. Resetting the port can cause - problems with some printers, so the - unlpt0 device is usually used - instead. unlpt0 does not reset the - USB port at all. + 當 FreeBSD 偵測到 USB 印表機，會建立兩個裝置項目: /dev/ulpt0 以及 /dev/unlpt0，傳送到兩者任一裝置的資料都會被轉發到印表機。在每個列印工作完成後 ulpt0 便會重設 USB 埠，重設 USB 埠可能會在部份印表機造成問題，因此通常可以改使用 unlpt0 裝置。unlpt0 不會重設 USB 埠。 - Parallel (IEEE-1284) + 並列 (IEEE-1284) - The parallel port device is - /dev/lpt0. This device appears - whether a printer is attached or not, it is not - autodetected. + 並列埠裝置使用 /dev/lpt0，此裝置不論印表機是否連接上都會存在，它並不會自動偵測。 - Vendors have largely moved away from these - legacy ports, and many computers no longer - have them. Adapters can be used to connect a parallel - printer to a USB port. With such an - adapter, the printer can be treated as if it were actually - a USB printer. Devices called - print servers can also be used to - connect parallel printers directly to a network. + 供應商已不再採用這種 舊式 連接埠，且有許多電腦甚至已沒有這種連接埠。可以用轉接器來連接並列印表機到 USB 埠，有了轉接器，並列印表機可以被當作 USB 印表機使用。有另一種稱作 列印伺服器 (Print server) 的裝置也可用來連接並列印表機到網路。 - Serial (RS-232) + 序列 (RS-232) - Serial ports are another legacy port, rarely used for - printers except in certain niche applications. Cables, - connectors, and required wiring vary widely. + 序列埠也是另一種舊式連接埠，已很少用在印表機上，除了某些特殊的應用外，纜線、接頭與需要的佈線方式依需求變化性很大。 - For serial ports built into a motherboard, the serial - device name is /dev/cuau0 or - /dev/cuau1. Serial - USB adapters can also be used, and - these will appear as - /dev/cuaU0. + 內建在主機板的序列埠的序列裝置名稱為 /dev/cuau0 或 /dev/cuau1。也有序列 USB 轉接器可使用，而裝置的的名稱則會是 /dev/cuaU0。 - Several communication parameters must be known to - communicate with a serial printer. The most important are - baud rate or BPS - (Bits Per Second) and parity. Values - vary, but typical serial printers use a baud rate of 9600 - and no parity. + 要與序列印表機通訊必須知道數個通訊參數，其中最重要的是 傳輸速率 (Baud rate) 或 BPS (Bits Per Second) 以及 同位檢查 (Parity)。數值有數種，但一般序列印表機會使用 的傳輸速率是 9600 且無同位檢查。 - Network + 網路 - Network printers are connected directly to the local - computer network. + 網路印表機可直接連接到區域網路。 - The DNS hostname of the printer - must be known. If the printer is assigned a dynamic - address by DHCP, DNS - should be dynamically updated so that the host name always - has the correct IP address. Network - printers are often given static IP - addresses to avoid this problem. + 若印表機透過 DHCP 分配動態位址，則必須要知道 DNS 主機名稱，DNS 應動態更新來讓主機名稱能夠對應到正確的 IP 位址。指定網路印表機一個靜態的 IP 位址可避免這個問題。 - Most network printers understand print jobs sent with - the LPD protocol. A print queue name - can also be specified. Some printers process data - differently depending on which queue is used. For - example, a raw queue prints the data - unchanged, while the text queue adds - carriage returns to plain text. + 大多數網路印表機可以認得使用 LPD 通訊協定所送出的列印工作，列印佇列 (Print queue) 的名稱也會在這時指定。部份印表機會依據使用的佇列來決定處理資料的方式，例如 raw 佇列會列印原始資料，而 text 佇列則會在純文字上增加換行符號 (Carriage return)。 - Many network printers can also print data sent - directly to port 9100. + 大部份網路印表機也可列印直接傳送到埠號 9100 的資料。 @@ -14177,15 +12062,7 @@ 摘要 - Wired network connections are usually the easiest to - set up and give the fastest printing. For direct connection - to the computer, USB is preferred for speed - and simplicity. Parallel connections work but have - limitations on cable length and speed. Serial connections are - more difficult to configure. Cable wiring differs between - models, and communication parameters like baud rate and parity - bits must add to the complexity. Fortunately, serial printers - are rare. + 有線網路連線通常是安裝最簡單的方式，且可以提供快速的列印。若要直接連接到電腦，較建議使用 USB，由於較快速、簡單。並列連線仍然可以使用，但有纜線長度與速度上的限制。而序列連線則比較難設定，不同型號的纜線佈線方式不同，且通訊參數如傳輸速率及同位檢查增加了複雜性，所幸序列印表機並不多。 @@ -14192,9 +12069,7 @@ 常見的頁面描述語言 - Data sent to a printer must be in a language that the - printer can understand. These languages are called Page - Description Languages, or PDLs. + 傳送給印表機的資料必須使用印表機能夠理解的語言，這些語言稱為頁面描述語言 (Page Description Languages) 或 PDL。 @@ -14201,21 +12076,9 @@ ASCII - Plain ASCII text is the simplest - way to send data to a printer. Characters correspond one - to one with what will be printed: an A - in the data prints an A on the page. - Very little formatting is available. There is no way to - select a font or proportional spacing. The forced - simplicity of plain ASCII means that - text can be printed straight from the computer with little - or no encoding or translation. The printed output - corresponds directly with what was sent. + 純 ASCII 文字是傳送資料到印表機最簡單的方式，一個字元對應一個要列印的文字: 資料中的 A 會列印一個 A 在頁面。可以使用的格式非常少，沒有辦法選擇字型或者比例間距。強迫使用簡單的純 ASCII 為的是讓文字可以直接從電腦列印只需一點或甚至不需要編碼或轉譯，列印的結果可直接對應傳送的內容。 - Some inexpensive printers cannot print plain - ASCII text. This makes them more - difficult to set up, but it is usually still - possible. + 部份便宜印表機無法列印純 ASCII 文字，這讓這些印表機較難設定。 @@ -14223,17 +12086,9 @@ PostScript - PostScript is almost the opposite of - ASCII. Rather than simple text, a - PostScript program is a set of instructions that draw - the final document. Different fonts and graphics can be - used. However, this power comes at a price. The program - that draws the page must be written. Usually this program - is generated by application software, so the process is - invisible to the user. + PostScript 與 ASCII 幾乎相反，與簡單的文字不同，PostScript 程式語言有一套指令可以繪出最終所要的文件，可以使用不同的字型與圖形，但是，這樣強大的功能是有代價的，繪製頁面需要搛寫程式語言，通常這個程式語言會由應用程式產生，所以使用者是看不到的。 - Inexpensive printers sometimes leave out PostScript - compatibility as a cost-saving measure. + 便宜的印表機有時會移除 PostScript 的相容性來節省成本。 @@ -14241,33 +12096,17 @@ PCL (Printer Command Language) - PCL is an extension of - ASCII, adding escape sequences for - formatting, font selection, and printing graphics. Many - printers provide PCL5 support. Some - support the newer PCL6 or - PCLXL. These later versions are - supersets of PCL5 and can provide - faster printing. + PCL 由 ASCII 延伸而來，加入了跳脫序列 (Escape sequence) 來標示格式、選擇字型以及列印圖型。大部份印表機都支援 PCL5，少數支援較新的 PCL6 或 PCLXL，這些後來的版本是 PCL5 的超集合 (Superset)，並可以提供更快的列印速度。 - Host-Based + 以主機為基礎 (Host-Based) - Manufacturers can reduce the cost of a printer by - giving it a simple processor and very little memory. - These printers are not capable of printing plain text. - Instead, bitmaps of text and graphics are drawn by a - driver on the host computer and then sent to the printer. - These are called host-based - printers. + 製造商可能會使用簡單的處理器和較小的記憶體來降低印表機的成本，這些印表機無法列印純文字，相反的，文字與圖形會先在機器上的驅動程式畫完後傳送到印表機。這些稱為以主機為基礎 (Host-based) 的印表機。 - Communication between the driver and a host-based - printer is often through proprietary or undocumented - protocols, making them functional only on the most common - operating systems. + 驅動程式與以主機為基礎的印表機通訊通常會透過專用或無文件的通訊協定，這讓這些印表機只能在最常用的作業系統上運作。 @@ -14275,10 +12114,7 @@ 轉換 <trademark class="registered">PostScript</trademark> 至其他 <acronym>PDL</acronym> - Many applications from the Ports Collection and FreeBSD - utilities produce PostScript output. This table shows - the utilities available to convert that into other common - PDLs: + Port 套件集與 FreeBSD 工具集有許多可以處理 PostScript 輸出的應用程式，此表整理出了可轉換 PostScript 成其他常用 PDL 的工具：
輸出 <acronym>PDL</acronym> 格式 @@ -14286,9 +12122,8 @@ - Output - PDL - Generated By + 輸出 PDL + 產生由 說明 @@ -14295,20 +12130,15 @@ - PCL or - PCL5 + PCL 或 PCL5 print/ghostscript9 - -sDEVICE=ljet4 for monochrome, - -sDEVICE=cljet5 for color + 單色使用 -sDEVICE=ljet4、彩色使用 -sDEVICE=cljet5 - PCLXL or - PCL6 + PCLXL 或 PCL6 print/ghostscript9 - -sDEVICE=pxlmono for - monochrome, -sDEVICE=pxlcolor for - color + 單色使用 -sDEVICE=pxlmono、彩色使用 -sDEVICE=pxlcolor @@ -14330,34 +12160,13 @@ 摘要 - For the easiest printing, choose a printer that supports - PostScript. Printers that support PCL - are the next preferred. With - print/ghostscript, these - printers can be used as if they understood PostScript - natively. Printers that support PostScript or - PCL directly almost always support direct - printing of plain ASCII text files - also. + 要最簡單可以列印，可選擇支援 PostScript 的印表機。其次則為支援 PCL 的印表機，有了 print/ghostscript 這些印表機也可像原生支援 PostScript 的印表機一般使用。有直接支援 PostScript 或 PCL 的印表機通常也會直接支援純 ASCII 文字檔案。 - Line-based printers like typical inkjets usually do not - support PostScript or PCL. They often - can print plain ASCII text files. - print/ghostscript supports the - PDLs used by some of these printers. - However, printing an entire graphic-based page on these - printers is often very slow due to the large amount of data to - be transferred and printed. + 行列式印表機如同典型的噴墨式印表機通常不支援 PostScript 或 PCL，這種印表機通常可以列印純 ASCII 文字檔案。print/ghostscript 支援部份這種印表機使用的 PDL，不過要在這種印表機上列印完全以圖型為基礎的頁面通常會非常緩慢，由於需要傳送大量的資料並列印。 - Host-based printers are often more difficult to set up. - Some cannot be used at all because of proprietary - PDLs. Avoid these printers when - possible. + 以主機為基礎的印表機通常較難設定，有些會因為用了專用的 PDL 而無法使用，盡可能避免使用這類的印表機。 - Descriptions of many PDLs can be found - at . - The particular PDL used by various models - of printers can be found at . + 有關各種 PDL 的介紹可至 。各種型號印表機所使用的特定 PDL 可至 查詢。 @@ -14364,18 +12173,11 @@ 直接列印 - For occasional printing, files can be sent directly to a - printer device without any setup. For example, a file called - sample.txt can be sent to a - USB printer: + 對於偶爾列印，檔案可以直接傳送到印表機裝置，無需做任何設定。例如，要傳送一個名稱為 sample.txt 的檔案到 USB 印表機: # cp sample.txt /dev/unlpt0 - Direct printing to network printers depends on the - abilities of the printer, but most accept print jobs on port - 9100, and nc1 can be used with them. To print the - same file to a printer with the DNS - hostname of netlaser: + 要直接使用網路印表機列印需看該印表機支援的功能，但大多數會接受埠號 9100 的列印作業，可使用 nc1 來完成。要使用 DNS 主機名稱為 netlaser 的印表機列印與上述相同的檔案可: # nc netlaser 9100 < sample.txt @@ -14383,30 +12185,20 @@ <acronym>LPD</acronym> (行列式印表機 Daemon) - Printing a file in the background is called - spooling. A spooler allows the user to - continue with other programs on the computer without waiting for - the printer to slowly complete the print job. + 在背景列印一個檔案稱作 Spooling，緩衝程式 (Spooler) 讓使用者能夠繼續執行電腦的其他程式而不需要等候印表機緩慢的完成列印工作。 - FreeBSD includes a spooler called lpd8. Print jobs are - submitted with lpr1. + FreeBSD 內含的緩衝程式 (Spooler) 稱作 lpd8，而列印工作會使用 lpr1 來提交。 初始設定 - A directory for storing print jobs is created, ownership - is set, and the permissions are set to prevent other users - from viewing the contents of those files: + 建立要用來儲存列印工作的目錄、設定擁有關係以及權限來避免其他使用者可以檢視這些檔案的內容: # mkdir -p /var/spool/lpd/lp # chown daemon:daemon /var/spool/lpd/lp # chmod 770 /var/spool/lpd/lp - Printers are defined in - /etc/printcap. An entry for each printer - includes details like a name, the port where it is attached, - and various other settings. Create - /etc/printcap with these contents: + 印表機會定義在 /etc/printcap，每台印表機項目所包含的詳細資料有名稱、連接的接頭以及各種其他設定。建立 /etc/printcap 使用以下內容: lp:\ :lp=/dev/unlpt0:\ @@ -14417,25 +12209,18 @@ - The name of this printer. lpr1 sends print - jobs to the lp printer unless another - printer is specified with , so the - default printer should be named - lp. + 印表機的名稱。 lpr1 會傳送列印工作到 lp 印表機，除非有使用 來指定其他印表機，所以預的印表機名稱應使用 lp。 - The device where the printer is connected. Replace - this line with the appropriate one for the connection type - shown here. + 印表機所連接到裝置。替換此行為正確的連線類型，如此處所示。 - Connection Type - Device Entry in - /etc/printcap + 連線類型 + 在 /etc/printcap 的裝置項目 @@ -14444,47 +12229,33 @@ USB:lp=/dev/unlpt0:\ - This is the - non-resetting - USB printer device. If - problems are experienced, use - ulpt0 instead, which resets - the USB port on each - use. + 此為不會重設 USB 印表機的裝置，若使用上發生問題，請改使用 ulpt0，這個裝置會在每次使用後重設 USB 埠。 - Parallel + 並列 :lp=/dev/lpt0:\ - Network + 網路 - For a printer supporting the - LPD protocol: + 針對支援 LPD 通訊協定的印表機: :lp=:rm=network-printer-name:rp=raw:\ - For printers supporting port 9100 - printing: + 針對支援使用埠號 9100 列印的印表機: :lp=9100@network-printer-name:\ - For both types, replace - network-printer-name - with the DNS host name of the - network printer. + 針對兩者皆支援的印表機，請替換 network-printer-name 為網路印表機的 DNS 主機名稱。 - Serial + 序列 :lp=/dev/cuau0:br=9600:pa=none:\ - These values are for a typical serial - printer connected to a motherboard serial port. - The baud rate is 9600, and no parity is - used. + 這些是一般序列印表機連接到主機板序列埠會採用的數值，傳輸速率 (Baud rate) 是 9600 且無同位檢查 (No Parity)。 @@ -14492,38 +12263,33 @@ - Suppress the printing of a header page at the start of - a print job. + 在列印工作開始時不列印首頁。 - Do not limit the maximum size of a print job. + 不限制列印工作的最大尺寸。 - The path to the spooling directory for this printer. - Each printer uses its own spooling directory. + 此印表機的緩衝 (Spooling) 目錄路徑，每台印表機會自己使用一個獨立的緩衝 (Spooling) 目錄。 - The log file where errors on this printer will be - reported. + 記錄此印表機回報錯誤的記錄檔。 - After creating /etc/printcap, use - chkprintcap8 to test it for errors: + 在建立 /etc/printcap 之後，使用 chkprintcap8 測試印表機是否有錯誤:# chkprintcap - Fix any reported problems before continuing. + 在繼續之前修正任何回報的問題。 - Enable lpd8 in - /etc/rc.conf: + 開啟 /etc/rc.conf 中的 lpd8:lpd_enable="YES" - Start the service: + 啟動服務:# service lpd start @@ -15167,7 +12933,7 @@ Ports Collection - Linux 程式庫預設並不會安裝，且並不會開啟 Linux Binary 相容性。 Linux 程式庫可以手動安裝或是從 FreeBSD Ports 套件集安裝。 + Linux 程式庫預設並不會安裝，且並不會開啟 Linux Binary 相容性。 Linux 程式庫可以手動安裝或是從 FreeBSD Port 套件集安裝。在嘗試編譯 Port 前，要載入 Linux 核心模組，否則編譯會失敗： @@ -20693,7 +18459,7 @@ - 如何使用 pkg 來稽查從 Ports 套件集安裝的第三方軟體套件。 + 如何使用 pkg 來稽查從 Port 套件集安裝的第三方軟體套件。 @@ -24680,7 +22446,7 @@ --> - Jails + Jail MatteoRiondatoContributed @@ -25003,7 +22769,7 @@ - 在 FreeBSD Ports 套件集中的高層級管理工具 + 在 FreeBSD Port 套件集中的高層級管理工具 Among the many third-party utilities for jail administration, one of the most complete and useful is @@ -25882,7 +23648,7 @@ - 更新 Ports + 更新 Port The ports tree in the basejail is shared by the other jails. Updating that copy of the ports tree gives the other @@ -28738,13 +26504,13 @@ gpart - 在本例中，會在新的磁碟上建立單一大型分割區，使用 GPT 分割區結構而非較舊與通用性較差的 MBR 結構。 + 在本例中，會在新的磁碟上建立單一大型分割區，使用 GPT 分割表格式而非較舊與通用性較差的 MBR 結構。 若新加入的磁碟不是空白的，可以使用 gpart delete 來移除舊的分割區資訊。請參考 gpart8 取得詳細資訊。 - 建立完分割區結構後接著加入一個分割區，要在新的磁碟增進效能可使用較大的硬體區塊大小 (Block size)，此分割區會對齊 1 MB 的邊界： + 建立完分割表格式後接著加入一個分割區，要在新的磁碟增進效能可使用較大的硬體區塊大小 (Block size)，此分割區會對齊 1 MB 的邊界： # gpart create -s GPT ada1 # gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -a 1M ada1 @@ -28815,7 +26581,7 @@ 83886046 1 - free - (512B) - 若磁碟已使用 GPT 分割區結構格式化，可能會顯示為 已損壞 (corrupted) 因為 GPT 備份分割區已不存在於磁碟結尾。 使用 gpart 來修正備份分割區： + 若磁碟已使用 GPT 分割表格式做格式化，可能會顯示為 已損壞 (corrupted) 因為 GPT 備份分割區已不存在於磁碟結尾。 使用 gpart 來修正備份分割區： # gpart recover ada0 ada0 recovered @@ -32107,7 +29873,7 @@ - RAID0 - 分散 (Striping) + RAID0 - 串連 (Striping) @@ -32266,7 +30032,7 @@ - RAID1 - 鏡射 (Mirroring) + RAID1 - 鏡像 (Mirroring) GEOM @@ -32356,7 +30122,7 @@ - 使用兩個新磁碟建立鏡射 + 使用兩個新磁碟建立鏡像 In this example, FreeBSD has already been installed on a single disk, ada0. Two new disks, @@ -32480,7 +30246,7 @@ - 使用既有磁碟建立鏡射 + 使用既有磁碟建立鏡像 In this example, FreeBSD has already been installed on a single disk, ada0. A new disk, @@ -32863,7 +30629,7 @@ - <acronym>RAID</acronym>3 - 位元級分散儲存與獨立奇偶校驗 + <acronym>RAID</acronym>3 - 位元級串連與獨立奇偶校驗 @@ -33162,7 +30928,7 @@ - 轉換單一磁碟為鏡射 + 轉換單一磁碟為鏡像 Under certain specific conditions, it is possible to convert an existing single drive to a graid8 array @@ -39592,10 +37358,10 @@ moused - 對於使用寬字元或多位元組字元的語言，需從 Ports 套件集安裝支援該語言的 Console。 可用的 Ports 摘要在 。安裝完成之後，請參考 Port 的 pkg-message 或操作手冊來取得設定及使用說明。 + 對於使用寬字元或多位元組字元的語言，需從 Port 套件集安裝支援該語言的 Console。 可用的 Port 摘要在 。安裝完成之後，請參考 Port 的 pkg-message 或操作手冊來取得設定及使用說明。
- Ports 套件集中可用的 Console + Port 套件集中可用的 Console @@ -39647,7 +37413,7 @@ Xorg 設定 - 會說明如何安裝並設定 Xorg。當要設定 Xorg 在地化時，可從 FreeBSD Ports 套件集中取得其他可用的字型及輸入法。應用程式特定的 i18n 設定像是字型與選單，可以在 ~/.Xresources 中調校且可允許使用者在圖型化應用程式選單檢視其所選擇的語言。 + 會說明如何安裝並設定 Xorg。當要設定 Xorg 在地化時，可從 FreeBSD Port 套件集中取得其他可用的字型及輸入法。應用程式特定的 i18n 設定像是字型與選單，可以在 ~/.Xresources 中調校且可允許使用者在圖型化應用程式選單檢視其所選擇的語言。 X Input Method (XIM) @@ -39871,9 +37637,9 @@ i18n 應用程式會使用 i18n 工具包做為程式庫開發。這讓開發人員可以寫一個簡單的檔案並翻譯顯示的選單及文字至各種語言。 - FreeBSD Ports 套件集中含有許多內建支援寬字元或多位元組字元的應用程式可支援各種語言。該類型的應用程式在名稱上會註明 i18n 以易於辨識。雖然如此，但不一定支援您所需要的語言。 + FreeBSD Port 套件集中含有許多內建支援寬字元或多位元組字元的應用程式可支援各種語言。該類型的應用程式在名稱上會註明 i18n 以易於辨識。雖然如此，但不一定支援您所需要的語言。 - 有一部份應用程式可以使用指定的字元集來編譯。通常會在 Port 的 Makefile 中設定，或者傳送參數給 configure。請參考各 FreeBSD Ports 原始碼中的 i18n 說明文件以取得更多有關需要的設定值資訊或 Port 的 Makefile 來了解在編譯時有那些可以使用的編譯選項。 + 有一部份應用程式可以使用指定的字元集來編譯。通常會在 Port 的 Makefile 中設定，或者傳送參數給 configure。請參考各 FreeBSD Port 原始碼中的 i18n 說明文件以取得更多有關需要的設定值資訊或 Port 的 Makefile 來了解在編譯時有那些可以使用的編譯選項。 @@ -40043,17 +37809,6 @@ - German Language Localization for All ISO 8859-1 - Languages - - - A - tutorial on using umlauts on FreeBSD is - available in German at http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~eserte/FreeBSD/doc/umlaute/umlaute.html. - - - - Greek Language Localization @@ -40161,7 +37916,7 @@ - 如何使用 Subversion 或說明文件 Ports 來維持已安裝的文件為新版。 + 如何使用 Subversion 或說明文件 Port 來維持已安裝的文件為新版。 @@ -40223,11 +37978,11 @@ updating-upgrading - 即時套用安全性更新與升級作業系統到新的發行版本對管理一個持續運作的系統是重要的。FreeBSD 內含可以執行這兩項任務的工具程式，叫做 freebsd-update。 + 即時套用安全性更新並升級到新發佈的作業系統對管理一個持續運作的系統是重要的。FreeBSD 內含可以執行這兩項任務的工具程式，叫做 freebsd-update。 這個工具程式支援使用 Binary 對 FreeBSD 做安全性與和錯誤更新，不需要手動編譯和安裝修補 (Patch) 或新核心。目前由安全性團隊提供支援的 Binary 更新可用於所有的架構和發行版。支援的發行版清單及各自的支援期限列於 http://www.FreeBSD.org/security/。 - 這個工具程式也支援升級作業系統到次要的發行版本以及升級到另一個發行版分支。在升級到新的發行版本前，需先查看該版本的發行公告，因為發行公告中包含了該發行版本的相關重要資訊。發行公告可自 http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/ 取得。 + 這個工具程式也支援升級作業系統到次要的發佈版以及升級到另一個發佈版分支。在升級到新的發佈版本前，需先查看該版本的發佈公告，因為發行公告中包含了該發行版本的相關重要資訊。發行公告可自 http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/ 取得。 如果有使用 crontab 來執行 freebsd-update8，則必須在升級作業系統前先關閉。 @@ -40318,7 +38073,7 @@ 執行主要及次要版號升級 - 從 FreeBSD 的次要版本升級到另一個版本，例如從 FreeBSD 9.0 到 FreeBSD 9.1, 叫作 次要版本更新。 主要版本更新發生在當 FreeBSD 從一個主要版本升級到主要版本升級到另一個主要版本時，例如從 FreeBSD 9.X 到 FreeBSD 10.X。 兩種更新都可以透過提供 freebsd-update 目標的發行版本來執行。 + 從 FreeBSD 的次要版本升級到另一個版本，例如從 FreeBSD 9.0 到 FreeBSD 9.1, 叫作 次要版本 (Minor version) 更新。 主要版本 (Major version) 更新發生在當 FreeBSD 從一個主要版本升級到主要版本升級到另一個主要版本時，例如從 FreeBSD 9.X 到 FreeBSD 10.X。 兩種更新都可以透過提供 freebsd-update 目標的發佈版本來執行。 如果系統正在執行自訂的核心，請在開始升級前，確定有保留一份 GENERIC 核心的複本在 /boot/GENERIC。 請參考 關於如何取得 GENERIC 核心複本的說明。 @@ -40386,7 +38141,7 @@ 取決於是否有任何程式庫版本編號衝突，也可能只有兩個而不是三個安裝階段。 - 升級程序現在完成了。如果所做的是主要的版本升級，則需依 的說明重新安裝所有的 Ports 和套件。 + 升級程序現在完成了。如果所做的是主要的版本升級，則需依 的說明重新安裝所有的 Port 和套件。 在 FreeBSD 9.X 及之後版本自訂核心 @@ -40412,7 +38167,7 @@ 主要版號升級後的套件升級 - 一般來說，已安裝的應用程式在次要版本升級仍可沒問題的正常執行。但主要版本升級會採用不同的應用程式 Binary 介面 (Application Binary Interfaces, ABIs)，會導致大部份第三方應用程式無法正常執行。 因此在主要版本升級後，需要升及所有已安裝的套件和 Ports，套件可以使用 pkg upgrade 來升級，而 Ports 則需使用 ports-mgmt/portmaster 工具。 + 一般來說，已安裝的應用程式在次要版本升級仍可沒問題的正常執行。但主要版本升級會採用不同的應用程式 Binary 介面 (Application Binary Interfaces, ABIs)，會導致大部份第三方應用程式無法正常執行。 因此在主要版本升級後，需要升及所有已安裝的套件和 Port，套件可以使用 pkg upgrade 來升級，而 Port 則需使用 ports-mgmt/portmaster 工具。 強制升級所有已安裝的套件會使用檔案庫中新版本的套件來取得目前套件，即使該版號沒有增加。由於在升級 FreeBSD 主要版本時會變更 ABI 版本，因此這是必要動作。強制升級可以執行以下指令來完成： @@ -40447,9 +38202,9 @@ # freebsd-update IDS >> outfile.ids - 系統將會開始檢查並且會產生相當長的檔案清單，內容包含發行版本已知的與目前安裝版本的 SHA256 雜湊值會儲存到指定的輸出檔。 + 系統將會開始檢查並且會產生相當長的檔案清單，內容包含發佈版本已知的與目前安裝版本的 SHA256 雜湊值會儲存到指定的輸出檔。 - 清單中的項目會相當的多，但輸出的格式可以很簡單的用來分析。例如，要取得與發行版本不同的檔案清單，可使用以下指令： + 清單中的項目會相當的多，但輸出的格式可以很簡單的用來分析。例如，要取得與發佈版本不同的檔案清單，可使用以下指令： # cat outfile.ids | awk '{ print $1 }' | more /etc/master.passwd @@ -40473,7 +38228,7 @@ 文件是 FreeBSD 作業系統不可或缺的一部份。在最新版本的 FreeBSD 文件可在 FreeBSD 網站 (http://www.freebsd.org/doc/) 取得的同時，也可很簡單的取得 FreeBSD 網站、使用手冊、FAQ 及文章的本地複本。 - 本節將說明如何使用原始碼與 FreeBSD Ports 套件集來取得最新版本 FreeBSD 文件本地複本。 + 本節將說明如何使用原始碼與 FreeBSD Port 套件集來取得最新版本 FreeBSD 文件本地複本。 要取得編輯與提出修正文件相關的資訊請參考 FreeBSD 文件計畫入門書 (http://www.freebsd.org/doc/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/fdp-primer/)。 @@ -40548,7 +38303,7 @@ - 自 Ports 更新說明文件 + 自 Port 更新說明文件 @@ -40570,7 +38325,7 @@ Updating and Upgrading - 前一節介紹了由原始碼更新 FreeBSD 文件的方法，本節將說明使用 Ports 套件集的替代方法，可由以下方式達成： + 前一節介紹了由原始碼更新 FreeBSD 文件的方法，本節將說明使用 Port 套件集的替代方法，可由以下方式達成： @@ -40578,13 +38333,13 @@ - 使用 Ports 框架來編譯文件原始碼，可讓取得與編譯文件的步驟更簡單。 + 使用 Port 框架來編譯文件原始碼，可讓取得與編譯文件的步驟更簡單。 - 這個更新 FreeBSD 文件的方法，會使用到一系列由文件工程團隊 doceng@FreeBSD.org 每月更新的文件 Ports 與套件。這些套件列於 FreeBSD Ports 套件集的 docs 分類下 (http://www.freshports.org/docs/)。 + 這個更新 FreeBSD 文件的方法，會使用到一系列由文件工程團隊 doceng@FreeBSD.org 每月更新的文件 Port 與套件。這些套件列於 FreeBSD Port 套件集的 docs 分類下 (http://www.freshports.org/docs/)。 - 文件 Ports 的組織方式如下： + 文件 Port 的組織方式如下： @@ -40605,7 +38360,7 @@ # pkg install hu-freebsd-doc - 套件使用的名稱格式與 Ports 的名稱不同：lang-freebsd-doc，其中 lang 是語言代碼的縮寫，例如 hu 代表匈牙利語，zh_cn 代表簡體中文。 + 套件使用的名稱格式與 Port 的名稱不同：lang-freebsd-doc，其中 lang 是語言代碼的縮寫，例如 hu 代表匈牙利語，zh_cn 代表簡體中文。 要指定文件的格式，需以編譯 Port 來代替安裝套件。例如要編譯並安裝英語文件： @@ -40613,9 +38368,9 @@ # cd /usr/ports/misc/freebsd-doc-en # make install clean - Ports 提供設定選單來指定要編譯與安裝的格式，預設為分頁的 HTML　(類似 http://www.FreeBSD.org 使用的格式) 以及 PDF。 + Port 提供設定選單來指定要編譯與安裝的格式，預設為分頁的 HTML　(類似 http://www.FreeBSD.org 使用的格式) 以及 PDF。 - 此外，編譯文件 Ports 時也可指定數個 make 選項，包括： + 此外，編譯文件 Port 時也可指定數個 make 選項，包括： @@ -40648,7 +38403,7 @@ # cd /usr/ports/misc/freebsd-doc-hu # make -DWITH_PDF DOCBASE=share/doc/freebsd/hu install clean - 文件套件或 Ports 可以依 的說明更新。例如以下指令會使用 ports-mgmt/portmaster 更新已安裝的匈牙利語文件： + 文件套件或 Port 可以依 的說明更新。例如以下指令會使用 ports-mgmt/portmaster 更新已安裝的匈牙利語文件： # portmaster -PP hu-freebsd-doc @@ -40720,253 +38475,840 @@ + + + 使用 FreeBSD-STABLE + + 主要發行版便是使用 FreeBSD-STABLE 這個開發分支所產生。變更進入這個分支的速度比較慢，並假設這些變更已經先在 FreeBSD-CURRENT 測試過。但這 仍然 是一個開發分支，而且 FreeBSD-STABLE 的原始碼在任何時候都有可能不適合一般的使用。它只是另一個開發分支，並非專門提供給終端使用者使用。若沒有替代資源可供測試的使用者應該改使用最新的 FreeBSD 發行版。 + + 有興趣追蹤或對 FreeBSD 開發流程貢獻的人，尤其是對 FreeBSD 接下來的發行版相關內容有興趣的人，應該考慮追蹤 FreeBSD-STABLE。 + + 儘管 FreeBSD-STABLE 分支應該在任何時候均能正確編譯、執行，但是並不保証不會有問題。因為使用 FreeBSD-STABLE 的人比 FreeBSD-CURRENT 多，有時無可避免地會在 FreeBSD-STABLE 發現在 FreeBSD-CURRENT 並非顯而易見的錯誤和極端的狀況。也因此，我們並不建議盲目追蹤 FreeBSD-STABLE。 特別重要的是 不要 在尚未使用開發或測試環境對程式碼做完整的測試之前，升級任何上線的伺服器為 FreeBSD-STABLE。 + + 若要追蹤 FreeBSD-STABLE： + + + -STABLE + using + + + + 加入 freebsd-stable 郵遞論壇來隨時瞭解 FreeBSD-STABLE 編譯的相依關係或是任何其他需特別注意的議題。開發者在評估一些有爭議的修正或更新時，也會先在這裡發信公告，讓使用者有機會可以對提案的更改提出問題。 + + 加入 svn 相關郵遞論壇來追蹤該分支的修訂。 例如，要追蹤 9-STABLE 分支的使用者應該加入 svn-src-stable-9 郵遞論壇。這個郵遞論壇會記錄每一次修改的提交項目，以及可能產生的副作用的相關資訊。 + + 要加入這兩個郵遞論壇，請前往 http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo 點選要訂閱的郵遞論壇，並依照網頁指示的步驟操作。要追蹤整個原始碼樹，不單只有 FreeBSD-CURRENT 的變更，可訂閱 svn-src-all 郵遞論壇。 + + + + 要安裝新的 FreeBSD-STABLE 系統， 可從 FreeBSD 鏡像站 或從 FreeBSD-STABLE 每個月的快照 (Snapshot) 來安裝最新的 FreeBSD-STABLE 發行版。請參考 www.freebsd.org/snapshots 來取得更多有關快照的資訊。 + + 要編譯或升級已經安裝的 FreeBSD 系統至 FreeBSD-STABLE，可使用 svn + Subversion + 來取得欲安裝分支的原始碼。分支的名稱列在 www.freebsd.org/releng，例如 stable/9。 + + + + 在編譯或升級到 FreeBSD-STABLE + -STABLE + compiling + 之前 ， 請仔細閱讀 /usr/src/Makefile 並依照 的指示操作。閱讀 FreeBSD-STABLE 郵遞論壇 以及 /usr/src/UPDATING 來了解升級的相關資訊，有時會含有升級下一個發行版的必要資訊。 + + + - - Updating FreeBSD from Source + + 同步原始碼 - Updating FreeBSD from source offers some advantages over binary - updates. Code can be built with options to take advantage of - specific hardware. Parts of the base system can be built with - non-default settings, or left out entirely where they are not - needed or desired. The build process takes longer to update a - system than binary updates, but allows complete customization to - produce a tailored version of FreeBSD + 有多許方法可以更新 FreeBSD 的原始碼，本節將說明主要的方法 Subversion。 - - 快速開始 + + 雖然有可能只更新部份原始碼樹，但是正式支援的更新步驟是更新整個樹並重新編譯所有在使用者空間 (User space) 中的程式，例如在 /bin 和 /sbin 中的程式及核心原始碼。只更新部份的原始碼樹，例如：只更新核心或使用者空間的程式的做法經常會導致編譯錯誤、核心錯誤或資料損毀的問題。 + - This is a quick reference for the typical steps used to - update FreeBSD by building from source. Later sections describe - the process in more detail. + + Subversion + + Subversion uses the + pull model of updating sources. The user, + or a cron script, invokes the + svn program which updates the local version + of the source. Subversion is the + preferred method for updating local source trees as updates are + up-to-the-minute and the user controls when updates are + downloaded. It is easy to restrict updates to specific files or + directories and the requested updates are generated on the fly + by the server. How to synchronize source using + Subversion is described in . + + If a user inadvertently wipes out portions of the local + archive, Subversion will detect and + rebuild the damaged portions during an update. + + + + 重新編譯 World + + + Rebuilding world + + 當本地的原始碼樹已與特定版本的 FreeBSD 如 FreeBSD-STABLE 或 FreeBSD-CURRENT 同步以後，便可使用原始碼樹來重新編譯系統。這個程序即為重新編譯 World。 + + 在重新編譯 World 之前，請確定已完成以下工作： + + + 編譯 World <emphasis>之前</emphasis> 要完成的工作 + + + 備份所有重要的資料到另一個系統或可卸除的媒體，檢查備份的完整性並在手中保留一份可開機的安裝媒體。如何強調都不足夠說明在重新編譯系統 之前 備份系統的重要性。即便重新編譯 World 已變成簡單的一件事，也難免會有原始碼樹失誤導致系統無法開機的時候。您可能永遠都用不上備份，但最好確保安全而非後悔。 + + + + mailing list + 回顧最近 freebsd-stable 或 freebsd-current 中的項目，依您所追蹤的分支決定。注意任何已知的問題以及會被影響的系統。若已知的問題影響您已同步的原始碼版本，請等候表明問題已被解決的 全部解決 (all clear) 公告發佈，然後重新同步原始碼並確認本地的原始碼版本已含有所需的修正。 + + + + 閱讀 /usr/src/UPDATING 了解該版本的原始碼是否有必要的額外步驟要完成。 這個檔案中會包含有關潛藏問題的重要資訊，並且可能會要求執行某些指令。大多升級需要完成指定的額外步驟，例如：在安裝新 World 前重新命名或刪除指定檔案，這些步驟會列在檔案最後，明確說明目前建議的升級順序。若 UPDATING 中有與本章相矛盾的步驟，請以 UPDATING 為準並應遵循其內容。 + + + + + 不要使用 <command>make world</command> + + 部份舊版的文件建議使用 make world。然而該指令跳過了部份重要的步驟，應僅供專家使用。大多數的情況使用 make world 都是錯的，並應使用此處說明的程序。 + + + + 流程概述 + + 編譯 World 流程會假設您是依照 指示取得最近版本的原始碼來升級舊版的 FreeBSD。 + + 在 FreeBSD，world 一詞包含了核心，核心系統 Binary，程式庫，原始碼以及內建的編譯器。這些元件編譯與安裝的順序非常重要。 + + 舉例來說，舊的編譯器可能有問題而無法編譯新的核心。新的核心需使用新的編譯器來編譯，因此新的編譯器必需先編譯，但在新核心編譯前並不一定要安裝。 + + 新的 World 可能需要使用新的核心功能，所以必須在新的 World 安裝之前先安裝新的核心。舊的 World 也可能在新的核心上無法正常執行，所以必須在新的核心安裝完之後 +馬上安裝新的 World。 + + 有一部份設定必須在新的 World 安裝前變更，但其他的部份在之前變更則可能會破壞舊的 World。因此會使用到兩種不同的設定升級步驟。大部份情況，更新程序只會取代或新增檔案，不會刪除已存在的舊檔案。當這可能會造成問題時 /usr/src/UPDATING 便會說明需要手動刪除的檔案以及操作的步驟。 + + 這些問題會影響接下來的建議升級順序。 + + + 將執行 make 的輸出儲存到檔案是不錯的辦法，若發生錯誤時，便可複製錯誤訊息張貼到 FreeBSD 郵遞論壇。 + + 最簡單的方式是使用 script 並透過參數指定要儲存所有輸出的檔案名稱。請不要儲存輸出到 /tmp，因這個目錄可能在下次重新開機後被清除。儲存檔案最好的地方是 /var/tmp。在重新編譯 World 之前執行這個指令，並在流程完成後輸入 exit： + + # script /var/tmp/mw.out +Script started, output file is /var/tmp/mw.out + + - - Preparing + 編譯 World 流程概述 - Check /usr/src/UPDATING for any - manual steps that are required before or after a - source update. + 編譯 World 流程中使用的指令應依此處指定的順序執行。本節將摘要各指令的功能。 - The very first time a source update is to be done on - a particular computer, run + + 若編譯 World 流程先前已在系統執行過，先前編譯的結果可能遺留在 /usr/obj。要加速新的編譯 World 流程及節省處理相依問題的時間，若此目錄存在，請移除此目錄： - # etcupdate extract + # chflags -R noschg /usr/obj/* +# rm -rf /usr/obj + - This creates a checkpoint for later comparison and - merging of system settings. + + 編譯新的編譯器及一些相關工具，然後使用新的編譯器編譯新的 World。編譯的結果會儲存到 /usr/obj。 + + # cd /usr/src +# make buildworld - Update and Build + 使用在 /usr/obj 中的新編譯器來編譯新的核心，來確保不會發生編譯器與核心不相容的問題。因某些記憶體結構可能有修改，這個步驟是必要的，若核心與原始碼的版本不同，ps 及 top 這類的程式會無法運作。 - # svn update /usr/src -# cd /usr/src -# make -j4 buildworld -# make -j4 kernel -# make installworld -# etcupdate -# shutdown -r now + # make buildkernel + - - - Get the latest version of the source. See - for - more information on obtaining and updating - source. - + + 安裝新的核心與新的核心模組，讓開機時可以使用新的核心。這個指令可在多使用者模式執行，除非 kern.securelevel 設定在 1 以上 且 在核心 Binary 有設定 noschg 或類似的旗標 (Flag)，請先讓系統進入單使用者模式。請參考 init8 取得有關 kern.securelevel 的詳細資訊以及 chflags1 取得有關各種檔案旗標的詳細資訊。 - - Go to the source directory. - + # make installkernel + - - Compile the world, everything except the - kernel. - + + 讓系統進入單使用者模組來減少升級任何已在執行中的 Binary 所產生的問題，同樣也可減少在新核心上執行舊 World 的問題。 - - Compile the kernel. - + # shutdown now - - Install the world. - + 進入單使用者模式後，若系統磁碟格式為 UFS 請執行以下指令： - - Update and merge configuration files in - /etc/. - + # mount -u / +# mount -a -t ufs +# swapon -a - - Restart the system to use the newly-built world - and kernel. - - + 若系統磁碟格式為 ZFS，則需執行以下兩個指令。此範例假設 zpool 名稱為 zroot： + + # zfs set readonly=off zroot +# zfs mount -a + + + 選用：若想要使用 US 英文以外的鍵盤對應表，可以使用 kbdmap1 來變更： + + # kbdmap + + + + 接著，不論那一種檔案系統，若 CMOS 時鐘設定為本地時間 (若 date1 顯示不正確的時間與時區)，請執行： + + # adjkerntz -i + + + + 重新編譯 World 不會直接更新某些目錄中的設定檔，如 /etc, /var 以及 /usr。接下來的步驟是更新一部份的設定檔到 /etc 來準備安裝新的 World。以下指令只會比對影響 installworld 是否成功執行的必要檔案。例如，這個步驟會可能會加入新版 FreeBSD 的新群組、系統帳號或啟動 Script。為了讓 installworld 步驟可以使用任何新的系統帳號、群組與 Script，這是個必要的步驟。請參考 來取得更多有關此指令的詳細操作說明： + + # mergemaster -p + + + + 從 /usr/obj 安裝新 World 與系統 Binary。 + + # cd /usr/src +# make installworld + + + + 更新任何剩下的設定檔。 + + # mergemaster -iF + + + + 刪除任何過時的檔案。這很重要，因為若檔案遺留在磁碟上可能會造成問題。 + + # make delete-old + + + + 現在需要完整重新啟動來載入新的核心、新的 World 與新的設定檔。 + + # reboot + + + + 確認所有已安裝的 Port 在舊的程式庫移除前已依照 的說明重新編譯。當重新編譯完成後，移除過時的程式庫來避免與新的程式庫發生衝突。有關此步驟更詳細的說明請參考 。 + + # make delete-old-libs + + + single-user mode + + 若系統允許停機一小段時間，請考慮以單使用者模式編譯系統來替代在多使用者模組編譯系統，然後進入單使用者模式來完成安裝。重新安裝系統會觸及到很多重要的系統檔案，所有的標準系統 Binary、程式庫以及引用檔。在執行中的系統更換這些檔案，特別是有使用者在使用時，是自找麻煩。 - - Preparing for a Source Update + + 設定檔 - Read /usr/src/UPDATING. Any manual - steps that must be performed before or after an update are - described in this file. + + make.conf + - If this is the first time that a source update has been - done on this computer, run - etcupdate extract to create a snap of - system settings for later update and merging. This step only - needs to be done once. + This build world process uses several configuration + files. + + The Makefile located in + /usr/src describes how the programs that + comprise FreeBSD should be built and the order in which they + should be built. + + The options available to make are + described in make.conf5 and some common examples are + included in + /usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf. Any + options which are added to /etc/make.conf + will control the how make runs and builds + programs. These options take effect every time + make is used, including compiling + applications from the Ports Collection, compiling custom C + programs, or building the FreeBSD operating system. Changes to + some settings can have far-reaching and potentially surprising + effects. Read the comments in both locations and keep in mind + that the defaults have been chosen for a combination of + performance and safety. + + + src.conf + + + How the operating system is built from source code is + controlled by /etc/src.conf. Unlike + /etc/make.conf, the contents of + /etc/src.conf only take effect when the + FreeBSD operating system itself is being built. Descriptions of + the many options available for this file are shown in + src.conf5. Be cautious about disabling seemingly + unneeded kernel modules and build options. Sometimes there + are unexpected or subtle interactions. - - Updating the Source + + 變數與目標 - FreeBSD source code is located in - /usr/src/. The preferred method of - updating this source is through the - Subversion version control system. - Verify that the source code is under version control: + The general format for using make is as + follows: - # svn info /usr/src -Path: /usr/src -Working Copy Root Path: /usr/src -... + # make -x -DVARIABLE target - This indicates that /usr/src/ - is under version control and can be updated with - svn1: + In this example, + is an option + passed to make. Refer to make1 for + examples of the available options. - # svn update /usr/src + To pass a variable, specify the variable name with + . The + behavior of the Makefile is controlled by + variables. These can either be set in + /etc/make.conf or they can be specified + when using make. For example, this + variable specifies that profiled libraries should not be + built: - The update process can take some time if the directory has - not been updated recently. After it finishes, the source code - is up to date and the build process described in the next - section can begin. + # make -DNO_PROFILE target - - Obtaining the Source + It corresponds with this setting in + /etc/make.conf: - If the output says - '/usr/src' is not a working copy, the - files there are missing or were installed with a different - method. A new checkout of the source is required. + NO_PROFILE= true # Avoid compiling profiled libraries -
- FreeBSD Versions and Repository Paths + The target tells + make what to do and the + Makefile defines the available targets. + Some targets are used by the build process to break out the + steps necessary to rebuild the system into a number of + sub-steps. - - - - uname -r Output - Repository Path - - + Having separate options is useful for two reasons. First, + it allows for a build that does not affect any components of a + running system. Because of this, + buildworld can be safely run on a + machine running in multi-user mode. It is still recommended + that installworld be run in part in + single-user mode, though. - - - X.Y-RELEASE - base/releng/X - + Secondly, it allows NFS mounts to be + used to upgrade multiple machines on a network, as described + in . - - X.Y-STABLE - base/stable/X - + It is possible to specify which will + cause make to spawn several simultaneous + processes. Since much of the compiling process is + I/O-bound rather than + CPU-bound, this is useful on both single + CPU and multi-CPU + machines. - - X-CURRENT - base/head/ - - - -
+ On a single-CPU machine, run the + following command to have up to 4 processes running at any one + time. Empirical evidence posted to the mailing lists shows + this generally gives the best performance benefit. - Determine which version of FreeBSD is being used with - uname1: + # make -j4 buildworld - # uname -r -10.3-RELEASE + On a multi-CPU machine, try values + between 6 and 10 to see + how they speed things up. - Based on - , the - source used to update 10.3-RELEASE has a - repository path of base/releng/10. That - is used in the checkout of source: + + rebuilding world + timings + - # mv /usr/src /usr/src.bak -# svn checkout https://svn.freebsd.org/base/releng/10 /usr/src + + If any variables were specified to make + buildworld, specify the same variables to + make installworld. However, + must never be used + with installworld. - - - Move the old directory out of the way. If there are - no local modifications in this directory, it can be - deleted. - + For example, if this command was used: - - The path from - is - added to the repository URL. The - third parameter is the destination directory for the - source code on the local system. - - + # make -DNO_PROFILE buildworld + + Install the results with: + + # make -DNO_PROFILE installworld + + Otherwise, the second command will try to install + profiled libraries that were not built during the + make buildworld phase. - - Building and Installing from Source + + + 合併設定檔 - The world, or all - of the operating system except the kernel, is compiled. This - is done first to provide up-to-date tools to build the kernel. - Then the kernel itself is built. + + + + Tom + Rhodes + + Contributed by + + + - Increasing the number of build jobs on multi-core - processors can improve build speed. Determine the number of - cores with sysctl hw.ncpu. Processors - vary, as do the build systems used with different versions of - FreeBSD, so testing is the only sure method to tell how a - different number of jobs affects the build speed. For a - starting point, consider values between half and double the - number of cores. + + + mergemaster + + - Describe other go-fast options like NO_CLEAN here. - Preferably avoid having different sections for different - versions of FreeBSD. + FreeBSD provides the mergemaster8 Bourne script to aid + in determining the differences between the configuration files + in /etc, and the configuration files in + /usr/src/etc. This is the recommended + solution for keeping the system configuration files up to date + with those located in the source tree. - For a completely clean build, delete the temporary object - directory before building with - rm -rf /usr/obj. + Before using mergemaster, it is + recommended to first copy the existing + /etc somewhere safe. Include + which does a recursive copy and + which preserves times and the ownerships + on files: - Custom kernels and sample build for them. + # cp -Rp /etc /etc.old - Building only the kernel, sample. + When run, mergemaster builds a + temporary root environment, from / down, + and populates it with various system configuration files. + Those files are then compared to the ones currently installed + in the system. Files that differ will be shown in + diff1 format, with the sign + representing added or modified lines, and + representing lines that will be either removed completely or + replaced with a new file. Refer to diff1 for more + information about how file differences are shown. - We should only show recommended, most-common make targets - here. Do we need to document buildkernel/installkernel - here? + Next, mergemaster will display each + file that differs, and present options to: delete the new + file, referred to as the temporary file, install the temporary + file in its unmodified state, merge the temporary file with + the currently installed file, or view the results + again. + + Choosing to delete the temporary file will tell + mergemaster to keep the current file + unchanged and to delete the new version. This option is not + recommended. To get help at any time, type + ? at the mergemaster + prompt. If the user chooses to skip a file, it will be + presented again after all other files have been dealt + with. + + Choosing to install the unmodified temporary file will + replace the current file with the new one. For most + unmodified files, this is the best option. + + Choosing to merge the file will present a text editor, and + the contents of both files. The files can be merged by + reviewing both files side by side on the screen, and choosing + parts from both to create a finished product. When the files + are compared side by side, l selects the left + contents and r selects contents from the + right. The final output will be a file consisting of both + parts, which can then be installed. This option is + customarily used for files where settings have been modified + by the user. + + Choosing to view the results again will redisplay the file + differences. + + After mergemaster is done with the + system files, it will prompt for other options. It may prompt + to rebuild the password file and will finish up with an option + to remove left-over temporary files. + - - Completing the Update + + + 刪除過時的檔案及程式庫 - - Merge the contents of - /etc/ with - etcupdate or - mergemaster -Ui. + + + + Anton + Shterenlikht + + Based on notes provided by + + + - Check for outdated files and libraries with - make check-old and - make check-old-libs. + + Deleting obsolete files and directories + - Restart the computer with - shutdown -r now. + As a part of the FreeBSD development lifecycle, files and + their contents occasionally become obsolete. This may be + because functionality is implemented elsewhere, the version + number of the library has changed, or it was removed from the + system entirely. These obsoleted files, libraries, and + directories should be removed when updating the system. + This ensures that the system is not cluttered with old files + which take up unnecessary space on the storage and backup + media. Additionally, if the old library has a security or + stability issue, the system should be updated to the newer + library to keep it safe and to prevent crashes caused by the + old library. Files, directories, and libraries which are + considered obsolete are listed in + /usr/src/ObsoleteFiles.inc. The + following instructions should be used to remove obsolete files + during the system upgrade process. + + After the make installworld and the + subsequent mergemaster have finished + successfully, check for obsolete files and libraries: + + # cd /usr/src +# make check-old + + If any obsolete files are found, they can be deleted using + the following command: + + # make delete-old + + A prompt is displayed before deleting each obsolete file. + To skip the prompt and let the system remove these files + automatically, use + BATCH_DELETE_OLD_FILES: + + # make -DBATCH_DELETE_OLD_FILES delete-old + + The same goal can be achieved by piping these commands + through yes: + + # yes|make delete-old + + + Warning + + Deleting obsolete files will break applications that + still depend on those obsolete files. This is especially + true for old libraries. In most cases, the programs, ports, + or libraries that used the old library need to be recompiled + before make delete-old-libs is + executed. + + + Utilities for checking shared library dependencies include + sysutils/libchk and + sysutils/bsdadminscripts. + + Obsolete shared libraries can conflict with newer + libraries, causing messages like these: + + /usr/bin/ld: warning: libz.so.4, needed by /usr/local/lib/libtiff.so, may conflict with libz.so.5 +/usr/bin/ld: warning: librpcsvc.so.4, needed by /usr/local/lib/libXext.so, may conflict with librpcsvc.so.5 + + To solve these problems, determine which port installed + the library: + + # pkg which /usr/local/lib/libtiff.so + /usr/local/lib/libtiff.so was installed by package tiff-3.9.4 +# pkg which /usr/local/lib/libXext.so + /usr/local/lib/libXext.so was installed by package libXext-1.1.1,1 + + Then deinstall, rebuild, and reinstall the port. To + automate this process, + ports-mgmt/portmaster can be used. After + all ports are rebuilt and no longer use the old libraries, + delete the old libraries using the following command: + + # make delete-old-libs + + If something goes wrong, it is easy to rebuild a + particular piece of the system. For example, if + /etc/magic was accidentally deleted as + part of the upgrade or merge of /etc, + file will stop working. To fix this, + run: + + # cd /usr/src/usr.bin/file +# make all install + + + 常見問題 + + + + 每個變更是否都需要重新編譯 World? + + + It depends upon the nature of the change. For + example, if svn only shows + the following files as being updated: + + src/games/cribbage/instr.c +src/games/sail/pl_main.c +src/release/sysinstall/config.c +src/release/sysinstall/media.c +src/share/mk/bsd.port.mk + + it probably is not worth rebuilding the entire + world. Instead, go into the appropriate sub-directories + and run make all install. But if + something major changes, such as + src/lib/libc/stdlib, consider + rebuilding world. + + Some users rebuild world every fortnight and let + changes accumulate over that fortnight. Others only + re-make those things that have changed and are careful + to spot all the dependencies. It all depends on how + often a user wants to upgrade and whether they are + tracking FreeBSD-STABLE or FreeBSD-CURRENT. + + + + + 什麼會造成有很多信號 11 + signal 11 + (或其他信號) 錯誤的編譯失敗? + + + This normally indicates a hardware problem. + Building world is an effective way to stress test + hardware, especially memory. A sure indicator of a + hardware issue is when make + is restarted and it dies at a different point in the + process. + + To resolve this error, swap out the components in + the machine, starting with RAM, to determine which + component is failing. + + + + + 完成編譯後是可否移除 /usr/obj? + + + This directory contains all the object files that + were produced during the compilation phase. Normally, + one of the first steps in the make + buildworld process is to remove this + directory and start afresh. Keeping + /usr/obj around when finished makes + little sense, and its removal frees up a approximately + 2GB of disk space. + + + + + 是否能繼續中斷的編譯? + + + This depends on how far into the process the + problem occurs. In general, make + buildworld builds new copies of essential + tools and the system libraries. These tools and + libraries are then installed, used to rebuild + themselves, and are installed again. The rest of the + system is then rebuilt with the new system + tools. + + During the last stage, it is fairly safe to run + these commands as they will not undo the work of the + previous make buildworld: + + # cd /usr/src +# make -DNO_CLEAN all + + If this message appears: + + -------------------------------------------------------------- +Building everything.. +-------------------------------------------------------------- + + in the make buildworld output, + it is probably fairly safe to do so. + + If that message is not displayed, it is always + better to be safe than sorry and to restart the build + from scratch. + + + + + 有可能加速編譯 World 的速度嗎? + + + Several actions can speed up the build world + process. For example, the entire process can be run + from single-user mode. However, this will prevent users + from having access to the system until the process is + complete. + + Careful file system design or the use of ZFS + datasets can make a difference. Consider putting + /usr/src and + /usr/obj on + separate file systems. If possible, place the file + systems on separate disks on separate disk controllers. + When mounting /usr/src, use + which prevents the file system + from recording the file access time. If /usr/src is not on its + own file system, consider remounting /usr with + . + + The file system holding /usr/obj can be mounted + or remounted with so that disk + writes happen asynchronously. The write completes + immediately, and the data is written to the disk a few + seconds later. This allows writes to be clustered + together, and can provide a dramatic performance + boost. + + + Keep in mind that this option makes the file + system more fragile. With this option, there is an + increased chance that, should power fail, the file + system will be in an unrecoverable state when the + machine restarts. + + If /usr/obj is the only + directory on this file system, this is not a problem. + If you have other, valuable data on the same file + system, ensure that there are verified backups before + enabling this option. + + + Turn off profiling by setting + NO_PROFILE=true in + /etc/make.conf. + + Pass + to make1 to run multiple processes in parallel. + This usually helps on both single- and multi-processor + machines. + + + + + 若發生錯誤時該怎麼辦? + + + First, make absolutely sure that the environment has + no extraneous cruft from earlier builds: + + # chflags -R noschg /usr/obj/usr +# rm -rf /usr/obj/usr +# cd /usr/src +# make cleandir +# make cleandir + + Yes, make cleandir really should + be run twice. + + Then, restart the whole process, starting with + make buildworld. + + If problems persist, send the error and the output + of uname -a to FreeBSD general questions mailing list. Be + prepared to answer other questions about the + setup! + + + + @@ -47778,7 +46120,7 @@ performance, but is not required. - 設定伺服哭 + 設定伺服器 NFS @@ -51959,7 +50301,7 @@ PythonDebug On </Location> - Refer to https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/ + Refer to https://docs.djangoproject.com for more information on how to use Django. @@ -51976,7 +50318,7 @@ it can be installed using the www/rubygem-rails package or port. - Refer to http://rubyonrails.org/documentation + Refer to http://guides.rubyonrails.org for more information on how to use Ruby on Rails. @@ -56595,6 +54937,10 @@ Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP) in FreeBSD. + + + 如何在 FreeBSD 上設定多個 VLAN。 + 在開始閱讀這章之前，您需要︰ @@ -57418,7 +55764,7 @@ FreeBSD 客戶端 - How to Find Access Points + 如何尋找存取點 To scan for available networks, use ifconfig8. This request may take a few moments to complete as it @@ -57533,7 +55879,7 @@ The following sections discuss each step. - Selecting an Access Point + 選擇存取點 Most of the time, it is sufficient to let the system choose an access point using the builtin heuristics. @@ -57628,8 +55974,7 @@ - Getting an <acronym>IP</acronym> Address with - <acronym>DHCP</acronym> + 使用 <acronym>DHCP</acronym> 取得 <acronym>IP</acronym> 位址 Once an access point is selected and the authentication parameters are set, an @@ -57673,7 +56018,7 @@ - Static <acronym>IP</acronym> Address + 靜態 <acronym>IP</acronym> 位址 If an IP address cannot be obtained from a DHCP server, set a @@ -57859,8 +56204,7 @@ - <acronym>WPA</acronym> with - <acronym>EAP-TLS</acronym> + <acronym>WPA</acronym> 加上 <acronym>EAP-TLS</acronym> The second way to use WPA is with an 802.1X backend authentication server. In this case, @@ -57998,8 +56342,7 @@ - <acronym>WPA</acronym> with - <acronym>EAP-TTLS</acronym> + <acronym>WPA</acronym> 加上 <acronym>EAP-TTLS</acronym> With EAP-TLS, both the authentication server and the client need a certificate. @@ -58089,8 +56432,7 @@ - <acronym>WPA</acronym> with - <acronym>EAP-PEAP</acronym> + <acronym>WPA</acronym> 加上 <acronym>EAP-PEAP</acronym> PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 is the most @@ -61669,6 +60011,54 @@ enabled. + + + VLANs + + + + VLANs + + 虛擬 LAN + + VLANs are a way of virtually dividing up a + network into many different subnetworks. Each will have its own + broadcast domain and be isolated from the rest of the + VLANs. + + 在 FreeBSD 上，要使用 VLANs 必須有網路卡驅動程式的支援，要查看那些驅動程式支援 vlan，請參考 vlan4 操作手冊。 + + When configuring a VLAN, a couple pieces of + information must be known. First, which network interface? Second, + what is the VLAN tag? + + To configure VLANs at run time, with a + NIC of em0 and a + VLAN tag of 5. The command + would look like this: + + # ifconfig em0.5 create vlan 5 vlandev em0 inet 192.168.20.20/24 + + + See how the interface name includes the NIC + driver name and the VLAN tag, separated by a + period? This is a best practice to make maintaining the + VLAN configuration easy when many + VLANs are present on a machine. + + + To configure VLANs at boot time, + /etc/rc.conf must be updated. To duplicate the + configuration above, the following will need to be added: + + vlans_em0="5" +ifconfig_em0_5="inet 192.168.20.20/24" + + Additional VLANs may be added, by simply adding + the tag to the vlans_em0 + field and adding an additional line configuring the network on that + VLAN tag's interface. + @@ -62966,129 +61356,81 @@ 參考書目 - While manual pages provide a definitive reference for - individual pieces of the FreeBSD operating system, they seldom - illustrate how to put the pieces together to - make the whole operating system run smoothly. For this, there is - no substitute for a good book or users' manual on UNIX system - administration. + 雖然操作手冊提供 FreeBSD 作業系統各個部分完整的說明，卻難免有「小學而大遺」之憾，像是如何讓整個作業系統運作順暢。因此，身邊有 UNIX 系統管理的好書以及好的使用手冊是不可或缺的。 FreeBSD 相關書籍 - International books: + 國際書籍: - Using - FreeBSD (in Traditional Chinese), published by - Drmaster, - 1997. ISBN 9-578-39435-7. + FreeBSD 入門與應用 (光碟豪華版) (繁體中文), 博碩文化出版, 1997. ISBN 9-578-39435-7。 - FreeBSD Unleashed (Simplified Chinese translation), - published by - China Machine - Press. ISBN 7-111-10201-0. + FreeBSD 技術內幕 (FreeBSD Unleashed 簡體中譯版), 機械工業出版社出版. ISBN 7-111-10201-0。 - FreeBSD From Scratch Second Edition (in Simplified - Chinese), published by China Machine Press. ISBN - 7-111-10286-X. + FreeBSD 使用大全第二版 (簡體中文), 機械工業出版社出版. ISBN 7-111-10286-X。 - FreeBSD Handbook Second Edition (Simplified Chinese - translation), published by Posts & - Telecom Press. ISBN 7-115-10541-3. + FreeBSD Handbook 第二版 (簡體中譯版), 人民郵電出版社出版. ISBN 7-115-10541-3。 - FreeBSD & Windows (in Simplified Chinese), published - by China Railway - Publishing House. ISBN 7-113-03845-X + FreeBSD & Windows 集成組網實務 (簡體中文), 中國鐵道出版社出版. ISBN 7-113-03845-X。 - FreeBSD Internet Services HOWTO (in Simplified Chinese), - published by China Railway Publishing House. ISBN - 7-113-03423-3 + FreeBSD 網站架設實務 (簡體中文), 中國鐵道出版社出版. ISBN 7-113-03423-3。 - FreeBSD (in Japanese), published by CUTT. ISBN - 4-906391-22-2 C3055 P2400E. + FreeBSD (日文), CUTT 出版. ISBN 4-906391-22-2 C3055 P2400E。 - Complete - Introduction to FreeBSD (in Japanese), published by - Shoeisha Co., - Ltd. ISBN 4-88135-473-6 P3600E. + Complete Introduction to FreeBSD (日文), Shoeisha Co., Ltd 出版. ISBN 4-88135-473-6 P3600E。 - Personal - UNIX Starter Kit FreeBSD (in Japanese), published - by ASCII. - ISBN 4-7561-1733-3 P3000E. + Personal UNIX Starter Kit FreeBSD (日文), ASCII 出版. ISBN 4-7561-1733-3 P3000E。 - FreeBSD Handbook (Japanese translation), published by - ASCII. - ISBN 4-7561-1580-2 P3800E. + FreeBSD Handbook (日譯版), ASCII 出版. ISBN 4-7561-1580-2 P3800E。 - FreeBSD mit Methode (in German), published by - Computer und Literatur - Verlag/Vertrieb Hanser, 1998. ISBN - 3-932311-31-0. + FreeBSD mit Methode (德文), Computer und Literatur Verlag/Vertrieb Hanser 出版, 1998. ISBN 3-932311-31-0。 - - FreeBSD de Luxe (in German), published by - Verlag Modere - Industrie, 2003. ISBN 3-8266-1343-0. + FreeBSD de Luxe (德文), Verlag Modere Industrie 出版, 2003. ISBN 3-8266-1343-0。 - FreeBSD - Install and Utilization Manual (in Japanese), - published by - Mainichi - Communications Inc., 1998. ISBN - 4-8399-0112-0. + FreeBSD Install and Utilization Manual (日文), Mainichi Communications Inc. 出版, 1998. ISBN 4-8399-0112-0。 - Onno W Purbo, Dodi Maryanto, Syahrial Hubbany, Widjil - Widodo Building Internet - Server with FreeBSD (in Indonesia - Language), published by - Elex - Media Komputindo. + Onno W Purbo, Dodi Maryanto, Syahrial Hubbany, Widjil Widodo Building Internet Server with FreeBSD (印尼文), Elex Media Komputindo 出版。 - Absolute BSD: The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD (Traditional - Chinese translation), published by GrandTech - Press, 2003. ISBN 986-7944-92-5. + FreeBSD 完全探索 (Absolute BSD: The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD 繁體中譯版), GrandTech Press 出版, 2003. ISBN 986-7944-92-5。 - The - FreeBSD 6.0 Book (in Traditional Chinese), - published by Drmaster, 2006. ISBN 9-575-27878-X. + FreeBSD 6.0 架設管理與應用 (繁體中文), 博碩出版, 2006. ISBN 9-575-27878-X。 - English language books: + 英文書籍: @@ -63559,7 +61901,7 @@ - Planet + Planet FreeBSD offers an aggregation feed of dozens of blogs written by FreeBSD developers. Many developers use this to post quick notes about what they are working on, new Index: zh_TW.UTF-8/books/handbook/zh_TW.po =================================================================== --- zh_TW.UTF-8/books/handbook/zh_TW.po +++ zh_TW.UTF-8/books/handbook/zh_TW.po @@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: \n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2016-08-08 19:50-0600\n" -"PO-Revision-Date: 2016-06-29 21:10+0800\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2016-08-25 18:38+0800\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2016-08-25 18:37+0800\n" "Last-Translator: Chien Wei Lin \n" "Language-Team: \n" "Language: zh_TW\n" @@ -18,18 +18,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:595 +#: book.translate.xml:599 msgid "FreeBSD Handbook" msgstr "FreeBSD 使用手冊" #. (itstool) path: info/author -#: book.translate.xml:597 +#: book.translate.xml:601 msgid "The FreeBSD Documentation Project" msgstr "FreeBSD 文件計劃" #. (itstool) path: info/pubdate #. (itstool) path: info/releaseinfo -#: book.translate.xml:601 book.translate.xml:603 +#: book.translate.xml:605 book.translate.xml:607 msgid "" "$FreeBSD: head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/book.xml 48108 2016-01-28 " "02:09:41Z wblock $" @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/copyright -#: book.translate.xml:605 +#: book.translate.xml:609 msgid "" "1995 1996 1997 1998 " "1999 2000 2001 2002 " @@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/title -#: book.translate.xml:632 +#: book.translate.xml:636 msgid "Copyright" msgstr "版權" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:634 +#: book.translate.xml:638 msgid "" "Redistribution and use in source (XML DocBook) and 'compiled' forms (XML, " "HTML, PDF, PostScript, RTF and so forth) with or without modification, are " @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:641 +#: book.translate.xml:645 msgid "" "Redistributions of source code (XML DocBook) must retain the above copyright " "notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer as the first " @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:647 +#: book.translate.xml:651 msgid "" "Redistributions in compiled form (transformed to other DTDs, converted to " "PDF, PostScript, RTF and other formats) must reproduce the above copyright " @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: important/para -#: book.translate.xml:656 +#: book.translate.xml:660 msgid "" "THIS DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED BY THE FREEBSD DOCUMENTATION PROJECT \"AS IS" "\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE " @@ -93,32 +93,32 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:673 +#: book.translate.xml:677 msgid "FreeBSD is a registered trademark of the FreeBSD Foundation." msgstr "FreeBSD 是 FreeBSD 基金會的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:675 +#: book.translate.xml:679 msgid "3Com and HomeConnect are registered trademarks of 3Com Corporation." msgstr "3Com 和 HomeConnect 是 3Com Corporation 的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:677 +#: book.translate.xml:681 msgid "3ware is a registered trademark of 3ware Inc." msgstr "3ware 是 3ware Inc 的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:679 +#: book.translate.xml:683 msgid "ARM is a registered trademark of ARM Limited." msgstr "ARM 是 ARM Limited. 的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:681 +#: book.translate.xml:685 msgid "Adaptec is a registered trademark of Adaptec, Inc." msgstr "Adaptec 是 Adaptec, Inc. 的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:683 +#: book.translate.xml:687 msgid "" "Adobe, Acrobat, Acrobat Reader, Flash and PostScript are either registered " "trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States " @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ "Incorporated 在美國和/或其他國家的商標或註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:687 +#: book.translate.xml:691 msgid "" "Apple, AirPort, FireWire, iMac, iPhone, iPad, Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS, " "Quicktime, and TrueType are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. " @@ -138,12 +138,12 @@ "Quicktime 以及 TrueType 是 Apple Inc. 在美國以及其他國家的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:692 +#: book.translate.xml:696 msgid "Android is a trademark of Google Inc." msgstr "Android 是 Google Inc 的商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:694 +#: book.translate.xml:698 msgid "" "Heidelberg, Helvetica, Palatino, and Times Roman are either registered " "trademarks or trademarks of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG in the U.S. and " @@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ "Druckmaschinen AG 在美國以及其他國家的商標或註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:698 +#: book.translate.xml:702 msgid "" "IBM, AIX, OS/2, PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, and ThinkPad are trademarks of " "International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other " @@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ "Machines Corporation 在美國和其他國家的商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:702 +#: book.translate.xml:706 msgid "" "IEEE, POSIX, and 802 are registered trademarks of Institute of Electrical " "and Electronics Engineers, Inc. in the United States." @@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ "Inc. 在美國的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:705 +#: book.translate.xml:709 msgid "" "Intel, Celeron, Centrino, Core, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium, " "and Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its " @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ "及 Xeon 是 Intel Corporation 及其分支機構在美國和其他國家的商標或註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:709 +#: book.translate.xml:713 msgid "" "Intuit and Quicken are registered trademarks and/or registered service marks " "of Intuit Inc., or one of its subsidiaries, in the United States and other " @@ -192,12 +192,12 @@ "標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:712 +#: book.translate.xml:716 msgid "Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds." msgstr "Linux 是 Linus Torvalds 的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:714 +#: book.translate.xml:718 msgid "" "LSI Logic, AcceleRAID, eXtremeRAID, MegaRAID and Mylex are trademarks or " "registered trademarks of LSI Logic Corp." @@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ "商標或註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:717 +#: book.translate.xml:721 msgid "" "Microsoft, IntelliMouse, MS-DOS, Outlook, Windows, Windows Media and Windows " "NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation " @@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ "Windows NT 是 Microsoft Corporation 在美國和/或其他國家的商標或註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:721 +#: book.translate.xml:725 msgid "" "Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are registered trademarks and IT DialTone and The " "Open Group are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other " @@ -226,12 +226,12 @@ "DialTone 和 The Open Group 是其商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:725 +#: book.translate.xml:729 msgid "Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation." msgstr "Oracle 是 Oracle Corporation 的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:727 +#: book.translate.xml:731 msgid "" "RealNetworks, RealPlayer, and RealAudio are the registered trademarks of " "RealNetworks, Inc." @@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ "RealNetworks, RealPlayer, 和 RealAudio 是 RealNetworks, Inc. 的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:730 +#: book.translate.xml:734 msgid "" "Red Hat, RPM, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. in " "the United States and other countries." @@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ msgstr "Red Hat, RPM, 是 Red Hat, Inc. 在美國和其他國家的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:733 +#: book.translate.xml:737 msgid "" "Sun, Sun Microsystems, Java, Java Virtual Machine, JDK, JRE, JSP, JVM, " "Netra, OpenJDK, Solaris, StarOffice, SunOS and VirtualBox are trademarks or " @@ -258,37 +258,37 @@ "Microsystems, Inc. 在美國和其他國家的商標或註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:738 +#: book.translate.xml:742 msgid "MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc." msgstr "MATLAB 是 The MathWorks, Inc. 的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:740 +#: book.translate.xml:744 msgid "SpeedTouch is a trademark of Thomson." msgstr "SpeedTouch 是 Thomson 的商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:742 +#: book.translate.xml:746 msgid "VMware is a trademark of VMware, Inc." msgstr "VMware 是 VMware, Inc. 的商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:744 +#: book.translate.xml:748 msgid "Mathematica is a registered trademark of Wolfram Research, Inc." msgstr "Mathematica 是 Wolfram Research, Inc 的註冊商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:746 +#: book.translate.xml:750 msgid "XFree86 is a trademark of The XFree86 Project, Inc." msgstr "XFree86 是 The XFree86 Project, Inc 的商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:748 +#: book.translate.xml:752 msgid "Ogg Vorbis and Xiph.Org are trademarks of Xiph.Org." msgstr "Ogg Vorbis 以及 Xiph.Org 是 Xiph.Org 的商標。" #. (itstool) path: legalnotice/para -#: book.translate.xml:750 +#: book.translate.xml:754 msgid "" "Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish " "their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in " @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ "quote> 或 ® 符號來標示。" #. (itstool) path: abstract/para -#: book.translate.xml:759 +#: book.translate.xml:763 msgid "" "Welcome to FreeBSD! This handbook covers the installation and day to day use " "of FreeBSD 9.3-RELEASE and FreeBSD 10.3-" @@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ "遞論壇。" #. (itstool) path: abstract/para -#: book.translate.xml:767 +#: book.translate.xml:771 msgid "" "The latest version of this book is available from the FreeBSD web site. Previous versions can " @@ -344,18 +344,18 @@ "件的資料。" #. (itstool) path: preface/title -#: book.translate.xml:788 +#: book.translate.xml:792 msgid "Preface" msgstr "序" #. (itstool) path: preface/bridgehead #. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#preface-audience -#: book.translate.xml:790 +#: book.translate.xml:794 msgid "Intended Audience" msgstr "給讀者的話" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:793 +#: book.translate.xml:797 msgid "" "The FreeBSD newcomer will find that the first section of this book guides " "the user through the FreeBSD installation process and gently introduces the " @@ -364,12 +364,12 @@ "desire to explore, and the ability to take on board new concepts as they are " "introduced." msgstr "" -"若您是第一次接觸 FreeBSD 的新手，可以在本書第一部分找到 FreeBSD 的安裝方法，" +"若您是第一次接觸 FreeBSD 的新手，可以在本書第一部分找到 FreeBSD 的安裝程序，" "同時會逐步介紹 UNIX 的基礎概念與" "一些常用、共通的東西。而閱讀這部分並不難，只需要您有探索的精神和接受新概念。" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:800 +#: book.translate.xml:804 msgid "" "Once you have traveled this far, the second, far larger, section of the " "Handbook is a comprehensive reference to all manner of topics of interest to " @@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ "不熟的話，可在閱讀前先預習一番。" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:807 +#: book.translate.xml:811 msgid "" "For a list of additional sources of information, please see ." @@ -390,12 +390,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: preface/bridgehead #. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#preface-changes-from3 -#: book.translate.xml:810 +#: book.translate.xml:814 msgid "Changes from the Third Edition" msgstr "自第三版後的主要修訂" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:813 +#: book.translate.xml:817 msgid "" "The current online version of the Handbook represents the cumulative effort " "of many hundreds of contributors over the past 10 years. The following are " @@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ "2014 年發佈的兩冊第三版後所做的主要修訂：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:820 +#: book.translate.xml:824 msgid "" " has been added with information about the " "powerful DTrace performance analysis tool." @@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ " 增加說明有關強大的 DTrace 效能分析工具的資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:825 +#: book.translate.xml:829 msgid "" " has been added with information about non-" "native file systems in FreeBSD, such as ZFS from Sun." @@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ "自 Sun 的 ZSF。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:831 +#: book.translate.xml:835 msgid "" " has been added to cover the new auditing " "capabilities in FreeBSD and explain its use." @@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ " 增加的內容涵蓋 FreeBSD 的新稽查功能及其使用說明。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:836 +#: book.translate.xml:840 msgid "" " has been added with information about " "installing FreeBSD on virtualization software." @@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ " 增加有關在虛擬化軟體安裝 FreeBSD 的資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:842 +#: book.translate.xml:846 msgid "" " has been added to cover installation of " "FreeBSD using the new installation utility, bsdinstall has been expanded with new information " "about the ACPI power and resource management, the cron " @@ -476,17 +476,17 @@ "cron 以及其他更多的核心調校選項說明內容。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:866 +#: book.translate.xml:870 msgid "" " has been expanded with new information about " "virtual private networks (VPNs), file system access control lists (ACLs), " "and security advisories." msgstr "" -" 增加了虛擬私人網路(VPN)、檔案系統的存取控制" +" 增加了虛擬私人網路 (VPN)、檔案系統的存取控制 " "(ACL)，以及安全報告。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:872 +#: book.translate.xml:876 msgid "" " is a new chapter with this edition. It explains what " "MAC is and how this mechanism can be used to secure a FreeBSD system." @@ -495,24 +495,24 @@ "何運用它來使您的 FreeBSD 系統更安全。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:878 +#: book.translate.xml:882 msgid "" " has been expanded with new information about USB " "storage devices, file system snapshots, file system quotas, file and network " "backed filesystems, and encrypted disk partitions." msgstr "" -" 新增了像是：USB 隨身碟、檔案系統快照(snapshot)、檔" -"案系統配額(quota) 、檔案及網路的備援檔案系統、以及如何對硬碟分割區作加密等詳" +" 新增了像是：USB 隨身碟、檔案系統快照 (Snapshot)、檔" +"案系統配額 (Quota) 、檔案及網路的備援檔案系統、以及如何對硬碟分割區作加密等詳" "解。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:885 +#: book.translate.xml:889 msgid "" "A troubleshooting section has been added to ." msgstr " 增加了疑難排解的章節。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:889 +#: book.translate.xml:893 msgid "" " has been expanded with new information about using " "alternative transport agents, SMTP authentication, UUCP, " @@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ "application> 的運用以及其它進階主題。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:897 +#: book.translate.xml:901 msgid "" " is all new with this edition. This " "chapter includes information about setting up the Apache HTTP " @@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ "\"advanced-networking\"/> 。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:907 +#: book.translate.xml:911 msgid "" " has been expanded with new " "information about using BluetoothGetting " "Started, System Administration, and " @@ -612,21 +612,22 @@ "及 附錄。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:958 +#: book.translate.xml:962 msgid "" " has been expanded to contain additional " "information about processes, daemons, and signals." -msgstr " 新增了程序、Daemon 以及 Signal 的介紹。" +msgstr "" +" 新增了程序、Daemon 以及信號 (Signal) 的介紹。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:964 +#: book.translate.xml:968 msgid "" " has been expanded to contain additional " "information about binary package management." -msgstr " 新增了介紹如何管理 binary 套件的資訊。" +msgstr " 新增了介紹如何管理 Binary 套件的資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:970 +#: book.translate.xml:974 msgid "" " has been completely rewritten with an emphasis on " "using modern desktop technologies such as KDE and " @@ -637,12 +638,12 @@ "GNOME。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:977 +#: book.translate.xml:981 msgid " has been expanded." msgstr " 更新相關內容。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:981 +#: book.translate.xml:985 msgid "" " has been written from what used to be two separate " "chapters on Disks and Backups. We feel that " @@ -654,7 +655,7 @@ "體、軟體 RAID) 的段落也新增上去了。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:990 +#: book.translate.xml:994 msgid "" " has been completely reorganized and updated " "for FreeBSD 4.X/5.X." @@ -663,18 +664,18 @@ "容。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:995 +#: book.translate.xml:999 msgid " has been substantially updated." msgstr " 有相當程度的更新。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1000 +#: book.translate.xml:1004 msgid "" "Many new sections have been added to ." msgstr " 加入許多新內容。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1004 +#: book.translate.xml:1008 msgid "" " has been expanded to include more information about " "configuring sendmail." @@ -683,7 +684,7 @@ "的介紹。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1010 +#: book.translate.xml:1014 msgid "" " has been expanded to include information about " "installing Oracle 的介紹。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1017 +#: book.translate.xml:1021 msgid "The following new topics are covered in this second edition:" msgstr "此外，第二版還新加章節，以介紹下列新主題：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1022 +#: book.translate.xml:1026 msgid "." msgstr "。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1026 +#: book.translate.xml:1030 msgid "." msgstr "。" #. (itstool) path: preface/bridgehead #. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#preface-overview -#: book.translate.xml:1032 +#: book.translate.xml:1036 msgid "Organization of This Book" msgstr "本書架構" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:1034 +#: book.translate.xml:1038 msgid "" "This book is split into five logically distinct sections. The first section, " "Getting Started, covers the installation and basic " @@ -742,7 +743,7 @@ "則包括網路和各式伺服器主題；而第五部分則為附錄包含各種有關 FreeBSD 的資源。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1059 +#: book.translate.xml:1063 msgid "" "Introduces FreeBSD to a new user. It describes the history of the FreeBSD " "Project, its goals and development model." @@ -749,7 +750,7 @@ msgstr "向新手介紹 FreeBSD。該篇說明了 FreeBSD 計劃的歷史、目標和開發模式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1069 +#: book.translate.xml:1073 msgid "" "Walks a user through the entire installation process of FreeBSD 9." "x and later using bsdinstallx 及之後版本的完整安裝流程。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1079 +#: book.translate.xml:1083 msgid "" "Covers the basic commands and functionality of the FreeBSD operating system. " "If you are familiar with Linux " @@ -770,16 +771,16 @@ "\">Linux 或其他類 UNIX® 系統，您則可跳過此章。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1090 +#: book.translate.xml:1094 msgid "" "Covers the installation of third-party software with both FreeBSD's " "innovative Ports Collection and standard binary packages." msgstr "" -"涵蓋如何使用 FreeBSD 獨創的 Ports 套件集 與標準 Binary 套件安" -"裝第三方軟體。" +"涵蓋如何使用 FreeBSD 獨創的 Port 套件集 與標準 Binary 套件安裝" +"第三方軟體。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1100 +#: book.translate.xml:1104 msgid "" "Describes the X Window System in general and using X11 on FreeBSD in " "particular. Also describes common desktop environments such as " @@ -789,7 +790,7 @@ "KDE 與 GNOME。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1113 +#: book.translate.xml:1117 msgid "" "Lists some common desktop applications, such as web browsers and " "productivity suites, and describes how to install them on FreeBSD." @@ -798,7 +799,7 @@ "程式到 FreeBSD。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1122 +#: book.translate.xml:1126 msgid "" "Shows how to set up sound and video playback support for your system. Also " "describes some sample audio and video applications." @@ -807,7 +808,7 @@ "用程式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1132 +#: book.translate.xml:1136 msgid "" "Explains why you might need to configure a new kernel and provides detailed " "instructions for configuring, building, and installing a custom kernel." @@ -814,7 +815,7 @@ msgstr "說明為何需要設定新的核心並會提供設定、編譯與安裝的詳細操作說明。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1142 +#: book.translate.xml:1146 msgid "" "Describes managing printers on FreeBSD, including information about banner " "pages, printer accounting, and initial setup." @@ -822,7 +823,7 @@ "介紹如何在 FreeBSD 管理印表機，包含橫幅頁面、列印帳務以及初始設定等資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1152 +#: book.translate.xml:1156 msgid "" "Describes the Linux " "compatibility features of FreeBSD. Also provides detailed installation " @@ -838,7 +839,7 @@ "\"registered\">Mathematica。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1166 +#: book.translate.xml:1170 msgid "" "Describes the parameters available for system administrators to tune a " "FreeBSD system for optimum performance. Also describes the various " @@ -848,7 +849,7 @@ "FreeBSD 用到的各種設定檔以及到何處尋找這些設定檔。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1177 +#: book.translate.xml:1181 msgid "" "Describes the FreeBSD boot process and explains how to control this process " "with configuration options." @@ -855,7 +856,7 @@ msgstr "介紹 FreeBSD 開機流程並說明如何使用設定選項控制開機流程。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1186 +#: book.translate.xml:1190 msgid "" "Describes many different tools available to help keep your FreeBSD system " "secure, including Kerberos, IPsec and OpenSSH." @@ -864,64 +865,73 @@ "OpenSSH。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1196 +#: book.translate.xml:1200 msgid "" "Describes the jails framework, and the improvements of jails over the " "traditional chroot support of FreeBSD." msgstr "" +"介紹 Jail Framework，以及 Jail 改進那些 FreeBSD 傳統 chroot 不足的地方。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1205 +#: book.translate.xml:1209 msgid "" "Explains what Mandatory Access Control (MAC) is and how this mechanism can " "be used to secure a FreeBSD system." msgstr "" +"說明什麼是強制存取控制 (Mandatory Access Control, MAC) 及這個機制如何用來確" +"保 FreeBSD 系統的安全。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1215 +#: book.translate.xml:1219 msgid "" "Describes what FreeBSD Event Auditing is, how it can be installed, " "configured, and how audit trails can be inspected or monitored." msgstr "" +"介紹什麼事 FreeBSD 事件稽查，如何安裝與設定，以及如何檢查與監控稽查線索。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1225 +#: book.translate.xml:1229 msgid "" "Describes how to manage storage media and filesystems with FreeBSD. This " "includes physical disks, RAID arrays, optical and tape media, memory-backed " "disks, and network filesystems." msgstr "" +"介紹如何在 FreeBSD 管理儲存媒體及檔案系統，這包含了實體磁碟、RAID 陣列、光碟" +"與磁帶媒體、記憶體為基礎的磁碟以及網路檔案系統。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1236 +#: book.translate.xml:1240 msgid "" "Describes what the GEOM framework in FreeBSD is and how to configure various " "supported RAID levels." msgstr "" +"介紹在 FreeBSD 中的 GEOM Framework 是什麼，以及如何設定各種支援的 RAID 階層。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1245 +#: book.translate.xml:1249 msgid "" "Examines support of non-native file systems in FreeBSD, like the Z File " "System from Sun." msgstr "" +"查看 FreeBSD 還支援那些非原生檔案系統，如 Sun 的 Z 檔" +"案系統。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1254 +#: book.translate.xml:1258 msgid "" "Describes what virtualization systems offer, and how they can be used with " "FreeBSD." -msgstr "" +msgstr "介紹虛擬化系統提供了那些功能，以及如何在 FreeBSD 上使用。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1263 +#: book.translate.xml:1267 msgid "" "Describes how to use FreeBSD in languages other than English. Covers both " "system and application level localization." -msgstr "" +msgstr "介紹如何在 FreeBSD 使用非英文的語言，這涵蓋了系統及應用層的在地化。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1273 +#: book.translate.xml:1277 msgid "" "Explains the differences between FreeBSD-STABLE, FreeBSD-CURRENT, and " "FreeBSD releases. Describes which users would benefit from tracking a " @@ -928,53 +938,64 @@ "development system and outlines that process. Covers the methods users may " "take to update their system to the latest security release." msgstr "" +"說明 FreeBSD-STABLE、FreeBSD-CURRENT 以及 FreeBSD 發佈版之間的差異，並介紹那" +"些使用者適何追蹤開發系統以及程序的概述，這涵蓋了使用者更新系統到最新安全性發" +"佈版本的方法。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1286 +#: book.translate.xml:1290 msgid "" "Describes how to configure and use the DTrace tool from Sun in FreeBSD. Dynamic tracing can help locate performance issues, " "by performing real time system analysis." msgstr "" +"介紹如何在 FreeBSD 設定及使用 Sun 的 DTrace 工具，動態" +"追蹤可以透過執行真實時間系統分析來協助定位效能問題。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1299 +#: book.translate.xml:1303 msgid "" "Explains how to connect terminals and modems to your FreeBSD system for both " "dial in and dial out connections." -msgstr "" +msgstr "介紹如何使用撥入及撥出連線到您的 FreeBSD 系統的終端機與數據機。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1309 +#: book.translate.xml:1313 msgid "Describes how to use PPP to connect to remote systems with FreeBSD." -msgstr "" +msgstr "介紹如何在 FreeBSD 使用 PPP 來連線遠端的系統。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1318 +#: book.translate.xml:1322 msgid "" "Explains the different components of an email server and dives into simple " "configuration topics for the most popular mail server software: " "sendmail." msgstr "" +"說明組成電子郵件伺服器的各種元件，並深入說明如何設定最熱門的郵件伺服器軟體：" +"sendmail。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1329 +#: book.translate.xml:1333 msgid "" "Provides detailed instructions and example configuration files to set up " "your FreeBSD machine as a network filesystem server, domain name server, " "network information system server, or time synchronization server." msgstr "" +"提供詳細的操作說明與範例設定檔，讓您可安裝您的 FreeBSD 機器為網路檔案伺服器、" +"網域名稱伺服器、網路資訊系統伺服器或時間同步伺服器。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1340 +#: book.translate.xml:1344 msgid "" "Explains the philosophy behind software-based firewalls and provides " "detailed information about the configuration of the different firewalls " "available for FreeBSD." msgstr "" +"說明軟體為基礎的防火牆背後的理念，並提供可用於 FreeBSD 中不同的防火牆設定的詳" +"細資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1350 +#: book.translate.xml:1354 msgid "" "Describes many networking topics, including sharing an Internet connection " "with other computers on your LAN, advanced routing topics, wireless " @@ -981,43 +1002,51 @@ "networking, Bluetooth, ATM, " "IPv6, and much more." msgstr "" +"介紹許多網路主題，包含在您的區域網路 (LAN) 分享網際網路連線給其他電腦、進階路" +"由主題、無線網路、Bluetooth、" +"ATM、IPv6 以及更多相關主題。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1363 +#: book.translate.xml:1367 msgid "" "Lists different sources for obtaining FreeBSD media on CDROM or DVD as well " "as different sites on the Internet that allow you to download and install " "FreeBSD." msgstr "" +"列出取得 FreeBSD CDROM 或 DVD 媒體的各種來源，以及在網際網路上的各種網站，讓" +"您可以下載並安裝 FreeBSD。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1373 +#: book.translate.xml:1377 msgid "" "This book touches on many different subjects that may leave you hungry for a " "more detailed explanation. The bibliography lists many excellent books that " "are referenced in the text." msgstr "" +"本書觸及許多不同主題，可能會讓您想更深入的了解，參考書目列出了在文中引用的許" +"多優秀書籍。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1384 +#: book.translate.xml:1388 msgid "" "Describes the many forums available for FreeBSD users to post questions and " "engage in technical conversations about FreeBSD." msgstr "" +"介紹了可讓 FreeBSD 使用者提出問題以及參與有關 FreeBSD 技術會談的許多論壇。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1394 +#: book.translate.xml:1398 msgid "Lists the PGP fingerprints of several FreeBSD Developers." -msgstr "" +msgstr "列出了數個 FreeBSD 開發人員的 PGP 指紋。" #. (itstool) path: preface/bridgehead #. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#preface-conv -#: book.translate.xml:1400 +#: book.translate.xml:1404 msgid "Conventions used in this book" msgstr "本書的編排體裁" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:1403 +#: book.translate.xml:1407 msgid "" "To provide a consistent and easy to read text, several conventions are " "followed throughout the book." @@ -1025,31 +1054,31 @@ #. (itstool) path: preface/bridgehead #. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#preface-conv-typographic -#: book.translate.xml:1406 +#: book.translate.xml:1410 msgid "Typographic Conventions" msgstr "文字編排體裁" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:1410 +#: book.translate.xml:1414 msgid "Italic" msgstr "斜體字" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1413 +#: book.translate.xml:1417 msgid "" "An italic font is used for filenames, URLs, emphasized " "text, and the first usage of technical terms." msgstr "" -"斜體字用於：檔名、目錄、網址(URL)、 強調語氣、以及第一次" -"提及的技術詞彙。" +"斜體字用於：檔名、目錄、網址 (URL)、 強調語氣、以及第一" +"次提及的技術詞彙。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:1420 +#: book.translate.xml:1424 msgid "Monospace" msgstr "等寬字" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1423 +#: book.translate.xml:1427 msgid "" "A monospaced font is used for error messages, commands, " "environment variables, names of ports, hostnames, user names, group names, " @@ -1059,24 +1088,24 @@ "稱、帳號、群組、裝置名稱、變數、程式碼等。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:1431 +#: book.translate.xml:1435 msgid "Bold" msgstr "粗體字" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1434 +#: book.translate.xml:1438 msgid "" "A bold font is used for applications, commands, and keys." -msgstr "以粗體字表示：應用程式、命令、按鍵。" +msgstr "以粗體字表示：應用程式、指令、按鍵。" #. (itstool) path: preface/bridgehead #. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#preface-conv-commands -#: book.translate.xml:1441 +#: book.translate.xml:1445 msgid "User Input" msgstr "使用者輸入" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:1444 +#: book.translate.xml:1448 msgid "" "Keys are shown in bold to stand out from other text. Key " "combinations that are meant to be typed simultaneously are shown with " @@ -1086,7 +1115,7 @@ "按下一些按鍵，我們以 `+' 來表示連接，像是：" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:1449 +#: book.translate.xml:1453 msgid "" " Ctrl Alt " "Del" @@ -1093,7 +1122,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:1455 +#: book.translate.xml:1459 msgid "" "Meaning the user should type the Ctrl, Alt, and Del keys at the same time." @@ -1102,14 +1131,14 @@ "keycap> 鍵。" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:1459 +#: book.translate.xml:1463 msgid "" "Keys that are meant to be typed in sequence will be separated with commas, " "for example:" -msgstr "若要逐一按鍵，那麼會以逗號(,)來表示，像是：" +msgstr "若要逐一按鍵，那麼會以逗號 (,) 來表示，像是：" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:1462 +#: book.translate.xml:1466 msgid "" " Ctrl X , Ctrl SCtrl and " "X keys simultaneously and then to type the CtrlC:\\> indicate a MS-DOS command. Unless otherwise noted, " @@ -1144,17 +1173,17 @@ "範例以 C:\\> 為開頭代表 MS-DOS 的指令。 若沒有特殊情況的話，這些指令應該是" "在 Microsoft Windows 環境的 命令提示字元(Command " +"\"registered\">Windows 環境的 指令提示字元 (Command " "Prompt) 視窗內執行。" #. (itstool) path: preface/screen -#: book.translate.xml:1485 +#: book.translate.xml:1489 #, no-wrap msgid "E:\\> tools\\fdimage floppies\\kern.flp A:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:1487 +#: book.translate.xml:1491 msgid "" "Examples starting with # indicate a command that must be " "invoked as the superuser in FreeBSD. You can login as 1 來取得超級使用者權限。" #. (itstool) path: preface/screen -#: book.translate.xml:1493 +#: book.translate.xml:1497 #, no-wrap msgid "# dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:1495 +#: book.translate.xml:1499 msgid "" "Examples starting with % indicate a command that should be " "invoked from a normal user account. Unless otherwise noted, C-shell syntax " @@ -1185,7 +1214,7 @@ "其他指令的意思。" #. (itstool) path: preface/screen -#: book.translate.xml:1500 +#: book.translate.xml:1504 #, no-wrap msgid "% top" msgstr "" @@ -1192,12 +1221,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: preface/bridgehead #. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#preface-acknowledgements -#: book.translate.xml:1502 +#: book.translate.xml:1506 msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "銘謝" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:1504 +#: book.translate.xml:1508 msgid "" "The book you are holding represents the efforts of many hundreds of people " "around the world. Whether they sent in fixes for typos, or submitted " @@ -1207,7 +1236,7 @@ "糾正一些錯誤或提交完整的章節，所有的點滴貢獻都是非常寶貴有用的。" #. (itstool) path: preface/para -#: book.translate.xml:1509 +#: book.translate.xml:1513 msgid "" "Several companies have supported the development of this document by paying " "authors to work on it full-time, paying for publication, etc. In particular, " @@ -1233,12 +1262,12 @@ "手冊以使第三版印刷版本能夠出版的志工。" #. (itstool) path: part/title -#: book.translate.xml:1528 +#: book.translate.xml:1532 msgid "Getting Started" msgstr "入門" #. (itstool) path: partintro/para -#: book.translate.xml:1531 +#: book.translate.xml:1535 msgid "" "This part of the handbook is for users and administrators who are new to " "FreeBSD. These chapters:" @@ -1245,17 +1274,17 @@ msgstr "這部份是提供給初次使用 FreeBSD 的使用者和系統管理者。 這些章節包括：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1536 +#: book.translate.xml:1540 msgid "Introduce FreeBSD." msgstr "介紹 FreeBSD 給您。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1540 +#: book.translate.xml:1544 msgid "Guide readers through the installation process." msgstr "在安裝過程給您指引。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1544 +#: book.translate.xml:1548 msgid "" "Teach UNIX basics and " "fundamentals." @@ -1262,7 +1291,7 @@ msgstr "教您 UNIX 的基礎及原理。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1548 +#: book.translate.xml:1552 msgid "" "Show how to install the wealth of third party applications available for " "FreeBSD." @@ -1269,7 +1298,7 @@ msgstr "展示給您看如何安裝豐富的 FreeBSD 的應用軟體。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1553 +#: book.translate.xml:1557 msgid "" "Introduce X, the UNIX windowing " "system, and detail how to configure a desktop environment that makes users " @@ -1279,7 +1308,7 @@ "細的桌面環境設定，讓您更有生產力。" #. (itstool) path: partintro/para -#: book.translate.xml:1559 +#: book.translate.xml:1563 msgid "" "The number of forward references in the text have been kept to a minimum so " "that this section can be read from front to back with minimal page flipping." @@ -1290,12 +1319,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: info/title #. (itstool) path: sect1/title #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:1573 book.translate.xml:23602 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:1577 book.translate.xml:23667 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Introduction" msgstr "簡介" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:1576 book.translate.xml:2829 +#: book.translate.xml:1580 book.translate.xml:2833 msgid "" " Jim Mock Restructured, reorganized, and parts rewritten by FreeBSD comes from." msgstr "當然囉，還有 FreeBSD 這名字的由來。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:1623 +#: book.translate.xml:1627 msgid "Welcome to FreeBSD!" msgstr "歡迎使用 FreeBSD!" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1625 book.translate.xml:1794 +#: book.translate.xml:1629 book.translate.xml:1798 msgid "4.4BSD-Lite" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:1627 +#: book.translate.xml:1631 msgid "" "FreeBSD is a 4.4BSD-Lite based operating system for Intel (x86 and " "Itanium), AMD64, Sun UltraSPARC 為基礎的電腦上執行的作業系統。同時，移植到其他平台" "的工作也在進行中。 對於本計劃歷史的介紹，請看 FreeBSD 歷史， 對於 FreeBSD 的最新版本介紹，請看 最新的發行版本。 若打算對於 FreeBSD 計" -"劃有所貢獻的話 (程式碼、硬體、經費)， 請看 最新的發行版。 若打算對於 FreeBSD 計劃" +"有所貢獻的話 (程式碼、硬體、經費)， 請看 如何" -"對 FreeBSD 有貢獻。" +"對 FreeBSD 貢獻。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:1637 +#: book.translate.xml:1641 msgid "What Can FreeBSD Do?" msgstr "FreeBSD 能做什麼？" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:1639 +#: book.translate.xml:1643 msgid "FreeBSD has many noteworthy features. Some of these are:" msgstr "FreeBSD 提供給你許多先進功能。這些功能包括：" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1645 +#: book.translate.xml:1649 msgid "preemptive multitasking" msgstr "先佔式多工" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1644 +#: book.translate.xml:1648 msgid "" "Preemptive multitasking <_:indexterm-1/> with dynamic " "priority adjustment to ensure smooth and fair sharing of the computer " @@ -1423,12 +1452,12 @@ "即使在系統負擔很重的情況下，程式執行平順並且應用程式與使用者公平地共享資源。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1654 +#: book.translate.xml:1658 msgid "multi-user facilities" msgstr "多人共用" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1654 +#: book.translate.xml:1658 msgid "" "Multi-user facilities<_:indexterm-1/> which allow many " "people to use a FreeBSD system simultaneously for a variety of things. This " @@ -1443,12 +1472,12 @@ "保護系統不致被過度使用。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1667 +#: book.translate.xml:1671 msgid "TCP/IP networking" msgstr "TCP/IP 網路" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1666 +#: book.translate.xml:1670 msgid "" "Strong TCP/IP networking<_:indexterm-1/> with support " "for industry standards such as SCTP, DHCP, NFS, NIS, PPP, SLIP, IPsec, and " @@ -1461,16 +1490,16 @@ "強大的 TCP/IP 網路<_:indexterm-1/> 功能可支援許多業界標" "準，如：SCTP、DHCP、NFS、NIS、PPP、SLIP、IPSec、IPv6 的支援，也就是說 " "FreeBSD 可以容易地跟其他作業系統透過網路共同運作，或是當作企業的伺服器用途 ，" -"例如提供遠端檔案共享(NFS)及電子郵件等服務， 或是讓您的企業連上網際網路並提供 " -"WWW、FTP、路由及防火牆 (安全性) 等必備服務。" +"例如提供遠端檔案共享 (NFS) 及電子郵件等服務， 或是讓您的企業連上網際網路並提" +"供 WWW、FTP、路由及防火牆 (安全性) 等必備服務。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1680 +#: book.translate.xml:1684 msgid "memory protection" msgstr "記憶體保護" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1680 +#: book.translate.xml:1684 msgid "" "Memory protection<_:indexterm-1/> ensures that " "applications (or users) cannot interfere with each other. One application " @@ -1480,12 +1509,12 @@ "程式有不正常的運作，都不會影響其他程式的執行。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1689 book.translate.xml:1932 +#: book.translate.xml:1693 book.translate.xml:1936 msgid "X Window System" msgstr "X Window 系統" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1688 +#: book.translate.xml:1692 msgid "" "The industry standard X Window System<_:indexterm-1/> " "(X11R7) can provide a graphical user interface (GUI) on any machine and " @@ -1497,32 +1526,32 @@ #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1698 book.translate.xml:17864 +#: book.translate.xml:1702 book.translate.xml:17929 msgid "binary compatibility Linux" msgstr "Binary 相容性 Linux" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1702 +#: book.translate.xml:1706 msgid "binary compatibility SCO" msgstr "Binary 相容性 SCO" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1706 +#: book.translate.xml:1710 msgid "binary compatibility SVR4" msgstr "Binary 相容性 SVR4" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1710 +#: book.translate.xml:1714 msgid "binary compatibility BSD/OS" msgstr "Binary 相容性 BSD/OS" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1714 +#: book.translate.xml:1718 msgid "binary compatibility NetBSD" msgstr "Binary 相容性 NetBSD" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1697 +#: book.translate.xml:1701 msgid "" "<_:indexterm-1/> <_:indexterm-2/> <_:indexterm-3/> <_:indexterm-4/> <_:" "indexterm-5/> Binary compatibility with many programs " @@ -1533,7 +1562,7 @@ "(如： Linux、SCO、SVR4、BSDI 和 NetBSD) 的可執行檔。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1724 +#: book.translate.xml:1728 msgid "" "Thousands of ready-to-run applications are available " "from the FreeBSD ports and packages collection. Why search the net when you can find it all right here?" msgstr "" "數以萬計的 立即可以執行 的應用程式，這些都可透過 " -"FreeBSD 的 ports 及 套件 管理機制來" +"FreeBSD 的 Port 及 套件 管理機制來" "取得。 不再需要費心到網路上到處搜尋所需要的軟體。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1732 +#: book.translate.xml:1736 msgid "" "Thousands of additional and easy-to-port applications " "are available on the Internet. FreeBSD is source code compatible with most " @@ -1553,16 +1582,16 @@ msgstr "" "在網路上有數以千計 易於移植 的應用程式。FreeBSD 的原始程" "式碼與許多常見的商業版 UNIX 系統" -"都相容， 所以大部分的程式都只需要很少的修改(或根本不用修改) ，就可以編譯執" +"都相容， 所以大部分的程式都只需要很少的修改 (或根本不用修改) ，就可以編譯執" "行。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1741 +#: book.translate.xml:1745 msgid "virtual memory" msgstr "虛擬記憶體" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1740 +#: book.translate.xml:1744 msgid "" "Demand paged virtual memory<_:indexterm-1/> and " "merged VM/buffer cache design efficiently satisfies " @@ -1569,36 +1598,36 @@ "applications with large appetites for memory while still maintaining " "interactive response to other users." msgstr "" -"需要時才置換的 虛擬記憶體<_:indexterm-1/> 及 " -"merged VM/buffer cache 的設計， 這點在系統中有用去大量記憶體的" -"程式執行時，仍然有不錯的效率表現。 " +"依需要換頁的 虛擬記憶體<_:indexterm-1/> 及 合併" +"式 VM/buffer 快取 設計，有效的滿足了需使用大量記憶體的程式，同時也能" +"維持與其他使用者的互動。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1750 +#: book.translate.xml:1754 msgid "Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP)" msgstr "對稱多工處理 (SMP)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1750 +#: book.translate.xml:1754 msgid "" "SMP<_:indexterm-1/> support for machines with multiple " "CPUs." msgstr "" -"支援 CPU 的對稱多工處理(SMP)<_:indexterm-1/>：可以支援" +"支援 CPU 的對稱多工處理 (SMP)<_:indexterm-1/>：可以支援" "多 CPU 的電腦系統。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1759 +#: book.translate.xml:1763 msgid "compilers C" msgstr "編譯器 C" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1763 +#: book.translate.xml:1767 msgid "compilers C++" msgstr "編譯器 C++" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1758 +#: book.translate.xml:1762 msgid "" "<_:indexterm-1/> <_:indexterm-2/> A full complement of C and C++ development tools. Many additional " @@ -1607,15 +1636,15 @@ msgstr "" "<_:indexterm-1/><_:indexterm-2/>完全相容的 C、" "C++ 以及 Fortran 的環境和其他開發工具。 以及其他許多可供" -"進階研發的程式語言也收集在 ports 和套件。" +"進階研發的程式語言也收集在 Port 和套件集。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1776 +#: book.translate.xml:1780 msgid "source code" msgstr "原始碼" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1776 +#: book.translate.xml:1780 msgid "" "Source code<_:indexterm-1/> for the entire system means " "you have the greatest degree of control over your environment. Why be locked " @@ -1627,22 +1656,22 @@ "廠商擺佈呢？" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1785 +#: book.translate.xml:1789 msgid "Extensive online documentation." msgstr "廣泛且豐富的 線上文件。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1790 +#: book.translate.xml:1794 msgid "And many more!" msgstr "當然囉，還不止如此！" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1797 +#: book.translate.xml:1801 msgid "Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG)" msgstr "電腦系統研究組 (CSRG)" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:1794 +#: book.translate.xml:1798 msgid "" "FreeBSD is based on the 4.4BSD-Lite<_:indexterm-1/> release from Computer " "Systems Research Group (CSRG)<_:indexterm-2/> at the University of " @@ -1661,7 +1690,7 @@ "時，FreeBSD 已經具備這樣的特質，並具有其他地方沒有的尖端功能。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:1808 +#: book.translate.xml:1812 msgid "" "The applications to which FreeBSD can be put are truly limited only by your " "own imagination. From software development to factory automation, inventory " @@ -1681,7 +1710,7 @@ "軟體，而且出現的數目是與日俱增。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:1820 +#: book.translate.xml:1824 msgid "" "Because the source code for FreeBSD itself is generally available, the " "system can also be customized to an almost unheard of degree for special " @@ -1694,7 +1723,7 @@ "地被修改。 以下提供一些人們使用 FreeBSD 的例子：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1830 +#: book.translate.xml:1834 msgid "" "Internet Services: The robust TCP/IP networking built " "into FreeBSD makes it an ideal platform for a variety of Internet services " @@ -1701,77 +1730,77 @@ "such as:" msgstr "" "網際網路服務： FreeBSD 內建強勁的網路功能使它成為網路服" -"務(如下例)的理想平台：" +"務 (如下例) 的理想平台：" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1837 +#: book.translate.xml:1841 msgid "web servers" msgstr "網頁伺服器" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1837 +#: book.translate.xml:1841 msgid "World Wide Web servers<_:indexterm-1/> (standard or secure [SSL])" msgstr "全球資訊網伺服器<_:indexterm-1/> (標準的或更安全的 [SSL])" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1844 +#: book.translate.xml:1848 msgid "IPv4 and IPv6 routing" msgstr "IPv4 及 IPv6 路由" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm #. (itstool) path: chapter/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1848 book.translate.xml:57096 +#: book.translate.xml:1852 book.translate.xml:57930 msgid "firewall" msgstr "防火牆" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1851 book.translate.xml:60262 +#: book.translate.xml:1855 book.translate.xml:61096 msgid "NAT" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1848 +#: book.translate.xml:1852 msgid "" "Firewalls<_:indexterm-1/> and NAT<_:indexterm-2/> (IP masquerading) gateways" msgstr "" -"防火牆<_:indexterm-1/>以及 NAT<_:indexterm-2/> (IP masquerading) 通訊閘。" +"防火牆<_:indexterm-1/>以及 NAT<_:indexterm-2/> (IP 偽裝) 通訊" +"閘。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1858 +#: book.translate.xml:1862 msgid "FTP servers" msgstr "FTP 伺服器" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1858 +#: book.translate.xml:1862 msgid "FTP servers<_:indexterm-1/>" msgstr "檔案傳輸協定伺服器<_:indexterm-1/>" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1865 +#: book.translate.xml:1869 msgid "electronic mail email" msgstr "電子郵件 email" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1869 book.translate.xml:49468 +#: book.translate.xml:1873 book.translate.xml:50302 msgid "email" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1864 +#: book.translate.xml:1868 msgid "<_:indexterm-1/> <_:indexterm-2/> Electronic Mail servers" msgstr "<_:indexterm-1/><_:indexterm-2/> 電子郵件伺服器" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1876 +#: book.translate.xml:1880 msgid "And more..." msgstr "還有更多..." #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1882 +#: book.translate.xml:1886 msgid "" "Education: Are you a student of computer science or a " "related engineering field? There is no better way of learning about " @@ -1787,7 +1816,7 @@ "等可以免費地取得使用。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1894 +#: book.translate.xml:1898 msgid "" "Research: With source code for the entire system " "available, FreeBSD is an excellent platform for research in operating " @@ -1802,17 +1831,17 @@ #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1906 book.translate.xml:61140 +#: book.translate.xml:1910 book.translate.xml:61979 msgid "router" msgstr "路由器" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1908 +#: book.translate.xml:1912 msgid "DNS Server" msgstr "DNS 伺服器" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1905 +#: book.translate.xml:1909 msgid "" "Networking: Need a new router?<_:indexterm-1/> A name " "server (DNS)?<_:indexterm-2/> A firewall to keep people out of your internal " @@ -1824,12 +1853,12 @@ "或 486 PC 變身成為絕佳的伺服器，甚至具有過濾封包的功能。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1919 +#: book.translate.xml:1923 msgid "embedded" msgstr "嵌入式" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1917 +#: book.translate.xml:1921 msgid "" "Embedded: FreeBSD makes an excellent platform to build " "embedded systems upon. <_:indexterm-1/> With support for the GNOME" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1938 book.translate.xml:11936 +#: book.translate.xml:1942 book.translate.xml:12001 msgid "KDE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1931 +#: book.translate.xml:1935 msgid "" "<_:indexterm-1/> <_:indexterm-2/> <_:indexterm-3/> Desktop: FreeBSD makes a fine choice for an inexpensive desktop solution " @@ -1880,12 +1909,12 @@ "於管理。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1957 +#: book.translate.xml:1961 msgid "Compiler" msgstr "編譯器" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1954 +#: book.translate.xml:1958 msgid "" "Software Development: The basic FreeBSD system comes " "with a full complement of development tools including a full C/C++<_:" @@ -1893,11 +1922,11 @@ "are also available through the ports and packages collection." msgstr "" "軟體開發： 基本安裝的 FreeBSD 就包含了完整的程式開發工" -"具，如 C/C++<_:indexterm-1/> 編譯器及除錯器。 透過 port 與套件管理系統也可支" +"具，如 C/C++<_:indexterm-1/> 編譯器及除錯器。 透過 Port 與套件管理系統也可支" "援需多其他語言。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:1966 +#: book.translate.xml:1970 msgid "" "FreeBSD is available to download free of charge, or can be obtained on " "either CD-ROM or DVD. Please see for more " @@ -1907,12 +1936,12 @@ "linkend=\"mirrors\"/> 取得 FreeBSD。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:1973 +#: book.translate.xml:1977 msgid "Who Uses FreeBSD?" msgstr "誰在用 FreeBSD？" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1975 +#: book.translate.xml:1979 msgid "" "users large sites running FreeBSD" msgstr "" @@ -1919,7 +1948,7 @@ "使用者 執行 FreeBSD 的大型站台" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:1980 +#: book.translate.xml:1984 msgid "" "FreeBSD's advanced features, proven security, predictable release cycle, and " "permissive license have led to its use as a platform for building many " @@ -1932,12 +1961,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:1990 book.translate.xml:55769 +#: book.translate.xml:1994 book.translate.xml:56603 msgid "Apache" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1989 +#: book.translate.xml:1993 msgid "" "Apache <_:indexterm-1/> - " "The Apache Software Foundation runs most of its public facing " @@ -1944,14 +1973,17 @@ "infrastructure, including possibly one of the largest SVN repositories in " "the world with over 1.4 million commits, on FreeBSD." msgstr "" +"Apache <_:indexterm-1/> - " +"Apache 軟體基金會中大部分面對大眾的基礎設施，包括可能是世界上最大的 SVN 檔案" +"庫 (擁有超過 140 萬次提交) 都是在 FreeBSD 上運作。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2000 +#: book.translate.xml:2004 msgid "Apple" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:1999 +#: book.translate.xml:2003 msgid "" "Apple <_:indexterm-1/> - " "OS X borrows heavily from FreeBSD for the network stack, virtual file " @@ -1958,27 +1990,32 @@ "system, and many userland components. Apple iOS also contains elements " "borrowed from FreeBSD." msgstr "" +"Apple <_:indexterm-1/> - " +"OS X 大量借鑒 FreeBSD 的網路 Stack、虛擬檔案系統以及許多使用者空間的元件。" +"Apple iOS 中含有從 FreeBSD 借鑒來的元素。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2010 +#: book.translate.xml:2014 msgid "Cisco" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2009 +#: book.translate.xml:2013 msgid "" "Cisco <_:indexterm-1/> - " "IronPort network security and anti-spam appliances run a modified FreeBSD " "kernel." msgstr "" +"Cisco <_:indexterm-1/> - " +"IronPort 網路安全及反垃圾郵件設備是採用改良後 FreeBSD 核心來運作。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2018 +#: book.translate.xml:2022 msgid "Citrix" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2017 +#: book.translate.xml:2021 msgid "" "Citrix <_:indexterm-1/> - " "The NetScaler line of security appliances provide layer 4-7 load balancing, " @@ -1985,14 +2022,17 @@ "content caching, application firewall, secure VPN, and mobile cloud network " "access, along with the power of a FreeBSD shell." msgstr "" +"Citrix <_:indexterm-1/> - " +"安全設備的 NetScaler 產品線提供的第 4-7 層的負載均衡、內容快取、應用層防火" +"牆、安全的 VPN 以及行動雲端網路存取，皆運用了 FreeBSD Shell 強大的功能。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2029 +#: book.translate.xml:2033 msgid "Dell KACE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2027 +#: book.translate.xml:2031 msgid "" "Dell KACE <_:" "indexterm-1/> - The KACE system management appliances run FreeBSD because of " @@ -1999,14 +2039,17 @@ "its reliability, scalability, and the community that supports its continued " "development." msgstr "" +"Dell KACE <_:" +"indexterm-1/> - KACE 系統管理設備中運作了 FreeBSD，因為 FreeBSD 的可靠性、可" +"擴展性以及支持其持續發展的社群。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2039 +#: book.translate.xml:2043 msgid "Experts Exchange" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2037 +#: book.translate.xml:2041 msgid "" "Experts Exchange <_:indexterm-1/> - All public facing web servers are powered by " @@ -2013,14 +2056,17 @@ "FreeBSD and they make extensive use of jails to isolate development and " "testing environments without the overhead of virtualization." msgstr "" +"Experts Exchange <_:indexterm-1/> - 所有面對大眾的 Web 伺服器皆由 FreeBSD 驅動，且他們大" +"量使用 Jail 來隔離開發與測試環境，減少了虛擬化的額外開銷。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2049 +#: book.translate.xml:2053 msgid "Isilon" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2048 +#: book.translate.xml:2052 msgid "" "Isilon <_:indexterm-1/> - " "Isilon's enterprise storage appliances are based on FreeBSD. The extremely " @@ -2028,14 +2074,17 @@ "property throughout the kernel and focus on building their product instead " "of an operating system." msgstr "" +"Isilon <_:indexterm-1/> - " +"Isilon 的企業存儲設備以 FreeBSD 為基礎。非常自由的 FreeBSD 授權條款讓 Isilon " +"整合了它們的智慧財產到整個核心，並專注打造自己的產品，而不是一個作業系統。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2061 +#: book.translate.xml:2065 msgid "iXsystems" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2060 +#: book.translate.xml:2064 msgid "" "iXsystems <_:" "indexterm-1/> - The TrueNAS line of unified storage appliances is based on " @@ -2042,14 +2091,18 @@ "FreeBSD. In addition to their commercial products, iXsystems also manages " "development of the open source projects PC-BSD and FreeNAS." msgstr "" +"iXsystems <_:" +"indexterm-1/> - 統合存儲 (Unified Storage) 設備的 TrueNAS 產品線是以 FreeBSD " +"為基礎。除了該公司自己的商業產品外，iXsystems 也管理著 PC-BSD 和 FreeNAS 兩個" +"開源計劃的開發。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2071 +#: book.translate.xml:2075 msgid "Juniper" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2070 +#: book.translate.xml:2074 msgid "" "Juniper <_:indexterm-1/> " "- The JunOS operating system that powers all Juniper networking gear " @@ -2060,27 +2113,35 @@ "complexity of integrating new features from FreeBSD back into JunOS in the " "future." msgstr "" +"Juniper <_:indexterm-1/> " +"- JunOS 作業系統驅動了所有的 Juniper 網絡設備 (包括路由器，交換器，安全與網" +"絡設備) 便是以 FreeBSD 為基礎。Juniper 在眾多廠商之中，展現了計劃與商業產品供" +"應商之間的共生關係。由 Juniper 所開發的改進內容會回饋給 FreeBSD 來降低未來新" +"功能從 FreeBSD 整合回 JunOS 的複雜性。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2086 +#: book.translate.xml:2090 msgid "McAfee" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2085 +#: book.translate.xml:2089 msgid "" "McAfee <_:indexterm-1/> - " "SecurOS, the basis of McAfee enterprise firewall products including " "Sidewinder is based on FreeBSD." msgstr "" +"McAfee <_:indexterm-1/> - " +"SecurOS 是 McAfee 企業防火牆產品的基礎，其中包含了 Sidewinder ，也是以 " +"FreeBSD 為基礎。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2095 +#: book.translate.xml:2099 msgid "NetApp" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2094 +#: book.translate.xml:2098 msgid "" "NetApp <_:indexterm-1/> - " "The Data ONTAP GX line of storage appliances are based on FreeBSD. In " @@ -2087,14 +2148,17 @@ "addition, NetApp has contributed back many features, including the new BSD " "licensed hypervisor, bhyve." msgstr "" +"NetApp <_:indexterm-1/> - " +"存儲設備中的 Data ONTAP GX 產品線是以 FreeBSD 為基礎。除此之外，NetApp 還貢獻" +"了回 FreeBSD 許多功能，包括新 BSD 條款授權的 hypervisor, bhyve。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2105 book.translate.xml:2367 +#: book.translate.xml:2109 book.translate.xml:2371 msgid "Netflix" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2104 +#: book.translate.xml:2108 msgid "" "Netflix <_:indexterm-1/> " "- The OpenConnect appliance that Netflix uses to stream movies to its " @@ -2103,14 +2167,18 @@ "Netflix OpenConnect appliances are responsible for delivering more than 32% " "of all Internet traffic in North America." msgstr "" +"Netflix <_:indexterm-1/> " +"- Netflix 用來以串流傳送電影到客戶的 OpenConnect 設備是以 FreeBSD 為基礎。 " +"Netflix 也做了大量貢獻到程式碼庫，並致力於維持與主線 FreeBSD 的零修正關係。" +"Netflix 的 OpenConnect 設備負責了北美所有的網路流量 32％ 以上。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2118 +#: book.translate.xml:2122 msgid "Sandvine" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2117 +#: book.translate.xml:2121 msgid "" "Sandvine <_:indexterm-1/" "> - Sandvine uses FreeBSD as the basis of their high performance realtime " @@ -2117,26 +2185,31 @@ "network processing platforms that make up their intelligent network policy " "control products." msgstr "" +"Sandvine <_:indexterm-1/" +"> - Sandvine 使用 FreeBSD 作為它們的高性能即時網路處理平台，來建立它門的智慧" +"網路策​​略控制產品。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2128 +#: book.translate.xml:2132 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2127 +#: book.translate.xml:2131 msgid "" "Sony <_:indexterm-1/> - The " "PlayStation 4 gaming console runs a modified version of FreeBSD." msgstr "" +"Sony <_:indexterm-1/> - " +"PlayStation 4 遊戲主機使用了修改過的 FreeBSD 版本來運作。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2136 +#: book.translate.xml:2140 msgid "Sophos" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2135 +#: book.translate.xml:2139 msgid "" "Sophos <_:indexterm-1/> - " "The Sophos Email Appliance product is based on a hardened FreeBSD and scans " @@ -2143,27 +2216,32 @@ "inbound mail for spam and viruses, while also monitoring outbound mail for " "malware as well as the accidental loss of sensitive information." msgstr "" +"Sophos <_:indexterm-1/> - " +"Sophos 電子郵件設備產品是以加強防護 (Hardened) 的 FreeBSD 為基礎，可掃描入站" +"郵件中的垃圾郵件和病毒，同時也可監控出站郵件中的惡意軟體及敏感資訊。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2148 +#: book.translate.xml:2152 msgid "Spectra Logic" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2146 +#: book.translate.xml:2150 msgid "" "Spectra Logic <_:" "indexterm-1/> - The nTier line of archive grade storage appliances run " "FreeBSD and OpenZFS." msgstr "" +"Spectra Logic <_:" +"indexterm-1/> - 儲藏級儲存設備的 nTier 產品線以 FreeBSD 和 OpenZFS 來運作。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2157 +#: book.translate.xml:2161 msgid "The Weather Channel" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2155 +#: book.translate.xml:2159 msgid "" "The Weather Channel <_:" "indexterm-1/> - The IntelliStar appliance that is installed at each local " @@ -2170,14 +2248,17 @@ "cable providers headend and is responsible for injecting local weather " "forecasts into the cable TV network's programming runs FreeBSD." msgstr "" +"The Weather Channel <_:" +"indexterm-1/> - 被安裝在各地有線電視營運商前端，負責加入當地天氣預報到有線電" +"視網路節目的 IntelliStar 設備便是使用 FreeBSD。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2168 +#: book.translate.xml:2172 msgid "Verisign" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2167 +#: book.translate.xml:2171 msgid "" "Verisign <_:indexterm-1/" "> - Verisign is responsible for operating the .com and .net root domain " @@ -2185,14 +2266,18 @@ "number of different network operating systems including FreeBSD to ensure " "there is no common point of failure in their infrastructure." msgstr "" +"Verisign <_:indexterm-1/" +"> - VeriSign 主要經營 .com 與 .net 根網域名稱註冊業務以及隨附的 DNS 基礎設施" +"運作。這些基礎設施的運作仰賴各種不同的網路作業系統包括 FreeBSD 來確保不會有單" +"點故障的問題。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2181 +#: book.translate.xml:2185 msgid "Voxer" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2180 +#: book.translate.xml:2184 msgid "" "Voxer <_:indexterm-1/> - " "Voxer powers their mobile voice messaging platform with ZFS on FreeBSD. " @@ -2201,14 +2286,19 @@ "environment. In addition to critical features like ZFS " "and DTrace, FreeBSD also offers TRIM support for ZFS." msgstr "" +"Voxer <_:indexterm-1/> - " +"Voxer 使用了 FreeBSD 的 ZFS 來驅動行動語音通訊平台，讓 Voxer 從 Solaris 改使" +"用 FreeBSD 的原因是 FreeBSD 擁有詳盡的文件、更大型且活躍的社群、較便利的開發" +"人員環境。除了提供關鍵的 ZFS 和 DTrace 功能之外 FreeBSD " +"的 ZFS 也支援了 TRIM。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2195 +#: book.translate.xml:2199 msgid "WhatsApp" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2194 +#: book.translate.xml:2198 msgid "" "WhatsApp <_:indexterm-1/" "> - When WhatsApp needed a platform that would be able to handle more than 1 " @@ -2215,14 +2305,17 @@ "million concurrent TCP connections per server, they chose FreeBSD. They then " "proceeded to scale past 2.5 million connections per server." msgstr "" +"WhatsApp <_:indexterm-1/" +"> - 當 WhatsApp 面臨需要一個每台伺服器能夠同時處理超過 100 萬個 TCP 連線的平" +"台時，它們選擇了 FreeBSD。它們接著擴大規模到每台伺服器處理超過 250 萬的連線。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2207 +#: book.translate.xml:2211 msgid "Wheel Systems" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2205 +#: book.translate.xml:2209 msgid "" "Wheel Systems <_:" "indexterm-1/> - The FUDO security appliance allows enterprises to monitor, " @@ -2230,32 +2323,38 @@ "systems. Based on all of the best security features of FreeBSD including " "ZFS, GELI, Capsicum, HAST, and auditdistd." msgstr "" +"Wheel Systems <_:" +"indexterm-1/> - FUDO 安全性設備讓企業可以監控、控制、記錄以及稽查在其系統中作" +"業的承包商與管理員。這些功能皆是以 FreeBSD 最佳的安全性功能為基礎，包括 ZFS, " +"GELI, Capsicum, HAST 及 auditdistd。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2219 +#: book.translate.xml:2223 msgid "FreeBSD has also spawned a number of related open source projects:" msgstr "FreeBSD 也催生了數個相關的開源計劃：" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2226 +#: book.translate.xml:2230 msgid "BSD Router" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2224 +#: book.translate.xml:2228 msgid "" "BSD Router <_:indexterm-1/> - " "A FreeBSD based replacement for large enterprise routers designed to run on " "standard PC hardware." msgstr "" +"BSD Router <_:indexterm-1/> - " +"以 FreeBSD 為基礎的大型企業路由器替代方案，專門設計為可在標準 PC 硬體上運作。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2235 +#: book.translate.xml:2239 msgid "FreeNAS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2234 +#: book.translate.xml:2238 msgid "" "FreeNAS <_:indexterm-1/> " "- A customized FreeBSD designed to be used as a network file server " @@ -2264,52 +2363,62 @@ "AFP, FTP, and iSCSI. Includes an extensible plugin system based on FreeBSD " "jails." msgstr "" +"FreeNAS <_:indexterm-1/> " +"- 專為網路檔案伺服器設備使用所設計的 FreeBSD。提供了以 Python 為基礎的網頁介" +"面來簡化 UFS 與 ZFS 檔案系統的管理，支援了 NFS、SMB/ CIFS、AFP、FTP 與 " +"iSCSI，還有以 FreeBSD Jail 為基礎的套件系統。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2247 +#: book.translate.xml:2251 msgid "GhostBSD" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2246 +#: book.translate.xml:2250 msgid "" "GhostBSD <_:indexterm-1/" "> - A desktop oriented distribution of FreeBSD bundled with the Gnome " "desktop environment." msgstr "" +"GhostBSD <_:indexterm-1/" +"> - 採用 Gnome 桌面環境的 FreeBSD 發行版。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2255 +#: book.translate.xml:2259 msgid "mfsBSD" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2254 +#: book.translate.xml:2258 msgid "" "mfsBSD <_:indexterm-1/> - A " "toolkit for building a FreeBSD system image that runs entirely from memory." msgstr "" +"mfsBSD <_:indexterm-1/> - 用" +"來建置可完全從記憶體執行 FreeBSD 系統映像檔工具。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2263 +#: book.translate.xml:2267 msgid "NAS4Free" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2262 +#: book.translate.xml:2266 msgid "" "NAS4Free <_:indexterm-1/" "> - A file server distribution based on FreeBSD with a PHP powered web " "interface." msgstr "" +"NAS4Free <_:indexterm-1/" +"> - 以 FreeBSD 及 PHP 驅動網頁介面為基礎的檔案伺服器。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2271 +#: book.translate.xml:2275 msgid "OPNsense" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2270 +#: book.translate.xml:2274 msgid "" "OPNSense <_:indexterm-1/" "> - OPNsense is an open source, easy-to-use and easy-to-build FreeBSD based " @@ -2318,14 +2427,18 @@ "brings the rich feature set of commercial offerings with the benefits of " "open and verifiable sources." msgstr "" +"OPNSense <_:indexterm-1/" +"> - OPNsense 是一個以 FreeBSD 為基礎的開源、易於使用及易於建置的防火牆和路由" +"平台。OPNsense 有大多數在昂貴的商業防火牆上才有的功能。它帶來了商業產品的豐富" +"功能集，同時擁有開放和安全的來源。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2283 +#: book.translate.xml:2287 msgid "PC-BSD" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2282 +#: book.translate.xml:2286 msgid "" "PC-BSD <_:indexterm-1/> - " "A customized version of FreeBSD geared towards desktop users with graphical " @@ -2332,35 +2445,43 @@ "utilities to exposing the power of FreeBSD to all users. Designed to ease " "the transition of Windows and OS X users." msgstr "" +"PC-BSD <_:indexterm-1/> - " +"訂製版本的 FreeBSD，裝備了給桌面使用者使用的圖型化工具來展示 FreeBSD 強大的功" +"能給所有使用者，專門設計來緩解使用者在 Windows 與 OS X 間的過渡。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2293 +#: book.translate.xml:2297 msgid "pfSense" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2292 +#: book.translate.xml:2296 msgid "" "pfSense <_:indexterm-1/> " "- A firewall distribution based on FreeBSD with a huge array of features and " "extensive IPv6 support." msgstr "" +"pfSense <_:indexterm-1/> " +"- 以 FreeBSD 為基礎的防火牆發行版，支援巨型陣列及大規模 IPv6。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2302 +#: book.translate.xml:2306 msgid "ZRouter" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2301 +#: book.translate.xml:2305 msgid "" "ZRouter <_:indexterm-1/> - " "An open source alternative firmware for embedded devices based on FreeBSD. " "Designed to replace the proprietary firmware on off-the-shelf routers." msgstr "" +"ZRouter <_:indexterm-1/> - 嵌" +"入式裝置韌體的開源替代方案，以 FreeBSD 為基礎，專門設計來取代現成路由器上的專" +"用韌體。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2310 +#: book.translate.xml:2314 msgid "" "FreeBSD is also used to power some of the biggest sites on the Internet, " "including:" @@ -2367,55 +2488,55 @@ msgstr "FreeBSD 也同時被用來驅動一些網際網路上的大型網站，包括：" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2316 +#: book.translate.xml:2320 msgid "Yahoo!" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2315 +#: book.translate.xml:2319 msgid "" "Yahoo! <_:indexterm-1/>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2323 +#: book.translate.xml:2327 msgid "Yandex" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2322 +#: book.translate.xml:2326 msgid "" "Yandex <_:indexterm-1/>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2330 +#: book.translate.xml:2334 msgid "Rambler" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2329 +#: book.translate.xml:2333 msgid "" "Rambler <_:indexterm-1/>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2337 +#: book.translate.xml:2341 msgid "Sina" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2336 +#: book.translate.xml:2340 msgid "Sina <_:indexterm-1/>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2345 +#: book.translate.xml:2349 msgid "Pair Networks" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2343 +#: book.translate.xml:2347 msgid "" "Pair Networks <_:" "indexterm-1/>" @@ -2422,12 +2543,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2353 +#: book.translate.xml:2357 msgid "Sony Japan" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2351 +#: book.translate.xml:2355 msgid "" "Sony Japan <_:indexterm-1/" ">" @@ -2434,12 +2555,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2360 +#: book.translate.xml:2364 msgid "Netcraft" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2359 +#: book.translate.xml:2363 msgid "" "Netcraft <_:indexterm-1/" ">" @@ -2446,7 +2567,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2366 +#: book.translate.xml:2370 msgid "" "Netflix " "<_:indexterm-1/>" @@ -2453,23 +2574,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2374 +#: book.translate.xml:2378 msgid "NetEase" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2373 +#: book.translate.xml:2377 msgid "" "NetEase <_:indexterm-1/>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2381 +#: book.translate.xml:2385 msgid "Weathernews" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2380 +#: book.translate.xml:2384 msgid "" "Weathernews <_:" "indexterm-1/>" @@ -2476,12 +2597,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2389 +#: book.translate.xml:2393 msgid "TELEHOUSE America" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2387 +#: book.translate.xml:2391 msgid "" "TELEHOUSE America <_:" "indexterm-1/>" @@ -2488,7 +2609,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2396 +#: book.translate.xml:2400 msgid "" "and many more. Wikipedia also maintains a list of products " @@ -2498,12 +2619,12 @@ "org/wiki/List_of_products_based_on_FreeBSD\">以 FreeBSD 為基礎的產品。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:2402 +#: book.translate.xml:2406 msgid "About the FreeBSD Project" msgstr "關於 FreeBSD 計劃" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:2404 +#: book.translate.xml:2408 msgid "" "The following section provides some background information on the project, " "including a brief history, project goals, and the development model of the " @@ -2511,53 +2632,52 @@ msgstr "接下來講的是 FreeBSD 計劃的背景，包含歷史、計劃目標以及開發模式。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:2409 +#: book.translate.xml:2413 msgid "A Brief History of FreeBSD" msgstr "FreeBSD 歷史簡介" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2411 +#: book.translate.xml:2415 msgid "386BSD Patchkit" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2412 +#: book.translate.xml:2416 msgid "Hubbard, Jordan" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2413 +#: book.translate.xml:2417 msgid "Williams, Nate" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2414 +#: book.translate.xml:2418 msgid "Grimes, Rod" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2415 +#: book.translate.xml:2419 msgid "FreeBSD Project history" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2420 +#: book.translate.xml:2424 msgid "" "The FreeBSD Project had its genesis in the early part of 1993, partially as " "an outgrowth of the Unofficial 386BSDPatchkit by the patchkit's last 3 " "coordinators: Nate Williams, Rod Grimes and Jordan Hubbard." msgstr "" -"FreeBSD 計畫的想法是在 1993 年初所形成的， 那是源自於維護一組『非官方 386BSD " -"的修正工具』計劃的三個協調維護人 Nate Williams，Rod Grimes 和 Jordan " -"Hubbard。" +"FreeBSD 計畫起源於 1993 年初， 那是源自於維護一組『非官方 386BSD 修正工具』計" +"劃的最後三個協調人 Nate Williams，Rod Grimes 和 Jordan Hubbard。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2425 book.translate.xml:2465 +#: book.translate.xml:2429 book.translate.xml:2469 msgid "386BSD" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2426 +#: book.translate.xml:2430 msgid "" "The original goal was to produce an intermediate snapshot of 386BSD in order " "to fix a number of problems with it that the patchkit mechanism just was not " @@ -2564,17 +2684,17 @@ "capable of solving. The early working title for the project was 386BSD 0.5 " "or 386BSD Interim in reference of that fact." msgstr "" -"最初的目標是做出一份 386BSD 綜合修正的 snapshot 版，以便修正當時一堆 " -"patchkit 都不容易解決的問題。有些人可能還記得早期的計劃名稱叫做 386BSD 0.5 " -"或 386BSD Interim 就是這個原因。" +"最初的目標是做出一份 386BSD 的中間版本的快照 (Snapshot) 來修正使用修正工具 " +"(Patchkit) 機制無法解決的數個問題，也因此早期的計劃名稱叫做 386BSD 0.5 或 " +"386BSD Interim 便是這個原因。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2432 +#: book.translate.xml:2436 msgid "Jolitz, Bill" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2433 +#: book.translate.xml:2437 msgid "" "386BSD was Bill Jolitz's operating system, which had been up to that point " "suffering rather severely from almost a year's worth of neglect. As the " @@ -2584,24 +2704,23 @@ "withdraw his sanction from the project without any clear indication of what " "would be done instead." msgstr "" -"386BSD 是 Bill Jolitz 的作業系統，在當時就已有約一年的分裂討論。 當該修正工" -"具 (patchkit) 日漸龐雜得令人不舒服，我們無異議地同意要作一些事了， 並決定提供" -"一份臨時性的 淨化版(cleanup) 來幫助 Bill。 然而，由於 Bill " -"Jolitz 忽然決定取消其對該計劃的認可，且沒有明確指出未來的打算， 所以該計劃便" -"突然面臨斷炊危機。" +"386BSD 是 Bill Jolitz 的作業系統，在當時就已經忍受了將近一年的忽視，隨著修正" +"工具日漸龐大的令人不舒服，他們決定提供一份過渡性的 簡潔 快照來" +"幫助 Bill。 然而，由於 Bill Jolitz 忽然決定取消其對該計劃的認可，且沒有明確指" +"出未來的打算，所以該計劃便突然面臨中止。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2443 +#: book.translate.xml:2447 msgid "Greenman, David" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2444 +#: book.translate.xml:2448 msgid "Walnut Creek CDROM" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2446 +#: book.translate.xml:2450 msgid "" "The trio thought that the goal remained worthwhile, even without Bill's " "support, and so they adopted the name \"FreeBSD\" coined by David Greenman. " @@ -2616,37 +2735,37 @@ "was, at the time, a completely unknown project, it is quite unlikely that " "FreeBSD would have gotten as far, as fast, as it has today." msgstr "" -"不久我們便決定在即使沒有 Bill 的支持下，讓該計劃仍然繼續下去， 最後我們採用 " -"David Greenman 丟銅板決定的名字，也就是『FreeBSD』。 在詢問了當時的一些使用者" -"意見之後，就開始決定了最初的目標， 當該計劃開始實施一切就要成真時，一切就變得" -"更清楚了。 我跟 Walnut Creek CD-ROM 討論發行 CD-ROM 這樣子不便上網的人就可以" -"用比較簡單的方式取得 FreeBSD。 Walnut Creek CD-ROM 不只贊成以 CD-ROM 來發行 " -"FreeBSD 的想法，同時提供了一台機器以及快速的網際網路的頻寬。 如果不是 Walnut " -"Creek CD-ROM 幾乎是空前的信任這個剛開始還是完全默默無聞的計劃， 那麼很可能 " -"FreeBSD 不會如此快速的成長到今日這樣的規模。" +"這三人認為這個目標即始沒有 Bill 的支持仍有保留的價值，最後他們採用 David " +"Greenman 丟銅板決定的名字，也就是 \"FreeBSD\"。在詢問了當時的一些使用者意見之" +"後決定了最初的目標，隨著目標越來越明確便開始著手進行。Jordan 找了 Walnut " +"Creek CD-ROM 商討，著眼於如何改進 FreeBSD 的發行通路，讓那些不便上網的人可簡" +"單的取得。 Walnut Creek CD-ROM 不只贊成以 CD 來發行 FreeBSD 的想法，同時提供" +"了一台機器以及快速的網路。 若不是 Walnut Creek CD-ROM 在那個時間上史無前例的" +"信任，這個默默無名的計劃很可能不會成為現在的 FreeBSD 快速的成長到今日這樣的規" +"模。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2462 +#: book.translate.xml:2466 msgid "4.3BSD-Lite" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2463 book.translate.xml:2478 +#: book.translate.xml:2467 book.translate.xml:2482 msgid "Net/2" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2464 book.translate.xml:2477 +#: book.translate.xml:2468 book.translate.xml:2481 msgid "U.C. Berkeley" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2466 book.translate.xml:8843 +#: book.translate.xml:2470 book.translate.xml:8847 msgid "Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2468 +#: book.translate.xml:2472 msgid "" "The first CD-ROM (and general net-wide) distribution was FreeBSD 1.0, " "released in December of 1993. This was based on the 4.3BSD-Lite " @@ -2655,23 +2774,23 @@ "reasonable success for a first offering, and they followed it with the " "highly successful FreeBSD 1.1 release in May of 1994." msgstr "" -"第一張以 CD-ROM (及網路)發行的 FreeBSD 1.0 是在 1993 年十二月。 該版本是基於" -"由 U.C. Berkeley 以磁帶方式發行的 4.3BSD-Lite (Net/2)以及許多" -"來自於 386BSD 和自由軟體基金會的軟體。對於第一次發行而言還算成功， 我們又接著" -"於 1994 年 5 月發行了相當成功的 FreeBSD 1.1。" +"第一張以 CD-ROM (及網路) 發行的版本為 FreeBSD 1.0，是在 1993 年十二月發佈。 " +"該版本採用了 U.C. Berkeley 以磁帶方式發行的 4.3BSD-Lite (Net/2) 及許多來自於 386BSD 和自由軟體基金會的元件為基礎。對於第一次發行而言" +"還算成功，我們又接著於 1994 年 5 月發行了相當成功的 FreeBSD 1.1。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2476 +#: book.translate.xml:2480 msgid "Novell" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2479 +#: book.translate.xml:2483 msgid "AT&T" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2480 +#: book.translate.xml:2484 msgid "" "Around this time, some rather unexpected storm clouds formed on the horizon " "as Novell and U.C. Berkeley settled their long-running lawsuit over the " @@ -2686,17 +2805,17 @@ "product. Under the terms of that agreement, the project was allowed one last " "release before the deadline, that release being FreeBSD 1.1.5.1." msgstr "" -"然而此後不久，另一個意外的風暴在 Novell 和 U.C. Berkeley 關於 Berkeley Net/2 " -"磁帶之法律地位的訴訟確定之後形成。 U.C. Berkeley 接受大部份的 Net/2 的程式碼" +"然而此後不久，另一個意外的風暴在 Novell 與 U.C. Berkeley 關於 Berkeley Net/2 " +"磁帶之法律地位的訴訟確定之後形成。 U.C. Berkeley 承認大部份的 Net/2 的程式碼" "都是侵佔來的且是屬於 Novell 的財產 -- 事實上是當時不久前從 " "AT&T 取得的。 Berkeley 得到的是 Novell 對於 4.4BSD-Lite 的祝福，最後當 4.4BSD-Lite 終於發行之後，便不再是侵佔行為。 而所有現有 Net/2 " "使用者都被強烈建議更換新版本，這包括了 FreeBSD。 於是，我們被要求於 1994 年 " -"6 月底前停止散佈基於 Net/2 的產品。在此前提之下，本計劃被允許在期限以前作最後" -"一次發行，也就是 FreeBSD 1.1.5.1。" +"6 月底前停止散佈以 Net/2 為基礎的產品。在此前提之下，本計劃被允許在期限以前作" +"最後一次發行，也就是 FreeBSD 1.1.5.1。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2497 +#: book.translate.xml:2501 msgid "" "FreeBSD then set about the arduous task of literally re-inventing itself " "from a completely new and rather incomplete set of 4.4BSD-Lite bits. The " @@ -2718,7 +2837,7 @@ "之於 1995 年 6 月又發行了更容易安裝，更好的 FreeBSD 2.0.5。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2511 +#: book.translate.xml:2515 msgid "" "Since that time, FreeBSD has made a series of releases each time improving " "the stability, speed, and feature set of the previous version." @@ -2727,7 +2846,7 @@ "的發佈版本。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2515 +#: book.translate.xml:2519 msgid "" "For now, long-term development projects continue to take place in the 10.X-" "CURRENT (trunk) branch, and snapshot releases of 10.X are continually made " @@ -2734,17 +2853,17 @@ "available from the snapshot server as work progresses." msgstr "" -"目前，長期的開發計畫繼續在 10.X-CURRENT (trunk) 分支中進行，而 10.X 的 " -"snapshot 版本可以在 Snapshot 伺服器 取得。" +"目前，長期的開發計畫繼續在 10.X-CURRENT (trunk) 分支中進行，而 10.X 的快照 " +"(Snapshot) 版本可以在 快照伺服器 取得。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:2523 +#: book.translate.xml:2527 msgid "FreeBSD Project Goals" msgstr "FreeBSD 計劃目標" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:2526 +#: book.translate.xml:2530 msgid "" " Jordan Hubbard Contributed by " @@ -2751,12 +2870,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2536 +#: book.translate.xml:2540 msgid "FreeBSD Project goals" msgstr "FreeBSD 計劃 目標" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2540 +#: book.translate.xml:2544 msgid "" "The goals of the FreeBSD Project are to provide software that may be used " "for any purpose and without strings attached. Many of us have a significant " @@ -2776,22 +2895,22 @@ "是我們所倡導的一個目標。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2552 +#: book.translate.xml:2556 msgid "GNU General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "GNU 通用公共授權條款 (GPL)" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2555 +#: book.translate.xml:2559 msgid "GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)" msgstr "GNU 較寬鬆通用公共授權條款 (LGPL)" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2558 +#: book.translate.xml:2562 msgid "BSD Copyright" msgstr "BSD 版權" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2559 +#: book.translate.xml:2563 msgid "" "That code in our source tree which falls under the GNU General Public " "License (GPL) or Library General Public License (LGPL) comes with slightly " @@ -2801,19 +2920,18 @@ "submitted under the more relaxed BSD copyright when it is a reasonable " "option to do so." msgstr "" -"我們程式碼樹中，有若干是以 GNU 通用公共授權條款 (GPL) 或者 GNU Lesser " -"General Public License (LGPL) 發佈的那些程式碼帶有少許的附加限制，還好只是強" -"制性的要求開放程式碼而不是別的。 由於使用 GPL 的軟體在商業用途上會增加若干複" -"雜性，因此，如果可以選擇的話， 我們會比較喜歡使用限制相對更寬鬆的 BSD 版權來" -"發佈軟體。" +"我們程式碼樹中，有若干是以 GNU 通用公共授權條款 (GPL) 或者 GNU 較寬鬆通用公共" +"授權條款 (LGPL) 發佈的那些程式碼帶有少許的附加限制，還好只是強制性的要求開放" +"程式碼而不是別的。 由於使用 GPL 的軟體在商業用途上會增加若干複雜性，因此，如" +"果可以選擇的話， 我們會比較喜歡使用限制相對更寬鬆的 BSD 版權來發佈軟體。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:2571 +#: book.translate.xml:2575 msgid "The FreeBSD Development Model" msgstr "FreeBSD 開發模式" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:2574 +#: book.translate.xml:2578 msgid "" " Satoshi Asami Contributed by " @@ -2820,13 +2938,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2584 +#: book.translate.xml:2588 msgid "" "FreeBSD Project development model" msgstr "FreeBSD 專案 開發模式" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2589 +#: book.translate.xml:2593 msgid "" "The development of FreeBSD is a very open and flexible process, being " "literally built from the contributions of thousands of people around the " @@ -2853,7 +2971,7 @@ "link> 對那些希望了解我們進度的人也是相當有用的。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2602 +#: book.translate.xml:2606 msgid "" "Useful things to know about the FreeBSD Project and its development process, " "whether working independently or in close cooperation:" @@ -2862,43 +2980,44 @@ "錯的︰" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:2608 +#: book.translate.xml:2612 msgid "The SVN repositories" msgstr "SVN 檔案庫" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2612 +#: book.translate.xml:2616 msgid "CVS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2616 +#: book.translate.xml:2620 msgid "CVS Repository" msgstr "CVS 檔案庫" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2620 +#: book.translate.xml:2624 msgid "Concurrent Versions System CVS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2625 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:2629 book.translate.xml:44963 book.translate.xml:45003 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Subversion" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2629 +#: book.translate.xml:2633 msgid "Subversion Repository" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2633 +#: book.translate.xml:2637 msgid "SVN Subversion" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2611 +#: book.translate.xml:2615 msgid "" "<_:indexterm-1/> <_:indexterm-2/> <_:indexterm-3/> <_:indexterm-4/> <_:" "indexterm-5/> <_:indexterm-6/> For several years, the central source tree " @@ -2924,25 +3043,24 @@ "2008 年 6 月起， FreeBSD 計劃開始改用 SVN (Subversion)。 這是一個必要的更換動作，因為隨著原始碼" "樹及歷史版本儲存的數量不斷快速擴張，CVS 先天的技術" -"限制越來越明顯。 文件計劃與 Ports 套件集檔案庫也同樣於 2012 年 5 月及 2012 " -"年 7 月由 CVS 改為 SVN。請參考 同步您的原始碼樹 一節" -"來取得有關如何取得 FreeBSD src/ 檔案庫的更多資訊，以及 " -"使用 Ports 套件集 了解如何取得 FreeBSD " -"Ports 套件集。" +"限制越來越明顯。 文件計劃與 Port 套件集檔案庫也同樣於 2012 年 5 月及 2012 年 " +"7 月由 CVS 改為 SVN。請" +"參考 同步您的原始碼樹 一節來取得有關如何取" +"得 FreeBSD src/ 檔案庫的更多資訊，以及 使用 Port 套件集 了解如何取得 FreeBSD Port 套件集。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:2660 +#: book.translate.xml:2664 msgid "The committers list" msgstr "提交者名單" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2664 +#: book.translate.xml:2668 msgid "committers" msgstr "提交者" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2663 +#: book.translate.xml:2667 msgid "" "The committers <_:indexterm-1/> are the people who " "have write access to the Subversion tree, and are " @@ -2954,8 +3072,8 @@ "mailing lists, IRC channels, or forums can be used to help verify that an " "issue is actually a bug." msgstr "" -"所謂的 提交者 (Committers) 指的是對 Subversion 原始碼" -"樹有 寫入 權限的人， 並且被授予修改 FreeBSD 原始碼的權" +"所謂的 提交者 (Committer) 指的是對 Subversion 原始碼樹" +"有 寫入 權限的人， 並且被授予修改 FreeBSD 原始碼的權" "限。 (committer 一詞源自版本管理系統中的 commit 指令，該指令是用來把新的修改提交給檔案庫)。 任何人都可以回報問題到 " "Bug Database，在" @@ -2963,17 +3081,17 @@ "誤 (Bug)。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:2680 +#: book.translate.xml:2684 msgid "The FreeBSD core team" msgstr "FreeBSD 核心團隊" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2684 +#: book.translate.xml:2688 msgid "core team" msgstr "核心團隊" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2683 +#: book.translate.xml:2687 msgid "" "The FreeBSD core team <_:indexterm-1/> would be " "equivalent to the board of directors if the FreeBSD Project were a company. " @@ -2984,14 +3102,14 @@ "as others move on. The current core team was elected from a pool of " "committer candidates in July 2014. Elections are held every 2 years." msgstr "" -"如果把 FreeBSD 看成是一家公司的話， FreeBSD 核心團隊<_:indexterm-1/> 就相當於董事會。 核心團隊的主要職責在於確保此計劃" -"有良好的架構，以朝著正確的方向發展。 此外，邀請熱血且負責的軟體開發者加入提交" -"者的行列， 以在若干成員離去時得以補充新血。 目前的核心團隊是在 2014 年 7 月從" -"提交者候選人之中選出來的，這個選舉每兩年會舉辦一次。" +"如果把 FreeBSD 看成是一家公司的話， FreeBSD 核心團隊 (FreeBSD " +"core team)<_:indexterm-1/> 就相當於董事會。 核心團隊的主要職責在" +"於確保此計劃有良好的架構，以朝著正確的方向發展。 此外，邀請熱血且負責的軟體開" +"發者加入提交者的行列， 以在若干成員離去時得以補充新血。 目前的核心團隊是在 " +"2014 年 7 月從提交者候選人之中選出來的，這個選舉每兩年會舉辦一次。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:2699 +#: book.translate.xml:2703 msgid "" "Like most developers, most members of the core team are also volunteers when " "it comes to FreeBSD development and do not benefit from the project " @@ -3008,12 +3126,12 @@ "而選擇投入 FreeBSD 開發的熱血有為者才對！" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:2714 +#: book.translate.xml:2718 msgid "Outside contributors" msgstr "非官方貢獻者" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2717 +#: book.translate.xml:2721 msgid "" "Last, but definitely not least, the largest group of developers are the " "users themselves who provide feedback and bug fixes to us on an almost " @@ -3031,12 +3149,12 @@ "linkend=\"eresources\"/> 以瞭解各式不同的 FreeBSD 郵遞論壇。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2728 +#: book.translate.xml:2732 msgid "contributors" msgstr "貢獻者" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2726 +#: book.translate.xml:2730 msgid "" "The FreeBSD Contributors List " @@ -3049,7 +3167,7 @@ "貢獻 FreeBSD 一些回饋呢？" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2733 +#: book.translate.xml:2737 msgid "" "Providing code is not the only way of contributing to the project; for a " "more complete list of things that need doing, please refer to the FreeBSD 計畫網站。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2741 +#: book.translate.xml:2745 msgid "" "In summary, our development model is organized as a loose set of concentric " "circles. The centralized model is designed for the convenience of the " @@ -3076,7 +3194,7 @@ "用 — 而這個開發模式對我們要完成這個目標來說運作的非常好。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2751 +#: book.translate.xml:2755 msgid "" "All we ask of those who would join us as FreeBSD developers is some of the " "same dedication its current people have to its continued success!" @@ -3085,12 +3203,12 @@ "保繼續成功！" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:2757 +#: book.translate.xml:2761 msgid "Third Party Programs" msgstr "第三方程式" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2759 +#: book.translate.xml:2763 msgid "" "In addition to the base distributions, FreeBSD offers a ported software " "collection with thousands of commonly sought-after programs. At the time of " @@ -3107,14 +3225,23 @@ "More information on packages and ports can be found in ." msgstr "" +"除了基礎發行版之外，FreeBSD 提供了擁有上千個常用的程式的移植軟體的套件集，在" +"撰寫本文的同時，已有超過 24,000 個 Port! Port 的範圍從 HTTP 伺服器到遊戲、語" +"系、編輯器，幾乎所有東西都在裡面。完整的 Port 套件集需要將近 500 MB。要編譯一" +"個 Port 您只需要切換目錄到您想安裝的程式目錄，然後輸入 make " +"install，接著系統便會處理剩下的動作。您編譯的每個 Port 完整原始發行" +"版內容是動態下載的，所以您只需要有足夠的磁碟空間來編譯您想要的 Port。幾乎所" +"有 Port 都提供以預先編譯好的套件，您可以透過簡單的指令來安裝 " +"(pkg install)，提供那些不想要自行從原始碼編譯的人使用。更" +"多有關套件與 Port 的資訊可於 取得。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:2780 +#: book.translate.xml:2784 msgid "Additional Documentation" msgstr "其他文件" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:2782 +#: book.translate.xml:2786 msgid "" "All recent FreeBSD versions provide an option in the installer (either " "sysinstall8. You may view the locally installed manuals with any HTML capable " "browser using the following URLs:" msgstr "" +"所有最近的 FreeBSD 版本在安裝程式 (不是 " +"sysinstall8 就是 bsdinstall8) 都有提供一個選項在初始" +"系統安裝時可安裝額外的說明文件到 /usr/local/share/doc/freebsd。說明文件也可在往後使用套件安裝，詳細說明於 。您可以使用任何支援 HTML 的瀏覽器進入下列 URL 檢視" +"已安裝在本機的操作手冊：" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:2794 +#: book.translate.xml:2798 msgid "The FreeBSD Handbook" msgstr "FreeBSD 使用手冊" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2797 +#: book.translate.xml:2801 msgid "" "/usr/local/share/doc/freebsd/handbook/index.html/usr/local/share/doc/freebsd/faq/index.htmlhttp://www.FreeBSD.org/." @@ -3163,12 +3298,12 @@ "\"http://www.FreeBSD.org/\">http://www.FreeBSD.org/。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:2826 +#: book.translate.xml:2830 msgid "Installing FreeBSD" msgstr "安裝 FreeBSD" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:2852 +#: book.translate.xml:2858 msgid "" " Gavin Atkinson Updated for bsdinstall by " @@ -3175,7 +3310,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:2861 +#: book.translate.xml:2867 msgid "" " Warren Block " @@ -3182,7 +3317,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:2870 +#: book.translate.xml:2876 msgid "" " Allan Jude Updated for root-on-ZFS by " @@ -3189,12 +3324,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:2884 +#: book.translate.xml:2890 msgid "installation" msgstr "安裝" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:2886 +#: book.translate.xml:2892 msgid "" "Beginning with FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE, FreeBSD provides an easy to use, text-" "based installation program named bsdinstall. This " @@ -3206,7 +3341,7 @@ "bsdinstall 來安裝 FreeBSD。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:2892 +#: book.translate.xml:2898 msgid "" "In general, the installation instructions in this chapter are written for " "the i386 and AMD64 architectures. " @@ -3221,7 +3356,7 @@ "著來做。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:2901 +#: book.translate.xml:2907 msgid "" "Users who prefer to install FreeBSD using a graphical installer may be " "interested in pc-sysinstall, the installer used " @@ -3237,22 +3372,22 @@ "\">http://wiki.pcbsd.org/index.php/Colophon)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2913 +#: book.translate.xml:2919 msgid "The minimum hardware requirements and FreeBSD supported architectures." msgstr "最低的硬體需求和 FreeBSD 支援的架構。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2918 +#: book.translate.xml:2924 msgid "How to create the FreeBSD installation media." msgstr "如何建立 FreeBSD 的安裝媒體。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2922 +#: book.translate.xml:2928 msgid "How to start bsdinstall." msgstr "如何開始執行 bsdinstall。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2927 +#: book.translate.xml:2933 msgid "" "The questions bsdinstall will ask, what they " "mean, and how to answer them." @@ -3261,29 +3396,29 @@ "回答。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2932 +#: book.translate.xml:2938 msgid "How to troubleshoot a failed installation." msgstr "安裝失敗時如何做故障排除。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2936 +#: book.translate.xml:2942 msgid "" "How to access a live version of FreeBSD before committing to an installation." msgstr "如何在正式安裝前使用 live 版本的 FreeBSD。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:2941 book.translate.xml:10529 book.translate.xml:13834 -#: book.translate.xml:17905 book.translate.xml:19163 book.translate.xml:23587 -#: book.translate.xml:29257 book.translate.xml:31004 book.translate.xml:31756 -#: book.translate.xml:35400 book.translate.xml:41331 book.translate.xml:41526 -#: book.translate.xml:42850 book.translate.xml:43884 book.translate.xml:45265 -#: book.translate.xml:45624 book.translate.xml:47835 book.translate.xml:49541 -#: book.translate.xml:57188 book.translate.xml:60834 +#: book.translate.xml:2947 book.translate.xml:10594 book.translate.xml:13899 +#: book.translate.xml:17970 book.translate.xml:19228 book.translate.xml:23652 +#: book.translate.xml:29322 book.translate.xml:31069 book.translate.xml:31821 +#: book.translate.xml:35465 book.translate.xml:41396 book.translate.xml:41591 +#: book.translate.xml:42915 book.translate.xml:43938 book.translate.xml:46099 +#: book.translate.xml:46458 book.translate.xml:48669 book.translate.xml:50375 +#: book.translate.xml:58022 book.translate.xml:61673 msgid "Before reading this chapter, you should:" msgstr "在開始閱讀這章之前，您需要︰" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2945 +#: book.translate.xml:2951 msgid "" "Read the supported hardware list that shipped with the version of FreeBSD to " "be installed and verify that the system's hardware is supported." @@ -3291,74 +3426,64 @@ "閱讀即將安裝的 FreeBSD 版本所附帶的硬體支援清單，並核對系統的硬體是否有支援。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:2953 +#: book.translate.xml:2959 msgid "Minimum Hardware Requirements" msgstr "最低硬體需求" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:2955 +#: book.translate.xml:2961 msgid "" -"The hardware requirements to install FreeBSD vary by the hardware " -"architecture. Hardware architectures and devices supported by a FreeBSD " -"release are listed on the Release Information page of the FreeBSD web site " -"(http://www." -"FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html)." +"The hardware requirements to install FreeBSD vary by architecture. Hardware " +"architectures and devices supported by a FreeBSD release are listed on the " +"FreeBSD Release " +"Information page. The FreeBSD download page also has recommendations for choosing the " +"correct image for different architectures." msgstr "" "安裝 FreeBSD 的硬體需求隨 FreeBSD 的版本和硬體架構而不同。 FreeBSD 發行版支援" -"的硬體架構和裝置可在 FreeBSD 網站 (http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html)的發" -"行資訊頁面找到。" +"的硬體架構和裝置會列在 FreeBSD 發佈資訊 頁面。FreeBSD 下載頁面\n" +"也有建議如何正確的選擇在不同架構使用的映像檔。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:2960 +#: book.translate.xml:2968 msgid "" -"A FreeBSD installation will require a minimum 64 MB of RAM and 1.5 GB of free hard drive space for the most minimal " -"installation. However, that is a minimal install, " -"leaving almost no free space. RAM requirements depend on usage. Specialized " -"FreeBSD systems can run in as little as 128MB RAM while desktop systems " -"should have at least 4 GB of RAM." +"A FreeBSD installation requires a minimum of 64 MB of RAM " +"and 1.5 GB of free hard drive space. However, such small amounts of memory " +"and disk space are really only suitable for custom applications like " +"embedded appliances. General-purpose desktop systems need more resources. " +"2-4 GB RAM and at least 8 GB hard drive space is a good starting point." msgstr "" -"FreeBSD 最小安裝需要至少 64 MB 的 RAM 和 1.5 GB 的可用硬碟" -"空間 但是這真的是 最小，幾乎沒有剩下多餘的空間。 RAM 的" -"需求視實際使用而訂，經特殊處理過後的 FreeBSD 系統可只使用 128MB RAM，圖形化環" -"境最少需要 4 GB 的 RAM。" +"FreeBSD 安裝程序需要至少 64 MB 的 RAM 以及 1.5 GB 的硬碟空" +"間。然而，這樣少的記憶體及磁碟空間只適合在客製的應用上，如嵌入式設備，一般用" +"途的桌面系統會需要更多的資源，2-4 GB RAM 與至少 8 GB 的硬碟空間是不錯的起點。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:2969 -msgid "" -"The processor requirements for each architecture can be summarized as " -"follows:" +#: book.translate.xml:2976 +msgid "These are the processor requirements for each architecture:" msgstr "每一種架構的處理器需求概述如下：" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:2974 +#: book.translate.xml:2981 msgid "amd64" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2976 +#: book.translate.xml:2983 msgid "" -"This is the most common type of processor desktop and laptop computers will " -"have. Other vendors may call this architecture x86-64." +"This is the most common desktop and laptop processor type, used in most " +"modern systems. Intel calls it " +"Intel64. Other manufacturers sometimes call it " +"x86-64." msgstr "" -"這桌上型電腦與筆記型電腦是最常見的處理器類型，有些廠商可能會稱之為 " -"x86-64。" +"桌面電腦與筆記型電腦最常見的處理器類型，運用在近代的系統。Intel 稱該類型為 Intel64，其他" +"製造商則稱該類型為 x86-64。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2980 +#: book.translate.xml:2988 msgid "" -"There are two primary vendors of amd64 processors: Intel (which produces Intel64 " -"class processors) and AMD (which produces AMD64)." -msgstr "" -"主要有兩個廠商提供 amd64 處理器：Intel (生產 Intel64 級處理器) 以及 AMD (生產 " -"AMD64)。" - -#. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2985 -msgid "" "Examples of amd64 compatible processsors include: AMD Athlon64, AMD Opteron, multi-core Intel Xeon, and " @@ -3372,17 +3497,17 @@ "器。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:2993 +#: book.translate.xml:2996 msgid "i386" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2995 -msgid "This architecture is the 32-bit x86 architecture." -msgstr "這個架構即為 32-bit x86 架構。" +#: book.translate.xml:2998 +msgid "Older desktops and laptops often use this 32-bit, x86 architecture." +msgstr "舊型的桌面電腦與筆記型電腦常使用此 32-bit, x86 架構。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:2998 +#: book.translate.xml:3001 msgid "" "Almost all i386-compatible processors with a floating point unit are " "supported. All Intel processors " @@ -3392,30 +3517,30 @@ "\"registered\">Intel 486 或是更高階的處理器也有支援。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3002 +#: book.translate.xml:3005 msgid "" "FreeBSD will take advantage of Physical Address Extensions (PAE) support on CPUs that support this feature. A " -"kernel with the PAE feature enabled will detect memory " -"above 4 GB and allow it to be used by the system. This feature places " -"constraints on the device drivers and other features of FreeBSD which may be " -"used; refer to pae4) support on CPUs with this feature. A kernel " +"with the PAE feature enabled will detect memory above " +"4 GB and allow it to be used by the system. However, using PAE places constraints on device drivers and other features of FreeBSD. " +"Refer to pae4 for details." msgstr "" -"若 CPU 有支援實體位址延伸(PAE) 功能，" -"FreeBSD 可以運用這項功能的所帶來優點。有開啟 PAE 支援的核" -"心會偵測超過 4 GB 的記憶體，並讓這些記憶體能夠被系統使用。 這項功能會限制驅動" -"程式以及 FreeBSD 可能使用的其他功能，詳情請見 " -"pae4。" +"FreeBSD 可在有支援實體位址延伸 (Physical Address Extensions, PAE) 功能的 CPU 上運用該功能所帶來的優點。有開啟 " +"PAE 支援的核心會偵測超過 4 GB 的記憶體，並讓這些超過的記憶" +"體能夠被系統使用。 但使用 PAE 會限制裝置驅動程式及 " +"FreeBSD 的其他功能，詳情請見 pae4。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:3014 +#: book.translate.xml:3017 msgid "ia64" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3016 +#: book.translate.xml:3019 msgid "" "Currently supported processors are the Itanium and the ItaniumIntel 460GX 和 Intel E8870。 單處理器 (Uniprocessor, " "UP) 和對稱多處理器 (Symmetric Multi-processor, " -"SMP)的設定都有支援。" +"SMP) 的設定都有支援。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:3026 +#: book.translate.xml:3029 msgid "pc98" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3028 +#: book.translate.xml:3031 msgid "" "NEC PC-9801/9821 series with almost all i386-compatible processors, " "including 80486, Pentium, " @@ -3456,7 +3581,7 @@ "FC-9801/9821 及 NEC SV-98 系列也有支援。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3037 +#: book.translate.xml:3040 msgid "" "High-resolution mode is not supported. NEC PC-98XA/XL/RL/XL^2, and NEC PC-" "H98 series are supported in normal (PC-9801 compatible) mode only. The " @@ -3470,12 +3595,12 @@ "流排不支援。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:3048 +#: book.translate.xml:3051 msgid "powerpc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3050 +#: book.translate.xml:3053 msgid "" "All New World ROM Apple Mac systems with " @@ -3488,28 +3613,26 @@ "CPU 的機器都有支援。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3055 +#: book.translate.xml:3058 msgid "A 32-bit kernel can only use the first 2 GB of RAM." msgstr "32 位元的核心只能使用前 2 GB 的 RAM。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:3061 +#: book.translate.xml:3064 msgid "sparc64" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3063 +#: book.translate.xml:3066 msgid "" -"Systems supported by FreeBSD/sparc64 are listed at the FreeBSD/sparc64 " -"Project (http://" -"www.freebsd.org/platforms/sparc.html)." +"Systems supported by FreeBSD/sparc64 are listed at the FreeBSD/sparc64 Project." msgstr "" -"FreeBSD/sparc64 支援的系統列在 FreeBSD/sparc64 計劃 (http://www.freebsd.org/platforms/" -"sparc.html)。" +"FreeBSD/sparc64 支援的系統列在 FreeBSD/sparc64 計劃。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3066 +#: book.translate.xml:3070 msgid "" "SMP is supported on all systems with more than 1 " "processor. A dedicated disk is required as it is not possible to share a " @@ -3519,12 +3642,12 @@ "因為此時無法和其他作業系統共用磁碟。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:3076 +#: book.translate.xml:3080 msgid "Pre-Installation Tasks" msgstr "安裝前準備工作" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:3078 +#: book.translate.xml:3082 msgid "" "Once it has been determined that the system meets the minimum hardware " "requirements for installing FreeBSD, the installation file should be " @@ -3536,12 +3659,12 @@ "體。 做這些之前，先檢查以下核對清單的項目是否準備好了：" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:3087 +#: book.translate.xml:3091 msgid "Back Up Important Data" msgstr "備份重要資料" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3089 +#: book.translate.xml:3093 msgid "" "Before installing any operating system, always backup " "all important data first. Do not store the backup on the system being " @@ -3552,28 +3675,29 @@ "system's disk, all data stored on that disk will be lost." msgstr "" "安裝任何作業系統前， 總是 要先備份所有重要資料。 不要儲" -"存備份在即將安裝的系統上。改為將資料儲存在可移除磁碟，像是 USB 隨身碟，網路上的另一個系統或是線上備份服務上。 開始安裝前，要測試備" -"份，確定它含有所有需要的檔案。 一旦安裝程式格式化系統的磁碟，所有儲存在上面的" -"資料都會遺失。" +"存備份在即將安裝的系統上，而是將資料儲存在可移除磁碟，像是 USB 隨身碟、網路上的另一個系統或是線上備份服務上。 開始安裝程序前要檢查" +"備份，確定備份含有所有需要的檔案，一旦安裝程式格式化系統的磁碟，所有儲存在上" +"面的資料都會遺失。" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:3101 +#: book.translate.xml:3105 msgid "Decide Where to Install FreeBSD" msgstr "決定 FreeBSD 安裝在哪裡" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3103 +#: book.translate.xml:3107 msgid "" "If FreeBSD will be the only operating system installed, this step can be " "skipped. But if FreeBSD will share the disk with another operating system, " "decide which disk or partition will be used for FreeBSD." msgstr "" -"如果 FreeBSD 是唯一要安裝的作業系統，這個步驟可以略過。 但是假如 FreeBSD 將和" -"其他作業系統分享磁碟空間的話，要決定 FreeBSD 要安裝在哪個磁碟或是哪個分割區。" +"如果 FreeBSD 是唯一一套要安裝到電腦的作業系統，這個步驟可以略過。 但是假如 " +"FreeBSD 要和其他作業系統共用磁碟空間的話，就要決定 FreeBSD 要安裝在哪個磁碟或" +"是哪個分割區 (Partition)。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3108 +#: book.translate.xml:3112 msgid "" "In the i386 and amd64 architectures, disks can be divided into multiple " "partitions using one of two partitioning schemes. A traditional " @@ -3587,17 +3711,19 @@ "partitioning a disk. Common GPT implementations allow up " "to 128 partitions per disk, eliminating the need for logical partitions." msgstr "" -"在 i386 和 amd64 平台，磁碟可以使用兩種分割區配置之一來分割成多個分割區。 傳" -"統的主開機紀錄 (Master Boot Record, MBR) 有一個分割區表定義最多到 主分割區。 因為歷史" -"性的理由， FreeBSD 稱這些主分割區為 slices。 其中一個" -"主分割區可以分成一個 延伸分割區 ，他包含多個 邏輯分割區。 GUID 分" -"割區表 (GUID Partition Table, GPT) 是較新和較" -"簡單的分割磁碟的方法，一般 GPT 實作允許每個磁碟最多達 128 " -"個分割區，減少使用邏輯分割區的需要。" +"在 i386 和 amd64 架構，可將磁碟分割成多個分割區，可以選擇下列兩種分割表格式 " +"(Partitioning scheme) 的其中一種達成。 傳統的主開機紀錄 (Master " +"Boot Record, MBR) 的一個分割區表定義最多可有四" +"個主分割區 (Primary partition)，因一些歷史淵源，" +"FreeBSD 稱這些主分割區為 slice，其中一個主分割區可作為" +"延伸分割區 (Extended partition)，延伸分割區又可分割成" +"多個邏輯分割區 (Logical partition)。 GUID " +"分割區表 (GUID Partition Table, GPT) 是較新和" +"較簡單的分割磁碟的方法，一般 GPT 實作允許每個磁碟多達 128 " +"個分割區，不再需要使用邏輯分割區。" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:3126 +#: book.translate.xml:3130 msgid "" "Some older operating systems, like Windows XP, are not compatible with the GPT partition " @@ -3605,11 +3731,11 @@ "MBR partitioning is required." msgstr "" "一些比較舊的作業系統，像是 Windows XP 不相容 GPT 分割區配置。 如果 FreeBSD 將和這" -"樣的作業系統共享一個磁碟，那就需要用 MBR 分割。" +"trademark> XP 並不相容 GPT 分割表格式。 如果 FreeBSD 將和" +"這類作業系統共用一個磁碟，則需要用 MBR 分割表格式。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3133 +#: book.translate.xml:3137 msgid "" "The FreeBSD boot loader requires either a primary or GPT " "partition. If all of the primary or GPT partitions are " @@ -3619,11 +3745,11 @@ msgstr "" "FreeBSD 開機啟動程式需要主分割區或是 GPT 分割區。如果所有" "的主分割區或 GPT 分割區都已使用，必須釋放其中一個分割區讓 " -"FreeBSD 使用。如果要建立一個分割區而不刪除原有的資料，可以使用磁碟分割工具來" -"縮小現有的分割區，並使用多出的空間來建立新分割區。" +"FreeBSD 使用。如果要建立一個分割區而不刪除原有的資料，可以使用磁碟重設大小的" +"工具來縮小現有的分割區，並使用釋放出來的空間建立新分割區。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3141 +#: book.translate.xml:3145 msgid "" "A variety of free and commercial partition resizing tools are listed at " "GParted is also included with " "many other Linux live CD distributions." msgstr "" -"各種自由的和商業化的磁碟分割工具列於 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "List_of_disk_partitioning_software。GParted Live (http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php) 是包含分割編輯工具 " -"GParted 的自由的 live CD。 " -"GParted 也包含在許多 Linux live CD 套件裡。" +"\">http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php) 是內含分割區編輯程式 " +"GParted 的免費 Live CD。 " +"GParted 同時也被許多 Linux Live CD 發行版所收錄。" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:3151 +#: book.translate.xml:3155 msgid "" "When used properly, disk shrinking utilities can safely create space for " "creating a new partition. Since the possibility of selecting the wrong " @@ -3651,12 +3777,12 @@ "partition exists, always backup any important data and verify the integrity " "of the backup before modifying disk partitions." msgstr "" -"當正確地使用，磁碟分割工具可以安全地建立空間讓新的分割區使用。 因為有可能會誤" -"選已經存在的分割區，所以在修改磁碟分割區前， 一定要備份重要資料，並確認備份的" -"完整性。" +"在正確使用的情況下，磁碟重設大小的工具可以安全的建立讓新的分割區使用的空間。 " +"但因仍有可能會誤選已經存在的分割區，所以在修改磁碟分割區前， 一定要備份重要資" +"料，並確認備份的完整性。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3158 +#: book.translate.xml:3162 msgid "" "Disk partitions containing different operating systems make it possible to " "install multiple operating systems on one computer. An alternative is to use " @@ -3664,27 +3790,27 @@ "operating systems to run at the same time without modifying any disk " "partitions." msgstr "" -"包含不同作業系統的磁碟分割區可以讓一台電腦安裝多重作業系統。 另一種作法是使用" -"虛擬化 () ，可以讓多重作業系統同時間執行而" -"不需要改變任何磁碟分割區。" +"在磁碟分割區中儲存不同的作業系統讓一台電腦可以安裝多個作業系統，另一種作法是" +"使用虛擬化技術 () ，可讓多個作業系統同時間" +"執行而不需要改變任何磁碟分割區。" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:3167 +#: book.translate.xml:3171 msgid "Collect Network Information" msgstr "收集網路資訊" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3169 +#: book.translate.xml:3173 msgid "" "Some FreeBSD installation methods require a network connection in order to " "download the installation files. After any installation, the installer will " "offer to setup the system's network interfaces." msgstr "" -"有些 FreeBSD 安裝方法為了下載安裝檔案需要網路連線。 在系統安裝之後，安裝程式" -"將會讓您設定系統的網路介面。" +"部份 FreeBSD 安裝方式需要網路連線來下載安裝檔，因此之後的安裝程序，安裝程式進" +"入設定系統網路的介面。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3174 +#: book.translate.xml:3178 msgid "" "If the network has a DHCP server, it can be used to " "provide automatic network configuration. If DHCP is not " @@ -3691,38 +3817,38 @@ "available, the following network information for the system must be obtained " "from the local network administrator or Internet service provider:" msgstr "" -"如果網路有 DHCP 伺服器，可以自動設定網路。 如果沒有 " -"DHCP ， 需要從區域網路管理者或是網際網路服務商取得以下系統" -"的網路資訊：" +"如果網路中有 DHCP 伺服器，則可透過該伺服器自動設定網路，若" +"無法使用 DHCP，則需要從區域網路管理者或是網際網路服務供應" +"商 (Internet Service Provider, ISP) 取得以的網路資訊供系統使用：" #. (itstool) path: orderedlist/title -#: book.translate.xml:3182 +#: book.translate.xml:3186 msgid "Required Network Information" msgstr "需要的網路資訊" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:3185 book.translate.xml:52595 +#: book.translate.xml:3189 book.translate.xml:53429 msgid "IP address" msgstr "IP 位址" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3189 +#: book.translate.xml:3193 msgid "Subnet mask" msgstr "子網路遮罩" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3193 +#: book.translate.xml:3197 msgid "IP address of default gateway" msgstr "預設閘道器 IP 位址" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3198 +#: book.translate.xml:3202 msgid "Domain name of the network" msgstr "網路的網域名稱" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3202 +#: book.translate.xml:3206 msgid "" "IP addresses of the network's DNS " "servers" @@ -3729,12 +3855,12 @@ msgstr "網路 DNS 伺服器 IP 位址" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:3209 +#: book.translate.xml:3213 msgid "Check for FreeBSD Errata" msgstr "檢查 FreeBSD 勘誤表" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3211 +#: book.translate.xml:3215 msgid "" "Although the FreeBSD Project strives to ensure that each release of FreeBSD " "is as stable as possible, bugs occasionally creep into the process. On very " @@ -3752,7 +3878,7 @@ "html)。 安裝前要檢查勘誤表，確保沒有會影響到安裝的問題。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3221 +#: book.translate.xml:3225 msgid "" "Information and errata for all the releases can be found on the release " "information section of the FreeBSD web site ()。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:3228 +#: book.translate.xml:3232 msgid "Prepare the Installation Media" msgstr "準備安裝的媒體" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3230 +#: book.translate.xml:3234 msgid "" "The FreeBSD installer is not an application that can be run from within " "another operating system. Instead, download a FreeBSD installation file, " @@ -3777,9 +3903,13 @@ "acronym>, DVD, or USB), and boot the " "system to install from the inserted media." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 安裝程式並不是一個可以在其他作業系統上執行的應用程式，反而您需要下載 " +"FreeBSD 安裝檔，燒錄安裝檔到符合其檔案類型與大小的媒體 (CD, DVD 或 USB)，然後開機從插入的" +"媒體來安裝。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3237 +#: book.translate.xml:3241 msgid "" "FreeBSD installation files are available at www.freebsd.org/where." @@ -3790,30 +3920,39 @@ "file to a DVD, and boot the system with the DVD inserted." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 的安裝檔可於 www.freebsd.org/where.html#download 取得。安裝檔的名稱由 FreeBSD 發" +"佈版本、架構、以及檔案類型所組成，舉例，要從 DVD 安裝 " +"FreeBSD 10.2 到 amd64 的系統，需下載 FreeBSD-10.2-RELEASE-amd64-" +"dvd1.iso，並燒錄這個檔案到 DVD，然後使用插入 " +"DVD 來開機。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3246 +#: book.translate.xml:3250 msgid "" "Installation files are available in several formats. The formats vary " "depending on computer architecture and media type." -msgstr "" +msgstr "安裝檔有許多種可用的格式，格式會依據電腦架構及媒體類型的不同而異。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para #. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#bsdinstall-installation-media-uefi -#: book.translate.xml:3250 +#: book.translate.xml:3254 msgid "" "Additional installation files are included for computers that boot with " "UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface). The names " "of these files include the string uefi." msgstr "" +"還有另一種安裝檔是給使用 UEFI (Unified Extensible " +"Firmware Interface) 開機的電腦使用，這些安裝檔的名稱會含有 uefi。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3256 +#: book.translate.xml:3260 msgid "File types:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "檔案類型:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3260 +#: book.translate.xml:3264 msgid "" "-bootonly.iso: This is the smallest installation file as " "it only contains the installer. A working Internet connection is required " @@ -3821,17 +3960,23 @@ "complete the FreeBSD installation. This file should be burned to a " "CD using a CD burning application." msgstr "" +"-bootonly.iso: 這是最精簡的安裝檔，檔案中只含安裝程式。 安" +"裝時需要網際網路連線來下載所需的檔案以完成 FreeBSD 安裝。這個檔案應使用 " +"CD 燒錄應用程式燒錄到 CD 使用。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3270 +#: book.translate.xml:3274 msgid "" "-disc1.iso: This file contains all of the files needed to " "install FreeBSD, its source, and the Ports Collection. It should be burned " "to a CD using a CD burning application." msgstr "" +"-disc1.iso: 這個檔案含有所有安裝 FreeBSD 所需的檔案，包含" +"原始碼及 Port 套件集。這個檔案應使用 CD 燒錄應用程式燒錄" +"到 CD 使用。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3278 +#: book.translate.xml:3282 msgid "" "-dvd1.iso: This file contains all of the files needed to " "install FreeBSD, its source, and the Ports Collection. It also contains a " @@ -3840,17 +3985,24 @@ "requiring a connection to the Internet. This file should be burned to a " "DVD using a DVD burning application." msgstr "" +"-dvd1.iso: 這個檔案含有所有安裝 FreeBSD 所需的檔案，包含原" +"始碼及 Port 套件集，也內含熱門的 Binary 套件可安裝視窗管理程式以及一些應用程" +"式，如此便可從媒體安裝完整的系統，無須連線到網際網路。這個檔案應使用 " +"DVD 燒錄應用程式燒錄到 DVD 使用。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3289 +#: book.translate.xml:3293 msgid "" "-memstick.img: This file contains all of the files needed " "to install FreeBSD, its source, and the Ports Collection. It should be " "burned to a USB stick using the instructions below." msgstr "" +"-memstick.img: 這個檔案含有所有安裝 FreeBSD 所需的檔案，包" +"含原始碼及 Port 套件集。這個檔案應依據以下操作指示寫入到 USB 隨身碟使用。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3297 +#: book.translate.xml:3301 msgid "" "After downloading the image file, download CHECKSUM.SHA256 from the same directory. Calculate a checksum for this, used as sha256 imagefilename. Other operating systems have similar programs." msgstr "" +"映像檔下載完成之後，下載同一個目錄之中的 CHECKSUM.SHA256。FreeBSD 提供 sha2561 可用來計算映像檔的 " +"校驗和 (Checksum)，使用方式為 sha256 " +"imagefilename，其他作業系統也會有類似的" +"程式。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3305 +#: book.translate.xml:3309 msgid "" "Compare the calculated checksum with the one shown in CHECKSUM." "SHA256. The checksums must match exactly. If the checksums do not " "match, the image file is corrupt and must be downloaded again." msgstr "" +"比對計算後的 checksum 與 CHECKSUM.SHA256 檔案中的值，" +"checksum 應該要完全相符，若 checksum 不相符，則代表該映像檔是損壞的，必須再下" +"載一次。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:3311 +#: book.translate.xml:3315 msgid "Writing an Image File to USB" msgstr "寫入映象檔到 USB" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:3313 +#: book.translate.xml:3317 msgid "" "The *.img file is an image of the " "complete contents of a memory stick. It cannot be " @@ -3882,9 +4043,13 @@ "for writing the *.img to a USB " "stick. This section describes two of these utilities." msgstr "" +"*.img 檔案是隨身碟的完整內容的映像檔 (image)，該檔案不能直接用檔案的方式複製到目標裝置。有" +"許多應用程式可用來寫入 *.img 到 USB " +"隨身碟，本節會介紹其中兩種。" #. (itstool) path: important/para -#: book.translate.xml:3322 +#: book.translate.xml:3326 msgid "" "Before proceeding, back up any important data on the USB " "stick. This procedure will erase the existing data on the stick." @@ -3893,12 +4058,12 @@ "身碟上既有的資料。" #. (itstool) path: procedure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3328 +#: book.translate.xml:3332 msgid "Using dd to Write the Image" msgstr "使用 dd 來寫入映像檔" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:3332 +#: book.translate.xml:3336 msgid "" "This example uses /dev/da0 as the target device where " "the image will be written. Be very careful that the " @@ -3905,9 +4070,12 @@ "correct device is used as this command will destroy the existing data on the " "specified target device." msgstr "" +"本範例使用 /dev/da0 做為目標裝置，是映像檔將會寫入的位" +"置。 務必十分小心確認要使用的裝置正確，因為這個指示會摧" +"毀所有在指定目標裝置上已存在的資料。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3340 +#: book.translate.xml:3344 msgid "" "The dd1 command-line utility is available on BSD, USB device on an " "existing FreeBSD system." msgstr "" +"dd1 指令列工具在 BSD, Linux 以及Mac OS 系統皆可使" +"用。要使用 dd 燒錄映像檔需先插入 USB 隨" +"身碟，然後確認隨身碟的裝置名稱。然後指定已下載的安裝檔名稱以及 USB 隨身碟的裝置名稱。本例示範在已有的 FreeBSD 系統燒錄 amd64 安裝映像檔" +"到第一個 USB 裝置。" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3351 +#: book.translate.xml:3355 #, no-wrap msgid "# dd if=FreeBSD-10.2-RELEASE-amd64-memstick.img of=/dev/da0 bs=1M conv=sync" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3353 +#: book.translate.xml:3357 msgid "" "If this command fails, verify that the USB stick is not " "mounted and that the device name is for the disk, not a partition. Some " @@ -3938,22 +4113,30 @@ "sync8." msgstr "" +"若這個指示執行失敗，請確認 USB 隨身碟是否未掛載，以及該裝" +"置名稱是否為這個隨身碟，而非一個分割區。部份作業系統可能需要使用 " +"sudo8 來執行這個指令。像 Linux 這類的系統可能會暫存寫入動作，要強制完成所有寫入動作，可使用 " +"sync8。" #. (itstool) path: procedure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3364 +#: book.translate.xml:3368 msgid "" "Using Windows to Write the Image" msgstr "使用 Windows 來寫入映象檔" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:3367 +#: book.translate.xml:3371 msgid "" "Be sure to give the correct drive letter as the existing data on the " "specified drive will be overwritten and destroyed." msgstr "" +"務必確認指定的磁碟機代號正確，因在指定磁碟機上的既有資料將會被覆蓋與摧毀。" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:3373 +#: book.translate.xml:3377 msgid "" "Obtaining Image Writer for Windows" @@ -3962,7 +4145,7 @@ "trademark> 版" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3376 +#: book.translate.xml:3380 msgid "" "Image Writer for Windows is a free application that can correctly write an " @@ -3977,12 +4160,12 @@ "夾。" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:3384 +#: book.translate.xml:3388 msgid "Writing the Image with Image Writer" msgstr "用 Image Writer 寫入映象檔" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:3386 +#: book.translate.xml:3390 msgid "" "Double-click the Win32DiskImager icon to start " "the program. Verify that the drive letter shown under " @@ -4001,24 +4184,24 @@ "入隨身碟。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:3401 +#: book.translate.xml:3405 msgid "You are now ready to start installing FreeBSD." msgstr "您現在可以開始安裝 FreeBSD 。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:3407 +#: book.translate.xml:3411 msgid "Starting the Installation" msgstr "開始安裝" #. (itstool) path: important/para -#: book.translate.xml:3410 +#: book.translate.xml:3414 msgid "" "By default, the installation will not make any changes to the disk(s) before " "the following message:" -msgstr "預設安裝程式在下列訊息顯示之前不會對磁碟做任何更動：" +msgstr "預設安裝程序在下列訊息顯示之前不會對磁碟做任何更動：" #. (itstool) path: important/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:3413 +#: book.translate.xml:3417 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Your changes will now be written to disk. If you\n" @@ -4028,7 +4211,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: important/para -#: book.translate.xml:3418 +#: book.translate.xml:3422 msgid "" "The install can be exited at any time prior to this warning. If there is a " "concern that something is incorrectly configured, just turn the computer off " @@ -4038,7 +4221,7 @@ "腦，將不會對系統磁碟做任何更改。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:3425 +#: book.translate.xml:3429 msgid "" "This section describes how to boot the system from the installation media " "which was prepared using the instructions in 指示" +"所準備的安裝媒體來開機。要使用可開機的 USB，請在開啟電腦前插入 USB 隨身碟。要使用 CD 或DVD，則可" +"開啟電腦後在第一時間插入媒體。如何設定系統使用插入的媒體開機依不同的系統架構" +"會有所不同。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:3436 +#: book.translate.xml:3440 msgid "Booting on i386 and amd64" msgstr "在 i386 及 amd64 開機" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3438 +#: book.translate.xml:3442 msgid "" "These architectures provide a BIOS menu for selecting the " "boot device. Depending upon the installation media being used, select the " @@ -4065,30 +4253,40 @@ "BIOS. Typically, the key is either F10, " "F11, F12, or Escape." msgstr "" +"這兩種架構提供了 BIOS 選單可選擇開機的裝置，依據要使用的安" +"裝媒體類型，選擇 CD/DVD 或 " +"USB 裝置做為第一個開機裝置。大多數的系統也會提供快速鍵可在" +"啟動時選擇開機裝置，而不需要進入BIOS，通常這個按鍵可能是 " +"F10, F11, F12 或 " +"Escape 其中之一。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3449 +#: book.translate.xml:3453 msgid "" "If the computer loads the existing operating system instead of the FreeBSD " "installer, then either:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "若電腦仍載入了現有的作業系統，而不是 FreeBSD 安裝程式，原因可能為:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3454 +#: book.translate.xml:3458 msgid "" "The installation media was not inserted early enough in the boot process. " "Leave the media inserted and try restarting the computer." msgstr "" +"執行開機程序時安裝媒體插入主機的時間不夠早，請讓安裝媒體留在電腦中並重新啟動" +"電腦。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3460 +#: book.translate.xml:3464 msgid "" "The BIOS changes were incorrect or not saved. Double-" "check that the right boot device is selected as the first boot device." msgstr "" +"未正確修改 BIOS 或未儲檔，請再三檢查第一個開機裝置選擇了正" +"確的裝置。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3466 +#: book.translate.xml:3470 msgid "" "This system is too old to support booting from the chosen media. In this " "case, the Plop Boot Manager () can be used to boot the " "system from the selected media." msgstr "" +"系統太舊，無法支援使用選擇的開機媒體開機，發生這個情況可以使用 " +"Plop Boot Manager () 來從選擇的開機媒體開機。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:3476 +#: book.translate.xml:3480 msgid "Booting on PowerPC" msgstr "在 PowerPC 開機" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3478 +#: book.translate.xml:3482 msgid "" "On most machines, holding C on the keyboard during boot " "will boot from the CD. Otherwise, hold on non-Apple " "keyboards. At the 0 > prompt, enter" msgstr "" +"在大部份機型，可於開機時按住鍵盤上的 C，便可從 CD 開機。若在非 Apple 的鍵" +"盤則可按住 Command " +"Option O F 或 " +" Windows Alt " +"O F ，出現 0 > 提示時，輸入" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3494 +#: book.translate.xml:3498 #, no-wrap msgid "boot cd:,\\ppc\\loader cd:0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:3498 +#: book.translate.xml:3502 msgid "Booting on SPARC64" msgstr "在 SPARC64 開機" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3500 +#: book.translate.xml:3504 msgid "" "Most SPARC64 systems are set up " "to boot automatically from disk. To install FreeBSD from a CD requires a break into the PROM." msgstr "" +"大多數 SPARC64 系統會自動從磁碟開" +"機，要從 CD 安裝 FreeBSD 需要進入 PROM。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3504 +#: book.translate.xml:3508 msgid "" "To do this, reboot the system and wait until the boot message appears. The " "message depends on the model, but should look something like this:" msgstr "" +"要進入 PROM，需重新開機系統然後等候開機訊息出現。訊息會依" +"機型而有所不同，但大致結果會如:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:3508 +#: book.translate.xml:3512 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Sun Blade 100 (UltraSPARC-IIe), Keyboard Present\n" @@ -4150,7 +4363,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3513 +#: book.translate.xml:3517 msgid "" "If the system proceeds to boot from disk at this point, press L1A or " @@ -4163,28 +4376,38 @@ "acronym> systems, where the digit indicates the number of the active " "CPU." msgstr "" +"若系統繼續從磁碟開機，此時按下鍵盤上的 L1A 或 StopA 或透過序列 " +"Console 送出 BREAK。當使用 tip " +"或 cu, ~# 發出一個 BREAK 後，" +"PROM 的提示會在單 CPU 的系統出現 " +"ok，SMP 的系統出現 ok {0} ，其中的數字代表啟動的 CPU 數。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3525 +#: book.translate.xml:3529 msgid "" "At this point, place the CD into the drive and type " "boot cdrom from the PROM prompt." msgstr "" +"此時，放入 CD 到磁碟機然後在 PROM 提示" +"畫面輸入 boot cdrom。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:3531 +#: book.translate.xml:3535 msgid "FreeBSD Boot Menu" msgstr "FreeBSD 開機選單" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3533 +#: book.translate.xml:3537 msgid "" "Once the system boots from the installation media, a menu similar to the " "following will be displayed:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "從安裝媒體開機之後，會顯示如下的選單：" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3537 +#: book.translate.xml:3541 msgid "FreeBSD Boot Loader Menu" msgstr "FreeBSD 開機載入程式選單" @@ -4193,7 +4416,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:3541 +#: book.translate.xml:3545 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-newboot-loader-menu' md5='__failed__'" @@ -4200,7 +4423,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3546 +#: book.translate.xml:3550 msgid "" "By default, the menu will wait ten seconds for user input before booting " "into the FreeBSD installer or, if FreeBSD is already installed, before " @@ -4208,17 +4431,24 @@ "selections, press Space. To select an option, press its " "highlighted number, character, or key. The following options are available." msgstr "" +"預設在開機進入 FreeBSD 安裝程式前選單會等候使用者輸入 10 秒鐘，若已經安裝 " +"FreeBSD，則會在開機進入 FreeBSD 前等候。要暫停開機計時器來仔細查看選項，請按 " +"Space 鍵。要選擇選項，按下明顯標示的數字、字元或按鍵。選單有" +"以下選項可選。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3556 +#: book.translate.xml:3560 msgid "" "Boot Multi User: This will continue the FreeBSD boot " "process. If the boot timer has been paused, press 1, upper- " "or lower-case B, or Enter." msgstr "" +"啟動多使用者模式 (Boot Multi User): 這個選項會繼續 " +"FreeBSD 開機程序，若開機計時器已經暫停，可按 1、大寫或小寫 " +"B 或 Enter 鍵。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3564 +#: book.translate.xml:3568 msgid "" "Boot Single User: This mode can be used to fix an " "existing FreeBSD installation as described in . Press 2 or the upper- or lower-case S to enter this mode." msgstr "" +"啟動單使用者模式 (Boot Single User): 這個模式用來修正已安" +"裝的 FreeBSD，如 所述。可按 2、大寫或小寫 S 進入這個模式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3572 +#: book.translate.xml:3576 msgid "" "Escape to loader prompt: This will boot the system into a " "repair prompt that contains a limited number of low-level commands. This " @@ -4234,21 +4467,27 @@ "prompt is described in . Press 3 or Esc to boot into this prompt." msgstr "" +"離開到載入程式提示 (Escape to loader prompt): 這個選項會開" +"機進入修復提示，這個模式含有有限數量的低階指令，這個模式詳細說明於 。可按 3 或 Esc 進" +"入這個提示。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3581 +#: book.translate.xml:3585 msgid "Reboot: Reboots the system." -msgstr "" +msgstr "重新開機 (Reboot): 重新開啟系統。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3585 +#: book.translate.xml:3589 msgid "" "Configure Boot Options: Opens the menu shown in, and " "described under, ." msgstr "" +"設定開機選項 (Configure Boot Options): 開啟內部選單，詳細" +"說明於 。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3591 +#: book.translate.xml:3595 msgid "FreeBSD Boot Options Menu" msgstr "FreeBSD 開機選項選單" @@ -4257,21 +4496,23 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:3595 +#: book.translate.xml:3599 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-boot-options-menu' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3600 +#: book.translate.xml:3604 msgid "" "The boot options menu is divided into two sections. The first section can be " "used to either return to the main boot menu or to reset any toggled options " "back to their defaults." msgstr "" +"開機選項選單分成兩個部份。第一個部份用來返回主開機選單或重設任何已切換的選項" +"回預設值。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3605 +#: book.translate.xml:3609 msgid "" "The next section is used to toggle the available options to On or Off by pressing the option's highlighted " @@ -4279,24 +4520,32 @@ "these options until they are modified. Several options can be toggled using " "this menu:" msgstr "" +"第二個部份用來切換可用的選項為開 (On) 或關 (Off)，透過按下選項明顯標示的編號或字元。系統將會一直使用這些選項開機，直" +"到選項被修改。有數個選項可以在這個選單做切換：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3614 +#: book.translate.xml:3618 msgid "" "ACPI Support: If the system hangs during boot, try " "toggling this option to Off." msgstr "" +"ACPI 支援 (ACPI Support): 若系統在開機時卡住，可嘗試切換這" +"個選項為關 (Off)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3620 +#: book.translate.xml:3624 msgid "" "Safe Mode: If the system still hangs during boot even " "with ACPI Support set to Off, try " "setting this option to On." msgstr "" +"安全模式 (Safe Mode): 若系統在 ACPI 支援 (ACPI " +"Support) 設為關 (Off) 時開機時仍然會卡住，可嘗試" +"將此選項設為開 (On)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3627 +#: book.translate.xml:3631 msgid "" "Single User: Toggle this option to On " "to fix an existing FreeBSD installation as described in . Once the problem is fixed, set it back to Off." msgstr "" +"單使用者 (Single User): 切換這個選項為開 (On) 來修正已存在的 FreeBSD 如 所" +"述，問題修正後，將其設回關 (Off)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3635 +#: book.translate.xml:3639 msgid "" "Verbose: Toggle this option to On to " "see more detailed messages during the boot process. This can be useful when " "troubleshooting a piece of hardware." msgstr "" +"詳細資訊 (Verbose): 切換這個選項為開 (On) 來查看開機程序中更詳細的訊息，這在診斷硬體問題時非常有用。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3642 +#: book.translate.xml:3646 msgid "" "After making the needed selections, press 1 or " "Backspace to return to the main boot menu, then press " @@ -4322,9 +4576,13 @@ "loads the installation program. Once the boot is complete, the welcome menu " "shown in will be displayed." msgstr "" +"在做完所需的選擇後，按下 1 或 Backspace 返" +"回主開機選單，然後按下 Enter 繼續開機進入 FreeBSD。FreeBSD " +"執行裝置偵測及載入安裝程式時會顯示一系列的開機訊息，開機完成之後，會顯示歡迎" +"選單如 。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3651 +#: book.translate.xml:3655 msgid "Welcome Menu" msgstr "歡迎選單" @@ -4333,13 +4591,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:3655 +#: book.translate.xml:3659 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-choose-mode' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3660 +#: book.translate.xml:3664 msgid "" "Press Enter to select the default of " "[ Install ] to enter the installer. The rest of this " @@ -4351,9 +4609,15 @@ "try out FreeBSD before installing it. The live version is described in ." msgstr "" +"按下 Enter 選擇預設的 [ Install ] 進" +"入安裝程式，接下來本章將介紹如何使用這個安裝程式。 若要選擇其他項目，可使用右" +"或左方向鍵或顏色標示的字母選擇想要的選單項目。[ Shell ] 可用來進入 FreeBSD 的 Shell 使用指令列工具在安裝之前準備磁碟。" +"[ Live CD ] 選項可用來在安裝之前試用 FreeBSD，Live 版" +"本的詳細說明於 。" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:3673 +#: book.translate.xml:3677 msgid "" "To review the boot messages, including the hardware device probe, press the " "upper- or lower-case S and then Enter to " @@ -4361,14 +4625,18 @@ "command> and use the space bar to scroll through the messages. When " "finished, type exit to return to the welcome menu." msgstr "" +"要重新檢視開機訊息，包含硬體裝置偵測，請按大寫或小寫 S 然後" +"再按 Enter 進入 Shell。在 Shell 提示之後輸入 more /" +"var/run/dmesg.boot 然後使用空白鍵來捲動訊息。當查看完畢後輸入 " +"exit 返回歡迎選單。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:3686 +#: book.translate.xml:3690 msgid "Using bsdinstall" msgstr "使用 bsdinstall" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:3688 +#: book.translate.xml:3692 msgid "" "This section shows the order of the bsdinstall " "menus and the type of information that will be asked before the system is " @@ -4377,22 +4645,28 @@ "press Enter to save the selection and move onto the next " "screen." msgstr "" +"本節將告訴您在系統安裝之前 bsdinstall 選單的順序以" +"及會詢問的資訊類型，可使用方向鍵來選擇選單的選項，然後按下 Space 選擇或取消選擇選單項目。當完成之後，按下 Enter 儲存" +"選項然後進入下一個畫面。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:3697 +#: book.translate.xml:3701 msgid "Selecting the Keymap Menu" msgstr "選擇鍵盤對應表選單" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3699 +#: book.translate.xml:3703 msgid "" "Depending on the system console being used, bsdinstall may initially display the menu shown in ." msgstr "" +"依據使用的系統 Console，bsdinstall 可能一開始顯示" +"的選單會如 。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3704 +#: book.translate.xml:3708 msgid "Keymap Selection" msgstr "鍵盤對應表選擇" @@ -4401,7 +4675,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:3708 +#: book.translate.xml:3712 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-keymap-select-default' md5='__failed__'" @@ -4408,7 +4682,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3713 +#: book.translate.xml:3717 msgid "" "To configure the keyboard layout, press Enter with " "[ YES ] selected, which will display the menu shown " @@ -4416,9 +4690,13 @@ "layout, use the arrow key to select [ NO ] and press " "Enter to skip this menu screen." msgstr "" +"要設定鍵盤配置，請選擇 [ YES ] 按下 Enter，接著會顯示選單如 。若要" +"使用預設的配置，則可使用方向鍵選擇 [ NO ] 然後按下 " +"Enter 跳過這個選單畫面。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3722 +#: book.translate.xml:3726 msgid "Selecting Keyboard Menu" msgstr "選擇鍵盤選單" @@ -4427,29 +4705,34 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:3726 +#: book.translate.xml:3730 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-keymap' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3731 +#: book.translate.xml:3735 msgid "" "When configuring the keyboard layout, use the up and down arrows to select " "the keymap that most closely represents the mapping of the keyboard attached " "to the system. Press Enter to save the selection." msgstr "" +"設定鍵盤配置時，可使用上與下方向鍵來選擇最接近已連接到系統的鍵盤的鍵盤對應表 " +"(Keymap)，然後按下 Enter 儲存選項。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:3737 +#: book.translate.xml:3741 msgid "" "Pressing Esc will exit this menu and use the default " "keymap. If the choice of keymap is not clear, United States of " "America ISO-8859-1 is also a safe option." msgstr "" +"按 Esc 會離開這個選單然後使用預設的鍵盤對應表，若不清選要使" +"用那種鍵盤對應表，United States of America ISO-8859-1 是也是保險的選項。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3743 +#: book.translate.xml:3747 msgid "" "In FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE and later, this menu has been enhanced. The full " "selection of keymaps is shown, with the default preselected. In addition, " @@ -4456,9 +4739,12 @@ "when selecting a different keymap, a dialog is displayed that allows the " "user to try the keymap and ensure it is correct before proceeding." msgstr "" +"在 FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE 以及之後的版本，已經加強了這個選單，會顯示完整的鍵盤" +"對應表選項，並預先選擇預設值。另外，當選擇其他鍵盤對應用時，在繼續之前會顯示" +"對話框讓使用者測試鍵盤對應表來確認。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3750 +#: book.translate.xml:3754 msgid "Enhanced Keymap Menu" msgstr "改進後的鍵盤對應表選單" @@ -4467,7 +4753,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:3754 +#: book.translate.xml:3758 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-keymap-10' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" @@ -4474,16 +4760,18 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect2/title #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3762 book.translate.xml:3769 +#: book.translate.xml:3766 book.translate.xml:3773 msgid "Setting the Hostname" msgstr "設定主機名稱" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3764 +#: book.translate.xml:3768 msgid "" "The next bsdinstall menu is used to set the " "hostname for the newly installed system." msgstr "" +"下一個 bsdinstall 選單用來為新安裝的系統設定主機名" +"稱。" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -4490,31 +4778,34 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:3773 +#: book.translate.xml:3777 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-hostname' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3778 +#: book.translate.xml:3782 msgid "" "Type in a hostname that is unique for the network. It should be a fully-" "qualified hostname, such as machine3." "example.com." msgstr "" +"輸入在網路上獨一無二的主機名稱，主機名稱要是完整的主機名稱，如 machine3.example.com。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3783 book.translate.xml:3789 +#: book.translate.xml:3787 book.translate.xml:3793 msgid "Selecting Components to Install" msgstr "選擇要安裝的元件" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3785 +#: book.translate.xml:3789 msgid "" "Next, bsdinstall will prompt to select optional " "components to install." msgstr "" +"接下來 bsdinstall 會提示選擇要安裝的選用元件。" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -4521,13 +4812,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:3793 +#: book.translate.xml:3797 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-components' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3798 +#: book.translate.xml:3802 msgid "" "Deciding which components to install will depend largely on the intended use " "of the system and the amount of disk space available. The FreeBSD kernel and " @@ -4535,9 +4826,12 @@ "always installed. Depending on the architecture, some of these components " "may not appear:" msgstr "" +"決定要安裝的元件主要會根據系統的用途以及可用的磁碟空間容量。FreeBSD 核心 " +"(Kernel) 及 Userland 統稱為 基礎系統 (Base system)，是" +"必須安裝的部份。依據系統的架構，部份元件可能不會顯示:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3807 +#: book.translate.xml:3811 msgid "" "doc - Additional documentation, mostly of historical " "interest, to install into /usr/share/doc. The " @@ -4545,24 +4839,33 @@ "later using the instructions in ." msgstr "" +"doc - 額外的說明文件，大部份是經年累月的產物，會安裝到 " +"/usr/share/doc。由 FreeBSD 文件計劃所提供的說明文件可在" +"之後安裝，依照 中的指示" +"操作。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3815 +#: book.translate.xml:3819 msgid "" "games - Several traditional BSD games, " "including fortune, rot13, and others." msgstr "" +"games - 數個傳統 BSD 遊戲，包含 " +"fortune, rot13 以及其" +"他。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3822 +#: book.translate.xml:3826 msgid "" "lib32 - Compatibility libraries for running 32-bit " "applications on a 64-bit version of FreeBSD." msgstr "" +"lib32 - 在 64-bit 版本的 FreeBSD 供執行 32-bit 應用程式使" +"用的相容性程式庫。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3828 +#: book.translate.xml:3832 msgid "" "ports - The FreeBSD Ports Collection is a collection of " "files which automates the downloading, compiling and installation of third-" @@ -4569,17 +4872,21 @@ "party software packages. discusses how to use the " "Ports Collection." msgstr "" +"ports - FreeBSD Port 套件集是一套可自動下載、編譯安裝第三" +"方軟體套件的集合， 中會討論到如何使用 Port 套件集。" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:3835 +#: book.translate.xml:3839 msgid "" "The installation program does not check for adequate disk space. Select this " "option only if sufficient hard disk space is available. The FreeBSD Ports " "Collection takes up about 500 MB of disk space." msgstr "" +"安裝程式並不會檢查是否有充足的磁碟空間，FreeBSD Port 套件集會使用約 500 MB 的" +"磁碟空間，只有在有足夠的磁碟空間時才選擇這個選項。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:3844 +#: book.translate.xml:3848 msgid "" "src - The complete FreeBSD source code for both the " "kernel and the userland. Although not required for the majority of " @@ -4588,15 +4895,20 @@ "FreeBSD itself. The full source tree requires 1 GB of disk space and " "recompiling the entire FreeBSD system requires an additional 5 GB of space." msgstr "" +"src - 完整的 FreeBSD 原始碼，包含核心 (Kernel) 與 " +"Userland。雖然大多數的應用程式並不需要，但它可以編譯裝置驅動程式、核心模組或" +"部份來自 Port 套件集的應用程式，它同時也用來做為開發 FreeBSD 本身所使用。完整" +"的原始碼樹需要 1 GB 的磁碟空間，重新編譯整個 FreeBSD 系統需要額外再 5 GB 的空" +"間。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3857 book.translate.xml:3868 +#: book.translate.xml:3861 book.translate.xml:3872 msgid "Installing from the Network" msgstr "從網路安裝" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3859 +#: book.translate.xml:3863 msgid "" "The menu shown in only " "appears when installing from a -bootonly.iso " @@ -4605,6 +4917,10 @@ "network connection, this menu indicates that the network interface must be " "first configured." msgstr "" +"於 所示的選單只會在使用 " +"-bootonly.iso CD 安裝時顯示，因這個安" +"裝媒體中並未含安裝檔的複本。由於安裝檔必須透過網路下載，此選單會告知要先設定" +"網路介面。" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -4611,13 +4927,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:3872 +#: book.translate.xml:3876 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-netinstall-files' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3877 +#: book.translate.xml:3881 msgid "" "To configure the network connection, press Enter and follow " "the instructions in . Once " @@ -4626,9 +4942,13 @@ "installed. Files can be retrieved more quickly when the mirror is close to " "the target computer, reducing installation time." msgstr "" +"要設定網路連線，按下 Enter 然後依照 中的指示操作，完成網路介面的設定之後，選" +"擇與要安裝 FreeBSD 的電腦相同所在地區的鏡像站，當鏡像站越接近目標電腦，檔案下" +"載的速度會比較快，這會減少安裝的時間。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3886 +#: book.translate.xml:3890 msgid "Choosing a Mirror" msgstr "選擇鏡像站" @@ -4637,7 +4957,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:3890 +#: book.translate.xml:3894 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-netinstall-mirrorselect' md5='__failed__'" @@ -4644,29 +4964,31 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3895 +#: book.translate.xml:3899 msgid "" "Installation will then continue as if the installation files were located on " "the local installation media." -msgstr "" +msgstr "若在本機的安裝媒體中找到安裝檔案，安裝程序便會繼續。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:3901 +#: book.translate.xml:3905 msgid "Allocating Disk Space" msgstr "配置磁碟空間" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:3903 +#: book.translate.xml:3907 msgid "" "The next menu is used to determine the method for allocating disk space. The " "options available in the menu depend upon the version of FreeBSD being " "installed." msgstr "" +"接下來的選單用來決定配置磁碟空間的方式，選單中可用的選項會依安裝的 FreeBSD 版" +"本而有所不同。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3908 +#: book.translate.xml:3912 msgid "Partitioning Choices on FreeBSD 9.x" -msgstr "FreeBSD 9.x 的分割區選擇" +msgstr "FreeBSD 9.x 的磁碟分割選項" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -4673,7 +4995,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:3912 +#: book.translate.xml:3916 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-guided-manual' md5='__failed__'" @@ -4680,7 +5002,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:3918 +#: book.translate.xml:3922 msgid "Partitioning Choices on FreeBSD 10.x and Higher" msgstr "FreeBSD 10.x 或更新版本的磁碟分割選項" @@ -4689,13 +5011,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:3922 +#: book.translate.xml:3926 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-partmenu' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:3927 +#: book.translate.xml:3931 msgid "" "Guided partitioning automatically sets up the disk " "partitions, Manual partitioning allows advanced users to " @@ -4710,41 +5032,53 @@ "optionally encrypted root-on-ZFS system with support for boot " "environments." msgstr "" +"引導式 (Guided) 磁碟分割會自動設定磁碟的分割區 " +"(Partition)，手動 (Manual) 磁碟分割可讓進階的使用者使用選" +"單項目建立自訂的分割區，而 Shell 會開啟 Shell 提示讓進階的" +"使用者可以使用指示列工具如 gpart8, " +"fdisk8 以及 bsdlabel8 來建立自訂的分割區。" +"ZFS 磁碟分割只在 FreeBSD 10 及之後的版本可以使用，可建立選" +"擇性加密的 root-on-ZFS 系統並支援 開機環境 (Boot environment)。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:3938 +#: book.translate.xml:3942 msgid "" "This section describes what to consider when laying out the disk partitions. " "It then demonstrates how to use the different partitioning methods." msgstr "" +"本節會介紹在配置磁碟分割時需要考量那些事情，並且會示範各種磁碟分割的方式。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:3943 +#: book.translate.xml:3947 msgid "Designing the Partition Layout" msgstr "規劃分割區配置" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:3945 +#: book.translate.xml:3949 msgid "partition layout" msgstr "分割區配置" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:3946 +#: book.translate.xml:3950 msgid "/etc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:3949 +#: book.translate.xml:3953 msgid "/var" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:3952 +#: book.translate.xml:3956 msgid "/usr" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3956 +#: book.translate.xml:3960 msgid "" "When laying out file systems, remember that hard drives transfer data faster " "from the outer tracks to the inner. Thus, smaller and heavier-accessed file " @@ -4754,9 +5088,13 @@ "similar to: /, swap, /var, and " "/usr." msgstr "" +"配置檔案系統時要記得硬碟的傳輸資料外軌較內軌的速度快，因此較小且大量存取的檔" +"案系統應要較接近磁碟的外軌，而較大的分割區如 /usr 應放置" +"在磁碟較內部，建議建立分割區的順序如下: /, swap, " +"/var 然後 /usr。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3966 +#: book.translate.xml:3970 msgid "" "The size of the /var partition reflects the intended " "machine's usage. This partition is used to hold mailboxes, log files, and " @@ -4765,9 +5103,13 @@ "average, most users rarely need more than about a gigabyte of free disk " "space in /var." msgstr "" +"機器預期的用途會反映在 /var 分割區的大小，這個分割區用來" +"保存郵件 (Mailbox)、記錄檔 (Log file) 及印表機緩衝 (Spool)。依使用者數及保存" +"的期間，郵件及記錄檔可能成長到無法預期的大小，一般來說大部份的使用很少會在 " +"/var 需要超過 1 GB 的可用磁碟空間。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:3976 +#: book.translate.xml:3980 msgid "" "Sometimes, a lot of disk space is required in /var/tmp. " "When new software is installed, the packaging tools extract a temporary copy " @@ -4777,34 +5119,43 @@ "tricky to install if there is not enough disk space under /var/" "tmp." msgstr "" +"有時在 /var/tmp 會需要較多的空間，當新軟體安裝，套件工具" +"會從套件中取出暫存的複本置於 /var/tmp。若在 /" +"var/tmp 沒有足夠的空間，要安裝大型軟體套件，例如 " +"Firefox, Apache OpenOffice 或 LibreOffice 會很困難。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3987 +#: book.translate.xml:3991 msgid "" "The /usr partition holds many of the files which " "support the system, including the FreeBSD Ports Collection and system source " "code. At least 2 gigabytes is recommended for this partition." msgstr "" +"/usr 分割區會保存許多支持系統運作的檔案，包含 FreeBSD " +"Port 套件集以及系統原始碼。這個分割區建議至少要有 2 GB 的空間。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:3992 +#: book.translate.xml:3996 msgid "" "When selecting partition sizes, keep the space requirements in mind. Running " "out of space in one partition while barely using another can be a hassle." msgstr "" +"在規劃分割區大小時，請牢記空間需求，當因某個分割區空間不足時要改使用其他分割" +"區時會很麻煩。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:3996 +#: book.translate.xml:4000 msgid "swap sizing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:3999 +#: book.translate.xml:4003 msgid "swap partition" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4003 +#: book.translate.xml:4007 msgid "" "As a rule of thumb, the swap partition should be about double the size of " "physical memory (RAM). Systems with minimal RAMVM page scanning code and " "might create issues later if more memory is added." msgstr "" +"根據經驗，交換分割區應為是實體記憶體 (RAM) 的兩倍。使用最" +"低需求的 RAM 來運作的系統會需要更多的交換空間來取得更好的" +"表現。配置太小的交換交間可能導致 VM 分頁掃描碼效率不佳，且" +"往後增加更多記憶體時可能會產生問題。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4011 +#: book.translate.xml:4015 msgid "" "On larger systems with multiple SCSI disks or multiple " "IDE disks operating on different controllers, it is " @@ -4826,9 +5181,15 @@ "fine, even if swap is not used much. It might be easier to recover from a " "runaway program before being forced to reboot." msgstr "" +"在有數個 SCSI 磁碟或數個 IDE 磁碟在不同" +"控制器的大型系統建議在每個磁碟機上都設定交換空間，最多可至四個磁碟機。每個交" +"換分割區的大小應接近相同。核心雖可以處以任意大小的交換空間，但內部資料結構擴" +"充到 4 倍的最大交換分割區大小時，讓交換分割區擁有相同的大小可以讓核心可以最佳" +"的方式串連各個磁碟的交換空間。規劃較大交換空間是可以的，即使沒有使用到多少交" +"換空間，這也會讓要從失控的程式恢復運作更容易，而不需強制重新啟動系統。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4024 +#: book.translate.xml:4028 msgid "" "By properly partitioning a system, fragmentation introduced in the smaller " "write heavy partitions will not bleed over into the mostly read partitions. " @@ -4839,22 +5200,29 @@ "significant performance improvement over moving /var to " "the edge." msgstr "" +"正確的做磁碟分割，可以區隔頻繁寫入所產生的資料碎片與經常讀取的分割區，將寫入" +"頻繁的分割區放在磁碟的邊緣可以增加 I/O 效率。雖然較大的分" +"割區可能也需要增加 I/O 效率，但將這些分割區往磁碟邊緣移動" +"所增加的效率並不會比將 /var 移到磁碟邊緣所增加的效率來的" +"顯著。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:4037 +#: book.translate.xml:4041 msgid "Guided Partitioning" msgstr "引導式磁碟分割" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4039 +#: book.translate.xml:4043 msgid "" "When this method is selected, a menu will display the available disk(s). If " "multiple disks are connected, choose the one where FreeBSD is to be " "installed." msgstr "" +"當選擇這個方法，選單上會顯示可用的磁碟，若電腦有安裝多個磁碟，則需選擇其中一" +"個來安裝 FreeBSD。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4044 +#: book.translate.xml:4048 msgid "Selecting from Multiple Disks" msgstr "自多個磁碟選擇" @@ -4863,13 +5231,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4048 +#: book.translate.xml:4052 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-guided-disk' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4053 +#: book.translate.xml:4057 msgid "" "Once the disk is selected, the next menu prompts to install to either the " "entire disk or to create a partition using free space. If " @@ -4878,9 +5246,13 @@ "[ Partition ] creates a partition layout from the " "unused space on the disk." msgstr "" +"選擇磁碟之後，接下來選單會提示是否要安裝到整個磁碟或是使用剩餘的空間建立新的" +"分割區。若選擇 [ Entire Disk ]，會自動建立通用的分割區" +"配置來填滿整個磁碟。選擇 [ Partition ] 則會使用磁碟上" +"未使用的空間來建立分割區配置。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4063 +#: book.translate.xml:4067 msgid "Selecting Entire Disk or Partition" msgstr "選擇完整磁碟或分割區" @@ -4889,13 +5261,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4067 +#: book.translate.xml:4071 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-entire-part' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4072 +#: book.translate.xml:4076 msgid "" "After the partition layout has been created, review it to ensure it meets " "the needs of the installation. Selecting [ Revert ] " @@ -4905,9 +5277,14 @@ "When the partitioning is correct, select [ Finish ] " "to continue with the installation." msgstr "" +"分割區配置建立完成之後，再檢查一次確定是否符合安裝的需求。選擇 " +"[ Revert ] 會重設分割區回復為原來的設定值，選擇 " +"[ Auto ] 會重新建立自動配置的 FreeBSD 分割區。分割區也" +"可以手動建立、修改或刪除。當確認磁碟分割正確之後，選擇 " +"[ Finish ] 繼續安裝。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4083 +#: book.translate.xml:4087 msgid "Review Created Partitions" msgstr "確認已建立的分割區" @@ -4916,23 +5293,23 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4087 +#: book.translate.xml:4091 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-review' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:4094 +#: book.translate.xml:4098 msgid "Manual Partitioning" msgstr "手動磁碟分割" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4096 +#: book.translate.xml:4100 msgid "Selecting this method opens the partition editor:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "選擇這個方法會開啟分割區編輯程式：" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4099 book.translate.xml:4114 book.translate.xml:4185 +#: book.translate.xml:4103 book.translate.xml:4118 book.translate.xml:4189 msgid "Manually Create Partitions" msgstr "手動建立分割區" @@ -4941,7 +5318,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4103 +#: book.translate.xml:4107 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-manual-create' md5='__failed__'" @@ -4948,12 +5325,15 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4108 +#: book.translate.xml:4112 msgid "" "Highlight the installation drive (ada0 in this example) " "and select [ Create ] to display a menu of available " "partition schemes:" msgstr "" +"選擇要安裝的磁碟機 (在這個例子為 ada0) 然後選擇 " +"[ Create ] 會以選單顯示可用的分割表格式 (Partition " +"scheme):" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -4960,7 +5340,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4118 +#: book.translate.xml:4122 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-manual-partscheme' md5='__failed__'" @@ -4967,7 +5347,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4123 +#: book.translate.xml:4127 msgid "" "GPT is usually the most appropriate choice for amd64 " "computers. Older computers that are not compatible with GPT should use MBR. The other partition schemes are " "generally used for uncommon or older computers." msgstr "" +"amd64 電腦最適合的選擇通常是 GPT，無法相容 GPT 的舊電腦則應使用 MBR。而其他分割表格式一般會用在" +"那些較罕見或較舊的電腦上。" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:4130 +#: book.translate.xml:4134 msgid "Partitioning Schemes" -msgstr "磁碟分割格式" +msgstr "磁碟分割表格式" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4135 +#: book.translate.xml:4139 msgid "Abbreviation" msgstr "縮寫" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4136 book.translate.xml:7094 book.translate.xml:8437 -#: book.translate.xml:11715 book.translate.xml:22910 book.translate.xml:23089 -#: book.translate.xml:27170 book.translate.xml:31158 book.translate.xml:42885 -#: book.translate.xml:51937 book.translate.xml:52444 book.translate.xml:53203 -#: book.translate.xml:53244 book.translate.xml:54570 book.translate.xml:65255 +#: book.translate.xml:4140 book.translate.xml:7098 book.translate.xml:8441 +#: book.translate.xml:11780 book.translate.xml:22975 book.translate.xml:23154 +#: book.translate.xml:27235 book.translate.xml:31223 book.translate.xml:42950 +#: book.translate.xml:52771 book.translate.xml:53278 book.translate.xml:54037 +#: book.translate.xml:54078 book.translate.xml:55404 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Description" msgstr "說明" @@ -4997,86 +5380,102 @@ #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm #. (itstool) path: glossentry/acronym -#: book.translate.xml:4142 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:4146 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "APM" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4143 +#: book.translate.xml:4147 msgid "" "Apple Partition Map, used by PowerPC." msgstr "" +"Apple Partition Map，用於 PowerPC。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm #. (itstool) path: glossentry/acronym -#: book.translate.xml:4147 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:4151 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "BSD" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4148 +#: book.translate.xml:4152 msgid "" "BSD label without an MBR, sometimes " "called dangerously dedicated mode as non-" "BSD disk utilities may not recognize it." msgstr "" +"無 MBR 的 BSD 標籤，因非 BSD 的磁碟工具可能無法辨識該標籤，有時被稱做 危險專用模式 " +"(Dangerously dedicated mode)。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4156 +#: book.translate.xml:4160 msgid "GPT" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4157 +#: book.translate.xml:4161 msgid "" "GUID Partition Table (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table)." msgstr "" +"GUID 分割區表 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table)。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4161 +#: book.translate.xml:4165 msgid "MBR" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4162 +#: book.translate.xml:4166 msgid "" "Master Boot Record (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record)." msgstr "" +"主開機記錄 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record)。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4166 +#: book.translate.xml:4170 msgid "PC98" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4167 +#: book.translate.xml:4171 msgid "" "MBR variant used by NEC PC-98 computers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pc9801)." msgstr "" +"使用 MBR 改編，用於 NEC PC-98 電腦 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pc9801)。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4172 +#: book.translate.xml:4176 msgid "VTOC8" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4173 +#: book.translate.xml:4177 msgid "Volume Table Of Contents used by Sun SPARC64 and UltraSPARC computers." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Volume Table Of Contents，用於 Sun SPARC64 及 UltraSPARC 電腦。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4180 +#: book.translate.xml:4184 msgid "" "After the partitioning scheme has been selected and created, select " "[ Create ] again to create the partitions." msgstr "" +"選擇完分割區表格式並建立之後，再選擇 [ Create ] 一次來" +"建立分割區。" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -5083,7 +5482,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4189 +#: book.translate.xml:4193 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-part-manual-addpart' md5='__failed__'" @@ -5090,31 +5489,32 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4194 +#: book.translate.xml:4198 msgid "" "A standard FreeBSD GPT installation uses at least three " "partitions:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "標準的 FreeBSD GPT 安裝會使用至少三種分割區:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4199 +#: book.translate.xml:4203 msgid "freebsd-boot - Holds the FreeBSD boot code." -msgstr "" +msgstr "freebsd-boot - 儲存 FreeBSD 開機程式 (Boot code)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4204 +#: book.translate.xml:4208 msgid "" "freebsd-ufs - A FreeBSD UFS file " "system." msgstr "" +"freebsd-ufs - FreeBSD 的 UFS 檔案系統。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4209 +#: book.translate.xml:4213 msgid "freebsd-swap - FreeBSD swap space." -msgstr "" +msgstr "freebsd-swap - FreeBSD 交換空間。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4214 +#: book.translate.xml:4218 msgid "" "Another partition type worth noting is freebsd-zfs, used " "for partitions that will contain a FreeBSD ZFS file " @@ -5123,9 +5523,13 @@ "citerefentry> for descriptions of the available GPT " "partition types." msgstr "" +"另一個值得注意的分割區類型是 freebsd-zfs，這個分割區用來放" +"置 FreeBSD ZFS 檔案系統 ()。請參考 " +"gpart8 取得可用的 GPT 分割區類型說明。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4220 +#: book.translate.xml:4224 msgid "" "Multiple file system partitions can be created and some people prefer a " "traditional layout with separate partitions for /, " @@ -5133,17 +5537,24 @@ "filename>. See for an " "example." msgstr "" +"檔案系統分割區可建立多個，且有部份人會偏好使用傳統的配置方式將 /, /var, /tmp 以及 " +"/usr 分開存放在不同的分割區。請參考 的範例。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4227 +#: book.translate.xml:4231 msgid "" "The Size may be entered with common abbreviations: " "K for kilobytes, M for megabytes, " "or G for gigabytes." msgstr "" +"大小 (Size) 欄位可以使用常用的縮寫來輸入: K 代表 KB, M 代表 MB, G 代" +"表 GB。" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:4233 +#: book.translate.xml:4237 msgid "" "Proper sector alignment provides the best performance, and making partition " "sizes even multiples of 4K bytes helps to ensure alignment on drives with " @@ -5153,17 +5564,25 @@ "freebsd-boot partition should be no larger than 512K " "due to current boot code limitations." msgstr "" +"適當的對齊磁碟扇區 (Sector) 會提供最佳的效能，而且讓分割區大小為 4 KB 的偶數" +"倍數可協助確保對齊在磁碟機上的 512-byte 或 4K-byte 扇區。一般來說，使用分割區" +"大小為 1M 或 1G 的偶數倍數是最簡單的方式確保每個分割區以 4K 的偶數倍數做為開" +"始。唯一一個例外是: freebsd-boot 分割區因目前開機程式 " +"(Boot code) 的限制，不可大於 512K。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4244 +#: book.translate.xml:4248 msgid "" "A Mountpoint is needed if the partition will contain a " "file system. If only a single UFS partition will be " "created, the mountpoint should be /." msgstr "" +"若分割區內含檔案系統便會需要一個掛載點 (Mountpoint)，若只" +"要建立一個 UFS 分割區，那麼掛載點應設為 /。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4249 +#: book.translate.xml:4253 msgid "" "The Label is a name by which the partition will be known. " "Drive names or numbers can change if the drive is connected to a different " @@ -5175,9 +5594,15 @@ "capabilities and their labels appear in different directories in /" "dev/." msgstr "" +"標籤 (Label) 是分割區的名稱，磁碟機名稱或編號可能因為磁碟" +"機連接到不同的控制器或連結埠而有所不同，但分割區標籤並不會改變。因此在檔案如 " +"/etc/fstab 中參照時，使用標籤來替代磁碟機名稱與分割區編" +"號會讓系統對硬體變更有更多的容錯空間。GPT 標籤會於磁碟連結" +"之後出現在 /dev/gpt/。其他分割表格式的標籤格有不同功能，" +"且標籤會在 /dev/ 中有各自的目錄。" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:4262 +#: book.translate.xml:4266 msgid "" "Use a unique label on every partition to avoid conflicts from identical " "labels. A few letters from the computer's name, use, or location can be " @@ -5185,14 +5610,18 @@ "rootfslab for the UFS root partition " "on the computer named lab." msgstr "" +"每個分割區請使用獨一無二的標籤來避免相同名稱的衝突，標籤可以加入與電腦名稱、" +"用途、地點有關的文字。例如，使用 labroot 或 " +"rootfslab 來做為電腦名稱為 lab 的 " +"UFS 根目錄分割區。" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:4272 +#: book.translate.xml:4276 msgid "Creating Traditional Split File System Partitions" msgstr "建立傳統分割的檔案系統分割區" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:4275 +#: book.translate.xml:4279 msgid "" "For a traditional partition layout where the /, " "/var, /tmp, and /usrex for example, but readers " "should use other unique label values as described above." msgstr "" +"傳統的分割區配置會將 /, /var, " +"/tmp 以及 /usr 分別使用不同的檔案系" +"統與分割區。先建立 GPT 分割表格式，然後依照下表所示建立分" +"割區。下表是針對 20G 目標磁碟的分割區大小，若在目標磁碟有更多可用的空間，則可" +"增加交換空間 (Swap) 或 /var 會比較有用。以下所示的標籤皆" +"以 ex 為字首，代表 example，讀者應照前面的" +"說明使用其他獨一無二的標籤。" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:4288 +#: book.translate.xml:4292 msgid "" "By default, FreeBSD's gptboot expects the first " "UFS partition to be the / partition." msgstr "" +"預設 FreeBSD 的 gptboot 會預期第一個 UFS 分割區為 / 分割區。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4296 +#: book.translate.xml:4300 msgid "Partition Type" -msgstr "" +msgstr "分割區類型" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4297 +#: book.translate.xml:4301 msgid "Size" -msgstr "" +msgstr "大小" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4298 +#: book.translate.xml:4302 msgid "Mountpoint" -msgstr "" +msgstr "掛載點" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4299 +#: book.translate.xml:4303 msgid "Label" -msgstr "" +msgstr "標籤" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4305 +#: book.translate.xml:4309 msgid "freebsd-boot" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4306 +#: book.translate.xml:4310 msgid "512K" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4310 book.translate.xml:4324 book.translate.xml:4331 -#: book.translate.xml:4338 +#: book.translate.xml:4314 book.translate.xml:4328 book.translate.xml:4335 +#: book.translate.xml:4342 msgid "freebsd-ufs" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4311 book.translate.xml:4325 +#: book.translate.xml:4315 book.translate.xml:4329 msgid "2G" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4312 book.translate.xml:7099 +#: book.translate.xml:4316 book.translate.xml:7103 msgid "/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4313 +#: book.translate.xml:4317 msgid "exrootfs" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4317 +#: book.translate.xml:4321 msgid "freebsd-swap" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4318 +#: book.translate.xml:4322 msgid "4G" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4320 +#: book.translate.xml:4324 msgid "exswap" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4326 +#: book.translate.xml:4330 msgid "/var" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4327 +#: book.translate.xml:4331 msgid "exvarfs" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4332 +#: book.translate.xml:4336 msgid "1G" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4333 +#: book.translate.xml:4337 msgid "/tmp" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4334 +#: book.translate.xml:4338 msgid "extmpfs" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4339 +#: book.translate.xml:4343 msgid "accept the default (remainder of the disk)" -msgstr "" +msgstr "接受預設值 (依磁碟提示)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4341 +#: book.translate.xml:4345 msgid "/usr" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:4342 +#: book.translate.xml:4346 msgid "exusrfs" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4349 +#: book.translate.xml:4353 msgid "" "After the custom partitions have been created, select [ Finish ] to continue with the installation." msgstr "" +"自訂的分割區建立完後，選擇 [ Finish ] 繼續安裝。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:4355 +#: book.translate.xml:4359 msgid "Root-on-ZFS Automatic Partitioning" msgstr "Root-on-ZFS 自動磁碟分割" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4357 +#: book.translate.xml:4361 msgid "" "Support for automatic creation of root-on-ZFS installations was added in " "FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE. This partitioning mode only works with whole disks and " @@ -5348,18 +5787,29 @@ "partition of a user selectable size is also created, and all remaining space " "is used for the ZFS pool." msgstr "" +"在 FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE 之後支援了自動建立 root-on-ZFS 的安裝程序。這種磁碟分" +"割模式只能使用整個磁碟，並會清除整個磁碟內的內容。安裝程式會自動建立對齊 4k " +"邊界的分割區然後強制 ZFS 使用 4k 扇區 (Sector)。即使在 " +"512 位元扇區的磁碟使用也很安全，並增加了確保在 512 位元的磁碟上建立儲存池 " +"(Pool) 也可在未來加入 4k 扇區磁碟的好處，無論是作為額外的存儲空間或作為故障磁" +"碟的替代品。安裝程式也可選擇性採用 GELI 磁碟加密，如 " +" 所介紹，若開啟磁碟加密，會建立一個" +"內含 /boot 目錄的 2 GB 未加密的開機儲存池，這個儲存池中" +"會儲存核心及其他開機必要的檔案。然後剩餘的空用會給 ZFS 儲" +"存池使用。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4376 +#: book.translate.xml:4380 msgid "" "The main ZFS configuration menu offers a number of " "options to control the creation of the pool." msgstr "" +"主要 ZFS 設定選單提供了數個設定選項來控制儲存池的建立。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4381 +#: book.translate.xml:4385 msgid "ZFS Partitioning Menu" -msgstr "ZFS 分割區選單" +msgstr "ZFS 磁碟分割選單" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -5366,13 +5816,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4385 +#: book.translate.xml:4389 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-menu' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4390 +#: book.translate.xml:4394 msgid "" "Select T to configure the Pool Type and " "the disk(s) that will constitute the pool. The automatic ZFST 來設定儲存池類型 (Pool Type) 以及" +"要組成儲存池的磁碟。自動 ZFS 安裝程式目前僅支援建立單一頂" +"層 vdev，除了在串連 (Stripe) 模式。要建立更複雜的儲存池，需使用 的操作來建立儲存池。安裝程式支援建立各種" +"儲存池類型，包含串連 Stripe (不建議，沒有備援功能)、鏡像 Mirror (效能較佳，但" +"可用空間較少) 以及 RAID-Z 1, 2, 與 3 (分別有能力承受同時 1, 2 與 3 個磁碟的損" +"壞)。在選擇儲存池類型時會有提示顯示在螢幕的下方，提示所需要的磁碟數以及在使" +"用 RAID-Z 時，每個配置最佳的磁碟數。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4407 +#: book.translate.xml:4411 msgid "ZFS Pool Type" msgstr "ZFS 儲存池類型" @@ -5398,13 +5856,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4411 +#: book.translate.xml:4415 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-vdev_type' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4416 +#: book.translate.xml:4420 msgid "" "Once a Pool Type has been selected, a list of available " "disks is displayed, and the user is prompted to select one or more disks to " @@ -5413,9 +5871,13 @@ "guibutton> to return to the list of disks, or <Cancel> to change the pool type." msgstr "" +"選擇儲存池 (Pool Type) 之後，會顯示可用的磁碟清單，然後會" +"提示使用者選擇一個或多個磁碟來建立儲存池。接著會檢驗設定來確定選擇的磁碟足" +"夠，若不足，選擇更改選項 (<Change Selection>) 來" +"返回磁碟清單或取消 (<Cancel>) 來更改儲存池類型。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4426 +#: book.translate.xml:4430 msgid "Disk Selection" msgstr "磁碟選擇" @@ -5424,13 +5886,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4430 +#: book.translate.xml:4434 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-disk_select' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4436 +#: book.translate.xml:4440 msgid "Invalid Selection" msgstr "無效的選擇" @@ -5439,25 +5901,28 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4440 +#: book.translate.xml:4444 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-vdev_invalid' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4445 +#: book.translate.xml:4449 msgid "" "If one or more disks are missing from the list, or if disks were attached " "after the installer was started, select - Rescan Devices to repopulate the list of available disks. To ensure that the " -"correct disks are selected, so as not to accidently destroy the wrong disks, " -"the - Disk Info menu can be used to inspect each " -"disk, including its partition table and various other information such as " -"the device model number and serial number, if available." +"guibutton> to repopulate the list of available disks. To avoid accidentally " +"erasing the wrong disk, the - Disk Info menu can be " +"used to inspect each disk, including its partition table and various other " +"information such as the device model number and serial number, if available." msgstr "" +"若有一個或多磁碟未出現在清單上，或在安裝程式啟動後才連接的磁碟，可選擇重新掃" +"描裝置 (- Rescan Devices) 來更新可用磁碟的清單。要避免" +"清除掉錯的磁碟，可用磁碟資訊 (- Disk Info) 來檢查每個" +"磁碟，包含磁碟中的分割表以及各種其他資訊如裝置型號與序號 (若有的話)。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4456 +#: book.translate.xml:4460 msgid "Analyzing a Disk" msgstr "分析磁碟" @@ -5466,13 +5931,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4460 +#: book.translate.xml:4464 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-disk_info' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4465 +#: book.translate.xml:4469 msgid "" "The main ZFS configuration menu also allows the user to " "enter a pool name, disable forcing 4k sectors, enable or disable encryption, " @@ -5481,16 +5946,22 @@ "all options have been set to the desired values, select the >" ">> Install option at the top of the menu." msgstr "" +"主 ZFS 設定選單也允許使用者輸入儲存池名稱、關閉強制 4k 扇" +"區對齊、開啟或關閉加密、切換 GPT (建議) 與 MBR 分割表類型以及選擇交換空間容量。設定所有選項為想要的值之後，請選擇選" +"單上方的安裝 (>>> Install) 選項。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4475 +#: book.translate.xml:4479 msgid "" "If GELI disk encryption was enabled, the installer will " "prompt twice for the passphrase to be used to encrypt the disks." msgstr "" +"若開啟了 GELI 磁碟加密，安裝程式會提示輸入兩次用來加密磁碟" +"的密碼。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4480 +#: book.translate.xml:4484 msgid "Disk Encryption Password" msgstr "磁碟加密密碼" @@ -5499,20 +5970,22 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4484 +#: book.translate.xml:4488 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-geli_password' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4489 +#: book.translate.xml:4493 msgid "" "The installer then offers a last chance to cancel before the contents of the " "selected drives are destroyed to create the ZFS pool." msgstr "" +"安裝程式接著會提供最後一次修改的機會可取消先前所選擇摧毀用來建立 " +"ZFS 儲存池的磁碟機。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4494 +#: book.translate.xml:4498 msgid "Last Chance" msgstr "最後修改" @@ -5521,26 +5994,26 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4498 +#: book.translate.xml:4502 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-zfs-warning' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4503 +#: book.translate.xml:4507 msgid "The installation then proceeds normally." -msgstr "" +msgstr "然後安裝程序會正常繼續。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:4508 +#: book.translate.xml:4512 msgid "Shell Mode Partitioning" msgstr "Shell 模式磁碟分割" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4510 +#: book.translate.xml:4514 msgid "" "When creating advanced installations, the bsdinstall paritioning menus may not provide the level of flexibility " +"application> partitioning menus may not provide the level of flexibility " "required. Advanced users can select the Shell option " "from the partitioning menu in order to manually partition the drives, create " "the file system(s), populate /tmp/bsdinstall_etc/fstab, " @@ -5548,14 +6021,20 @@ "done, type exit to return to bsdinstall and continue the installation." msgstr "" +"當要做進階的安裝時，bsdinstall 的磁碟分割選單可能" +"無法提供需要的彈性。進階的使用者可以在磁碟分割選單選擇 Shell 選項來手動分割磁碟機、建立檔案系統、填寫 /tmp/" +"bsdinstall_etc/fstab 以及掛載檔案系統到 /mnt " +"下。這些動作完成之後，輸入 exit 可返回 " +"bsdinstall 繼續安裝程序。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:4525 +#: book.translate.xml:4529 msgid "Committing to the Installation" msgstr "確認安裝" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:4527 +#: book.translate.xml:4531 msgid "" "Once the disks are configured, the next menu provides the last chance to " "make changes before the selected hard drive(s) are formatted. If changes " @@ -5563,9 +6042,13 @@ "main partitioning menu. [ Revert & Exit ] will " "exit the installer without making any changes to the hard drive." msgstr "" +"磁碟設定完之後，接下來的選單會讓您在格式化所選的硬碟之前有最後一次機會做變" +"更，若需要做變更，可選 [ Back ] 返回到主磁碟分割選單。" +"[ Revert & Exit ] 則會離開安裝程式，不會對硬碟做任" +"何變更。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4537 +#: book.translate.xml:4541 msgid "Final Confirmation" msgstr "最後確認" @@ -5574,7 +6057,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4541 +#: book.translate.xml:4545 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-final-confirmation' md5='__failed__'" @@ -5581,32 +6064,38 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:4546 +#: book.translate.xml:4550 msgid "" "To instead start the actual installation, select [ Commit ] and press Enter." msgstr "" +"要開始實際的安裝，請選擇 [ Commit ] 然後按下 " +"Enter。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:4550 +#: book.translate.xml:4554 msgid "" "Installation time will vary depending on the distributions chosen, " "installation media, and speed of the computer. A series of messages will " "indicate the progress." msgstr "" +"安裝時間會依據選擇的發行版、安裝媒體、電腦的速度而有所不同，接下來會有一系列" +"訊息會告知目前的進度。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:4554 +#: book.translate.xml:4558 msgid "" "First, the installer formats the selected disk(s) and initializes the " "partitions. Next, in the case of a bootonly media, it downloads the selected " "components:" msgstr "" +"首先，安裝程式會格式化選擇的磁碟，然後初始化分割區。然後，若使用僅可開機 " +"(Boot only) 的媒體則會開始下載選擇的元件:" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4559 +#: book.translate.xml:4563 msgid "Fetching Distribution Files" -msgstr "取得發佈版本檔案" +msgstr "取得發行版檔案" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -5613,23 +6102,25 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4563 +#: book.translate.xml:4567 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-distfile-fetching' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:4568 +#: book.translate.xml:4572 msgid "" "Next, the integrity of the distribution files is verified to ensure they " "have not been corrupted during download or misread from the installation " "media:" msgstr "" +"接著，會檢驗發行版的檔案完整性來確保沒有因下載過程中或安裝媒體的讀取過程中讀" +"取錯誤造成的損壞:" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4573 +#: book.translate.xml:4577 msgid "Verifying Distribution Files" -msgstr "檢驗發佈版本檔案" +msgstr "檢驗發行版檔案" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -5636,7 +6127,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4577 +#: book.translate.xml:4581 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-distfile-verifying' md5='__failed__'" @@ -5643,14 +6134,14 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:4582 +#: book.translate.xml:4586 msgid "Finally, the verified distribution files are extracted to the disk:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "最後，檢驗過的發行版檔案會被取出儲存至磁碟:" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4586 +#: book.translate.xml:4590 msgid "Extracting Distribution Files" -msgstr "解開發佈版本檔案" +msgstr "解開發行版檔案" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -5657,7 +6148,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4590 +#: book.translate.xml:4594 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-distfile-extracting' md5='__failed__'" @@ -5664,7 +6155,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:4595 +#: book.translate.xml:4599 msgid "" "Once all requested distribution files have been extracted, " "bsdinstall displays the first post-installation " @@ -5671,35 +6162,41 @@ "configuration screen. The available post-configuration options are described " "in the next section." msgstr "" +"所有選擇的發行版檔案取出後，bsdinstall 會顯示第一" +"次安裝後設定畫面，可用的安裝後設定選項會在下一節說明。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:4603 +#: book.translate.xml:4607 msgid "Post-Installation" msgstr "安裝後注意事項" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:4605 +#: book.translate.xml:4609 msgid "" "Once FreeBSD is installed, bsdinstall will prompt " "to configure several options before booting into the newly installed system. " "This section describes these configuration options." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 安裝完之後，bsdinstall 會在開機進入新安裝" +"的系統之前提示設定數個選項，本節將介紹這些設定選項。" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:4611 +#: book.translate.xml:4615 msgid "" "Once the system has booted, bsdconfig provides a menu-" "driven method for configuring the system using these and additional options." msgstr "" +"系統開機之後，bsdconfig 提供了一個選單導向的方式可用來設定" +"系統使用這些以及其他的選項。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4618 book.translate.xml:4629 +#: book.translate.xml:4622 book.translate.xml:4633 msgid "Setting the root Password" msgstr "設定 root 密碼" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4622 +#: book.translate.xml:4626 msgid "" "First, the root password must be " "set. While entering the password, the characters being typed are not " @@ -5706,6 +6203,9 @@ "displayed on the screen. After the password has been entered, it must be " "entered again. This helps prevent typing errors." msgstr "" +"首先，必需設定 root 的密碼，輸入" +"密碼時，並不會直接在畫面上顯示輸入的字元。輸入完密碼之後，必須再輸入一次來確" +"認沒有輸入錯誤。" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -5712,35 +6212,37 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4633 +#: book.translate.xml:4637 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-post-root-passwd' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:4640 +#: book.translate.xml:4644 msgid "Configuring Network Interfaces" -msgstr "設定網路介面" +msgstr "設定網路介面卡" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4642 +#: book.translate.xml:4646 msgid "" "Next, a list of the network interfaces found on the computer is shown. " "Select the interface to configure." -msgstr "" +msgstr "接著，會顯示在電腦上找到的網路介面卡清單。請選擇要設定的介面卡。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:4646 +#: book.translate.xml:4650 msgid "" "The network configuration menus will be skipped if the network was " "previously configured as part of a bootonly " "installation." msgstr "" +"若使用 bootonly 的方式安裝在先前已有設定過網路，將會跳過" +"網路設定選單。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4652 +#: book.translate.xml:4656 msgid "Choose a Network Interface" -msgstr "選擇網路介面" +msgstr "選擇網路介面卡" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -5747,7 +6249,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4656 +#: book.translate.xml:4660 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface' " @@ -5755,7 +6257,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4661 +#: book.translate.xml:4665 msgid "" "If an Ethernet interface is selected, the installer will skip ahead to the " "menu shown in . If a " @@ -5762,9 +6264,12 @@ "wireless network interface is chosen, the system will instead scan for " "wireless access points:" msgstr "" +"若選擇的是乙太網路介面卡，安裝程式會跳過這部份直接到 ，若選擇的是無線網路介面卡，系統則會開始掃" +"描無線存取點 (Wireless Access Point):" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4667 +#: book.translate.xml:4671 msgid "Scanning for Wireless Access Points" msgstr "掃描無線網路存取點" @@ -5773,7 +6278,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4671 +#: book.translate.xml:4675 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-scan' md5='__failed__'" @@ -5780,7 +6285,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4676 +#: book.translate.xml:4680 msgid "" "Wireless networks are identified by a Service Set Identifier (SSID), a short, unique name given to each network. SSIDsSSID) 來辦識，SSID " +"是一段簡短、獨一無二的名稱，用來命名每個網路。 掃描時找到的 SSID 會列到清單，並會說明該網路可用的加密類型。 若想要連線的 " +"SSID 並未出現在清單上，可選擇 [ Rescan ] 再掃描一次，若想要連線的網路仍然沒有出現，請檢查天線的連線是否有問" +"題，或者嘗試將電腦移至更靠近存取點的位置，然後再掃描一次。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4688 +#: book.translate.xml:4692 msgid "Choosing a Wireless Network" msgstr "選擇無線網路" @@ -5802,7 +6313,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4692 +#: book.translate.xml:4696 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-accesspoints' " @@ -5810,7 +6321,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4697 +#: book.translate.xml:4701 msgid "" "Next, enter the encryption information for connecting to the selected " "wireless network. WPA2 encryption is strongly recommended " @@ -5819,9 +6330,13 @@ "also known as the Pre-Shared Key (PSK). For security " "reasons, the characters typed into the input box are displayed as asterisks." msgstr "" +"然後，輸入加密資訊來連線到選擇的無線網路。強列建議使用 WPA2 加密，因較舊的加密類型，如 WEP 僅提供微弱的安全" +"性。若網路使用 WPA2 則需輸入密碼，也稱作 Pre-Shared Key " +"(PSK)。考量安全性，輸入到輸入框的字元會以星號顯示。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4707 +#: book.translate.xml:4711 msgid "WPA2 Setup" msgstr "WPA2 設定" @@ -5830,7 +6345,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4711 +#: book.translate.xml:4715 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-wpa2setup' " @@ -5838,14 +6353,16 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4716 +#: book.translate.xml:4720 msgid "" "Next, choose whether or not an IPv4 address should be " "configured on the Ethernet or wireless interface:" msgstr "" +"接下來，選擇是否要設定乙太網路或無線網路介面卡的 IPv4 位" +"址: " #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4721 +#: book.translate.xml:4725 msgid "Choose IPv4 Networking" msgstr "選擇 IPv4 網路" @@ -5854,7 +6371,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4725 +#: book.translate.xml:4729 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4' " @@ -5862,7 +6379,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4730 +#: book.translate.xml:4734 msgid "" "There are two methods of IPv4 configuration. " "DHCP will automatically configure the network interface " @@ -5870,9 +6387,12 @@ "acronym> server. Otherwise, the addressing information needs to be input " "manually as a static configuration." msgstr "" +"有兩種方式可以設定 IPv4。 DHCP 會自動設" +"定網路介面卡且該網路上需有 DHCP 伺服器才可使用。否則，必須" +"手動輸入位址的資訊來做靜態設定。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:4738 +#: book.translate.xml:4742 msgid "" "Do not enter random network information as it will not work. If a " "DHCP server is not available, obtain the information " @@ -5879,9 +6399,12 @@ "listed in from " "the network administrator or Internet service provider." msgstr "" +"請不要隨便輸入網路資訊，因為這不管用。如果沒有可用的 DHCP " +"伺服器，可向網路管理者或網路服務供應商 (Internet Service Provider, ISP) 索取" +"列於 的資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4745 +#: book.translate.xml:4749 msgid "" "If a DHCP server is available, select [ Yes ] in the next menu to automatically configure the network " @@ -5889,9 +6412,12 @@ "the DHCP server and obtains the addressing information " "for the system." msgstr "" +"若有可用的 DHCP 伺服器，請在接下來的選單中選擇 " +"[ Yes ] 則會自動設定網路介面卡。當找到 DHCP 伺服器並且取得系統的位址資訊時，安裝程式會出現一分鐘左右的停頓。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4753 +#: book.translate.xml:4757 msgid "Choose IPv4 DHCP Configuration" msgstr "選擇 IPv4 DHCP 設定" @@ -5900,7 +6426,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4758 +#: book.translate.xml:4762 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4-dhcp' " @@ -5908,15 +6434,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4763 +#: book.translate.xml:4767 msgid "" "If a DHCP server is not available, select " "[ No ] and input the following addressing information " "in this menu:" msgstr "" +"若沒有可用的 DHCP 伺服器，則選擇 [ No ] 然後在這個選單中輸入以下位址資訊:" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4768 +#: book.translate.xml:4772 msgid "IPv4 Static Configuration" msgstr "IPv4 靜態位置設定" @@ -5925,7 +6453,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4772 +#: book.translate.xml:4776 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4-static' " @@ -5933,35 +6461,41 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4779 +#: book.translate.xml:4783 msgid "" "IP Address - The IPv4 address assigned " "to this computer. The address must be unique and not already in use by " "another piece of equipment on the local network." msgstr "" +"IP 位址 (IP Address) - 要分配給這台電腦的 IPv4 位址。位址必須獨一無二且不可已被其他在區域網路上的設備使用。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4786 +#: book.translate.xml:4790 msgid "Subnet Mask - The subnet mask for the network." -msgstr "" +msgstr "子網路遮罩 (Subnet Mask) - 網路的子網路遮罩。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4791 +#: book.translate.xml:4795 msgid "" "Default Router - The IP address of the " "network's default gateway." msgstr "" +"預設路由器 (Default Router) - IP 位址所" +"在網段的預設閘道器。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4797 +#: book.translate.xml:4801 msgid "" "The next screen will ask if the interface should be configured for " "IPv6. If IPv6 is available and " "desired, choose [ Yes ] to select it." msgstr "" +"接下來的畫面會詢問是否要設定介面卡的 IPv6 位址，若可以且想" +"要使用 IPv6，請選擇 [ Yes ]。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4803 +#: book.translate.xml:4807 msgid "Choose IPv6 Networking" msgstr "選擇 IPv6 網路" @@ -5970,7 +6504,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4807 +#: book.translate.xml:4811 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv6' " @@ -5978,7 +6512,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4812 +#: book.translate.xml:4816 msgid "" "IPv6 also has two methods of configuration. StateLess " "Address AutoConfiguration (SLAAC) will automatically " @@ -5987,9 +6521,14 @@ "org/html/rfc4862 for more information. Static configuration requires " "manual entry of network information." msgstr "" +"同樣有兩種方式可以設定 IPv6。StateLess Address " +"AutoConfiguration (SLAAC) 會自動向區域路由器請求取得正確的" +"設定資訊，請參考 http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4862 取得進一步資訊。靜態設定" +"則需要手動輸入網路資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4820 +#: book.translate.xml:4824 msgid "" "If an IPv6 router is available, select " "[ Yes ] in the next menu to automatically configure " @@ -5996,9 +6535,12 @@ "the network interface. The installer will appear to pause for a minute or so " "as it finds the router and obtains the addressing information for the system." msgstr "" +"若有可用的 IPv6 路由器，請在接下來的選單選擇 " +"[ Yes ] 來自動設定網路介面卡。當找到路由器並且取得系統" +"的位址資訊時，安裝程式會出現一分鐘左右的停頓。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4827 +#: book.translate.xml:4831 msgid "Choose IPv6 SLAAC Configuration" msgstr "選擇 IPv6 SLAAC 設定" @@ -6007,7 +6549,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4831 +#: book.translate.xml:4835 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-slaac' " @@ -6015,15 +6557,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4836 +#: book.translate.xml:4840 msgid "" "If an IPv6 router is not available, select " "[ No ] and input the following addressing information " "in this menu:" msgstr "" +"若沒有可用的 IPv6 路由器，請選擇 [ No ] 然後在這個選單中輸入以下位址資訊:" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4841 +#: book.translate.xml:4845 msgid "IPv6 Static Configuration" msgstr "IPv6 靜態位置設定" @@ -6032,7 +6576,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4845 +#: book.translate.xml:4849 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv6-static' " @@ -6040,22 +6584,27 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4852 +#: book.translate.xml:4856 msgid "" "IPv6 Address - The IPv6 address " "assigned to this computer. The address must be unique and not already in use " "by another piece of equipment on the local network." msgstr "" +"IPv6 位址 (IPv6 Address) - 要分配給這台電腦的 " +"IPv6 位址。位址必須獨一無二且不可已被其他在區域網路上的設" +"備使用。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4859 +#: book.translate.xml:4863 msgid "" "Default Router - The IPv6 address of " "the network's default gateway." msgstr "" +"預設路由器 (Default Router) - IPv6 位址" +"所在網段的預設閘道器。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4865 +#: book.translate.xml:4869 msgid "" "The last network configuration menu is used to configure the Domain Name " "System (DNS) resolver, which converts hostnames to and " @@ -6068,9 +6617,17 @@ "DNS servers. At least one DNS server " "is required." msgstr "" +"最後的網路設定選單是用來設定網域名稱系統 (Domain Name System, DNS) 的解析器，解析器會轉換主機名稱為網路位址。若已使用 DHCP 或 SLAAC 來自動設定網路介面卡，解析器設定 " +"(Resolver Configuration) 的值可能會事先已填入，否則需輸入" +"區域網路的網域名稱到搜尋 (Search) 欄位。 DNS #1 與 DNS #2 要填寫 DNS 伺服器的 " +"IPv4 及/或 IPv6 位址，至少需填寫一個 " +"DNS 伺服器。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4879 +#: book.translate.xml:4883 msgid "DNS Configuration" msgstr "DNS 設定" @@ -6079,7 +6636,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4883 +#: book.translate.xml:4887 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-configure-network-ipv4-dns' " @@ -6087,20 +6644,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:4890 +#: book.translate.xml:4894 msgid "Setting the Time Zone" msgstr "設定時區" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4892 +#: book.translate.xml:4896 msgid "" "The next menu asks if the system clock uses UTC or local " "time. When in doubt, select [ No ] to choose the more " "commonly-used local time." msgstr "" +"接下來的選單會詢問系統時鐘要使用 UTC 或者當地時間。 若有疑" +"問時可選擇 [ No ]使用更常用的當地時間。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4898 +#: book.translate.xml:4902 msgid "Select Local or UTC Clock" msgstr "選擇本地或 UTC 時鐘" @@ -6109,7 +6668,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4902 +#: book.translate.xml:4906 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-set-clock-local-utc' md5='__failed__'" @@ -6116,7 +6675,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4907 +#: book.translate.xml:4911 msgid "" "The next series of menus are used to determine the correct local time by " "selecting the geographic region, country, and time zone. Setting the time " @@ -6124,17 +6683,20 @@ "such as daylight savings time, and perform other time zone related functions " "properly." msgstr "" +"接下來一系列的選單會透過選擇地理區域、城市及時區來判斷正確的當地時間。設定時" +"區可讓系統自動更正區域時間的更改，如日光節約時間以及正確執行其他時區相關的功" +"能。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4914 +#: book.translate.xml:4918 msgid "" "The example shown here is for a machine located in the Eastern time zone of " "the United States. The selections will vary according to the geographical " "location." -msgstr "" +msgstr "此處以位於美國東部時區的機器為例，選擇會依據地理位置不同改變。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4919 +#: book.translate.xml:4923 msgid "Select a Region" msgstr "選擇區域" @@ -6143,20 +6705,20 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4923 +#: book.translate.xml:4927 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-region' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4928 +#: book.translate.xml:4932 msgid "" "The appropriate region is selected using the arrow keys and then pressing " "Enter." -msgstr "" +msgstr "使用方向鍵選擇適當的區域然後按下 Enter。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4932 +#: book.translate.xml:4936 msgid "Select a Country" msgstr "選擇城市" @@ -6165,20 +6727,20 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4936 +#: book.translate.xml:4940 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-country' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4941 +#: book.translate.xml:4945 msgid "" "Select the appropriate country using the arrow keys and press Enter." -msgstr "" +msgstr "使用方向鍵選擇適當的城市然後按下 Enter。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4945 +#: book.translate.xml:4949 msgid "Select a Time Zone" msgstr "選擇時區" @@ -6187,20 +6749,20 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4949 +#: book.translate.xml:4953 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-zone' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4954 +#: book.translate.xml:4958 msgid "" "The appropriate time zone is selected using the arrow keys and pressing " "Enter." -msgstr "" +msgstr "使用方向鍵選擇適當的時區然後按下 Enter。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4958 +#: book.translate.xml:4962 msgid "Confirm Time Zone" msgstr "確認時區" @@ -6209,33 +6771,36 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4962 +#: book.translate.xml:4966 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-timezone-confirm' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4967 +#: book.translate.xml:4971 msgid "" "Confirm the abbreviation for the time zone is correct. If it is, press " "Enter to continue with the post-installation configuration." msgstr "" +"確認時區的縮寫是否正確，若正確，按下 Enter 繼續安裝後設定。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:4973 +#: book.translate.xml:4977 msgid "Enabling Services" msgstr "開啟服務" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4975 +#: book.translate.xml:4979 msgid "" "The next menu is used to configure which system services will be started " "whenever the system boots. All of these services are optional. Only start " "the services that are needed for the system to function." msgstr "" +"接下來的選單用來設定有那些系統服務要在系統啟動時執行。所有的服務為選用，只需" +"開啟系統運作真正需要的服務。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:4981 +#: book.translate.xml:4985 msgid "Selecting Additional Services to Enable" msgstr "選擇要開啟的其他服務" @@ -6244,33 +6809,37 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:4985 +#: book.translate.xml:4989 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-services' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:4990 +#: book.translate.xml:4994 msgid "Here is a summary of the services which can be enabled in this menu:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "這是可以在這個選單開啟的服務摘要:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:4995 +#: book.translate.xml:4999 msgid "" "sshd - The Secure Shell (SSH) daemon " "is used to remotely access a system over an encrypted connection. Only " "enable this service if the system should be available for remote logins." msgstr "" +"sshd - Secure Shell (SSH) Daemon 可從遠" +"端透過加密的連線存取系統，只有在系統允許遠端登入時開啟這個服務。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5003 +#: book.translate.xml:5007 msgid "" "moused - Enable this service if the mouse will be used " "from the command-line system console." msgstr "" +"moused - 若在指令列系統 Console 會使用到滑鼠時，可開啟此服" +"務。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5009 +#: book.translate.xml:5013 msgid "" "ntpd - The Network Time Protocol (NTP) " "daemon for automatic clock synchronization. Enable this service if there is " @@ -6277,27 +6846,33 @@ "a Windows, Kerberos, or " "LDAP server on the network." msgstr "" +"ntpd - 網路時間通訊協定 (Network Time Protoco, " +"NTP) Daemon 用來自動同步時間。若在網路上有使用 Windows, Kerberos 或 LDAP 伺服器時，可開啟此服務。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5017 +#: book.translate.xml:5021 msgid "" "powerd - System power control utility for power control " "and energy saving." -msgstr "" +msgstr "powerd - 系統電源控制工具用來做電源控制與節能。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:5024 book.translate.xml:5032 +#: book.translate.xml:5028 book.translate.xml:5036 msgid "Enabling Crash Dumps" -msgstr "開啟 Crash Dumps" +msgstr "開啟當機資訊 (Crash Dump)" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5026 +#: book.translate.xml:5030 msgid "" "The next menu is used to configure whether or not crash dumps should be " "enabled. Enabling crash dumps can be useful in debugging issues with the " "system, so users are encouraged to enable crash dumps." msgstr "" +"接下來的選單用來設定是否開啟當機資訊 (Crash dump)，開啟當機資訊對系統除錯非常" +"有用，因此建議使用者開啟當機資訊。" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -6304,18 +6879,18 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:5036 +#: book.translate.xml:5040 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-config-crashdump' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:5043 +#: book.translate.xml:5047 msgid "Add Users" msgstr "新增使用者" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5045 +#: book.translate.xml:5049 msgid "" "The next menu prompts to create at least one user account. It is recommended " "to login to the system using a user account rather than as root 以外的使用者帳號登入系統，當使用 root 登入時，基本上沒有任何的限制或保護。\n" +"使用一般使用者登入較保險且安全。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5052 +#: book.translate.xml:5056 msgid "Select [ Yes ] to add new users." -msgstr "" +msgstr "選擇 [ Yes ] 來新增新使用者。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:5056 +#: book.translate.xml:5060 msgid "Add User Accounts" msgstr "新增使用者帳號" @@ -6340,21 +6919,24 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:5060 +#: book.translate.xml:5064 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-adduser1' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5065 +#: book.translate.xml:5069 msgid "" "Follow the prompts and input the requested information for the user account. " "The example shown in creates the " "asample user account." msgstr "" +"請依照提示輸入請求的使用者帳號資訊， " +"的範例示範建立 asample 使用者帳" +"號。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:5069 +#: book.translate.xml:5073 msgid "Enter User Information" msgstr "輸入使用者資訊" @@ -6363,18 +6945,18 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:5073 +#: book.translate.xml:5077 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-adduser2' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5078 +#: book.translate.xml:5082 msgid "Here is a summary of the information to input:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "這裡是要輸入的資訊摘要:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5082 +#: book.translate.xml:5086 msgid "" "Username - The name the user will enter to log in. A " "common convention is to use the first letter of the first name combined with " @@ -6381,116 +6963,149 @@ "the last name, as long as each username is unique for the system. The " "username is case sensitive and should not contain any spaces." msgstr "" +"使用者名稱 (Username) - 登入時使用者要輸入的名稱，常見的慣" +"例是用姓的前一個字母與名結合，只要每個使用者名稱在系統唯一的皆可。使用者名稱" +"區分大小寫且不應含有任何空白字元。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5091 +#: book.translate.xml:5095 msgid "" "Full name - The user's full name. This can contain spaces " "and is used as a description for the user account." msgstr "" +"全名 (Full name) - 使用者的全名，這個欄位可使用空白並且會" +"用來描述該使用者帳號。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5097 +#: book.translate.xml:5101 msgid "" "Uid - User ID. Typically, this is left " "blank so the system will assign a value." msgstr "" +"Uid - 使用者 ID，通常這個欄位會留空，系" +"統會自動分配一個值。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5103 +#: book.translate.xml:5107 msgid "" "Login group - The user's group. Typically this is left " "blank to accept the default." msgstr "" +"登入群組 (Login group) - 使用者的群組，通常這個欄位會留空" +"來使用預設值。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5108 +#: book.translate.xml:5112 msgid "" "Invite user into other groups? " "- Additional groups to which the user will be added as a member. If the user " "needs administrative access, type wheel here." msgstr "" +"邀請使用者進入其他群組? (Invite user " +"into other groups?) - 使用者要加入成為其成員的其他群組，若該使用者" +"需要管理權限，則在此輸入 wheel。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5116 +#: book.translate.xml:5120 msgid "Login class - Typically left blank for the default." -msgstr "" +msgstr "登入類別 (Login class) - 通常會留空來使用預設值。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5121 +#: book.translate.xml:5125 msgid "" "Shell - Type in one of the listed values to set the " "interactive shell for the user. Refer to for more " "information about shells." msgstr "" +"Shell - 輸入清單中的其中一項來設定使用者所互動的 Shell，請" +"參考 取得更多有關 Shell 的資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5128 +#: book.translate.xml:5132 msgid "" "Home directory - The user's home directory. The default " "is usually correct." msgstr "" +"家目錄 (Home directory) - 使用者的家目錄，預設值通常是沒有" +"問題的。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5133 +#: book.translate.xml:5137 msgid "" "Home directory permissions - Permissions on the user's " "home directory. The default is usually correct." msgstr "" +"家目錄權限 (Home directory permissions) - 使用者家目錄的權" +"限，預設值通常是沒有問題的。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5139 +#: book.translate.xml:5143 msgid "" "Use password-based authentication? - Typically " "yes so that the user is prompted to input their password " "at login." msgstr "" +"使用密碼為基礎的認証方式? (Use password-based authentication?) - 通常為是 (yes)，使用者才可於登入時輸入密碼。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5145 +#: book.translate.xml:5149 msgid "" "Use an empty password? - Typically no " "as it is insecure to have a blank password." msgstr "" +"使用空白密碼? (Use an empty password?) - 通常為否 " +"(no)，因為使用空白密碼並不安全。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5151 +#: book.translate.xml:5155 msgid "" "Use a random password? - Typically no " "so that the user can set their own password in the next prompt." msgstr "" +"使用隨機密碼? (Use a random password?) - 通常為否 " +"(no)，這樣使用者接下來才可設定自己的密碼。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5157 +#: book.translate.xml:5161 msgid "" "Enter password - The password for this user. Characters " "typed will not show on the screen." msgstr "" +"輸入密碼 (Enter password) - 這個使用者的密碼，輸入的字元不" +"會顯示在畫面上。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5163 +#: book.translate.xml:5167 msgid "" "Enter password again - The password must be typed again " "for verification." msgstr "" +"再輸入密碼一次 (Enter password again) - 再輸入一次密碼來確" +"認無誤。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5168 +#: book.translate.xml:5172 msgid "" "Lock out the account after creation? - Typically " "no so that the user can login." msgstr "" +"建立後鎖定使用者帳號? (Lock out the account after creation?) - 通常為否 (no)，這樣使用者才可以登入。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5174 +#: book.translate.xml:5178 msgid "" "After entering everything, a summary is shown for review. If a mistake was " "made, enter no and try again. If everything is correct, " "enter yes to create the new user." msgstr "" +"在輸入完全部的資料後，會顯示摘要供檢查，若發現錯誤，可輸入否 (no) 然後再輸入一次，若輸入的所有資訊皆正確，輸入是 (yes) 以後便會建立新使用者。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:5180 +#: book.translate.xml:5184 msgid "Exit User and Group Management" msgstr "離開使用者與群組管理" @@ -6499,38 +7114,43 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:5184 +#: book.translate.xml:5188 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-adduser3' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5189 +#: book.translate.xml:5193 msgid "" "If there are more users to add, answer the Add another user? question with yes. Enter no " "to finish adding users and continue the installation." msgstr "" +"若還有其他要新增的使用者，則在詢問新增其他使用者? (Add another user?" +") 時回答是 (yes)。輸入否 (no) 來完成加入使用者然後繼續安裝。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5194 +#: book.translate.xml:5198 msgid "" "For more information on adding users and user management, see ." msgstr "" +"要取得新增使用者與使用者管理的更多資訊，請參考 。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:5199 book.translate.xml:5205 +#: book.translate.xml:5203 book.translate.xml:5209 msgid "Final Configuration" msgstr "最後設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5201 +#: book.translate.xml:5205 msgid "" "After everything has been installed and configured, a final chance is " "provided to modify settings." -msgstr "" +msgstr "在所有東西安裝並設定完之後，會提供最後一次修改設定的機會。" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -6537,7 +7157,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:5209 +#: book.translate.xml:5213 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-finalconfiguration' md5='__failed__'" @@ -6544,70 +7164,82 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5214 +#: book.translate.xml:5218 msgid "" "Use this menu to make any changes or do any additional configuration before " "completing the installation." -msgstr "" +msgstr "使用這個選單在完成安裝前做任何更改或做任何額外的設定。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5219 +#: book.translate.xml:5223 msgid "" "Add User - Described in ." msgstr "" +"新增使用者 (Add User) - 詳述於 。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5223 +#: book.translate.xml:5227 msgid "" "Root Password - Described in ." msgstr "" +"Root 密碼 (Root Password) - 詳述於 。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5227 +#: book.translate.xml:5231 msgid "" "Hostname - Described in ." msgstr "" +"主機名稱 (Hostname) - 詳述於 。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5231 +#: book.translate.xml:5235 msgid "" "Network - Described in ." msgstr "" +"網路 (Network) - 詳述於 。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5235 +#: book.translate.xml:5239 msgid "" "Services - Described in ." msgstr "" +"服務 (Services) - 詳述於 。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5239 +#: book.translate.xml:5243 msgid "" "Time Zone - Described in ." msgstr "" +"時區 (Time Zone) - 詳述於 。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5243 +#: book.translate.xml:5247 msgid "" "Handbook - Download and install the FreeBSD Handbook." -msgstr "" +msgstr "使用手冊 (Handbook) - 下載並安裝 FreeBSD 使用手冊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5248 +#: book.translate.xml:5252 msgid "" "After any final configuration is complete, select Exit." -msgstr "" +msgstr "完成最後的設定之後，選擇 Exit。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:5252 book.translate.xml:11311 +#: book.translate.xml:5256 book.translate.xml:11376 msgid "Manual Configuration" msgstr "手動設定" @@ -6616,7 +7248,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:5256 +#: book.translate.xml:5260 msgctxt "_" msgid "" "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-final-modification-shell' " @@ -6624,7 +7256,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5261 +#: book.translate.xml:5265 msgid "" "bsdinstall will prompt if there are any " "additional configuration that needs to be done before rebooting into the new " @@ -6632,9 +7264,12 @@ "new system or [ No ] to proceed to the last step of " "the installation." msgstr "" +"bsdinstall 會提示是否有任何額外的設定需要在重新開" +"機進入新系統之前完成。選擇 [ Yes ] 會離開進入到新系統" +"的 Shell 或 [ No ] 繼續最後的安裝步驟。" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:5270 +#: book.translate.xml:5274 msgid "Complete the Installation" msgstr "完成安裝" @@ -6643,29 +7278,34 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:5274 +#: book.translate.xml:5278 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='bsdinstall/bsdinstall-mainexit' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5279 +#: book.translate.xml:5283 msgid "" "If further configuration or special setup is needed, select " "[ Live CD ] to boot the install media into Live " "CD mode." msgstr "" +"若有需要做進一步或特殊的設定，選擇 [ Live CD ] 會開機" +"進入安裝媒體的 Live CD 模式。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5284 +#: book.translate.xml:5288 msgid "" "If the installation is complete, select [ Reboot ] to " "reboot the computer and start the new FreeBSD system. Do not forget to " "remove the FreeBSD install media or the computer may boot from it again." msgstr "" +"若安裝已完成，選擇 [ Reboot ] 重新開啟電腦然後啟動新" +"的 FreeBSD 電腦。不要忘了移除 FreeBSD 安裝媒體，否則電腦會再次開機進入安裝程" +"式。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5290 +#: book.translate.xml:5294 msgid "" "As FreeBSD boots, informational messages are displayed. After the system " "finishes booting, a login prompt is displayed. At the login: for instructions on how to become the " "superuser when administrative access is needed." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 開機的過程會顯示許多可以參考的訊息，系統開機完成後，會顯示登入提示，" +"在 login: 提示，輸入安裝時新增的使用者名稱。登入時避免直接使" +"用 root，請參考 來取得當需要管理權限時如何成為超級使用者的說明。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5299 +#: book.translate.xml:5303 msgid "" "The messages that appeared during boot can be reviewed by pressing " "Scroll-Lock to turn on the scroll-back buffer. The " @@ -6687,9 +7331,15 @@ "less /var/run/dmesg.boot from a command prompt. Press " "q to return to the command line after viewing." msgstr "" +"要查看開機過程顯示的訊息可按 Scroll-Lock 鍵來開啟卷軸暫存，" +"然後可使用 PgUp, PgDn 以及方向鍵來捲動訊" +"息。查看完成之後再按 Scroll-Lock 鍵一次來解除畫面鎖定並返回 " +"Console。系統開機一段時間之後要查看這些訊息可在指令提示後輸入 less /" +"var/run/dmesg.boot，查看後按下 q 鍵便可返回指令" +"列。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5311 +#: book.translate.xml:5315 msgid "" "If sshd was enabled in , the first boot may be a bit slower as the system will " @@ -6697,9 +7347,13 @@ "Subsequent boots will be faster. The fingerprints of the keys will be " "displayed, as seen in this example:" msgstr "" +"若在 有開啟 sshd，因系統會產生 RSA 及 DSA " +"金鑰第一次開機可能會有點慢，之後的開機便會恢復正常速度。接著會顯示金鑰的指紋 " +"(Fingerprint)，如這個範例:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:5317 +#: book.translate.xml:5321 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Generating public/private rsa1 key pair.\n" @@ -6740,22 +7394,26 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5353 +#: book.translate.xml:5357 msgid "" "Refer to for more information about fingerprints " "and SSH." msgstr "" +"請參考 來取得更多有關指紋與 SSH 的資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5356 +#: book.translate.xml:5360 msgid "" "FreeBSD does not install a graphical environment by default. Refer to for more information about installing and configuring a " "graphical window manager." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 預設並不會安裝圖型化介面，請參考 取得有關安裝" +"與設定圖型化視窗管理程式的資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5360 +#: book.translate.xml:5364 msgid "" "Proper shutdown of a FreeBSD computer helps protect data and hardware from " "damage. Do not turn off the power before the system has been " @@ -6766,31 +7424,37 @@ "now and the system will shut down cleanly, and if the hardware " "supports it, turn itself off." msgstr "" +"正確的將 FreeBSD 電腦關機對保護資料及避免硬體損壞有幫助。在系統尚未" +"正常關機之前請不要關閉電源! 若使用者為 wheel 群組的成員之一，可在指令列輸入 su 然後輸入 root 密碼來成為" +"超級使用者。接著輸入 shutdown -p now 系統便會關機，若硬體" +"支援的話，電腦會自行關閉電源。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title #. (itstool) path: sect2/title #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:5373 book.translate.xml:12253 book.translate.xml:15009 -#: book.translate.xml:20157 book.translate.xml:35284 book.translate.xml:36054 -#: book.translate.xml:46946 book.translate.xml:50192 book.translate.xml:61280 -#: book.translate.xml:62935 book.translate.xml:63658 +#: book.translate.xml:5377 book.translate.xml:12318 book.translate.xml:15074 +#: book.translate.xml:20222 book.translate.xml:35349 book.translate.xml:36119 +#: book.translate.xml:47780 book.translate.xml:51026 book.translate.xml:62119 +#: book.translate.xml:63774 book.translate.xml:64497 msgid "Troubleshooting" msgstr "疑難排解" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:5375 +#: book.translate.xml:5379 msgid "installation troubleshooting" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5379 +#: book.translate.xml:5383 msgid "" "This section covers basic installation troubleshooting, such as common " "problems people have reported." -msgstr "" +msgstr "本節涵蓋基礎的安裝疑難排解，例如一些已有人回報的常見問題。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5383 +#: book.translate.xml:5387 msgid "" "Check the Hardware Notes (http://www.freebsd.org/releases/index.html) document for " @@ -6804,9 +7468,17 @@ "the hardware has been reconfigured, a custom kernel configuration file can " "tell FreeBSD where to find things." msgstr "" +"查看該 FreeBSD 版本的 Hardware Notes (http://www.freebsd.org/releases/index.html) 文件" +"來確認是否支援該硬體。若確定有支援該硬體但仍然卡住或發生其他問題，請依照 " +" 的指示編譯自訂核心來加入未在 " +"GENERIC 核心的裝置。預設的核心會假設大部份的硬體裝置會使" +"用原廠預設的 IRQs, I/O 位址，及 " +"DMA 通道，若硬體已經被重新設定過，自訂的核心設定檔可以告" +"訴 FreeBSD 到那找到這些裝置。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:5397 +#: book.translate.xml:5401 msgid "" "Some installation problems can be avoided or alleviated by updating the " "firmware on various hardware components, most notably the motherboard. " @@ -6814,9 +7486,12 @@ "Most motherboard and computer manufacturers have a website for upgrades and " "upgrade information." msgstr "" +"部份安裝問題可以透過更各種硬體元件的韌體來避免或緩解，特別是主機板。主機板的" +"韌體通常稱為 BIOS，大部份主機板與電腦製造商會有網站可以取" +"得升級程式與升級資訊。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:5404 +#: book.translate.xml:5408 msgid "" "Manufacturers generally advise against upgrading the motherboard " "BIOS unless there is a good reason for doing so, like a " @@ -6823,9 +7498,10 @@ "critical update. The upgrade process can go wrong, " "leaving the BIOS incomplete and the computer inoperative." msgstr "" +"製造商通常會建議若沒有特殊原因盡量避免升級主機板 BIOS" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5412 +#: book.translate.xml:5416 msgid "" "If the system hangs while probing hardware during boot, or it behaves " "strangely during install, ACPI may be the culprit. " @@ -6837,15 +7513,21 @@ "setting the hint.acpi.0.disabled hint in the third stage " "boot loader:" msgstr "" +"若系統在開機偵測硬體時卡住或安裝時運作異常，可能主因為 ACPI，FreeBSD 在 i386, amd64 及 ia64 平台廣泛的使用了系統 ACPI 服務來協助設定系統組態，若在開機時有偵測到該功能。不幸的是，" +"ACPI 驅動程式與系統主機板及 BIOS 韌體之" +"間仍存在部份問題。可於開機載入程式的第三階段設定 hint.acpi.0." +"disabled Hint 來關閉 ACPI:" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:5424 +#: book.translate.xml:5428 #, no-wrap msgid "set hint.acpi.0.disabled=\"1\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5426 +#: book.translate.xml:5430 msgid "" "This is reset each time the system is booted, so it is necessary to add " "hint.acpi.0.disabled=\"1\" to the file /boot/" @@ -6852,14 +7534,17 @@ "loader.conf. More information about the boot loader can be found " "in ." msgstr "" +"每一次系統重開之後便會重設，因此需要在 /boot/loader.conf 檔案加入 hint.acpi.0.disabled=\"1\"。更多有關開" +"機載入程式的資訊可於 取得。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:5433 +#: book.translate.xml:5437 msgid "Using the Live CD" msgstr "使用 Live CD" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5435 +#: book.translate.xml:5439 msgid "" "The welcome menu of bsdinstall, shown in , provides a [ Live CD ] 所示 bsdinstall 的歡迎選單提供了 [ Live CD ] 選項，這對那" +"些對 FreeBSD 是否為正確的作業系統尚存疑慮的人非常有幫助，這可讓這些人在安裝前" +"測試一部份功能。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5442 +#: book.translate.xml:5446 msgid "" "The following points should be noted before using the " "[ Live CD ]:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "在使用 [ Live CD ] 之前必須注意以下幾點事項:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5447 +#: book.translate.xml:5451 msgid "" "To gain access to the system, authentication is required. The username is " "root and the password is blank." msgstr "" +"若要增加存取權限，必須透過認証。使用者名稱為 root 而密碼則是空白。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5453 +#: book.translate.xml:5457 msgid "" "As the system runs directly from the installation media, performance will be " "significantly slower than that of a system installed on a hard disk." -msgstr "" +msgstr "系統是直接從安裝媒體上執行，比起安裝到硬碟的系統，效能可能較差。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5459 +#: book.translate.xml:5463 msgid "" "This option only provides a command prompt and not a graphical interface." -msgstr "" +msgstr "這個選項只提供指令提示，不會有圖型化介面。" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:5484 -#, fuzzy +#: book.translate.xml:5488 msgid "FreeBSD Basics" -msgstr "FreeBSD 客戶端" +msgstr "FreeBSD 基礎" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5489 +#: book.translate.xml:5493 msgid "" "This chapter covers the basic commands and functionality of the FreeBSD " "operating system. Much of this material is relevant for any UNIX file permissions and " "FreeBSD file flags work." @@ -6934,68 +7624,68 @@ "記的運作方式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5512 +#: book.translate.xml:5516 msgid "The default FreeBSD file system layout." msgstr "預設的 FreeBSD 檔案系統配置。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5516 +#: book.translate.xml:5520 msgid "The FreeBSD disk organization." msgstr "FreeBSD 的磁碟組織。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5520 +#: book.translate.xml:5524 msgid "How to mount and unmount file systems." -msgstr "如何掛載(mount)、卸載(umount)檔案系統。" +msgstr "如何掛載 (Mount)、卸載 (Umount) 檔案系統。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5524 +#: book.translate.xml:5528 msgid "What processes, daemons, and signals are." -msgstr "什麼是程序、Daemon 以及 Signal。" +msgstr "什麼是程序、Daemon 以及信號 (Signal)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5528 +#: book.translate.xml:5532 msgid "What a shell is, and how to change the default login environment." msgstr "什麼是 Shell，以及如何變更您預設的登入環境。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5533 +#: book.translate.xml:5537 msgid "How to use basic text editors." msgstr "如何使用基本的文字編輯器。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5537 +#: book.translate.xml:5541 msgid "What devices and device nodes are." -msgstr "什麼是 Devices 和 Device node 。" +msgstr "什麼是裝置 (Device) 和裝置節點 (Device node)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5541 +#: book.translate.xml:5545 msgid "How to read manual pages for more information." msgstr "如何閱讀操作手冊以獲得更多的資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:5547 +#: book.translate.xml:5551 msgid "Virtual Consoles and Terminals" msgstr "虛擬 Console 與終端機" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:5549 +#: book.translate.xml:5553 msgid "virtual consoles" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:5552 book.translate.xml:46228 +#: book.translate.xml:5556 book.translate.xml:47062 msgid "terminals" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:5555 book.translate.xml:23139 +#: book.translate.xml:5559 book.translate.xml:23204 msgid "console" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5559 +#: book.translate.xml:5563 msgid "" "Unless FreeBSD has been configured to automatically start a graphical " "environment during startup, the system will boot into a command line login " @@ -7005,7 +7695,7 @@ "是這樣的東西：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:5564 +#: book.translate.xml:5568 #, no-wrap msgid "" "FreeBSD/amd64 (pc3.example.org) (ttyv0)\n" @@ -7014,7 +7704,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5568 +#: book.translate.xml:5572 msgid "" "The first line contains some information about the system. The " "amd64 indicates that the system in this example is " @@ -7028,7 +7718,7 @@ "quote>。第二行則是登人的提示訊息。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5576 +#: book.translate.xml:5580 msgid "" "Since FreeBSD is a multiuser system, it needs some way to distinguish " "between different users. This is accomplished by requiring every user to log " @@ -7038,11 +7728,11 @@ msgstr "" "FreeBSD 是一個多使用者的系統，需要一套可以分辨不同使用者的方法。因此所有的使" "用者在執行程式之前必須先“登入”系統以取得系統內程式的存取權限。每個使用者都有" -"一組獨特的帳號名稱 (username) 及個人密碼 (password)。" +"一組獨一無二的使用者名稱 (username) 及個人密碼 " +"(password)。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5583 +#: book.translate.xml:5587 msgid "" "To log into the system console, type the username that was configured during " "system installation, as described in 在畫面上。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5591 +#: book.translate.xml:5595 msgid "" "Once the correct password is input, the message of the day (MOTD) will be displayed followed by a command prompt. Depending upon the " @@ -7072,12 +7762,12 @@ "Console 且已經準備好可以下指令。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:5601 +#: book.translate.xml:5605 msgid "Virtual Consoles" msgstr "虛擬 Console" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5603 +#: book.translate.xml:5607 msgid "" "While the system console can be used to interact with the system, a user " "working from the command line at the keyboard of a FreeBSD system will " @@ -7091,7 +7781,7 @@ "這些訊些會在使用者作業的過程中不斷出現，讓使用者難以專心作業。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5612 +#: book.translate.xml:5616 msgid "" "By default, FreeBSD is configured to provide several virtual consoles for " "inputting commands. Each virtual console has its own login prompt and shell " @@ -7104,7 +7794,7 @@ "於圖型化環境中可以同時開啟多個視窗的功能。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5619 +#: book.translate.xml:5623 msgid "" "The key combinations AltF1 through AltF8ttyv2)，以此類推。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5635 +#: book.translate.xml:5639 msgid "" "When switching from one console to the next, FreeBSD manages the screen " "output. The result is an illusion of having multiple virtual screens and " @@ -7139,7 +7829,7 @@ "Console 上執行的程式並不會因為使用者切到別的 Console 而停止執行。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5642 +#: book.translate.xml:5646 msgid "" "Refer to kbdcontrol1, " @@ -7161,7 +7851,7 @@ "citerefentry> 來取得更多有關 FreeBSD Console 及鍵盤驅動程式的技術說明。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5647 +#: book.translate.xml:5651 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, the number of available virtual consoles is configured in this " "section of /etc/ttys:" @@ -7170,7 +7860,7 @@ "列章節:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5651 +#: book.translate.xml:5655 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# name getty type status comments\n" @@ -7188,7 +7878,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5665 +#: book.translate.xml:5669 msgid "" "To disable a virtual console, put a comment symbol (#) at " "the beginning of the line representing that virtual console. For example, to " @@ -7210,7 +7900,7 @@ "個虛擬 Console (ttyv8)。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5679 +#: book.translate.xml:5683 msgid "" "For a detailed description of every column in this file and the available " "options for the virtual consoles, refer to " @@ -7221,12 +7911,12 @@ "refentrytitle>5 說明。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:5685 +#: book.translate.xml:5689 msgid "Single User Mode" msgstr "單使用者模式" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5687 +#: book.translate.xml:5691 msgid "" "The FreeBSD boot menu provides an option labelled as Boot Single " "User. If this option is selected, the system will boot into a " @@ -7251,7 +7941,7 @@ "鍵盤的人員。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5703 +#: book.translate.xml:5707 msgid "" "The settings which control single user mode are found in this section of " "/etc/ttys:" @@ -7259,7 +7949,7 @@ "有關單使用者模式的設定可在 /etc/ttys 中的以下章節中找到:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5706 +#: book.translate.xml:5710 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# name getty type status comments\n" @@ -7270,7 +7960,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5712 +#: book.translate.xml:5716 msgid "" "By default, the status is set to secure. This assumes " "that who has physical access to the keyboard is either not important or it " @@ -7282,7 +7972,7 @@ "selects to boot into single user mode." msgstr "" "預設狀態為安全 (secure)，這代表誰能夠操作實體鍵盤不是不重" -"要就是已受到實體安全規範管制。 若設定更該為不安全(insecureinsecure) 則代表主機所在的環境不安全，因為任何人皆可接觸鍵盤。 當此行設定更改" "為不安全 (insecure) 時，當使用擇選擇單使用者模式時，" "FreeBSD 將會要求輸入 root 的密" @@ -7289,7 +7979,7 @@ "碼。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:5724 +#: book.translate.xml:5728 msgid "" "Be careful when changing this setting to insecure! If the root " @@ -7302,12 +7992,12 @@ "有其他辦法可以登入單使用者模式，只是對不熟 FreeBSD 開機程序的人可就麻煩了。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:5734 +#: book.translate.xml:5738 msgid "Changing Console Video Modes" msgstr "更改 Console 影像模式" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5736 +#: book.translate.xml:5740 msgid "" "The FreeBSD console default video mode may be adjusted to 1024x768, " "1280x1024, or any other size supported by the graphics chip and monitor. To " @@ -7318,13 +8008,13 @@ "組：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:5741 +#: book.translate.xml:5745 #, no-wrap msgid "# kldload vesa" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5743 +#: book.translate.xml:5747 msgid "" "To determine which video modes are supported by the hardware, use " "vidcontrol1# vidcontrol -i mode" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5749 +#: book.translate.xml:5753 msgid "" "The output of this command lists the video modes that are supported by the " "hardware. To select a new video mode, specify the mode using " @@ -7356,13 +8046,13 @@ "manvolnum> 指令：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:5754 +#: book.translate.xml:5758 #, no-wrap msgid "# vidcontrol MODE_279" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5756 +#: book.translate.xml:5760 msgid "" "If the new video mode is acceptable, it can be permanently set on boot by " "adding it to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -7371,18 +8061,18 @@ "次重開機後會自動生效：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:5760 +#: book.translate.xml:5764 #, no-wrap msgid "allscreens_flags=\"MODE_279\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:5777 +#: book.translate.xml:5781 msgid "Users and Basic Account Management" msgstr "使用者與基礎帳號管理" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5779 +#: book.translate.xml:5783 msgid "" "FreeBSD allows multiple users to use the computer at the same time. While " "only one user can sit in front of the screen and use the keyboard at any one " @@ -7389,73 +8079,80 @@ "time, any number of users can log in to the system through the network. To " "use the system, each user should have their own user account." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 允許多使用者同時使用電腦，在一次只能有一位使用者坐在電腦螢幕前使用鍵" +"盤操作的同時，可讓任何數量的使用者透過網路登入到系統。每一位要使用該系統的使" +"用者應有自己的帳號。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:5785 +#: book.translate.xml:5789 msgid "This chapter describes:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "本章介紹︰" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5789 +#: book.translate.xml:5793 msgid "The different types of user accounts on a FreeBSD system." -msgstr "" +msgstr "FreeBSD 系統中各種類型的使用者帳號。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5794 +#: book.translate.xml:5798 msgid "How to add, remove, and modify user accounts." -msgstr "" +msgstr "如何加入、移除與修改使用者帳號。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5798 +#: book.translate.xml:5802 msgid "" "How to set limits to control the resources that users and groups are allowed " "to access." -msgstr "" +msgstr "如何設定用來控制使用者與群組允許存取的資源的限制。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5804 +#: book.translate.xml:5808 msgid "How to create groups and add users as members of a group." -msgstr "" +msgstr "如何建立群組與加入使用者作為群組成員。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:5810 +#: book.translate.xml:5814 msgid "Account Types" msgstr "帳號類型" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5812 +#: book.translate.xml:5816 msgid "" "Since all access to the FreeBSD system is achieved using accounts and all " "processes are run by users, user and account management is important." msgstr "" +"由於所有對 FreeBSD 系統的存取是透過使用者帳號來達成，且所有的程序需要經由使用" +"者來執行，因此使用者帳號管理非常重要。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:5816 +#: book.translate.xml:5820 msgid "" "There are three main types of accounts: system accounts, user accounts, and " "the superuser account." -msgstr "" +msgstr "有三種主要類型的帳號：系統帳號、使用者帳號以及超級使用者帳號。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:5820 +#: book.translate.xml:5824 msgid "System Accounts" msgstr "系統帳號" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:5822 +#: book.translate.xml:5826 msgid "accounts system" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:5827 +#: book.translate.xml:5831 msgid "" "System accounts are used to run services such as DNS, mail, and web servers. " "The reason for this is security; if all services ran as the superuser, they " "could act without restriction." msgstr "" +"系統帳號用來執行服務，例如 DNS、郵件及網頁伺服器，要這麼作是因為安全性考量，" +"若所有的服務均以超級使用者來執行，那麼這些服務的運作將不會受到限制。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:5832 +#: book.translate.xml:5836 msgid "" "accounts daemon" @@ -7462,7 +8159,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:5836 +#: book.translate.xml:5840 msgid "" "accounts operator" @@ -7469,7 +8166,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:5841 +#: book.translate.xml:5845 msgid "" "Examples of system accounts are daemon, operator, " @@ -7477,9 +8174,13 @@ "\"username\">news, and www." msgstr "" +"系統帳號的例子有 daemon, " +"operator, bind, news, and www。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:5848 +#: book.translate.xml:5852 msgid "" "accounts nobody" @@ -7486,7 +8187,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:5853 +#: book.translate.xml:5857 msgid "" "nobody is the generic " "unprivileged system account. However, the more services that use nobody 是通用的無權限系統帳號。雖" +"然如此，只有要越多的服務使用 nobody，就會有更多的檔案與程式與該使用者相關聯，會讓該使用者擁有更多的權" +"限。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:5862 +#: book.translate.xml:5866 msgid "User Accounts" msgstr "使用者帳號" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:5864 +#: book.translate.xml:5868 msgid "accounts user" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:5869 +#: book.translate.xml:5873 msgid "" "User accounts are assigned to real people and are used to log in and use the " "system. Every person accessing the system should have a unique user account. " @@ -7513,29 +8218,34 @@ "This allows the administrator to find out who is doing what and prevents " "users from clobbering the settings of other users." msgstr "" +"使用者帳號會分配給實際人員，用來登入及使用系統。每位要存取系統的人員需要擁有" +"一組唯一的使用者帳號，這可讓管理者辨識誰在做什麼以及避免使用者覆蓋其他使用者" +"的設定。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:5875 +#: book.translate.xml:5879 msgid "" "Each user can set up their own environment to accommodate their use of the " "system, by configuring their default shell, editor, key bindings, and " "language settings." msgstr "" +"每位使用者可以設定自己的環境來配合自己使用系統的習慣，透過設定預設的 Shell、" +"編輯器、組合鍵 (Key Binding) 及語言設定。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:5880 +#: book.translate.xml:5884 msgid "" "Every user account on a FreeBSD system has certain information associated " "with it:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "每個在 FreeBSD 系統的使用者帳號都會有一些相關的資訊：" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:5885 +#: book.translate.xml:5889 msgid "User name" -msgstr "" +msgstr "使用者名稱 (User name)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5888 +#: book.translate.xml:5892 msgid "" "The user name is typed at the login: prompt. Each user must " "have a unique user name. There are a number of rules for creating valid user " @@ -7544,24 +8254,29 @@ "use user names that consist of eight or fewer, all lower case characters in " "order to maintain backwards compatibility with applications." msgstr "" +"在 login: 提示出現時便要輸入使用者名稱，每位使用者必須要有一" +"個唯一的使用者名稱。要建立有效的使用者名稱要遵守數條規則，在 " +"passwd5 中有說明。建議使用者名稱由 8 個或更少的字母組成，全部採用小寫字" +"元以向下相容應用程式。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:5900 +#: book.translate.xml:5904 msgid "Password" -msgstr "" +msgstr "密碼 (Password)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5903 +#: book.translate.xml:5907 msgid "Each account has an associated password." -msgstr "" +msgstr "每個帳號都會有密碼。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:5908 +#: book.translate.xml:5912 msgid "User ID (UID)" -msgstr "" +msgstr "使用者 ID (UID)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5911 +#: book.translate.xml:5915 msgid "" "The User ID (UID) is a number used to uniquely identify " "the user to the FreeBSD system. Commands that allow a user name to be " @@ -7569,14 +8284,18 @@ "recommended to use a UID less than 65535, since higher values may cause " "compatibility issues with some software." msgstr "" +"使用者 ID (User ID, UID) 是一組數字用來獨一無二的辨識 " +"FreeBSD 系統的使用者，用到使用者名稱的指令會先將使用者名稱轉換為 " +"UID。建議使用小於 65535 的 UID，超過這個值可能會造成部份軟" +"體的相容性問題。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:5922 +#: book.translate.xml:5926 msgid "Group ID (GID)" -msgstr "" +msgstr "群組 ID (GID)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5925 +#: book.translate.xml:5929 msgid "" "The Group ID (GID) is a number used to uniquely identify " "the primary group that the user belongs to. Groups are a mechanism for " @@ -7586,40 +8305,49 @@ "one group. It is recommended to use a GID of 65535 or lower as higher GIDs " "may break some software." msgstr "" +"群組 ID (Group ID, GID) 是一組數字用來獨一無二的辨識使用者" +"所屬的主要群組。群組是一個除了使用 UID 之外根據使用者的 " +"GID 來控制資源存取權的機制。這可以顯著的降低某些設定檔的大" +"小且可讓使用者成為一個以上群組的成員。建議使用 65535 或以下的 GID，因超過此值" +"的 GID 可能會讓部份軟體無法運作。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:5939 +#: book.translate.xml:5943 msgid "Login class" -msgstr "" +msgstr "登入類別 (Login class)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5942 +#: book.translate.xml:5946 msgid "" "Login classes are an extension to the group mechanism that provide " "additional flexibility when tailoring the system to different users. Login " "classes are discussed further in ." msgstr "" +"登入類別 (Login class) 擴充了群組機制，當在對不同使用者客製化系統時可提供額外" +"的彈性。在 有對登入類別更進一步的討論。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:5951 +#: book.translate.xml:5955 msgid "Password change time" -msgstr "" +msgstr "密碼更改時間 (Password change time)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5954 +#: book.translate.xml:5958 msgid "" "By default, passwords do not expire. However, password expiration can be " "enabled on a per-user basis, forcing some or all users to change their " "passwords after a certain amount of time has elapsed." msgstr "" +"預設情況下密碼並不會過期，雖然如此，密碼期限可在各別使用者上開啟，可強制部份" +"或所有使用者在某段期間過後更改他們的密碼。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:5963 +#: book.translate.xml:5967 msgid "Account expiration time" -msgstr "" +msgstr "帳號到期時間 (Account expiration time)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5966 +#: book.translate.xml:5970 msgid "" "By default, FreeBSD does not expire accounts. When creating accounts that " "need a limited lifespan, such as student accounts in a school, specify the " @@ -7628,14 +8356,18 @@ "has elapsed, the account cannot be used to log in to the system, although " "the account's directories and files will remain." msgstr "" +"預設情況下 FreeBSD 的帳號不會有期限。當建立需要有限壽命的帳號時，例如，學校的" +"學生帳號，可使用 pw8 指定帳號的到期日期。到" +"期日期過後，便無法使用該帳號登入到系統，儘管該帳號的目錄及檔案仍存在。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:5977 +#: book.translate.xml:5981 msgid "User's full name" -msgstr "" +msgstr "使用者的全名 (User's full name)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5980 +#: book.translate.xml:5984 msgid "" "The user name uniquely identifies the account to FreeBSD, but does not " "necessarily reflect the user's real name. Similar to a comment, this " @@ -7642,14 +8374,16 @@ "information can contain spaces, uppercase characters, and be more than 8 " "characters long." msgstr "" +"使用者名稱用來獨一無二的辦識 FreeBSD 的帳號，但並不一定反映了使用者的真實姓" +"名。類似註解，這個資訊可以含有空白、大寫字元並可超過 8 個字母的長度。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:5989 +#: book.translate.xml:5993 msgid "Home directory" -msgstr "" +msgstr "家目錄 (Home directory)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:5992 +#: book.translate.xml:5996 msgid "" "The home directory is the full path to a directory on the system. This is " "the user's starting directory when the user logs in. A common convention is " @@ -7658,32 +8392,38 @@ "username. Each user stores their personal files and " "subdirectories in their own home directory." msgstr "" +"家目錄是系統中某個目錄的完整路徑，這個目錄是使用者登入後的起點目錄。習慣上會" +"將所有使用者目錄放置在 /home/username 或 /usr/home/username。每位使用者可以儲存他們的個人檔案及子目錄於他們自己的家目錄。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:6003 +#: book.translate.xml:6007 msgid "User shell" -msgstr "" +msgstr "使用者 Shell (User shell)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:6006 +#: book.translate.xml:6010 msgid "" "The shell provides the user's default environment for interacting with the " "system. There are many different kinds of shells and experienced users will " "have their own preferences, which can be reflected in their account settings." msgstr "" +"Shell 提供了使用者預設的環境來與系統互動。有數種不同類型的 Shell，有經驗的使" +"用者會有自己偏好的選擇，可儲存在自己的帳號設定。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:6017 +#: book.translate.xml:6021 msgid "The Superuser Account" msgstr "超級使用者帳號" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6019 +#: book.translate.xml:6023 msgid "accounts superuser (root)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6024 +#: book.translate.xml:6028 msgid "" "The superuser account, usually called root, is used to manage the system with no limitations on privileges. " @@ -7690,9 +8430,12 @@ "For this reason, it should not be used for day-to-day tasks like sending and " "receiving mail, general exploration of the system, or programming." msgstr "" +"超級使用者帳號，通常稱作 root，用" +"來管理系統，沒有權限的限制，也因這個原因，該帳號不應該用來做每日的例行作業，" +"如：寄信與收信、系統的一般探索或程式設計。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6031 +#: book.translate.xml:6035 msgid "" "The superuser, unlike other user accounts, can operate without limits, and " "misuse of the superuser account may result in spectacular disasters. User " @@ -7700,23 +8443,30 @@ "recommended to login as a user account and to only become the superuser when " "a command requires extra privilege." msgstr "" +"超級使用者並不像其他使用者帳號，可以沒有限制的操作，不正確的使用超級使用者帳" +"號可能會造成可觀的災害。一般使用者帳號不會因為失誤而法摧毀作業系統，所以建議" +"登入一般使用者帳號，只有在指令需要額外權限時切換為超級使用者。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6039 +#: book.translate.xml:6043 msgid "" "Always double and triple-check any commands issued as the superuser, since " "an extra space or missing character can mean irreparable data loss." msgstr "" +"使用超級使用者下指令時永遠要再三檢查，由於一個多餘的空白或缺少的字元可能意味" +"著無法挽回的資料遺失。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6043 +#: book.translate.xml:6047 msgid "" "There are several ways to gain superuser privilege. While one can log in as " "root, this is highly discouraged." msgstr "" +"有數種方法可以提升為超級使用者權限，雖然可以直接登入為 root，但強烈不建議這樣做。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6048 +#: book.translate.xml:6052 msgid "" "Instead, use su1 to become the superuser. If - " @@ -7726,9 +8476,15 @@ "The user must also know the password for the root user account." msgstr "" +"改使用 su1 切換為超級使用者。執行此指令時若指定 - 參數，該使用者會繼承 root 的使用者環境。執行此指令的使用者必須在 " +"wheel 群組中，否則指令會失敗。使" +"用者也必須要知道 root 使用者帳號" +"的密碼。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6058 +#: book.translate.xml:6062 msgid "" "In this example, the user only becomes superuser in order to run " "make install as this step requires superuser privilege. " @@ -7735,14 +8491,17 @@ "Once the command completes, the user types exit to leave " "the superuser account and return to the privilege of their user account." msgstr "" +"在此例當中，該使用者只在要執行 make install 時切換為超級使" +"用者，因為這個步驟需要超級使用者權限。指令完成之後，該使用者輸入 " +"exit 離開超級使用者帳號並返回他的使用者帳號權限。" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:6066 +#: book.translate.xml:6070 msgid "Install a Program As the Superuser" msgstr "以超級使用者的身份安裝程式" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6068 +#: book.translate.xml:6072 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% configure\n" @@ -7755,7 +8514,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6077 +#: book.translate.xml:6081 msgid "" "The built-in su1 framework works well for single systems or small " @@ -7764,19 +8523,23 @@ "activity logging and allows the administrator to configure which users can " "run which commands as the superuser." msgstr "" +"內建的 su1 框架在單人系統或只有一位系統管理者的小型網路可以運" +"作的很好。另一種方式是安裝 security/sudo 套件或 Port。此軟" +"體提供了活動記錄且允許管理者設定那個使用者可以用超級使用者執行那個指令。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:6088 +#: book.translate.xml:6092 msgid "Managing Accounts" msgstr "管理帳號" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6090 +#: book.translate.xml:6094 msgid "accounts modifying" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6095 +#: book.translate.xml:6099 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides a variety of different commands to manage user accounts. " "The most common commands are summarized in , followed by some examples of their usage. See the manual page " "for each utility for more details and usage examples." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 提供了各種不同指令來管理使用者帳號，最常用的指令已摘要於 ，接著有一些用法的範例。請參考每個工具" +"的操作手冊來取得更多詳細的資訊與用法範例。" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:6102 +#: book.translate.xml:6106 msgid "Utilities for Managing User Accounts" msgstr "管理使用者帳號的工具" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6110 book.translate.xml:57519 book.translate.xml:61046 +#: book.translate.xml:6114 book.translate.xml:58353 book.translate.xml:61885 msgid "Command" msgstr "指令" #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:6111 book.translate.xml:16910 book.translate.xml:17064 +#: book.translate.xml:6115 book.translate.xml:16975 book.translate.xml:17129 msgid "Summary" msgstr "摘要" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6116 +#: book.translate.xml:6120 msgid "" "adduser8" @@ -7808,12 +8574,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6117 +#: book.translate.xml:6121 msgid "The recommended command-line application for adding new users." -msgstr "" +msgstr "建議用來新增新使用者的指令列應用程式。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6122 +#: book.translate.xml:6126 msgid "" "rmuser8" @@ -7820,12 +8586,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6123 +#: book.translate.xml:6127 msgid "The recommended command-line application for removing users." -msgstr "" +msgstr "建議用來移除使用者的指令列應用程式。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6128 +#: book.translate.xml:6132 msgid "" "chpass1" @@ -7832,12 +8598,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6129 +#: book.translate.xml:6133 msgid "A flexible tool for changing user database information." -msgstr "" +msgstr "用來更改使用者資料庫資訊的工具。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6134 +#: book.translate.xml:6138 msgid "" "passwd1" @@ -7844,12 +8610,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6135 +#: book.translate.xml:6139 msgid "The command-line tool to change user passwords." -msgstr "" +msgstr "用來更改使用者密碼的指令列工具。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6140 +#: book.translate.xml:6144 msgid "" "pw8" @@ -7856,39 +8622,39 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6141 +#: book.translate.xml:6145 msgid "" "A powerful and flexible tool for modifying all aspects of user accounts." -msgstr "" +msgstr "用來修改使用者帳號各方面資訊強大且靈活的工具。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:6149 +#: book.translate.xml:6153 msgid "adduser" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6151 +#: book.translate.xml:6155 msgid "accounts adding" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect4/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6155 book.translate.xml:43070 +#: book.translate.xml:6159 book.translate.xml:43135 msgid "adduser" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6158 +#: book.translate.xml:6162 msgid "/usr/share/skel" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6161 +#: book.translate.xml:6165 msgid "skeleton directory" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6165 +#: book.translate.xml:6169 msgid "" "The recommended program for adding new users is " "adduser8, and can optionally mail the new user a welcome message. This " "utility must be run as the superuser." msgstr "" +"建議用來新增新使用者的程式為 adduser8。當新使用者新增之後，此" +"程式會自動更新 /etc/passwd 以及 /etc/group，這同時也會建立新使用者的家目錄 (複製 /usr/share/skel 中的預設設定檔)，並且可以選擇是否要寄送歡迎訊息通知新使用者。這個工" +"具必須使用超級使用者執行。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6175 +#: book.translate.xml:6179 msgid "" "The adduser8 utility is interactive and walks through the steps " @@ -7914,14 +8686,22 @@ "citerefentry>. When finished, the utility will prompt to either create " "another user or to exit." msgstr "" +"adduser8 工具採用互動的方式，只需幾個步驟便可建立新使用者帳" +"號。如 所示，可輸入必填的資訊或" +"按 Return 鍵採用方括中的預設值。在此例當中，使用者被邀請加" +"入 wheel 群組，這讓使用者可使用 " +"su1 變成超級使用者。完成之後，此工具會詢問是否要建立其他的使用者或" +"離開。" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:6187 +#: book.translate.xml:6191 msgid "Adding a User on FreeBSD" msgstr "在 FreeBSD 新增使用者" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6189 +#: book.translate.xml:6193 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# adduser\n" @@ -7957,81 +8737,89 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:6222 +#: book.translate.xml:6226 msgid "" "Since the password is not echoed when typed, be careful to not mistype the " "password when creating the user account." -msgstr "" +msgstr "由於密碼在輸入時並不會顯示，在建立使用者帳號時要小心密碼不要輸入錯誤。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:6229 +#: book.translate.xml:6233 msgid "rmuser" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6231 +#: book.translate.xml:6235 msgid "rmuser" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6234 +#: book.translate.xml:6238 msgid "accounts removing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6239 +#: book.translate.xml:6243 msgid "" "To completely remove a user from the system, run " "rmuser8 as the superuser. This command performs the following steps:" msgstr "" +"要自系統完全移除一個使用者可使用超級使用者執行 " +"rmuser8。這個指令會執行以下步驟：" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:6245 +#: book.translate.xml:6249 msgid "" "Removes the user's crontab1 entry, if one exists." msgstr "" +"移除使用者的 crontab1 項目，若項目存在。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:6250 +#: book.translate.xml:6254 msgid "" "Removes any at1 jobs belonging to the user." msgstr "" +"移除任何屬於該使用者的 at1 工作。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:6255 +#: book.translate.xml:6259 msgid "Kills all processes owned by the user." -msgstr "" +msgstr "中止所有該使用者擁有的程序。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:6259 +#: book.translate.xml:6263 msgid "Removes the user from the system's local password file." -msgstr "" +msgstr "自系統本地密碼檔移除該使用者。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:6264 +#: book.translate.xml:6268 msgid "" "Optionally removes the user's home directory, if it is owned by the user." -msgstr "" +msgstr "選擇性移除該使用者的家目錄，若使用者擁有該目錄。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:6269 +#: book.translate.xml:6273 msgid "" "Removes the incoming mail files belonging to the user from /var/" "mail." -msgstr "" +msgstr "自 /var/mail 移除屬於該使用者的收件郵件檔。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:6274 +#: book.translate.xml:6278 msgid "" "Removes all files owned by the user from temporary file storage areas such " "as /tmp." msgstr "" +"自暫存檔儲存區域 (如 /tmp) 移除所有使用者擁有的檔案。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:6280 +#: book.translate.xml:6284 msgid "" "Finally, removes the username from all groups to which it belongs in " "/etc/group. If a group becomes empty and the group name " @@ -8039,28 +8827,34 @@ "user unique groups created by adduser8." msgstr "" +"最後，自 /etc/group 中該使用者所屬的所有群組移除該使用" +"者。若群組無任何成員且群組名稱與該使用者名稱相同，則該群組也會一併移除。這是" +"為了輔助 adduser8 替每位使用者建立獨一無二的群組。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6289 +#: book.translate.xml:6293 msgid "" "rmuser8 cannot be used to remove superuser accounts since that is " "almost always an indication of massive destruction." msgstr "" +"rmuser8 無法用來移除超級使用者帳號，因為這幾乎代表著大規模破壞。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6293 +#: book.translate.xml:6297 msgid "" "By default, an interactive mode is used, as shown in the following example." -msgstr "" +msgstr "預設會使用互動式模式，如下範例所示。" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:6297 +#: book.translate.xml:6301 msgid "rmuser Interactive Account Removal" msgstr "rmuser 互動式帳號移除" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6300 +#: book.translate.xml:6304 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# rmuser jru\n" @@ -8073,17 +8867,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:6311 +#: book.translate.xml:6315 msgid "chpass" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6313 +#: book.translate.xml:6317 msgid "chpass" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6317 +#: book.translate.xml:6321 msgid "" "Any user can use chpass1 to change their " @@ -8091,9 +8885,13 @@ "The superuser can use this utility to change additional account information " "for any user." msgstr "" +"任何使用者都可以使用 chpass1 來變更自己的預設 Shell " +"以及與自己的使用者帳號關聯的個人資訊。超級使用者可以使用這個工具更改任何使用" +"者的其他帳號資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6322 +#: book.translate.xml:6326 msgid "" "When passed no options, aside from an optional username, " "chpass1 displays an editor containing user information. When the user " "exits from the editor, the user database is updated with the new information." msgstr "" +"除了選填的使用者名稱外，未傳入任何選項時，" +"chpass1 會開啟含有使用者資訊的編輯器。當使用者自編輯器離開，便會更新新" +"的資訊到使用者資料庫。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:6328 +#: book.translate.xml:6332 msgid "" "This utility will prompt for the user's password when exiting the editor, " "unless the utility is run as the superuser." msgstr "" +"離開編輯器時，此工具會提示使用者輸入密碼，除非使用超級使用者執行此工具。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6333 +#: book.translate.xml:6337 msgid "" "In , the superuser has typed " "chpass jru and is now viewing the fields that can be " @@ -8118,14 +8921,18 @@ "available for editing. This is shown in ." msgstr "" +"在 中，超級使用者輸入了 " +"chpass jru 並正在檢視這個使用者可以更改的欄位。若改以 " +"jru 執行這個指令，只會顯示最後六" +"個欄位供編輯，如 所示。" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:6342 +#: book.translate.xml:6346 msgid "Using chpass as Superuser" msgstr "以超級使用者的身份使用 chpass" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6345 +#: book.translate.xml:6349 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#Changing user database information for jru.\n" @@ -8146,12 +8953,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:6363 +#: book.translate.xml:6367 msgid "Using chpass as Regular User" msgstr "以一般使用者的身份使用 chpass" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6366 +#: book.translate.xml:6370 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#Changing user database information for jru.\n" @@ -8164,7 +8971,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:6376 +#: book.translate.xml:6380 msgid "" "The commands chfn1 and chsh." msgstr "" +"指令 chfn1 以及 chsh1 皆連結至 " +"chpass1，就如同 ypchpass1, " +"ypchfn1 以及 ypchsh1 的關係。自從 NIS 支援自" +"動化以後，便不再需要特別加上 yp，如何設定 NIS 在 中有說明。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:6386 +#: book.translate.xml:6390 msgid "passwd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6388 +#: book.translate.xml:6392 msgid "passwd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6391 +#: book.translate.xml:6395 msgid "accounts changing password" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6396 +#: book.translate.xml:6400 msgid "" "Any user can easily change their password using " "passwd1passwd1 更改自己的密碼。要避免" +"意外或未授權的變更，這個指令在設定新密碼之前會提示使用者輸入原來的密碼。" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:6402 +#: book.translate.xml:6406 msgid "Changing Your Password" msgstr "更改您的密碼" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6404 +#: book.translate.xml:6408 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% passwd\n" @@ -8224,7 +9045,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6413 +#: book.translate.xml:6417 msgid "" "The superuser can change any user's password by specifying the username when " "running passwd1passwd1 時指定使用者名稱。當此工具以超級使用者執行時，將不會提示輸入使" +"用者目前的密碼，這可在使用者忘記原來的密碼時更改密碼。" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:6421 +#: book.translate.xml:6425 msgid "Changing Another User's Password as the Superuser" msgstr "以超級使用者的身份更改其他使用者的密碼" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6424 +#: book.translate.xml:6428 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# passwd jru\n" @@ -8251,7 +9076,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:6433 +#: book.translate.xml:6437 msgid "" "As with chpass1, yppasswdpasswd1, so NIS works with either command." msgstr "" +"如同 chpass1，yppasswd1 連結到 " +"passwd1，因此 NIS 在兩個指令上皆可運作。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:6440 +#: book.translate.xml:6444 msgid "pw" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect4/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6442 book.translate.xml:43093 +#: book.translate.xml:6446 book.translate.xml:43158 msgid "pw" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:6446 +#: book.translate.xml:6450 msgid "" "The pw8 utility can create, remove, modify, and display users and " @@ -8282,29 +9112,35 @@ "suitable for use in shell scripts, but new users may find it more " "complicated than the other commands presented in this section." msgstr "" +"pw8 工具可以建立、移除、修改以及顯示使用者與群組，它的功能是做為系" +"統使用者與群組檔的前端。pw8 有非常強大的的指令列選" +"項集，這讓該指令非常適合用於 Shell scripts，但新的使用者可能會發現它比其他在" +"本節的指令要複雜許多。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:6457 +#: book.translate.xml:6461 msgid "Managing Groups" msgstr "管理群組" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6459 +#: book.translate.xml:6463 msgid "groups" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6462 +#: book.translate.xml:6466 msgid "/etc/groups" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6465 +#: book.translate.xml:6469 msgid "accounts groups" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6470 +#: book.translate.xml:6474 msgid "" "A group is a list of users. A group is identified by its group name and " "GID. In FreeBSD, the kernel uses the UIDGID of a user or process usually means the first group in the list." msgstr "" +"群組代表一群使用者，群組可以由其群組名稱及 GID 來辨識。在 " +"FreeBSD，核心會使用程序的 UID 以及其所屬的群組清單來決定程" +"序可以做那些事。大多數情況使用者或程序的 GID 通常指的是清" +"單中的第一個群組。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6477 +#: book.translate.xml:6481 msgid "" "The group name to GID mapping is listed in /etc/" "group. This is a plain text file with four colon-delimited " @@ -8324,9 +9164,15 @@ "refer to group5." msgstr "" +"群組名稱與 GID 的對應表列在 /etc/group。這個純文字檔案使用了四個以冒號分隔的欄位，第一個欄位為群組名稱，第" +"二個欄位為加密後的密碼，第二個欄位為 GID 以及第四個欄位為" +"以逗號分隔的成員清單。要取得更完整的語法說明，請參考 " +"group5。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6485 +#: book.translate.xml:6489 msgid "" "The superuser can modify /etc/group using a text " "editor. Alternatively, pwteamtwo and then confirm that it exists:" msgstr "" +"超級使用者可以使用文字編輯器修改 /etc/group，或者可使用 " +"pw8 加入與編輯群組。例如，要加入一個叫做 teamtwo 的群組然後確認該群組已新增：" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:6492 +#: book.translate.xml:6496 msgid "" "Adding a Group Using pw8" @@ -8345,7 +9195,7 @@ "manvolnum> 新增群組" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6494 +#: book.translate.xml:6498 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# pw groupadd teamtwo\n" @@ -8354,7 +9204,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6499 +#: book.translate.xml:6503 msgid "" "In this example, 1100 is the GID of " "teamtwo. Right now, jru as a member of " "teamtwo." msgstr "" +"在本例中，1100 是 teamtwo 的 GID。目前 teamtwo 沒有任何成員，這個指令會加入 jru 作為 teamtwo 的成員。" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:6508 +#: book.translate.xml:6512 msgid "" "Adding User Accounts to a New Group Using pw8" @@ -8373,7 +9228,7 @@ "manvolnum> 加入使用者帳號到新的群組" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6511 +#: book.translate.xml:6515 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# pw groupmod teamtwo -M jru\n" @@ -8382,7 +9237,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6516 +#: book.translate.xml:6520 msgid "" "The argument to is a comma-delimited list of users to be " "added to a new (empty) group or to replace the members of an existing group. " @@ -8397,9 +9252,19 @@ "to a group, it only manipulates /etc/group and does not " "attempt to read additional data from /etc/passwd." msgstr "" +"給 的參數是以逗號分隔的使用者清單，用來加入成員到新的 (空" +"的) 群組或取代既有群組中的成員。對使用者來說這裡的群組成員與使用者列於密碼檔" +"的主要群組不同 (額外的)，這代表在 pw8 使用 " +" 時不會顯示做為使用者主要群組的成員，但會顯示在使" +"用 id1 或同類工具所查詢的資訊當中。當使用 " +"pw8 來加入使用者到某個群組，該指令只會處理 /etc/group 且不會嘗試自 /etc/passwd 讀取其他的資料。" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:6530 +#: book.translate.xml:6534 msgid "" "Adding a New Member to a Group Using pw8" @@ -8408,7 +9273,7 @@ "manvolnum> 加入新成員到群組" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6532 +#: book.translate.xml:6536 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# pw groupmod teamtwo -m db\n" @@ -8417,7 +9282,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6537 +#: book.translate.xml:6541 msgid "" "In this example, the argument to is a comma-delimited " "list of users who are to be added to the group. Unlike the previous example, " @@ -8424,9 +9289,12 @@ "these users are appended to the group and do not replace existing users in " "the group." msgstr "" +"在本例當中，給 的參數是以逗號分隔的使用者清單，用來加入使" +"用者到群組。不像前面的例子，這些使用者會加入到群組，而非取代既有群組中的使用" +"者。" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:6544 +#: book.translate.xml:6548 msgid "" "Using id1 to Determine Group Membership" @@ -8435,7 +9303,7 @@ "manvolnum> 來查看所屬群組" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6546 +#: book.translate.xml:6550 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% id jru\n" @@ -8443,15 +9311,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6550 +#: book.translate.xml:6554 msgid "" "In this example, jru is a member " "of the groups jru and " "teamtwo." msgstr "" +"在本例中，jru 是群組 jru 以及 teamtwo 的成員。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6555 +#: book.translate.xml:6559 msgid "" "For more information about this command and the format of /etc/" "group, refer to pwgroup5." msgstr "" +"要取得更多有關此指令的資訊及 /etc/group 的格式，請參考 " +"pw8 以及 group5。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:6562 +#: book.translate.xml:6566 msgid "Permissions" msgstr "權限" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6564 +#: book.translate.xml:6568 msgid "UNIX" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:6568 +#: book.translate.xml:6572 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, every file and directory has an associated set of permissions " "and several utilities are available for viewing and modifying these " @@ -8480,17 +9355,23 @@ "improperly access the files used by the operating system or owned by other " "users." msgstr "" +"在 FreeBSD 中，每個檔案與目都有相關聯的數個權限，且有許多工具可以檢視與修改這" +"些權限。了解權限如何運作是必須的，這可確保使用者能夠存存取它們所需的檔案以及" +"無法不正確的存取供作業系統或其他使用者擁有的檔案。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:6576 +#: book.translate.xml:6580 msgid "" "This section discusses the traditional UNIX permissions used in FreeBSD. For finer grained file system access " "control, refer to ." msgstr "" +"本節會探討在 FreeBSD 中所用到的傳統 UNIX 權限。要做檔案系統存取控制的微調，請參考 。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:6580 +#: book.translate.xml:6584 msgid "" "In UNIX, basic permissions are " "assigned using three types of access: read, write, and execute. These access " @@ -8504,181 +9385,191 @@ "literal> has an on value of 2 and x " "has an on value of 1." msgstr "" +"在 UNIX，基礎權限透過三種類型的存" +"取來分配：讀取、寫入與執行。這些存取類型用來決定檔案擁有者、群組以及其他人 " +"(其他任何人) 的檔案存取權。讀取、寫入及執行權限可使用 r, " +"w, and x 字母來表示。這些權限也可以使用" +"二進位數字來表示每種權限的開或關 (0)。當以二進位數字來表示" +"時，閱讀的順序為 rwx，其中 r 開啟的值" +"為 4，w 開啟的值為 2 以及 x 開啟的值為 1。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:6595 +#: book.translate.xml:6599 msgid "" "Table 4.1 summarizes the possible numeric and alphabetic possibilities. When " "reading the Directory Listing column, a - " "is used to represent a permission that is set to off." msgstr "" +"表格 4.1 摘要了可用的數字及可用的字母。當閱讀 目錄清單標示 欄" +"位時，- 用來代表該權限設為關閉。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6600 +#: book.translate.xml:6604 msgid "permissions" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6603 +#: book.translate.xml:6607 msgid "file permissions" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:6608 +#: book.translate.xml:6612 msgid "UNIX Permissions" msgstr "UNIX 權限" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6613 +#: book.translate.xml:6617 msgid "Value" msgstr "數值" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6614 +#: book.translate.xml:6618 msgid "Permission" msgstr "權限" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6615 +#: book.translate.xml:6619 msgid "Directory Listing" -msgstr "目錄標示" +msgstr "目錄清單標示" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6621 +#: book.translate.xml:6625 msgid "0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6622 +#: book.translate.xml:6626 msgid "No read, no write, no execute" msgstr "不可讀取, 不可寫入, 不可執行" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6623 +#: book.translate.xml:6627 msgid "---" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6627 book.translate.xml:45926 book.translate.xml:45948 -#: book.translate.xml:46038 +#: book.translate.xml:6631 book.translate.xml:46760 book.translate.xml:46782 +#: book.translate.xml:46872 msgid "1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6628 +#: book.translate.xml:6632 msgid "No read, no write, execute" msgstr "不可讀取, 不可寫入, 可執行" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6629 +#: book.translate.xml:6633 msgid "--x" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6633 book.translate.xml:45818 book.translate.xml:45828 -#: book.translate.xml:45900 book.translate.xml:45910 book.translate.xml:45990 -#: book.translate.xml:45992 +#: book.translate.xml:6637 book.translate.xml:46652 book.translate.xml:46662 +#: book.translate.xml:46734 book.translate.xml:46744 book.translate.xml:46824 +#: book.translate.xml:46826 msgid "2" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6634 +#: book.translate.xml:6638 msgid "No read, write, no execute" msgstr "不可讀取, 可寫入, 不可執行" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6635 +#: book.translate.xml:6639 msgid "-w-" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6639 book.translate.xml:45820 book.translate.xml:45826 -#: book.translate.xml:45902 book.translate.xml:45908 book.translate.xml:45998 -#: book.translate.xml:46000 +#: book.translate.xml:6643 book.translate.xml:46654 book.translate.xml:46660 +#: book.translate.xml:46736 book.translate.xml:46742 book.translate.xml:46832 +#: book.translate.xml:46834 msgid "3" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6640 +#: book.translate.xml:6644 msgid "No read, write, execute" msgstr "不可讀取, 可寫入, 可執行" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6641 +#: book.translate.xml:6645 msgid "-wx" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6645 book.translate.xml:45834 book.translate.xml:45844 -#: book.translate.xml:45916 book.translate.xml:45924 book.translate.xml:45942 -#: book.translate.xml:45950 book.translate.xml:46006 book.translate.xml:46014 -#: book.translate.xml:46056 +#: book.translate.xml:6649 book.translate.xml:46668 book.translate.xml:46678 +#: book.translate.xml:46750 book.translate.xml:46758 book.translate.xml:46776 +#: book.translate.xml:46784 book.translate.xml:46840 book.translate.xml:46848 +#: book.translate.xml:46890 msgid "4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6646 +#: book.translate.xml:6650 msgid "Read, no write, no execute" msgstr "可讀取, 不可寫入, 不可執行" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6647 +#: book.translate.xml:6651 msgid "r--" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6651 book.translate.xml:45836 book.translate.xml:45842 -#: book.translate.xml:45932 book.translate.xml:45934 book.translate.xml:46022 -#: book.translate.xml:46048 +#: book.translate.xml:6655 book.translate.xml:46670 book.translate.xml:46676 +#: book.translate.xml:46766 book.translate.xml:46768 book.translate.xml:46856 +#: book.translate.xml:46882 msgid "5" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6652 +#: book.translate.xml:6656 msgid "Read, no write, execute" msgstr "可讀取, 不可寫入, 可執行" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6653 +#: book.translate.xml:6657 msgid "r-x" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6657 book.translate.xml:45852 book.translate.xml:45866 -#: book.translate.xml:45918 book.translate.xml:45940 book.translate.xml:46008 -#: book.translate.xml:46030 +#: book.translate.xml:6661 book.translate.xml:46686 book.translate.xml:46700 +#: book.translate.xml:46752 book.translate.xml:46774 book.translate.xml:46842 +#: book.translate.xml:46864 msgid "6" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6658 +#: book.translate.xml:6662 msgid "Read, write, no execute" msgstr "可讀取, 可寫入, 不可執行" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6659 +#: book.translate.xml:6663 msgid "rw-" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6663 book.translate.xml:45810 book.translate.xml:45812 -#: book.translate.xml:45956 book.translate.xml:45966 book.translate.xml:46024 -#: book.translate.xml:46046 +#: book.translate.xml:6667 book.translate.xml:46644 book.translate.xml:46646 +#: book.translate.xml:46790 book.translate.xml:46800 book.translate.xml:46858 +#: book.translate.xml:46880 msgid "7" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6664 +#: book.translate.xml:6668 msgid "Read, write, execute" msgstr "可讀取, 可寫入, 可執行" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6665 +#: book.translate.xml:6669 msgid "rwx" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6671 +#: book.translate.xml:6675 msgid "" "ls1" @@ -8685,12 +9576,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6674 +#: book.translate.xml:6678 msgid "directories" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:6678 +#: book.translate.xml:6682 msgid "" "Use the argument to ls1 to view a long " @@ -8704,7 +9595,7 @@ "一個目錄底下執行 ls -l，會顯示如下的結果:" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6684 +#: book.translate.xml:6688 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ls -l\n" @@ -8715,7 +9606,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:6690 +#: book.translate.xml:6694 msgid "" "The first (leftmost) character in the first column indicates whether this " "file is a regular file, a directory, a special character device, a socket, " @@ -8742,7 +9633,7 @@ "案的三種權限。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:6707 +#: book.translate.xml:6711 msgid "" "How does the system control permissions on devices? FreeBSD treats most " "hardware devices as a file that programs can open, read, and write data to. " @@ -8753,7 +9644,7 @@ " 目錄中。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:6712 +#: book.translate.xml:6716 msgid "" "Directories are also treated as files. They have read, write, and execute " "permissions. The executable bit for a directory has a slightly different " @@ -8769,7 +9660,7 @@ "代表能夠存取在此目錄之中的已知檔名的檔案，但仍會受限於檔案本身所設定的權限。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:6721 +#: book.translate.xml:6725 msgid "" "In order to perform a directory listing, the read permission must be set on " "the directory. In order to delete a file that one knows the name of, it is " @@ -8780,7 +9671,7 @@ "案所在目錄的寫入 以及 執行的權限。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:6727 +#: book.translate.xml:6731 msgid "" "There are more permission bits, but they are primarily used in special " "circumstances such as setuid binaries and sticky directories. For more " @@ -8788,21 +9679,21 @@ "chmod1." msgstr "" -"還有一些權限位元，但這些權限主要在特殊情況使用，如 setuid binaries 及 sticky " -"directories。 如果您還想知道更多檔案權限的資訊及使用方法，請務必參閱 " +"還有一些權限位元，但這些權限主要在特殊情況使用，如 setuid 執行檔及 sticky 目" +"錄。 如果您還想知道更多檔案權限的資訊及使用方法，請務必參閱 " "chmod1。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:6734 +#: book.translate.xml:6738 msgid "Symbolic Permissions" msgstr "權限符號" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:6737 book.translate.xml:6872 book.translate.xml:6923 -#: book.translate.xml:19183 book.translate.xml:19290 book.translate.xml:19468 -#: book.translate.xml:20587 book.translate.xml:21113 book.translate.xml:23362 -#: book.translate.xml:33768 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:6741 book.translate.xml:6876 book.translate.xml:6927 +#: book.translate.xml:19248 book.translate.xml:19355 book.translate.xml:19533 +#: book.translate.xml:20652 book.translate.xml:21178 book.translate.xml:23427 +#: book.translate.xml:33833 book.translate.xml:45461 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" " Tom Rhodes Contributed by " @@ -8809,12 +9700,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:6747 +#: book.translate.xml:6751 msgid "permissions symbolic" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6752 +#: book.translate.xml:6756 msgid "" "Symbolic permissions use characters instead of octal values to assign " "permissions to files or directories. Symbolic permissions use the syntax of " @@ -8824,159 +9715,159 @@ "符號表示的格式依序為 (某人)(動作)(權限)，可使用的符號如下:" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6762 book.translate.xml:23088 +#: book.translate.xml:6766 book.translate.xml:23153 msgid "Option" msgstr "項目" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6763 +#: book.translate.xml:6767 msgid "Letter" msgstr "字母" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6764 +#: book.translate.xml:6768 msgid "Represents" msgstr "代表意義" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6770 book.translate.xml:6776 book.translate.xml:6782 -#: book.translate.xml:6788 +#: book.translate.xml:6774 book.translate.xml:6780 book.translate.xml:6786 +#: book.translate.xml:6792 msgid "(who)" msgstr "(某人)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6771 +#: book.translate.xml:6775 msgid "u" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6772 +#: book.translate.xml:6776 msgid "User" msgstr "使用者" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6777 +#: book.translate.xml:6781 msgid "g" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6778 +#: book.translate.xml:6782 msgid "Group owner" msgstr "群組所有者" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6783 +#: book.translate.xml:6787 msgid "o" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6784 +#: book.translate.xml:6788 msgid "Other" msgstr "其他" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6789 +#: book.translate.xml:6793 msgid "a" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6790 +#: book.translate.xml:6794 msgid "All (world)" msgstr "全部 (world)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6794 book.translate.xml:6800 book.translate.xml:6806 +#: book.translate.xml:6798 book.translate.xml:6804 book.translate.xml:6810 msgid "(action)" msgstr "(動作)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6795 book.translate.xml:31329 book.translate.xml:39061 +#: book.translate.xml:6799 book.translate.xml:31394 book.translate.xml:39126 msgid "+" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6796 +#: book.translate.xml:6800 msgid "Adding permissions" msgstr "\t增加權限" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6801 book.translate.xml:31334 book.translate.xml:39066 +#: book.translate.xml:6805 book.translate.xml:31399 book.translate.xml:39131 msgid "-" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6802 +#: book.translate.xml:6806 msgid "Removing permissions" msgstr "移除權限" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6807 +#: book.translate.xml:6811 msgid "=" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6808 +#: book.translate.xml:6812 msgid "Explicitly set permissions" msgstr "指定權限" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6812 book.translate.xml:6818 book.translate.xml:6824 -#: book.translate.xml:6830 book.translate.xml:6836 +#: book.translate.xml:6816 book.translate.xml:6822 book.translate.xml:6828 +#: book.translate.xml:6834 book.translate.xml:6840 msgid "(permissions)" msgstr "(權限)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6813 +#: book.translate.xml:6817 msgid "r" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6814 +#: book.translate.xml:6818 msgid "Read" msgstr "讀取" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6819 +#: book.translate.xml:6823 msgid "w" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6820 +#: book.translate.xml:6824 msgid "Write" -msgstr "" +msgstr "寫入" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6825 +#: book.translate.xml:6829 msgid "x" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6826 +#: book.translate.xml:6830 msgid "Execute" -msgstr "寫入" +msgstr "執行" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6831 +#: book.translate.xml:6835 msgid "t" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6832 +#: book.translate.xml:6836 msgid "Sticky bit" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Sticky 位元" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6837 +#: book.translate.xml:6841 msgid "s" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:6838 +#: book.translate.xml:6842 msgid "Set UID or GID" -msgstr "\tSet UID 或 GID" +msgstr "設定 UID 或 GID" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6844 +#: book.translate.xml:6848 msgid "" "These values are used with chmod1, but with letters " @@ -8989,13 +9880,13 @@ "FILE:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6849 +#: book.translate.xml:6853 #, no-wrap msgid "% chmod go= FILE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6851 +#: book.translate.xml:6855 msgid "" "A comma separated list can be provided when more than one set of changes to " "a file must be made. For example, the following command removes the group " @@ -9007,18 +9898,18 @@ "(world) 對該檔有執行權限。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6858 +#: book.translate.xml:6862 #, no-wrap msgid "% chmod go-w,a+x FILE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:6869 +#: book.translate.xml:6873 msgid "FreeBSD File Flags" msgstr "FreeBSD 檔案旗標" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6882 +#: book.translate.xml:6886 msgid "" "In addition to file permissions, FreeBSD supports the use of file " "flags. These flags add an additional level of security and control " @@ -9031,7 +9922,7 @@ "root 不會意外將檔案修改或移除。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6889 +#: book.translate.xml:6893 msgid "" "File flags are modified using chflags1. For example, to " @@ -9044,13 +9935,13 @@ "file1，使用下列指令：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6894 +#: book.translate.xml:6898 #, no-wrap msgid "# chflags sunlink file1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6896 +#: book.translate.xml:6900 msgid "" "To disable the system undeletable flag, put a no in front of " "the :" @@ -9059,13 +9950,13 @@ "no，例如：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6900 +#: book.translate.xml:6904 #, no-wrap msgid "# chflags nosunlink file1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6902 +#: book.translate.xml:6906 msgid "" "To view the flags of a file, use with " "ls1 及參數 可檢視檔案目前的旗標：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6905 +#: book.translate.xml:6909 #, no-wrap msgid "# ls -lo file1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:6907 +#: book.translate.xml:6911 #, no-wrap msgid "-rw-r--r-- 1 trhodes trhodes sunlnk 0 Mar 1 05:54 file1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6909 +#: book.translate.xml:6913 msgid "" "Several file flags may only be added or removed by the root user. In other cases, the file owner may set " @@ -9103,7 +9994,7 @@ "refentrytitle>2 說明以瞭解相關細節。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:6918 +#: book.translate.xml:6922 msgid "" "The setuid, setgid, and " "sticky Permissions" @@ -9112,7 +10003,7 @@ "literal> 權限" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6933 +#: book.translate.xml:6937 msgid "" "Other than the permissions already discussed, there are three other specific " "settings that all administrators should know about. They are the " @@ -9119,9 +10010,12 @@ "setuid, setgid, and sticky permissions." msgstr "" +"除了已經探討過的權限外，這裡尚有另外三種特別的設定所有管理者都應該知道，這些" +"設定為 setuid, setgid 以及 " +"sticky 權限。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6939 +#: book.translate.xml:6943 msgid "" "These settings are important for some UNIX operations as they provide functionality not normally granted to " @@ -9128,9 +10022,12 @@ "normal users. To understand them, the difference between the real user ID " "and effective user ID must be noted." msgstr "" +"這些設定對某些一般不會授權給一般使用者的 UNIX 操作非常重要，它讓這些功能可運作。要了解這些權限，就必須" +"說明真實使用者 ID (Real user ID) 與有效使用者 ID (Effective user ID) 的差異。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6944 +#: book.translate.xml:6948 msgid "" "The real user ID is the UID who owns or starts the " "process. The effective UID is the user ID the process " @@ -9141,35 +10038,44 @@ "class=\"username\">root user. This allows users to change their " "passwords without seeing a Permission Denied error." msgstr "" +"真實使用者 ID 即是擁有者或啟動程序者的 UID，而有效 " +"UID 是執行程序所使用的使用者 ID。例如，" +"passwd1 在使用者更改自己的密碼時會以真實使用者 ID 執行，然而，為了要更" +"新密碼資料庫，該指令必須以 root " +"使用者做為有效 ID 來執行，這讓使用者可以更改自己的密碼而不會遇到權限不足 " +"(Permission Denied) 的錯誤。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6954 +#: book.translate.xml:6958 msgid "" "The setuid permission may be set by prefixing a permission set with the " "number four (4) as shown in the following example:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "setuid 權限可以透過在權限集前加上數字 (4) 來設定，如下範例所示：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6958 +#: book.translate.xml:6962 #, no-wrap msgid "# chmod 4755 suidexample.sh" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6960 +#: book.translate.xml:6964 msgid "" "The permissions on suidexample.sh now look like the following:" msgstr "" +"現在 suidexample.sh 的權限會" +"如下所示：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:6964 +#: book.translate.xml:6968 #, no-wrap msgid "-rwsr-xr-x 1 trhodes trhodes 63 Aug 29 06:36 suidexample.sh" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6966 +#: book.translate.xml:6970 msgid "" "Note that a s is now part of the permission set " "designated for the file owner, replacing the executable bit. This allows " @@ -9177,9 +10083,12 @@ "passwd1." msgstr "" +"注意，s 現在取代了原來的執行位元成為指定檔案擁有者權限集的" +"一部份，這會允許須要提升權限的工具，如 passwd1 可正常使用。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:6972 +#: book.translate.xml:6976 msgid "" "The nosuid mount8 option will cause such " @@ -9187,9 +10096,13 @@ "completely reliable as a nosuid wrapper may be able to " "circumvent it." msgstr "" +"mount8 的 nosuid 選項會造成這類 Binary 執行失敗，但" +"不會警告使用者。由於 nosuid Wrapper 可能可繞過該選項，因此" +"該選項並非完全可靠。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6979 +#: book.translate.xml:6983 msgid "" "To view this in real time, open two terminals. On one, type passwd as a normal user. While it waits for a new password, check the " @@ -9197,14 +10110,18 @@ "passwd1:" msgstr "" +"實際來看這個範例，先開啟兩個終端機，其中一個用一般使用者輸入 " +"passwd。在等待輸入新密碼的同時，檢查程序表並查看 " +"passwd1 程序的使用者資訊：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6985 +#: book.translate.xml:6989 msgid "In terminal A:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "於終端機 A：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6987 +#: book.translate.xml:6991 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Changing local password for trhodes\n" @@ -9212,18 +10129,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6990 +#: book.translate.xml:6994 msgid "In terminal B:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "於終端機 Ｂ：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6992 +#: book.translate.xml:6996 #, no-wrap msgid "# ps aux | grep passwd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:6994 +#: book.translate.xml:6998 #, no-wrap msgid "" "trhodes 5232 0.0 0.2 3420 1608 0 R+ 2:10AM 0:00.00 grep passwd\n" @@ -9231,15 +10148,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:6997 +#: book.translate.xml:7001 msgid "" "Although passwd1 is run as a normal user, it is using the effective " "UID of root." msgstr "" +"雖然使用一般使用者來執行 passwd1，但該程序使用了 " +"root 的有效 UID。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:7001 +#: book.translate.xml:7005 msgid "" "The setgid permission performs the same function as the " "setuid permission; except that it alters the group " @@ -9247,36 +10168,42 @@ "be granted the permissions based on the group that owns the file, not the " "user who started the process." msgstr "" +"setgid 權限的功能與 setuid 相似，當應用" +"程式或工具使用此設定執行時，將會以擁有該檔案的群組來執行，而非執行行該程序的" +"使用者。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:7008 +#: book.translate.xml:7012 msgid "" "To set the setgid permission on a file, provide " "chmod1 with a leading two (2):" msgstr "" +"要在檔案設定 setgid 權限，需在 " +"chmod1 的參數前加上 (2)：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:7011 +#: book.translate.xml:7015 #, no-wrap msgid "# chmod 2755 sgidexample.sh" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:7013 +#: book.translate.xml:7017 msgid "" "In the following listing, notice that the s is now in the " "field designated for the group permission settings:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "注意以下清單中，s 現在位於指定群組權限設定的欄位：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:7017 +#: book.translate.xml:7021 #, no-wrap msgid "-rwxr-sr-x 1 trhodes trhodes 44 Aug 31 01:49 sgidexample.sh" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:7020 +#: book.translate.xml:7024 msgid "" "In these examples, even though the shell script in question is an executable " "file, it will not run with a different EUID or effective " @@ -9284,9 +10211,13 @@ "setuid2 system calls." msgstr "" +"在以上這些範例中，雖然在例子中的 Shell script 是可執行的檔案，但並不會以其他" +"的 EUID 或有效使用者 ID 執行，這是因為 Shell script 並不會" +"存取 setuid2 系統呼叫 (System call)。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:7027 +#: book.translate.xml:7031 msgid "" "The setuid and setgid permission bits " "may lower system security, by allowing for elevated permissions. The third " @@ -9293,9 +10224,12 @@ "special permission, the sticky bit, can strengthen the " "security of a system." msgstr "" +"setuid 及 setgid 權限位元可能會因允許提" +"升權限而降低系統的安全性，因此有了第三個特殊的權限：sticky bit，可以加強系統的安全性。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:7033 +#: book.translate.xml:7037 msgid "" "When the sticky bit is set on a directory, it allows file " "deletion only by the file owner. This is useful to prevent file deletion in " @@ -9303,44 +10237,49 @@ "own the file. To utilize this permission, prefix the permission set with a " "one (1):" msgstr "" +"當在目錄上設定 sticky bit，將只允許由檔案擁有者刪除檔案。" +"這對避免公開目錄，如 /tmp 中的檔案被不擁有該檔案的人刪除" +"非常有用。要使用這個權限，可在權限集前加上 (1)：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:7040 +#: book.translate.xml:7044 #, no-wrap msgid "# chmod 1777 /tmp" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:7042 +#: book.translate.xml:7046 msgid "" "The sticky bit permission will display as a t at the very end of the permission set:" msgstr "" +"sticky bit 權限會以 t 顯示於權限集的最" +"後：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:7046 +#: book.translate.xml:7050 #, no-wrap msgid "# ls -al / | grep tmp" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:7048 +#: book.translate.xml:7052 #, no-wrap msgid "drwxrwxrwt 10 root wheel 512 Aug 31 01:49 tmp" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:7054 +#: book.translate.xml:7058 msgid "Directory Structure" msgstr "目錄結構" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:7056 +#: book.translate.xml:7060 msgid "directory hierarchy" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7060 +#: book.translate.xml:7064 msgid "" "The FreeBSD directory hierarchy is fundamental to obtaining an overall " "understanding of the system. The most important directory is root or, " @@ -9355,7 +10294,7 @@ "會有開機所會用到必備檔案。 此外，根目錄還有紀錄其他檔案系統的掛載點相關設定。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7069 +#: book.translate.xml:7073 msgid "" "A mount point is a directory where additional file systems can be grafted " "onto a parent file system (usually the root file system). This is further " @@ -9382,7 +10321,7 @@ "option> 選項。 其中細節說明可參閱 。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7084 +#: book.translate.xml:7088 msgid "" "A complete description of the file system hierarchy is available in " "hier7/bin/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7105 +#: book.translate.xml:7109 msgid "" "User utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments." -msgstr "single-user、multi-user 兩種模式皆可使用的基本工具 。" +msgstr "" +"單使用者 (Single-user)、多使用者 (Multi-user) 兩種模式皆可使用的基本工具 。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7110 +#: book.translate.xml:7114 msgid "/boot/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7111 +#: book.translate.xml:7115 msgid "" "Programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap." msgstr "作業系統開機過程會用到的程式、設定檔。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7116 +#: book.translate.xml:7120 msgid "/boot/defaults/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7117 +#: book.translate.xml:7121 msgid "" "Default boot configuration files. Refer to " "loader.conf55。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7122 +#: book.translate.xml:7126 msgid "/dev/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7123 +#: book.translate.xml:7127 msgid "" "Device nodes. Refer to intro4 for details." msgstr "" -"Device nodes，詳情請參閱 introintro4。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7128 +#: book.translate.xml:7132 msgid "/etc/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7129 +#: book.translate.xml:7133 msgid "System configuration files and scripts." -msgstr "系統設定檔及一些 script 檔。" +msgstr "系統設定檔及一些 Script 檔。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7133 +#: book.translate.xml:7137 msgid "/etc/defaults/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7134 +#: book.translate.xml:7138 msgid "" "Default system configuration files. Refer to " "rc88。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7139 +#: book.translate.xml:7143 msgid "/etc/mail/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7140 +#: book.translate.xml:7144 msgid "" "Configuration files for mail transport agents such as " "sendmail8." msgstr "" -"MTA(Mail Transport Agent)的相關設定檔，像是 " +"MTA (Mail Transport Agent) 的相關設定檔，像是 " "sendmail8。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7145 +#: book.translate.xml:7149 msgid "/etc/namedb/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7146 +#: book.translate.xml:7150 msgid "" "named8 configuration files." @@ -9511,12 +10451,12 @@ "citerefentry> 設定檔。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7150 +#: book.translate.xml:7154 msgid "/etc/periodic/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7151 +#: book.translate.xml:7155 msgid "" "Scripts that run daily, weekly, and monthly, via " "cron8cron8，執行的定期排程 " -"script，詳情請參閱 periodicperiodic8。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7157 +#: book.translate.xml:7161 msgid "/etc/ppp/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7158 +#: book.translate.xml:7162 msgid "" "ppp8 configuration files." @@ -9543,12 +10483,12 @@ "citerefentry> 設定檔。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7162 +#: book.translate.xml:7166 msgid "/mnt/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7163 +#: book.translate.xml:7167 msgid "" "Empty directory commonly used by system administrators as a temporary mount " "point." @@ -9555,12 +10495,12 @@ msgstr "系統管理者慣用充當臨時掛載點的空目錄。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7168 +#: book.translate.xml:7172 msgid "/proc/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7169 +#: book.translate.xml:7173 msgid "" "Process file system. Refer to procfs5, " @@ -9567,34 +10507,34 @@ "mount_procfs8 for details." msgstr "" -"Process 檔案系統，詳情請參閱 procfsprocfs5 及 " "mount_procfs8。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7174 +#: book.translate.xml:7178 msgid "/rescue/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7175 +#: book.translate.xml:7179 msgid "" "Statically linked programs for emergency recovery as described in " "rescue8." msgstr "" -"緊急救援用途的一些 statically linked 程式，詳情請參閱 " +"緊急救援用途的一些靜態連結 (Statically linked) 的程式，詳情請參閱 " "rescue8。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7180 +#: book.translate.xml:7184 msgid "/root/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7181 +#: book.translate.xml:7185 msgid "" "Home directory for the root " "account." @@ -9601,24 +10541,26 @@ msgstr "root 帳號的家目錄。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7187 +#: book.translate.xml:7191 msgid "/sbin/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7188 +#: book.translate.xml:7192 msgid "" "System programs and administration utilities fundamental to both single-user " "and multi-user environments." -msgstr "供 single-user 及 multi-user 環境使用的系統程式及管理工具 。" +msgstr "" +"供單使用者 (Single-user) 及多使用者 (Multi-user) 環境使用的系統程式及管理工" +"具 。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7194 +#: book.translate.xml:7198 msgid "/tmp/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7195 +#: book.translate.xml:7199 msgid "" "Temporary files which are usually not preserved across " "a system reboot. A memory-based file system is often mounted at /" @@ -9629,80 +10571,80 @@ "refentrytitle>8 for details." msgstr "" "臨時檔案。 一般而言，重開機之後 /tmp 內的東西會被清除" -"掉。 而通常會將 memory-based 檔案系統掛載在 /tmp 上。 這" -"些瑣事可透過 tmpmfs 相關的 rc.conf5 環境變數來自動完成 。" -"(或是在 /etc/fstab 內做設定， 詳情請參閱 " -"mdmfs8)。" +"掉。 而通常會將以記憶體為基礎 (Memory-based) 的檔案系統掛載在 /" +"tmp 上。 這些瑣事可透過 tmpmfs 相關的 " +"rc.conf5 環境變數來自動完成 。(或是在 /etc/fstab 內做設定， 詳情請參閱 mdmfs8)。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7205 +#: book.translate.xml:7209 msgid "/usr/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7206 +#: book.translate.xml:7210 msgid "The majority of user utilities and applications." msgstr "主要是使用者所安裝的工具程式、應用程式存放處。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7211 +#: book.translate.xml:7215 msgid "/usr/bin/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7212 +#: book.translate.xml:7216 msgid "Common utilities, programming tools, and applications." msgstr "常用工具、開發工具、應用軟體。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7217 +#: book.translate.xml:7221 msgid "/usr/include/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7218 +#: book.translate.xml:7222 msgid "Standard C include files." msgstr "標準 C include 檔案。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7222 +#: book.translate.xml:7226 msgid "/usr/lib/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7223 +#: book.translate.xml:7227 msgid "Archive libraries." msgstr "程式庫存放處。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7228 +#: book.translate.xml:7232 msgid "/usr/libdata/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7229 +#: book.translate.xml:7233 msgid "Miscellaneous utility data files." msgstr "其他各式工具的資料檔。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7233 +#: book.translate.xml:7237 msgid "/usr/libexec/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7234 +#: book.translate.xml:7238 msgid "System daemons and system utilities executed by other programs." msgstr "系統 Daemon 及系統工具程式 (透過其他程式來執行)。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7239 +#: book.translate.xml:7243 msgid "/usr/local/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7240 +#: book.translate.xml:7244 msgid "" "Local executables and libraries. Also used as the default destination for " "the FreeBSD ports framework. Within /usr/local, the " @@ -9713,21 +10655,21 @@ "usr/local/share, and the ports documentation is in " "share/doc/port." msgstr "" -"存放一些自行安裝的執行檔、程式庫等等。 同時，也是 FreeBSD ports 架構的預設安" -"裝目錄。 /usr/local 內的目錄架構大致與 /usr/usr/local 內的目錄架構大致與 /usr 相同，詳情請參閱 hier7 說明。 但 man 目錄例" "外，它們是直接放在 /usr/local 底下，而非 /usr/" -"local/share，而 ports 所安裝的說明文件則在 share/doc/" +"local/share，而 Port 所安裝的說明文件則在 share/doc/" "port。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7253 +#: book.translate.xml:7257 msgid "/usr/obj/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7254 +#: book.translate.xml:7258 msgid "" "Architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/" "src tree." @@ -9734,52 +10676,52 @@ msgstr "在編譯 /usr/src 目錄時所產生的相關架構目地檔。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7260 +#: book.translate.xml:7264 msgid "/usr/ports/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7261 +#: book.translate.xml:7265 msgid "The FreeBSD Ports Collection (optional)." -msgstr "FreeBSD Ports 套件集 (選用)。" +msgstr "FreeBSD Port 套件集 (選用)。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7265 +#: book.translate.xml:7269 msgid "/usr/sbin/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7266 +#: book.translate.xml:7270 msgid "System daemons and system utilities executed by users." msgstr "由使用者執行的系統 Daemon 及系統工具。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7271 +#: book.translate.xml:7275 msgid "/usr/share/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7272 +#: book.translate.xml:7276 msgid "Architecture-independent files." msgstr "各架構皆共通的檔案。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7276 +#: book.translate.xml:7280 msgid "/usr/src/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7277 +#: book.translate.xml:7281 msgid "BSD and/or local source files." msgstr "BSD 原始碼 (或自行新增的)。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7281 +#: book.translate.xml:7285 msgid "/var/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7282 +#: book.translate.xml:7286 msgid "" "Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files. A memory-based " "file system is sometimes mounted at /var. This can be " @@ -9789,75 +10731,75 @@ "filename>; refer to mdmfs8 for details." msgstr "" -"存放各種用途的日誌(log)檔、臨時或暫時存放、列印或郵件的 spool 檔案。有時候，" -"memory-based 檔案系統也會掛載在 /var。 這些瑣事可透過 " -"varmfs 相關的 rc.conf5 環境變數來自動完成。(或" -"是在 /etc/fstab 內做設定，相關細節請參閱 " +"存放各種用途的日誌 (Log) 檔、臨時或暫時存放、列印或郵件的緩衝 (Spool) 檔案。" +"有時候，以記憶體為基礎 (Memory-based) 的檔案系統也會掛載在 /var。 這些瑣事可透過 varmfs 相關的 rc." +"conf5 環境變數來自動完" +"成。(或是在 /etc/fstab 內做設定，相關細節請參閱 " "mdmfs8)。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7293 +#: book.translate.xml:7297 msgid "/var/log/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7294 +#: book.translate.xml:7298 msgid "Miscellaneous system log files." -msgstr "各項系統記錄的日誌(log)檔。" +msgstr "各項系統記錄的日誌 (Log) 檔。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7298 +#: book.translate.xml:7302 msgid "/var/mail/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7299 +#: book.translate.xml:7303 msgid "User mailbox files." -msgstr "各使用者的郵件(mailbox)檔案。" +msgstr "各使用者的郵件 (Mailbox) 檔案。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7303 +#: book.translate.xml:7307 msgid "/var/spool/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7304 +#: book.translate.xml:7308 msgid "Miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories." -msgstr "各種印表機、郵件系統的 spool 目錄。" +msgstr "各種印表機、郵件系統的緩衝 (Spool) 目錄。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7309 +#: book.translate.xml:7313 msgid "/var/tmp/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7310 +#: book.translate.xml:7314 msgid "" "Temporary files which are usually preserved across a system reboot, unless " "/var is a memory-based file system." msgstr "" "臨時檔案。 這些檔案在重開機後通常仍會保留，除非 /var 是" -"屬於 memory-based 檔案系統。" +"屬於以記憶體為基礎 (Memory-based) 的檔案系統。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7317 +#: book.translate.xml:7321 msgid "/var/yp/" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7318 +#: book.translate.xml:7322 msgid "NIS maps." msgstr "NIS 對應表。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:7326 +#: book.translate.xml:7330 msgid "Disk Organization" msgstr "磁碟組織" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7328 +#: book.translate.xml:7332 msgid "" "The smallest unit of organization that FreeBSD uses to find files is the " "filename. Filenames are case-sensitive, which means that readme." @@ -9871,7 +10813,7 @@ "他類型的檔案。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7335 +#: book.translate.xml:7339 msgid "" "Files are stored in directories. A directory may contain no files, or it may " "contain many hundreds of files. A directory can also contain other " @@ -9882,7 +10824,7 @@ "中也可以包含其他的目錄； 您可以建立階層式的目錄以便資料的管理。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7341 +#: book.translate.xml:7345 msgid "" "Files and directories are referenced by giving the file or directory name, " "followed by a forward slash, /, followed by any other " @@ -9900,15 +10842,14 @@ "literal>)；之後再視需要加上其他的目錄名稱。 如果您有一個目錄 foo ，裡面有一個目錄叫作 bar，這個目錄中又包含了一" "個叫 readme.txt 的檔案，那麼這個檔案的全名，或者說檔案的" -"路徑就是 foo/bar/readme.txt。" -"Note that this is different from Windows which uses \\ to separate file and directory " -"names. FreeBSD does not use drive letters, or other drive names in the path. " -"For example, one would not type c:\\foo\\bar\\readme.txt on FreeBSD." +"路徑 (Path)就是 foo/bar/readme.txt。注意這與 Windows 用來" +"分隔檔案與目錄名稱所使用的 \\ 不同，且 FreeBSD 在路徑上並" +"不使用磁碟機代號或其他磁碟機名稱，意思是，在 FreeBSD 上不會有人輸入 " +"c:\\foo\\bar\\readme.txt 這種路徑。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7356 +#: book.translate.xml:7360 msgid "" "Directories and files are stored in a file system. Each file system contains " "exactly one directory at the very top level, called the root " @@ -9919,16 +10860,15 @@ "many disks are on the FreeBSD system, every directory appears to be part of " "the same disk." msgstr "" -"目錄及檔案儲存在檔案系統之中。 每個檔案系統都有唯一一個最上層的目錄，叫做" -"根目錄 (root directory)。 然後在這個根目錄下面才能有其" -"他的目錄。One file system is designated the root file system or /. Every other file system is " -"mounted under the root file system. No matter how " -"many disks are on the FreeBSD system, every directory appears to be part of " -"the same disk." +"目錄及檔案儲存在檔案系統 (File system) 之中。 每個檔案系統都有唯一一個最上層" +"的目錄，叫做根目錄 (Root directory)。 然後在這個根目錄" +"下面才能有其他的目錄。其中一個檔案系統會被指定成為根檔案系統 " +"(Root file system) 或 /，其他的檔案系統均會" +"掛載 (mounted) 在該根檔案系統之下，不論在 FreeBSD 有多" +"少個磁碟，所有目錄都會成為該磁碟的一部份。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7367 +#: book.translate.xml:7371 msgid "" "Consider three file systems, called A, B, and C. Each file system has one root directory, " @@ -9938,11 +10878,11 @@ msgstr "" "假設您有三個檔案系統，分別叫作 A, B 及 " "C。 每個檔案系統都包含兩個目錄，叫做 A1, A2 (依此類推得 B1, " +"literal>, A2 (以此類推得 B1, " "B2 及 C1, C2)。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7374 +#: book.translate.xml:7378 msgid "" "Call A the root file system. If " "ls1B on to the directory A1B1 or B2 " "directories can be reached with the path /A1/B1 or " @@ -10027,10 +10967,10 @@ "在 B1 或 B2 目錄中的任何檔案必須經由路" "徑 /A1/B1 或 /A1/B2 才能達到。 所有" "原來在 /A1 中的檔案會暫時被隱藏起來，直到 B 被移除後才會再顯現出來。" +"literal> 被解除掛載 (Unmounted) 後才會再顯現出來。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7428 +#: book.translate.xml:7432 msgid "" "If B had been mounted on A2 then the " "diagram would look like this:" @@ -10042,13 +10982,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:7434 +#: book.translate.xml:7438 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='basics/example-dir3' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: textobject/literallayout -#: book.translate.xml:7438 +#: book.translate.xml:7442 #, no-wrap msgid "" " /\n" @@ -10063,7 +11003,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7450 +#: book.translate.xml:7454 msgid "" "and the paths would be /A2/B1 and /A2/B2 respectively." @@ -10071,7 +11011,7 @@ "上面的路徑分別為 /A2/B1 及 /A2/B2。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7455 +#: book.translate.xml:7459 msgid "" "File systems can be mounted on top of one another. Continuing the last " "example, the C file system could be mounted on top of the " @@ -10087,13 +11027,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:7463 +#: book.translate.xml:7467 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='basics/example-dir4' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: textobject/literallayout -#: book.translate.xml:7467 +#: book.translate.xml:7471 #, no-wrap msgid "" " /\n" @@ -10112,7 +11052,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7483 +#: book.translate.xml:7487 msgid "" "Or C could be mounted directly on to the A file system, under the A1 directory:" @@ -10125,13 +11065,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:7489 +#: book.translate.xml:7493 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='basics/example-dir5' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: textobject/literallayout -#: book.translate.xml:7493 +#: book.translate.xml:7497 #, no-wrap msgid "" " /\n" @@ -10150,22 +11090,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7509 +#: book.translate.xml:7513 msgid "" "It is entirely possible to have one large root file system, and not need to " "create any others. There are some drawbacks to this approach, and one " "advantage." msgstr "" -"您完全可以使用單一的一個大的根檔案系統 (root file system) 而不建立其他的檔案" -"系統。 這樣有好處也有有壞處。" +"您可以使用單一的一個大的根檔案系統而不建立其他的檔案系統。 這樣有好處也有有壞" +"處。" #. (itstool) path: itemizedlist/title -#: book.translate.xml:7514 +#: book.translate.xml:7518 msgid "Benefits of Multiple File Systems" msgstr "使用多個檔案系統的好處" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7517 +#: book.translate.xml:7521 msgid "" "Different file systems can have different mount options. For example, the root file system can be mounted read-only, " @@ -10176,15 +11116,15 @@ "firstterm>/guid bits on executables stored on the " "file system from taking effect, possibly improving security." msgstr "" -"不同的檔案系統在掛上的時候可以有不同的 掛載參數。 舉例" -"來說，為求謹慎您可以將根檔案系統設成唯讀， 以避免不小心刪除或修改掉重要的檔" -"案。 將使用者可寫入的檔案系統 (例如 /home) 獨立出來也可" -"以讓他們用 nosuid 的參數掛載，此選項可以讓在這個檔案系" -"統中執行檔的 suid/guid bits 失" -"效，也許可以讓系統更安全。" +"不同的檔案系統在掛上的時候可以有不同的 掛載參數 (Mount option)。 舉例來說，為求謹慎您可以將根檔案系統設成唯讀， 以避免不小心刪除" +"或修改掉重要的檔案。 將使用者可寫入的檔案系統 (例如 /home) 獨立出來也可以讓他們用 nosuid 的參數掛載，" +"此選項可以讓在這個檔案系統中執行檔的 suid/" +"guid 位元失效，可讓系統更安全。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7531 +#: book.translate.xml:7535 msgid "" "FreeBSD automatically optimizes the layout of files on a file system, " "depending on how the file system is being used. So a file system that " @@ -10194,10 +11134,10 @@ msgstr "" "FreeBSD 會自動根據您檔案系統的使用方式來做最佳的檔案配置方式。 因此，一個有很" "多小檔案、 常常寫入的檔案系統跟只有幾個較大的檔案的檔案系統配置是不一樣的。 " -"如果您只有單一一個大的檔案系統，這部分就沒用了。" +"如果您只有單一個大的檔案系統，這部分就沒用了。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7540 +#: book.translate.xml:7544 msgid "" "FreeBSD's file systems are robust if power is lost. However, a power loss at " "a critical point could still damage the structure of the file system. By " @@ -10209,12 +11149,12 @@ "以便您在需要的時候將備份資料回存回來。" #. (itstool) path: itemizedlist/title -#: book.translate.xml:7550 +#: book.translate.xml:7554 msgid "Benefit of a Single File System" msgstr "使用單一檔案系統的好處" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7553 +#: book.translate.xml:7557 msgid "" "File systems are a fixed size. If you create a file system when you install " "FreeBSD and give it a specific size, you may later discover that you need to " @@ -10222,12 +11162,12 @@ "up, recreating the file system with the new size, and then restoring the " "backed up data." msgstr "" -"檔案系統的大小是固定的。 您當初安裝 FreeBSD 的時候應該會給定一個大小，可是後" -"來您可能會想把空間加大。 如果沒有備份的話是很難達成的； 您必須將檔案系統重新" -"建立為您需要的大小，然後將備份回存回來。" +"檔案系統的大小是固定的。 若您在當初安裝 FreeBSD 的時指定了一個大小，可是後來" +"您想把空間加大，在沒有備份的情況下很難達成，您必須將檔案系統重新建立為您需要" +"的大小，然後將備份回存回來。" #. (itstool) path: important/para -#: book.translate.xml:7561 +#: book.translate.xml:7565 msgid "" "FreeBSD features the growfs8 command, which makes " @@ -10238,7 +11178,7 @@ "manvolnum> 指令可以突破此限制直接變更檔案系統的大小。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7568 +#: book.translate.xml:7572 msgid "" "File systems are contained in partitions. This does not have the same " "meaning as the common usage of the term partition (for example, UNIX 架構，這邊講的分割區和一般提到的分割區 (例如 MS-DOS 分割區) 不同。 每一個分割區由一個代號" -"(字母)表示，從 a 到 h。 每個分割區只能" -"包含一個檔案系統。 因此除了說常見到用檔案系統同的掛載點來表示檔案系統外， 也" -"可以用包含他的分割區代號來表示。" +"檔案系統放在分區 (Partition) 中。 因為 FreeBSD 承襲 UNIX 架構，這邊講的分區和一般提到的分割區 (例如 " +"MS-DOS 分割區) 不同。每一個分區由" +"一個代號 (字母) 表示，從 a 到 h。 每個" +"分區只能含有一個檔案系統，因此在表示檔案系統時，除了用該檔案系統的常用的掛載" +"點表示外，也可以使用該檔案系統所在的分區來表示。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7578 +#: book.translate.xml:7582 msgid "" "FreeBSD also uses disk space for swap space to " "provide virtual memory. This allows your computer to " @@ -10266,53 +11206,53 @@ "used to the swap space, and moves it back in (moving something else out) " "when it needs it." msgstr "" -"FreeBSD 也會拿磁碟空間來當 swap space。 Swap space 給 " -"FreeBSD 當作虛擬記憶體用。 這讓您的電腦好像擁有比實際" -"更多的記憶體。 當 FreeBSD 的記憶體用完的時候，它會把一些目前沒用到的資料移到 " -"swap space，然後在用到的時候移回去 (同時移出部份沒用到的)。" +"FreeBSD 也會使用磁碟空間作為交換空間 (Swap space) 來提" +"供虛擬記憶體 (Virtual memory)。 這讓您的電腦好像擁有比" +"實際更多的記憶體。 當 FreeBSD 的記憶體用完的時候，它會把一些目前沒用到的資料" +"移到交換空間，然後在用到的時候移回去 (同時移出部份沒用到的)。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7587 +#: book.translate.xml:7591 msgid "Some partitions have certain conventions associated with them." -msgstr "某些分割區有慣例的使用方式如下：" +msgstr "部份分區有使用的慣例如下：" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7597 +#: book.translate.xml:7601 msgid "Partition" -msgstr "分割區" +msgstr "分區" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7598 +#: book.translate.xml:7602 msgid "Convention" msgstr "慣例" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7604 +#: book.translate.xml:7608 msgid "a" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7605 +#: book.translate.xml:7609 msgid "Normally contains the root file system." -msgstr "通常包含根檔案系統 (root file system)" +msgstr "通常內含根檔案系統" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7609 +#: book.translate.xml:7613 msgid "b" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7610 +#: book.translate.xml:7614 msgid "Normally contains swap space." -msgstr "通常是 swap space" +msgstr "通常內含交換空間" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7614 +#: book.translate.xml:7618 msgid "c" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7615 +#: book.translate.xml:7619 msgid "" "Normally the same size as the enclosing slice. This allows utilities that " "need to work on the entire slice, such as a bad block scanner, to work on " @@ -10319,26 +11259,27 @@ "the c partition. A file system would not normally be " "created on this partition." msgstr "" -"通常和整個 slice 的大小一樣，給一些會用到整個 slice 的工具程式 (例如硬碟壞軌" -"檢查工具) 來使用。 一般來說您應該不會把檔案系統建立在這個分割區。" +"通常用來代表整個切割區 (Slice)，因此大小會與其所在的切割區一樣。這可讓需要對" +"整個切割區處理的工具 (例如硬碟壞軌檢查工具) 可在 c 分區上" +"執行。一般來說不會把檔案系統建立在這個分區。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7623 +#: book.translate.xml:7627 msgid "d" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7624 +#: book.translate.xml:7628 msgid "" "Partition d used to have a special meaning associated " "with it, although that is now gone and d may work as any " "normal partition." msgstr "" -"分割區 d 曾經有代表特殊意義，但是已經不再使用。 所以現在 " -"d 就和其他一般的分割區相同了。" +"分區 d 曾經有代表特殊意義，但是已經不再使用。所以現在 " +"d 和一般的分區相同。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7633 +#: book.translate.xml:7637 msgid "" "Disks in FreeBSD are divided into slices, referred to in Windows as partitions, which are numbered from 1 " @@ -10345,27 +11286,27 @@ "to 4. These are then divided into partitions, which contain file systems, " "and are labeled using letters." msgstr "" -"每個包含有檔案系統的分割區是存在所謂的 slice 裡面。 FreeBSD 的 slice 就是指平" -"常我們在 Windows 稱為分割區 " -"(partition) 的東西一樣有自己的檔案系統，用單字標示，編號從 1 號到 4 號。" +"在 FreeBSD 的磁碟會分割成數個切割區 (Slice)，如同 Windows 中由編號 1 到 4 表示的分割區。這些切割區會" +"再分成數個分區，每個分區內含檔案系統，且會使用字母來標示。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:7638 +#: book.translate.xml:7642 msgid "slices" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:7641 book.translate.xml:31799 book.translate.xml:31895 +#: book.translate.xml:7645 book.translate.xml:31864 book.translate.xml:31960 msgid "partitions" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:7644 +#: book.translate.xml:7648 msgid "dangerously dedicated" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7648 +#: book.translate.xml:7652 msgid "" "Slice numbers follow the device name, prefixed with an s, " "starting at 1. So da0s1 is the first " @@ -10376,15 +11317,15 @@ "the first SATA disk. These devices are used by file systems that expect to " "occupy a slice." msgstr "" -"slice 號碼跟在裝置名稱後面，先接一個字母 s，然後從 1 號開" -"始編下去。 因此 da0s1 就是指第一個 SCSI " -"硬碟的第一個 slice。 一個磁碟上只能有四個實體的 slice，但是在實體的 slice 中" -"您可以塞進適當類型的邏輯 slice。 這些延伸的 slice 編號從 5 開始，所以 " -"ada0s5 是第一個 SATA 硬碟上的第一個延伸 " -"slice。 檔案系統在裝置 (device) 裡就是在一個 slice 之中。" +"切割區的編號在裝置名稱後面，會先以 s 為字首，然後從 1 開始" +"編號。 因此 da0s1 是指第一個 SCSI 硬碟的" +"第一個切割區。 一個磁碟上只能有四個實體切割區，但是在實體切割區中放進適當類型" +"的邏輯切割區。這些延伸的切割區編號會從 5 開始，所以 ada0s5 是第一個 SATA 硬碟上的第一個延伸切割區。因此可以預期這些由" +"檔案系統使用的裝置 (Device) 上均會各別佔據一個切割區。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7658 +#: book.translate.xml:7662 msgid "" "Slices, dangerously dedicated physical drives, and other " "drives contain partitions, which are represented as " @@ -10395,16 +11336,16 @@ "emphasis> is the fifth partition in the third slice of the second " "SATA disk drive." msgstr "" -"Slices、dangerously dedicated 模式的實體磁碟機，以及其他包含" -"分割區(partition) 的磁碟都是以字母 a 到 h 的編號來表示。 編號是接在裝置名稱的後面的，" -"因此 da0a is the a 是" -"磁碟機 da 上的第一個 dangerously dedicated " -"模式之分割區。 而 ada1s3e 則是第二顆 " -"SATA 硬碟上第三個 slice 的第五個分割區。" +"切割區、危險專用 (Dangerously dedicated) 的實體磁碟機以及其他" +"內含分割區 (Partition) 的磁碟都是以字母 a 到 h 來表示。 字母會接在裝置名稱的後面，因此 " +"da0a 是第一顆 dangerously " +"dedicated 磁碟機 da 上的 a 分割" +"區。 而 ada1s3e 則是第二顆 SATA 硬碟上第" +"三個切割區的第五個分區。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7671 +#: book.translate.xml:7675 msgid "" "Finally, each disk on the system is identified. A disk name starts with a " "code that indicates the type of disk, and then a number, indicating which " @@ -10411,24 +11352,22 @@ "disk it is. Unlike slices, disk numbering starts at 0. Common codes are " "listed in ." msgstr "" -"最後，我們就可以把系統上的每個磁碟都區分出來了。 一個磁碟的名稱會有一個代碼來" -"表示這個磁碟的類型，接著是一個數字， 表示這是哪一個磁碟。 這邊跟 slice 每個磁" -"碟編號從 0 開始不一樣。 常見的代碼可以參考 表格 。" +"終於，我們可以辨識系統上的每個磁碟了，一個磁碟的名稱會有一個代碼來表示這個磁" +"碟的類型，接著是一個表示這是那一個磁碟的編號。不像切割區，磁碟的編號從 0 開" +"始。常見的代碼可以參考 。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7677 +#: book.translate.xml:7681 msgid "" "When referring to a partition, include the disk name, s, " "the slice number, and then the partition letter. Examples are shown in ." msgstr "" -"當要參照一個分割區的時候，需包含磁碟機名稱 s 加上 slice 編" -"號，最後再輸入分割區字母代號。 範例可以參考 。" +"當要參照一個分區的時候，需包含磁碟機名稱、s、切割區編號以" +"及分區字母。範例可以參考 。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7682 +#: book.translate.xml:7686 msgid "" " shows a conceptual model of a " "disk layout." @@ -10437,43 +11376,43 @@ "對您有些幫助。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7685 +#: book.translate.xml:7689 msgid "" "When installing FreeBSD, configure the disk slices, create partitions within " "the slice to be used for FreeBSD, create a file system or swap space in each " "partition, and decide where each file system will be mounted." msgstr "" -"要安裝 FreeBSD，您必須先建置磁碟的 slice，接著於 slice 中建立要給 FreeBSD 用" -"的分割區。 最後在這些分割區中建立檔案系統 (或 swap space) 並決定要將這些檔案" -"系統掛載於哪裡。" +"要安裝 FreeBSD，您必須先建置磁碟的切割區，接著於切割區中建立要給 FreeBSD 用的" +"分區。 最後在這些分區中建立檔案系統 (或交換空間) 並決定要將這些檔案系統掛載於" +"哪裡。" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:7691 +#: book.translate.xml:7695 msgid "Disk Device Names" msgstr "磁碟裝置名稱" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7699 +#: book.translate.xml:7703 msgid "Drive Type" msgstr "磁碟機類型" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7700 +#: book.translate.xml:7704 msgid "Drive Device Name" msgstr "磁碟機裝置稱" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7706 +#: book.translate.xml:7710 msgid "SATA and IDE hard drives" -msgstr "SATA 及IDE 硬碟" +msgstr "SATA 及 IDE 硬碟" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7708 +#: book.translate.xml:7712 msgid "ada or ad" msgstr "ada 或 ad" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7713 +#: book.translate.xml:7717 msgid "" "SCSI hard drives and USB storage " "devices" @@ -10480,12 +11419,12 @@ msgstr "SCSI 硬碟與 USB 儲存裝置" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7715 +#: book.translate.xml:7719 msgid "da" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7719 +#: book.translate.xml:7723 msgid "" "SATA and IDE CD-ROM " "drives" @@ -10494,37 +11433,37 @@ "光碟機" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7721 +#: book.translate.xml:7725 msgid "cd or acd" msgstr "cd 或 acd" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7726 +#: book.translate.xml:7730 msgid "SCSI CD-ROM drives" msgstr "SCSI CD-ROM 光碟機" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7728 +#: book.translate.xml:7732 msgid "cd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7732 +#: book.translate.xml:7736 msgid "Floppy drives" msgstr "軟碟機" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7733 +#: book.translate.xml:7737 msgid "fd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7737 +#: book.translate.xml:7741 msgid "Assorted non-standard CD-ROM drives" msgstr "各種非標準 CD-ROM 光碟機" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7739 +#: book.translate.xml:7743 msgid "" "mcd for Mitsumi CD-ROM and " "scd for Sony CD-ROM devices" @@ -10533,32 +11472,32 @@ "scd 代表 Sony CD-ROM 光碟機" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7745 +#: book.translate.xml:7749 msgid "SCSI tape drives" msgstr "SCSI 磁帶機" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7746 +#: book.translate.xml:7750 msgid "sa" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7750 +#: book.translate.xml:7754 msgid "IDE tape drives" msgstr "IDE 磁帶機" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7751 +#: book.translate.xml:7755 msgid "ast" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7755 +#: book.translate.xml:7759 msgid "RAID drives" msgstr "RAID 磁碟機" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7756 +#: book.translate.xml:7760 msgid "" "Examples include aacd for Adaptec AdvancedRAID, mlxd and " @@ -10577,56 +11516,56 @@ "trademark> RAID." #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:7768 +#: book.translate.xml:7772 msgid "Sample Disk, Slice, and Partition Names" -msgstr "磁碟、Slice 及分割區命名範例" +msgstr "磁碟、切割區及分區命名範例" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7777 +#: book.translate.xml:7781 msgid "Name" msgstr "名稱" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7778 book.translate.xml:61703 +#: book.translate.xml:7782 book.translate.xml:62542 msgid "Meaning" msgstr "意義" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7784 +#: book.translate.xml:7788 msgid "ada0s1a" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7785 +#: book.translate.xml:7789 msgid "" "The first partition (a) on the first slice (s1) on the first SATA disk (ada0)." msgstr "" -"第一個 SATA 硬碟 (ada0) 上第一個 slice (s1)的第一個分割區(a) 。" +"第一個 SATA 硬碟 (ada0) 上第一個切割區 (s1)的第一個分區(a) 。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7792 +#: book.translate.xml:7796 msgid "da1s2e" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7793 +#: book.translate.xml:7797 msgid "" "The fifth partition (e) on the second slice (s2) on the second SCSI disk (da1)." msgstr "" -"第二個 SCSI 硬碟 (da1) 上第二個 slice (s2) 的第五個分割區 (e) 。" +"第二個 SCSI 硬碟 (da1) 上第二個切割區 (s2) 的第五個分區 (e) 。" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:7803 +#: book.translate.xml:7807 msgid "Conceptual Model of a Disk" msgstr "磁碟的概念模型" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:7805 +#: book.translate.xml:7809 msgid "" "This diagram shows FreeBSD's view of the first SATA disk " "attached to the system. Assume that the disk is 250 GB in size, and contains " @@ -10637,15 +11576,15 @@ "installation. This example FreeBSD installation has four data partitions and " "a swap partition." msgstr "" -"此圖顯示 FreeBSD 中接到系統的第一個 SATA 磁碟機內部配置" -"圖。 假設這個磁碟的容量是 250 GB，並且包含了一個 80 GB 的 slice 及一個 " -"170 GB 的 slice (MS-DOS 的分割" -"區)。 第一個 slice 是 Windows " +"此圖顯示 FreeBSD 中連接到系統的第一個 SATA 磁碟機內部配置" +"圖。 假設這個磁碟的容量是 250 GB，並且包含了一個 80 GB 的切割區及一個 170 GB " +"的切割區 (MS-DOS 的分割區)。 第一" +"個切割區是 Windows " "NTFS 檔案系統的 C: 磁碟機，第二個則安" -"裝了 FreeBSD。 本範例的 FreeBSD 有三個分割區以及一個 swap 分割區。" +"裝了 FreeBSD。 本範例中安裝的 FreeBSD 有四個資料分區及一個交換分區。" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:7815 +#: book.translate.xml:7819 msgid "" "The four partitions each hold a file system. Partition a " "is used for the root file system, d for /var/c refers to the entire slice, and so is not used for " "ordinary partitions." msgstr "" -"這四個分割區每個都是一個檔案系統。 a 分割是根 (root) 檔案" -"系統；分割 d 是 /var/；分割 " -"e 是 /tmp/，而 f " -"分割是 /usr/ 目錄結構。Partition letter c refers to the entire slice, and so is not used for ordinary " -"partitions." +"這四個分區中各有一個檔案系統。 分區 a 是根檔案系統、分區 " +"d 是 /var/、分區 e 是 /tmp/，而分區 f 是 " +"/usr/。分區字母 c 用來代表整個切割" +"區，因此並不作為一般分區使用。" #. (itstool) path: imageobject/imagedata #. This is a reference to an external file such as an image or video. When @@ -10666,18 +11604,18 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:7825 +#: book.translate.xml:7829 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='basics/disk-layout' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:7832 +#: book.translate.xml:7836 msgid "Mounting and Unmounting File Systems" -msgstr "掛載與缷載檔案系組" +msgstr "掛載與缷載檔案系統" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7834 +#: book.translate.xml:7838 msgid "" "The file system is best visualized as a tree, rooted, as it were, at " "/. /dev, /usr/usr/local 等。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:7843 +#: book.translate.xml:7847 msgid "root file system" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7847 +#: book.translate.xml:7851 msgid "" "There are various reasons to house some of these directories on separate " "file systems. /var contains the directories " @@ -10711,7 +11649,7 @@ "filename> 中拉出來。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:7858 +#: book.translate.xml:7862 msgid "" "Another common reason to contain certain directory trees on other file " "systems is if they are to be housed on separate physical disks, or are " @@ -10723,18 +11661,18 @@ "\"network-nfs\"/> 或是光碟機。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:7865 +#: book.translate.xml:7869 msgid "The fstab File" msgstr "fstab 檔" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:7867 +#: book.translate.xml:7871 msgid "" "file systems mounted with fstab" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:7872 +#: book.translate.xml:7876 msgid "" "During the boot process (), file systems listed in " "/etc/fstab are automatically mounted except for the " @@ -10741,44 +11679,44 @@ "entries containing . This file contains entries in " "the following format:" msgstr "" -"在 /etc/fstab 裡面有設定的檔案系統會在開機()的過程中自動地被掛載 (除非該檔案系統有被加上 " +"在 /etc/fstab 裡面有設定的檔案系統會在開機 () 的過程中自動地被掛載 (除非該檔案系統有被加上 " " 參數)。檔案內容的格式如下：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:7878 +#: book.translate.xml:7882 #, no-wrap msgid "device /mount-point fstype options dumpfreq passno" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:7882 +#: book.translate.xml:7886 msgid "device" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7884 +#: book.translate.xml:7888 msgid "" "An existing device name as explained in ." msgstr "已存在的裝置名稱，詳情請參閱 。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:7890 +#: book.translate.xml:7894 msgid "mount-point" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7893 +#: book.translate.xml:7897 msgid "An existing directory on which to mount the file system." msgstr "檔案系統要掛載到的目錄 (該目錄必須存在)。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:7899 +#: book.translate.xml:7903 msgid "fstype" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7902 +#: book.translate.xml:7906 msgid "" "The file system type to pass to mount8. The default FreeBSD " @@ -10789,12 +11727,12 @@ "檔案系統是 ufs。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:7909 +#: book.translate.xml:7913 msgid "options" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7912 +#: book.translate.xml:7916 msgid "" "Either for read-write file systems, or ，而唯讀 (Read-Only) 的" +"檔案系統則是用 ，後面視需要還可以加其他選項。 常見的選項" +"如 是用在不要於開機過程中自動的掛載的檔案系統。 其他" +"選項可參閱 mount8 說明。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:7923 +#: book.translate.xml:7927 msgid "dumpfreq" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7926 +#: book.translate.xml:7930 msgid "" "Used by dump8 to determine which file systems require dumping. " @@ -10825,12 +11763,12 @@ "citerefentry> 由此項目決定那些檔案系統需要傾印。 如果這格空白則以零為預設值。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:7933 +#: book.translate.xml:7937 msgid "passno" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7936 +#: book.translate.xml:7940 msgid "" "Determines the order in which file systems should be checked. File systems " "that should be skipped should have their passno set to " @@ -10850,7 +11788,7 @@ "的話) 檢查這些檔案系統。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:7950 +#: book.translate.xml:7954 msgid "" "Refer to fstab5 for more information on the format of /" @@ -10861,7 +11799,7 @@ "citerefentry> 說明文件。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:7955 +#: book.translate.xml:7959 msgid "" "Using mount8" @@ -10870,12 +11808,12 @@ "manvolnum>" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:7957 +#: book.translate.xml:7961 msgid "file systems mounting" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:7962 +#: book.translate.xml:7966 msgid "" "File systems are mounted using mount8. The most basic syntax " @@ -10885,13 +11823,13 @@ "citerefentry> 指令是拿來掛載檔案系統用的。基本的操作指令格式如下:" #. (itstool) path: informalexample/screen -#: book.translate.xml:7966 +#: book.translate.xml:7970 #, no-wrap msgid "# mount device mountpoint" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:7969 +#: book.translate.xml:7973 msgid "" "This command provides many options which are described in " "mount8 裡面有提到一大堆的選項，不過最常用的就是這些：" #. (itstool) path: variablelist/title -#: book.translate.xml:7973 +#: book.translate.xml:7977 msgid "Mount Options" msgstr "掛載選項" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:7976 book.translate.xml:23095 +#: book.translate.xml:7980 book.translate.xml:23160 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7979 +#: book.translate.xml:7983 msgid "" "Mount all the file systems listed in /etc/fstab, except " "those marked as noauto, excluded by the " @@ -10922,12 +11860,12 @@ "filename> 而且沒有用 排除的檔案系統掛載起來。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:7988 +#: book.translate.xml:7992 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:7992 +#: book.translate.xml:7996 msgid "" "Do everything except for the actual mount system call. This option is useful " "in conjunction with the flag to determine what " @@ -10934,18 +11872,18 @@ "mount8 is actually trying to do." msgstr "" -"執行所有的動作，但是不真的去呼叫掛載的 system call。 這個選項和 搭配拿來推測 mount8 將要做什麼動作時很好" "用。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:8000 book.translate.xml:26187 +#: book.translate.xml:8004 book.translate.xml:26252 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8003 +#: book.translate.xml:8007 msgid "" "Force the mount of an unclean file system (dangerous), or the revocation of " "write access when downgrading a file system's mount status from read-write " @@ -10955,12 +11893,12 @@ "態從可存取變成唯讀)。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:8011 +#: book.translate.xml:8015 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8014 +#: book.translate.xml:8018 msgid "" "Mount the file system read-only. This is identical to using fstype" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8024 +#: book.translate.xml:8028 msgid "" "Mount the specified file system type or mount only file systems of the given " "type, if is included. ufs is the default " @@ -10983,38 +11921,38 @@ "只掛載指定型態的檔案系統。預設的檔案系統類型為 ufs。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:8032 +#: book.translate.xml:8036 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8035 +#: book.translate.xml:8039 msgid "Update mount options on the file system." msgstr "更新檔案系統的掛載選項。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8040 book.translate.xml:23112 +#: book.translate.xml:8044 book.translate.xml:23177 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8043 +#: book.translate.xml:8047 msgid "Be verbose." msgstr "顯示詳細資訊。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:8048 +#: book.translate.xml:8052 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8051 +#: book.translate.xml:8055 msgid "Mount the file system read-write." msgstr "以可讀寫的模式掛載檔案系統。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8056 +#: book.translate.xml:8060 msgid "" "The following options can be passed to as a comma-" "separated list:" @@ -11021,12 +11959,12 @@ msgstr " 選項後面會接著以逗號分隔的參數：" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:8061 +#: book.translate.xml:8065 msgid "nosuid" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8064 +#: book.translate.xml:8068 msgid "" "Do not interpret setuid or setgid flags on the file system. This is also a " "useful security option." @@ -11034,7 +11972,7 @@ "不解析檔案系統上的 setuid 或 setgid 旗標， 這也是一個蠻有用的安全選項。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:8073 +#: book.translate.xml:8077 msgid "" "Using umount8" @@ -11043,12 +11981,12 @@ "manvolnum>" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8075 +#: book.translate.xml:8079 msgid "file systems unmounting" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8080 +#: book.translate.xml:8084 msgid "" "To unmount a file system use umount8. This command takes " @@ -11059,7 +11997,7 @@ "(mountpoint)，裝置名稱，以及 -a 或是 -A 等選項。 " #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8084 +#: book.translate.xml:8088 msgid "" "All forms take to force unmounting, and is not generally a " @@ -11070,7 +12008,7 @@ "案系統有可能會造成電腦當機， 或者損壞檔案系統內的資料。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8089 +#: book.translate.xml:8093 msgid "" "To unmount all mounted file systems, or just the file system types listed " "after , use or . " @@ -11082,12 +12020,12 @@ "是 並不會試圖卸載根檔案系統。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:8098 +#: book.translate.xml:8102 msgid "Processes and Daemons" msgstr "程序與 Daemon" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8100 +#: book.translate.xml:8104 msgid "" "FreeBSD is a multi-tasking operating system. Each program running at any one " "time is called a process. Every running command " @@ -11095,11 +12033,11 @@ "that are run by FreeBSD." msgstr "" "FreeBSD 是一個多工的作業系統，也就是說在同一時間內可以跑超過一個程式。 每一個" -"正在花時間跑的程式就叫做 程序 (process)。 您下的每個指" +"正在花時間跑的程式就叫做程序 (Process)。 您下的每個指" "令都至少會開啟一個新的程序， 而有些系統程序是一直在跑以維持系統正常運作的。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8106 +#: book.translate.xml:8110 msgid "" "Each process is uniquely identified by a number called a process " "ID (PID). Similar to files, each process has " @@ -11112,12 +12050,12 @@ "citerefentry> which is always the first process to start at boot time and " "which always has a PID of 1." msgstr "" -"每一個程序都有一個獨一無二的數字叫做 程序代號 " -"(Process ID, PID)，而且就像檔案一樣，每一個程序也有擁有者及群組。 擁有者及群" -"組的資訊是用來決定什麼檔案或裝置是這個程序可以開啟的 (前面有提到過檔案權" -"限)。 大部份的程序都有父程序。 父程序是開啟這個程序的程序，例如：您對 shell " -"輸入指令，shell 本身就是一個程序，而您執行的指令也是程序。 每一個您用這種方式" -"跑的程序的父程序都是 shell。 有一個特別的程序叫做 " +"每一個程序都有一個獨一無二的數字叫做 程序代號 (Process ID, " +"PID)，而且就像檔案一樣，每一個程序也有擁有者及" +"群組。 擁有者及群組的資訊是用來決定什麼檔案或裝置是這個程序可以開啟的 (前面有" +"提到過檔案權限)。 大部份的程序都有父程序。 父程序是開啟這個程序的程序，例如：" +"您對 Shell 輸入指令，Shell 本身就是一個程序，而您執行的指令也是程序。 每一個" +"您用這種方式跑的程序的父程序都是 Shell。 有一個特別的程序叫做 " "init8 是個例外，在 FreeBSD 開機的時候 init 會自動地被開啟，init 永遠" "是第一個程序，所以他的 PID 一直都會是 1。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8118 +#: book.translate.xml:8122 msgid "" "Some programs are not designed to be run with continuous user input and " "disconnect from the terminal at the first opportunity. For example, a web " @@ -11143,7 +12081,7 @@ "情。這也就是為何 BSD 的吉祥物，是一隻穿著帆布鞋拿著三叉耙的快樂小惡魔的原因。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8129 +#: book.translate.xml:8133 msgid "" "There is a convention to name programs that normally run as daemons with a " "trailing d. For example, BIND is " @@ -11157,19 +12095,19 @@ "通常來說做為 Deamon 執行的程式名字後面都會加一個字母 d。 " "BIND 是 Berkeley Internet Name Domain 的縮寫，但實" "際上執行的程式名稱是 named、Apache 網頁伺服器的程式名稱是 httpd、行列式印表機暫" -"存服務(Line Printer Spooling) Daemon 是 lpd，依此類推。 但" +"application> 網頁伺服器的程式名稱是 httpd、行列式印表機緩" +"衝服務(Line Printer Spooling) Daemon 是 lpd，依此類推。 但" "這是習慣用法，並沒有硬性規定，例如 Sendmail 主要的" "寄信 Daemon 是叫做 sendmail 而不是 maild。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:8143 +#: book.translate.xml:8147 msgid "Viewing Processes" msgstr "檢視程序" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8145 +#: book.translate.xml:8149 msgid "" "To see the processes running on the system, use " "ps1ps1 only shows the commands that are running and owned " @@ -11205,7 +12143,7 @@ "manvolnum> 指令只會顯示使用者所擁有的的程序。 例如：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8156 +#: book.translate.xml:8160 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ps\n" @@ -11215,7 +12153,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8161 +#: book.translate.xml:8165 msgid "" "The output from ps1 is organized into a number of columns. The " @@ -11242,7 +12180,7 @@ "COMMAND 是執行這個程式的指令。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8176 +#: book.translate.xml:8180 msgid "" "A number of different options are available to change the information that " "is displayed. One of the most useful sets is auxww, where " @@ -11263,7 +12201,7 @@ "了。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8187 +#: book.translate.xml:8191 msgid "" "The output from top1 is similar:" @@ -11272,7 +12210,7 @@ "citerefentry> 也有類似的輸出。 一般的情況看像是這樣：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8189 +#: book.translate.xml:8193 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% top\n" @@ -11298,7 +12236,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8210 +#: book.translate.xml:8214 msgid "" "The output is split into two sections. The header (the first five or six " "lines) shows the PID of the last process to run, the " @@ -11311,15 +12249,14 @@ "data was read from the memory cache instead of from disk." msgstr "" "輸出的資訊分成兩個部份。開頭 (前五行或六行) 顯示出最近一個程序的 " -"PID、系統平均負載 (系統有多忙錄的測試)、系統的開機時間 (從" -"上次重開算起) 以及現在的時間等。 在開頭裡面的其他數字分別是在講有多少程序正在" -"執行、有多少記憶體及 swap 空間被占用了，還有就是系統分別花了多少時間在不同的 " -"CPU 狀態上。If the ZFS file system module has been " -"loaded, an ARC line indicates how much data was read from " -"the memory cache instead of from disk." +"PID、系統平均負載 (系統忙磁程度評估方式)、系統的開機時間 " +"(自上次重新開機) 以及現在的時間等。 在開頭裡面的其他數字分別是在講有多少程序" +"正在執行、有多少記憶體及交換空間被占用了，還有就是系統分別花了多少時間在不同" +"的 CPU 狀態上。若有載入 ZFS 檔案系統模組，會有一行 " +"ARC 標示有多少資料從磁碟改由記憶體快取中取得。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8222 +#: book.translate.xml:8226 msgid "" "Below the header is a series of columns containing similar information to " "the output from ps1PID、使用者名稱、CPU 花費的時間以及正在執" "行的指令。 top1 在預設的情況下還會告訴您程序用掉了多少的記憶體空" -"間。 在這邊會分成兩欄，一個是總用量 (total size)，另一個是實際用量 (resident " +"間。 在這邊會分成兩欄，一個是總用量 (Total size)，另一個是實際用量 (Resident " "size)——總用量是指這個應用程式需要的記憶體空間，而實際用量則是指目前實際上該程" "式的記憶體使用量。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8232 +#: book.translate.xml:8236 msgid "" "top1 automatically updates the display every two seconds. A " @@ -11351,12 +12288,12 @@ "的時間。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:8238 +#: book.translate.xml:8242 msgid "Killing Processes" msgstr "終止程序" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8240 +#: book.translate.xml:8244 msgid "" "One way to communicate with any running process or daemon is to send a " "signal using killkill1 指令傳送信號 (signal)。 信號有很多種，有" +"citerefentry> 指令傳送信號 (Signal)。 信號有很多種，有" "些有特定的意義，有些則是會由應用程式來解讀，應用程式的說明文件會告訴您該程式" "是如何解讀信號。 使用者只能送信號給自己所擁有的程序，送信號給其他人的程序會出" "現權限不足的錯誤。 唯一的例外是 root使用者，他可以送信號給任何人的程序。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8250 +#: book.translate.xml:8254 msgid "" "The operating system can also send a signal to a process. If an application " "is badly written and tries to access memory that it is not supposed to, " @@ -11392,11 +12329,11 @@ "它不該碰的記憶體的時候，FreeBSD 會送一個 Segmentation Violation 信號 (SIGSEGV) 給這個程序。 如果有一個應用程式用了 " "alarm3 的 system call 要求系統在過一段時間之後發出通知，時間到了的時候" -"系統就會發出通知信號 (SIGALRM) 給該程式。" +"citerefentry> 的系統呼叫 (System call) 要求系統在過一段時間之後發出通知，時間" +"到了的時候系統就會發出通知信號 (SIGALRM) 給該程式。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8260 +#: book.translate.xml:8264 msgid "" "Two signals can be used to stop a process: SIGTERM and " "SIGKILL. SIGTERM is the polite way to " @@ -11412,7 +12349,7 @@ "literal>，如它正在做一些不能中斷的工作的話。" #. (itstool) path: footnote/para -#: book.translate.xml:8272 +#: book.translate.xml:8276 msgid "" "There are a few tasks that cannot be interrupted. For example, if the " "process is trying to read from a file that is on another computer on the " @@ -11427,7 +12364,7 @@ "結束掉了。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8269 +#: book.translate.xml:8273 msgid "" "SIGKILL cannot be ignored by a process. Sending a " "SIGKILL to a process will usually stop that process there " @@ -11437,7 +12374,7 @@ "literal> 信號給程序通常會將程序直接中止<_:footnote-1/>。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8281 +#: book.translate.xml:8285 msgid "" "Other commonly used signals are SIGHUP, SIGUSR1, and SIGUSR2. Since these are general purpose " @@ -11448,7 +12385,7 @@ "應。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8286 +#: book.translate.xml:8290 msgid "" "For example, after changing a web server's configuration file, the web " "server needs to be told to re-read its configuration. Restarting " @@ -11464,12 +12401,12 @@ "為，所以使用前請先參考 Deamon 的說明文件查看是否可以達到想要的結果。" #. (itstool) path: procedure/title -#: book.translate.xml:8297 +#: book.translate.xml:8301 msgid "Sending a Signal to a Process" msgstr "送信號給程序" #. (itstool) path: procedure/para -#: book.translate.xml:8299 +#: book.translate.xml:8303 msgid "" "This example shows how to send a signal to " "inetd8 會在收到 SIGHUP 的時候重新讀取這個設定檔。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:8306 +#: book.translate.xml:8310 msgid "" "Find the PID of the process to send the signal to using " "pgrep1 的 PID 為 198：" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8310 +#: book.translate.xml:8314 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% pgrep -l inetd\n" @@ -11510,7 +12447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:8316 +#: book.translate.xml:8320 msgid "" "Use kill1 to send the signal. Because " @@ -11529,7 +12466,7 @@ "systemitem> 先。" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8323 +#: book.translate.xml:8327 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% su\n" @@ -11538,7 +12475,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:8327 +#: book.translate.xml:8331 msgid "" "Like most UNIX commands, " "kill1PID: No such process。" #. (itstool) path: note/title -#: book.translate.xml:8340 +#: book.translate.xml:8344 msgid "Why Use /bin/kill?" msgstr "為何要使用 /bin/kill？ " #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:8342 +#: book.translate.xml:8346 msgid "" "Many shells provide kill as a built in command, meaning " "that the shell will send the signal directly, rather than running /" @@ -11580,7 +12517,7 @@ "的直接用 /bin/kill。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8354 +#: book.translate.xml:8358 msgid "" "When sending other signals, substitute TERM or " "KILL with the name of the signal." @@ -11589,7 +12526,7 @@ "或 KILL 替換成其他信號的名稱即可。" #. (itstool) path: important/para -#: book.translate.xml:8359 +#: book.translate.xml:8363 msgid "" "Killing a random process on the system is a bad idea. In particular, " "init8記得再次確認您下的參數。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:8371 +#: book.translate.xml:8375 msgid "Shells" msgstr "Shell" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8373 +#: book.translate.xml:8377 msgid "shells" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8376 +#: book.translate.xml:8380 msgid "command line" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8380 +#: book.translate.xml:8384 msgid "" "A shell provides a command line interface for " "interacting with the operating system. A shell receives commands from the " @@ -11642,11 +12579,11 @@ "幾個 Shell，包含 Bourne Shell (sh1)，與改良版的 C-shell " "(tcsh1)。 還有許多其他的 Shell 可以從 FreeBSD Ports 套件集中取得，像" -"是 zsh 以及 bash 等。" +"citerefentry>)。 還有許多其他的 Shell 可以從 FreeBSD Port 套件集中取得，像是 " +"zsh 以及 bash 等。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8391 +#: book.translate.xml:8395 msgid "" "The shell that is used is really a matter of taste. A C programmer might " "feel more comfortable with a C-like shell such as " @@ -11664,7 +12601,7 @@ "合使用者的喜好，就是您選擇 shell 的重點了。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8398 +#: book.translate.xml:8402 msgid "" "One common shell feature is filename completion. After a user types the " "first few letters of a command or filename and presses Tab, " @@ -11680,7 +12617,7 @@ "輸入 rm foo 然後按下 Tab 來補齊檔名。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8407 +#: book.translate.xml:8411 msgid "" "But the shell only shows rm foo. It was unable to " "complete the filename because both foobar and " @@ -11698,12 +12635,12 @@ "次，那 Shell 就能夠替您把剩下的檔名填滿了。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8417 +#: book.translate.xml:8421 msgid "environment variables" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8421 +#: book.translate.xml:8425 msgid "" "Another feature of the shell is the use of environment variables. " "Environment variables are a variable/key pair stored in the shell's " @@ -11719,42 +12656,42 @@ "供了常見的環境變數與其涵義的清單。 請注意環境變數的名稱永遠以大寫表示。" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:8431 +#: book.translate.xml:8435 msgid "Common Environment Variables" msgstr "常用環境變數" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8436 book.translate.xml:22909 +#: book.translate.xml:8440 book.translate.xml:22974 msgid "Variable" msgstr "變數" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8443 +#: book.translate.xml:8447 msgid "USER" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8444 +#: book.translate.xml:8448 msgid "Current logged in user's name." msgstr "目前登入的使用者名稱。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8448 +#: book.translate.xml:8452 msgid "PATH" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8449 +#: book.translate.xml:8453 msgid "Colon-separated list of directories to search for binaries." msgstr "以冒號 (:) 隔開的目錄列表，用以搜尋執行檔的路徑。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8454 +#: book.translate.xml:8458 msgid "DISPLAY" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8455 +#: book.translate.xml:8459 msgid "" "Network name of the Xorg display to connect to, " "if available." @@ -11762,22 +12699,22 @@ "若存在這個環境變數，則代表 Xorg 顯示器的網路名稱。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8461 +#: book.translate.xml:8465 msgid "SHELL" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8462 +#: book.translate.xml:8466 msgid "The current shell." msgstr "目前使用的 Shell。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8466 +#: book.translate.xml:8470 msgid "TERM" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8468 +#: book.translate.xml:8472 msgid "" "The name of the user's type of terminal. Used to determine the capabilities " "of the terminal." @@ -11784,74 +12721,75 @@ msgstr "使用者終端機類型的名稱，用來判斷終端機有那些功能。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8473 +#: book.translate.xml:8477 msgid "TERMCAP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8475 +#: book.translate.xml:8479 msgid "" "Database entry of the terminal escape codes to perform various terminal " "functions." msgstr "" +"用來執行各種終端機功能的終端機跳脫碼 (Terminal escape code) 的資料庫項目。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8480 +#: book.translate.xml:8484 msgid "OSTYPE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8481 +#: book.translate.xml:8485 msgid "Type of operating system." msgstr "作業系統的類型。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8485 +#: book.translate.xml:8489 msgid "MACHTYPE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8486 +#: book.translate.xml:8490 msgid "The system's CPU architecture." msgstr "系統的 CPU 架構。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8490 +#: book.translate.xml:8494 msgid "EDITOR" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8491 +#: book.translate.xml:8495 msgid "The user's preferred text editor." msgstr "使用者偏好的文字編輯器。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8495 +#: book.translate.xml:8499 msgid "PAGER" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8496 +#: book.translate.xml:8500 msgid "The user's preferred utility for viewing text one page at a time." msgstr "使用者偏好的文字分頁檢視工具。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8501 +#: book.translate.xml:8505 msgid "MANPATH" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:8502 +#: book.translate.xml:8506 msgid "Colon-separated list of directories to search for manual pages." msgstr "以冒號 (:) 隔開的目錄列表，用以搜尋使用手冊的路徑。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8509 +#: book.translate.xml:8513 msgid "Bourne shells" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8513 +#: book.translate.xml:8517 msgid "" "How to set an environment variable differs between shells. In " "tcsh1 for the tcsh1 shell:" msgstr "" -"在不同的 shell 底下設定環境變數的方式也有所不同。 在 " +"在不同的 Shell 底下設定環境變數的方式也有所不同。 在 " "tcsh1 和 csh1，使用 setenv 來設定環境" -"變數。 在 sh1 和 bash, use export，則使用 export 來設定目前環境的變數。 以下範例將 " +"refentrytitle>1，使用 setenv 來設定環境變數。 在 sh1 和 bash 則使用 export 來設定目前環境的變數。 以下範例將 " "tcsh1 下的 EDITOR 環境變數從預設值更改為 /" -"usr/local/bin/emacs：" +"citerefentry> Shell 下的 EDITOR 環境變數從預設值更改為 " +"/usr/local/bin/emacs：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8522 +#: book.translate.xml:8526 #, no-wrap msgid "% setenv EDITOR /usr/local/bin/emacs" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8524 +#: book.translate.xml:8528 msgid "The equivalent command for bash would be:" msgstr "相同功能的指令在 bash 下則是：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8527 +#: book.translate.xml:8531 #, no-wrap msgid "% export EDITOR=\"/usr/local/bin/emacs\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8529 +#: book.translate.xml:8533 msgid "" "To expand an environment variable in order to see its current setting, type " "a $ character in front of its name on the command line. " @@ -11905,7 +12843,7 @@ "$TERM 的設定值。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8535 +#: book.translate.xml:8539 msgid "" "Shells treat special characters, known as meta-characters, as special " "representations of data. The most common meta-character is *\\). For " @@ -11932,17 +12870,17 @@ "literal>." msgstr "" "為了避免 Shell 轉譯這些特殊字元，我們可以在這些特殊字元前放一個反斜線 " -"(\\) 字元使他們跳脫(escape) Shell 的轉譯。舉例來說，" +"(\\) 字元使他們跳脫 (Escape) Shell 的轉譯。舉例來說，" "echo $TERM 會印出你目前終端機的設定， echo \\" "$TERM 則會直接印出 $TERM 這幾個字。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:8553 +#: book.translate.xml:8557 msgid "Changing the Shell" msgstr "變更 Shell" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8555 +#: book.translate.xml:8559 msgid "" "The easiest way to permanently change the default shell is to use " "chsh. Running this command will open the editor that is " @@ -11951,7 +12889,7 @@ "refentrytitle>1. Change the " "Shell: line to the full path of the new shell." msgstr "" -"永久變更 Shell 最簡單的方法就是透過 chsh 命令。 執行 " +"永久變更 Shell 最簡單的方法就是透過 chsh 指令。 執行 " "chsh 將會使用環境變數中 EDITOR 指定的文字編" "輯器，如果沒有設定，則預設是 vi1。 請修改 " @@ -11958,7 +12896,7 @@ "Shell: 為新的 Shell 的完整路徑。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8562 +#: book.translate.xml:8566 msgid "" "Alternately, use chsh -s which will set the specified " "shell without opening an editor. For example, to change the shell to " @@ -11968,13 +12906,13 @@ "器。 例如， 假設想把 Shell 更改為 bash：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8566 +#: book.translate.xml:8570 #, no-wrap msgid "% chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:8569 +#: book.translate.xml:8573 msgid "" "The new shell must be present in /etc/shells. If the shell was installed from the FreeBSD Ports Collection as " @@ -11983,18 +12921,18 @@ "with the path of the shell:" msgstr "" "新的 Shell 必須已列於 /etc/shells " -"裡頭。 若是依 說明由 Ports 套件集來裝的 Shell， 那" -"就會自動列入至該檔案裡。 若仍缺少，請使用以下指令加入檔案 (請將路徑替換為新" -"的 Shell 的路徑)：" +"裡頭。 若是依 說明由 Port 套件集來裝的 Shell， 那就" +"會自動列入至該檔案裡。 若仍缺少，請使用以下指令加入檔案 (請將路徑替換為新的 " +"Shell 的路徑)：" #. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8576 +#: book.translate.xml:8580 #, no-wrap msgid "# echo /usr/local/bin/bash >> /etc/shells" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:8578 +#: book.translate.xml:8582 msgid "" "Then, rerun chsh1." @@ -12003,14 +12941,14 @@ "manvolnum>。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:8584 +#: book.translate.xml:8588 msgid "Advanced Shell Techniques" msgstr "進階 Shell 技巧" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:8587 book.translate.xml:30944 book.translate.xml:35338 -#: book.translate.xml:35418 book.translate.xml:37027 book.translate.xml:43911 -#: book.translate.xml:53583 book.translate.xml:56018 +#: book.translate.xml:8591 book.translate.xml:31009 book.translate.xml:35403 +#: book.translate.xml:35483 book.translate.xml:37092 book.translate.xml:43965 +#: book.translate.xml:54417 book.translate.xml:56852 msgid "" " Tom Rhodes Written by " @@ -12017,7 +12955,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8597 +#: book.translate.xml:8601 msgid "" "The UNIX shell is not just a " "command interpreter, it acts as a powerful tool which allows users to " @@ -12026,9 +12964,13 @@ "functionality is mixed with built in commands, the user is provided with an " "environment that can maximize efficiency." msgstr "" +"UNIX Shell 不只是指令的直譯器，它" +"是一個強大的工具可讓使用者執行指令、重新導向指令的輸出、重新導向指令的輸入並" +"將指令串連在一起來改進最終指令的輸出結果。當這個功能與內建的指令混合使用時，" +"可提供一個可以最佳化效率的環境給使用者。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8605 +#: book.translate.xml:8609 msgid "" "Shell redirection is the action of sending the output or the input of a " "command into another command or into a file. To capture the output of the " @@ -12035,15 +12977,18 @@ "ls1 command, for example, into a file, redirect the output:" msgstr "" +"Shell 重新導向是將一個指令的輸出或輸入傳送給另一個指令或檔案。例如，要擷取 " +"ls1 指令的輸出到一個檔案，可以重新導向輸出:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8610 +#: book.translate.xml:8614 #, no-wrap msgid "% ls > directory_listing.txt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8612 +#: book.translate.xml:8616 msgid "" "The directory contents will now be listed in directory_listing." "txt. Some commands can be used to read input, such as " @@ -12050,15 +12995,19 @@ "sort1. To sort this listing, redirect the input:" msgstr "" +"目錄的內容現在會列到 directory_listing.txt 中，部份指令" +"可以讀取輸入，例如 sort1。要排序這個清單，可重新" +"導向輸入:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8617 +#: book.translate.xml:8621 #, no-wrap msgid "% sort < directory_listing.txt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8619 +#: book.translate.xml:8623 msgid "" "The input will be sorted and placed on the screen. To redirect that input " "into another file, one could redirect the output of " @@ -12065,15 +13014,18 @@ "sort1 by mixing the direction:" msgstr "" +"輸入的內容會被排序後呈現在畫面上，要重新導向該輸入到另一個檔案，可以重新導向 " +"sort1 的出輸:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8623 +#: book.translate.xml:8627 #, no-wrap msgid "% sort < directory_listing.txt > sorted.txt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8625 +#: book.translate.xml:8629 msgid "" "In all of the previous examples, the commands are performing redirection " "using file descriptors. Every UNIXI/O based file descriptors and sometimes " "considered streams." msgstr "" +"於上述所有的範例中，指令會透過檔案描述符 (File descriptor) 來執行重新導向。每" +"個 UNIX 系統都有檔案描述符，其中" +"包含了標準輸入 (stdin)、標準輸出 (stdout) 以及標準錯誤 (stderr)。每一種檔案描" +"述符都有特定的用途，輸入可能來自鍵盤或滑鼠、任何可能提供輸入的來源，輸出則可" +"能是螢幕或印表機中的紙張，而錯誤則為任何可能用來診斷的資訊或錯誤訊息。這三種" +"皆被認為是以 I/O 為基礎的檔案描述符，有些也會被當做串流。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8636 +#: book.translate.xml:8640 msgid "" "Through the use of these descriptors, the shell allows output and input to " "be passed around through various commands and redirected to or from a file. " "Another method of redirection is the pipe operator." msgstr "" +"透過使用這些檔案描述符，Shell 能夠讓輸出與輸入在各種指令間傳遞與重新導向到或" +"自檔案。另一種重新導向的方式是使用管線運算子 (Pipe operator)。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8641 +#: book.translate.xml:8645 msgid "" "The UNIX pipe operator, |" " allows the output of one command to be directly passed or directed " @@ -12102,15 +13062,18 @@ "to another program. Basically, a pipe allows the standard output of a " "command to be passed as standard input to another command, for example:" msgstr "" +"UNIX 的管線運算子，即 |，可允許指令的輸出可直接傳遞或導向到另一個程式。基本上，管線運算子允許" +"指令的標準輸出以標準輸入傳遞給另一個指令，例如:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8647 +#: book.translate.xml:8651 #, no-wrap msgid "% cat directory_listing.txt | sort | less" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8649 +#: book.translate.xml:8653 msgid "" "In that example, the contents of directory_listing.txt " "will be sorted and the output passed to lessdirectory_listing.txt 的內容會被排序然後輸" +"出傳遞給 less1，這可讓使用者依自己的閱讀步調捲動輸出的結果，避免結" +"果直接捲動出畫面。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:8658 +#: book.translate.xml:8662 msgid "Text Editors" msgstr "文字編輯器" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8660 +#: book.translate.xml:8664 msgid "text editors" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8663 book.translate.xml:8699 +#: book.translate.xml:8667 book.translate.xml:8703 msgid "editors" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8667 +#: book.translate.xml:8671 msgid "" "Most FreeBSD configuration is done by editing text files. Because of this, " "it is a good idea to become familiar with a text editor. FreeBSD comes with " @@ -12143,16 +13110,16 @@ "Collection." msgstr "" "在 FreeBSD 中有許多設定必須透過編輯文字檔完成。 因此，若能熟悉文字編輯器是再" -"好不過的。 FreeBSD 本身就內建幾種文字編輯器， 您也可以透過 Ports 套件集來安裝" +"好不過的。 FreeBSD 本身就內建幾種文字編輯器， 您也可以透過 Port 套件集來安裝" "其他的文字編輯器。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8672 +#: book.translate.xml:8676 msgid "ee" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8675 +#: book.translate.xml:8679 msgid "" "editors ee1" @@ -12159,7 +13126,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8680 +#: book.translate.xml:8684 msgid "" "A simple editor to learn is ee1, which stands for easy " @@ -12176,29 +13143,30 @@ "changes if the file has been modified." msgstr "" "最簡單易學的文字編輯器叫做 ee1，意為簡易的編輯器(Easy " -"Editor)。 要開始使用這個編輯器， 只需輸入 ee filename，其中 filename 代表你想要編" -"輯的檔案名稱。 在編輯器中， 所有編輯器的功能與操作都顯示在螢幕的上方。 其中的" -"插入符號 (^) 代表鍵盤上的 Ctrl 鍵，所以 " -"^e 代表的是 Ctrl e 。 若要結束 " -"ee1，請按下 Esc 鍵，接著選擇 leave editor 即可。 此時如果該檔案有修改過，編輯器會提醒你是否要存檔。" +"refentrytitle>1，意為簡易的編輯器 " +"(Easy Editor)。 要開始使用這個編輯器， 只需輸入 ee " +"filename，其中 filename 代表你想要編輯的檔案名稱。 在編輯器中， 所有編輯器的功能與操作都" +"顯示在螢幕的上方。 其中的插入符號 (^) 代表鍵盤上的 " +"Ctrl 鍵，所以 ^e 代表的是 Ctrl e 。 若要" +"結束 ee1，請按下 Esc 鍵，接著選擇 " +"leave editor 即可。 此時如果該檔案有修改過，編輯器會提醒你是否" +"要存檔。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8696 +#: book.translate.xml:8700 msgid "vi" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8702 +#: book.translate.xml:8706 msgid "emacs" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8706 +#: book.translate.xml:8710 msgid "" "FreeBSD also comes with more powerful text editors, such as " "vi1vi1。 其他編輯器如 " "editors/emacs 及 editors/vim 則由 " -"FreeBSD Ports 套件集提供。 這些編輯器提供更強的功能，但是也比較難學習。 長期" -"來看學習 vim 或 Emacs " -"會在日後為您省下更多的時間。" +"FreeBSD Port 套件集提供。 這些編輯器提供更強的功能，但是也比較難學習。 長期來" +"看學習 vim 或 Emacs 會" +"在日後為您省下更多的時間。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8716 +#: book.translate.xml:8720 msgid "" "Many applications which modify files or require typed input will " "automatically open a text editor. To change the default editor, set the " @@ -12224,14 +13192,16 @@ "EDITOR environment variable as described in ." msgstr "" +"有許多應用程式在修改檔案或需要輸入時會自動開啟文字編輯器，要更改預設的編輯器" +"可設定 EDITOR 環境變數如 所說明。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:8723 +#: book.translate.xml:8727 msgid "Devices and Device Nodes" msgstr "裝置及裝置節點" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8725 +#: book.translate.xml:8729 msgid "" "A device is a term used mostly for hardware-related activities in a system, " "including disks, printers, graphics cards, and keyboards. When FreeBSD " @@ -12239,12 +13209,12 @@ "copy of the boot messages are saved to /var/run/dmesg.boot." msgstr "" -"裝置(Device)一詞大多是跟硬體比較有關的術語，包括磁碟、印表機、顯示卡和鍵盤。 " -"FreeBSD 開機過程當中，開機訊息(Boot Message)中主要是會列出偵測到的硬體裝置，" -"開機訊息的複本也會存放在 /var/run/dmesg.boot。" +"裝置 (Device) 一詞大多是跟硬體比較有關的術語，包括磁碟、印表機、顯示卡和鍵" +"盤。 FreeBSD 開機過程當中，開機訊息 (Boot Message) 中主要是會列出偵測到的硬體" +"裝置，開機訊息的複本也會存放在 /var/run/dmesg.boot。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8732 +#: book.translate.xml:8736 msgid "" "Each device has a device name and number. For example, ada0 is the first SATA hard drive, while kbd0 " @@ -12254,26 +13224,26 @@ "台 SATA 硬碟，而 kbd0 則代表鍵盤。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8737 +#: book.translate.xml:8741 msgid "" "Most devices in a FreeBSD must be accessed through special files called " "device nodes, which are located in /dev." msgstr "" -"在 FreeBSD 中大多數的裝置必須透過裝置節點(Device Node)的特殊檔案來存取，這些" -"檔案會放置在 /dev。" +"在 FreeBSD 中大多數的裝置必須透過裝置節點 (Device Node) 的特殊檔案來存取，這" +"些檔案會放置在 /dev。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:8743 +#: book.translate.xml:8747 msgid "Manual Pages" msgstr "操作手冊" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8745 +#: book.translate.xml:8749 msgid "manual pages" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8749 +#: book.translate.xml:8753 msgid "" "The most comprehensive documentation on FreeBSD is in the form of manual " "pages. Nearly every program on the system comes with a short reference " @@ -12285,13 +13255,13 @@ "man 指令來檢視：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8755 +#: book.translate.xml:8759 #, no-wrap msgid "% man command" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8757 +#: book.translate.xml:8761 msgid "" "where command is the name of the command to learn " "about. For example, to learn more about ls 的詳細用法，就可以打：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8761 +#: book.translate.xml:8765 #, no-wrap msgid "% man ls" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8763 +#: book.translate.xml:8767 msgid "" "Manual pages are divided into sections which represent the type of topic. In " "FreeBSD, the following sections are available:" @@ -12317,52 +13287,52 @@ "章節：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8769 +#: book.translate.xml:8773 msgid "User commands." msgstr "使用者指令。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8773 +#: book.translate.xml:8777 msgid "System calls and error numbers." -msgstr "系統呼叫(System call)與錯誤編號。" +msgstr "系統呼叫 (System call) 與錯誤編號。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8777 +#: book.translate.xml:8781 msgid "Functions in the C libraries." msgstr "C 程式庫函數。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8781 +#: book.translate.xml:8785 msgid "Device drivers." msgstr "裝置驅動程式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8785 +#: book.translate.xml:8789 msgid "File formats." msgstr "檔案格式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8789 +#: book.translate.xml:8793 msgid "Games and other diversions." msgstr "遊戲及其他程式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8793 +#: book.translate.xml:8797 msgid "Miscellaneous information." msgstr "其他資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8797 +#: book.translate.xml:8801 msgid "System maintenance and operation commands." msgstr "系統維護與操作指令。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8801 +#: book.translate.xml:8805 msgid "System kernel interfaces." msgstr "系統核心介面。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8805 +#: book.translate.xml:8809 msgid "" "In some cases, the same topic may appear in more than one section of the " "online manual. For example, there is a chmod user command " @@ -12376,13 +13346,13 @@ "refentrytitle>1 要查詢的章節編號：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8811 +#: book.translate.xml:8815 #, no-wrap msgid "% man 1 chmod" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8813 +#: book.translate.xml:8817 msgid "" "This will display the manual page for the user command " "chmod1 則是指系統呼叫。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8819 +#: book.translate.xml:8823 msgid "" "If the name of the manual page is unknown, use man -k to " "search for keywords in the manual page descriptions:" @@ -12410,13 +13380,13 @@ "操作手冊的描述：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8823 +#: book.translate.xml:8827 #, no-wrap msgid "% man -k mail" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8825 +#: book.translate.xml:8829 msgid "" "This command displays a list of commands that have the keyword mail in their descriptions. This is equivalent to using " @@ -12428,7 +13398,7 @@ "manvolnum>。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8829 +#: book.translate.xml:8833 msgid "" "To read the descriptions for all of the commands in /usr/bin, type:" @@ -12435,7 +13405,7 @@ msgstr "想要閱讀所有在 /usr/bin 底下的指令說明則可輸入：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8832 +#: book.translate.xml:8836 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% cd /usr/bin\n" @@ -12444,12 +13414,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect1/para #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8835 book.translate.xml:48552 +#: book.translate.xml:8839 book.translate.xml:49386 msgid "or" msgstr "或" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8837 +#: book.translate.xml:8841 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% cd /usr/bin\n" @@ -12457,12 +13427,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:8841 +#: book.translate.xml:8845 msgid "GNU Info Files" msgstr "GNU Info 檔" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8847 +#: book.translate.xml:8851 msgid "" "FreeBSD includes several applications and utilities produced by the Free " "Software Foundation (FSF). In addition to manual pages, these programs may " @@ -12472,7 +13442,7 @@ "editors/emacs is installed, the info mode of " "emacs." msgstr "" -"FreeBSD 有許多應用程式與工具來自自由軟體基金會(Free Software Foundation, " +"FreeBSD 有許多應用程式與工具來自自由軟體基金會 (Free Software Foundation, " "FSF)。 除了操作手冊之外，這些程式提供了另外一種更具有彈性的超文字文件叫做 " "info 檔。 這些檔案可以使用 " "info1emacs 的 info 模式閱讀。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8855 +#: book.translate.xml:8859 msgid "" "To use info1, type:" @@ -12489,13 +13459,13 @@ "manvolnum> 指令，只需輸入：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:8857 +#: book.translate.xml:8861 #, no-wrap msgid "% info" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:8859 +#: book.translate.xml:8863 msgid "" "For a brief introduction, type h. For a quick command " "reference, type ?." @@ -12504,22 +13474,22 @@ "? 鍵。" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:8873 +#: book.translate.xml:8877 msgid "Installing Applications: Packages and Ports" -msgstr "安裝應用程式: 套件與 Ports" +msgstr "安裝應用程式: 套件與 Port" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8878 +#: book.translate.xml:8882 msgid "ports" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:8879 +#: book.translate.xml:8883 msgid "packages" msgstr "套件" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8880 +#: book.translate.xml:8884 msgid "" "FreeBSD is bundled with a rich collection of system tools as part of the " "base system. In addition, FreeBSD provides two complementary technologies " @@ -12529,32 +13499,32 @@ "from the network." msgstr "" "FreeBSD 已內建豐富的系統工具，此外 FreeBSD 提供了 2 種安裝第三方軟體的套件管" -"理技術︰由原始碼安的 FreeBSD Ports 套件集，以及由預先編譯好的 Binary 安裝的 " +"理技術︰由原始碼安的 FreeBSD Port 套件集，以及由預先編譯好的 Binary 安裝的 " "Binary 套件集。 無論要用哪一種方式，都可由本地的媒體或網路來安裝軟體。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8892 +#: book.translate.xml:8896 msgid "The difference between binary packages and ports." -msgstr "Binary 套件集與 Ports 的差別。" +msgstr "Binary 套件集與 Port 的差別。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8896 +#: book.translate.xml:8900 msgid "How to find third-party software that has been ported to FreeBSD." msgstr "如何找到已移植到 FreeBSD 的第三方軟體。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8901 +#: book.translate.xml:8905 msgid "How to manage binary packages using pkg." msgstr "如何使用 pkg 管理 Binary 套件。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8906 +#: book.translate.xml:8910 msgid "" "How to build third-party software from source using the Ports Collection." -msgstr "如何編譯來自 Ports 套件集的第三方軟體原始碼。" +msgstr "如何編譯來自 Port 套件集的第三方軟體原始碼。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8911 +#: book.translate.xml:8915 msgid "" "How to find the files installed with the application for post-installation " "configuration." @@ -12561,17 +13531,17 @@ msgstr "如何找到應用程式已安裝的檔案來完成安裝後的設定。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8916 +#: book.translate.xml:8920 msgid "What to do if a software installation fails." msgstr "若軟體安裝失敗要如何處理。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:8922 +#: book.translate.xml:8926 msgid "Overview of Software Installation" msgstr "安裝軟體的概要" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8924 +#: book.translate.xml:8928 msgid "" "The typical steps for installing third-party software on a UNIX system include:" @@ -12580,7 +13550,7 @@ "體時，有幾個步驟要作：" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:8929 +#: book.translate.xml:8933 msgid "" "Find and download the software, which might be distributed in source code " "format or as a binary." @@ -12587,7 +13557,7 @@ msgstr "找到並且下載軟體，該軟體有可能以原始碼或 Binary 格式發佈。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:8934 +#: book.translate.xml:8938 msgid "" "Unpack the software from its distribution format. This is typically a " "tarball compressed with compress 壓縮。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:8940 +#: book.translate.xml:8944 msgid "" "Locate the documentation in INSTALL, README or some file in a doc/ subdirectory and read " @@ -12614,7 +13584,7 @@ "doc/ 子目錄底下的檔案閱讀如何安裝該軟體。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:8947 +#: book.translate.xml:8951 msgid "" "If the software was distributed in source format, compile it. This may " "involve editing a Makefile or running a " @@ -12624,12 +13594,12 @@ "Makefile 或執行 configure Script。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:8954 +#: book.translate.xml:8958 msgid "Test and install the software." msgstr "測試並安裝該軟體。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8958 +#: book.translate.xml:8962 msgid "" "If the software package was not deliberately ported, or tested to work, on " "FreeBSD, the source code may need editing in order for it to install and run " @@ -12641,7 +13611,7 @@ "程式已經被移植到 FreeBSD。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8964 +#: book.translate.xml:8968 msgid "" "A FreeBSD package contains pre-compiled copies of all the commands for an " "application, as well as any configuration files and documentation. A package " @@ -12653,7 +13623,7 @@ "command>。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8970 +#: book.translate.xml:8974 msgid "" "A FreeBSD port is a collection of files designed to automate the process of " "compiling an application from source code. The files that comprise a port " @@ -12665,39 +13635,39 @@ "訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8976 +#: book.translate.xml:8980 msgid "" "The ports system can also be used to generate packages which can be " "manipulated with the FreeBSD package management commands." -msgstr "Ports 系統可以透過 FreeBSD 套件管理指令來產生套件。" +msgstr "Port 系統可以透過 FreeBSD 套件管理指令來產生套件。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8980 +#: book.translate.xml:8984 msgid "" "Both packages and ports understand dependencies. If a package or port is " "used to install an application and a dependent library is not already " "installed, the library will automatically be installed first." msgstr "" -"不論是 Binary 套件或者 Ports 套件都有相依的功能，若以 Binary 或 Port 套件安裝" +"不論是 Binary 套件或者 Port 套件都有相依的功能，若以 Binary 或 Port 套件安裝" "應用程式，且該應用程式有相依的程式庫尚未被安裝，則會自動先安裝該程式庫。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:8985 +#: book.translate.xml:8989 msgid "" "While the two technologies are similar, packages and ports each have their " "own strengths. Select the technology that meets your requirements for " "installing a particular application." msgstr "" -"雖然兩種技術非常相似，但 Binary 套件及 Ports 套件有各自的優點。 要視您要安裝" -"的應用程式需求來選擇。" +"雖然兩種技術非常相似，但 Binary 套件及 Port 套件有各自的優點。 要視您要安裝的" +"應用程式需求來選擇。" #. (itstool) path: itemizedlist/title -#: book.translate.xml:8991 +#: book.translate.xml:8995 msgid "Package Benefits" msgstr "Binary 套件優點" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:8994 +#: book.translate.xml:8998 msgid "" "A compressed package tarball is typically smaller than the compressed " "tarball containing the source code for the application." @@ -12704,7 +13674,7 @@ msgstr "應用程式壓縮 Binary 套件的 tarball 會比壓縮原始碼的 tarball 還要小。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9000 +#: book.translate.xml:9004 msgid "" "Packages do not require compilation time. For large applications, such as " "Mozilla, KDE, or " @@ -12715,7 +13685,7 @@ "GNOME 這點顯的相當重要。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9008 +#: book.translate.xml:9012 msgid "" "Packages do not require any understanding of the process involved in " "compiling software on FreeBSD." @@ -12722,12 +13692,12 @@ msgstr "Binary 套件不需要了解在 FreeBSD 上編譯軟體的流程。" #. (itstool) path: itemizedlist/title -#: book.translate.xml:9014 +#: book.translate.xml:9018 msgid "Port Benefits" msgstr "Port 套件優點" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9017 +#: book.translate.xml:9021 msgid "" "Packages are normally compiled with conservative options because they have " "to run on the maximum number of systems. By compiling from the port, one can " @@ -12737,7 +13707,7 @@ "譯，由 Port 來編輯可更改編譯選項。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9024 +#: book.translate.xml:9028 msgid "" "Some applications have compile-time options relating to which features are " "installed. For example, Apache can be configured " @@ -12747,7 +13717,7 @@ "application> 便有大量不同的內建選項可以設定。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9029 +#: book.translate.xml:9033 msgid "" "In some cases, multiple packages will exist for the same application to " "specify certain settings. For example, GhostscriptFreeBSD ports mailing " @@ -12793,13 +13763,13 @@ "list and the FreeBSD ports bugs mailing list." msgstr "" -"要持續追蹤 Ports 的更新可以訂閱 FreeBSD Ports 郵遞論壇 與 FreeBSD Ports 問題郵遞論壇。" +"要持續追蹤 Port 的更新可以訂閱 FreeBSD Port 郵遞論壇 與 FreeBSD Port 問題郵遞論壇。" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:9062 +#: book.translate.xml:9066 msgid "" "Before installing any application, check for security issues related to the application or type " @@ -12811,21 +13781,21 @@ "command> 來檢查所有已安裝的應用程式是否有已知的漏洞。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:9068 +#: book.translate.xml:9072 msgid "" "The remainder of this chapter explains how to use packages and ports to " "install and manage third-party software on FreeBSD." msgstr "" -"本章接下來的部份將說明如何在 FreeBSD 使用 Binary 套件及 Ports 套件安裝與管理" -"第三方軟體。" +"本章接下來的部份將說明如何在 FreeBSD 使用 Binary 套件及 Port 套件安裝與管理第" +"三方軟體。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:9074 +#: book.translate.xml:9078 msgid "Finding Software" msgstr "搜尋軟體" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:9076 +#: book.translate.xml:9080 msgid "" "FreeBSD's list of available applications is growing all the time. There are " "a number of ways to find software to install:" @@ -12833,7 +13803,7 @@ "FreeBSD 上可安裝的軟體清單不斷在增加， 有幾種方式可以來找你想安裝的軟體：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9082 +#: book.translate.xml:9086 msgid "" "The FreeBSD web site maintains an up-to-date searchable list of all the " "available applications, at http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/。 可以依應用程式名稱或軟體分類來搜尋 Ports。" +"link>。 可以依應用程式名稱或軟體分類來搜尋 Port。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:9089 +#: book.translate.xml:9093 msgid "FreshPorts" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9091 +#: book.translate.xml:9095 msgid "" "Dan Langille maintains FreshPorts.org which provides a comprehensive search utility and " @@ -12859,17 +13829,17 @@ "email when their watched ports are updated." msgstr "" "由 Dan Langille 維護的 FreshPorts.org，提供完整的搜尋工具並且可追蹤在 Ports 套件集中的應用" -"程式變更。註冊的使用者可以建立自訂的監視清單會自動寄發電子郵件通知 Ports 的更" +"\">FreshPorts.org，提供完整的搜尋工具並且可追蹤在 Port 套件集中的應用" +"程式變更。註冊的使用者可以建立自訂的監視清單會自動寄發電子郵件通知 Port 的更" "新資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:9100 +#: book.translate.xml:9104 msgid "SourceForge" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9102 +#: book.translate.xml:9106 msgid "" "If finding a particular application becomes challenging, try searching a " "site like SourceForge.netpkg search" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#pkg-search -#: book.translate.xml:9115 +#: book.translate.xml:9119 msgid "To search the binary package repository for an application:" msgstr "要搜尋 Binary 套件檔案庫中的應用程式可：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9118 +#: book.translate.xml:9122 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# pkg search subversion\n" @@ -12913,7 +13883,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9131 +#: book.translate.xml:9135 msgid "" "Package names include the version number and in case of ports based on " "python, the version number of the version of python the package was built " @@ -12926,15 +13896,15 @@ "pkg search with to list the origin of " "each package:" msgstr "" -"套件名稱包含版本編號，且若 Ports 使用 Python 為基礎，也會包含用來編譯該套件" -"的 Python 版本。有些 Ports 會有多個版本可使用，如 subversionsubversion ，因編譯選項不同，有多個版本可用，這個例子中即指靜態連結版本的 " -"subversion。在指定要安裝的套件時，最好使用 Ports " -"來源來指定該應用程式，Ports 來源是指應用程式在 Ports 樹中的路徑。再輸入一次 " +"subversion。在指定要安裝的套件時，最好使用 Port 來" +"源來指定該應用程式，Port 來源是指應用程式在 Port 樹中的路徑。再輸入一次 " "pkg search 並加上 來列出每個套件來源：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9145 +#: book.translate.xml:9149 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# pkg search -o subversion\n" @@ -12952,7 +13922,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9158 +#: book.translate.xml:9162 msgid "" "Searching by shell globs, regular expressions, exact match, by description, " "or any other field in the repository database is also supported by " @@ -12961,7 +13931,7 @@ "pkg-search8 for more details." msgstr "" -"pkg search 支援使用 Shell 萬手字元(globs)、正規表示法、描" +"pkg search 支援使用 Shell 萬手字元 (globs)、正規表示法、描" "述或檔案庫中的其他其他內容。在安裝 ports-mgmt/pkg 或 " "ports-mgmt/pkg-devel 之後，可參考 " "pkg-search8 以取得更多詳細資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9167 +#: book.translate.xml:9171 msgid "" "If the Ports Collection is already installed, there are several methods to " "query the local version of the ports tree. To find out which category a port " @@ -12975,12 +13945,12 @@ "is in, type whereis file, " "where file is the program to be installed:" msgstr "" -"若 Ports 套件集已安裝，有數個方法可以查詢 Ports 樹中的本地版本。要找到 Port " -"所在的分類，可輸入 whereis file，其中 file 是要安裝的程式：" +"若 Port 套件集已安裝，有數個方法可以查詢 Port 樹中的本地版本。要找到 Port 所" +"在的分類，可輸入 whereis file，" +"其中 file 是要安裝的程式：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9174 +#: book.translate.xml:9178 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# whereis lsof\n" @@ -12988,8 +13958,34 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9179 +#: book.translate.xml:9181 msgid "" +"Alternately, an echo1 statement can be used:" +msgstr "" +"或者，也可使用 echo1：" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/screen +#: book.translate.xml:9184 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# echo /usr/ports/*/*lsof*\n" +"/usr/ports/sysutils/lsof" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:9187 +msgid "" +"Note that this will also return any matched files downloaded into the " +"/usr/ports/distfiles directory." +msgstr "" +"請注意，這也會顯示已下載至 /usr/ports/distfiles 目錄中任" +"何已符合條件的檔案。" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:9193 +msgid "" "Another way to find software is by using the Ports Collection's built-in " "search mechanism. To use the search feature, cd " "to /usr/ports then run make search " @@ -12996,13 +13992,13 @@ "name=program-name where program-name is " "the name of the software. For example, to search for lsof:" msgstr "" -"另一個方法是使用 Ports 套件集內建的搜尋機制來找軟體。要使用搜尋的功能需先 " +"另一個方法是使用 Port 套件集內建的搜尋機制來找軟體。要使用搜尋的功能需先 " "cd 到 /usr/ports 然後執行 " "make search name=program-name，其中 program-" "name 代表軟體的名稱。舉例搜尋 lsof：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9188 +#: book.translate.xml:9202 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports\n" @@ -13017,7 +14013,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:9199 +#: book.translate.xml:9213 msgid "" "The built-in search mechanism uses a file of index information. If a message " "indicates that the INDEX is required, run make " @@ -13031,18 +14027,18 @@ "行請求的搜尋動作。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9208 +#: book.translate.xml:9222 msgid "The Path: line indicates where to find the port." -msgstr "Path: 此行代表 Ports 的所在位置。" +msgstr "Path: 此行代表 Port 的所在位置。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9211 +#: book.translate.xml:9225 msgid "" "To receive less information, use the quicksearch feature:" msgstr "若不要接受這麼多資訊，可使用 quicksearch 功能：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9214 +#: book.translate.xml:9228 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports\n" @@ -13053,7 +14049,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9220 +#: book.translate.xml:9234 msgid "" "For more in-depth searching, use make search " "key=string or make quicksearch " @@ -13066,20 +14062,20 @@ "replaceable> 或 make quicksearch key=string 其中 string 是要搜尋的文" "字。該文字可以是一部份的註解、描述或相依套件，當不清楚程式的名稱時可以找到與" -"特定主題相關的 Ports。" +"特定主題相關的 Port。" #. (itstool) path: para/buildtarget -#: book.translate.xml:9231 +#: book.translate.xml:9245 msgid "search" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/buildtarget -#: book.translate.xml:9232 +#: book.translate.xml:9246 msgid "quicksearch" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9231 +#: book.translate.xml:9245 msgid "" "When using <_:buildtarget-1/> or <_:buildtarget-2/>, the search string is " "case-insensitive. Searching for LSOF will yield the same " @@ -13089,52 +14085,75 @@ "尋 LSOF 會與搜尋 lsof 產生相同的結果。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:9241 +#: book.translate.xml:9255 msgid "Using pkg for Binary Package Management" msgstr "使用 pkg 管理 Binary 套件" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:9244 -#, fuzzy +#: book.translate.xml:9258 msgid "" -"pkg is the FreeBSD package management tool, " -"offering many features that make dealing with binary packages fast and easy." +"pkg is the next generation replacement for the " +"traditional FreeBSD package management tools, offering many features that " +"make dealing with binary packages faster and easier." msgstr "" "pkg 是新一代套件管理工具用來取代舊版工具，提供許多" "功能讓處理 Binary 套件更快更簡單。" +#. (itstool) path: sect1/para +#: book.translate.xml:9263 +msgid "" +"pkg is not a replacement for port management " +"tools like ports-mgmt/portmaster or ports-mgmt/" +"portupgrade. These tools can be used to install third-party " +"software from both binary packages and the Ports Collection, while " +"pkg installs only binary packages." +msgstr "" +"pkg 並不是用來取代 Port 管理工具如 ports-" +"mgmt/portmaster 或 ports-mgmt/portupgrade，這些" +"工具可用來安裝來自 Binary 與 Port 套件集的第三方軟體，而 pkg 僅能安裝 Binary 套件。" + #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:9250 +#: book.translate.xml:9273 msgid "Getting Started with pkg" msgstr "開始使用 pkg" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9253 +#: book.translate.xml:9276 msgid "" "FreeBSD includes a bootstrap utility which can be used to download and " "install pkg, along with its manual pages." msgstr "" -"FreeBSD 內建啟動(Bootstrap)工具可用來下載並安裝 pkgpkg 及其操作手冊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9257 +#: book.translate.xml:9280 msgid "To bootstrap the system, run:" msgstr "要啟動(Bootstrap)系統請執行：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9259 +#: book.translate.xml:9282 #, no-wrap msgid "# /usr/sbin/pkg" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9261 +#: book.translate.xml:9284 +msgid "" +"For earlier FreeBSD versions, pkg must instead be " +"installed from the Ports Collection or as a binary package." +msgstr "" +"對較舊的 FreeBSD 版本，pkg 必須改透過 Port 套件集" +"或者 Binary 套件來安裝。" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:9288 msgid "To install the port, run:" msgstr "要安裝 Port 套件，請執行：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9263 +#: book.translate.xml:9290 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/pkg\n" @@ -13143,8 +14162,75 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9267 +#: book.translate.xml:9294 msgid "" +"When upgrading an existing system that originally used the older package " +"system, the database must be converted to the new format, so that the new " +"tools are aware of the already installed packages. Once pkg has been installed, the package database must be converted from " +"the traditional format to the new format by running this command:" +msgstr "" +"當升級原使用舊版套件系統的既有系統時，必須將資料庫轉換成新的格式，因此新的工" +"具才會知道有那些已安裝過的套件。一旦 pkg 已安裝，" +"必須執行以下指令將套件資料庫從舊版格式轉換到新版格式：" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/screen +#: book.translate.xml:9302 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# pkg2ng" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: note/para +#: book.translate.xml:9304 +msgid "" +"This step is not required for new installations that do not yet have any " +"third-party software installed." +msgstr "新安裝的版本因尚未安裝任何第三方軟體因此不須做這個步驟。" + +#. (itstool) path: important/para +#: book.translate.xml:9309 +msgid "" +"This step is not reversible. Once the package database has been converted to " +"the pkg format, the traditional pkg_* tools should no longer be used." +msgstr "" +"這個步驟無法還原。一旦套件資料庫轉為成 pkg 的格" +"式，舊版 pkg_* 工具就不該再繼續使用。" + +#. (itstool) path: note/para +#: book.translate.xml:9316 +msgid "" +"The package database conversion may emit errors as the contents are " +"converted to the new version. Generally, these errors can be safely ignored. " +"However, a list of third-party software that was not successfully converted " +"will be listed after pkg2ng has finished and these " +"applications must be manually reinstalled." +msgstr "" +"套件資料庫轉換的過程可能會因內容轉換為新版本產生錯誤。通常，這些錯誤皆可安全" +"忽略，雖然如此，仍然有在執行 pkg2ng 後無法成功轉換的第三方" +"軟體清單，這些應用程式則必須手動重新安裝。" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:9324 +msgid "" +"To ensure that the FreeBSD Ports Collection registers new software with " +"pkg, and not the traditional packages format, " +"FreeBSD versions earlier than 10.X require this " +"line in /etc/make.conf:" +msgstr "" +"為了確保 FreeBSD Port 套件集會將新軟體的資訊註冊到 pkg 而非舊版套件格式，FreeBSD 版本 10.X " +"之前需要在 /etc/make.conf 加入此行：" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting +#: book.translate.xml:9330 +#, no-wrap +msgid "WITH_PKGNG=\tyes" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:9332 +msgid "" "By default pkg uses the FreeBSD package mirrors. " "For information about building a custom package repository, see " @@ -13154,7 +14240,7 @@ "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9271 +#: book.translate.xml:9336 msgid "" "Additional pkg configuration options are " "described in pkg.conf。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9274 +#: book.translate.xml:9339 msgid "" "Usage information for pkg is available in the " "pkg8 操作手冊或不加任何參數執行 pkg 來取得。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9278 +#: book.translate.xml:9343 msgid "" "Each pkg command argument is documented in a " "command-specific manual page. To read the manual page for pkg " @@ -13187,25 +14273,24 @@ "pkg install 的操作手冊，可執行以下指令：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9283 +#: book.translate.xml:9348 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg help install" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9285 +#: book.translate.xml:9350 #, no-wrap msgid "# man pkg-install" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9287 -#, fuzzy +#: book.translate.xml:9352 msgid "" "The rest of this section demonstrates common binary package management tasks " -"which can be performed using pkg. Each command " -"provides many switches to customize its use. Refer to a command's help or " -"man page for details and more examples." +"which can be performed using pkg. Each " +"demonstrated command provides many switches to customize its use. Refer to a " +"command's help or man page for details and more examples." msgstr "" "本章節剩餘的部份將會示範使用 pkg 執行常用的 " "Binary 套件管理工作。每個示範的指令皆會提供多個參數可使用，請參考指令的說明或" @@ -13212,12 +14297,12 @@ "操作手冊以取得詳細資訊或更多範例。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:9296 +#: book.translate.xml:9361 msgid "Obtaining Information About Installed Packages" msgstr "取得有關已安裝套件的資訊" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9298 +#: book.translate.xml:9363 msgid "" "Information about the packages installed on a system can be viewed by " "running pkg info which, when run without any switches, " @@ -13228,7 +14313,7 @@ "行時未指定任何參數，將會列出所有已安裝或指定的套件版本。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9304 +#: book.translate.xml:9369 msgid "" "For example, to see which version of pkg is " "installed, run:" @@ -13235,7 +14320,7 @@ msgstr "例如，要查看已安裝的 pkg 版本可執行：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9307 +#: book.translate.xml:9372 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# pkg info pkg\n" @@ -13243,12 +14328,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:9312 +#: book.translate.xml:9377 msgid "Installing and Removing Packages" msgstr "安裝與移除套件" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9314 +#: book.translate.xml:9379 msgid "" "To install a binary package use the following command, where " "packagename is the name of the package to install:" @@ -13257,13 +14342,13 @@ "replaceable> 為要安裝的套件名稱：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9318 +#: book.translate.xml:9383 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install packagename" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9320 +#: book.translate.xml:9385 msgid "" "This command uses repository data to determine which version of the software " "to install and if it has any uninstalled dependencies. For example, to " @@ -13273,7 +14358,7 @@ "例如，要安裝 curl：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9325 +#: book.translate.xml:9390 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# pkg install curl\n" @@ -13300,7 +14385,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9347 +#: book.translate.xml:9412 msgid "" "The new package and any additional packages that were installed as " "dependencies can be seen in the installed packages list:" @@ -13307,7 +14392,7 @@ msgstr "新的套件以及任何做為相依安裝的額外套件可在已安裝的套件清單中看到：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9351 +#: book.translate.xml:9416 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# pkg info\n" @@ -13317,7 +14402,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9356 +#: book.translate.xml:9421 msgid "" "Packages that are no longer needed can be removed with pkg delete. For example:" @@ -13324,7 +14409,7 @@ msgstr "不再需要的套件可以使用 pkg delete 來移除，例如：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9359 +#: book.translate.xml:9424 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# pkg delete curl\n" @@ -13339,23 +14424,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:9371 +#: book.translate.xml:9436 msgid "Upgrading Installed Packages" msgstr "升級已安裝套件" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9373 +#: book.translate.xml:9438 msgid "Installed packages can be upgraded to their latest versions by running:" msgstr "執行以下指令，可將已安裝的套件升級到最新版本：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9376 +#: book.translate.xml:9441 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg upgrade" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9378 +#: book.translate.xml:9443 msgid "" "This command will compare the installed versions with those available in the " "repository catalogue and upgrade them from the repository." @@ -13363,12 +14448,12 @@ "這個指令將會比對已安裝的版本與在檔案庫分類中的版本，並從檔案庫升級這些套件。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:9384 +#: book.translate.xml:9449 msgid "Auditing Installed Packages" msgstr "稽查已安裝套件" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9386 +#: book.translate.xml:9451 msgid "" "Occasionally, software vulnerabilities may be discovered in third-party " "applications. To address this, pkg includes a " @@ -13381,18 +14466,18 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9393 book.translate.xml:26617 +#: book.translate.xml:9458 book.translate.xml:26682 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg audit -F" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:9397 +#: book.translate.xml:9462 msgid "Automatically Removing Leaf Dependencies" msgstr "自動移除不使用的相依" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9399 +#: book.translate.xml:9464 msgid "" "Removing a package may leave behind dependencies which are no longer " "required. Unneeded packages that were installed as dependencies can be " @@ -13402,7 +14487,7 @@ "指令自動偵測並移除：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9404 +#: book.translate.xml:9469 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# pkg autoremove\n" @@ -13416,25 +14501,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:9415 +#: book.translate.xml:9480 msgid "Restoring the Package Database" msgstr "還原套件資料庫" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9417 -#, fuzzy +#: book.translate.xml:9482 msgid "" -"pkg includes its own package database backup " -"mechanism. This functionality is enabled by default." +"Unlike the traditional package management system, pkg includes its own package database backup mechanism. This " +"functionality is enabled by default." msgstr "" "不如傳統的套件管理系統，pkg 有自己的套件資料庫備份" "機制，此功能預設是開啟的。" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:9423 -#, fuzzy +#: book.translate.xml:9488 msgid "" -"To disable periodic backups of the package database, set " +"To disable the periodic script from backing up the package database, set " "daily_backup_pkgdb_enable=\"NO\" in " "periodic.conf5." @@ -13444,54 +14528,51 @@ "daily_backup_pkgdb_enable=\"NO\"。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9429 -#, fuzzy +#: book.translate.xml:9494 msgid "" -"To restore the contents of a previous package database backup, run this " -"command replacing /path/to/pkg.sql with the " -"location of the backup:" +"To restore the contents of a previous package database backup, run the " +"following command replacing /path/to/pkg.sql with " +"the location of the backup:" msgstr "" "要還原先前套件資料庫的備份，可執行以下指令並將 /path/to/pkg." "sql 替換為備份的位置：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9434 +#: book.translate.xml:9499 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg backup -r /path/to/pkg.sql" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:9437 -#, fuzzy +#: book.translate.xml:9502 msgid "" -"If restoring a backup made by the periodic script, it must be decompressed " +"If restoring a backup taken by the periodic script, it must be decompressed " "prior to being restored." msgstr "若要還原有週期 Script 所產生的備份必須在還原前先解壓縮。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9441 -#, fuzzy +#: book.translate.xml:9506 msgid "" -"To create a manual backup of the pkg database, " -"run the following command, replacing /path/to/pkg.sql with a suitable file name and location:" +"To run a manual backup of the pkg database, run " +"the following command, replacing /path/to/pkg.sql " +"with a suitable file name and location:" msgstr "" "要手動備份 pkg 資料庫，可執行以下指令，並替換 " "/path/to/pkg.sql 為適當的檔案名稱與位置：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9446 +#: book.translate.xml:9511 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg backup -d /path/to/pkg.sql" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:9450 +#: book.translate.xml:9515 msgid "Removing Stale Packages" msgstr "移除過時的套件" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9452 +#: book.translate.xml:9517 msgid "" "By default, pkg stores binary packages in a cache " "directory defined by PKG_CACHEDIR in " @@ -13507,30 +14588,29 @@ "要移除這些過時的 Binary 套件，可執行：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9459 +#: book.translate.xml:9524 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg clean" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9461 -#, fuzzy -msgid "The entire cache can be cleared by running:" +#: book.translate.xml:9526 +msgid "The entire cache may be cleared by running:" msgstr "使用以下指令可清空全部的快取：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9463 +#: book.translate.xml:9528 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg clean -a" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:9467 +#: book.translate.xml:9532 msgid "Modifying Package Metadata" msgstr "修改套件 Metadata" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9469 +#: book.translate.xml:9534 msgid "" "Software within the FreeBSD Ports Collection can undergo major version " "number changes. To address this, pkg has a built-" @@ -13539,24 +14619,24 @@ "that lang/php5 can now represent version 5.4." msgstr "" -"在 FreeBSD Ports 套件集中的軟體可能會經歷主要版號的修改，要解決這個問題可使" -"用 pkg 內建的指令來更新套件來源。這非常有用，例如 " +"在 FreeBSD Port 套件集中的軟體可能會經歷主要版號的修改，要解決這個問題可使用 " +"pkg 內建的指令來更新套件來源。這非常有用，例如 " "lang/php5 重新命名為 lang/php53 因此 " "lang/php5 從此之後代表版本 5.4。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9478 +#: book.translate.xml:9543 msgid "To change the package origin for the above example, run:" msgstr "要更改上述例子中的套件來源，可執行：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9481 +#: book.translate.xml:9546 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg set -o lang/php5:lang/php53" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9483 +#: book.translate.xml:9548 msgid "" "As another example, to update lang/ruby18 to " "lang/ruby19, run:" @@ -13565,13 +14645,13 @@ "package>，可執行：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9487 +#: book.translate.xml:9552 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg set -o lang/ruby18:lang/ruby19" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9489 +#: book.translate.xml:9554 msgid "" "As a final example, to change the origin of the libglut " "shared libraries from graphics/libglut to " @@ -13582,13 +14662,13 @@ "package> 可執行：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9494 +#: book.translate.xml:9559 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg set -o graphics/libglut:graphics/freeglut" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:9497 +#: book.translate.xml:9562 msgid "" "When changing package origins, it is important to reinstall packages that " "are dependent on the package with the modified origin. To force a " @@ -13598,18 +14678,18 @@ "修改後的來源。要強制重新安裝相依套件，可執行：" #. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9502 +#: book.translate.xml:9567 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install -Rf graphics/freeglut" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:9508 +#: book.translate.xml:9573 msgid "Using the Ports Collection" -msgstr "使用 Ports 套件集" +msgstr "使用 Port 套件集" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:9510 +#: book.translate.xml:9575 msgid "" "The Ports Collection is a set of Makefiles, patches, " "and description files stored in /usr/ports. This set of " @@ -13618,18 +14698,18 @@ "installed. If it was not installed during the installation of FreeBSD, use " "one of the following methods to install it:" msgstr "" -"Ports 套件集是指一系列儲存在 /usr/ports 的 " +"Port 套件集是指一系列儲存在 /usr/ports 的 " "Makefiles、修補及描述檔，這一系列檔案用來編譯與安裝在 " -"FreeBSD 上的應用程式。在使用 Port 安裝應用程式前，必須先安裝 Ports 套件集，若" +"FreeBSD 上的應用程式。在使用 Port 安裝應用程式前，必須先安裝 Port 套件集，若" "未在安裝 FreeBSD 的過程式中安裝，可使用下列其中一種方法來安裝：" #. (itstool) path: procedure/title -#: book.translate.xml:9520 +#: book.translate.xml:9585 msgid "Portsnap Method" msgstr "Portsnap 方法" #. (itstool) path: procedure/para -#: book.translate.xml:9522 +#: book.translate.xml:9587 msgid "" "The base system of FreeBSD includes Portsnap. " "This is a fast and user-friendly tool for retrieving the Ports Collection " @@ -13638,27 +14718,27 @@ "Collection. The key is used to verify the integrity of all downloaded files." msgstr "" "FreeBSD 的基礎系統內含 Portsnap，這是一個可用來取" -"得 Ports 套件集簡單又快速的工具，較建議多數使用者使用這個方式。此工具會連線" -"到 FreeBSD 的網站，驗証密鑰，然後下載 Ports 套件集的新複本。該金鑰是要用來檢" -"驗所有已下載檔案的完整性。" +"得 Port 套件集簡單又快速的工具，較建議多數使用者使用這個方式。此工具會連線到 " +"FreeBSD 的網站，驗証密鑰，然後下載 Port 套件集的新複本。該金鑰是要用來檢驗所" +"有已下載檔案的完整性。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:9531 +#: book.translate.xml:9596 msgid "" "To download a compressed snapshot of the Ports Collection into /" "var/db/portsnap:" msgstr "" -"要下載壓縮後的 Ports 套件集快照 (Snapshot) 到 /var/db/portsnap/var/db/portsnap：" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9535 +#: book.translate.xml:9600 #, no-wrap msgid "# portsnap fetch" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:9539 +#: book.translate.xml:9604 msgid "" "When running Portsnap for the first time, extract " "the snapshot into /usr/ports:" @@ -13667,13 +14747,13 @@ "/usr/ports：" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9543 +#: book.translate.xml:9608 #, no-wrap msgid "# portsnap extract" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:9547 +#: book.translate.xml:9612 msgid "" "After the first use of Portsnap has been " "completed as shown above, /usr/ports can be updated as " @@ -13683,7 +14763,7 @@ "需要執行以下指令來更新 /usr/ports ：" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9552 +#: book.translate.xml:9617 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# portsnap fetch\n" @@ -13691,7 +14771,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:9555 +#: book.translate.xml:9620 msgid "" "When using fetch, the extract or the " "update operation may be run consecutively, like so:" @@ -13700,18 +14780,18 @@ "update 如：" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9559 +#: book.translate.xml:9624 #, no-wrap msgid "# portsnap fetch update" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: procedure/title -#: book.translate.xml:9564 +#: book.translate.xml:9629 msgid "Subversion Method" msgstr "Subversion 方法" #. (itstool) path: procedure/para -#: book.translate.xml:9566 +#: book.translate.xml:9631 msgid "" "If more control over the ports tree is needed or if local changes need to be " "maintained, Subversion can be used to obtain the " @@ -13720,26 +14800,26 @@ "Primer for a detailed description of Subversion." msgstr "" -"若要取得更多對 Ports 樹的控制，或若有本地的變更需要維護，可以使用 " -"Subversion 來取得 Ports 套件集。請參考 Subversion 來取得 Port 套件集。請參考 Subversion Primer 來取得 " "Subversion 的詳細說明。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:9574 +#: book.translate.xml:9639 msgid "" "Subversion must be installed before it can be " "used to check out the ports tree. If a copy of the ports tree is already " "present, install Subversion like this:" msgstr "" -"必須安裝 Subversion 才可用來取出 (Check out) " -"Ports 樹。若已存在 Ports 樹的複本，可使用此方式安裝 SubversionSubversion 才可用來取出 (Check out) Port " +"樹。若已存在 Port 樹的複本，可使用此方式安裝 Subversion：" #. (itstool) path: step/screen #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9579 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:9644 book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/devel/subversion\n" @@ -13747,36 +14827,36 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:9582 +#: book.translate.xml:9647 msgid "" "If the ports tree is not available, or pkg is " "being used to manage packages, Subversion can be " "installed as a package:" msgstr "" -"若尚無法使用 Ports 樹，或已經使用 pkg 來管理套件，" +"若尚無法使用 Port 樹，或已經使用 pkg 來管理套件，" "可使用套件來安裝 Subversion：" #. (itstool) path: step/screen #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9587 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:9652 book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install subversion" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:9592 +#: book.translate.xml:9657 msgid "Check out a copy of the ports tree:" -msgstr "取出 Ports 樹的複本：" +msgstr "取出 Port 樹的複本：" #. (itstool) path: step/screen #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9594 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:9659 book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "# svn checkout https://svn.FreeBSD.org/ports/head /usr/ports" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:9598 +#: book.translate.xml:9663 msgid "" "As needed, update /usr/ports after the initial " "Subversion checkout:" @@ -13786,13 +14866,13 @@ #. (itstool) path: step/screen #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9602 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:9667 book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "# svn update /usr/ports" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:9606 +#: book.translate.xml:9671 msgid "" "The Ports Collection installs a series of directories representing software " "categories with each category having a subdirectory for each application. " @@ -13800,12 +14880,12 @@ "files that tell FreeBSD how to compile and install that program. Each port " "skeleton includes these files and directories:" msgstr "" -"Ports 套件集會安裝一系列代表軟體分類的目錄，每個分類底下的子目錄代表每隻應用" -"程式。 這些子目錄又稱做 Ports Skeleton，裡面檔案是用來告訴 FreeBSD 如何編譯與" -"安裝該程式，每個 Port Skeleton 會含有以下檔案及目錄：" +"Port 套件集會安裝一系列代表軟體分類的目錄，每個分類底下的子目錄代表每隻應用程" +"式。 這些子目錄又稱做 Port Skeleton，裡面檔案是用來告訴 FreeBSD 如何編譯與安" +"裝該程式，每個 Port Skeleton 會含有以下檔案及目錄：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9615 +#: book.translate.xml:9680 msgid "" "Makefile: contains statements that specify how the " "application should be compiled and where its components should be installed." @@ -13814,7 +14894,7 @@ "那的敘述句。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9621 +#: book.translate.xml:9686 msgid "" "distinfo: contains the names and checksums of the files " "that must be downloaded to build the port." @@ -13823,7 +14903,7 @@ "(Checksums)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9627 +#: book.translate.xml:9692 msgid "" "files/: this directory contains any patches needed for " "the program to compile and install on FreeBSD. This directory may also " @@ -13830,10 +14910,10 @@ "contain other files used to build the port." msgstr "" "files/: 此目錄含有編譯與安裝程式到 FreeBSD 時所需的修補" -"檔。此目錄也可能含有其他用來編譯 Ports 的檔案。" +"檔。此目錄也可能含有其他用來編譯 Port 的檔案。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9634 +#: book.translate.xml:9699 msgid "" "pkg-descr: provides a more detailed description of the " "program." @@ -13840,17 +14920,17 @@ msgstr "pkg-descr: 提供程式更詳細的說明。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9639 +#: book.translate.xml:9704 msgid "" "pkg-plist: a list of all the files that will be " "installed by the port. It also tells the ports system which files to remove " "upon deinstallation." msgstr "" -"pkg-plist: Port 安裝的所有檔案清單，也同時會告訴 Ports " -"系統解除安裝時要移除那一些檔案。" +"pkg-plist: Port 安裝的所有檔案清單，也同時會告訴 Port 系" +"統解除安裝時要移除那一些檔案。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:9646 +#: book.translate.xml:9711 msgid "" "Some ports include pkg-message or other files to handle " "special situations. For more details on these files, and on ports in " @@ -13858,13 +14938,13 @@ "ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/index.html\">FreeBSD Porter's Handbook." msgstr "" -"部份 Ports 含有 pkg-message 或其他檔案用來處理特殊情況。" -"要取得有關這些檔案的詳細資訊，以及 Ports 的概要可參考 pkg-message 或其他檔案用來處理特殊情況。" +"要取得有關這些檔案的詳細資訊，以及 Port 的概要可參考 FreeBSD Porter's Handbook。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:9651 +#: book.translate.xml:9716 msgid "" "The port does not include the actual source code, also known as a " "distfile. The extract portion of building a port will " @@ -13875,17 +14955,17 @@ "壓縮時會自動下載的原始碼到 /usr/ports/distfiles。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:9657 +#: book.translate.xml:9722 msgid "Installing Ports" -msgstr "安裝 Ports" +msgstr "安裝 Port" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:9659 +#: book.translate.xml:9724 msgid "ports installing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9664 +#: book.translate.xml:9729 msgid "" "This section provides basic instructions on using the Ports Collection to " "install or remove software. The detailed description of available " @@ -13893,13 +14973,13 @@ "ports7." msgstr "" -"下面我們會介紹如何使用 Ports 套件集來安裝、移除軟體的基本用法。 " +"下面我們會介紹如何使用 Port 套件集來安裝、移除軟體的基本用法。 " "make 可用的目標及環境變數詳細說明可參閱 " "ports7。" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:9670 +#: book.translate.xml:9735 msgid "" "Before compiling any port, be sure to update the Ports Collection as " "described in the previous section. Since the installation of any third-party " @@ -13913,7 +14993,7 @@ "manvolnum> and periodic8." msgstr "" -"在編譯任何 Port 套件前，請先確認已經如前章節所敘述之方法更新 Ports 套件集。安" +"在編譯任何 Port 套件前，請先確認已經如前章節所敘述之方法更新 Port 套件集。安" "裝任何第三方軟體皆可能會導致安全性漏洞，建議在安裝前先閱讀 了解 Port 已知的安全性問題。或者在每次安裝" "新 Port 前執行 pkg audit -F。此指令可以設定在每日系統安全" @@ -13923,15 +15003,15 @@ "refentrytitle>8。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9684 +#: book.translate.xml:9749 msgid "" "Using the Ports Collection assumes a working Internet connection. It also " "requires superuser privilege." msgstr "" -"使用 Ports 套件集會假設您擁有可正常連線的網路，同時也會需要超級使用者的權限。" +"使用 Port 套件集會假設您擁有可正常連線的網路，同時也會需要超級使用者的權限。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9687 +#: book.translate.xml:9752 msgid "" "To compile and install the port, change to the directory of the port to be " "installed, then type make install at the prompt. Messages " @@ -13941,7 +15021,7 @@ "install，訊息中會顯示安裝的進度：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9692 +#: book.translate.xml:9757 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof\n" @@ -13979,7 +15059,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9725 +#: book.translate.xml:9790 msgid "" "Since lsof is a program that runs with increased " "privileges, a security warning is displayed as it is installed. Once the " @@ -13989,7 +15069,7 @@ "成時會顯示安全性警告。一旦安裝完成便會顯示指令提示。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9730 +#: book.translate.xml:9795 msgid "" "Some shells keep a cache of the commands that are available in the " "directories listed in the PATH environment variable, to speed " @@ -14006,7 +15086,7 @@ "的說明文件以取得更多資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9741 +#: book.translate.xml:9806 msgid "" "During installation, a working subdirectory is created which contains all " "the temporary files used during compilation. Removing this directory saves " @@ -14017,7 +15097,7 @@ "碟空間並漸少往後升級新版 Port 時造成問題：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9747 +#: book.translate.xml:9812 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# make clean\n" @@ -14026,7 +15106,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:9752 +#: book.translate.xml:9817 msgid "" "To save this extra step, instead use make install clean " "when compiling the port." @@ -14035,12 +15115,12 @@ "command>。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:9757 +#: book.translate.xml:9822 msgid "Customizing Ports Installation" -msgstr "自訂 Ports 安裝" +msgstr "自訂 Port 安裝" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:9759 +#: book.translate.xml:9824 msgid "" "Some ports provide build options which can be used to enable or disable " "application components, provide security options, or allow for other " @@ -14053,7 +15133,7 @@ "this configuration in one batch. Then, run make install [clean] to compile and install the port." msgstr "" -"部份 Ports 提供編譯選項，可用來開啟或關閉應用程式中的元件、安全選項、或其他允" +"部份 Port 提供編譯選項，可用來開啟或關閉應用程式中的元件、安全選項、或其他允" "許自訂的項目。這類的應用程式例子包括 www/firefox, " "security/gpgme 以及 mail/sylpheed-claws。若 Port 相依的其他 Port 有可設定的選項時，預設的模式會提示使用者選" @@ -14063,17 +15143,17 @@ "Port。" #. (itstool) path: para/buildtarget -#: book.translate.xml:9776 +#: book.translate.xml:9841 msgid "config-recursive" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/buildtarget -#: book.translate.xml:9778 +#: book.translate.xml:9843 msgid "all-depends-list" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:9775 +#: book.translate.xml:9840 msgid "" "When using <_:buildtarget-1/>, the list of ports to configure are gathered " "by the <_:buildtarget-2/> target. It is recommended to run make " @@ -14083,11 +15163,11 @@ msgstr "" "使用 <_:buildtarget-1/> 時，會使用 <_:buildtarget-2/> Target 來收集所有要設" "定 Port 清單。建議執行 make config-recursive 直到所有相依" -"的 Port 選項都已定義，直到 Ports 的選項畫面不會再出現，來確定所有相依的選項都" +"的 Port 選項都已定義，直到 Port 的選項畫面不會再出現，來確定所有相依的選項都" "已經設定。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:9786 +#: book.translate.xml:9851 msgid "" "There are several ways to revisit a port's build options menu in order to " "add, remove, or change these options after a port has been built. One method " @@ -14108,7 +15188,7 @@ "citerefentry> 中都有詳細的說明。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:9798 +#: book.translate.xml:9863 msgid "" "The ports system uses fetch1 to download the source " @@ -14119,7 +15199,7 @@ "fetch3 for the complete list of supported variables." msgstr "" -"Ports 系統使用 fetchfetch1 來下載檔案，它支援許多" "的環境變數可設定。若 FreeBSD 系統在防火牆或 FTP/HTTP 代理伺服器後面，可以設" "定 FTP_PASSIVE_MODE, FTP_PROXY 以及 " @@ -14128,7 +15208,7 @@ "單。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:9806 +#: book.translate.xml:9871 msgid "" "For users who cannot be connected to the Internet all the time, " "make fetch can be run within /usr/ports/usr/ports " "下執行 make fetch 來下載所有的 distfiles，或是可在某個分類" "的目錄中，例如 /usr/ports/net，或指定的 Port Skeleton 中" -"執行。要注意的是，若 Port 有任何的相依，在分類或 Ports Skeleton 中執行此指令" +"執行。要注意的是，若 Port 有任何的相依，在分類或 Port Skeleton 中執行此指令" "並 不會 下載相依在其他分類的 Port distfiles。可使用 " "make fetch-recursive 來下載所有相依 Port 的 distfiles。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:9818 +#: book.translate.xml:9883 msgid "" "In rare cases, such as when an organization has a local distfiles " "repository, the MASTER_SITES variable can be used to " @@ -14159,7 +15239,7 @@ "指定的下載位址。當要指定替代的位址時可：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9824 +#: book.translate.xml:9889 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/directory\n" @@ -14168,7 +15248,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:9828 +#: book.translate.xml:9893 msgid "" "The WRKDIRPREFIX and PREFIX variables " "can override the default working and target directories. For example:" @@ -14177,13 +15257,13 @@ "覆蓋預設的工作及目標目錄。例如：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9832 +#: book.translate.xml:9897 #, no-wrap msgid "# make WRKDIRPREFIX=/usr/home/example/ports install" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:9834 +#: book.translate.xml:9899 msgid "" "will compile the port in /usr/home/example/ports and " "install everything under /usr/local." @@ -14192,13 +15272,13 @@ "到 /usr/local 下。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9838 +#: book.translate.xml:9903 #, no-wrap msgid "# make PREFIX=/usr/home/example/local install" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:9840 +#: book.translate.xml:9905 msgid "" "will compile the port in /usr/ports and install it in " "/usr/home/example/local. And:" @@ -14207,18 +15287,18 @@ "example/local。然後：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9844 +#: book.translate.xml:9909 #, no-wrap msgid "# make WRKDIRPREFIX=../ports PREFIX=../local install" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:9846 +#: book.translate.xml:9911 msgid "will combine the two." msgstr "來同時設定工作及目標目錄。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:9848 +#: book.translate.xml:9913 msgid "" "These can also be set as environmental variables. Refer to the manual page " "for your shell for instructions on how to set an environmental variable." @@ -14227,17 +15307,17 @@ "變數的說明。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:9855 +#: book.translate.xml:9920 msgid "Removing Installed Ports" -msgstr "移除已安裝的 Ports" +msgstr "移除已安裝的 Port" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:9857 +#: book.translate.xml:9922 msgid "ports removing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9862 +#: book.translate.xml:9927 msgid "" "Installed ports can be uninstalled using pkg delete. " "Examples for using this command can be found in the " @@ -14244,12 +15324,12 @@ "pkg-delete8 manual page." msgstr "" -"安裝的 Ports 可以使用 pkg delete 解除安裝。 使用這個指令的" +"安裝的 Port 可以使用 pkg delete 解除安裝。 使用這個指令的" "範例可以在 pkg-delete8 操作手冊找到。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9866 +#: book.translate.xml:9931 msgid "" "Alternately, make deinstall can be run in the port's " "directory:" @@ -14256,7 +15336,7 @@ msgstr "或者，可在 Port 的目錄下執行 make deinstall：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9869 +#: book.translate.xml:9934 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/lsof\n" @@ -14272,7 +15352,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9880 +#: book.translate.xml:9945 msgid "" "It is recommended to read the messages as the port is uninstalled. If the " "port has any applications that depend upon it, this information will be " @@ -14284,27 +15364,27 @@ "壞相依性。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:9889 +#: book.translate.xml:9954 msgid "Upgrading Ports" -msgstr "升級 Ports" +msgstr "升級 Port" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:9891 +#: book.translate.xml:9956 msgid "ports upgrading" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9896 +#: book.translate.xml:9961 msgid "" "Over time, newer versions of software become available in the Ports " "Collection. This section describes how to determine which software can be " "upgraded and how to perform the upgrade." msgstr "" -"隨著時間推移，Ports 套件集中會有新版的軟體可用。本節將說明如何檢查是否有可以" -"升級的軟體及如何升級。" +"隨著時間推移，Port 套件集中會有新版的軟體可用。本節將說明如何檢查是否有可以升" +"級的軟體及如何升級。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9901 +#: book.translate.xml:9966 msgid "" "To determine if newer versions of installed ports are available, ensure that " "the latest version of the ports tree is installed, using the updating " @@ -14314,35 +15394,35 @@ "application>, the following command will list the installed ports which are " "out of date:" msgstr "" -"要檢查已安裝 Ports 是否有新版可用，請先確定已安裝最新版本的 Ports 樹，使用 " +"要檢查已安裝 Port 是否有新版可用，請先確定已安裝最新版本的 Port 樹，使用 " " 或 中說明的指令來更新。在 FreeBSD 10 與更新的版本，" "或若套件系統已轉換為 pkg，可以使用下列指令列出已經" -"安裝的 Ports 中有那些已過時：" +"安裝的 Port 中有那些已過時：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9910 +#: book.translate.xml:9975 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg version -l \"<\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9912 +#: book.translate.xml:9977 msgid "" "For FreeBSD 9.X and lower, the following command " "will list the installed ports that are out of date:" msgstr "" "在 FreeBSD 9.X 與較舊的版本，可以使用下列指令列出" -"已經安裝的 Ports 中有那些已過時：" +"已經安裝的 Port 中有那些已過時：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9916 +#: book.translate.xml:9981 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg_version -l \"<\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: important/para -#: book.translate.xml:9919 +#: book.translate.xml:9984 msgid "" "Before attempting an upgrade, read /usr/ports/UPDATING " "from the top of the file to the date closest to the last time ports were " @@ -14354,13 +15434,13 @@ "and follow these instructions when performing the upgrade." msgstr "" "在嘗試升級之前，請先從檔首閱讀 /usr/ports/UPDATING 來取" -"得最近有那些 Ports 已升級或系統已安裝。這個檔案中會說明各種問題及在升級 Port " +"得最近有那些 Port 已升級或系統已安裝。這個檔案中會說明各種問題及在升級 Port " "時可能會需要使用者執行的額外步驟，例如檔案格式更改、設定檔位置更改、或任何與" -"先前版本不相容的問題。留意那些與您要升級 Ports 相關的指示，並依照這些指示執行" +"先前版本不相容的問題。留意那些與您要升級 Port 相關的指示，並依照這些指示執行" "升級。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:9933 +#: book.translate.xml:9998 msgid "" "To perform the actual upgrade, use either Portmaster or Portupgrade." @@ -14369,17 +15449,17 @@ "Portupgrade。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:9938 +#: book.translate.xml:10003 msgid "Upgrading Ports Using Portmaster" -msgstr "使用 Portmaster 升級 Ports" +msgstr "使用 Portmaster 升級 Port" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:9941 +#: book.translate.xml:10006 msgid "portmaster" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:9945 +#: book.translate.xml:10010 msgid "" "ports-mgmt/portmaster is a very small utility for " "upgrading installed ports. It is designed to use the tools installed with " @@ -14387,11 +15467,11 @@ "utility as a port:" msgstr "" "ports-mgmt/portmaster 是可用來升級已安裝 Port 的小巧工具，" -"它可不需要相依其他 Ports 或資料庫便可在 FreeBSD 使用，要使用 Port 安裝此工具" +"它可不需要相依其他 Port 或資料庫便可在 FreeBSD 使用，要使用 Port 安裝此工具" "可：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9952 +#: book.translate.xml:10017 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/portmaster\n" @@ -14399,38 +15479,38 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:9955 +#: book.translate.xml:10020 msgid "Portmaster defines four categories of ports:" -msgstr "Portmaster 將 Ports 定義成四種類型：" +msgstr "Portmaster 將 Port 定義成四種類型：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9960 +#: book.translate.xml:10025 msgid "" "Root port: has no dependencies and is not a dependency of any other ports." -msgstr "根 Port：沒有相依且也不被任何其他 Ports 相依。" +msgstr "根 Port：沒有相依且也不被任何其他 Port 相依。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9965 +#: book.translate.xml:10030 msgid "Trunk port: has no dependencies, but other ports depend upon it." -msgstr "主幹 Port：沒有相依，但被其他 Ports 相依。" +msgstr "主幹 Port：沒有相依，但被其他 Port 相依。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9970 +#: book.translate.xml:10035 msgid "Branch port: has dependencies and other ports depend upon it." -msgstr "分支 Port：有相依，且其被其他 Ports 相依。" +msgstr "分支 Port：有相依，且其被其他 Port 相依。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:9975 +#: book.translate.xml:10040 msgid "Leaf port: has dependencies but no other ports depend upon it." -msgstr "枝 Port：有相依，但沒有被其他 Ports 相依。" +msgstr "枝 Port：有相依，但沒有被其他 Port 相依。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:9980 +#: book.translate.xml:10045 msgid "To list these categories and search for updates:" msgstr "要列出這幾個分類並搜尋是否有新版：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:9982 +#: book.translate.xml:10047 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# portmaster -L\n" @@ -14457,18 +15537,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10004 +#: book.translate.xml:10069 msgid "This command is used to upgrade all outdated ports:" msgstr "此指令用來升級所有過時的 Port：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10007 +#: book.translate.xml:10072 #, no-wrap msgid "# portmaster -a" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:10010 +#: book.translate.xml:10075 msgid "" "By default, Portmaster makes a backup package " "before deleting the existing port. If the installation of the new version is " @@ -14491,21 +15571,21 @@ "用法。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10024 +#: book.translate.xml:10089 msgid "" "If errors are encountered during the upgrade process, add 來升級並重新編譯所有 Ports：" +"若升級的過程發生錯誤，可加入 來升級並重新編譯所有 Port：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10028 book.translate.xml:44352 +#: book.translate.xml:10093 book.translate.xml:44406 #, no-wrap msgid "# portmaster -af" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10030 +#: book.translate.xml:10095 msgid "" "Portmaster can also be used to install new ports " "on the system, upgrading all dependencies before building and installing the " @@ -14512,28 +15592,28 @@ "new port. To use this function, specify the location of the port in the " "Ports Collection:" msgstr "" -"Portmaster 也可用來安裝新的 Ports 到系統，在編譯及" -"安裝新 Port 前升級所有相依模組。要使用這個功能，要指定 Port 位於 Ports 套件集" +"Portmaster 也可用來安裝新的 Port 到系統，在編譯及" +"安裝新 Port 前升級所有相依模組。要使用這個功能，要指定 Port 位於 Port 套件集" "中的位置：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10036 +#: book.translate.xml:10101 #, no-wrap msgid "# portmaster shells/bash" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:10040 +#: book.translate.xml:10105 msgid "Upgrading Ports Using Portupgrade" -msgstr "使用 Portupgrade 升級 Ports" +msgstr "使用 Portupgrade 升級 Port" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:10042 +#: book.translate.xml:10107 msgid "portupgrade" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10046 +#: book.translate.xml:10111 msgid "" "Another utility that can be used to upgrade ports is " "Portupgrade, which is available as the " @@ -14541,12 +15621,12 @@ "installs a suite of applications which can be used to manage ports. However, " "it is dependent upon Ruby. To install the port:" msgstr "" -"另一個可以用來升級 Ports 的工具是 Portupgrade，可" -"在 ports-mgmt/portupgrade 取得套件或 Ports，此工具會安裝一" -"套可以用來管理 Ports 的應用程式，但是它需要相依 Ruby。要安裝該 Port：" +"另一個可以用來升級 Port 的工具是 Portupgrade，可" +"在 ports-mgmt/portupgrade 取得套件或 Port，此工具會安裝一" +"套可以用來管理 Port 的應用程式，但是它需要相依 Ruby。要安裝該 Port：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10053 +#: book.translate.xml:10118 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/portupgrade\n" @@ -14554,7 +15634,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10056 +#: book.translate.xml:10121 msgid "" "Before performing an upgrade using this utility, it is recommended to scan " "the list of installed ports using pkgdb -F and to fix all " @@ -14561,26 +15641,26 @@ "the inconsistencies it reports." msgstr "" "在執行升級之前使用此工具，建議使用 pkgdb -F 掃描已安裝的 " -"Ports 並修正該指令回報的所有資訊不一致的套件。" +"Port 並修正該指令回報的所有資訊不一致的套件。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10061 +#: book.translate.xml:10126 msgid "" "To upgrade all the outdated ports installed on the system, use " "portupgrade -a. Alternately, include " "to be asked for confirmation of every individual upgrade:" msgstr "" -"要升級所有安裝在系統上過時的 Ports，可使用 portupgrade -a，或者加上 會在每個套件升級時詢問確認：" +"要升級所有安裝在系統上過時的 Port，可使用 portupgrade -a，" +"或者加上 會在每個套件升級時詢問確認：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10066 +#: book.translate.xml:10131 #, no-wrap msgid "# portupgrade -ai" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10068 +#: book.translate.xml:10133 msgid "" "To upgrade only a specified application instead of all available ports, use " "portupgrade pkgname. It is " @@ -14587,18 +15667,18 @@ "very important to include to first upgrade all the ports " "required by the given application:" msgstr "" -"要升級指定的應用程式而非所有可用 Ports 可使用 portupgrade " +"要升級指定的應用程式而非所有可用 Port 可使用 portupgrade " "pkgname，非常重要的是，要加上 來先升級指定應用程式所有相依的 Ports：" +"R 來先升級指定應用程式所有相依的 Port：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10074 +#: book.translate.xml:10139 #, no-wrap msgid "# portupgrade -R firefox" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10076 +#: book.translate.xml:10141 msgid "" "If is included, Portupgrade " "searches for available packages in the local directories listed in " @@ -14612,18 +15692,18 @@ "若使用 ，Portupgrade 會先在 " "PKG_PATH 清單中的本地目錄中搜尋可用的套件。若本地沒有可用的套" "件，則會從遠端下載。若套件無法在本地或遠端找到，Portupgrade 則會使用 Ports 來安裝。要避免完全使用 Ports 安裝，可使用 " -"，這個選項會告訴 Portupgrade " -"若沒有套件可用時放棄安裝：" +"application> 則會使用 Port 來安裝。要避免完全使用 Port 安裝，可使用 ，這個選項會告訴 Portupgrade 若沒有套件" +"可用時放棄安裝：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10089 +#: book.translate.xml:10154 #, no-wrap msgid "# portupgrade -PP gnome3" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10091 +#: book.translate.xml:10156 msgid "" "To just fetch the port distfiles, or packages, if is " "specified, without building or installing anything, use . " @@ -14635,17 +15715,17 @@ "command> 的操作手冊來取得所有可用選項的更多資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:10100 +#: book.translate.xml:10165 msgid "Ports and Disk Space" -msgstr "Ports 與磁碟空間" +msgstr "Port 與磁碟空間" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:10102 +#: book.translate.xml:10167 msgid "ports disk-space" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10107 +#: book.translate.xml:10172 msgid "" "Using the Ports Collection will use up disk space over time. After building " "and installing a port, running make clean within the " @@ -14656,21 +15736,21 @@ "command will remove all work directories found within " "the local copy of the Ports Collection:" msgstr "" -"使用 Ports 套件集會隨著時間消耗磁碟空間。在編譯與安裝 Port 完之後，在 Ports " +"使用 Port 套件集會隨著時間消耗磁碟空間。在編譯與安裝 Port 完之後，在 Port " "Skeleton 中執行 make clean 可清除暫存的 work 目錄。若使用 Portmaster 來安裝 Port，則" "會自動移除該目錄，除非使用 。若有安裝 " -"Portupgrade，此指令將會移除所有在 Ports 套件集的本" +"Portupgrade，此指令將會移除所有在 Port 套件集的本" "地複本中找到的 work 目錄：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10118 +#: book.translate.xml:10183 #, no-wrap msgid "# portsclean -C" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10120 +#: book.translate.xml:10185 msgid "" "In addition, a lot of out-dated source distribution files will collect in " "/usr/ports/distfiles over time. If " @@ -14679,16 +15759,16 @@ msgstr "" "除此之外，許多過時的原始碼發行檔案會儲存在 /usr/ports/distfiles。若有安裝 Portupgrade，此指令將會刪除所" -"有不再被任何 Ports 所引用的 distfiles：" +"有不再被任何 Port 所引用的 distfiles：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10126 +#: book.translate.xml:10191 #, no-wrap msgid "# portsclean -D" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10128 +#: book.translate.xml:10193 msgid "" "To use Portupgrade to remove all distfiles not " "referenced by any port currently installed on the system:" @@ -14697,24 +15777,24 @@ "的 Port 所引用的 distfiles：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10132 +#: book.translate.xml:10197 #, no-wrap msgid "# portsclean -DD" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10134 +#: book.translate.xml:10199 msgid "If Portmaster is installed, use:" msgstr "若有安裝 Portmaster，則可使用：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10137 +#: book.translate.xml:10202 #, no-wrap msgid "# portmaster --clean-distfiles" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10139 +#: book.translate.xml:10204 msgid "" "By default, this command is interactive and will prompt the user to confirm " "if a distfile should be deleted." @@ -14721,7 +15801,7 @@ msgstr "預設這個指令會互動的方式詢問使用者確認是否要刪除 distfile。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10142 +#: book.translate.xml:10207 msgid "" "In addition to these commands, the ports-mgmt/pkg_cutleaves package or port automates the task of removing installed ports that " @@ -14728,15 +15808,15 @@ "are no longer needed." msgstr "" "除了以上指令外，ports-mgmt/pkg_cutleaves 套件或 Port 可自" -"動移除不再需要使用的 Ports。" +"動移除不再需要使用的 Port。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:10150 +#: book.translate.xml:10215 msgid "Building Packages with Poudriere" msgstr "使用 Poudriere 編譯套件" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10153 +#: book.translate.xml:10218 msgid "" "Poudriere is a BSD-licensed " "utility for creating and testing FreeBSD packages. It uses FreeBSD jails to " @@ -14757,7 +15837,7 @@ "用。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10164 +#: book.translate.xml:10229 msgid "" "Poudriere is installed using the ports-mgmt/poudriere package or port. The installation " @@ -14766,13 +15846,13 @@ "conf. Edit the copied file to suit the local configuration." msgstr "" "Poudriere 可使用 ports-" -"mgmt/poudriere 套件或 Ports 安裝。安裝完成後會有一個範例的設定檔 " +"mgmt/poudriere 套件或 Port 安裝。安裝完成後會有一個範例的設定檔 " "/usr/local/etc/poudriere.conf.sample。複製此檔案到 " "/usr/local/etc/poudriere.conf，編輯複製的檔案來配合本地" "的設定。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10172 +#: book.translate.xml:10237 msgid "" "While ZFS is not required on the system running " "poudriere, it is beneficial. When ZFS/poudriere. Defaults for the " "other configuration values are adequate." msgstr "" +"雖然在系統上執行 poudriere 並不一定要使用 " +"ZFS，但使用了是有幫助的。當使用了 ZFS，" +"則必須在 /usr/local/etc/poudriere.conf 指定 " +"ZPOOL 以及 FREEBSD_HOST 應設定到一個最" +"近的鏡像站。定義 CCACHE_DIR 可開啟使用 devel/ccache 快取的功能來快取編譯結果並減少那些需時常編譯" +"的程式碼的編譯次數。將 poudriere 資料集放到一個獨" +"立的目錄並掛載到 /poudriere 可能會比較方便，其他設定項目" +"採用預設值便足夠。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10186 +#: book.translate.xml:10251 msgid "" "The number of processor cores detected is used to define how many builds " "should run in parallel. Supply enough virtual memory, either with " @@ -14794,14 +15883,17 @@ "RAM or swap space. If virtual memory runs out, compiling " "jails will stop and be torn down, resulting in weird error messages." msgstr "" +"偵測到的處理器數量可用來定義要同時執行多少個編譯。並請給予足夠的虛擬記憶體，" +"不論是 RAM 或交換空間，若虛擬記憶體不足，編譯 Jail 將會停" +"止並被清除，可能會造成奇怪的錯誤訊息。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:10193 +#: book.translate.xml:10258 msgid "Initialize Jails and Port Trees" -msgstr "初始化 Jails 與 Port 樹" +msgstr "初始化 Jail 與 Port 樹" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10195 +#: book.translate.xml:10260 msgid "" "After configuration, initialize poudriere so that " "it installs a jail with the required FreeBSD tree and a ports tree. Specify " @@ -14811,9 +15903,15 @@ "amd64. The default is the architecture shown by " "uname." msgstr "" +"在設定之後，初始化 poudriere 來安裝 Jail 及其所需" +"的 FreeBSD 樹與 Port 樹。使用 來指定 Jail 的名稱以及 " +" 來指定 FreeBSD 的版本。在執行 FreeBSD/amd64 的系統上可使" +"用 來設定要使用的架構為 i386 或 " +"amd64，預設會採用使用 uname 所顯示的架" +"構。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10205 +#: book.translate.xml:10270 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# poudriere jail -c -j 10amd64 -v 10.0-RELEASE\n" @@ -14835,7 +15933,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10222 +#: book.translate.xml:10287 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# poudriere ports -c -p local\n" @@ -14870,7 +15968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10252 +#: book.translate.xml:10317 msgid "" "On a single computer, poudriere can build ports " "with multiple configurations, in multiple jails, and from different port " @@ -14880,9 +15978,15 @@ "manvolnum> for details after ports-mgmt/poudriere or ports-mgmt/poudriere-devel is installed." msgstr "" +"在一台電腦，poudriere 可使用多組設定在多個 Jail 編" +"譯來自不同 Port 樹的 Port。用來定義這些組合的自訂設定稱作 sets，可在安裝 ports-mgmt/poudriere 或 " +"ports-mgmt/poudriere-devel 後參考 poudriere8 中的 CUSTOMIZATION 章節來取得詳細的資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10261 +#: book.translate.xml:10326 msgid "" "The basic configuration shown here puts a single jail-, port-, and set-" "specific make.conf in /usr/local/etc/" @@ -14892,16 +15996,24 @@ "conf and this new file are combined at build time to create the " "make.conf used by the build jail." msgstr "" +"在此處示範的基本設定放了單一個 jail-, port- 以及 set- 特定的 make." +"conf 在 /usr/local/etc/poudriere.d。在此範例" +"使用的檔案名稱由 Jail 名稱、Port 名稱以及 set 名稱所組成: " +"10amd64-local-workstation-make.conf。系統 make.conf 與這個新的檔案在編譯時期會被合" +"併為編譯 Jail 要使用的 make.conf。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10271 +#: book.translate.xml:10336 msgid "" "Packages to be built are entered in 10amd64-local-" "workstation-pkglist:" msgstr "" +"要編譯的套件會輸入到 10amd64-local-workstation-pkglist:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:10274 +#: book.translate.xml:10339 #, no-wrap msgid "" "editors/emacs\n" @@ -14911,29 +16023,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10279 +#: book.translate.xml:10344 msgid "Options and dependencies for the specified ports are configured:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "可使用以下方式設定選項及相依:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10282 +#: book.translate.xml:10347 #, no-wrap msgid "# poudriere options -j 10amd64 -p local -z workstation -f 10amd64-local-workstation-pkglist" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10284 +#: book.translate.xml:10349 msgid "Finally, packages are built and a package repository is created:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "最後，編譯套件並建立套件檔案庫:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10287 +#: book.translate.xml:10352 #, no-wrap msgid "# poudriere bulk -j 10amd64 -p local -z workstation -f 10amd64-local-workstation-pkglist" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10289 +#: book.translate.xml:10354 msgid "" "Ctrlt displays the current state of the build. Poudrierejailname that can be used with a web " "server to display build information." msgstr "" +"Ctrlt 可以顯示目前編譯的狀態，Poudriere 也會編" +"譯在 /poudriere/logs/bulk/jailname 中的檔案，可用在網頁伺服器來顯示編譯資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10296 +#: book.translate.xml:10361 msgid "" "Packages are now available for installation from the poudriere repository." -msgstr "" +msgstr "套件現在可以從 poudriere 檔案庫來安裝。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10300 +#: book.translate.xml:10365 msgid "" "For more information on using poudriere, see " "poudriere8 and the main web site, " "." msgstr "" +"要取得更多使用 poudriere 的資訊，請參考 " +"poudriere8 及主網站 。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:10305 +#: book.translate.xml:10370 msgid "Configuring pkg Clients to Use a Poudriere Repository" msgstr "設定 pkg 客戶端使用 Poudriere 檔案庫" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10308 +#: book.translate.xml:10373 msgid "" "While it is possible to use both a custom repository along side of the " "official repository, sometimes it is useful to disable the official " @@ -14972,9 +16092,12 @@ "disables the official configuration file. Create /usr/local/etc/" "pkg/repos/FreeBSD.conf that contains the following:" msgstr "" +"雖然可以同時使用自訂的檔案庫與官方檔案庫，但有時關閉官方檔案庫會有幫助。這可" +"以透過建立一個設定檔覆蓋並關閉官方的設定檔來完成。建立 /usr/local/" +"etc/pkg/repos/FreeBSD.conf 包含以下內容:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10316 +#: book.translate.xml:10381 #, no-wrap msgid "" "FreeBSD: {\n" @@ -14983,7 +16106,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10320 +#: book.translate.xml:10385 msgid "" "Usually it is easiest to serve a poudriere repository to the client machines " "via HTTP. Setup a webserver to serve up the package directory, usually " @@ -14991,17 +16114,24 @@ "10amd64. Where 10amd64 is the name of the build." msgstr "" +"通常最簡單要提供 poudriere 給客戶端的方式是透過 HTTP。安裝一個網頁伺服器來提" +"供套件目錄，通常會像: /usr/local/poudriere/data/packages/" +"10amd64，其中 10amd64 是編譯的名稱。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10327 +#: book.translate.xml:10392 msgid "" "If the URL to the package repository is: http://pkg.example." "com/10amd64, then the repository configuration file in /" "usr/local/etc/pkg/repos/custom.conf would look like:" msgstr "" +"若要連往套件檔案庫的 URL 是: http://pkg.example.com/10amd64，則在 /usr/local/etc/pkg/repos/custom.conf 的檔" +"案庫設定檔為:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10333 +#: book.translate.xml:10398 #, no-wrap msgid "" "custom: {\n" @@ -15011,12 +16141,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:10341 +#: book.translate.xml:10406 msgid "Post-Installation Considerations" msgstr "安裝後的注意事項" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10343 +#: book.translate.xml:10408 msgid "" "Regardless of whether the software was installed from a binary package or " "port, most third-party applications require some level of configuration " @@ -15027,7 +16157,7 @@ "設定，下列指令與位置可以用來協助找到應用程式安裝了什麼。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10351 +#: book.translate.xml:10416 msgid "" "Most applications install at least one default configuration file in " "/usr/local/etc. In the case where an application has a " @@ -15044,7 +16174,7 @@ "案並去除 .sample 副檔名。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10364 +#: book.translate.xml:10429 msgid "" "Applications which provide documentation will install it into /usr/" "local/share/doc and many applications also install manual pages. " @@ -15054,7 +16184,7 @@ "應用程式也同時會安裝操作手冊，在繼續使用應用程式前應先查看這些文件。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10371 +#: book.translate.xml:10436 msgid "" "Some applications run services which must be added to /etc/rc." "conf before starting the application. These applications usually " @@ -15068,7 +16198,7 @@ "services\">啟動服務 來取得更多資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10380 +#: book.translate.xml:10445 msgid "" "Users of csh1 should run rehash to rebuild " @@ -15079,7 +16209,7 @@ "單到 Shell 的 PATH。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10386 +#: book.translate.xml:10451 msgid "" "Use pkg info to determine which files, man pages, and " "binaries were installed with the application." @@ -15088,17 +16218,17 @@ "Binary。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:10394 +#: book.translate.xml:10459 msgid "Dealing with Broken Ports" -msgstr "處理損壞的 Ports" +msgstr "處理損壞的 Port" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10396 +#: book.translate.xml:10461 msgid "When a port does not build or install, try the following:" msgstr "當發現某個 Port 無法順利編譯或安裝，可以嘗試以下幾種方法解決：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10401 +#: book.translate.xml:10466 msgid "" "Search to see if there is a fix pending for the port in the Problem Report database. If so, " @@ -15108,7 +16238,7 @@ "link> 看該 Port 有沒有待審核的修正，若有的話可以使用該修正來修正問題。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10408 +#: book.translate.xml:10473 msgid "" "Ask the maintainer of the port for help. Type make maintainer in the ports skeleton or read the port's Makefile and the output leading up to the error in the email to the " "maintainer." msgstr "" -"尋求維護人員的協助，在 Ports Skeleton 目錄中輸入 make maintainermake maintainer 或閱讀 Port 的 Makefile 來取得維護人員的電子郵" "件位址。寄給維護人員的郵件內容請記得要包含 Port 的 Makefile 中的 $FreeBSD: 一整行及輸出的錯誤訊息。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:10418 +#: book.translate.xml:10483 msgid "" "Some ports are not maintained by an individual but instead by a 都是，寄信時記得代入實際的論壇名稱。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:10424 +#: book.translate.xml:10489 msgid "" "In particular, ports shown as maintained by ports@FreeBSD.org are not maintained by a specific individual. " @@ -15145,11 +16275,11 @@ "to that mailing list. More volunteers are always needed!" msgstr "" "尤其是顯示 ports@FreeBSD.org 的 Port 都不是" -"由特定個人維護，該 Ports 的修正與支援來自訂閱該郵遞論壇的一般社群所提供，我們" +"由特定個人維護，該 Port 的修正與支援來自訂閱該郵遞論壇的一般社群所提供，我們" "非常歡迎志工參與。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10432 +#: book.translate.xml:10497 msgid "" "If there is no response to the email, use Bugzilla to submit a bug report " "using the instructions in 的說明使用 Bugzilla 提出問題回報。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10439 +#: book.translate.xml:10504 msgid "" "Fix it! The Porter's Handbook includes detailed " @@ -15173,7 +16303,7 @@ "詳細資訊，可提供資訊讓您可修正偶然損壞的 Port 或甚至您可以提交之自己的 Port。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10446 +#: book.translate.xml:10511 msgid "" "Install the package instead of the port using the instructions in ." @@ -15182,12 +16312,12 @@ "安裝。" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:10476 +#: book.translate.xml:10541 msgid "The X Window System" msgstr "X Window 系統" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10481 +#: book.translate.xml:10546 msgid "" "An installation of FreeBSD using bsdinstall does " "not automatically install a graphical user interface. This chapter describes " @@ -15202,7 +16332,7 @@ "面環境或視窗管理程式。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:10490 +#: book.translate.xml:10555 msgid "" "Users who prefer an installation method that automatically configures the " "Xorg and offers a choice of window managers " @@ -15214,7 +16344,7 @@ "org 網站。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10497 +#: book.translate.xml:10562 msgid "" "For more information on the video hardware that Xorg supports, refer to the x." @@ -15224,18 +16354,18 @@ "xlink:href=\"http://www.x.org/\">x.org 網站。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10504 +#: book.translate.xml:10569 msgid "" "The various components of the X Window System, and how they interoperate." msgstr "組成 X Window 系統的各種元件以及它們是如何相互運作。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10509 +#: book.translate.xml:10574 msgid "How to install and configure Xorg." msgstr "如何安裝並設定 Xorg。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10514 +#: book.translate.xml:10579 msgid "" "How to install and configure several window managers and desktop " "environments." @@ -15242,7 +16372,7 @@ msgstr "如何安裝並設定各種視窗管理程式與桌面環境。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10519 +#: book.translate.xml:10584 msgid "" "How to use TrueType fonts in " "Xorg." @@ -15251,7 +16381,7 @@ "\">TrueType 字型。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10524 +#: book.translate.xml:10589 msgid "" "How to set up your system for graphical logins (XDM)." @@ -15258,7 +16388,7 @@ msgstr "如何設定系統以使用圖形化登入 (XDM)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10533 +#: book.translate.xml:10598 msgid "" "Know how to install additional third-party software as described in ." @@ -15265,12 +16395,12 @@ msgstr "了解如何依照 說明安裝其他第三方軟體。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:10540 +#: book.translate.xml:10605 msgid "Terminology" msgstr "術語" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10542 +#: book.translate.xml:10607 msgid "" "While it is not necessary to understand all of the details of the various " "components in the X Window System and how they interact, some basic " @@ -15280,12 +16410,12 @@ "會更容易上手。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:10549 +#: book.translate.xml:10614 msgid "X server" -msgstr "X 伺服器(X Server)" +msgstr "X 伺服器 (X Server)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10552 +#: book.translate.xml:10617 msgid "" "X was designed from the beginning to be network-centric, and adopts a " "client-server model. In this model, the X server 才是在桌機上面執行，實際上卻是相反。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:10569 +#: book.translate.xml:10634 msgid "X client" -msgstr "X 客戶端(X Client)" +msgstr "X 客戶端 (X Client)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10572 +#: book.translate.xml:10637 msgid "" "Each X application, such as XTerm or " "Firefox, is a client. A client " @@ -15325,7 +16455,7 @@ "者剛點選了確定按鈕。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10581 +#: book.translate.xml:10646 msgid "" "In a home or small office environment, the X server and the X clients " "commonly run on the same computer. It is also possible to run the X server " @@ -15338,12 +16468,12 @@ "式。 在這種情景，X 客戶端與伺服器之間的溝通就需透過網路來進行。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:10591 +#: book.translate.xml:10656 msgid "window manager" -msgstr "視窗管理程式(Window Manager)" +msgstr "視窗管理程式 (Window Manager)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10594 +#: book.translate.xml:10659 msgid "" "X does not dictate what windows should look like on-screen, how to move them " "around with the mouse, which keystrokes should be used to move between " @@ -15363,11 +16493,11 @@ "謂的視窗管理程式來管理。可用的視窗管" "理程式有很多種，每一種視窗管理程式都提供不同的使用介面風格：有些支援虛" "擬桌面，有些允許自訂組合鍵來管理桌面，有些有 開始 鈕，有些則是" -"可更換佈景主題，可自行安裝新的佈景主題以更換外觀。 視窗管理程式可在 Ports 套" -"件集的 x11-wm 分類找到。" +"可更換佈景主題，可自行安裝新的佈景主題以更換外觀。 視窗管理程式可在 Port 套件" +"集的 x11-wm 分類找到。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10610 +#: book.translate.xml:10675 msgid "" "Each window manager uses a different configuration mechanism. Some expect " "configuration file written by hand while others provide graphical tools for " @@ -15377,12 +16507,12 @@ "過圖型化工具來完成大部分的設定工作。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:10618 +#: book.translate.xml:10683 msgid "desktop environment" -msgstr "桌面環境(Desktop Environment)" +msgstr "桌面環境 (Desktop Environment)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10621 +#: book.translate.xml:10686 msgid "" "KDE and GNOME are " "considered to be desktop environments as they include an entire suite of " @@ -15394,12 +16524,12 @@ "網頁瀏覽器及遊戲。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:10630 +#: book.translate.xml:10695 msgid "focus policy" -msgstr "聚焦政策(Focus Policy)" +msgstr "聚焦政策 (Focus Policy)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10633 +#: book.translate.xml:10698 msgid "" "The window manager is responsible for the mouse focus policy. This policy " "provides some means for choosing which window is actively receiving " @@ -15410,7 +16540,7 @@ "入的視窗。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10639 +#: book.translate.xml:10704 msgid "" "One focus policy is called click-to-focus. In this model, a " "window becomes active upon receiving a mouse click. In the focus-" @@ -15426,9 +16556,9 @@ "window, even if the cursor is moved to another window." msgstr "" "通常較為人熟悉的聚焦政策叫做 click-to-focus，這個模式中，滑鼠" -"點選到的視窗便會處於作用中(Active)的狀態。在 focus-follows-mousefocus-follows-mouse 模式滑鼠指標所在的視窗便是作用中的視窗，只要把滑鼠移到其他視窗就可以改" -"變作用中的視窗，若滑鼠移到根視窗(Root Window)，則會聚焦在根視窗。在 " +"變作用中的視窗，若滑鼠移到根視窗 (Root Window)，則會聚焦在根視窗。在 " "sloppy-focus 模式，既使滑鼠移到根視窗，仍然會聚焦在最後聚焦的" "視窗上，此模式只有當滑鼠進入新的視窗時才會聚焦於該視窗，而非離開目前視窗時。" "click-to-focus 模式用滑鼠點擊來決定作用中的視窗，且該視窗會被" @@ -15436,7 +16566,7 @@ "收。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10657 +#: book.translate.xml:10722 msgid "" "Different window managers support different focus models. All of them " "support click-to-focus, and the majority of them also support other " @@ -15447,12 +16577,12 @@ "支援其他模式，請查看視窗管理程式的說明文件來了解可用的聚焦模式。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:10666 +#: book.translate.xml:10731 msgid "widgets" -msgstr "視窗元件(Widget)" +msgstr "視窗元件 (Widget)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10669 +#: book.translate.xml:10734 msgid "" "Widget is a term for all of the items in the user interface that can be " "clicked or manipulated in some way. This includes buttons, check boxes, " @@ -15471,24 +16601,24 @@ "觀。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:10686 +#: book.translate.xml:10751 msgid "Installing Xorg" msgstr "安裝 Xorg" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10688 +#: book.translate.xml:10753 msgid "" "On FreeBSD, Xorg can be installed as a package or " "port." -msgstr "" +msgstr "在 FreeBSD，Xorg 可透過套件或 Port 來安裝。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10691 +#: book.translate.xml:10756 msgid "To build and install from the Ports Collection:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "要從 Port 套件集編譯與安裝:" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10693 +#: book.translate.xml:10758 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/x11/xorg\n" @@ -15496,27 +16626,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10696 +#: book.translate.xml:10761 msgid "" "The binary package can be installed more quickly but with fewer options for " "customization:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "使用 Binary 套件安裝快速，但可用的自訂選項較少:" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10699 +#: book.translate.xml:10764 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install xorg" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10701 +#: book.translate.xml:10766 msgid "" "Either of these installations results in the complete Xorg system being installed. This is the best option for most users." msgstr "" +"兩種安裝方式皆可完整安裝 Xorg 系統。此方式較建議大" +"多數使用者。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:10705 +#: book.translate.xml:10770 msgid "" "A smaller version of the X system suitable for experienced users is " "available in x11/xorg-minimal. Most of the documents, " @@ -15523,14 +16655,17 @@ "libraries, and applications will not be installed. Some applications require " "these additional components to function." msgstr "" +"較精簡版本的 X 系統適合給有經驗的使用者使用，可至 x11/xorg-minimal 取得。這個版本就不會安裝大多數的文件、函數庫以及應用程式，而部份應用" +"程式會需要這些額外的元件才能運作。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:10713 +#: book.translate.xml:10778 msgid "Xorg Configuration" msgstr "Xorg 設定" #. (itstool) path: info/author -#: book.translate.xml:10716 +#: book.translate.xml:10781 msgid "" " Warren Block Originally contributed by" @@ -15537,39 +16672,42 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:10725 +#: book.translate.xml:10790 msgid "Xorg" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:10726 +#: book.translate.xml:10791 msgid "Xorg" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:10729 book.translate.xml:16713 book.translate.xml:44855 -#: book.translate.xml:61488 +#: book.translate.xml:10794 book.translate.xml:16778 book.translate.xml:62327 msgid "Quick Start" msgstr "快速開始" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10731 +#: book.translate.xml:10796 msgid "" "Xorg supports most common video cards, keyboards, " "and pointing devices. These devices are automatically detected and do not " "require any manual configuration." msgstr "" +"Xorg 支援大多數常見的顯示卡、鍵盤以及指標裝置，" +"Xorg 會自動偵測這些裝置，並不需要手動設定。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:10738 +#: book.translate.xml:10803 msgid "" "If Xorg has been used on this computer before, " "move or remove any existing configuration files:" msgstr "" +"若 Xorg 曾經在電腦使用過，可先將現有的設定檔重新命" +"名或移除:" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10742 +#: book.translate.xml:10807 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mv /etc/X11/xorg.conf ~/xorg.conf.etc\n" @@ -15577,7 +16715,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:10747 +#: book.translate.xml:10812 msgid "" "Add the user who will run Xorg to the " "video or wheel group to enable 3D " @@ -15584,28 +16722,33 @@ "acceleration when available. To add user jru to " "whichever group is available:" msgstr "" +"加入要執行 Xorg 的使用者到 video 或 wheel 群組，以便在可用時能開啟 3D 加速。要加入" +"使用者 jru 到任一個可用的群組:" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10755 +#: book.translate.xml:10820 #, no-wrap msgid "# pw groupmod video -m jru || pw groupmod wheel -m jru" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:10759 +#: book.translate.xml:10824 msgid "" "The TWM window manager is included by default. It is " "started when Xorg starts:" msgstr "" +"預設內含 TWM 視窗管理程式，啟動 Xorg 時便會啟動該視窗管理程式:" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10763 +#: book.translate.xml:10828 #, no-wrap msgid "% startx" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:10767 +#: book.translate.xml:10832 msgid "" "On some older versions of FreeBSD, the system console must be set to " "vt4 before switching back to the text console will work properly. " "See ." msgstr "" +"在部份較舊版的 FreeBSD，在切換回文字 Console 前系統 Console 必須設為 " +"vt4 才可正常運作，請參考 。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:10776 +#: book.translate.xml:10841 msgid "User Group for Accelerated Video" -msgstr "用來加速影像處理的使用者群組" +msgstr "可加速影像處理的使用者群組" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10778 +#: book.translate.xml:10843 msgid "" "Access to /dev/dri is needed to allow 3D acceleration " "on video cards. It is usually simplest to add the user who will be running X " @@ -15629,20 +16775,26 @@ "replaceable> to the video group, or to the " "wheel group if there is no video group:" msgstr "" +"要存取 /dev/dri 需要允許顯示卡的 3D 加速功能，這通常只需" +"要將要執行 X 的使用者加入 video 或 wheel 群組。此處使用 pw8 來將使用者 " +"slurms 加入 video 群組，若沒有 " +"video 則會加入 wheel 群組:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:10788 +#: book.translate.xml:10853 #, no-wrap msgid "# pw groupmod video -m slurms || pw groupmod wheel -m slurms" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:10792 +#: book.translate.xml:10857 msgid "Kernel Mode Setting (KMS)" msgstr "核心模式設定 (Kernel Mode Setting, KMS)" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10794 +#: book.translate.xml:10859 msgid "" "When the computer switches from displaying the console to a higher screen " "resolution for X, it must set the video output mode. " @@ -15655,17 +16807,28 @@ "refentrytitle>4 console avoids this " "problem." msgstr "" +"當電腦顯示從 Console 切換到高螢幕解析度供 X 使用時，必須設定影像輸出" +"模式。最近版本的 Xorg 使用了核心內部" +"的系統來讓切換模式更有效率。較舊版的 FreeBSD 使用的 " +"sc4 並不知到 KMS 系統的存在，這會導致關閉 X 之後" +"即始仍在運作但系統 Console 卻呈現空白。較新版的 " +"vt4 Console 可避免這個問題。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:10805 +#: book.translate.xml:10870 msgid "" "Add this line to /boot/loader.conf to enable " "vt4:" msgstr "" +"加入此行到 /boot/loader.conf 來開啟 " +"vt4:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:10808 +#: book.translate.xml:10873 #, no-wrap msgid "kern.vty=vt" msgstr "" @@ -15673,13 +16836,13 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect2/title #. (itstool) path: sect1/title #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:10812 book.translate.xml:20837 book.translate.xml:31369 -#: book.translate.xml:54646 +#: book.translate.xml:10877 book.translate.xml:20902 book.translate.xml:31434 +#: book.translate.xml:45319 book.translate.xml:55480 msgid "Configuration Files" msgstr "設定檔" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10817 +#: book.translate.xml:10882 msgid "" "Xorg looks in several directories for " "configuration files. /usr/local/etc/X11/ is the " @@ -15686,22 +16849,27 @@ "recommended directory for these files on FreeBSD. Using this directory helps " "keep application files separate from operating system files." msgstr "" +"Xorg 會查看數個目錄來尋找設定檔，在 FreeBSD 較建議" +"使用 /usr/local/etc/X11/ 來存放這些設定檔，使用這個目錄" +"可以幫助將應用程式檔案與作業系統檔案分離。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10824 +#: book.translate.xml:10889 msgid "" "Storing configuration files in the legacy /etc/X11/ " "still works. However, this mixes application files with the base FreeBSD " "files and is not recommended." msgstr "" +"儲存設定檔在傳統的 /etc/X11/ 仍可運作，但並不建議將應用" +"程式檔案與基礎 FreeBSD 檔案混合在一起存放。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:10831 +#: book.translate.xml:10896 msgid "Single or Multiple Files" msgstr "單檔或多檔" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10833 +#: book.translate.xml:10898 msgid "" "It is easier to use multiple files that each configure a specific setting " "than the traditional single xorg.conf. These files are " @@ -15709,101 +16877,118 @@ "configuration file directory. The full path is typically /usr/" "local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/." msgstr "" +"使用多檔，每一個檔案只設定一個指定項目會較傳統使用單一 xorg.conf 設定來的簡單。這些檔案會存放在主設定檔目錄下的 xorg.conf." +"d/ 子目錄，完整路徑通常為 /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf." +"d/。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10841 +#: book.translate.xml:10906 msgid "Examples of these files are shown later in this section." -msgstr "" +msgstr "於本節稍後會有這些檔案的範例。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:10844 +#: book.translate.xml:10909 msgid "" "The traditional single xorg.conf still works, but is " "neither as clear nor as flexible as multiple files in the xorg." "conf.d/ subdirectory." msgstr "" +"傳統單一 xorg.conf 的方式仍可運作，但比起在 " +"xorg.conf.d/ 子目錄中的多檔設定方式較不明瞭且沒有彈性。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:10852 +#: book.translate.xml:10917 msgid "Video Cards" msgstr "顯示卡" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:10856 +#: book.translate.xml:10921 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10859 +#: book.translate.xml:10924 msgid "" "3D acceleration is supported on most Intel graphics up to Ivy Bridge (HD Graphics 2500, 4000, and P4000), " "including Iron Lake (HD Graphics) and Sandy Bridge (HD Graphics 2000)." msgstr "" +"3D 加速在大多數 Intel 顯示晶片都" +"有支援，最新到 Ivy Bridge (HD Graphics 2500, 4000, 及 P4000) 包含 Iron Lake " +"(HD Graphics) 與 Sandy Bridge (HD Graphics 2000)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10864 +#: book.translate.xml:10929 msgid "Driver name: intel" -msgstr "" +msgstr "驅動程式名稱: intel" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10866 +#: book.translate.xml:10931 msgid "" "For reference, see ." msgstr "" +"參考文獻請至 。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:10871 +#: book.translate.xml:10936 msgid "AMD Radeon" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10874 +#: book.translate.xml:10939 msgid "" "2D and 3D acceleration is supported on Radeon cards up to and including the " "HD6000 series." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Radeon 顯示卡支援 2D 及 3D 加速，最新到 HD6000 系列。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10877 +#: book.translate.xml:10942 msgid "Driver name: radeon" -msgstr "" +msgstr "驅動程式名稱: radeon" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10879 +#: book.translate.xml:10944 msgid "" "For reference, see ." msgstr "" +"參考文獻請至 。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:10884 +#: book.translate.xml:10949 msgid "NVIDIA" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10887 +#: book.translate.xml:10952 msgid "" "Several NVIDIA drivers are available in the x11 " "category of the Ports Collection. Install the driver that matches the video " "card." msgstr "" +"有數個 NVIDIA 驅動程式可於 Port 套件集中的 x11 分類取" +"得，請安裝其中與顯示卡相符的驅動程式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10892 +#: book.translate.xml:10957 msgid "" "For reference, see ." msgstr "" +"參考文獻請至 。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:10897 +#: book.translate.xml:10962 msgid "Hybrid Combination Graphics" -msgstr "" +msgstr "混合組合繪圖晶片" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10900 +#: book.translate.xml:10965 msgid "" "Some notebook computers add additional graphics processing units to those " "built into the chipset or processor. Optimus combines " @@ -15814,17 +16999,26 @@ "an AMD Radeon GPU." msgstr "" +"部份筆記型電腦加入了額外繪圖處理單元到那些內建晶片組或處理。" +"Optimus 結合了 Intel 及 NVIDIA 的硬體，Switchable Graphics 或 " +"Hybrid Graphics 則是結合了 Intel 或 AMD 處理" +"器與 AMD Radeon GPU。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10909 +#: book.translate.xml:10974 msgid "" "Implementations of these hybrid graphics systems vary, and " "Xorg on FreeBSD is not able to drive all versions " "of them." msgstr "" +"這些混合繪圖系統的實作方式均不同，FreeBSD 的 Xorg " +"尚無法驅動所有的混合繪圖系統版本。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10913 +#: book.translate.xml:10978 msgid "" "Some computers provide a BIOS option to disable one of " "the graphics adapters or select a discrete mode which " @@ -15834,9 +17028,14 @@ "can then be used with an Intel " "driver." msgstr "" +"部份電腦提供了 BIOS 的選項可以關閉其中一個繪圖介面卡或選" +"擇 discrete 模式，可用使用其中一種標準顯示卡驅動程式來驅" +"動。例如，有時關閉 Optimus 系統中的 NVIDIA GPU 是可能讓 " +"Intel 顯示晶片可用 Intel 驅動程式驅動。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10922 +#: book.translate.xml:10987 msgid "" "BIOS settings depend on the model of computer. In some " "situations, both GPUs can be left enabled, but creating a " @@ -15843,21 +17042,26 @@ "configuration file that only uses the main GPU in the " "Device section is enough to make such a system functional." msgstr "" +"BIOS 設定會依電腦的型號有所不同，在某些情況下，可以同時開" +"啟兩個 GPU，而在建立的設定檔中的 Device 節只使用主要的 GPU 便能讓系統運作。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:10933 +#: book.translate.xml:10998 msgid "Other Video Cards" -msgstr "" +msgstr "其他顯示卡" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10936 +#: book.translate.xml:11001 msgid "" "Drivers for some less-common video cards can be found in the x11-" "drivers directory of the Ports Collection." msgstr "" +"較不常見的顯示卡驅動程式可在 Port 套件集的 x11-drivers " +"目錄找到。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10940 +#: book.translate.xml:11005 msgid "" "Cards that are not supported by a specific driver might still be usable with " "the x11-drivers/xf86-video-vesa driver. This driver is " @@ -15866,29 +17070,39 @@ "application> attempts to use this driver when a specific driver is not found " "for the video card." msgstr "" +"若沒有特定的驅動程式可以支援顯示卡，仍可能可用 x11-drivers/xf86-" +"video-vesa 驅動程式來驅動。該驅動程式可使用 x11/xorg 安裝，也可使用 x11-drivers/xf86-video-vesa 手動安" +"裝。當沒有指定驅動程式時 Xorg 會嘗試使用這個驅動程" +"式來驅動顯示卡。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10950 +#: book.translate.xml:11015 msgid "" "x11-drivers/xf86-video-scfb is a similar nonspecialized " "video driver that works on many UEFI and ARM computers." msgstr "" +"x11-drivers/xf86-video-scfb 也是不特定顯示卡的驅動程式，可" +"在許多 UEFI 及 ARM 的電腦上運作。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:10957 +#: book.translate.xml:11022 msgid "Setting the Video Driver in a File" -msgstr "" +msgstr "在檔案中設定影像驅動程式" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10960 +#: book.translate.xml:11025 msgid "" "To set the Intel driver in a " "configuration file:" msgstr "" +"要在設定檔設定使用 Intel 驅動程" +"式:" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:10964 +#: book.translate.xml:11029 msgid "" "Select Intel Video Driver in a " "File" @@ -15896,12 +17110,12 @@ "在單檔中選擇 Intel 影像驅動程式" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:10966 +#: book.translate.xml:11031 msgid "/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/driver-intel.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:10968 +#: book.translate.xml:11033 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Device\"\n" @@ -15912,7 +17126,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:10974 +#: book.translate.xml:11039 msgid "" "If more than one video card is present, the BusID " "identifier can be uncommented and set to select the desired card. A list of " @@ -15919,24 +17133,27 @@ "video card bus IDs can be displayed with pciconf " "-lv | grep -B3 display." msgstr "" +"若有多張顯示卡，可取消註解 BusID identifier 然後設定為想要" +"的顯示卡，顯示卡的 Bus ID 清單可以使用 pciconf -" +"lv | grep -B3 display 取得。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10982 +#: book.translate.xml:11047 msgid "To set the Radeon driver in a configuration file:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "要在設定檔設定使用 Radeon 驅動程式:" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:10986 +#: book.translate.xml:11051 msgid "Select Radeon Video Driver in a File" msgstr "在單檔中選擇 Radeon 影像驅動程式" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:10988 +#: book.translate.xml:11053 msgid "/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/driver-radeon.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:10990 +#: book.translate.xml:11055 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Device\"\n" @@ -15946,22 +17163,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:10996 +#: book.translate.xml:11061 msgid "To set the VESA driver in a configuration file:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "要在設定檔設定使用 VESA 驅動程式:" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:11000 +#: book.translate.xml:11065 msgid "Select VESA Video Driver in a File" msgstr "在單檔中選擇 VESA 影像驅動程式" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:11003 +#: book.translate.xml:11068 msgid "/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/driver-vesa.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11005 +#: book.translate.xml:11070 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Device\"\n" @@ -15971,24 +17188,26 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11011 +#: book.translate.xml:11076 msgid "" "To set the scfb driver for use with a UEFI or ARM computer:" msgstr "" +"要設定 UEFI 或 ARM 電腦使用 scfb 驅動程式:" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:11015 +#: book.translate.xml:11080 msgid "Select scfb Video Driver in a File" msgstr "在單檔中選擇 scfb 影像驅動程式" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:11018 +#: book.translate.xml:11083 msgid "/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/driver-scfb.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11020 +#: book.translate.xml:11085 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Device\"\n" @@ -15998,12 +17217,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:11031 +#: book.translate.xml:11096 msgid "Monitors" msgstr "顯示器" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11033 +#: book.translate.xml:11098 msgid "" "Almost all monitors support the Extended Display Identification Data " "standard (EDID). Xorg uses " @@ -16011,9 +17230,13 @@ "supported resolutions and refresh rates. Then it selects the most " "appropriate combination of settings to use with that monitor." msgstr "" +"幾乎所有顯示器都支援延伸顯示辨識資料標準 (Extended Display Identification " +"Data, EDID)，Xorg 會使用 " +"EDID 與顯示器通訊並偵測支援的解析度與更新頻率，然後選擇最" +"適合的設定組合使用該顯示器。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11041 +#: book.translate.xml:11106 msgid "" "Other resolutions supported by the monitor can be chosen by setting the " "desired resolution in configuration files, or after the X server has been " @@ -16020,24 +17243,32 @@ "started with xrandr1." msgstr "" +"其他顯示器支援的解析度可透過在設定檔中設定想要的解析度來選擇，或者在 X 伺服器" +"啟動之後使用 xrandr1。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:11048 +#: book.translate.xml:11113 msgid "" "Using xrandr1" msgstr "" +"使用 xrandr1" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11051 +#: book.translate.xml:11116 msgid "" "Run xrandr1 without any parameters " "to see a list of video outputs and detected monitor modes:" msgstr "" +"執行 xrandr1 不加任何參數可檢查影像" +"輸出及已偵測到的顯示器模式清單:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11054 +#: book.translate.xml:11119 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% xrandr\n" @@ -16058,7 +17289,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11070 +#: book.translate.xml:11135 msgid "" "This shows that the DVI-0 output is being used to display " "a screen resolution of 1920x1200 pixels at a refresh rate of about 60 Hz. " @@ -16065,30 +17296,36 @@ "Monitors are not attached to the DisplayPort-0 and " "HDMI-0 connectors." msgstr "" +"這個結果顯示 DVI-0 輸出被用來顯示解析度為 1920x1200 像素於" +"更新頻率約 60 Hz 的畫面，未有顯示器連接到 DisplayPort-0 " +"與 HDMI-0 接頭。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11077 +#: book.translate.xml:11142 msgid "" "Any of the other display modes can be selected with xrandr1. For example, to switch to 1280x1024 at 60 Hz:" msgstr "" +"可使用 xrandr1 來選擇任何其他的顯示模" +"式。例如要切換為 1280x1024 於 60 Hz:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11081 +#: book.translate.xml:11146 #, no-wrap msgid "% xrandr --mode 1280x1024 --rate 60" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11083 +#: book.translate.xml:11148 msgid "" "A common task is using the external video output on a notebook computer for " "a video projector." -msgstr "" +msgstr "在筆記型電腦使用外部顯示輸出到投影機是常見的作業。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11086 +#: book.translate.xml:11151 msgid "" "The type and quantity of output connectors varies between devices, and the " "name given to each output varies from driver to driver. What one driver " @@ -16097,9 +17334,14 @@ "\"xfree86\">xrandr1 to list all the available outputs:" msgstr "" +"不同裝置間輸出接頭的類型與數量也不同，給每個輸出的名稱在不同驅動程式間也不" +"同。在某些驅動程式稱為 HDMI-1 的輸出在其他驅動程式則可能稱" +"為 HDMI1。因此第一個步驟是執行 xrandr1 列出所有可用的輸出:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11094 +#: book.translate.xml:11159 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% xrandr\n" @@ -16123,15 +17365,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11113 +#: book.translate.xml:11178 msgid "" "Four outputs were found: the built-in panel LVDS1, and " "external VGA1, HDMI1, and " "DP1 connectors." msgstr "" +"已找到四個輸出: 內建面板的 LVDS1，外接的 VGA1, HDMI1 以及 DP1 接頭。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11118 +#: book.translate.xml:11183 msgid "" "The projector has been connected to the VGA1 output. " "xrandrVGA1 輸出，現在使用 xrandr1 來設定該輸出到投影機 (原始解析度) 並加入額外的空間到桌面的右側:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11124 +#: book.translate.xml:11189 #, no-wrap msgid "% xrandr --output VGA1 --auto --right-of LVDS1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11126 +#: book.translate.xml:11191 msgid "" "--auto chooses the resolution and refresh rate detected " "by EDID. If the resolution is not correctly detected, a " @@ -16156,38 +17403,45 @@ "used with a 1024x768 resolution, which is set with --mode 1024x768." msgstr "" +"--auto 會選擇使用 EDID 偵測到的解析度與" +"更新頻率。若未正確偵測解析度，可替換 --auto 為 --" +"mode 然後給予固定值。例如大部份的投影機可使用 1024x768 解析度為，則" +"可設定 --mode 1024x768。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11135 +#: book.translate.xml:11200 msgid "" "xrandr1 is often run from " ".xinitrc to set the appropriate mode when X starts." msgstr "" +"xrandr1 通常會在 ." +"xinitrc 執行以在 X 啟動時設定適合的模式。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:11142 +#: book.translate.xml:11207 msgid "Setting Monitor Resolution in a File" -msgstr "" +msgstr "在檔案中設定螢幕解析度" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11145 +#: book.translate.xml:11210 msgid "To set a screen resolution of 1024x768 in a configuration file:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "在設定檔設定螢幕解析度為 1024x768:" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:11149 +#: book.translate.xml:11214 msgid "Set Screen Resolution in a File" msgstr "在單檔中設定螢幕解析度" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:11151 +#: book.translate.xml:11216 msgid "" "/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/screen-resolution.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11153 +#: book.translate.xml:11218 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Screen\"\n" @@ -16200,25 +17454,27 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11162 +#: book.translate.xml:11227 msgid "" "The few monitors that do not have EDID can be configured " "by setting HorizSync and VertRefresh " "to the range of frequencies supported by the monitor." msgstr "" +"少數顯示器沒有 EDID，可設定 HorizSync " +"及 VertRefresh 為顯示器支援的頻率範圍。" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:11169 +#: book.translate.xml:11234 msgid "Manually Setting Monitor Frequencies" msgstr "手動設定顯示器頻率" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:11171 +#: book.translate.xml:11236 msgid "/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/monitor0-freq.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11173 +#: book.translate.xml:11238 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Monitor\"\n" @@ -16229,22 +17485,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:11185 +#: book.translate.xml:11250 msgid "Input Devices" msgstr "輸入裝置" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:11188 +#: book.translate.xml:11253 msgid "Keyboards" msgstr "鍵盤" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:11192 +#: book.translate.xml:11257 msgid "Keyboard Layout" -msgstr "" +msgstr "鍵盤配置" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11195 +#: book.translate.xml:11260 msgid "" "The standardized location of keys on a keyboard is called a " "layout. Layouts and other adjustable parameters are " @@ -16251,9 +17507,12 @@ "listed in xkeyboard-config7." msgstr "" +"鍵盤上標準按鍵的位置稱做 配置 (Layout)。配置與其他可調整" +"的參數列於 xkeyboard-config7。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11200 +#: book.translate.xml:11265 msgid "" "A United States layout is the default. To select an alternate layout, set " "the XkbLayout and XkbVariant options " @@ -16260,27 +17519,30 @@ "in an InputClass. This will be applied to all input " "devices that match the class." msgstr "" +"預設為 United States 配置，要選擇其他的配置可在 InputClass 設定 XkbLayout 與 XkbVariant " +"選項。這會套用所有符合該類別的輸入裝置。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11207 +#: book.translate.xml:11272 msgid "" "This example selects a French keyboard layout with the oss variant." -msgstr "" +msgstr "這個例子選擇 French 鍵盤配置使用 oss 變體。" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:11211 +#: book.translate.xml:11276 msgid "Setting a Keyboard Layout" msgstr "設定鍵盤配置" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:11213 +#: book.translate.xml:11278 msgid "" "/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/keyboard-fr-oss.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11215 +#: book.translate.xml:11280 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section\t\"InputClass\"\n" @@ -16293,12 +17555,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:11225 +#: book.translate.xml:11290 msgid "Setting Multiple Keyboard Layouts" msgstr "設定多個鍵盤配置" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:11227 +#: book.translate.xml:11292 msgid "" "Set United States, Spanish, and Ukrainian keyboard layouts. Cycle through " "these layouts by pressing Alt " @@ -16306,15 +17568,19 @@ "x11/sbxkb can be used for improved layout switching " "control and current layout indicators." msgstr "" +"設定 United States, Spanish 與 Ukrainian 鍵盤配置，並可按 Alt Shift 來切換這些" +"配置。可使用 x11/xxkb 或 x11/sbxkb 來加" +"強配置切換控制與目前配置的指示。" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:11238 +#: book.translate.xml:11303 msgid "" "/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/kbd-layout-multi.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11240 +#: book.translate.xml:11305 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section\t\"InputClass\"\n" @@ -16325,12 +17591,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:11250 +#: book.translate.xml:11315 msgid "Closing Xorg From the Keyboard" -msgstr "" +msgstr "從鍵盤關閉 Xorg" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11254 +#: book.translate.xml:11319 msgid "" "X can be closed with a combination of keys. By default, that key combination " "is not set because it conflicts with keyboard commands for some " @@ -16337,19 +17603,21 @@ "applications. Enabling this option requires changes to the keyboard " "InputDevice section:" msgstr "" +"X 可以使用組合鍵來關閉，預設並未設定組合鍵，因為該組合鍵與部份應用程式的鍵盤" +"指令衝突。要開啟這個選項需要更改鍵盤 InputDevice 節:" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:11262 +#: book.translate.xml:11327 msgid "Enabling Keyboard Exit from X" msgstr "開啟鍵盤離開 X 功能" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:11264 +#: book.translate.xml:11329 msgid "/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/keyboard-zap.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11266 +#: book.translate.xml:11331 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section\t\"InputClass\"\n" @@ -16361,43 +17629,48 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:11279 +#: book.translate.xml:11344 msgid "Mice and Pointing Devices" msgstr "滑鼠與指標裝置" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:11281 +#: book.translate.xml:11346 msgid "" "Many mouse parameters can be adjusted with configuration options. See " "mousedrv4 for a full list." msgstr "" +"有許多滑鼠參數可使用設定選項來調整，請參考 mousedrv4 來取得完整清單。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:11286 +#: book.translate.xml:11351 msgid "Mouse Buttons" -msgstr "" +msgstr "滑鼠按鍵" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:11289 +#: book.translate.xml:11354 msgid "" "The number of buttons on a mouse can be set in the mouse " "InputDevice section of xorg.conf. To " "set the number of buttons to 7:" msgstr "" +"滑鼠的按鍵數可在 xorg.conf 的滑鼠 InputDevice 節設定，例如要設定按鍵數為 7:" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:11295 +#: book.translate.xml:11360 msgid "Setting the Number of Mouse Buttons" -msgstr "設定滑鼠按鍵編號" +msgstr "設定滑鼠按鍵數" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:11297 +#: book.translate.xml:11362 msgid "/usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/mouse0-buttons.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11299 +#: book.translate.xml:11364 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"InputDevice\"\n" @@ -16407,65 +17680,73 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11313 +#: book.translate.xml:11378 msgid "" "In some cases, Xorg autoconfiguration does not " "work with particular hardware, or a different configuration is desired. For " "these cases, a custom configuration file can be created." msgstr "" +"在某些情況 Xorg 的自動設定無法在特定硬體上運作，或" +"需要使用不同的設定。針對這些情況會建立自訂的設定檔。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11318 +#: book.translate.xml:11383 msgid "" "A configuration file can be generated by Xorg " "based on the detected hardware. This file is often a useful starting point " "for custom configurations." msgstr "" +"設定檔可由 Xorg 根據偵測到的硬體產生，這個檔案對一" +"開始自訂設定很有幫助。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11323 +#: book.translate.xml:11388 msgid "Generating an xorg.conf:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "產生 xorg.conf:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11325 +#: book.translate.xml:11390 #, no-wrap msgid "# Xorg -configure" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11327 +#: book.translate.xml:11392 msgid "" "The configuration file is saved to /root/xorg.conf.new. " "Make any changes desired, then test that file with:" msgstr "" +"設定檔會儲存至 /root/xorg.conf.new，做任何需要的更改，然" +"後使用以下指令測試該檔案:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11331 +#: book.translate.xml:11396 #, no-wrap msgid "# Xorg -config /root/xorg.conf.new" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11333 +#: book.translate.xml:11398 msgid "" "After the new configuration has been adjusted and tested, it can be split " "into smaller files in the normal location, /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg." "conf.d/." msgstr "" +"在新設定檔調整與測試過後，便可分開成較小的檔案放置到正常的位置 /" +"usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:11351 +#: book.translate.xml:11416 msgid "Using Fonts in Xorg" msgstr "在 Xorg 使用字型" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:11354 +#: book.translate.xml:11419 msgid "Type1 Fonts" msgstr "Type1 字型" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11356 +#: book.translate.xml:11421 msgid "" "The default fonts that ship with Xorg are less " "than ideal for typical desktop publishing applications. Large presentation " @@ -16487,16 +17768,30 @@ "refentrytitle>7 manual page or ." msgstr "" +"由於 Xorg 內建的預設字型用在典型的桌面出版應用程式" +"並不是很理想，大字型會呈現鋸齒狀邊緣，看起來很不專業，小字型幾乎完全看不清" +"楚。不過，這裡有幾個免費高品質的 Type1 (PostScript) 字型可用，且能容易的在 Xorg 使用。例如，URW 字型集 (Times " +"Roman, Helvetica, " +"Palatino 及其他)。 Freefont 字型" +"集 (x11-fonts/freefonts) 包含了更多的字型，但其中大部分是" +"給圖形軟體如 GIMP 所使用的字型，並不能完全作為螢幕字型使用。此外，" +"Xorg 可以簡單的設定使用 TrueType 字型。更多有關本主題的詳細資訊，請參考 " +"X7 操作手冊或 。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11375 +#: book.translate.xml:11440 msgid "" "To install the above Type1 font collections from the Ports Collection, run " "the following commands:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "要從 Port 套件集安裝上述的 Type1 字型集可執行以下指令:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11378 +#: book.translate.xml:11443 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/x11-fonts/urwfonts\n" @@ -16504,26 +17799,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11381 +#: book.translate.xml:11446 msgid "" "And likewise with the freefont or other collections. To have the X server " "detect these fonts, add an appropriate line to the X server configuration " "file (/etc/X11/xorg.conf), which reads:" msgstr "" +"同樣的安裝方式也適用 Freefont 或其他字型集。要讓 X 伺服器偵測到這些新安裝的字" +"型，可加入適當的設定到 X 伺服器設定檔 (/etc/X11/xorg.conf)，內容為:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11386 +#: book.translate.xml:11451 #, no-wrap msgid "FontPath \"/usr/local/share/fonts/urwfonts/\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11388 +#: book.translate.xml:11453 msgid "Alternatively, at the command line in the X session run:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "或者在 X session 的指令列執行:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11391 +#: book.translate.xml:11456 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% xset fp+ /usr/local/share/fonts/urwfonts\n" @@ -16531,7 +17829,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11394 +#: book.translate.xml:11459 msgid "" "This will work but will be lost when the X session is closed, unless it is " "added to the startup file (~/.xinitrc for a normal " @@ -16540,24 +17838,30 @@ "application>). A third way is to use the new /usr/local/etc/fonts/" "local.conf as demonstrated in ." msgstr "" +"這樣便可，但在 X session 關閉時將會失效，除非將該設定加入啟動檔 (一般的 " +"startx session 可在 ~/.xinitrc 設定，" +"若透過圖型化登入管理程式如 XDM 登入時則在 " +"~/.xsession 設定)。第三種方式是使用新 /usr/" +"local/etc/fonts/local.conf，如 的示" +"範。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:11406 +#: book.translate.xml:11471 msgid "TrueType Fonts" msgstr "TrueType 字型" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:11408 +#: book.translate.xml:11473 msgid "TrueType Fonts" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:11411 +#: book.translate.xml:11476 msgid "fonts TrueType" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11416 +#: book.translate.xml:11481 msgid "" "Xorg has built in support for rendering " "TrueType fonts. There are two " @@ -16567,15 +17871,20 @@ "line to the \"Module\" section of /etc/X11/xorg." "conf." msgstr "" +"Xorg 內建支援繪製 TrueType 字型，目前有兩個模組可以支援這項功能。在本例中使用 " +"freetype 模組，由於此模組與其他字型繪製後端較為一致。要開啟 freetype 模組只需" +"要將下行加入到 /etc/X11/xorg.conf 中的 \"Module" +"\" section。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11424 +#: book.translate.xml:11489 #, no-wrap msgid "Load \"freetype\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11426 +#: book.translate.xml:11491 msgid "" "Now make a directory for the TrueType fonts (for example, /usr/local/share/fonts/TrueTypemkfontdir can be installed " "as a package:" msgstr "" +"現在要建立一個儲存 TrueType 字型" +"的目錄 (例如，/usr/local/share/fonts/TrueType) 然後複製" +"所有 TrueType 字型到這個目錄。要" +"注意 TrueType 字型並無法直接取自 " +"Apple Mac，Xorg 使用的字型必" +"須為 UNIX/MS-DOS/Windows 的格式。檔案複製到讓目錄之後，使用 mkfontdir 來建立 fonts.dir 來讓 X 字型繪製程式知道安" +"裝了新的檔案。mkfontdir 可用套件的方式安裝:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11440 +#: book.translate.xml:11505 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install mkfontdir" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11442 +#: book.translate.xml:11507 msgid "Then create an index of X font files in a directory:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "然後在目錄中建立 X 字型檔的索引:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11445 +#: book.translate.xml:11510 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/local/share/fonts/TrueType\n" @@ -16613,15 +17933,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11448 +#: book.translate.xml:11513 msgid "" "Now add the TrueType directory " "to the font path. This is just the same as described in :" msgstr "" +"接著加入 TrueType 目錄到字型路" +"徑。這個動作與 中所介紹的方式相同:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11451 +#: book.translate.xml:11516 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% xset fp+ /usr/local/share/fonts/TrueType\n" @@ -16629,13 +17951,15 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11454 +#: book.translate.xml:11519 msgid "" "or add a FontPath line to xorg.conf." msgstr "" +"或直接加入 FontPath 一行到 xorg.conf。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11457 +#: book.translate.xml:11522 msgid "" "Now Gimp, Apache OpenOffice, and all of the other X applications should now recognize the " @@ -16644,24 +17968,29 @@ "page) and extremely large fonts (within StarOffice) will look much better now." msgstr "" +"現在 Gimp, Apache OpenOffice 以及其他 X 應用程式應可以辨識到已安裝的 TrueType 字型。極小的字型 (以高解析度在網頁中顯示" +"的文字) 與極大的字型 (在 StarOffice 中) 現在會看起來比較像樣了。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:11478 +#: book.translate.xml:11543 msgid "Anti-Aliased Fonts" msgstr "反鋸齒字型" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:11480 +#: book.translate.xml:11545 msgid "anti-aliased fonts" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:11483 +#: book.translate.xml:11548 msgid "fonts anti-aliased" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11488 +#: book.translate.xml:11553 msgid "" "All fonts in Xorg that are found in /" "usr/local/share/fonts/ and ~/.fonts/ are " @@ -16670,9 +17999,14 @@ "application>, GNOME, and Firefox." msgstr "" +"所有可在 /usr/local/share/fonts/ 及 ~/.fonts/" +" 找到的 Xorg 字型均可在 Xft-aware 的應" +"用程式使用反鋸齒的效果。大多最近的應用程式均為 Xft-aware 的，包括 " +"KDE, GNOME 以及 " +"Firefox。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11497 +#: book.translate.xml:11562 msgid "" "In order to control which fonts are anti-aliased, or to configure anti-" "aliasing properties, create (or edit, if it already exists) the file " @@ -16682,14 +18016,19 @@ "fonts-conf5." msgstr "" +"要控制那一些字型要做反鋸齒或設定反鋸齒的屬性，需建立 /usr/local/" +"etc/fonts/local.conf 檔案 (若檔案存在則編輯)。在這個檔案中可以調" +"整 Xft 字型系統的數項進階功能，本章節僅介紹部份簡單的項目，要取得進一步資訊，" +"可參考 fonts-conf5。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:11506 +#: book.translate.xml:11571 msgid "XML" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11508 +#: book.translate.xml:11573 msgid "" "This file must be in XML format. Pay careful attention to case, and make " "sure all tags are properly closed. The file begins with the usual XML header " @@ -16696,9 +18035,12 @@ "followed by a DOCTYPE definition, and then the <fontconfig> tag:" msgstr "" +"這個檔案必須使用 XML 格式，小心文字大小寫，且要確定所有標籤均有正常結尾。檔案" +"的開頭使用常見的 XML 檔首，接著為 DOCTYPE 定義，然後是 <" +"fontconfig> 標籤:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11514 +#: book.translate.xml:11579 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n" @@ -16707,7 +18049,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11518 +#: book.translate.xml:11583 msgid "" "As previously stated, all fonts in /usr/local/share/fonts/ as well as ~/.fonts/ are already made " @@ -16715,28 +18057,32 @@ "outside of these two directory trees, add a line similar to the following to " "/usr/local/etc/fonts/local.conf:" msgstr "" +"如同前面所提到的，所有在 /usr/local/share/fonts/ 與 " +"~/.fonts/ 的字型均已在 Xft-aware 的應用程式做反鋸齒效" +"果，若您想要加入除了上兩者以外的目錄，可加入下行設定到 /usr/local/" +"etc/fonts/local.conf:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11526 +#: book.translate.xml:11591 #, no-wrap msgid "<dir>/path/to/my/fonts</dir>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11528 +#: book.translate.xml:11593 msgid "" "After adding new fonts, and especially new font directories, you should run " "the following command to rebuild the font caches:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "加入新字型及額外的新字型目錄之後，您應執行以下指令來重新建立字型快取:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11532 +#: book.translate.xml:11597 #, no-wrap msgid "# fc-cache -f" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11534 +#: book.translate.xml:11599 msgid "" "Anti-aliasing makes borders slightly fuzzy, which makes very small text more " "readable and removes staircases from large text, but can " @@ -16743,9 +18089,12 @@ "cause eyestrain if applied to normal text. To exclude font sizes smaller " "than 14 point from anti-aliasing, include these lines:" msgstr "" +"反鋸齒效果會讓文字的邊緣變模糊，這會讓非常小的文字更能閱讀且去除大型文字的 " +"鋸齒，但套用在一般的文字可能會造成眼睛的疲勞。要排除小於 14 點" +"的字型大小使用反鋸齒效果，可加入這些行:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11541 +#: book.translate.xml:11606 #, no-wrap msgid "" " <match target=\"font\">\n" @@ -16767,12 +18116,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:11558 +#: book.translate.xml:11623 msgid "fonts spacing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11563 +#: book.translate.xml:11628 msgid "" "Spacing for some monospaced fonts may also be inappropriate with anti-" "aliasing. This seems to be an issue with KDE, in " @@ -16779,9 +18128,12 @@ "particular. One possible fix for this is to force the spacing for such fonts " "to be 100. Add the following lines:" msgstr "" +"反鋸齒所產生的間距對於部份等寬字型並不適合，尤其是在使用 KDE 時會發生問題。可能的修正方式是強制字型的間距為 100，可加入以下" +"行:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11569 +#: book.translate.xml:11634 #, no-wrap msgid "" " <match target=\"pattern\" name=\"family\">\n" @@ -16803,14 +18155,15 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11586 +#: book.translate.xml:11651 msgid "" "(this aliases the other common names for fixed fonts as \"mono\"), and then add:" msgstr "" +"(這會設定等寬字型的其他常用名稱為 \"mono\")，然後加入:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11589 +#: book.translate.xml:11654 #, no-wrap msgid "" " <match target=\"pattern\" name=\"family\">\n" @@ -16824,7 +18177,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11598 +#: book.translate.xml:11663 msgid "" "Certain fonts, such as Helvetica, may have a problem when anti-aliased. " "Usually this manifests itself as a font that seems cut in half vertically. " @@ -16831,9 +18184,12 @@ "At worst, it may cause applications to crash. To avoid this, consider adding " "the following to local.conf:" msgstr "" +"部份字型，如 Helvetica，在使用反鋸齒時可能會發生問題，通常會呈現像垂直切成兩" +"半的字型，最差還可能會導致應用程式當掉。要避免這個問題，可考慮加入以下設定到 " +"local.conf:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11604 +#: book.translate.xml:11669 #, no-wrap msgid "" " <match target=\"pattern\" name=\"family\">\n" @@ -16847,33 +18203,38 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11613 +#: book.translate.xml:11678 msgid "" "Once you have finished editing local.conf make sure you " "end the file with the </fontconfig> tag. Not doing " "this will cause your changes to be ignored." msgstr "" +"編輯 local.conf 完之後，請確認有使用 </" +"fontconfig> 標籤結尾，若沒使用會讓您的更改直接被忽略。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11618 +#: book.translate.xml:11683 msgid "" "Finally, users can add their own settings via their personal ." "fonts.conf files. To do this, each user should simply create a " "~/.fonts.conf. This file must also be in XML format." msgstr "" +"最後，使用者可以透過個人的 .fonts.conf 檔案來加入自己的" +"設定。要加入個人設定，每位使用者只需簡單的建立 ~/.fonts.conf，這個檔案也同樣需要為 XML 格式。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:11624 +#: book.translate.xml:11689 msgid "LCD screen" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:11625 +#: book.translate.xml:11690 msgid "Fonts LCD screen" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11628 +#: book.translate.xml:11693 msgid "" "One last point: with an LCD screen, sub-pixel sampling may be desired. This " "basically treats the (horizontally separated) red, green and blue components " @@ -16881,9 +18242,13 @@ "dramatic. To enable this, add the line somewhere in local.conf:" msgstr "" +"最後一點: 若有使用 LCD 螢幕，可能會想要使用子像素取樣 (Sub-pixel sampling)，" +"這基本上會分開處理 (水平分隔) 紅、綠、藍色彩組成來提高垂直解析度，結果可能是" +"無法預料的。要開啟這個功能，加入下行到 local.conf 的任一" +"處:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11635 +#: book.translate.xml:11700 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<match target=\"font\">\n" @@ -16897,20 +18262,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:11645 +#: book.translate.xml:11710 msgid "" "Depending on the sort of display, rgb may need to be " "changed to bgr, vrgb or vbgr: experiment and see which works best." msgstr "" +"依據不同的顯示器類型，rgb 可能會需要更改為 bgr, vrgb 或 vbgr: 可實驗看看然後" +"看那一個效果最好。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:11656 +#: book.translate.xml:11721 msgid "The X Display Manager" msgstr "X 顯示管理程式" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:11659 +#: book.translate.xml:11724 msgid "" " Seth Kingsley Contributed by " @@ -16917,12 +18285,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:11669 +#: book.translate.xml:11734 msgid "X Display Manager" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:11670 +#: book.translate.xml:11735 msgid "" "Xorg provides an X Display Manager, " "XDM, which can be used for login session " @@ -16930,9 +18298,13 @@ "for choosing which display server to connect to and for entering " "authorization information such as a login and password combination." msgstr "" +"Xorg 提供了 X 顯示管理程式 (X Display Manager, " +"XDM)，可用來做登入階段的管理。XDM 提供了一個圖型化的介面來選擇要連結的顯示伺服器以及輸入認証資訊 " +"(登入與密碼)。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:11677 +#: book.translate.xml:11742 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to configure the X Display Manager on FreeBSD. " "Some desktop environments provide their own graphical login manager. Refer " @@ -16940,14 +18312,18 @@ "GNOME Display Manager and for instructions on " "how to configure the KDE Display Manager." msgstr "" +"本節將示範如何設定 FreeBSD 的 X 顯示管理程式。部份桌面環境會提供自己的圖型化" +"登入管理程式，請參考 取得如何設定 GNOME 顯示" +"管理程式 (GNOME Display Manager) 的操作方式以及 取得如何設定 KDE 顯示管理程式 (KDE Display Manager) 的操作方式。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:11684 +#: book.translate.xml:11749 msgid "Configuring XDM" msgstr "設定 XDM" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11686 +#: book.translate.xml:11751 msgid "" "To install XDM, use the x11/xdm package or port. Once installed, XDM can " @@ -16954,23 +18330,29 @@ "be configured to run when the machine boots up by editing this entry in " "/etc/ttys:" msgstr "" +"要安裝 XDM 可使用 x11/xdm 套件" +"或 Port。安裝完成之後，可設定 XDM 在開機時執行，只" +"需編輯 /etc/ttys 中的此項目:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11692 +#: book.translate.xml:11757 #, no-wrap msgid "ttyv8 \"/usr/local/bin/xdm -nodaemon\" xterm off secure" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11694 +#: book.translate.xml:11759 msgid "" "Change the off to on and save the " "edit. The ttyv8 in this entry indicates that " "XDM will run on the ninth virtual terminal." msgstr "" +"更改關 (off) 為開 (on) 然後儲存編輯。在" +"此項目中的 ttyv8 代表 XDM 會在" +"第 9 個虛擬終端機執行。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11699 +#: book.translate.xml:11764 msgid "" "The XDM configuration directory is located in " "/usr/local/lib/X11/xdm. This directory contains several " @@ -16982,24 +18364,31 @@ "\"xfree86\">xdm1." msgstr "" +"XDM 的設定目錄位於 /usr/local/lib/X11/" +"xdm。此目錄中包含數個可用來更改 XDM 行" +"為與外觀的檔案以及在 XDM 執行時用來設定桌面的一" +"些 Script 及程式， 摘要了每個檔案的功" +"能。這些檔案正確的語法與用法在 xdm1 有說明。" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:11709 +#: book.translate.xml:11774 msgid "XDM Configuration Files" msgstr "XDM 設定檔" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11714 book.translate.xml:54569 +#: book.translate.xml:11779 book.translate.xml:55403 msgid "File" msgstr "檔案" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11721 +#: book.translate.xml:11786 msgid "Xaccess" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11722 +#: book.translate.xml:11787 msgid "" "The protocol for connecting to XDM is called the " "X Display Manager Connection Protocol (XDMCP) This file " @@ -17007,14 +18396,18 @@ "connections from remote machines. By default, this file does not allow any " "remote clients to connect." msgstr "" +"連線到 XDM 所需的通訊協定稱做 X 顯示管理程式連線通" +"訊協定 (X Display Manager Connection Protocol, XDMCP)，此" +"檔案為客戶端認証規則，用來控制來自遠端機器的 XDMCP 連線。" +"預設此檔案並不允許任何遠端的客戶端連線。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11732 +#: book.translate.xml:11797 msgid "Xresources" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11733 +#: book.translate.xml:11798 msgid "" "This file controls the look and feel of the XDM " "display chooser and login screens. The default configuration is a simple " @@ -17023,26 +18416,30 @@ "prompts below. The format of this file is identical to the app-defaults file " "described in the Xorg documentation." msgstr "" +"此檔案控制 XDM 顯示選擇器及登入畫面的外觀。預設的" +"設定簡單的矩形登入視窗，上方用較大的字型顯示機器的主機名稱，並在下方顯示 " +"Login: 與 Password: 提示。此檔案的格式與 " +"Xorg 說明文件中說明的 app-defaults 檔相同。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11746 +#: book.translate.xml:11811 msgid "Xservers" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11747 +#: book.translate.xml:11812 msgid "" "The list of local and remote displays the chooser should provide as login " "choices." -msgstr "" +msgstr "登入選擇時在選擇器上要提供的本地及遠端顯示清單。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11752 +#: book.translate.xml:11817 msgid "Xsession" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11753 +#: book.translate.xml:11818 msgid "" "Default session script for logins which is run by XDM after a user has logged in. Normally each user will have a " @@ -17049,14 +18446,17 @@ "customized session script in ~/.xsession that overrides " "this script" msgstr "" +"預設的登入階段 Script，使用者登入之後由 XDM 執行。" +"一般每一位使用者都會有自訂的階段 Script 在 ~/.xsession " +"來覆蓋此 Script 的設定。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11761 +#: book.translate.xml:11826 msgid "Xsetup_*" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11762 +#: book.translate.xml:11827 msgid "" "Script to automatically launch applications before displaying the chooser or " "login interfaces. There is a script for each display being used, named " @@ -17064,24 +18464,28 @@ "display number. Typically these scripts run one or two programs in the " "background such as xconsole." msgstr "" +"用來在顯示選擇器與登入介面之前自動執行應用程式的 Script。每一個顯示各有一個 " +"Script，名稱為 Xsetup_*，其中 * 為本" +"地顯示編號。正常情況這些 Script 會在背景執行一兩個程式，例如 " +"xconsole。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11773 +#: book.translate.xml:11838 msgid "xdm-config" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11774 +#: book.translate.xml:11839 msgid "Global configuration for all displays running on this machine." -msgstr "" +msgstr "用來設定所有在此機器上執行的顯示的全域設定檔。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11779 +#: book.translate.xml:11844 msgid "xdm-errors" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11780 +#: book.translate.xml:11845 msgid "" "Contains errors generated by the server program. If a display that " "XDM is trying to start hangs, look at this file " @@ -17088,33 +18492,38 @@ "for error messages. These messages are also written to the user's " "~/.xsession-errors on a per-session basis." msgstr "" +"內含由伺服器程式產生的錯誤訊息，若 XDM 嘗試啟動的" +"顯示沒有回應，可查看此檔案來取得錯誤訊息。以登入階段為基礎，這些訊息也同樣會" +"寫入至使用者的 ~/.xsession-errors。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11789 +#: book.translate.xml:11854 msgid "xdm-pid" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:11790 +#: book.translate.xml:11855 msgid "" "The running process ID of XDM." -msgstr "" +msgstr "XDM 的執行程序 ID。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:11799 +#: book.translate.xml:11864 msgid "Configuring Remote Access" msgstr "設定遠端存取" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11801 +#: book.translate.xml:11866 msgid "" "By default, only users on the same system can login using XDM. To enable users on other systems to connect to the display " "server, edit the access control rules and enable the connection listener." msgstr "" +"預設只有同系統的使用者可以使用 XDM 登入。要開啟讓" +"其他系統的使用者可連線到顯示伺服器，需編輯存取控制規則及開啟連線傾聽程式。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11806 +#: book.translate.xml:11871 msgid "" "To configure XDM to listen for any remote " "connection, comment out the DisplayManager.requestPort " @@ -17121,9 +18530,12 @@ "line in /usr/local/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-config by putting a " "! in front of it:" msgstr "" +"要設定 XDM 傾聽作何遠端的連線，在 /usr/" +"local/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-config 中的 DisplayManager." +"requestPort 行前加上 ! 來註解該行:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11812 +#: book.translate.xml:11877 #, no-wrap msgid "" "! SECURITY: do not listen for XDMCP or Chooser requests\n" @@ -17132,7 +18544,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11816 +#: book.translate.xml:11881 msgid "" "Save the edits and restart XDM. To restrict " "remote access, look at the example entries in /usr/local/lib/X11/" @@ -17140,14 +18552,18 @@ "\"xfree86\">xdm1 for further information." msgstr "" +"儲存編輯並重新啟動 XDM，要限制遠端存取，請看 " +"/usr/local/lib/X11/xdm/Xaccess 中的範例項目，並參考 " +"xdm1 取得進一步資訊。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:11825 +#: book.translate.xml:11890 msgid "Desktop Environments" msgstr "桌面環境" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:11828 +#: book.translate.xml:11893 msgid "" " Valentino Vaschetto Contributed by " @@ -17154,7 +18570,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:11839 +#: book.translate.xml:11904 msgid "" "This section describes how to install three popular desktop environments on " "a FreeBSD system. A desktop environment can range from a simple window " @@ -17162,14 +18578,17 @@ "environments are available in the x11-wm category of " "the Ports Collection." msgstr "" +"本節將介紹如何在 FreeBSD 系統安裝三種熱門的桌面環境。一套桌面環境的範圍可從簡" +"單的視窗管理程式到完整的桌面應用程式集。有上百套的桌面環境可在 Port 套件集的 " +"x11-wm 分類取得。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:11847 +#: book.translate.xml:11912 msgid "GNOME" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11850 +#: book.translate.xml:11915 msgid "" "GNOME is a user-friendly desktop environment. It " "includes a panel for starting applications and displaying status, a desktop, " @@ -17181,28 +18600,37 @@ "about installing, configuring, and managing GNOME " "on FreeBSD." msgstr "" +"GNOME 是一個擁有友善使用者介面的的桌面環境，它包括" +"用於啟動應用程式和顯示狀態的面板、一系列工具與應用程序及一套可讓應用程式更容" +"易進行合作、相互一致的協定。更多有關 FreeBSD GNOME 的訊息可在http://www.FreeBSD.org/gnome 取得，該網站包含了有關在 FreeBSD 安" +"裝、設定和管理 GNOME 的額外文件。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11861 +#: book.translate.xml:11926 msgid "This desktop environment can be installed from a package:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "這套桌面環境可以從套件安裝:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11864 +#: book.translate.xml:11929 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install gnome3" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11866 +#: book.translate.xml:11931 msgid "" "To instead build GNOME from ports, use the " "following command. GNOME is a large application " "and will take some time to compile, even on a fast computer." msgstr "" +"也可使用以下指令從 Port 編譯 GNOME，" +"GNOME 是一套大型的應用程式，即使在速度較快的電腦" +"上，也會需要花費一些時間編譯。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11872 +#: book.translate.xml:11937 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/x11/gnome3\n" @@ -17210,21 +18638,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11875 +#: book.translate.xml:11940 msgid "" "GNOME requires /proc to be " "mounted. Add this line to /etc/fstab to mount this file " "system automatically during system startup:" msgstr "" +"GNOME 需要掛載 /proc。加入下" +"行到 /etc/fstab 讓系統啟動時會自動掛載這個檔案系統。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11880 book.translate.xml:11971 +#: book.translate.xml:11945 book.translate.xml:12036 #, no-wrap msgid "proc /proc procfs rw 0 0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11882 +#: book.translate.xml:11947 msgid "" "GNOME uses D-Bus and " "HAL for a message bus and hardware abstraction. " @@ -17232,9 +18662,13 @@ "GNOME. Enable them in /etc/rc.conf so they will be started when the system boots:" msgstr "" +"GNOME 使用了 D-Bus 以" +"及 HAL 的 Message bus 與 Hardware abstraction。這" +"兩個應用程式會隨著 GNOME 的相依一併自動安裝，但需" +"要在 /etc/rc.conf 開啟，這樣在系統開機時才會啟動:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11890 book.translate.xml:11981 +#: book.translate.xml:11955 book.translate.xml:12046 #, no-wrap msgid "" "dbus_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -17242,7 +18676,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11893 +#: book.translate.xml:11958 msgid "" "After installation, configure Xorg to start " "GNOME. The easiest way to do this is to enable " @@ -17250,36 +18684,43 @@ "installed as part of the GNOME package or port. " "It can be enabled by adding this line to /etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "" +"安裝完之後，需設定讓 Xorg 啟動 " +"GNOME。最簡單的方法是開啟 GNOME Display Manager, " +"GDM，該程式已做為 GNOME 套件或 Port 的一部份安裝了，可加入下行到 /etc/rc." +"conf 來開啟:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11902 +#: book.translate.xml:11967 #, no-wrap msgid "gdm_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11904 +#: book.translate.xml:11969 msgid "" "It is often desirable to also start all GNOME " "services. To achieve this, add a second line to /etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "" +"通常也會需要啟動所有的 GNOME 服務，可加入下行到 " +"/etc/rc.conf:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11908 +#: book.translate.xml:11973 #, no-wrap msgid "gnome_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11910 +#: book.translate.xml:11975 msgid "" "GDM will start automatically when the system " "boots." -msgstr "" +msgstr "GDM 則會在系統開機時自動啟動。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11913 +#: book.translate.xml:11978 msgid "" "A second method for starting GNOME is to type " "startx from the command-line after configuring " @@ -17288,22 +18729,28 @@ "usr/local/bin/gnome-session. If this file does not exist, create " "it with this command:" msgstr "" +"第二種啟動 GNOME 的方法是在設定完 ~/." +"xinitrc 後在指令列輸入 startx。若這個檔案已經存" +"在，替換啟動目前視窗管理程式的那一行，改為啟動 /usr/local/bin/" +"gnome-session。若檔案不存在，則使用以下指令建立一個:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11922 +#: book.translate.xml:11987 #, no-wrap msgid "% echo \"exec /usr/local/bin/gnome-session\" > ~/.xinitrc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11924 +#: book.translate.xml:11989 msgid "" "A third method is to use XDM as the display " "manager. In this case, create an executable ~/.xsession:" msgstr "" +"第三種方法是使用 XDM 做為顯示管理程式，在這個方法" +"需要建立一個可執行的 ~/.xsession:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11928 +#: book.translate.xml:11993 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% echo \"#!/bin/sh\" > ~/.xsession\n" @@ -17312,12 +18759,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:11934 +#: book.translate.xml:11999 msgid "KDE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11938 +#: book.translate.xml:12003 msgid "" "KDE is another easy-to-use desktop environment. " "This desktop provides a suite of applications with a consistent look and " @@ -17328,20 +18775,26 @@ "link>. For FreeBSD-specific information, consult http://freebsd.kde.org." msgstr "" +"KDE 是另一套易於使用的桌面環境。這個桌面環境提供了" +"一致外觀的應用程式、標準化的選單和工具列、組合鍵、配色方案、國際化與集中、對" +"話框導向的桌面設定。更多有關 KDE 可在 http://www.kde.org/ 取得。要取得 FreeBSD " +"特定的資訊，則可參考 http://" +"freebsd.kde.org。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11947 +#: book.translate.xml:12012 msgid "To install the KDE package, type:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "要安裝 KDE 套件，請輸入:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11950 +#: book.translate.xml:12015 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install x11/kde4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11952 +#: book.translate.xml:12017 msgid "" "To instead build the KDE port, use the following " "command. Installing the port will provide a menu for selecting which " @@ -17348,9 +18801,12 @@ "components to install. KDE is a large application " "and will take some time to compile, even on a fast computer." msgstr "" +"或者要使用 KDE Port 編譯，可使用以下指令，採用 " +"Port 方式安裝會有選單可以選擇要安裝的元件。KDE 是" +"一個大型的應用程式，即使在較快的電腦上仍需要花費一段時間來編譯。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:11958 +#: book.translate.xml:12023 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/x11/kde4\n" @@ -17358,20 +18814,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:11961 +#: book.translate.xml:12026 msgid "KDE display manager" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11966 +#: book.translate.xml:12031 msgid "" "KDE requires /proc to be " "mounted. Add this line to /etc/fstab to mount this file " "system automatically during system startup:" msgstr "" +"KDE 需要掛載 /proc。加入下行" +"到 /etc/fstab 讓系統啟動時會自動掛載這個檔案系統:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11973 +#: book.translate.xml:12038 msgid "" "KDE uses D-Bus and " "HAL for a message bus and hardware abstraction. " @@ -17379,45 +18837,58 @@ "KDE. Enable them in /etc/rc.conf so they will be started when the system boots:" msgstr "" +"KDE 使用了 D-Bus 以及 " +"HAL 的 Message bus 與 Hardware abstraction。這兩個" +"應用程式會隨著 KDE 的相依一併自動安裝，但需要在 " +"/etc/rc.conf 開啟，這樣在系統開機時才會啟動:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11984 +#: book.translate.xml:12049 msgid "" "The installation of KDE includes the KDE Display " "Manager, KDM. To enable this display manager, add " "this line to /etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "" +"KDE 的安裝包含了 KDE Display Manager, " +"KDM，要開啟這個顯示管理程式，需加入下行到 " +"/etc/rc.conf:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11990 +#: book.translate.xml:12055 #, no-wrap msgid "kdm4_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:11992 +#: book.translate.xml:12057 msgid "" "A second method for launching KDE is to type " "startx from the command line. For this to work, the " "following line is needed in ~/.xinitrc:" msgstr "" +"第二種執行 KDE 的方法是在在指令列輸入 " +"startx。要採用這個方式，需要加入下行到 ~/." +"xinitrc:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:11998 +#: book.translate.xml:12063 #, no-wrap msgid "exec /usr/local/bin/startkde" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12000 +#: book.translate.xml:12065 msgid "" "A third method for starting KDE is through " "XDM. To do so, create an executable ~/." "xsession as follows:" msgstr "" +"第三種啟動 KDE 的方式是透過 XDM，要使用這個方法需要建立一個可執行的 ~/.xsession 如下:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12005 +#: book.translate.xml:12070 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% echo \"#!/bin/sh\" > ~/.xsession\n" @@ -17426,19 +18897,21 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12009 +#: book.translate.xml:12074 msgid "" "Once KDE is started, refer to its built-in help " "system for more information on how to use its various menus and applications." msgstr "" +"啟動 KDE 之後，請參考內建的說明系統來取得更多有關" +"如何使用各種選單及應用程式的資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:12015 +#: book.translate.xml:12080 msgid "Xfce" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12017 +#: book.translate.xml:12082 msgid "" "Xfce is a desktop environment based on the GTK+ " "toolkit used by GNOME. However, it is more " @@ -17450,25 +18923,32 @@ "application> can be found at http://www.xfce.org." msgstr "" +"Xfce 是以 GNOME 使用的 " +"GTK +工具包做為基礎所開發的桌面環境，但是它更輕巧且提供了一種簡單、高效、易於" +"使用的桌面。它可完全自訂設定、附有選單、Applet 及應用程式啟動器的主面板、提供" +"檔案管理程式和音效管理程式並且可設定主題。由於它是快速、輕巧、高效的桌面環" +"境，因此它非常適合有記憶體限制的較舊或較慢機器。更多有關 Xfce 的資訊可至 http://www." +"xfce.org 取得。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12028 +#: book.translate.xml:12093 msgid "To install the Xfce package:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "要安裝 Xfce 套件:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12031 +#: book.translate.xml:12096 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install xfce" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12033 +#: book.translate.xml:12098 msgid "Alternatively, to build the port:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "或者使用 Port 編譯:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12035 +#: book.translate.xml:12100 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/x11-wm/xfce4\n" @@ -17476,7 +18956,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12038 +#: book.translate.xml:12103 msgid "" "Unlike GNOME or KDE, " "Xfce does not provide its own login manager. In " @@ -17484,22 +18964,28 @@ "typing startx, first add its entry to ~/." "xinitrc:" msgstr "" +"不像 GNOME 或 KDE，" +"Xfce 並沒有自己的登入管理程式，要由指令列啟動 " +"Xfce 需輸入 startx，在這之前需" +"先加入其項目到 ~/.xinitrc:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12045 +#: book.translate.xml:12110 #, no-wrap msgid "% echo \"exec /usr/local/bin/startxfce4 --with-ck-launch\" > ~/.xinitrc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12047 +#: book.translate.xml:12112 msgid "" "An alternate method is to use XDM. To configure " "this method, create an executable ~/.xsession:" msgstr "" +"另一種方式是使用 XDM，要設定這個方式需建立一個可執" +"行的 ~/.xsession:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12051 +#: book.translate.xml:12116 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% echo \"#!/bin/sh\" > ~/.xsession\n" @@ -17508,32 +18994,34 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:12058 +#: book.translate.xml:12123 msgid "Installing Compiz Fusion" msgstr "安裝 Compiz Fusion" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12060 +#: book.translate.xml:12125 msgid "" "One way to make using a desktop computer more pleasant is with nice 3D " "effects." -msgstr "" +msgstr "要令使用桌面電腦更令人愉快的方法是用炫麗的 3D 效果。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12063 +#: book.translate.xml:12128 msgid "" "Installing the Compiz Fusion package is easy, but " "configuring it requires a few steps that are not described in the port's " "documentation." msgstr "" +"安裝 Compiz Fusion 套件非常簡單，但設定該套件需要" +"一些未在 Port 說明文件中說明的步驟。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:12068 +#: book.translate.xml:12133 msgid "Setting up the FreeBSD nVidia Driver" msgstr "設定 FreeBSD nVidia 驅動程式" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12070 +#: book.translate.xml:12135 msgid "" "Desktop effects can cause quite a load on the graphics card. For an nVidia-" "based graphics card, the proprietary driver is required for good " @@ -17540,48 +19028,58 @@ "performance. Users of other graphics cards can skip this section and " "continue with the xorg.conf configuration." msgstr "" +"桌面特效需要使用相當程度的顯示卡，對於以 nVidia 為基礎的顯示卡，需要使用專用" +"的驅動程序來取得較佳的性能。其他顯示卡的使用可以跳過這一節，並繼續 " +"xorg.conf 設定。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12076 +#: book.translate.xml:12141 msgid "" "To determine which nVidia driver is needed see the FAQ " "question on the subject." msgstr "" +"要知道需要那一種 nVidia 驅動程式可以查看 FAQ 中" +"與此主題相關的問題。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12079 +#: book.translate.xml:12144 msgid "" "Having determined the correct driver to use for your card, installation is " "as simple as installing any other package." msgstr "" +"知道您的顯示卡要使用那種驅動程式才是正確的之後，接下來的安裝程序跟安裝其他套" +"件一樣簡單。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12083 +#: book.translate.xml:12148 msgid "For example, to install the latest driver:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "例如，要安裝最新的驅動程式:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12085 +#: book.translate.xml:12150 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install x11/nvidia-driver" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12087 +#: book.translate.xml:12152 msgid "" "The driver will create a kernel module, which needs to be loaded at system " "startup. Add the following line to /boot/loader.conf:" msgstr "" +"驅動程式會建立一個需要在系統啟動時載入的核心模組，加入下行到 /boot/" +"loader.conf:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12091 +#: book.translate.xml:12156 #, no-wrap msgid "nvidia_load=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:12094 +#: book.translate.xml:12159 msgid "" "To immediately load the kernel module into the running kernel by issuing a " "command like kldload nvidia, however it has been noted " @@ -17589,62 +19087,71 @@ "properly if the driver is not loaded at boot time. After editing /" "boot/loader.conf, a reboot is recommended." msgstr "" +"要立即載入核心模組到執行中的核心可以下 kldload nvidia 指" +"令，但是需要注意，若不是在開機時載入，某些 Xorg 版" +"本會無法正常運作。因此編輯完 /boot/loader.conf 之後建議" +"要重新開機。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12103 +#: book.translate.xml:12168 msgid "" "With the kernel module loaded, you normally only need to change a single " "line in xorg.conf to enable the proprietary driver:" msgstr "" +"核心模組載入之後，您只需要更改 xorg.conf 的其中一行來開" +"啟專用的驅動程式:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12107 +#: book.translate.xml:12172 msgid "Find the following line in /etc/X11/xorg.conf:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "找到 /etc/X11/xorg.conf 中的下行:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12110 +#: book.translate.xml:12175 #, no-wrap msgid "Driver \"nv\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12112 +#: book.translate.xml:12177 msgid "and change it to:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "然後更改該行為:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12114 +#: book.translate.xml:12179 #, no-wrap msgid "Driver \"nvidia\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12116 +#: book.translate.xml:12181 msgid "" "Start the GUI as usual, and you should be greeted by the nVidia splash. " "Everything should work as usual." msgstr "" +"如往常般啟動 GUI，您應該會看到 nVidia 的啟動畫面，其他東西應如往常般運作。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:12121 +#: book.translate.xml:12186 msgid "Configuring xorg.conf for Desktop Effects" msgstr "設定 xorg.conf 來啟動桌面特效" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12123 +#: book.translate.xml:12188 msgid "" "To enable Compiz Fusion, /etc/X11/xorg." "conf needs to be modified:" msgstr "" +"要開啟 Compiz Fusion 需要修改 /etc/X11/" +"xorg.conf:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12127 +#: book.translate.xml:12192 msgid "Add the following section to enable composite effects:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "加入以下 Section 來開啟合成特效:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12130 +#: book.translate.xml:12195 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Extensions\"\n" @@ -17653,14 +19160,14 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12134 +#: book.translate.xml:12199 msgid "" "Locate the Screen section which should look similar to the " "one below:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "找到 Screen section，長的應該如下所示:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12137 +#: book.translate.xml:12202 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Screen\"\n" @@ -17671,12 +19178,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12143 +#: book.translate.xml:12208 msgid "and add the following two lines (after Monitor will do):" -msgstr "" +msgstr "然後加入以下兩行 (在Monitor 之後):" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12146 +#: book.translate.xml:12211 #, no-wrap msgid "" "DefaultDepth 24\n" @@ -17684,7 +19191,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12149 +#: book.translate.xml:12214 msgid "" "Locate the Subsection that refers to the screen resolution " "that you wish to use. For example, if you wish to use 1280x1024, locate the " @@ -17691,9 +19198,12 @@ "section that follows. If the desired resolution does not appear in any " "subsection, you may add the relevant entry by hand:" msgstr "" +"找到您欲使用的螢幕解析度所在的 Subsection，例如，您想要使用 " +"1280x1024，則找到如下所示的 Section。若想要使用的解析度不在任何 Subsection 之" +"中，您可以手動加入對應的項目:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12155 +#: book.translate.xml:12220 #, no-wrap msgid "" "SubSection \"Display\"\n" @@ -17703,14 +19213,14 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12160 +#: book.translate.xml:12225 msgid "" "A color depth of 24 bits is needed for desktop composition, change the above " "subsection to:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "桌面合成需要 24 bit 的色彩深度，更改上述 Subsection 為:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12163 +#: book.translate.xml:12228 #, no-wrap msgid "" "SubSection \"Display\"\n" @@ -17721,14 +19231,16 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12169 +#: book.translate.xml:12234 msgid "" "Finally, confirm that the glx and extmod " "modules are loaded in the Module section:" msgstr "" +"最後確認在 Module section 中已經載入 glx 與 " +"extmod 模組:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12173 +#: book.translate.xml:12238 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Module\"\n" @@ -17738,14 +19250,16 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12178 +#: book.translate.xml:12243 msgid "" "The preceding can be done automatically with x11/nvidia-xconfig by running (as root):" msgstr "" +"前面所述的動作可以執行 x11/nvidia-xconfig 來自動完成 (使" +"用 root) :" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12182 +#: book.translate.xml:12247 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# nvidia-xconfig --add-argb-glx-visuals\n" @@ -17754,32 +19268,35 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:12188 +#: book.translate.xml:12253 msgid "Installing and Configuring Compiz Fusion" msgstr "安裝與設定 Compiz Fusion" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12190 +#: book.translate.xml:12255 msgid "" "Installing Compiz Fusion is as simple as any " "other package:" msgstr "" +"安裝 Compiz Fusion 如同安裝其他套件一樣簡單:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12193 +#: book.translate.xml:12258 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install x11-wm/compiz-fusion" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12195 +#: book.translate.xml:12260 msgid "" "When the installation is finished, start your graphic desktop and at a " "terminal, enter the following commands (as a normal user):" msgstr "" +"安裝完成之後，開啟您的圖型化桌面，然後在終端機的畫面輸入以下指令 (使用一般使" +"用者):" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12199 +#: book.translate.xml:12264 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% compiz --replace --sm-disable --ignore-desktop-hints ccp &\n" @@ -17787,7 +19304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12202 +#: book.translate.xml:12267 msgid "" "Your screen will flicker for a few seconds, as your window manager (e.g. " "Metacity if you are using GNOMEEmerald takes care of the window decorations (i." "e. close, minimize, maximize buttons, title bars and so on)." msgstr "" +"由於您的視窗管理程式 (例如: Metacity，若您使用 " +"GNOME) 會被替換成 Compiz Fusion，您的螢幕會閃爍幾秒。而 Emerald 會處" +"理視窗的裝飾 (例如: 關閉、最小化、最大化按鈕、標題列及其他相關)。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12210 +#: book.translate.xml:12275 msgid "" "You may convert this to a trivial script and have it run at startup " "automatically (e.g. by adding to Sessions in a " "GNOME desktop):" msgstr "" +"您或許可以將這些指令改寫成較小的 Script 然後在啟動時自動執行 (加到 " +"GNOME 桌面的 Sessions 中):" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12215 +#: book.translate.xml:12280 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#! /bin/sh\n" @@ -17814,20 +19337,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12219 +#: book.translate.xml:12284 msgid "" "Save this in your home directory as, for example, start-compiz and make it executable:" msgstr "" +"儲存這個 Script 到您的家目錄所在位置，例如 start-compiz，然後讓該檔案可以執行:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12223 +#: book.translate.xml:12288 #, no-wrap msgid "% chmod +x ~/start-compiz" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12225 +#: book.translate.xml:12290 msgid "" "Then use the GUI to add it to Startup Programs " "(located in System, Preferences, Sessions on a GNOME desktop)." msgstr "" +"接著使用 GUI 將該檔案加入啟動程式 Startup Programs (位於 GNOME 桌面的系統 " +"System, 偏好設定 Preferences, 工作階段 Sessions)。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12232 +#: book.translate.xml:12297 msgid "" "To actually select all the desired effects and their settings, execute " "(again as a normal user) the Compiz Config Settings Manager:" msgstr "" +"要選擇所想使用的特效與相關設定，可執行 (一樣使用一般使用者) Compiz Config 設" +"定管理程式 Compiz Config Settings Manager:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12236 +#: book.translate.xml:12301 #, no-wrap msgid "% ccsm" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:12239 +#: book.translate.xml:12304 msgid "" "In GNOME, this can also be found in the " "System, Preferences " "menu." msgstr "" +"在 GNOME 中，也可在系統 System, 偏好設定 Preferences 選單中找到。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12244 +#: book.translate.xml:12309 msgid "" "If you have selected gconf support during the build, you will " "also be able to view these settings using gconf-editor " "under apps/compiz." msgstr "" +"若您在編譯時選擇了 gconf support，您便可使用 gconf-" +"editor 在 apps/compiz 下查看設定。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12255 +#: book.translate.xml:12320 msgid "" "If the mouse does not work, you will need to first configure it before " "proceeding. In recent Xorg versions, the " @@ -17875,22 +19410,27 @@ "behavior, add the following line to the ServerLayout or " "ServerFlags section of this file:" msgstr "" +"若滑鼠無法使用，您將需要做第一次設定方可繼續。在最近的 Xorg 版本，使用自動偵測裝置會忽略在 xorg.conf 中" +"的 InputDevice section。要採用舊的方式，需在此檔案加入下行" +"到 ServerLayout 或 ServerFlags section:" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12264 +#: book.translate.xml:12329 #, no-wrap msgid "Option \"AutoAddDevices\" \"false\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12266 +#: book.translate.xml:12331 msgid "" "Input devices may then be configured as in previous versions, along with any " "other options needed (e.g., keyboard layout switching)." msgstr "" +"輸入裝置便可如先前版本一樣設定，連同其他所需的選項 (如: 切換鍵盤配置)。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:12271 +#: book.translate.xml:12336 msgid "" "As previously explained the hald daemon will, by " "default, automatically detect your keyboard. There are chances that your " @@ -17902,9 +19442,16 @@ "refentrytitle>1 utility or with a " "hald's configuration rule." msgstr "" +"如同前面有說明過，hald Daemon 預設會自動偵測您的鍵" +"盤，因此您的鍵盤配置或型號可能不正確，桌面環境如 GNOME, KDE 或 Xfce 會提供設定鍵盤的工具。即使如此，還是有可能透過 setxkbmap1 工具或 hald 的設定規則的" +"協助來直接設定鍵盤屬性。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:12283 +#: book.translate.xml:12348 msgid "" "For example if, one wants to use a PC 102 keys keyboard coming with a french " "layout, we have to create a keyboard configuration file for " @@ -17912,9 +19459,13 @@ "and saved in the /usr/local/etc/hal/fdi/policy " "directory. This file should contain the following lines:" msgstr "" +"舉例來說，若有人想要使用 PC 102 鍵的鍵盤，採用法語 (French) 配置，我們便需要" +"建立一個給 hald 的鍵盤設定檔，名稱為 " +"x11-input.fdi，然後儲存到 /usr/local/etc/hal/" +"fdi/policy 目錄。這個檔案中應要有以下幾行:" #. (itstool) path: note/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12291 +#: book.translate.xml:12356 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"iso-8859-1\"?>\n" @@ -17929,46 +19480,49 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:12301 +#: book.translate.xml:12366 msgid "" "If this file already exists, just copy and add to your file the lines " "regarding the keyboard configuration." -msgstr "" +msgstr "若這個檔案已經存在，只需要複製並貼上您的檔案中有關鍵盤設定的那幾行。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:12304 +#: book.translate.xml:12369 msgid "" "You will have to reboot your machine to force hald to read this file." msgstr "" +"您會需要重新啟動您的機器來讓 hald 讀取這個檔案。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:12307 +#: book.translate.xml:12372 msgid "" "It is possible to do the same configuration from an X terminal or a script " "with this command line:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "也是可以從 X 終端機或 Script 下指令來做同樣的設定:" #. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12310 +#: book.translate.xml:12375 #, no-wrap msgid "% setxkbmap -model pc102 -layout fr" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:12312 +#: book.translate.xml:12377 msgid "" "/usr/local/share/X11/xkb/rules/base.lst lists the " "various keyboard, layouts and options available." msgstr "" +"/usr/local/share/X11/xkb/rules/base.lst 中列出了各種可用" +"的鍵盤、配置與設定。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:12317 +#: book.translate.xml:12382 msgid "Xorg tuning" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12320 +#: book.translate.xml:12385 msgid "" "The xorg.conf.new configuration file may now be tuned " "to taste. Open the file in a text editor such as xorg.conf.new under the \"Monitor\" section:" msgstr "" +"現在可以開始調整 xorg.conf.new 設定檔，在文字編輯器如 " +"emacs1 或 " +"ee1 開啟該設定檔。若顯示器是不支援自動偵測同步頻率 (Sync " +"frequency) 的舊或特殊的型號，同步頻率的設定可以手動加到 xorg.conf." +"new 的 \"Monitor\" section:" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12328 +#: book.translate.xml:12393 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Monitor\"\n" @@ -17994,7 +19555,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12336 +#: book.translate.xml:12401 msgid "" "Most monitors support sync frequency autodetection, making manual entry of " "these values unnecessary. For the few monitors that do not support " @@ -18001,9 +19562,11 @@ "autodetection, avoid potential damage by only entering values provided by " "the manufacturer." msgstr "" +"多數顯示器都支援自動偵測同步頻率，並不需要手動設定這些數值。對於那些不支援自" +"動偵測的顯示器，請輸入由製造商提供的數值來避免損壞顯示器。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12342 +#: book.translate.xml:12407 msgid "" "X allows DPMS (Energy Star) features to be used with capable monitors. The " "xsetxset1 程式可以控制逾時並可強制待機 (Standby)、暫停 (Suspend) 或關閉 " +"(Off) 模式。若您想要為您的顯示器開啟 DPMS 功能，您需要加入下行到顯示器 " +"(Monitor) 的 Section:" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12348 +#: book.translate.xml:12413 #, no-wrap msgid "Option \"DPMS\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:12350 +#: book.translate.xml:12415 msgid "xorg.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12354 +#: book.translate.xml:12419 msgid "" "While the xorg.conf.new configuration file is still " "open in an editor, select the default resolution and color depth desired. " "This is defined in the \"Screen\" section:" msgstr "" +"在編輯器還未關閉 xorg.conf.new 設定檔前，選擇想要使用的" +"預設解析度及色彩深度。這些項目可在 \"Screen\" section 定" +"義:" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12359 +#: book.translate.xml:12424 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Screen\"\n" @@ -18050,7 +19621,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12371 +#: book.translate.xml:12436 msgid "" "The DefaultDepth keyword describes the color depth to run " "at by default. This can be overridden with the " @@ -18062,16 +19633,23 @@ "depth is twenty-four bits per pixel. At this color depth, the accepted " "resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels." msgstr "" +"DefaultDepth 關鍵字代表預設執行要使用的色彩深度，這個設定" +"可以被 Xorg1 的指令列參數 覆蓋。Modes 關鍵字代表執行要使用的解析度，" +"注意，只有 VESA 標準模式才支援目標系統的繪圖硬體來定義解析度。在上述的例子" +"中，預設使用的色彩深度為每像素 24 bit，這個色彩深度可用的解析度為 1024 x 768 " +"像素。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12382 +#: book.translate.xml:12447 msgid "" "Finally, write the configuration file and test it using the test mode given " "above." -msgstr "" +msgstr "最後，儲存設定檔並使用測試模式來測試上述的設定。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:12386 +#: book.translate.xml:12451 msgid "" "One of the tools available to assist you during troubleshooting process are " "the Xorg log files, which contain information on " @@ -18081,9 +19659,14 @@ "from Xorg.0.log to Xorg.8.log and " "so forth." msgstr "" +"有一個工具可以協助您診斷問題，那就是 Xorg 記錄檔。" +"該記錄檔中記錄了 Xorg 連接的每個裝置的資訊。" +"Xorg 記錄檔名稱的格式為 /var/log/Xorg.0." +"log，確切的記錄檔名會可能從 Xorg.0.log 到 " +"Xorg.8.log 以此類推。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12398 +#: book.translate.xml:12463 msgid "" "If all is well, the configuration file needs to be installed in a common " "location where Xorg/etc/X11/xorg.conf or /usr/local/" "etc/X11/xorg.conf." msgstr "" +"若一且運作正常，設定檔需要安裝到 Xorg1 會尋找的常用設定檔位置，通常是 /etc/X11/xorg.conf 或 /usr/local/etc/X11/xorg.conf。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12403 +#: book.translate.xml:12468 #, no-wrap msgid "# cp xorg.conf.new /etc/X11/xorg.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12405 +#: book.translate.xml:12470 msgid "" "The Xorg configuration process is now complete. " "Xorg may be now started with the xdm1." msgstr "" +"現在已經完成了 Xorg 的設定程序。" +"Xorg 現在可以使用 startx1 工具啟動。Xorg 伺服器也可以使用 " +"xdm1 來啟動。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:12412 +#: book.translate.xml:12477 msgid "" "Configuration with Intel " "i810 Graphics Chipsets" @@ -18120,12 +19713,12 @@ "literal> 繪圖晶片組" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:12415 +#: book.translate.xml:12480 msgid "Intel i810 graphic chipset" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12419 +#: book.translate.xml:12484 msgid "" "Configuration with Intel i810 " "integrated chipsets requires the agpgart AGP " @@ -18133,9 +19726,14 @@ "See the agp4 driver manual page for more information." msgstr "" +"要設定 Intel i810 整合晶片組需要" +"使用 agpgart AGP 程式介面來控制 Xorg 驅動該顯示卡。請參考 agp4 驅動程式操作手冊來取得" +"更多詳細資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12425 +#: book.translate.xml:12490 msgid "" "This will allow configuration of the hardware as any other graphics board. " "Note on systems without the agp/boot/loader.conf." msgstr "" +"這也可讓您可以設定任何其他繪圖卡的硬體。注意，在未編譯 " +"agp4 到核心的系統，並無法使用 kldload8 來載入該模組，因此驅動" +"程式必須在開機時便在核心啟動，所以需要透過編譯或使用 /boot/loader." +"conf 來載入。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:12434 +#: book.translate.xml:12499 msgid "Adding a Widescreen Flatpanel to the Mix" msgstr "加入寬螢幕平板顯示器到設定檔" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:12436 +#: book.translate.xml:12501 msgid "widescreen flatpanel configuration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12440 +#: book.translate.xml:12505 msgid "" "This section assumes a bit of advanced configuration knowledge. If attempts " "to use the standard configuration tools above have not resulted in a working " @@ -18164,50 +19768,57 @@ "configuration, there is information enough in the log files to be of use in " "getting the setup working. Use of a text editor will be necessary." msgstr "" +"此章節會需要有一些進階的設定知識，若嘗試使用上述的標準設定工具仍無法產生可運" +"作的設定，在記錄檔中應有足夠的資訊可運用來讓顯示卡運作。在此會需要使用文字編" +"輯器。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12447 +#: book.translate.xml:12512 msgid "" "Current widescreen (WSXGA, WSXGA+, WUXGA, WXGA, WXGA+, et.al.) formats " "support 16:10 and 10:9 formats or aspect ratios that can be problematic. " "Examples of some common screen resolutions for 16:10 aspect ratios are:" msgstr "" +"目前使用寬螢幕 (WSXGA, WSXGA+, WUXGA, WXGA, WXGA+, et.al.) 格式支援的 16:10 " +"及 10:9 格式或其他的寬高比可會有問題。例如一些 16:10 寬高比常見的螢幕解析度:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:12454 +#: book.translate.xml:12519 msgid "2560x1600" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:12458 +#: book.translate.xml:12523 msgid "1920x1200" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:12462 +#: book.translate.xml:12527 msgid "1680x1050" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:12466 +#: book.translate.xml:12531 msgid "1440x900" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:12470 +#: book.translate.xml:12535 msgid "1280x800" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12474 +#: book.translate.xml:12539 msgid "" "At some point, it will be as easy as adding one of these resolutions as a " "possible Mode in the Section \"Screen\" as such:" msgstr "" +"在某些時候，可以簡單的將這些要使用的解析度以 Mode 加入" +"到 Section \"Screen\":" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12478 +#: book.translate.xml:12543 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Screen\"\n" @@ -18224,15 +19835,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12490 +#: book.translate.xml:12555 msgid "" "Xorg is smart enough to pull the resolution " "information from the widescreen via I2C/DDC information so it knows what the " "monitor can handle as far as frequencies and resolutions." msgstr "" +"Xorg 能夠從寬螢幕設定取得解析度資訊 (透過 I2C/" +"DDC)，因此能夠知道螢幕能處理的頻率及解析度。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12495 +#: book.translate.xml:12560 msgid "" "If those ModeLines do not exist in the drivers, one might " "need to give Xorg a little hint. Using /" @@ -18240,9 +19853,13 @@ "create a ModeLine that will work. Simply look for " "information resembling this:" msgstr "" +"若驅動程式中不存在那些螢幕能處理的 ModeLines，則需要給 " +"Xorg 一點提示。透過 /var/log/Xorg.0." +"log 可以取得足夠的資訊來手動建立可運作的 ModeLine。只需要在記錄檔中找到類似以下的訊息:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12503 +#: book.translate.xml:12568 #, no-wrap msgid "" "(II) MGA(0): Supported additional Video Mode:\n" @@ -18253,28 +19870,32 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12509 +#: book.translate.xml:12574 msgid "" "This information is called EDID information. Creating a ModeLine from this is just a matter of putting the numbers in the correct " "order:" msgstr "" +"這些資訊稱作 EDID 資訊，使用 EDIT 資訊建立 ModeLine 只需要" +"將數據使用正確的順序放入:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12513 +#: book.translate.xml:12578 #, no-wrap msgid "ModeLine <name> <clock> <4 horiz. timings> <4 vert. timings>" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12515 +#: book.translate.xml:12580 msgid "" "So that the ModeLine in Section \"Monitor\" for this example would look like this:" msgstr "" +"將資訊放入之後，本例中 Section \"Monitor\" 中的 " +"ModeLine 會看起來像這樣:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:12519 +#: book.translate.xml:12584 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Monitor\"\n" @@ -18287,27 +19908,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12527 +#: book.translate.xml:12592 msgid "" "Now having completed these simple editing steps, X should start on your new " "widescreen monitor." -msgstr "" +msgstr "便完成編輯的步驟，接著需要在您的寬螢幕顯示器啟動 X。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:12532 +#: book.translate.xml:12597 msgid "Troubleshooting Compiz Fusion" msgstr "Compiz Fusion 疑難排解" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:12537 +#: book.translate.xml:12602 msgid "" "I have installed Compiz Fusion, and after running " "the commands you mention, my windows are left without title bars and " "buttons. What is wrong?" msgstr "" +"我已經安裝了 Compiz Fusion，但在執行了您所提到的指" +"令後，我的視窗的標題列與按鈕便消失了。是那裡有問題?" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:12545 +#: book.translate.xml:12610 msgid "" "You are probably missing a setting in /etc/X11/xorg.conf. Review this file carefully and check especially the " @@ -18314,23 +19937,30 @@ "DefaultDepth and AddARGBGLXVisuals " "directives." msgstr "" +"您可能忘記在 /etc/X11/xorg.conf 中的設定。請重新檢查這個" +"檔案，特別是 DefaultDepth 及 AddARGBGLXVisuals 指令項。" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:12556 +#: book.translate.xml:12621 msgid "" "When I run the command to start Compiz Fusion, " "the X server crashes and I am back at the console. What is wrong?" msgstr "" +"當我執行指令來啟動 Compiz Fusion，X 伺服器便當掉" +"了，然後我又返回 Console。是那裡有問題?" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:12563 +#: book.translate.xml:12628 msgid "" "If you check /var/log/Xorg.0.log, you will probably " "find error messages during the X startup. The most common would be:" msgstr "" +"若您檢查 /var/log/Xorg.0.log，您可能可以找到當 X 啟動時" +"所發生的錯誤訊息。最常發生的錯誤會是:" #. (itstool) path: answer/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12568 +#: book.translate.xml:12633 #, no-wrap msgid "" "(EE) NVIDIA(0): Failed to initialize the GLX module; please check in your X\n" @@ -18341,20 +19971,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:12574 +#: book.translate.xml:12639 msgid "" "This is usually the case when you upgrade Xorg. " "You will need to reinstall the x11/nvidia-driver package " "so glx is built again." msgstr "" +"會發生這個情形通常是因為您升級了 Xorg，您需要重新" +"安裝 x11/nvidia-driver 套件來重新編譯 glx。" #. (itstool) path: part/title -#: book.translate.xml:12588 +#: book.translate.xml:12653 msgid "Common Tasks" msgstr "一般作業" #. (itstool) path: partintro/para -#: book.translate.xml:12591 +#: book.translate.xml:12656 msgid "" "Now that the basics have been covered, this part of the book discusses some " "frequently used features of FreeBSD. These chapters:" @@ -18363,7 +19995,7 @@ "色，這些章節包括：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:12597 +#: book.translate.xml:12662 msgid "" "Introduce popular and useful desktop applications: browsers, productivity " "tools, document viewers, and more." @@ -18370,12 +20002,12 @@ msgstr "介紹給您常見且實用的桌面應用軟體：瀏覽器、辦工工具、文件閱覽程式等。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:12603 +#: book.translate.xml:12668 msgid "Introduce a number of multimedia tools available for FreeBSD." msgstr "介紹給您眾多 FreeBSD 上可用的多媒體工具。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:12608 +#: book.translate.xml:12673 msgid "" "Explain the process of building a customized FreeBSD kernel to enable extra " "functionality." @@ -18382,7 +20014,7 @@ msgstr "解釋如何編譯量身訂做的 FreeBSD 核心以增加額外系統功能的流程。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:12613 +#: book.translate.xml:12678 msgid "" "Describe the print system in detail, both for desktop and network-connected " "printer setups." @@ -18389,12 +20021,12 @@ msgstr "詳細描述列印系統，包含桌上型印表機及網路印表機的設定。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:12618 +#: book.translate.xml:12683 msgid "Show how to run Linux applications on the FreeBSD system." msgstr "展示給您看如何在您的 FreeBSD 系統中執行 Linux 應用軟體。" #. (itstool) path: partintro/para -#: book.translate.xml:12623 +#: book.translate.xml:12688 msgid "" "Some of these chapters recommend prior reading, and this is noted in the " "synopsis at the beginning of each chapter." @@ -18401,12 +20033,12 @@ msgstr "這些章節中有些需要您預先閱讀些相關文件，在各章節開頭的概要內會提及。" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:12646 +#: book.translate.xml:12711 msgid "Desktop Applications" msgstr "桌面應用程式" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12651 +#: book.translate.xml:12716 msgid "" "While FreeBSD is popular as a server for its performance and stability, it " "is also suited for day-to-day use as a desktop. With over 24,000 " @@ -18417,12 +20049,12 @@ "software." msgstr "" "隨著 FreeBSD 優越的效能及穩定性越來越熱門，它同時適合作為每日使用的桌面系統。" -"FreeBSD 套件或 Ports 有超過 24,000 個可用的應用程式，可以簡單的建立一個自訂的" +"FreeBSD 套件或 Port 有超過 24,000 個可用的應用程式，可以簡單的建立一個自訂的" "桌面環境來執行各種不同的桌面應用程式。本章將示範如何安裝數個桌面應用程式，包" "含網頁瀏覽器、辦工軟體、文件閱覽程式以及財務軟體。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:12661 +#: book.translate.xml:12726 msgid "" "Users who prefer to install a pre-built desktop version of FreeBSD rather " "than configuring one from scratch should refer to the pcbsd.org 網站" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12668 +#: book.translate.xml:12733 msgid "Readers of this chapter should know how to:" msgstr "在閱讀這章之前，你必須了解如何：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:12672 +#: book.translate.xml:12737 msgid "" "Install additional software using packages or ports as described in ." @@ -18444,12 +20076,12 @@ msgstr "使用套件或 Port 安裝其他軟體如 所敘述。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:12677 +#: book.translate.xml:12742 msgid "Install X and a window manager as described in ." msgstr "安狀 X 與視窗管理程式如 所敘述。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12682 +#: book.translate.xml:12747 msgid "" "For information on how to configure a multimedia environment, refer to ." @@ -18457,17 +20089,17 @@ "要取得有關如何設定多媒體環境的資訊，請參考 。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:12687 +#: book.translate.xml:12752 msgid "Browsers" msgstr "瀏覽器" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:12689 +#: book.translate.xml:12754 msgid "browsers web" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12694 +#: book.translate.xml:12759 msgid "" "FreeBSD does not come with a pre-installed web browser. Instead, the www category of " @@ -18474,12 +20106,12 @@ "the Ports Collection contains many browsers which can be installed as a " "package or compiled from the Ports Collection." msgstr "" -"在 FreeBSD 中並未預先安裝好網頁瀏覽器。 但在 Ports 套件集中的 www 分類中有許多瀏覽器" -"可以採 Binary 套件安裝或自 Ports 套件集編譯的方式安裝。" +"可以採 Binary 套件安裝或自 Port 套件集編譯的方式安裝。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12700 +#: book.translate.xml:12765 msgid "" "The KDE and GNOME " "desktop environments include their own HTML browser. Refer to www/dillo2, " "www/links, and www/w3m." @@ -18499,7 +20131,7 @@ "links 以及 www/w3m。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:12710 +#: book.translate.xml:12775 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to install the following popular web browsers " "and indicates if the application is resource-heavy, takes time to compile " @@ -18506,51 +20138,51 @@ "from ports, or has any major dependencies." msgstr "" "本章節將示範如何安裝下列常見的網頁瀏覽器並說明該應用程式是否需要用到大量資" -"源、花費大量時間自 Ports 編譯或何主要的相依套件。" +"源、花費大量時間自 Port 編譯或何主要的相依套件。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12719 book.translate.xml:13078 book.translate.xml:13388 -#: book.translate.xml:13612 +#: book.translate.xml:12784 book.translate.xml:13143 book.translate.xml:13453 +#: book.translate.xml:13677 msgid "Application Name" msgstr "應用程式名稱" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12720 book.translate.xml:13079 book.translate.xml:13389 -#: book.translate.xml:13613 +#: book.translate.xml:12785 book.translate.xml:13144 book.translate.xml:13454 +#: book.translate.xml:13678 msgid "Resources Needed" msgstr "所需資源" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12721 book.translate.xml:13080 book.translate.xml:13390 -#: book.translate.xml:13614 +#: book.translate.xml:12786 book.translate.xml:13145 book.translate.xml:13455 +#: book.translate.xml:13679 msgid "Installation from Ports" -msgstr "自 Ports 安裝時間" +msgstr "自 Port 安裝時間" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12722 book.translate.xml:17025 book.translate.xml:65256 +#: book.translate.xml:12787 book.translate.xml:17090 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Notes" msgstr "說明" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12728 +#: book.translate.xml:12793 msgid "Firefox" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12729 book.translate.xml:12744 book.translate.xml:12752 +#: book.translate.xml:12794 book.translate.xml:12809 book.translate.xml:12817 msgid "medium" msgstr "中" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12730 book.translate.xml:12745 book.translate.xml:12753 -#: book.translate.xml:13089 book.translate.xml:13104 book.translate.xml:13111 -#: book.translate.xml:13428 book.translate.xml:13623 book.translate.xml:13630 -#: book.translate.xml:13637 +#: book.translate.xml:12795 book.translate.xml:12810 book.translate.xml:12818 +#: book.translate.xml:13154 book.translate.xml:13169 book.translate.xml:13176 +#: book.translate.xml:13493 book.translate.xml:13688 book.translate.xml:13695 +#: book.translate.xml:13702 msgid "heavy" msgstr "多" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12731 +#: book.translate.xml:12796 msgid "" "FreeBSD, Linux, and localized " "versions are available" @@ -18558,22 +20190,22 @@ "有 FreeBSD 、 Linux 及在地化版本" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12736 +#: book.translate.xml:12801 msgid "Opera" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12737 book.translate.xml:12738 book.translate.xml:13088 -#: book.translate.xml:13095 book.translate.xml:13096 book.translate.xml:13103 -#: book.translate.xml:13398 book.translate.xml:13399 book.translate.xml:13405 -#: book.translate.xml:13406 book.translate.xml:13412 book.translate.xml:13413 -#: book.translate.xml:13420 book.translate.xml:13421 book.translate.xml:13427 -#: book.translate.xml:13622 book.translate.xml:13629 book.translate.xml:13636 +#: book.translate.xml:12802 book.translate.xml:12803 book.translate.xml:13153 +#: book.translate.xml:13160 book.translate.xml:13161 book.translate.xml:13168 +#: book.translate.xml:13463 book.translate.xml:13464 book.translate.xml:13470 +#: book.translate.xml:13471 book.translate.xml:13477 book.translate.xml:13478 +#: book.translate.xml:13485 book.translate.xml:13486 book.translate.xml:13492 +#: book.translate.xml:13687 book.translate.xml:13694 book.translate.xml:13701 msgid "light" msgstr "少" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12739 +#: book.translate.xml:12804 msgid "" "FreeBSD and Linux versions are " "available" @@ -18580,37 +20212,37 @@ msgstr "有 FreeBSD 、 Linux 版本" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12743 +#: book.translate.xml:12808 msgid "Konqueror" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12746 +#: book.translate.xml:12811 msgid "Requires KDE libraries" msgstr "需要 KDE 程式庫" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12751 +#: book.translate.xml:12816 msgid "Chromium" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:12754 +#: book.translate.xml:12819 msgid "Requires Gtk+" msgstr "需要 Gtk+ 程式庫" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:12761 +#: book.translate.xml:12826 msgid "Firefox" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:12763 +#: book.translate.xml:12828 msgid "Firefox" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12767 +#: book.translate.xml:12832 msgid "" "Firefox is an open source browser that is fully " "ported to FreeBSD. It features a standards-compliant HTML display engine, " @@ -18624,7 +20256,7 @@ "Mozilla 的程式庫。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12774 +#: book.translate.xml:12839 msgid "" "To install the package of the latest release version of " "Firefox, type:" @@ -18631,13 +20263,13 @@ msgstr "要安裝最新釋出版本的 Firefox 套件可輸入：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12777 +#: book.translate.xml:12842 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install firefox" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12779 +#: book.translate.xml:12844 msgid "" "To instead install Firefox Extended Support " "Release (ESR) version, use:" @@ -18646,13 +20278,13 @@ "Firefox，可使用：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12782 +#: book.translate.xml:12847 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install firefox-esr" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12784 +#: book.translate.xml:12849 msgid "" "Localized versions are available in www/firefox-i18n and " "www/firefox-esr-i18n." @@ -18661,7 +20293,7 @@ "esr-i18n 取得。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12788 +#: book.translate.xml:12853 msgid "" "The Ports Collection can instead be used to compile the desired version of " "Firefox from source code. This example builds " @@ -18668,12 +20300,12 @@ "www/firefox, where firefox can be " "replaced with the ESR or localized version to install." msgstr "" -"使用 Ports 套件地可以用原始碼編譯成您想要的 FirefoxFirefox 版本。此範例編譯 www/firefox，其中 " "firefox 可替換為 ESR 或在地化版本來安裝。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12795 +#: book.translate.xml:12860 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/www/firefox\n" @@ -18681,12 +20313,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:12799 +#: book.translate.xml:12864 msgid "Firefox and Java Plugin" msgstr "Firefox 與 Java 附加元件" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:12801 +#: book.translate.xml:12866 msgid "" "The installation of Firefox does not include " "Java support. However, java/icedtea-web# cd /usr/ports/java/icedtea-web\n" @@ -18706,12 +20338,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:12811 +#: book.translate.xml:12876 msgid "Keep the default configuration options when compiling the port." msgstr "編譯 Port 時使用預設設定選項。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:12814 +#: book.translate.xml:12879 msgid "" "Once installed, start firefox, enter " "about:plugins in the location bar and press " @@ -18725,7 +20357,7 @@ "application> 附加元件應該會列在其中。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:12821 +#: book.translate.xml:12886 msgid "" "If the browser is unable to find the plugin, each user will have to run the " "following command and relaunch the browser:" @@ -18732,7 +20364,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12825 +#: book.translate.xml:12890 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ln -s /usr/local/lib/IcedTeaPlugin.so \\\n" @@ -18740,7 +20372,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:12831 +#: book.translate.xml:12896 msgid "" "Firefox and Adobe Flash Plugin" @@ -18749,12 +20381,12 @@ "class=\"registered\">Flash 附加元件" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:12833 +#: book.translate.xml:12898 msgid "Flash" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:12837 +#: book.translate.xml:12902 msgid "" "A native Adobe Flash plugin is not available for FreeBSD. " @@ -18770,12 +20402,12 @@ "\"registered\">RealPlayer。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:12842 +#: book.translate.xml:12907 msgid "To install and enable this plugin, perform these steps:" msgstr "要安裝並開啟此附加元件，可執行以下步驟：" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:12847 +#: book.translate.xml:12912 msgid "" "Install www/nspluginwrapper from the port. " "Due to licensing restrictions, a package is not available. This port " @@ -18786,7 +20418,7 @@ "linux_base-c6。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:12854 +#: book.translate.xml:12919 msgid "" "Install www/linux-c6-flashplugin11 from the " "port. Due to licensing restrictions, a package is not available." @@ -18795,30 +20427,30 @@ "到授權條款的限制，該套件無 Binary 版本。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:12860 +#: book.translate.xml:12925 msgid "Before the plugin is first used, each user must run:" msgstr "第一次使用附加元件前，每位使用者需要先執行：" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12863 +#: book.translate.xml:12928 #, no-wrap msgid "% nspluginwrapper -v -a -i" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:12865 +#: book.translate.xml:12930 msgid "" "When the plugin port has been updated and reinstalled, each user must run:" msgstr "當附加元件 Port 完成更新並且重新安裝後，每位使用者需要執行：" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12868 +#: book.translate.xml:12933 #, no-wrap msgid "% nspluginwrapper -v -a -u" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:12870 +#: book.translate.xml:12935 msgid "" "Start the browser, enter about:plugins in the location " "bar and press Enter. A list of all the currently available " @@ -18828,7 +20460,7 @@ "Enter 鍵，目前可用的附加元件清單中應會顯示該附加元件。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:12880 +#: book.translate.xml:12945 msgid "" "Firefox and Swfdec Flash Plugin" msgstr "" @@ -18835,7 +20467,7 @@ "Firefox 與 Swfdec Flash 附加元件" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:12882 +#: book.translate.xml:12947 msgid "" "Swfdec is a decoder and renderer for Flash animations. Swfdec-" @@ -18845,18 +20477,18 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect3/para #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12888 book.translate.xml:13209 +#: book.translate.xml:12953 book.translate.xml:13274 msgid "To install the package:" msgstr "要安裝套件可：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12890 +#: book.translate.xml:12955 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install swfdec-plugin" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:12892 +#: book.translate.xml:12957 msgid "" "If the package is not available, compile and install it from the Ports " "Collection:" @@ -18863,7 +20495,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12895 +#: book.translate.xml:12960 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/www/swfdec-plugin\n" @@ -18871,22 +20503,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:12898 +#: book.translate.xml:12963 msgid "Restart the browser to activate this plugin." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:12903 +#: book.translate.xml:12968 msgid "Opera" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:12905 +#: book.translate.xml:12970 msgid "Opera" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12909 +#: book.translate.xml:12974 msgid "" "Opera is a full-featured and standards-compliant " "browser which is still lightweight and fast. It comes with a built-in mail " @@ -18900,7 +20532,7 @@ "\">Linux 模擬模式下執行的版本。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12916 +#: book.translate.xml:12981 msgid "" "This command installs the package of the FreeBSD version of " "Opera. Replace opera with " @@ -18912,20 +20544,20 @@ "\"registered\">Linux 版本。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12921 +#: book.translate.xml:12986 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install opera" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12923 +#: book.translate.xml:12988 msgid "" "Alternately, install either version through the Ports Collection. This " "example compiles the native version:" -msgstr "或者，可安裝 Ports 套件集中的版本，以下範例會編譯原生的版本。" +msgstr "或者，可安裝 Port 套件集中的版本，以下範例會編譯原生的版本。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12926 +#: book.translate.xml:12991 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/www/opera\n" @@ -18933,7 +20565,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12929 +#: book.translate.xml:12994 msgid "" "To install the Linux version, " "substitute linux-opera in place of operaopera 為 linux-opera。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12933 +#: book.translate.xml:12998 msgid "" "To install Adobe Flash plugin support, first compile the " @@ -18959,7 +20591,7 @@ "package>。以下範例示範編譯 Port 中的這兩個應用程式。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12939 +#: book.translate.xml:13004 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/www/linux-c6-flashplugin11\n" @@ -18969,7 +20601,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12944 +#: book.translate.xml:13009 msgid "" "Once installed, check the presence of the plugin by starting the browser, " "entering opera:plugins in the location bar and pressing " @@ -18981,7 +20613,7 @@ "附加元件。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12950 +#: book.translate.xml:13015 msgid "" "To add the Java plugin, " "follow the instructions in ." @@ -18990,17 +20622,17 @@ "照 中的指示。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:12955 +#: book.translate.xml:13020 msgid "Konqueror" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:12957 +#: book.translate.xml:13022 msgid "Konqueror" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12961 +#: book.translate.xml:13026 msgid "" "Konqueror is more than a web browser as it is " "also a file manager and a multimedia viewer. It is included in the " @@ -19011,7 +20643,7 @@ "中。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12966 +#: book.translate.xml:13031 msgid "" "Konqueror supports WebKit as well as its own " "KHTML. WebKit is a rendering engine used by many modern browsers including " @@ -19025,7 +20657,7 @@ "kwebkitpart 套件或 Port。此範例示範使用 Port 編譯：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:12973 +#: book.translate.xml:13038 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/www/kwebkitpart\n" @@ -19033,7 +20665,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12976 +#: book.translate.xml:13041 msgid "" "To enable WebKit within Konqueror, click " "Settings, Configure Konqueror. In the " @@ -19047,7 +20679,7 @@ "quote> 旁的下拉示選單並變更 KHTML 為 WebKit。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12984 +#: book.translate.xml:13049 msgid "" "Konqueror also supports Flash. A How To。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:12991 +#: book.translate.xml:13056 msgid "Chromium" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:12993 +#: book.translate.xml:13058 msgid "Chromium" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:12997 +#: book.translate.xml:13062 msgid "" "Chromium is an open source browser project that " "aims to build a safer, faster, and more stable web browsing experience. " @@ -19084,19 +20716,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13005 +#: book.translate.xml:13070 msgid "" "Chromium can be installed as a package by typing:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13008 +#: book.translate.xml:13073 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install chromium" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13010 +#: book.translate.xml:13075 msgid "" "Alternatively, Chromium can be compiled from " "source using the Ports Collection:" @@ -19103,7 +20735,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13013 +#: book.translate.xml:13078 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/www/chromium\n" @@ -19111,7 +20743,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:13017 +#: book.translate.xml:13082 msgid "" "The executable for Chromium is /usr/" "local/bin/chrome, not /usr/local/bin/chromiumJava Plugin" msgstr "Chromium 與 Java 附加元件" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:13025 +#: book.translate.xml:13090 msgid "" "The installation of Chromium does not include " "Java support. To install Java " @@ -19133,7 +20765,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:13030 +#: book.translate.xml:13095 msgid "" "Once Java support is installed, start " "Chromium and enter about:pluginsChromium does not display the IcedTea-Web " "plugin, run the following commands and restart the web browser:" @@ -19149,7 +20781,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13040 +#: book.translate.xml:13105 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mkdir -p /usr/local/share/chromium/plugins\n" @@ -19158,7 +20790,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:13046 +#: book.translate.xml:13111 msgid "" "Chromium and Adobe Flash Plugin" @@ -19167,7 +20799,7 @@ "class=\"registered\">Flash 附加元件" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:13048 +#: book.translate.xml:13113 msgid "" "Configuring Chromium and Adobe Flashdesktop " @@ -19199,62 +20831,62 @@ "型化文件處理程式。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13069 +#: book.translate.xml:13134 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to install the following popular productivity " "software and indicates if the application is resource-heavy, takes time to " "compile from ports, or has any major dependencies." msgstr "" -"本章節元範如何安裝以下熱門的辦工軟體以及說明該應用程式所需的資源、自 Ports 編" +"本章節元範如何安裝以下熱門的辦工軟體以及說明該應用程式所需的資源、自 Port 編" "譯的時間或者是否有其他主要相依套件。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13081 book.translate.xml:13391 book.translate.xml:13615 +#: book.translate.xml:13146 book.translate.xml:13456 book.translate.xml:13680 msgid "Major Dependencies" msgstr "主要相依套件" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13087 +#: book.translate.xml:13152 msgid "Calligra" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13090 book.translate.xml:13429 book.translate.xml:13638 +#: book.translate.xml:13155 book.translate.xml:13494 book.translate.xml:13703 msgid "KDE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13094 +#: book.translate.xml:13159 msgid "AbiWord" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13097 book.translate.xml:13414 +#: book.translate.xml:13162 book.translate.xml:13479 msgid "Gtk+ or GNOME" msgstr "Gtk+ 或 GNOME" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13102 +#: book.translate.xml:13167 msgid "The Gimp" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13105 book.translate.xml:13422 +#: book.translate.xml:13170 book.translate.xml:13487 msgid "Gtk+" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13109 +#: book.translate.xml:13174 msgid "Apache OpenOffice" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13112 book.translate.xml:13120 +#: book.translate.xml:13177 book.translate.xml:13185 msgid "huge" msgstr "非常多" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13113 +#: book.translate.xml:13178 msgid "" "JDK and " "Mozilla" @@ -19263,17 +20895,17 @@ "Mozilla" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13118 +#: book.translate.xml:13183 msgid "LibreOffice" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13119 +#: book.translate.xml:13184 msgid "somewhat heavy" msgstr "有點多" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13121 +#: book.translate.xml:13186 msgid "" "Gtk+, or KDE/ " "GNOME, or JDK" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13131 +#: book.translate.xml:13196 msgid "Calligra" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13133 +#: book.translate.xml:13198 msgid "Calligra" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13136 +#: book.translate.xml:13201 msgid "" "office suite Calligra" @@ -19301,7 +20933,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13141 +#: book.translate.xml:13206 msgid "" "The KDE desktop environment includes an office suite which can be installed " "separately from KDE. Calligraeditors/calligra can be installed as a " "package or a port. To install the package:" @@ -19320,18 +20952,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13156 +#: book.translate.xml:13221 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install calligra" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13158 +#: book.translate.xml:13223 msgid "If the package is not available, use the Ports Collection instead:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13161 +#: book.translate.xml:13226 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/editors/calligra\n" @@ -19339,17 +20971,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13166 +#: book.translate.xml:13231 msgid "AbiWord" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13168 +#: book.translate.xml:13233 msgid "AbiWord" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13172 +#: book.translate.xml:13237 msgid "" "AbiWord is a free word processing program similar " "in look and feel to Microsoft。 它非常快速，包含了許多功能而且非常容易上手。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13177 +#: book.translate.xml:13242 msgid "" "AbiWord can import or export many file formats, " "including some proprietary ones like Microsoft .rtf." msgstr "" "AbiWord 可以輸入或輸出許多檔案格式， 包括一些有專" -"利的格式，例如 Microsoft " +"用的格式，例如 Microsoft " ".rtf 格式。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13181 +#: book.translate.xml:13246 msgid "To install the AbiWord package:" msgstr "" "要安裝 AbiWord Binary 套件，可使用下列指令：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13184 +#: book.translate.xml:13249 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install abiword" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13186 +#: book.translate.xml:13251 msgid "" "If the package is not available, it can be compiled from the Ports " "Collection:" -msgstr "若沒有 Binary 套件版本，也可以從 Ports 套件集中編譯安裝：" +msgstr "若沒有 Binary 套件版本，也可以從 Port 套件集中編譯安裝：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13189 +#: book.translate.xml:13254 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/editors/abiword\n" @@ -19399,17 +21031,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13194 +#: book.translate.xml:13259 msgid "The GIMP" msgstr "The GIMP" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13196 +#: book.translate.xml:13261 msgid "The GIMP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13200 +#: book.translate.xml:13265 msgid "" "For image authoring or picture retouching, The GIMP provides a sophisticated image manipulation program. It can be " @@ -19424,18 +21056,18 @@ "可以讀寫許多檔案格式。 它也支援掃描器和手寫板。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13211 +#: book.translate.xml:13276 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install gimp" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13213 +#: book.translate.xml:13278 msgid "Alternately, use the Ports Collection:" -msgstr "或使用 Ports 套件集安裝：" +msgstr "或使用 Port 套件集安裝：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13215 +#: book.translate.xml:13280 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/graphics/gimp\n" @@ -19443,7 +21075,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13218 +#: book.translate.xml:13283 msgid "" "The graphics category (freebsd.org/ports/graphics.html) of the Ports " @@ -19450,22 +21082,22 @@ "Collection contains several GIMP-related plugins, " "help files, and user manuals." msgstr "" -" 在 Ports 套件集的 graphics 分類 (freebsd.org/ports/graphics.html) 下也包含了許多 " "GIMP 相關的附加元件，說明檔及使用手冊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13226 +#: book.translate.xml:13291 msgid "Apache OpenOffice" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13228 +#: book.translate.xml:13293 msgid " Apache OpenOffice " msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13233 +#: book.translate.xml:13298 msgid "" "office suite Apache OpenOffice " @@ -19472,7 +21104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13240 +#: book.translate.xml:13305 msgid "" "Apache OpenOffice is an open source office suite " "which is developed under the wing of the Apache Software Foundation's " @@ -19490,7 +21122,7 @@ "同語言的使用者介面、拼字檢查和字典。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13251 +#: book.translate.xml:13316 msgid "" "The word processor of Apache OpenOffice uses a " "native XML file format for increased portability and flexibility. The " @@ -19518,18 +21150,18 @@ "freebsd/。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13262 +#: book.translate.xml:13327 msgid "To install the Apache OpenOffice package:" msgstr "要安裝 Apache OpenOffice 套件：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13265 +#: book.translate.xml:13330 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install apache-openoffice" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13267 +#: book.translate.xml:13332 msgid "" "Once the package is installed, type the following command to launch " "Apache OpenOffice:" @@ -19538,13 +21170,13 @@ "OpenOffice：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13270 +#: book.translate.xml:13335 #, no-wrap msgid "% openoffice-X.Y.Z" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13272 +#: book.translate.xml:13337 msgid "" "where X.Y.Z is the version number of the " "installed version of Apache OpenOffice. The first " @@ -19558,7 +21190,7 @@ ".openoffice.org 資料夾。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13280 +#: book.translate.xml:13345 msgid "" "If the desired Apache OpenOffice package is not " "available, compiling the port is still an option. However, this requires a " @@ -19568,7 +21200,7 @@ "從 Port 編譯。 不過必須注意：編譯的過程會需要大量的磁碟空間與時間：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13285 +#: book.translate.xml:13350 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/editors/openoffice-4\n" @@ -19576,18 +21208,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:13289 +#: book.translate.xml:13354 msgid "To build a localized version, replace the previous command with:" msgstr "如果想要編譯在地化的版本，將前面的指令替換成為：" #. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13292 +#: book.translate.xml:13357 #, no-wrap msgid "# make LOCALIZED_LANG=your_language install clean" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:13294 +#: book.translate.xml:13359 msgid "" "Replace your_language with the correct language " "ISO-code. A list of supported language codes is available in files/" @@ -19598,17 +21230,17 @@ "錄。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13304 +#: book.translate.xml:13369 msgid "LibreOffice" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13306 +#: book.translate.xml:13371 msgid "LibreOffice" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13309 +#: book.translate.xml:13374 msgid "" "office suite LibreOffice" @@ -19615,7 +21247,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13314 +#: book.translate.xml:13379 msgid "" "LibreOffice is a free software office suite " "developed by LibreOffice uses a native " "XML file format for increased portability and flexibility. The spreadsheet " @@ -19644,7 +21276,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13337 +#: book.translate.xml:13402 msgid "" "To install the English version of the LibreOffice " "package:" @@ -19651,13 +21283,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13340 +#: book.translate.xml:13405 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install libreoffice" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13342 +#: book.translate.xml:13407 msgid "" "The editors category (freebsd.org/ports/editors.html) of the Ports " @@ -19667,7 +21299,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13348 +#: book.translate.xml:13413 msgid "" "Once the package is installed, type the following command to run " "LibreOffice:" @@ -19674,13 +21306,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13351 +#: book.translate.xml:13416 #, no-wrap msgid "% libreoffice" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13353 +#: book.translate.xml:13418 msgid "" "During the first launch, some questions will be asked and a ." "libreoffice folder will be created in the user's home directory." @@ -19687,7 +21319,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13357 +#: book.translate.xml:13422 msgid "" "If the desired LibreOffice package is not " "available, compiling the port is still an option. However, this requires a " @@ -19696,7 +21328,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13363 +#: book.translate.xml:13428 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/editors/libreoffice\n" @@ -19704,7 +21336,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:13367 +#: book.translate.xml:13432 msgid "" "To build a localized version, cd into the port directory " "of the desired language. Supported languages can be found in the editors " @@ -19713,12 +21345,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:13377 +#: book.translate.xml:13442 msgid "Document Viewers" msgstr "文件閱覽程式" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13379 +#: book.translate.xml:13444 msgid "" "Some new document formats have gained popularity since the advent of " "UNIX and the viewers they " @@ -19727,58 +21359,58 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13397 +#: book.translate.xml:13462 msgid "Xpdf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13400 +#: book.translate.xml:13465 msgid "FreeType" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13404 book.translate.xml:13469 +#: book.translate.xml:13469 book.translate.xml:13534 msgid "gv" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13407 +#: book.translate.xml:13472 msgid "Xaw3d" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13411 +#: book.translate.xml:13476 msgid "Geeqie" msgstr "Geeqie" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13419 +#: book.translate.xml:13484 msgid "ePDFView" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13426 +#: book.translate.xml:13491 msgid "Okular" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13436 +#: book.translate.xml:13501 msgid "Xpdf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13438 +#: book.translate.xml:13503 msgid "Xpdf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13441 book.translate.xml:13474 book.translate.xml:13540 +#: book.translate.xml:13506 book.translate.xml:13539 book.translate.xml:13605 msgid "PDF viewing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13446 +#: book.translate.xml:13511 msgid "" "For users that prefer a small FreeBSD PDF viewer, Xpdf provides a light-weight and efficient viewer which requires few " @@ -19790,24 +21422,24 @@ "準的 X 字型且不需要額外的工具包(Toolkit)。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13452 +#: book.translate.xml:13517 msgid "To install the Xpdf package:" msgstr "安裝 Xpdf 套件：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13455 +#: book.translate.xml:13520 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install xpdf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13457 book.translate.xml:13527 book.translate.xml:13672 -#: book.translate.xml:13706 book.translate.xml:13739 +#: book.translate.xml:13522 book.translate.xml:13592 book.translate.xml:13737 +#: book.translate.xml:13771 book.translate.xml:13804 msgid "If the package is not available, use the Ports Collection:" -msgstr "若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Ports 套件集安裝：" +msgstr "若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Port 套件集安裝：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13460 +#: book.translate.xml:13525 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/graphics/xpdf\n" @@ -19815,7 +21447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13463 +#: book.translate.xml:13528 msgid "" "Once the installation is complete, launch xpdf and use " "the right mouse button to activate the menu." @@ -19822,17 +21454,17 @@ msgstr "完成安裝後，執行 xpdf 並使用滑鼠右鍵開啟選單。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13471 +#: book.translate.xml:13536 msgid "gv" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13478 +#: book.translate.xml:13543 msgid "PostScript viewing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13483 +#: book.translate.xml:13548 msgid "" "gv is a PostScript and PDF viewer. It is based on " @@ -19850,23 +21482,23 @@ "可以從鍵盤或滑鼠來完成。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13492 +#: book.translate.xml:13557 msgid "To install gv as a package:" msgstr "安裝 gv 套件：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13495 +#: book.translate.xml:13560 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install gv" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13497 book.translate.xml:13559 book.translate.xml:13589 +#: book.translate.xml:13562 book.translate.xml:13624 book.translate.xml:13654 msgid "If a package is unavailable, use the Ports Collection:" -msgstr "若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Ports 套件集安裝：" +msgstr "若沒有可用的套件版本，可使用 Port 套件集安裝：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13500 +#: book.translate.xml:13565 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/print/gv\n" @@ -19874,17 +21506,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13505 +#: book.translate.xml:13570 msgid "Geeqie" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13507 +#: book.translate.xml:13572 msgid "Geeqie" msgstr "Geeqie" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13511 +#: book.translate.xml:13576 msgid "" "Geeqie is a fork from the unmaintained " "GQView project, in an effort to move development " @@ -19903,18 +21535,18 @@ "用全螢幕閱覽以及國際化。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13522 +#: book.translate.xml:13587 msgid "To install the Geeqie package:" msgstr "安裝 Geeqie 套件：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13525 +#: book.translate.xml:13590 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install geeqie" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13530 +#: book.translate.xml:13595 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/graphics/geeqie\n" @@ -19922,17 +21554,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13535 +#: book.translate.xml:13600 msgid "ePDFView" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13537 +#: book.translate.xml:13602 msgid "ePDFView" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13545 +#: book.translate.xml:13610 msgid "" "ePDFView is a lightweight PDF " "document viewer that only uses the Gtk+ and " @@ -19943,18 +21575,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13554 +#: book.translate.xml:13619 msgid "To install ePDFView as a package:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13557 +#: book.translate.xml:13622 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install epdfview" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13562 +#: book.translate.xml:13627 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/graphics/epdfview\n" @@ -19962,23 +21594,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13567 +#: book.translate.xml:13632 msgid "Okular" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13569 +#: book.translate.xml:13634 msgid "Okular" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13572 +#: book.translate.xml:13637 msgid "" "PDF viewing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13577 +#: book.translate.xml:13642 msgid "" "Okular is a universal document viewer based on " "KPDF for KDE. It can " @@ -19988,18 +21620,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13584 +#: book.translate.xml:13649 msgid "To install Okular as a package:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13587 +#: book.translate.xml:13652 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install okular" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13592 +#: book.translate.xml:13657 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/graphics/okular\n" @@ -20007,12 +21639,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:13598 +#: book.translate.xml:13663 msgid "Finance" msgstr "財務" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13600 +#: book.translate.xml:13665 msgid "" "For managing personal finances on a FreeBSD desktop, some powerful and easy-" "to-use applications can be installed. Some are compatible with widespread " @@ -20024,42 +21656,42 @@ "Quicken 或 Excel 文件。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13606 +#: book.translate.xml:13671 msgid "This section covers these programs:" msgstr "這節涵蓋了下面這些軟體：" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13621 +#: book.translate.xml:13686 msgid "GnuCash" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13624 book.translate.xml:13631 +#: book.translate.xml:13689 book.translate.xml:13696 msgid "GNOME" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13628 +#: book.translate.xml:13693 msgid "Gnumeric" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:13635 +#: book.translate.xml:13700 msgid "KMyMoney" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13645 +#: book.translate.xml:13710 msgid "GnuCash" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13647 +#: book.translate.xml:13712 msgid "GnuCash" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13651 +#: book.translate.xml:13716 msgid "" "GnuCash is part of the GNOME effort to provide user-friendly, yet powerful, applications to " @@ -20074,7 +21706,7 @@ "業。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13659 +#: book.translate.xml:13724 msgid "" "GnuCash provides a smart register, a hierarchical " "system of accounts, and many keyboard accelerators and auto-completion " @@ -20089,18 +21721,18 @@ "application> QIF 檔案。 它也能處理大部分國際的日期及通用貨幣之格式。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13667 +#: book.translate.xml:13732 msgid "To install the GnuCash package:" msgstr "安裝 GnuCash 套件：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13670 +#: book.translate.xml:13735 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install gnucash" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13675 +#: book.translate.xml:13740 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/finance/gnucash\n" @@ -20108,17 +21740,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13680 +#: book.translate.xml:13745 msgid "Gnumeric" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13682 +#: book.translate.xml:13747 msgid "Gnumeric" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13685 +#: book.translate.xml:13750 msgid "" "spreadsheet Gnumeric" @@ -20127,7 +21759,7 @@ "secondary>" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13690 +#: book.translate.xml:13755 msgid "" "Gnumeric is a spreadsheet program developed by " "the GNOME community. It features convenient " @@ -20146,18 +21778,18 @@ "儲存格格式，像是：數字、貨幣、日期、時間及其他格式等。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13701 +#: book.translate.xml:13766 msgid "To install Gnumeric as a package:" msgstr "安裝 Gnumeric 套件：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13704 +#: book.translate.xml:13769 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install gnumeric" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13709 +#: book.translate.xml:13774 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/math/gnumeric\n" @@ -20165,17 +21797,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13714 +#: book.translate.xml:13779 msgid "KMyMoney" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13716 +#: book.translate.xml:13781 msgid "KMyMoney" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13718 +#: book.translate.xml:13783 msgid "" "spreadsheet KMyMoney" @@ -20184,7 +21816,7 @@ "secondary>" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13723 +#: book.translate.xml:13788 msgid "" "KMyMoney is a personal finance application " "created by the KDE community. " @@ -20197,18 +21829,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13734 +#: book.translate.xml:13799 msgid "To install KMyMoney as a package:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13737 +#: book.translate.xml:13802 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install kmymoney-kde4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13742 +#: book.translate.xml:13807 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/finance/kmymoney-kde4\n" @@ -20216,12 +21848,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:13757 +#: book.translate.xml:13822 msgid "Multimedia" msgstr "多媒體" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:13760 +#: book.translate.xml:13825 msgid "" " Ross Lippert Edited by " @@ -20228,7 +21860,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13773 +#: book.translate.xml:13838 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports a wide variety of sound cards, allowing users to enjoy high " "fidelity output from a FreeBSD system. This includes the ability to record " @@ -20240,21 +21872,21 @@ "FreeBSD 廣泛地支援各種音效卡， 讓您可以享受來自電腦上的高傳真音質(Hi-Fi)， 此" "外還包括了錄製和播放 MPEG Audio Layer 3 (MP3)、 Waveform " "Audio File (WAV)、Ogg Vorbis 以及其他許多種格式聲音的能" -"力。同時 FreeBSD Ports 套件集也包含了許多可讓您可以錄音、編修音效以及控制 " +"力。同時 FreeBSD Port 套件集也包含了許多可讓您可以錄音、編修音效以及控制 " "MIDI 配備的應用程式。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13782 +#: book.translate.xml:13847 msgid "" "FreeBSD also supports the playback of video files and DVDs. The FreeBSD Ports Collection contains applications to encode, " "convert, and playback various video media." msgstr "" -" FreeBSD 也能播放一般的視訊檔和 DVD。 FreeBSD Ports 套件集" +" FreeBSD 也能播放一般的視訊檔和 DVD。 FreeBSD Port 套件集" "中含有可編碼、轉換以及播放格種影像媒體的應用程式。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13787 +#: book.translate.xml:13852 msgid "" "This chapter describes how to configure sound cards, video playback, TV " "tuner cards, and scanners on FreeBSD. It also describes some of the " @@ -20264,32 +21896,32 @@ "有那些應用程式可以使用這些裝置。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13792 +#: book.translate.xml:13857 msgid "After reading this chapter, you will know how to:" msgstr "讀完這章，您將了解：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:13796 +#: book.translate.xml:13861 msgid "Configure a sound card on FreeBSD." msgstr "設定 FreeBSD 上的音效卡。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:13800 +#: book.translate.xml:13865 msgid "Troubleshoot the sound setup." msgstr "音效設定疑難排解。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:13804 +#: book.translate.xml:13869 msgid "Playback and encode MP3s and other audio." msgstr "播放、錄製 MP3 及其他聲音檔案格式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:13808 +#: book.translate.xml:13873 msgid "Prepare a FreeBSD system for video playback." msgstr "FreeBSD 系統播放影像的準備工具。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:13812 +#: book.translate.xml:13877 msgid "" "Play DVDs, .mpg, and .avi files." @@ -20298,7 +21930,7 @@ "filename> 檔。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:13817 +#: book.translate.xml:13882 msgid "" "Rip CD and DVD content into files." msgstr "" @@ -20305,33 +21937,33 @@ "擷取(Rip) CD 和 DVD的內容至檔案。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:13822 +#: book.translate.xml:13887 msgid "Configure a TV card." msgstr "設定電視卡。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:13826 +#: book.translate.xml:13891 msgid "Install and setup MythTV on FreeBSD" msgstr "在 FreeBSD 安裝 MythTV 。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:13830 +#: book.translate.xml:13895 msgid "Configure an image scanner." msgstr "設定影像掃描機。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:13837 +#: book.translate.xml:13902 msgid "" "Know how to install applications as described in ." msgstr "知道如何安裝應用程式如 所敘述。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:13844 +#: book.translate.xml:13909 msgid "Setting Up the Sound Card" msgstr "設定音效卡" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:13847 +#: book.translate.xml:13912 msgid "" " Moses Moore Contributed by " @@ -20338,7 +21970,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:13857 +#: book.translate.xml:13922 msgid "" " Marc Fonvieille Enhanced by " @@ -20345,17 +21977,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13867 +#: book.translate.xml:13932 msgid "PCI" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13868 +#: book.translate.xml:13933 msgid "sound cards" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13869 +#: book.translate.xml:13934 msgid "" "Before beginning the configuration, determine the model of the sound card " "and the chip it uses. FreeBSD supports a wide variety of sound cards. Check " @@ -20369,12 +22001,12 @@ "援以及如何在 FreeBSD 上驅動。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:13876 +#: book.translate.xml:13941 msgid "kernel configuration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13881 +#: book.translate.xml:13946 msgid "" "In order to use the sound device, its device driver must be loaded. The " "easiest way is to load a kernel module for the sound card with " @@ -20388,13 +22020,13 @@ "效晶片驅動程式。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13887 +#: book.translate.xml:13952 #, no-wrap msgid "# kldload snd_hda" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13889 +#: book.translate.xml:13954 msgid "" "To automate the loading of this driver at boot time, add the driver to " "/boot/loader.conf. The line for this driver is:" @@ -20403,13 +22035,13 @@ "filename> 檔，以此驅動程式為例：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:13893 +#: book.translate.xml:13958 #, no-wrap msgid "snd_hda_load=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13895 +#: book.translate.xml:13960 msgid "" "Other available sound modules are listed in /boot/defaults/loader." "conf. When unsure which driver to use, load the " @@ -20420,13 +22052,13 @@ "filename> 模組：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:13900 +#: book.translate.xml:13965 #, no-wrap msgid "# kldload snd_driver" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13902 +#: book.translate.xml:13967 msgid "" "This is a metadriver which loads all of the most common sound drivers and " "can be used to speed up the search for the correct driver. It is also " @@ -20438,7 +22070,7 @@ "所有音效驅動程式。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:13908 +#: book.translate.xml:13973 msgid "" "To determine which driver was selected for the sound card after loading the " "snd_driver metadriver, type cat /dev/sndstatcat /dev/sndstat。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:13913 +#: book.translate.xml:13978 msgid "Configuring a Custom Kernel with Sound Support" msgstr "設定自訂核心支援音效" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13915 +#: book.translate.xml:13980 msgid "" "This section is for users who prefer to statically compile in support for " "the sound card in a custom kernel. For more information about recompiling a " @@ -20461,7 +22093,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13919 +#: book.translate.xml:13984 msgid "" "When using a custom kernel to provide sound support, make sure that the " "audio framework driver exists in the custom kernel configuration file:" @@ -20468,13 +22100,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:13923 +#: book.translate.xml:13988 #, no-wrap msgid "device sound" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13925 +#: book.translate.xml:13990 msgid "" "Next, add support for the sound card. To continue the example of the built-" "in audio chipset based on the Intel specification from the previous section, " @@ -20482,13 +22114,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:13930 +#: book.translate.xml:13995 #, no-wrap msgid "device snd_hda" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13932 +#: book.translate.xml:13997 msgid "" "Be sure to read the manual page of the driver for the device name to use for " "the driver." @@ -20495,7 +22127,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13935 +#: book.translate.xml:14000 msgid "" "Non-PnP ISA sound cards may require the IRQ and I/O port settings of the " "card to be added to /boot/device.hints. During the boot " @@ -20510,7 +22142,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:13945 +#: book.translate.xml:14010 #, no-wrap msgid "" "device snd_sbc\n" @@ -20518,7 +22150,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13948 +#: book.translate.xml:14013 msgid "" "If the card uses the 0x220 I/O port and IRQ 5, these lines must also be added to /boot/device.hints/boot/device.hints is described in " "sound4dmesg | grep pcm# cat /dev/sndstat\n" @@ -20594,7 +22226,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13990 +#: book.translate.xml:14055 msgid "" "The output will vary depending upon the sound card. If no pcm devices are listed, double-check that the correct device driver " @@ -20603,7 +22235,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:13996 +#: book.translate.xml:14061 msgid "" "If all goes well, the sound card should now work in FreeBSD. If the " "CD or DVD drive is properly connected " @@ -20613,13 +22245,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14002 +#: book.translate.xml:14067 #, no-wrap msgid "% cdcontrol -f /dev/acd0 play 1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:14005 +#: book.translate.xml:14070 msgid "" "Audio CDs have specialized encodings which means that " "they should not be mounted using mountaudio/workman, provide a " "friendlier interface. The audio/mpg123 port can be " @@ -20635,7 +22267,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14015 +#: book.translate.xml:14080 msgid "" "Another quick way to test the card is to send data to /dev/dsp:" @@ -20642,13 +22274,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14018 +#: book.translate.xml:14083 #, no-wrap msgid "% cat filename > /dev/dsp" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14020 +#: book.translate.xml:14085 msgid "" "where filename can be any " "type of file. This command should produce some noise, confirming that the " @@ -20656,7 +22288,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:14026 +#: book.translate.xml:14091 msgid "" "The /dev/dsp* device nodes will be created " "automatically as needed. When not in use, they do not exist and will not " @@ -20665,32 +22297,32 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:14034 +#: book.translate.xml:14099 msgid "Troubleshooting Sound" msgstr "疑難排解音效" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:14036 +#: book.translate.xml:14101 msgid "device nodes" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:14037 +#: book.translate.xml:14102 msgid "I/O port" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:14038 +#: book.translate.xml:14103 msgid "IRQ" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:14039 +#: book.translate.xml:14104 msgid "DSP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14041 +#: book.translate.xml:14106 msgid "" " lists some common " "error messages and their solutions:" @@ -20697,37 +22329,37 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:14045 +#: book.translate.xml:14110 msgid "Common Error Messages" msgstr "常見錯誤訊息" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:14050 +#: book.translate.xml:14115 msgid "Error" msgstr "錯誤" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:14051 +#: book.translate.xml:14116 msgid "Solution" msgstr "解決方式" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:14057 +#: book.translate.xml:14122 msgid "sb_dspwr(XX) timed out" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: entry/para -#: book.translate.xml:14059 +#: book.translate.xml:14124 msgid "The I/O port is not set correctly." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:14064 +#: book.translate.xml:14129 msgid "bad irq XX" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: entry/para -#: book.translate.xml:14065 +#: book.translate.xml:14130 msgid "" "The IRQ is set incorrectly. Make sure that the set IRQ and the sound IRQ are " "the same." @@ -20734,22 +22366,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:14071 +#: book.translate.xml:14136 msgid "xxx: gus pcm not attached, out of memory" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: entry/para -#: book.translate.xml:14073 +#: book.translate.xml:14138 msgid "There is not enough available memory to use the device." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:14078 +#: book.translate.xml:14143 msgid "xxx: can't open /dev/dsp!" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: entry/para -#: book.translate.xml:14080 +#: book.translate.xml:14145 msgid "" "Type fstat | grep dsp to check if another application is " "holding the device open. Noteworthy troublemakers are esoundHDMI. This sound device is sometimes enumerated before " @@ -20768,7 +22400,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:14100 +#: book.translate.xml:14165 #, no-wrap msgid "" "...\n" @@ -20791,7 +22423,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14118 +#: book.translate.xml:14183 msgid "" "In this example, the graphics card (NVidia) has been " "enumerated before the sound card (Realtek ALC889). To use " @@ -20800,13 +22432,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14125 +#: book.translate.xml:14190 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysctl hw.snd.default_unit=n" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14127 +#: book.translate.xml:14192 msgid "" "where n is the number of the sound device to use. In this " "example, it should be 4. Make this change permanent by " @@ -20814,18 +22446,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:14133 +#: book.translate.xml:14198 #, no-wrap msgid "hw.snd.default_unit=4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:14138 +#: book.translate.xml:14203 msgid "Utilizing Multiple Sound Sources" msgstr "使用多個音效來源" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:14141 +#: book.translate.xml:14206 msgid "" " Munish Chopra Contributed by " @@ -20832,7 +22464,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14151 +#: book.translate.xml:14216 msgid "" "It is often desirable to have multiple sources of sound that are able to " "play simultaneously. FreeBSD uses Virtual Sound Channels to " @@ -20840,7 +22472,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14156 +#: book.translate.xml:14221 msgid "" "Three sysctl8 knobs are available for configuring virtual " @@ -20848,7 +22480,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14159 +#: book.translate.xml:14224 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# sysctl dev.pcm.0.play.vchans=4\n" @@ -20857,7 +22489,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14163 +#: book.translate.xml:14228 msgid "" "This example allocates four virtual channels, which is a practical number " "for everyday use. Both dev.pcm.0.play.vchans=4 and " @@ -20872,7 +22504,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:14176 +#: book.translate.xml:14241 msgid "" "The number of virtual channels for a device cannot be changed while it is in " "use. First, close any programs using the device, such as music players or " @@ -20880,7 +22512,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14181 +#: book.translate.xml:14246 msgid "" "The correct pcm device will automatically be allocated " "transparently to a program that requests /dev/dsp0." @@ -20887,12 +22519,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:14188 +#: book.translate.xml:14253 msgid "Setting Default Values for Mixer Channels" msgstr "設定混音器頻道的預設值" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:14191 +#: book.translate.xml:14256 msgid "" " Josef El-Rayes Contributed by " @@ -20899,7 +22531,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14201 +#: book.translate.xml:14266 msgid "" "The default values for the different mixer channels are hardcoded in the " "source code of the pcm50 " "when the pcm4 Chern Lee Contributed by " @@ -20938,7 +22570,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:14233 +#: book.translate.xml:14298 msgid "" "This section describes some MP3 players available for " "FreeBSD, how to rip audio CD tracks, and how to encode " @@ -20946,12 +22578,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:14239 +#: book.translate.xml:14304 msgid "MP3 Players" msgstr "MP3 播放器" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14241 +#: book.translate.xml:14306 msgid "" "A popular graphical MP3 player is XMMS. It supports Winamp skins and " @@ -20963,7 +22595,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14251 +#: book.translate.xml:14316 msgid "" "The audio/mpg123 package or port provides an alternative, " "command-line MP3 player. Once installed, specify the " @@ -20972,7 +22604,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14257 +#: book.translate.xml:14322 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mpg123 -a /dev/dsp1.0 Foobar-GreatestHits.mp3\n" @@ -20985,7 +22617,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14265 +#: book.translate.xml:14330 msgid "" "Additional MP3 players are available in the FreeBSD Ports " "Collection." @@ -20992,12 +22624,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:14270 +#: book.translate.xml:14335 msgid "Ripping CD Audio Tracks" msgstr "擷取 CD 音軌" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14272 +#: book.translate.xml:14337 msgid "" "Before encoding a CD or CD track to " "MP3, the audio data on the CD must be " @@ -21007,7 +22639,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14279 +#: book.translate.xml:14344 msgid "" "The cdda2wav tool, which is installed with the " "sysutils/cdrtools suite, can be used to rip audio " @@ -21015,7 +22647,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14284 +#: book.translate.xml:14349 msgid "" "With the audio CD in the drive, the following command can " "be issued as root to rip an " @@ -21024,13 +22656,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14290 +#: book.translate.xml:14355 #, no-wrap msgid "# cdda2wav -D 0,1,0 -B" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14292 +#: book.translate.xml:14357 msgid "" "In this example, the " "indicates the SCSI device 0,1,0 " @@ -21039,29 +22671,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14299 +#: book.translate.xml:14364 msgid "To rip individual tracks, use to specify the track:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14302 +#: book.translate.xml:14367 #, no-wrap msgid "# cdda2wav -D 0,1,0 -t 7" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14304 +#: book.translate.xml:14369 msgid "To rip a range of tracks, such as track one to seven, specify a range:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14307 +#: book.translate.xml:14372 #, no-wrap msgid "# cdda2wav -D 0,1,0 -t 1+7" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14309 +#: book.translate.xml:14374 msgid "" "To rip from an ATAPI (IDE) " "CDROM drive, specify the device name in place of the " @@ -21070,13 +22702,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14315 +#: book.translate.xml:14380 #, no-wrap msgid "# cdda2wav -D /dev/acd0 -t 7" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14317 +#: book.translate.xml:14382 msgid "" "Alternately, dd can be used to extract audio tracks on " "ATAPI drives, as described in Lame is a popular MP3 encoder " "which can be installed from the audio/lame port. Due to " @@ -21097,7 +22729,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14330 +#: book.translate.xml:14395 msgid "" "The following command will convert the ripped WAV file " "audio01.wav to " @@ -21105,7 +22737,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14335 +#: book.translate.xml:14400 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# lame -h -b 128 --tt \"Foo Song Title\" --ta \"FooBar Artist\" --tl \"FooBar Album\" \\\n" @@ -21113,7 +22745,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14338 +#: book.translate.xml:14403 msgid "" "The specified 128 kbits is a standard MP3 bitrate while " "the 160 and 192 bitrates provide higher quality. The higher the bitrate, the " @@ -21126,7 +22758,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14351 +#: book.translate.xml:14416 msgid "" "In order to burn an audio CD from MP3s, they must first be converted to a non-compressed file format. " @@ -21137,7 +22769,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14359 +#: book.translate.xml:14424 msgid "" "To convert audio01.mp3 using mpg123, specify the name of the PCM file:" @@ -21144,13 +22776,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14363 +#: book.translate.xml:14428 #, no-wrap msgid "# mpg123 -s audio01.mp3 > audio01.pcm" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14365 +#: book.translate.xml:14430 msgid "" "To use XMMS to convert a MP3 " "to WAV format, use these steps:" @@ -21157,7 +22789,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: procedure/title -#: book.translate.xml:14370 +#: book.translate.xml:14435 msgid "" "Converting to WAV Format in XMMS" @@ -21164,38 +22796,38 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:14374 +#: book.translate.xml:14439 msgid "Launch XMMS." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:14378 +#: book.translate.xml:14443 msgid "" "Right-click the window to bring up the XMMS menu." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:14383 +#: book.translate.xml:14448 msgid "Select Preferences under Options." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:14388 +#: book.translate.xml:14453 msgid "Change the Output Plugin to Disk Writer Plugin." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:14393 +#: book.translate.xml:14458 msgid "Press Configure." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:14397 +#: book.translate.xml:14462 msgid "Enter or browse to a directory to write the uncompressed files to." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:14402 +#: book.translate.xml:14467 msgid "" "Load the MP3 file into XMMS as " "usual, with volume at 100% and EQ settings turned off." @@ -21202,7 +22834,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:14408 +#: book.translate.xml:14473 msgid "" "Press Play. The XMMS will " "appear as if it is playing the MP3, but no music will be " @@ -21210,7 +22842,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:14416 +#: book.translate.xml:14481 msgid "" "When finished, be sure to set the default Output Plugin back to what it was " "before in order to listen to MP3s again." @@ -21217,7 +22849,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14422 +#: book.translate.xml:14487 msgid "" "Both the WAV and PCM formats can be " "used with cdrecord. When using WAV% sox -t wav -r 44100 -s -w -c 2 track.wav track.raw" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14432 +#: book.translate.xml:14497 msgid "" "Refer to for more information on using a " "CD burner in FreeBSD." @@ -21241,12 +22873,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:14440 +#: book.translate.xml:14505 msgid "Video Playback" msgstr "影片播放" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:14443 +#: book.translate.xml:14508 msgid "" " Ross Lippert Contributed by " @@ -21253,7 +22885,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:14453 +#: book.translate.xml:14518 msgid "" "Before configuring video playback, determine the model and chipset of the " "video card. While Xorg supports a wide variety of " @@ -21264,7 +22896,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:14462 +#: book.translate.xml:14527 msgid "" "It is a good idea to have a short MPEG test file for evaluating various " "players and options. Since some DVD applications look for " @@ -21274,13 +22906,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14469 +#: book.translate.xml:14534 #, no-wrap msgid "# ln -sf /dev/cd0 /dev/dvd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:14471 +#: book.translate.xml:14536 msgid "" "Due to the nature of devfs5, manually created " @@ -21290,13 +22922,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:14476 +#: book.translate.xml:14541 #, no-wrap msgid "link cd0 dvd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:14478 +#: book.translate.xml:14543 msgid "" "DVD decryption invokes certain functions that require " "write permission to the DVD device." @@ -21303,7 +22935,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:14482 +#: book.translate.xml:14547 msgid "" "To enhance the shared memory Xorg interface, it " "is recommended to increase the values of these " @@ -21312,7 +22944,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:14487 +#: book.translate.xml:14552 #, no-wrap msgid "" "kern.ipc.shmmax=67108864\n" @@ -21320,27 +22952,27 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:14491 +#: book.translate.xml:14556 msgid "Determining Video Capabilities" msgstr "偵測影像處理能力" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:14493 +#: book.translate.xml:14558 msgid "XVideo" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:14494 +#: book.translate.xml:14559 msgid "SDL" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:14495 +#: book.translate.xml:14560 msgid "DGA" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14497 +#: book.translate.xml:14562 msgid "" "There are several possible ways to display video under Xorg and what works is largely hardware dependent. Each method " @@ -21348,17 +22980,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14502 +#: book.translate.xml:14567 msgid "Common video interfaces include:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:14506 +#: book.translate.xml:14571 msgid "Xorg: normal output using shared memory." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:14511 +#: book.translate.xml:14576 msgid "" "XVideo: an extension to the Xorg interface which " "allows video to be directly displayed in drawable objects through a special " @@ -21368,7 +23000,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:14521 +#: book.translate.xml:14586 msgid "" "SDL: the Simple Directmedia Layer is a porting layer for " "many operating systems, allowing cross-platform applications to be developed " @@ -21380,7 +23012,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:14533 +#: book.translate.xml:14598 msgid "" "DGA: the Direct Graphics Access is an Xorg extension which allows a program to bypass the " @@ -21394,34 +23026,34 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:14548 +#: book.translate.xml:14613 msgid "SVGAlib: a low level console graphics layer." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:14553 +#: book.translate.xml:14618 msgid "XVideo" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14555 +#: book.translate.xml:14620 msgid "" "To check whether this extension is running, use xvinfo:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14558 +#: book.translate.xml:14623 #, no-wrap msgid "% xvinfo" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14560 +#: book.translate.xml:14625 msgid "XVideo is supported for the card if the result is similar to:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14563 +#: book.translate.xml:14628 #, no-wrap msgid "" "X-Video Extension version 2.2\n" @@ -21495,7 +23127,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14632 +#: book.translate.xml:14697 msgid "" "The formats listed, such as YUV2 and YUV12, are not present with every " "implementation of XVideo and their absence may hinder some players." @@ -21502,12 +23134,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14636 +#: book.translate.xml:14701 msgid "If the result instead looks like:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14638 +#: book.translate.xml:14703 #, no-wrap msgid "" "X-Video Extension version 2.2\n" @@ -21516,7 +23148,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14642 +#: book.translate.xml:14707 msgid "" "XVideo is probably not supported for the card. This means that it will be " "more difficult for the display to meet the computational demands of " @@ -21524,22 +23156,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:14650 +#: book.translate.xml:14715 msgid "Ports and Packages Dealing with Video" -msgstr "可處理影像的 Ports 與套件" +msgstr "可處理影像的 Port 與套件" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:14652 +#: book.translate.xml:14717 msgid "video ports" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:14653 +#: book.translate.xml:14718 msgid "video packages" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14655 +#: book.translate.xml:14720 msgid "" "This section introduces some of the software available from the FreeBSD " "Ports Collection which can be used for video playback." @@ -21546,7 +23178,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:14660 +#: book.translate.xml:14725 msgid "" "MPlayer and MEncoder" msgstr "" @@ -21553,7 +23185,7 @@ "MPlayer 與 MEncoder" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14663 +#: book.translate.xml:14728 msgid "" "MPlayer is a command-line video player with an " "optional graphical interface which aims to provide speed and flexibility. " @@ -21562,12 +23194,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:14669 +#: book.translate.xml:14734 msgid "MPlayer" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14671 +#: book.translate.xml:14736 msgid "" "MPlayer can be installed using the " "multimedia/mplayer package or port. Several compile " @@ -21577,7 +23209,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14678 +#: book.translate.xml:14743 msgid "" "When compiling the port, the menu options should be reviewed to determine " "the type of support to compile into the port. If an option is not selected, " @@ -21588,7 +23220,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14687 +#: book.translate.xml:14752 msgid "" "By default, the package or port will build the mplayer " "command line utility and the gmplayer graphical utility. " @@ -21598,7 +23230,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14694 +#: book.translate.xml:14759 msgid "" "The first time MPlayer is run, it will create " "~/.mplayer in the user's home directory. This " @@ -21607,7 +23239,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14699 +#: book.translate.xml:14764 msgid "" "This section describes only a few common uses. Refer to mplayer(1) for a " "complete description of its numerous options." @@ -21614,7 +23246,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14703 +#: book.translate.xml:14768 msgid "" "To play the file testfile.avi, specify the video interfaces with , as seen " @@ -21622,37 +23254,37 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14708 +#: book.translate.xml:14773 #, no-wrap msgid "% mplayer -vo xv testfile.avi" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14710 +#: book.translate.xml:14775 #, no-wrap msgid "% mplayer -vo sdl testfile.avi" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14712 +#: book.translate.xml:14777 #, no-wrap msgid "% mplayer -vo x11 testfile.avi" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14714 +#: book.translate.xml:14779 #, no-wrap msgid "# mplayer -vo dga testfile.avi" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14716 +#: book.translate.xml:14781 #, no-wrap msgid "# mplayer -vo 'sdl:dga' testfile.avi" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14718 +#: book.translate.xml:14783 msgid "" "It is worth trying all of these options, as their relative performance " "depends on many factors and will vary significantly with hardware." @@ -21659,7 +23291,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14722 +#: book.translate.xml:14787 msgid "" "To play a DVD, replace testfile." "avi with , which " "engages fullscreen mode, and , which helps " @@ -21701,7 +23333,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14752 +#: book.translate.xml:14817 msgid "" "Each user can add commonly used options to their ~/.mplayer/" "config like so:" @@ -21708,7 +23340,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:14755 +#: book.translate.xml:14820 #, no-wrap msgid "" "vo=xv\n" @@ -21717,7 +23349,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14759 +#: book.translate.xml:14824 msgid "" "mplayer can be used to rip a DVD title " "to a .vob. To dump the second title from a " @@ -21725,13 +23357,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14764 +#: book.translate.xml:14829 #, no-wrap msgid "# mplayer -dumpstream -dumpfile out.vob dvd://2 -dvd-device /dev/dvd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14766 +#: book.translate.xml:14831 msgid "" "The output file, out.vob, will be in MPEG format." @@ -21738,7 +23370,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14769 +#: book.translate.xml:14834 msgid "" "Anyone wishing to obtain a high level of expertise with UNIX video should consult mencoder" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14779 +#: book.translate.xml:14844 msgid "" "Before using mencoder, it is a good idea to become " "familiar with the options described at % mencoder input.avi -oac copy -ovc copy -o output.avi" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14792 +#: book.translate.xml:14857 msgid "" "To rip to a file, use with mplayer." @@ -21784,7 +23416,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14795 +#: book.translate.xml:14860 msgid "" "To convert input.avi to the " "MPEG4 codec with MPEG3 audio encoding, first install the audio/" @@ -21793,7 +23425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14802 +#: book.translate.xml:14867 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% mencoder input.avi -oac mp3lame -lameopts br=192 \\\n" @@ -21801,7 +23433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14805 +#: book.translate.xml:14870 msgid "" "This will produce output playable by applications such as mplayer and xine." @@ -21808,7 +23440,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14809 +#: book.translate.xml:14874 msgid "" "input.avi can be replaced " "with and run as xine Video Player" msgstr "xine 影像播放器" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14822 +#: book.translate.xml:14887 msgid "" "xine is a video player with a reusable base " "library and a modular executable which can be extended with plugins. It can " @@ -21831,7 +23463,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14827 +#: book.translate.xml:14892 msgid "" "In practice, xine requires either a fast CPU with " "a fast video card, or support for the XVideo extension. The " @@ -21840,7 +23472,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14832 +#: book.translate.xml:14897 msgid "" "By default, the xine player starts a graphical " "user interface. The menus can then be used to open a specific file." @@ -21847,7 +23479,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14836 +#: book.translate.xml:14901 msgid "" "Alternatively, xine may be invoked from the " "command line by specifying the name of the file to play:" @@ -21854,13 +23486,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14840 +#: book.translate.xml:14905 #, no-wrap msgid "% xine -g -p mymovie.avi" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14842 +#: book.translate.xml:14907 msgid "" "Refer to xine-project." "org/faq for more information and troubleshooting tips." @@ -21867,12 +23499,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:14848 +#: book.translate.xml:14913 msgid "The Transcode Utilities" msgstr "Transcode 工具" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14851 +#: book.translate.xml:14916 msgid "" "Transcode provides a suite of tools for re-" "encoding video and audio files. Transcode can be " @@ -21881,7 +23513,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14857 +#: book.translate.xml:14922 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, Transcode can be installed using the " "multimedia/transcode package or port. Many users prefer " @@ -21894,7 +23526,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14868 +#: book.translate.xml:14933 msgid "" "This example demonstrates how to convert a DivX file into a PAL MPEG-1 file " "(PAL VCD):" @@ -21901,7 +23533,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14871 +#: book.translate.xml:14936 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% transcode -i input.avi -V --export_prof vcd-pal -o output_vcd\n" @@ -21909,7 +23541,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14874 +#: book.translate.xml:14939 msgid "" "The resulting MPEG file, " "output_vcd.mpg, is ready to " @@ -21920,7 +23552,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:14883 +#: book.translate.xml:14948 msgid "" "In addition to the manual page for transcode, refer to " " Josef El-Rayes Original contribution by " @@ -21941,7 +23573,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:14905 +#: book.translate.xml:14970 msgid "" " Marc Fonvieille Enhanced and adapted by " @@ -21948,12 +23580,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:14915 +#: book.translate.xml:14980 msgid "TV cards" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:14919 +#: book.translate.xml:14984 msgid "" "TV cards can be used to watch broadcast or cable TV on a computer. Most " "cards accept composite video via an RCA or S-video input " @@ -21964,7 +23596,7 @@ "FM 廣播的功能。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:14924 +#: book.translate.xml:14989 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides support for PCI-based TV cards using a Brooktree " "Bt848/849/878/879 video capture chip with the " @@ -21982,12 +23614,12 @@ "manvolnum> 說明，以查看所支援的硬體清單。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:14931 +#: book.translate.xml:14996 msgid "Loading the Driver" msgstr "載入驅動程式" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14933 +#: book.translate.xml:14998 msgid "" "In order to use the card, the bktr4 driver must be loaded. " @@ -21999,13 +23631,13 @@ "在 /boot/loader.conf 檔加上下面這一行就可以了：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:14937 +#: book.translate.xml:15002 #, no-wrap msgid "bktr_load=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14939 +#: book.translate.xml:15004 msgid "" "Alternatively, one can statically compile support for the TV card into a " "custom kernel. In that case, add the following lines to the custom kernel " @@ -22015,7 +23647,7 @@ "加入以下行：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:14944 +#: book.translate.xml:15009 #, no-wrap msgid "" "device\t bktr\n" @@ -22025,7 +23657,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14949 +#: book.translate.xml:15014 msgid "" "These additional devices are necessary as the card components are " "interconnected via an I2C bus. Then, build and install a new kernel." @@ -22034,7 +23666,7 @@ "連接的。接下來，請編譯、安裝新的核心 。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14953 +#: book.translate.xml:15018 msgid "" "To test that the tuner is correctly detected, reboot the system. The TV card " "should appear in the boot messages, as seen in this example:" @@ -22043,7 +23675,7 @@ "機訊息檔中，如同此範例：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:14957 +#: book.translate.xml:15022 #, no-wrap msgid "" "bktr0: <BrookTree 848A> mem 0xd7000000-0xd7000fff irq 10 at device 10.0 on pci0\n" @@ -22055,7 +23687,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14964 +#: book.translate.xml:15029 msgid "" "The messages will differ according to the hardware. If necessary, it is " "possible to override some of the detected parameters using " @@ -22070,13 +23702,13 @@ "SECAM 調諧器則可加入下列行至自訂核心設定檔：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:14971 +#: book.translate.xml:15036 #, no-wrap msgid "options OVERRIDE_TUNER=6" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14973 +#: book.translate.xml:15038 msgid "" "or, use sysctl8:" @@ -22085,13 +23717,13 @@ "manvolnum>：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:14975 +#: book.translate.xml:15040 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysctl hw.bt848.tuner=6" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14977 +#: book.translate.xml:15042 msgid "" "Refer to bktr4 for a description of the available " @@ -22104,17 +23736,17 @@ "項。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:14982 +#: book.translate.xml:15047 msgid "Useful Applications" msgstr "好用的應用程式" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:14984 +#: book.translate.xml:15049 msgid "To use the TV card, install one of the following applications:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:14989 +#: book.translate.xml:15054 msgid "" "multimedia/fxtv provides TV-in-a-window and image/audio/" "video capture capabilities." @@ -22121,7 +23753,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:14994 +#: book.translate.xml:15059 msgid "" "multimedia/xawtv is another TV application with similar " "features." @@ -22128,7 +23760,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:14998 +#: book.translate.xml:15063 msgid "" "audio/xmradio provides an application for using the FM " "radio tuner of a TV card." @@ -22135,12 +23767,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15004 +#: book.translate.xml:15069 msgid "More applications are available in the FreeBSD Ports Collection." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15011 +#: book.translate.xml:15076 msgid "" "If any problems are encountered with the TV card, check that the video " "capture chip and the tuner are supported by " @@ -22152,12 +23784,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:15020 +#: book.translate.xml:15085 msgid "MythTV" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15022 +#: book.translate.xml:15087 msgid "" "MythTV is a popular, open source Personal Video Recorder (PVR) application. This section demonstrates how to install and setup " @@ -22166,7 +23798,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15027 +#: book.translate.xml:15092 msgid "" "MythTV requires a frontend and a backend. These components can either be " "installed on the same system or on different machines." @@ -22173,7 +23805,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15031 +#: book.translate.xml:15096 msgid "" "The frontend can be installed on FreeBSD using the multimedia/" "mythtv-frontend package or port. Xorg " @@ -22184,7 +23816,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15040 +#: book.translate.xml:15105 msgid "" "To install both the backend and the frontend on FreeBSD, use the " "multimedia/mythtv package or port. A MySQLV4L) to access video input " "devices such as encoders and tuners. In FreeBSD, MythTV works best with " @@ -22218,7 +23850,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15068 +#: book.translate.xml:15133 msgid "" "The wiki.freebsd.org/HTPC page contains a list of all available DVB drivers." @@ -22225,17 +23857,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:15074 +#: book.translate.xml:15139 msgid "Setting up the MythTV Backend" msgstr "設定 MythTV 後端" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15076 +#: book.translate.xml:15141 msgid "To install MythTV using the port:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15078 +#: book.translate.xml:15143 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/multimedia/mythtv\n" @@ -22243,34 +23875,34 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15081 +#: book.translate.xml:15146 msgid "Once installed, set up the MythTV database:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15083 +#: book.translate.xml:15148 #, no-wrap msgid "# mysql -uroot -p < /usr/local/share/mythtv/database/mc.sql" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15085 +#: book.translate.xml:15150 msgid "Then, configure the backend:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15087 +#: book.translate.xml:15152 #, no-wrap msgid "# mythtv-setup" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15089 +#: book.translate.xml:15154 msgid "Finally, start the backend:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15091 +#: book.translate.xml:15156 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# echo 'mythbackend_enable=\"YES\"' >> /etc/rc.conf\n" @@ -22278,12 +23910,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:15098 +#: book.translate.xml:15163 msgid "Image Scanners" msgstr "影像掃描器" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:15101 +#: book.translate.xml:15166 msgid "" " Marc Fonvieille Written by " @@ -22290,12 +23922,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:15111 +#: book.translate.xml:15176 msgid "image scanners" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15115 +#: book.translate.xml:15180 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, access to image scanners is provided by SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy), which is available in the FreeBSD " @@ -22304,7 +23936,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15121 +#: book.translate.xml:15186 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports both SCSI and USB " "scanners. Depending upon the scanner interface, different device drivers are " @@ -22316,7 +23948,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15129 +#: book.translate.xml:15194 msgid "" "This chapter describes how to determine if the scanner has been detected by " "FreeBSD. It then provides an overview of how to configure and use " @@ -22324,12 +23956,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:15135 +#: book.translate.xml:15200 msgid "Checking the Scanner" msgstr "檢查掃描器" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15137 +#: book.translate.xml:15202 msgid "" "The GENERIC kernel includes the device drivers needed " "to support USB scanners. Users with a custom kernel " @@ -22338,7 +23970,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:15143 +#: book.translate.xml:15208 #, no-wrap msgid "" "device usb\n" @@ -22348,7 +23980,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15148 +#: book.translate.xml:15213 msgid "" "To determine if the USB scanner is detected, plug it in " "and use dmesg to determine whether the scanner appears in " @@ -22357,13 +23989,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15154 +#: book.translate.xml:15219 #, no-wrap msgid "ugen0.2: <EPSON> at usbus0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15156 +#: book.translate.xml:15221 msgid "" "In this example, an EPSON Perfection 1650 USB scanner was detected on /" @@ -22371,7 +24003,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15161 +#: book.translate.xml:15226 msgid "" "If the scanner uses a SCSI interface, it is important to " "know which SCSI controller board it will use. Depending " @@ -22385,7 +24017,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:15173 +#: book.translate.xml:15238 #, no-wrap msgid "" "device scbus\n" @@ -22393,12 +24025,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15176 +#: book.translate.xml:15241 msgid "Verify that the device is displayed in the system message buffer:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15179 +#: book.translate.xml:15244 #, no-wrap msgid "" "pass2 at aic0 bus 0 target 2 lun 0\n" @@ -22407,7 +24039,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15183 +#: book.translate.xml:15248 msgid "" "If the scanner was not powered-on at system boot, it is still possible to " "manually force detection by performing a SCSI bus scan " @@ -22415,7 +24047,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15188 +#: book.translate.xml:15253 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# camcontrol rescan all\n" @@ -22426,13 +24058,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15194 +#: book.translate.xml:15259 msgid "" "The scanner should now appear in the SCSI devices list:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15197 +#: book.translate.xml:15262 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# camcontrol devlist\n" @@ -22443,7 +24075,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15203 +#: book.translate.xml:15268 msgid "" "Refer to scsi4 and camcontrolSANE Configuration" msgstr "SANE 設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15210 +#: book.translate.xml:15275 msgid "" "The SANE system is split in two parts: the " "backends (graphics/sane-backends) and the frontends " @@ -22472,7 +24104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15223 +#: book.translate.xml:15288 msgid "" "After installing the graphics/sane-backends port or " "package, use sane-find-scanner to check the scanner " @@ -22480,7 +24112,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15229 +#: book.translate.xml:15294 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# sane-find-scanner -q\n" @@ -22488,7 +24120,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15232 +#: book.translate.xml:15297 msgid "" "The output should show the interface type of the scanner and the device node " "used to attach the scanner to the system. The vendor and the product model " @@ -22496,7 +24128,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:15237 +#: book.translate.xml:15302 msgid "" "Some USB scanners require firmware to be loaded. Refer to " "sane-find-scanner(1) and sane(7) for details." @@ -22503,7 +24135,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15242 +#: book.translate.xml:15307 msgid "" "Next, check if the scanner will be identified by a scanning frontend. The " "SANE backends include scanimage# scanimage -L\n" @@ -22524,7 +24156,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15255 +#: book.translate.xml:15320 msgid "" "In this second example, 'epson2:libusb:/dev/usb:/dev/ugen0.2' is the backend name (epson2) and /dev/" @@ -22532,7 +24164,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15261 +#: book.translate.xml:15326 msgid "" "If scanimage is unable to identify the scanner, this " "message will appear:" @@ -22539,7 +24171,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15264 +#: book.translate.xml:15329 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# scanimage -L\n" @@ -22551,7 +24183,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15271 +#: book.translate.xml:15336 msgid "" "If this happens, edit the backend configuration file in /usr/local/" "etc/sane.d/ and define the scanner device used. For example, if " @@ -22563,13 +24195,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:15281 +#: book.translate.xml:15346 #, no-wrap msgid "usb /dev/ugen0.2" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15283 +#: book.translate.xml:15348 msgid "" "Save the edits and verify that the scanner is identified with the right " "backend name and the device node:" @@ -22576,7 +24208,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15286 +#: book.translate.xml:15351 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# scanimage -L\n" @@ -22584,7 +24216,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15289 +#: book.translate.xml:15354 msgid "" "Once scanimage -L sees the scanner, the configuration is " "complete and the scanner is now ready to use." @@ -22591,7 +24223,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15293 +#: book.translate.xml:15358 msgid "" "While scanimage can be used to perform an image " "acquisition from the command line, it is often preferable to use a graphical " @@ -22601,7 +24233,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15300 +#: book.translate.xml:15365 msgid "" "Alternately, xsane, which is installed with the " "graphics/xsane package or port, is another popular " @@ -22611,12 +24243,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:15309 +#: book.translate.xml:15374 msgid "Scanner Permissions" msgstr "掃描器權限" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15311 +#: book.translate.xml:15376 msgid "" "In order to have access to the scanner, a user needs read and write " "permissions to the device node used by the scanner. In the previous example, " @@ -22632,7 +24264,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15324 +#: book.translate.xml:15389 msgid "" "This example creates a group called usb:" @@ -22639,13 +24271,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15326 +#: book.translate.xml:15391 #, no-wrap msgid "# pw groupadd usb" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15328 +#: book.translate.xml:15393 msgid "" "Then, make the /dev/ugen0.2 symlink and the /" "dev/usb/0.2.0 device node accessible to the usb in order to allow access to the scanner:" @@ -22671,13 +24303,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15342 +#: book.translate.xml:15407 #, no-wrap msgid "# pw groupmod usb -m joe" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:15344 +#: book.translate.xml:15409 msgid "" "For more details refer to pw8." @@ -22684,18 +24316,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:15374 +#: book.translate.xml:15439 msgid "Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel" msgstr "設定 FreeBSD 核心" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:15379 +#: book.translate.xml:15444 msgid "" "kernel building a custom kernel" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15384 +#: book.translate.xml:15449 msgid "" "The kernel is the core of the FreeBSD operating system. It is responsible " "for managing memory, enforcing security controls, networking, disk access, " @@ -22707,38 +24339,38 @@ "定並編譯自訂的核心。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:15394 +#: book.translate.xml:15459 msgid "When to build a custom kernel." msgstr "何時需要編譯自訂核心。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:15398 +#: book.translate.xml:15463 msgid "How to take a hardware inventory." msgstr "如何取得硬體資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:15402 +#: book.translate.xml:15467 msgid "How to customize a kernel configuration file." msgstr "如何量身訂做核心設定檔。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:15406 +#: book.translate.xml:15471 msgid "" "How to use the kernel configuration file to create and build a new kernel." msgstr "如何使用核心設定檔來建立並編譯新的核心。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:15411 +#: book.translate.xml:15476 msgid "How to install the new kernel." msgstr "如何安裝新的核心。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:15415 +#: book.translate.xml:15480 msgid "How to troubleshoot if things go wrong." msgstr "發生錯誤時如何排除問題。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15419 +#: book.translate.xml:15484 msgid "" "All of the commands listed in the examples in this chapter should be " "executed as root." @@ -22747,12 +24379,12 @@ "systemitem> 來執行。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:15424 +#: book.translate.xml:15489 msgid "Why Build a Custom Kernel?" msgstr "為何要編譯自訂的核心?" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15426 +#: book.translate.xml:15491 msgid "" "Traditionally, FreeBSD used a monolithic kernel. The kernel was one large " "program, supported a fixed list of devices, and in order to change the " @@ -22763,7 +24395,7 @@ "重新開機，才能使用。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15431 +#: book.translate.xml:15496 msgid "" "Today, most of the functionality in the FreeBSD kernel is contained in " "modules which can be dynamically loaded and unloaded from the kernel as " @@ -22776,7 +24408,7 @@ "核心 (Modular Kernel)。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15438 +#: book.translate.xml:15503 msgid "" "Occasionally, it is still necessary to perform static kernel configuration. " "Sometimes the needed functionality is so tied to the kernel that it can not " @@ -22789,7 +24421,7 @@ "載核心模組，且只要將需要的功能靜態的編譯到核心當中。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15445 +#: book.translate.xml:15510 msgid "" "Building a custom kernel is often a rite of passage for advanced BSD users. " "This process, while time consuming, can provide benefits to the FreeBSD " @@ -22803,7 +24435,7 @@ "『自己硬體』的部分就好。 自訂核心有許多項優點，如︰" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:15455 +#: book.translate.xml:15520 msgid "" "Faster boot time. Since the kernel will only probe the hardware on the " "system, the time it takes the system to boot can decrease." @@ -22812,7 +24444,7 @@ "流暢快速。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:15461 +#: book.translate.xml:15526 msgid "" "Lower memory usage. A custom kernel often uses less memory than the " "GENERIC kernel by omitting unused features and device " @@ -22826,7 +24458,7 @@ "使用。因此，自訂核心對於記憶體較小的系統來說，發揮很大的作用。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:15472 +#: book.translate.xml:15537 msgid "" "Additional hardware support. A custom kernel can add support for devices " "which are not present in the GENERIC kernel." @@ -22835,7 +24467,7 @@ "提供的硬體支援。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15478 +#: book.translate.xml:15543 msgid "" "Before building a custom kernel, consider the reason for doing so. If there " "is a need for specific hardware support, it may already exist as a module." @@ -22842,7 +24474,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15482 +#: book.translate.xml:15547 msgid "" "Kernel modules exist in /boot/kernel and may be " "dynamically loaded into the running kernel using " @@ -22854,7 +24486,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15488 +#: book.translate.xml:15553 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Alternatively, to load the driver as a module at boot time, place the\n" @@ -22864,7 +24496,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15493 +#: book.translate.xml:15558 msgid "" "Adding if_ath_load=\"YES\" to /boot/loader." "conf will load this module dynamically at boot time." @@ -22871,7 +24503,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15497 +#: book.translate.xml:15562 msgid "" "In some cases, there is no associated module in /boot/kernel. This is mostly true for certain subsystems." @@ -22878,12 +24510,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:15514 +#: book.translate.xml:15579 msgid "Finding the System Hardware" msgstr "偵測系統硬體" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15516 +#: book.translate.xml:15581 msgid "" "Before editing the kernel configuration file, it is recommended to perform " "an inventory of the machine's hardware. On a dual-boot system, the inventory " @@ -22897,7 +24529,7 @@ "application> (Device Manager) 內會有目前已安裝的硬體資訊。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:15524 +#: book.translate.xml:15589 msgid "" "Some versions of Microsoft Windows have a " @@ -22909,7 +24541,7 @@ "(System) 圖示可用來進入 裝置管理員。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15529 +#: book.translate.xml:15594 msgid "" "If FreeBSD is the only installed operating system, use " "dmesg8 驅動程式偵測到了一隻滑鼠：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15536 +#: book.translate.xml:15601 #, no-wrap msgid "" "psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0\n" @@ -22937,7 +24569,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15541 +#: book.translate.xml:15606 msgid "" "Since this hardware exists, this driver should not be removed from a custom " "kernel configuration file." @@ -22944,7 +24576,7 @@ msgstr "因為該硬體存在，此驅動程式便不應該從自訂核心設定檔中移除。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15544 +#: book.translate.xml:15609 msgid "" "If the output of dmesg does not display the results of " "the boot probe output, instead read the contents of /var/run/dmesg." @@ -22954,7 +24586,7 @@ "/var/run/dmesg.boot 檔案的內容。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15548 +#: book.translate.xml:15613 msgid "" "Another tool for finding hardware is pciconf8, which provides more " @@ -22965,7 +24597,7 @@ "訊，該工具會列出更詳細的硬體資訊如：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15551 +#: book.translate.xml:15616 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% pciconf -lv\n" @@ -22977,7 +24609,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15558 +#: book.translate.xml:15623 msgid "" "This output shows that the ath driver located a " "wireless Ethernet device." @@ -22986,7 +24618,7 @@ "置。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15561 +#: book.translate.xml:15626 msgid "" "The flag of man1 can be used to provide " @@ -22998,13 +24630,13 @@ "有包含指定關鍵字的手冊頁面清單：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15565 +#: book.translate.xml:15630 #, no-wrap msgid "# man -k Atheros" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:15567 +#: book.translate.xml:15632 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ath(4) - Atheros IEEE 802.11 wireless network driver\n" @@ -23012,7 +24644,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15570 +#: book.translate.xml:15635 msgid "" "Once the hardware inventory list is created, refer to it to ensure that " "drivers for installed hardware are not removed as the custom kernel " @@ -23023,12 +24655,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect1/title #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:15587 book.translate.xml:43971 +#: book.translate.xml:15652 book.translate.xml:44025 msgid "The Configuration File" msgstr "設定檔" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15589 +#: book.translate.xml:15654 msgid "" "In order to create a custom kernel configuration file and build a custom " "kernel, the full FreeBSD source tree must first be installed." @@ -23036,7 +24668,7 @@ "為了要建立自訂核心設定檔並編譯自訂核心，必須先安裝完整的 FreeBSD 原始碼樹。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15593 +#: book.translate.xml:15658 msgid "" "If /usr/src/ does not exist or it is empty, source has " "not been installed. Source can be installed using Subversion 中的操作說明來安裝。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15598 +#: book.translate.xml:15663 msgid "" "Once source is installed, review the contents of /usr/src/sys. This directory contains a number of subdirectories, including " @@ -23070,7 +24702,7 @@ "filename> 核心設定檔。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15612 +#: book.translate.xml:15677 msgid "" "Do not make edits to GENERIC. Instead, copy the file to " "a different name and make edits to the copy. The convention is to use a name " @@ -23087,7 +24719,7 @@ "filename> 設定檔建立了一個複本名稱為 MYKERNEL：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15621 +#: book.translate.xml:15686 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/src/sys/amd64/conf\n" @@ -23095,7 +24727,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15624 +#: book.translate.xml:15689 msgid "" "MYKERNEL can now be " "customized with any ASCII text editor. The default editor " @@ -23108,22 +24740,22 @@ "做 ee。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:15631 +#: book.translate.xml:15696 msgid "kernel NOTES" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:15635 +#: book.translate.xml:15700 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:15636 +#: book.translate.xml:15701 msgid "kernel configuration file" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15641 +#: book.translate.xml:15706 msgid "" "The format of the kernel configuration file is simple. Each line contains a " "keyword that represents a device or subsystem, an argument, and a brief " @@ -23140,7 +24772,7 @@ "除 # 符號。" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:15652 +#: book.translate.xml:15717 msgid "" "It is easy to remove support for a device or option and end up with a broken " "kernel. For example, if the ataNOTES, which can be found " @@ -23168,7 +24800,7 @@ "filename>。" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:15667 +#: book.translate.xml:15732 msgid "" "When finished customizing the kernel configuration file, save a backup copy " "to a location outside of /usr/src." @@ -23176,7 +24808,7 @@ "當完成自訂的核心設定檔，請備份到 /usr/src 位置之外。" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:15671 +#: book.translate.xml:15736 msgid "" "Alternately, keep the kernel configuration file elsewhere and create a " "symbolic link to the file:" @@ -23185,7 +24817,7 @@ "案：" #. (itstool) path: tip/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15674 +#: book.translate.xml:15739 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/src/sys/amd64/conf\n" @@ -23195,7 +24827,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15680 +#: book.translate.xml:15745 msgid "" "An include directive is available for use in " "configuration files. This allows another configuration file to be included " @@ -23210,7 +24842,7 @@ "並設定額外增加的選項，如範例所示：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:15688 +#: book.translate.xml:15753 #, no-wrap msgid "" "include GENERIC\n" @@ -23223,7 +24855,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:15696 +#: book.translate.xml:15761 msgid "" "Using this method, the local configuration file expresses local differences " "from a GENERIC kernel. As upgrades are performed, new " @@ -23241,7 +24873,7 @@ "refentrytitle>5 找到。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:15706 +#: book.translate.xml:15771 msgid "" "To build a file which contains all available options, run the following " "command as root:" @@ -23250,18 +24882,18 @@ "systemitem> 執行以下指令：" #. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:15709 +#: book.translate.xml:15774 #, no-wrap msgid "# cd /usr/src/sys/arch/conf && make LINT" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:16525 +#: book.translate.xml:16590 msgid "Building and Installing a Custom Kernel" msgstr "編譯與安裝自訂核心" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:16527 +#: book.translate.xml:16592 msgid "" "Once the edits to the custom configuration file have been saved, the source " "code for the kernel can be compiled using the following steps:" @@ -23268,28 +24900,28 @@ msgstr "完成自訂設定檔的編輯並儲存之後，便可依據以下步驟編譯核心的原始碼：" #. (itstool) path: procedure/title -#: book.translate.xml:16532 +#: book.translate.xml:16597 msgid "Building a Kernel" msgstr "編譯核心" #. (itstool) path: procedure/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:16534 +#: book.translate.xml:16599 msgid "kernel building / installing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:16540 +#: book.translate.xml:16605 msgid "Change to this directory:" msgstr "切換至此目錄：" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:16542 +#: book.translate.xml:16607 #, no-wrap msgid "# cd /usr/src" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:16546 +#: book.translate.xml:16611 msgid "" "Compile the new kernel by specifying the name of the custom kernel " "configuration file:" @@ -23296,13 +24928,13 @@ msgstr "指定自訂核心設定檔的名稱來編譯新的核心：" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:16549 +#: book.translate.xml:16614 #, no-wrap msgid "# make buildkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:16553 +#: book.translate.xml:16618 msgid "" "Install the new kernel associated with the specified kernel configuration " "file. This command will copy the new kernel to /boot/kernel/" @@ -23314,13 +24946,13 @@ "filename>：" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:16559 +#: book.translate.xml:16624 #, no-wrap msgid "# make installkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:16563 +#: book.translate.xml:16628 msgid "" "Shutdown the system and reboot into the new kernel. If something goes wrong, " "refer to ." @@ -23329,7 +24961,7 @@ "noboot\"/>。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:16568 +#: book.translate.xml:16633 msgid "" "By default, when a custom kernel is compiled, all kernel modules are " "rebuilt. To update a kernel faster or to build only custom modules, edit " @@ -23339,7 +24971,7 @@ "自訂的模組，需在開始編譯之前先編輯 /etc/make.conf。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:16573 +#: book.translate.xml:16638 msgid "" "For example, this variable specifies the list of modules to build instead of " "using the default of building all modules:" @@ -23346,13 +24978,13 @@ msgstr "例如，使用以下變數可指定要編譯的模組清單來替代預設編譯所有模組的設定：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:16577 +#: book.translate.xml:16642 #, no-wrap msgid "MODULES_OVERRIDE = linux acpi" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:16579 +#: book.translate.xml:16644 msgid "" "Alternately, this variable lists which modules to exclude from the build " "process:" @@ -23359,13 +24991,13 @@ msgstr "或者，可使用以下變數來從編譯程序中排除要編譯的模組：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:16582 +#: book.translate.xml:16647 #, no-wrap msgid "WITHOUT_MODULES = linux acpi sound" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:16584 +#: book.translate.xml:16649 msgid "" "Additional variables are available. Refer to " "make.conf55 取得詳細資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:16587 +#: book.translate.xml:16652 msgid "/boot/kernel.old" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:16593 +#: book.translate.xml:16658 msgid "If Something Goes Wrong" msgstr "如果發生錯誤" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:16595 +#: book.translate.xml:16660 msgid "" "There are four categories of trouble that can occur when building a custom " "kernel:" @@ -23392,12 +25024,12 @@ msgstr "當編譯自訂核心時可能發生以下四種類型的問題：" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:16600 +#: book.translate.xml:16665 msgid "config fails" msgstr "config 失敗" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16603 +#: book.translate.xml:16668 msgid "" "If config fails, it will print the line number that is " "incorrect. As an example, for the following message, make sure that line 17 " @@ -23409,18 +25041,18 @@ "17 行輸入的內容正確：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:16609 +#: book.translate.xml:16674 #, no-wrap msgid "config: line 17: syntax error" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:16614 +#: book.translate.xml:16679 msgid "make fails" msgstr "make 失敗" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16617 +#: book.translate.xml:16682 msgid "" "If make fails, it is usually due to an error in the " "kernel configuration file which is not severe enough for config 或替換為任何其他已經知道可以正常開機的核心名稱。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16642 +#: book.translate.xml:16707 msgid "" "After booting with a good kernel, check over the configuration file and try " "to build it again. One helpful resource is /var/log/messages 也會印出自本次開機後的核心訊息。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:16650 +#: book.translate.xml:16715 msgid "" "When troubleshooting a kernel, make sure to keep a copy of " "GENERIC, or some other kernel that is known to work, as " @@ -23490,7 +25122,7 @@ "核心目錄。" #. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:16660 +#: book.translate.xml:16725 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mv /boot/kernel /boot/kernel.bad\n" @@ -23498,7 +25130,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:16667 +#: book.translate.xml:16732 msgid "" "The kernel works, but ps1 does not" @@ -23507,7 +25139,7 @@ "manvolnum> 無法運作" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16670 +#: book.translate.xml:16735 msgid "" "If the kernel version differs from the one that the system utilities have " "been built with, for example, a kernel built from -CURRENT sources is " @@ -23530,12 +25162,12 @@ "是個好主意。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:16695 +#: book.translate.xml:16760 msgid "Printing" msgstr "列印" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:16698 book.translate.xml:28517 +#: book.translate.xml:16763 book.translate.xml:28582 msgid "" " Warren Block Originally contributed by " @@ -23542,29 +25174,34 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/para -#: book.translate.xml:16707 +#: book.translate.xml:16772 msgid "" "Putting information on paper is a vital function, despite many attempts to " "eliminate it. Printing has two basic components. The data must be delivered " "to the printer, and must be in a form that the printer can understand." msgstr "" +"儘管很多人試圖淘汰列印功能，但列印資訊到紙上仍是一個重要的功能。列印由兩個基" +"本元件組成，包含了資料傳送到印表機的方式以及印表機可以理解的資料形式。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:16715 +#: book.translate.xml:16780 msgid "" "Basic printing can be set up quickly. The printer must be capable of " "printing plain ASCII text. For printing to other types of " "files, see ." msgstr "" +"基本的列印功能可以快速設定完成，列印機必須能夠列印純 ASCII 文字。若要列印其他類型的檔案，請參考 。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:16722 +#: book.translate.xml:16787 msgid "Create a directory to store files while they are being printed:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "建立一個目錄來儲存要被列印的檔案:" #. (itstool) path: step/screen #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:16725 book.translate.xml:17134 +#: book.translate.xml:16790 book.translate.xml:17199 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mkdir -p /var/spool/lpd/lp\n" @@ -23573,14 +25210,16 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:16731 +#: book.translate.xml:16796 msgid "" "As root, create /etc/" "printcap with these contents:" msgstr "" +"以 root 建立 /etc/" +"printcap 內容如下:" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:16735 +#: book.translate.xml:16800 #, no-wrap msgid "" "lp:\\\n" @@ -23592,52 +25231,55 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:16744 +#: book.translate.xml:16809 msgid "This line is for a printer connected to a USB port." -msgstr "" +msgstr "此行是針對連接到 USB 埠的印表機:" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:16747 +#: book.translate.xml:16812 msgid "" "For a printer connected to a parallel or printer port, use:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "連接到並列或 印表器 (Printer) 埠的印表機要使用:" #. (itstool) path: callout/programlisting #. (itstool) path: entry/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:16750 book.translate.xml:17191 +#: book.translate.xml:16815 book.translate.xml:17256 #, no-wrap msgid ":lp=/dev/lpt0:\\" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:16752 +#: book.translate.xml:16817 msgid "For a printer connected directly to a network, use:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "直接連接到網路的印表機要使用:" #. (itstool) path: callout/programlisting #. (itstool) path: entry/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:16755 book.translate.xml:17200 +#: book.translate.xml:16820 book.translate.xml:17265 #, no-wrap msgid ":lp=:rm=network-printer-name:rp=raw:\\" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:16757 +#: book.translate.xml:16822 msgid "" "Replace network-printer-name with the " "DNS host name of the network printer." msgstr "" +"替換 network-printer-name 為網路印表機的 " +"DNS 主機名稱。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:16766 +#: book.translate.xml:16831 msgid "" "Enable lpd by editing /etc/rc.conf, " "adding this line:" msgstr "" +"編輯 /etc/rc.conf 加入下行來開啟 lpd:" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:16769 book.translate.xml:17257 +#: book.translate.xml:16834 book.translate.xml:17322 #, no-wrap msgid "lpd_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" @@ -23644,12 +25286,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: step/para #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:16771 book.translate.xml:17259 +#: book.translate.xml:16836 book.translate.xml:17324 msgid "Start the service:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "啟動服務:" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:16773 +#: book.translate.xml:16838 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service lpd start\n" @@ -23657,32 +25299,36 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:16778 +#: book.translate.xml:16843 msgid "Print a test:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "測試列印:" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:16780 +#: book.translate.xml:16845 #, no-wrap msgid "# printf \"1. This printer can print.\\n2. This is the second line.\\n\" | lpr" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:16783 +#: book.translate.xml:16848 msgid "" "If both lines do not start at the left border, but stairstep " "instead, see ." msgstr "" +"若列印的兩行未從左邊界開始，而是呈現 階梯狀 (Stairstep)，請參" +"考 。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:16788 +#: book.translate.xml:16853 msgid "" "Text files can now be printed with lpr. Give the filename " "on the command line, or pipe output directly into lpr." msgstr "" +"現在可以使用 lpr 來列印文字檔，只要在指令列給序檔案名稱，" +"或者將輸出使用管線符號 (Pipe) 傳送給 lpr。" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:16793 +#: book.translate.xml:16858 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% lpr textfile.txt\n" @@ -23690,12 +25336,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:16800 +#: book.translate.xml:16865 msgid "Printer Connections" msgstr "印表機連線" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:16802 +#: book.translate.xml:16867 msgid "" "Printers are connected to computer systems in a variety of ways. Small " "desktop printers are usually connected directly to a computer's " @@ -23704,27 +25350,33 @@ "network, making it easy for multiple computers to share them. A few printers " "use a rare serial port connection." msgstr "" +"印表機有許多方式可以連接到電腦，小型的桌面印表機會直接連接到電腦的 " +"USB 埠，舊式的印表機會連接到並列 (Parallel) 或 印表" +"機 (Printer) 埠，而有一部份印表機則是直接連接網路，讓印表機能夠給多台" +"電腦共享使用，還有少部分印表機則是連接到較罕見的序列 (Serial) 埠。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:16810 +#: book.translate.xml:16875 msgid "FreeBSD can communicate with all of these types of printers." -msgstr "" +msgstr "FreeBSD 可以與這些類型的印表機溝通。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:16815 book.translate.xml:17177 +#: book.translate.xml:16880 book.translate.xml:17242 msgid "USB" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16818 +#: book.translate.xml:16883 msgid "" "USB printers can be connected to any available " "USB port on the computer." msgstr "" +"USB 印表機可以連接到電腦上任何可用的 USB 埠。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16822 +#: book.translate.xml:16887 msgid "" "When FreeBSD detects a USB printer, two device entries " "are created: /dev/ulpt0 and /dev/unlpt0unlpt0 device is usually used instead. " "unlpt0 does not reset the USB port at all." msgstr "" +"當 FreeBSD 偵測到 USB 印表機，會建立兩個裝置項目: " +"/dev/ulpt0 以及 /dev/unlpt0，傳送到" +"兩者任一裝置的資料都會被轉發到印表機。在每個列印工作完成後 ulpt0 便會重設 USB 埠，重設 USB 埠" +"可能會在部份印表機造成問題，因此通常可以改使用 unlpt0 " +"裝置。unlpt0 不會重設 USB 埠。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:16837 +#: book.translate.xml:16902 msgid "Parallel (IEEE-1284)" -msgstr "" +msgstr "並列 (IEEE-1284)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16840 +#: book.translate.xml:16905 msgid "" "The parallel port device is /dev/lpt0. This device " "appears whether a printer is attached or not, it is not autodetected." msgstr "" +"並列埠裝置使用 /dev/lpt0，此裝置不論印表機是否連接上都會" +"存在，它並不會自動偵測。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16845 +#: book.translate.xml:16910 msgid "" "Vendors have largely moved away from these legacy ports, and " "many computers no longer have them. Adapters can be used to connect a " @@ -23757,22 +25417,29 @@ "printer. Devices called print servers can also be used " "to connect parallel printers directly to a network." msgstr "" +"供應商已不再採用這種 舊式 連接埠，且有許多電腦甚至已沒有這種連" +"接埠。可以用轉接器來連接並列印表機到 USB 埠，有了轉接器，" +"並列印表機可以被當作 USB 印表機使用。有另一種稱作 " +"列印伺服器 (Print server) 的裝置也可用來連接並列印表機到" +"網路。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:16857 +#: book.translate.xml:16922 msgid "Serial (RS-232)" -msgstr "" +msgstr "序列 (RS-232)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16860 +#: book.translate.xml:16925 msgid "" "Serial ports are another legacy port, rarely used for printers except in " "certain niche applications. Cables, connectors, and required wiring vary " "widely." msgstr "" +"序列埠也是另一種舊式連接埠，已很少用在印表機上，除了某些特殊的應用外，纜線、" +"接頭與需要的佈線方式依需求變化性很大。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16864 +#: book.translate.xml:16929 msgid "" "For serial ports built into a motherboard, the serial device name is " "/dev/cuau0 or /dev/cuau1. Serial " @@ -23779,9 +25446,13 @@ "USB adapters can also be used, and these will appear as " "/dev/cuaU0." msgstr "" +"內建在主機板的序列埠的序列裝置名稱為 /dev/cuau0 或 " +"/dev/cuau1。也有序列 USB 轉接器可使" +"用，而裝置的的名稱則會是 /dev/cuaU0。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16871 +#: book.translate.xml:16936 msgid "" "Several communication parameters must be known to communicate with a serial " "printer. The most important are baud rate or " @@ -23789,20 +25460,24 @@ "Values vary, but typical serial printers use a baud rate of 9600 and no " "parity." msgstr "" +"要與序列印表機通訊必須知道數個通訊參數，其中最重要的是 傳輸速率 " +"(Baud rate) 或 BPS (Bits Per Second) 以及 " +"同位檢查 (Parity)。數值有數種，但一般序列印表機會使用 的" +"傳輸速率是 9600 且無同位檢查。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:16881 book.translate.xml:17195 +#: book.translate.xml:16946 book.translate.xml:17260 msgid "Network" -msgstr "" +msgstr "網路" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16884 +#: book.translate.xml:16949 msgid "Network printers are connected directly to the local computer network." -msgstr "" +msgstr "網路印表機可直接連接到區域網路。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16887 +#: book.translate.xml:16952 msgid "" "The DNS hostname of the printer must be known. If the " "printer is assigned a dynamic address by DHCP, " @@ -23810,9 +25485,13 @@ "always has the correct IP address. Network printers are " "often given static IP addresses to avoid this problem." msgstr "" +"若印表機透過 DHCP 分配動態位址，則必須要知道 " +"DNS 主機名稱，DNS 應動態更新來讓主機名" +"稱能夠對應到正確的 IP 位址。指定網路印表機一個靜態的 " +"IP 位址可避免這個問題。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16895 +#: book.translate.xml:16960 msgid "" "Most network printers understand print jobs sent with the LPD protocol. A print queue name can also be specified. Some printers " @@ -23820,14 +25499,18 @@ "raw queue prints the data unchanged, while the " "text queue adds carriage returns to plain text." msgstr "" +"大多數網路印表機可以認得使用 LPD 通訊協定所送出的列印工" +"作，列印佇列 (Print queue) 的名稱也會在這時指定。部份印表機會依據使用的佇列來" +"決定處理資料的方式，例如 raw 佇列會列印原始資料，而 " +"text 佇列則會在純文字上增加換行符號 (Carriage return)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16903 +#: book.translate.xml:16968 msgid "Many network printers can also print data sent directly to port 9100." -msgstr "" +msgstr "大部份網路印表機也可列印直接傳送到埠號 9100 的資料。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:16912 +#: book.translate.xml:16977 msgid "" "Wired network connections are usually the easiest to set up and give the " "fastest printing. For direct connection to the computer, USBUSB，由於較快速、簡單。並列連線仍然可以使" +"用，但有纜線長度與速度上的限制。而序列連線則比較難設定，不同型號的纜線佈線方" +"式不同，且通訊參數如傳輸速率及同位檢查增加了複雜性，所幸序列印表機並不多。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:16925 +#: book.translate.xml:16990 msgid "Common Page Description Languages" msgstr "常見的頁面描述語言" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:16927 +#: book.translate.xml:16992 msgid "" "Data sent to a printer must be in a language that the printer can " "understand. These languages are called Page Description Languages, or " "PDLs." msgstr "" +"傳送給印表機的資料必須使用印表機能夠理解的語言，這些語言稱為頁面描述語言 " +"(Page Description Languages) 或 PDL。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:16933 +#: book.translate.xml:16998 msgid "ASCII" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16936 +#: book.translate.xml:17001 msgid "" "Plain ASCII text is the simplest way to send data to a " "printer. Characters correspond one to one with what will be printed: an " @@ -23868,21 +25557,28 @@ "little or no encoding or translation. The printed output corresponds " "directly with what was sent." msgstr "" +"純 ASCII 文字是傳送資料到印表機最簡單的方式，一個字元對應" +"一個要列印的文字: 資料中的 A 會列印一個 A 在頁面。可以使用的格式非常少，沒有辦法選擇字型或者比例間距。強迫使用" +"簡單的純 ASCII 為的是讓文字可以直接從電腦列印只需一點或甚" +"至不需要編碼或轉譯，列印的結果可直接對應傳送的內容。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16947 +#: book.translate.xml:17012 msgid "" "Some inexpensive printers cannot print plain ASCII text. " "This makes them more difficult to set up, but it is usually still possible." msgstr "" +"部份便宜印表機無法列印純 ASCII 文字，這讓這些印表機較難設" +"定。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:16955 +#: book.translate.xml:17020 msgid "PostScript" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16958 +#: book.translate.xml:17023 msgid "" "PostScript is almost the " "opposite of ASCII. Rather than simple text, a PostScript 與 ASCII 幾乎相反，與簡單的文字不同，PostScript 程式語言有一套指令可以繪出最終所要的文件，可以使用" +"不同的字型與圖形，但是，這樣強大的功能是有代價的，繪製頁面需要搛寫程式語言，" +"通常這個程式語言會由應用程式產生，所以使用者是看不到的。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16967 +#: book.translate.xml:17032 msgid "" "Inexpensive printers sometimes leave out PostScript compatibility as a cost-saving measure." msgstr "" +"便宜的印表機有時會移除 PostScript 的相容性來節省成本。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:16973 +#: book.translate.xml:17038 msgid "PCL (Printer Command Language)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16976 +#: book.translate.xml:17041 msgid "" "PCL is an extension of ASCII, adding " "escape sequences for formatting, font selection, and printing graphics. Many " @@ -23914,14 +25617,19 @@ "PCL6 or PCLXL. These later versions " "are supersets of PCL5 and can provide faster printing." msgstr "" +"PCL 由 ASCII 延伸而來，加入了跳脫序列 " +"(Escape sequence) 來標示格式、選擇字型以及列印圖型。大部份印表機都支援 " +"PCL5，少數支援較新的 PCL6 或 " +"PCLXL，這些後來的版本是 PCL5 的超集合 " +"(Superset)，並可以提供更快的列印速度。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:16988 +#: book.translate.xml:17053 msgid "Host-Based" -msgstr "" +msgstr "以主機為基礎 (Host-Based)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16991 +#: book.translate.xml:17056 msgid "" "Manufacturers can reduce the cost of a printer by giving it a simple " "processor and very little memory. These printers are not capable of printing " @@ -23929,17 +25637,22 @@ "the host computer and then sent to the printer. These are called " "host-based printers." msgstr "" +"製造商可能會使用簡單的處理器和較小的記憶體來降低印表機的成本，這些印表機無法" +"列印純文字，相反的，文字與圖形會先在機器上的驅動程式畫完後傳送到印表機。這些" +"稱為以主機為基礎 (Host-based) 的印表機。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:16999 +#: book.translate.xml:17064 msgid "" "Communication between the driver and a host-based printer is often through " "proprietary or undocumented protocols, making them functional only on the " "most common operating systems." msgstr "" +"驅動程式與以主機為基礎的印表機通訊通常會透過專用或無文件的通訊協定，這讓這些" +"印表機只能在最常用的作業系統上運作。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:17008 +#: book.translate.xml:17073 msgid "" "Converting PostScript to Other " "PDLs" @@ -23948,7 +25661,7 @@ "PDL" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17011 +#: book.translate.xml:17076 msgid "" "Many applications from the Ports Collection and FreeBSD utilities produce " "PostScript output. This table " @@ -23955,73 +25668,81 @@ "shows the utilities available to convert that into other common " "PDLs:" msgstr "" +"Port 套件集與 FreeBSD 工具集有許多可以處理 PostScript 輸出的應用程式，此表整理出了可轉換 PostScript 成其他常用 PDL 的工具：" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:17017 +#: book.translate.xml:17082 msgid "Output PDLs" msgstr "輸出 PDL 格式" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17022 +#: book.translate.xml:17087 msgid "Output PDL" -msgstr "" +msgstr "輸出 PDL" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17024 +#: book.translate.xml:17089 msgid "Generated By" -msgstr "" +msgstr "產生由" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17031 +#: book.translate.xml:17096 msgid "PCL or PCL5" -msgstr "" +msgstr "PCL 或 PCL5" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17033 book.translate.xml:17041 book.translate.xml:17049 +#: book.translate.xml:17098 book.translate.xml:17106 book.translate.xml:17114 msgid "print/ghostscript9" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17034 +#: book.translate.xml:17099 msgid "" "-sDEVICE=ljet4 for monochrome, -sDEVICE=cljet5 for color" msgstr "" +"單色使用 -sDEVICE=ljet4、彩色使用 -" +"sDEVICE=cljet5" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17039 +#: book.translate.xml:17104 msgid "PCLXL or PCL6" -msgstr "" +msgstr "PCLXL 或 PCL6" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17042 +#: book.translate.xml:17107 msgid "" "-sDEVICE=pxlmono for monochrome, -" "sDEVICE=pxlcolor for color" msgstr "" +"單色使用 -sDEVICE=pxlmono、彩色使用 -" +"sDEVICE=pxlcolor" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17048 +#: book.translate.xml:17113 msgid "ESC/P2" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17050 +#: book.translate.xml:17115 msgid "-sDEVICE=uniprint" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17054 +#: book.translate.xml:17119 msgid "XQX" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17055 +#: book.translate.xml:17120 msgid "print/foo2zjs" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17066 +#: book.translate.xml:17131 msgid "" "For the easiest printing, choose a printer that supports PostScript. Printers that support PCLPCL directly almost always support direct printing of " "plain ASCII text files also." msgstr "" +"要最簡單可以列印，可選擇支援 PostScript 的印表機。其次則為支援 PCL 的印表機，有了 " +"print/ghostscript 這些印表機也可像原生支援 " +"PostScript 的印表機一般使用。有直" +"接支援 PostScript 或 " +"PCL 的印表機通常也會直接支援純 ASCII 文" +"字檔案。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17076 +#: book.translate.xml:17141 msgid "" "Line-based printers like typical inkjets usually do not support PostScript or PCL. They " @@ -24044,17 +25772,25 @@ "page on these printers is often very slow due to the large amount of data to " "be transferred and printed." msgstr "" +"行列式印表機如同典型的噴墨式印表機通常不支援 PostScript 或 PCL，這種印表機通常可以列印" +"純 ASCII 文字檔案。print/" +"ghostscript 支援部份這種印表機使用的 PDL，不過要" +"在這種印表機上列印完全以圖型為基礎的頁面通常會非常緩慢，由於需要傳送大量的資" +"料並列印。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17085 +#: book.translate.xml:17150 msgid "" "Host-based printers are often more difficult to set up. Some cannot be used " "at all because of proprietary PDLs. Avoid these printers " "when possible." msgstr "" +"以主機為基礎的印表機通常較難設定，有些會因為用了專用的 PDL 而無法使用，盡可能避免使用這類的印表機。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17090 +#: book.translate.xml:17155 msgid "" "Descriptions of many PDLs can be found at . The " @@ -24061,28 +25797,35 @@ "particular PDL used by various models of printers can be " "found at ." msgstr "" +"有關各種 PDL 的介紹可至 。各種型號印表機所使用的" +"特定 PDL 可至 查詢。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:17098 +#: book.translate.xml:17163 msgid "Direct Printing" msgstr "直接列印" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:17100 +#: book.translate.xml:17165 msgid "" "For occasional printing, files can be sent directly to a printer device " "without any setup. For example, a file called sample.txt can be sent to a USB printer:" msgstr "" +"對於偶爾列印，檔案可以直接傳送到印表機裝置，無需做任何設定。例如，要傳送一個" +"名稱為 sample.txt 的檔案到 USB 印表" +"機:" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17105 +#: book.translate.xml:17170 #, no-wrap msgid "# cp sample.txt /dev/unlpt0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:17107 +#: book.translate.xml:17172 msgid "" "Direct printing to network printers depends on the abilities of the printer, " "but most accept print jobs on port 9100, and " @@ -24091,28 +25834,34 @@ "with the DNS hostname of netlaser:" msgstr "" +"要直接使用網路印表機列印需看該印表機支援的功能，但大多數會接受埠號 9100 的列" +"印作業，可使用 nc1 來完成。要使用 DNS 主機名稱為 " +"netlaser 的印表機列印與上述相同的檔案可:" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17113 +#: book.translate.xml:17178 #, no-wrap msgid "# nc netlaser 9100 < sample.txt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:17117 +#: book.translate.xml:17182 msgid "LPD (Line Printer Daemon)" msgstr "LPD (行列式印表機 Daemon)" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:17119 +#: book.translate.xml:17184 msgid "" "Printing a file in the background is called spooling. A " "spooler allows the user to continue with other programs on the computer " "without waiting for the printer to slowly complete the print job." msgstr "" +"在背景列印一個檔案稱作 Spooling，緩衝程式 (Spooler) 讓使" +"用者能夠繼續執行電腦的其他程式而不需要等候印表機緩慢的完成列印工作。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:17124 +#: book.translate.xml:17189 msgid "" "FreeBSD includes a spooler called lpd8. Print jobs are " @@ -24119,22 +25868,28 @@ "submitted with lpr1." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 內含的緩衝程式 (Spooler) 稱作 lpd8，而列印工作會使用 " +"lpr1 來提交。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:17128 book.translate.xml:28606 +#: book.translate.xml:17193 book.translate.xml:28671 msgid "Initial Setup" msgstr "初始設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17130 +#: book.translate.xml:17195 msgid "" "A directory for storing print jobs is created, ownership is set, and the " "permissions are set to prevent other users from viewing the contents of " "those files:" msgstr "" +"建立要用來儲存列印工作的目錄、設定擁有關係以及權限來避免其他使用者可以檢視這" +"些檔案的內容:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17138 +#: book.translate.xml:17203 msgid "" "Printers are defined in /etc/printcap. An entry for " "each printer includes details like a name, the port where it is attached, " @@ -24141,9 +25896,12 @@ "and various other settings. Create /etc/printcap with " "these contents:" msgstr "" +"印表機會定義在 /etc/printcap，每台印表機項目所包含的詳細" +"資料有名稱、連接的接頭以及各種其他設定。建立 /etc/printcap 使用以下內容:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17144 +#: book.translate.xml:17209 #, no-wrap msgid "" "lp:\\\t\t\t\t\n" @@ -24155,7 +25913,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:17153 +#: book.translate.xml:17218 msgid "" "The name of this printer. lpr1 sends print jobs to " @@ -24163,140 +25921,159 @@ ", so the default printer should be named lp." msgstr "" +"印表機的名稱。 lpr1 會傳送列印工作到 lp 印表機，除非" +"有使用 來指定其他印表機，所以預的印表機名稱應使用 " +"lp。" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:17161 +#: book.translate.xml:17226 msgid "" "The device where the printer is connected. Replace this line with the " "appropriate one for the connection type shown here." -msgstr "" +msgstr "印表機所連接到裝置。替換此行為正確的連線類型，如此處所示。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17169 +#: book.translate.xml:17234 msgid "Connection Type" -msgstr "" +msgstr "連線類型" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17170 +#: book.translate.xml:17235 msgid "Device Entry in /etc/printcap" -msgstr "" +msgstr "在 /etc/printcap 的裝置項目" #. (itstool) path: entry/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17178 +#: book.translate.xml:17243 #, no-wrap msgid ":lp=/dev/unlpt0:\\" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: entry/para -#: book.translate.xml:17180 +#: book.translate.xml:17245 msgid "" "This is the non-resetting USB " "printer device. If problems are experienced, use ulpt0 " "instead, which resets the USB port on each use." msgstr "" +"此為不會重設 USB 印表機的裝置，若使用" +"上發生問題，請改使用 ulpt0，這個裝置會在每次使用後重設 " +"USB 埠。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17190 +#: book.translate.xml:17255 msgid "Parallel" -msgstr "" +msgstr "並列" #. (itstool) path: entry/para -#: book.translate.xml:17197 +#: book.translate.xml:17262 msgid "For a printer supporting the LPD protocol:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "針對支援 LPD 通訊協定的印表機:" #. (itstool) path: entry/para -#: book.translate.xml:17202 +#: book.translate.xml:17267 msgid "For printers supporting port 9100 printing:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "針對支援使用埠號 9100 列印的印表機:" #. (itstool) path: entry/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17205 +#: book.translate.xml:17270 #, no-wrap msgid ":lp=9100@network-printer-name:\\" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: entry/para -#: book.translate.xml:17207 +#: book.translate.xml:17272 msgid "" "For both types, replace network-printer-name with " "the DNS host name of the network printer." msgstr "" +"針對兩者皆支援的印表機，請替換 network-printer-name 為網路印表機的 DNS 主機名稱。" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:17214 +#: book.translate.xml:17279 msgid "Serial" -msgstr "" +msgstr "序列" #. (itstool) path: entry/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17215 +#: book.translate.xml:17280 #, no-wrap msgid ":lp=/dev/cuau0:br=9600:pa=none:\\" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: entry/para -#: book.translate.xml:17217 +#: book.translate.xml:17282 msgid "" "These values are for a typical serial printer connected to a motherboard " "serial port. The baud rate is 9600, and no parity is used." msgstr "" +"這些是一般序列印表機連接到主機板序列埠會採用的數值，傳輸速率 (Baud rate) 是 " +"9600 且無同位檢查 (No Parity)。" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:17228 +#: book.translate.xml:17293 msgid "Suppress the printing of a header page at the start of a print job." -msgstr "" +msgstr "在列印工作開始時不列印首頁。" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:17233 +#: book.translate.xml:17298 msgid "Do not limit the maximum size of a print job." -msgstr "" +msgstr "不限制列印工作的最大尺寸。" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:17237 +#: book.translate.xml:17302 msgid "" "The path to the spooling directory for this printer. Each printer uses its " "own spooling directory." msgstr "" +"此印表機的緩衝 (Spooling) 目錄路徑，每台印表機會自己使用一個獨立的緩衝 " +"(Spooling) 目錄。" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:17242 +#: book.translate.xml:17307 msgid "The log file where errors on this printer will be reported." -msgstr "" +msgstr "記錄此印表機回報錯誤的記錄檔。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17247 +#: book.translate.xml:17312 msgid "" "After creating /etc/printcap, use " "chkprintcap8 to test it for errors:" msgstr "" +"在建立 /etc/printcap 之後，使用 " +"chkprintcap8 測試印表機是否有錯誤:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17250 +#: book.translate.xml:17315 #, no-wrap msgid "# chkprintcap" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17252 +#: book.translate.xml:17317 msgid "Fix any reported problems before continuing." -msgstr "" +msgstr "在繼續之前修正任何回報的問題。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17254 +#: book.translate.xml:17319 msgid "" "Enable lpd8 in /etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "" +"開啟 /etc/rc.conf 中的 " +"lpd8:" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17261 +#: book.translate.xml:17326 #, no-wrap msgid "# service lpd start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:17265 +#: book.translate.xml:17330 msgid "" "Printing with lpr1" @@ -24305,7 +26082,7 @@ "manvolnum> 列印" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17267 +#: book.translate.xml:17332 msgid "" "Documents are sent to the printer with lpr. A file to be " "printed can be named on the command line or piped into lpr% lpr doc.txt\n" @@ -24322,7 +26099,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17276 +#: book.translate.xml:17341 msgid "" "Printers can be selected with . To print to a printer " "called laser:" @@ -24329,18 +26106,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17280 +#: book.translate.xml:17345 #, no-wrap msgid "% lpr -Plaser doc.txt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:17284 +#: book.translate.xml:17349 msgid "Filters" msgstr "過濾器" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17286 +#: book.translate.xml:17351 msgid "" "The examples shown so far have sent the contents of a text file directly to " "the printer. As long as the printer understands the content of those files, " @@ -24348,7 +26125,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17291 +#: book.translate.xml:17356 msgid "" "Some printers are not capable of printing plain text, and the input file " "might not even be plain text." @@ -24355,7 +26132,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17294 +#: book.translate.xml:17359 msgid "" "Filters allow files to be translated or processed. The " "typical use is to translate one type of input, like plain text, into a form " @@ -24366,7 +26143,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17302 +#: book.translate.xml:17367 msgid "" "The filters discussed here are input filters or " "text filters. These filters convert the incoming file " @@ -24376,7 +26153,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17309 +#: book.translate.xml:17374 msgid "" "Filters are specified in /etc/printcap with the " "if= identifier. To use /usr/local/libexec/" @@ -24385,7 +26162,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17315 +#: book.translate.xml:17380 #, no-wrap msgid "" "lp:\\\n" @@ -24398,7 +26175,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:17325 +#: book.translate.xml:17390 msgid "" "if= identifies the input filter that " "will be used on incoming text." @@ -24405,7 +26182,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:17332 +#: book.translate.xml:17397 msgid "" "The backslash line continuation characters at the end " "of the lines in printcap entries reveal that an entry " @@ -24415,18 +26192,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17339 +#: book.translate.xml:17404 #, no-wrap msgid "lp:lp=/dev/unlpt0:sh:mx#0:sd=/var/spool/lpd/lp:if=/usr/local/libexec/lf2crlf:lf=/var/log/lpd-errs:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:17343 +#: book.translate.xml:17408 msgid "Preventing Stairstepping on Plain Text Printers" msgstr "避免在純文字印表機階梯狀列印" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17345 +#: book.translate.xml:17410 msgid "" "Typical FreeBSD text files contain only a single line feed character at the " "end of each line. These lines will stairstep on a standard " @@ -24434,7 +26211,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17349 +#: book.translate.xml:17414 #, no-wrap msgid "" "A printed file looks\n" @@ -24443,7 +26220,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17353 +#: book.translate.xml:17418 msgid "" "A filter can convert the newline characters into carriage returns and " "newlines. The carriage returns make the printer return to the left after " @@ -24452,7 +26229,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17359 +#: book.translate.xml:17424 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh\n" @@ -24461,30 +26238,30 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17363 book.translate.xml:17398 book.translate.xml:17430 -#: book.translate.xml:17484 +#: book.translate.xml:17428 book.translate.xml:17463 book.translate.xml:17495 +#: book.translate.xml:17549 msgid "Set the permissions and make it executable:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17365 +#: book.translate.xml:17430 #, no-wrap msgid "# chmod 555 /usr/local/libexec/lf2crlf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17367 book.translate.xml:17402 +#: book.translate.xml:17432 book.translate.xml:17467 msgid "Modify /etc/printcap to use the new filter:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17370 +#: book.translate.xml:17435 #, no-wrap msgid ":if=/usr/local/libexec/lf2crlf:\\" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17372 +#: book.translate.xml:17437 msgid "" "Test the filter by printing the same plain text file. The carriage returns " "will cause each line to start at the left side of the page." @@ -24491,7 +26268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:17378 +#: book.translate.xml:17443 msgid "" "Fancy Plain Text on PostScript " "Printers with print/enscript" @@ -24500,7 +26277,7 @@ "\">PostScript 印表機美化純文字內容" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17381 +#: book.translate.xml:17446 msgid "" "GNU Enscript converts plain " "text files into nicely-formatted PostScript/usr/local/libexec/enscript with these contents:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17395 +#: book.translate.xml:17460 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh\n" @@ -24527,24 +26304,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17400 +#: book.translate.xml:17465 #, no-wrap msgid "# chmod 555 /usr/local/libexec/enscript" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17405 +#: book.translate.xml:17470 #, no-wrap msgid ":if=/usr/local/libexec/enscript:\\" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17407 +#: book.translate.xml:17472 msgid "Test the filter by printing a plain text file." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:17411 +#: book.translate.xml:17476 msgid "" "Printing PostScript to " "PCL Printers" @@ -24553,7 +26330,7 @@ "acronym> 印表機" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17414 +#: book.translate.xml:17479 msgid "" "Many programs produce PostScript " "documents. However, inexpensive printers often only understand plain text or " @@ -24563,7 +26340,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17420 +#: book.translate.xml:17485 msgid "" "Install the Ghostscript PostScript interpreter, print/ghostscript9, " @@ -24571,13 +26348,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17424 +#: book.translate.xml:17489 msgid "" "Create /usr/local/libexec/ps2pcl with these contents:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17427 +#: book.translate.xml:17492 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh\n" @@ -24585,13 +26362,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17432 +#: book.translate.xml:17497 #, no-wrap msgid "# chmod 555 /usr/local/libexec/ps2pcl" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17434 +#: book.translate.xml:17499 msgid "" "PostScript input sent to this " "script will be rendered and converted to PCL before being " @@ -24599,18 +26376,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17438 book.translate.xml:17488 +#: book.translate.xml:17503 book.translate.xml:17553 msgid "Modify /etc/printcap to use this new input filter:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17441 +#: book.translate.xml:17506 #, no-wrap msgid ":if=/usr/local/libexec/ps2pcl:\\" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17443 +#: book.translate.xml:17508 msgid "" "Test the filter by sending a small PostScript program to it:" @@ -24617,7 +26394,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17446 +#: book.translate.xml:17511 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% printf \"%%\\!PS \\n /Helvetica findfont 18 scalefont setfont \\\n" @@ -24625,12 +26402,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:17451 +#: book.translate.xml:17516 msgid "Smart Filters" msgstr "智慧過濾器" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17453 +#: book.translate.xml:17518 msgid "" "A filter that detects the type of input and automatically converts it to the " "correct format for the printer can be very convenient. The first two " @@ -24645,7 +26422,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17464 +#: book.translate.xml:17529 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh\n" @@ -24670,19 +26447,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17486 +#: book.translate.xml:17551 #, no-wrap msgid "# chmod 555 /usr/local/libexec/psif" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17491 +#: book.translate.xml:17556 #, no-wrap msgid ":if=/usr/local/libexec/psif:\\" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17493 +#: book.translate.xml:17558 msgid "" "Test the filter by printing PostScript and plain text files." @@ -24689,12 +26466,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:17498 +#: book.translate.xml:17563 msgid "Other Smart Filters" msgstr "其他智慧過濾器" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17500 +#: book.translate.xml:17565 msgid "" "Writing a filter that detects many different types of input and formats them " "correctly is challenging. print/apsfilter " @@ -24705,12 +26482,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:17512 +#: book.translate.xml:17577 msgid "Multiple Queues" msgstr "多序列" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17514 +#: book.translate.xml:17579 msgid "" "The entries in /etc/printcap are really definitions of " "queues. There can be more than one queue for a single " @@ -24719,7 +26496,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17520 +#: book.translate.xml:17585 msgid "" "As an example, consider a networked PostScript laser printer in an office. Most users want to " @@ -24730,7 +26507,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17526 +#: book.translate.xml:17591 #, no-wrap msgid "" "textprinter:\\\n" @@ -24750,7 +26527,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17541 +#: book.translate.xml:17606 msgid "" "Documents sent to textprinter will be formatted by the " "/usr/local/libexec/enscript filter shown in an earlier " @@ -24760,7 +26537,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17548 +#: book.translate.xml:17613 msgid "" "This multiple queue technique can be used to provide direct access to all " "kinds of printer features. A printer with a duplexer could use two queues, " @@ -24770,12 +26547,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:17557 +#: book.translate.xml:17622 msgid "Monitoring and Controlling Printing" msgstr "監視與控制列印" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17559 +#: book.translate.xml:17624 msgid "" "Several utilities are available to monitor print jobs and check and control " "printer operation." @@ -24782,7 +26559,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:17563 +#: book.translate.xml:17628 msgid "" "lpq1" @@ -24789,7 +26566,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17565 +#: book.translate.xml:17630 msgid "" "lpq1 shows the status of a user's print jobs. Print jobs from other " @@ -24797,12 +26574,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17568 +#: book.translate.xml:17633 msgid "Show the current user's pending jobs on a single printer:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17571 +#: book.translate.xml:17636 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% lpq -Plp\n" @@ -24811,12 +26588,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17575 +#: book.translate.xml:17640 msgid "Show the current user's pending jobs on all printers:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17578 +#: book.translate.xml:17643 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% lpq -a\n" @@ -24830,7 +26607,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:17589 +#: book.translate.xml:17654 msgid "" "lprm1" @@ -24837,7 +26614,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17591 +#: book.translate.xml:17656 msgid "" "lprm1 is used to remove print jobs. Normal users are only allowed to " @@ -24846,12 +26623,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17596 +#: book.translate.xml:17661 msgid "Remove all pending jobs from a printer:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17598 +#: book.translate.xml:17663 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# lprm -Plp -\n" @@ -24864,7 +26641,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17606 +#: book.translate.xml:17671 msgid "" "Remove a single job from a printer. lpq1 is used to find the " @@ -24872,7 +26649,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17609 +#: book.translate.xml:17674 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% lpq\n" @@ -24884,7 +26661,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:17618 +#: book.translate.xml:17683 msgid "" "lpc8" @@ -24891,7 +26668,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17620 +#: book.translate.xml:17685 msgid "" "lpc8 is used to check and modify printer status. lpc% lpc status all\n" @@ -24926,7 +26703,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17643 +#: book.translate.xml:17708 msgid "" "Prevent a printer from accepting new jobs, then begin accepting new jobs " "again:" @@ -24933,7 +26710,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17646 +#: book.translate.xml:17711 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# lpc disable lp\n" @@ -24945,13 +26722,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17653 +#: book.translate.xml:17718 msgid "" "Stop printing, but continue to accept new jobs. Then begin printing again:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17656 +#: book.translate.xml:17721 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# lpc stop lp\n" @@ -24964,12 +26741,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17664 +#: book.translate.xml:17729 msgid "Restart a printer after some error condition:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17666 +#: book.translate.xml:17731 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# lpc restart lp\n" @@ -24980,7 +26757,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17672 +#: book.translate.xml:17737 msgid "" "Turn the print queue off and disable printing, with a message to explain the " "problem to users:" @@ -24987,7 +26764,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17675 +#: book.translate.xml:17740 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# lpc down lp Repair parts will arrive on Monday\n" @@ -24997,12 +26774,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17680 +#: book.translate.xml:17745 msgid "Re-enable a printer that is down:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17682 +#: book.translate.xml:17747 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# lpc up lp\n" @@ -25012,7 +26789,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17687 +#: book.translate.xml:17752 msgid "" "See lpc8 for more commands and options." @@ -25019,12 +26796,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:17692 +#: book.translate.xml:17757 msgid "Shared Printers" msgstr "分享印表機" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17694 +#: book.translate.xml:17759 msgid "" "Printers are often shared by multiple users in businesses and schools. " "Additional features are provided to make sharing printers more convenient." @@ -25031,12 +26808,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:17699 +#: book.translate.xml:17764 msgid "Aliases" msgstr "別名" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17701 +#: book.translate.xml:17766 msgid "" "The printer name is set in the first line of the entry in /etc/" "printcap. Additional names, or aliases, can " @@ -25045,13 +26822,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17707 +#: book.translate.xml:17772 #, no-wrap msgid "lp|repairsprinter|salesprinter:\\" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17709 +#: book.translate.xml:17774 msgid "" "Aliases can be used in place of the printer name. For example, users in the " "Sales department print to their printer with" @@ -25058,13 +26835,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17713 +#: book.translate.xml:17778 #, no-wrap msgid "% lpr -Psalesprinter sales-report.txt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17715 +#: book.translate.xml:17780 msgid "" "Users in the Repairs department print to their printer " "with" @@ -25071,13 +26848,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17718 +#: book.translate.xml:17783 #, no-wrap msgid "% lpr -Prepairsprinter repairs-report.txt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17720 +#: book.translate.xml:17785 msgid "" "All of the documents print on that single printer. When the Sales department " "grows enough to need their own printer, the alias can be removed from the " @@ -25087,12 +26864,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:17729 +#: book.translate.xml:17794 msgid "Header Pages" msgstr "頁首" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17731 +#: book.translate.xml:17796 msgid "" "It can be difficult for users to locate their documents in the stack of " "pages produced by a busy shared printer. Header pages " @@ -25103,7 +26880,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17739 +#: book.translate.xml:17804 msgid "" "Enabling header pages differs depending on whether the printer is connected " "directly to the computer with a USB, parallel, or serial " @@ -25111,7 +26888,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17744 +#: book.translate.xml:17809 msgid "" "Header pages on directly-connected printers are enabled by removing the " ":sh:\\ (Suppress Header) line from the entry in " @@ -25123,7 +26900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:17754 +#: book.translate.xml:17819 msgid "" "Header pages for network printers must be configured on the printer itself. " "Header page entries in /etc/printcap are ignored. " @@ -25132,12 +26909,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:17765 book.translate.xml:22565 +#: book.translate.xml:17830 book.translate.xml:22630 msgid "References" msgstr "參考文獻" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17767 +#: book.translate.xml:17832 msgid "" "Example files: /usr/share/examples/printing/." @@ -25144,7 +26921,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17769 +#: book.translate.xml:17834 msgid "" "The 4.3BSD Line Printer Spooler Manual, /usr/" "share/doc/smm/07.lpd/paper.ascii.gz." @@ -25151,7 +26928,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17773 +#: book.translate.xml:17838 msgid "" "Manual pages: printcap5, " @@ -25165,12 +26942,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:17779 +#: book.translate.xml:17844 msgid "Other Printing Systems" msgstr "其他列印系統" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:17781 +#: book.translate.xml:17846 msgid "" "Several other printing systems are available in addition to the built-in " "lpd8CUPS (Common UNIX Printing System)" @@ -25186,7 +26963,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17789 +#: book.translate.xml:17854 msgid "" "CUPS is a popular printing system available on many " "operating systems. Using CUPS on FreeBSD is documented in " @@ -25195,12 +26972,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:17796 +#: book.translate.xml:17861 msgid "HPLIP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17798 +#: book.translate.xml:17863 msgid "" "Hewlett Packard provides a printing system that supports many of their " "inkjet and laser printers. The port is print/hplipLPRng was developed as an enhanced alternative to " "lpd8Linux Binary Compatibility" msgstr "Linux Binary 相容性" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:17830 +#: book.translate.xml:17895 msgid "" " Jim Mock Restructured and parts updated by " @@ -25238,7 +27015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:17841 +#: book.translate.xml:17906 msgid "" " Brian N. Handy Originally contributed by " @@ -25245,7 +27022,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:17849 +#: book.translate.xml:17914 msgid "" " Rich Murphey " @@ -25252,12 +27029,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:17861 +#: book.translate.xml:17926 msgid "Linux binary compatibility" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:17869 +#: book.translate.xml:17934 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides 32-bit binary compatibility with Linux, allowing users to install and run most 32-" @@ -25275,7 +27052,7 @@ "trademark> 好。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:17875 +#: book.translate.xml:17940 msgid "" "However, some Linux-specific " "operating system features are not supported under FreeBSD. For example, " @@ -25291,7 +27068,7 @@ "\"registered\">Linux Binary 目前也尚未支援。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:17885 +#: book.translate.xml:17950 msgid "" "How to enable Linux binary " "compatibility on a FreeBSD system." @@ -25300,7 +27077,7 @@ "Binary 相容模式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:17890 +#: book.translate.xml:17955 msgid "" "How to install additional Linux " "shared libraries." @@ -25308,7 +27085,7 @@ "如何安裝其他的 Linux 共用程式庫。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:17895 +#: book.translate.xml:17960 msgid "" "How to install Linux " "applications on a FreeBSD system." @@ -25317,7 +27094,7 @@ "用程式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:17900 +#: book.translate.xml:17965 msgid "" "The implementation details of Linux compatibility in FreeBSD." @@ -25326,7 +27103,7 @@ "細節。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:17909 +#: book.translate.xml:17974 msgid "" "Know how to install additional third-party software." @@ -25333,7 +27110,7 @@ msgstr "知道如何安裝 其他的第三方軟體。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:17917 +#: book.translate.xml:17982 msgid "" "Configuring Linux Binary " "Compatibility" @@ -25340,12 +27117,12 @@ msgstr "設定 Linux Binary 相容性" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:17919 +#: book.translate.xml:17984 msgid "Ports Collection" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:17921 +#: book.translate.xml:17986 msgid "" "By default, Linux libraries are " "not installed and Linux binary " @@ -25356,10 +27133,10 @@ "Linux 程式庫預設並不會安裝，且並" "不會開啟 Linux Binary 相容性。 " "Linux 程式庫可以手動安裝或是從 " -"FreeBSD Ports 套件集安裝。" +"FreeBSD Port 套件集安裝。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:17926 +#: book.translate.xml:17991 msgid "" "Before attempting to build the port, load the Linux kernel module, otherwise the build will fail:" @@ -25368,18 +27145,18 @@ "核心模組，否則編譯會失敗：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17929 +#: book.translate.xml:17994 #, no-wrap msgid "# kldload linux" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:17931 +#: book.translate.xml:17996 msgid "To verify that the module is loaded:" msgstr "確認模組已載入：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17933 +#: book.translate.xml:17998 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% kldstat\n" @@ -25389,7 +27166,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:17938 +#: book.translate.xml:18003 msgid "" "The emulators/linux_base-c6 package or port is the " "easiest way to install a base set of Linux# printf \"compat.linux.osrelease=2.6.18\\n\" >> /etc/sysctl.conf\n" @@ -25409,7 +27186,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:17947 +#: book.translate.xml:18012 msgid "" "For Linux compatibility to be " "enabled at boot time, add this line to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -25418,18 +27195,18 @@ "加入這行到 /etc/rc.conf：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:17950 +#: book.translate.xml:18015 #, no-wrap msgid "linux_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:17952 +#: book.translate.xml:18017 msgid "kernel options COMPAT_LINUX" msgstr "核心選項 COMPAT_LINUX" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:17957 +#: book.translate.xml:18022 msgid "" "Users who prefer to statically link Linux binary compatibility into a custom kernel should add " @@ -25442,17 +27219,17 @@ "定檔。 編譯並安裝新核心的方法，如 所述。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:17964 +#: book.translate.xml:18029 msgid "Installing Additional Libraries Manually" msgstr "手動安裝其他程式庫" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:17966 +#: book.translate.xml:18031 msgid "shared libraries" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17970 +#: book.translate.xml:18035 msgid "" "If a Linux application complains " "about missing shared libraries after configuring Linux system, " "ldd can be used to determine which shared libraries the " @@ -25482,7 +27259,7 @@ "個指令：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17982 +#: book.translate.xml:18047 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ldd linuxdoom\n" @@ -25492,12 +27269,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:17987 +#: book.translate.xml:18052 msgid "symbolic links" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:17991 +#: book.translate.xml:18056 msgid "" "Then, copy all the files in the last column of the output from the " "Linux system into /" @@ -25511,7 +27288,7 @@ "FreeBSD 系統產生以下檔案：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:17998 +#: book.translate.xml:18063 #, no-wrap msgid "" "/compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3.1.0\n" @@ -25523,7 +27300,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:18005 +#: book.translate.xml:18070 msgid "" "If a Linux shared library " "already exists with a matching major revision number to the first column of " @@ -25538,12 +27315,12 @@ "只要符號連結指向新版的程式庫，舊版便可移除。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:18013 +#: book.translate.xml:18078 msgid "For example, these libraries already exist on the FreeBSD system:" msgstr "例如，以下程式庫已存在 FreeBSD 系統：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:18016 +#: book.translate.xml:18081 #, no-wrap msgid "" "/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.27\n" @@ -25551,19 +27328,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:18019 +#: book.translate.xml:18084 msgid "" "and ldd indicates that a binary requires a later version:" msgstr "且 ldd 顯示 Binary 需要使用較新的版本：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:18022 +#: book.translate.xml:18087 #, no-wrap msgid "libc.so.4 (DLL Jump 4.5pl26) -> libc.so.4.6.29" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:18024 +#: book.translate.xml:18089 msgid "" "Since the existing library is only one or two versions out of date in the " "last digit, the program should still work with the slightly older version. " @@ -25575,7 +27352,7 @@ "本：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:18030 +#: book.translate.xml:18095 #, no-wrap msgid "" "/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.29\n" @@ -25583,7 +27360,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:18033 +#: book.translate.xml:18098 msgid "" "Generally, one will need to look for the shared libraries that Linux binaries depend on only the first few " @@ -25600,7 +27377,7 @@ "\"registered\">Linux Binary，便不再需要額外的動作。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:18042 +#: book.translate.xml:18107 msgid "" "Installing Linux ELF Binaries" @@ -25609,12 +27386,12 @@ "acronym> Binary" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:18045 +#: book.translate.xml:18110 msgid "Linux ELF binaries" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:18050 +#: book.translate.xml:18115 msgid "" "ELF binaries sometimes require an extra step. When an " "unbranded ELF binary is executed, it will generate an " @@ -25624,7 +27401,7 @@ "的 ELF Binary，會產生錯誤訊息：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:18054 +#: book.translate.xml:18119 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ./my-linux-elf-binary\n" @@ -25633,7 +27410,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:18058 +#: book.translate.xml:18123 msgid "" "To help the FreeBSD kernel distinguish between a FreeBSD ELF binary and a Linux " @@ -25646,18 +27423,18 @@ "manvolnum>：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:18062 +#: book.translate.xml:18127 #, no-wrap msgid "% brandelf -t Linux my-linux-elf-binary" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:18064 +#: book.translate.xml:18129 msgid "GNU toolchain" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:18068 +#: book.translate.xml:18133 msgid "" "Since the GNU toolchain places the appropriate branding information into " "ELF binaries automatically, this step is usually not " @@ -25667,7 +27444,7 @@ "不需要這個步驟。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:18074 +#: book.translate.xml:18139 msgid "" "Installing a Linux RPM Based Application" @@ -25676,7 +27453,7 @@ "acronym> 為基礎的應用程式" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:18077 +#: book.translate.xml:18142 msgid "" "To install a Linux RPM-based application, first install the archivers/rpm4.rpm：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:18084 +#: book.translate.xml:18149 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /compat/linux\n" @@ -25698,7 +27475,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:18087 +#: book.translate.xml:18152 msgid "" "If necessary, brandelf the installed ELF binaries. Note that this will prevent a clean uninstall." @@ -25707,17 +27484,17 @@ "Binary。注意，這將會無法乾淨地解除安裝。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:18093 +#: book.translate.xml:18158 msgid "Configuring the Hostname Resolver" msgstr "設定主機名稱解析器" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:18095 +#: book.translate.xml:18160 msgid "If DNS does not work or this error appears:" msgstr "如果 DNS 無法運作或出現這個錯誤：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:18098 +#: book.translate.xml:18163 #, no-wrap msgid "" "resolv+: \"bind\" is an invalid keyword resolv+:\n" @@ -25725,12 +27502,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:18101 +#: book.translate.xml:18166 msgid "configure /compat/linux/etc/host.conf as follows:" msgstr "將 /compat/linux/etc/host.conf 設定如下：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:18104 +#: book.translate.xml:18169 #, no-wrap msgid "" "order hosts, bind\n" @@ -25738,7 +27515,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:18107 +#: book.translate.xml:18172 msgid "" "This specifies that /etc/hosts is searched first and " "DNS is searched second. When /compat/linux/etc/" @@ -25755,12 +27532,12 @@ "literal>。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:18942 book.translate.xml:40045 book.translate.xml:50336 +#: book.translate.xml:19007 book.translate.xml:40110 book.translate.xml:51170 msgid "Advanced Topics" msgstr "進階主題" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:18944 +#: book.translate.xml:19009 msgid "" "This section describes how Linux " "binary compatibility works and is based on an email written to execution class loader" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:18951 +#: book.translate.xml:19016 msgid "" "FreeBSD has an abstraction called an execution class loader. " "This is a wedge into the execveUNIX loader " "examined the magic number (generally the first 4 or 8 bytes of the file) to " @@ -25793,7 +27570,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:18960 +#: book.translate.xml:19025 msgid "" "If it was not the binary type for the system, the " "execve2sh1 to examine the first " @@ -25813,7 +27590,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:18970 +#: book.translate.xml:19035 msgid "" "FreeBSD has a list of loaders, instead of a single loader, with a fallback " "to the #! loader for running shell interpreters or shell " @@ -25821,17 +27598,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:18974 +#: book.translate.xml:19039 msgid "ELF" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:18978 book.translate.xml:52386 +#: book.translate.xml:19043 book.translate.xml:53220 msgid "Solaris" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:18982 +#: book.translate.xml:19047 msgid "" "For the Linux ABI support, FreeBSD sees the magic number as an ELF binary. The ELF " @@ -25841,7 +27618,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:18988 +#: book.translate.xml:19053 msgid "" "For Linux binaries to function, " "they must be branded as type Linux " @@ -25850,18 +27627,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:18992 +#: book.translate.xml:19057 #, no-wrap msgid "# brandelf -t Linux file" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:18994 +#: book.translate.xml:19059 msgid "ELF branding" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:18999 +#: book.translate.xml:19064 msgid "" "When the ELF loader sees the Linux brand, the loader " "replaces a pointer in the proc structure. All system " @@ -25872,7 +27649,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19007 +#: book.translate.xml:19072 msgid "" "The Linux system call vector " "contains, among other things, a list of sysent[] entries " @@ -25880,7 +27657,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19011 +#: book.translate.xml:19076 msgid "" "When a system call is called by the Linux binary, the trap code dereferences the system call function " @@ -25890,7 +27667,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19016 +#: book.translate.xml:19081 msgid "" "Linux mode dynamically " "reroots lookups. This is, in effect, equivalent to the " @@ -25912,7 +27689,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19033 +#: book.translate.xml:19098 msgid "" "In effect, there is a Linux " "kernel in the FreeBSD kernel. The various underlying functions that " @@ -25930,7 +27707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19046 +#: book.translate.xml:19111 msgid "" "Technically, this is not really emulation, it is an ABI " "implementation. It is sometimes called Chern Lee Written by " @@ -25980,7 +27757,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:19095 +#: book.translate.xml:19160 msgid "" " Mike Smith Based on a tutorial written by " @@ -25987,7 +27764,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:19105 +#: book.translate.xml:19170 msgid "" " Matt Dillon Also based on tuning(7) written by " @@ -25994,17 +27771,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:19118 +#: book.translate.xml:19183 msgid "system configuration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:19121 +#: book.translate.xml:19186 msgid "system optimization" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19125 +#: book.translate.xml:19190 msgid "" "One of the important aspects of FreeBSD is proper system configuration. This " "chapter explains much of the FreeBSD configuration process, including some " @@ -26014,7 +27791,7 @@ "紹 FreeBSD 的設定流程，包括一些可以調整 FreeBSD 效能的參數設定。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19134 +#: book.translate.xml:19199 msgid "" "The basics of rc.conf configuration and /usr/" "local/etc/rc.d startup scripts." @@ -26023,23 +27800,23 @@ "filename> 啟動 Script。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19140 +#: book.translate.xml:19205 msgid "How to configure and test a network card." msgstr "如何設定並測試網路卡。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19144 +#: book.translate.xml:19209 msgid "How to configure virtual hosts on network devices." msgstr "如何在網路裝置上設定虛擬主機。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19149 +#: book.translate.xml:19214 msgid "" "How to use the various configuration files in /etc." msgstr "如何使用在 /etc 中的各種設定檔。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19154 +#: book.translate.xml:19219 msgid "" "How to tune FreeBSD using sysctl8 variables." @@ -26048,13 +27825,13 @@ "manvolnum> 變數調校 FreeBSD。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19158 +#: book.translate.xml:19223 msgid "How to tune disk performance and modify kernel limitations." msgstr "如何調校磁碟效能及修改核心限制。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19167 book.translate.xml:29261 book.translate.xml:31008 -#: book.translate.xml:34829 book.translate.xml:45269 +#: book.translate.xml:19232 book.translate.xml:29326 book.translate.xml:31073 +#: book.translate.xml:34894 book.translate.xml:46103 msgid "" "Understand UNIX and FreeBSD " "basics ()." @@ -26063,7 +27840,7 @@ "linkend=\"basics\"/>)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19172 +#: book.translate.xml:19237 msgid "" "Be familiar with the basics of kernel configuration and compilation ()." @@ -26070,17 +27847,17 @@ msgstr "熟悉核心設定與編譯的基礎 ()。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:19180 +#: book.translate.xml:19245 msgid "Starting Services" msgstr "啟動服務" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:19193 +#: book.translate.xml:19258 msgid "services" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19197 +#: book.translate.xml:19262 msgid "" "Many users install third party software on FreeBSD from the Ports Collection " "and require the installed services to be started upon system initialization. " @@ -26091,7 +27868,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19206 +#: book.translate.xml:19271 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, most included services, such as " "cron8rc.d, configuration of " "application startup is easier and provides more features. Using the key " @@ -26115,7 +27892,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:19221 +#: book.translate.xml:19286 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh\n" @@ -26144,7 +27921,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19245 +#: book.translate.xml:19310 msgid "" "This script will ensure that the provided utility will be " "started after the DAEMON pseudo-service. It also provides " @@ -26152,7 +27929,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19251 +#: book.translate.xml:19316 msgid "" "This application could then have the following line placed in /etc/" "rc.conf:" @@ -26159,13 +27936,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:19254 +#: book.translate.xml:19319 #, no-wrap msgid "utility_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19256 +#: book.translate.xml:19321 msgid "" "This method allows for easier manipulation of command line arguments, " "inclusion of the default functions provided in /etc/rc.subrinetd8. Working with " @@ -26190,7 +27967,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19271 +#: book.translate.xml:19336 msgid "" "In some cases, it may make more sense to use " "cron8@reboot feature of cron8, may be used in place " @@ -26213,7 +27990,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:19287 +#: book.translate.xml:19352 msgid "" "Configuring cron8" @@ -26222,12 +27999,12 @@ "manvolnum>" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:19300 +#: book.translate.xml:19365 msgid "cron configuration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19305 +#: book.translate.xml:19370 msgid "" "One of the most useful utilities in FreeBSD is cron. This utility runs in the background and regularly checks " @@ -26239,7 +28016,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19315 +#: book.translate.xml:19380 msgid "" "Two different types of configuration files are used: the system crontab, " "which should not be modified, and user crontabs, which can be created and " @@ -26253,7 +28030,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19326 +#: book.translate.xml:19391 msgid "" "User crontabs allow individual users to schedule their own tasks. The " "root user can also have a user " @@ -26262,7 +28039,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19332 +#: book.translate.xml:19397 msgid "" "Here is a sample entry from the system crontab, /etc/crontab:" @@ -26269,7 +28046,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:19335 +#: book.translate.xml:19400 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# /etc/crontab - root's crontab for FreeBSD\n" @@ -26285,7 +28062,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:19348 +#: book.translate.xml:19413 msgid "" "Lines that begin with the # character are comments. A " "comment can be placed in the file as a reminder of what and why a desired " @@ -26295,7 +28072,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:19357 +#: book.translate.xml:19422 msgid "" "The equals (=) character is used to define any " "environment settings. In this example, it is used to define the " @@ -26306,7 +28083,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:19368 +#: book.translate.xml:19433 msgid "" "This line defines the seven fields used in a system crontab: " "minute, hour, mday, " @@ -26324,7 +28101,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:19387 +#: book.translate.xml:19452 msgid "" "This entry defines the values for this cron job. The */5, " "followed by several more * characters, specifies that " @@ -26334,7 +28111,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:19395 +#: book.translate.xml:19460 msgid "" "Commands can include any number of switches. However, commands which extend " "to multiple lines need to be broken with the backslash \\ " @@ -26342,24 +28119,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:19403 +#: book.translate.xml:19468 msgid "Creating a User Crontab" msgstr "建立使用者的 Crontab" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19405 +#: book.translate.xml:19470 msgid "" "To create a user crontab, invoke crontab in editor mode:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:19408 +#: book.translate.xml:19473 #, no-wrap msgid "% crontab -e" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19410 +#: book.translate.xml:19475 msgid "" "This will open the user's crontab using the default text editor. The first " "time a user runs this command, it will open an empty file. Once a user " @@ -26367,7 +28144,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19415 +#: book.translate.xml:19480 msgid "" "It is useful to add these lines to the top of the crontab file in order to " "set the environment variables and to remember the meanings of the fields in " @@ -26375,7 +28152,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:19419 +#: book.translate.xml:19484 #, no-wrap msgid "" "SHELL=/bin/sh\n" @@ -26385,7 +28162,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19424 +#: book.translate.xml:19489 msgid "" "Then add a line for each command or script to run, specifying the time to " "run the command. This example runs the specified custom Bourne shell script " @@ -26394,13 +28171,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:19431 +#: book.translate.xml:19496 #, no-wrap msgid "0\t14\t*\t*\t*\t/usr/home/dru/bin/mycustomscript.sh" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:19434 +#: book.translate.xml:19499 msgid "" "Before using a custom script, make sure it is executable and test it with " "the limited set of environment variables set by cron. To replicate the " @@ -26408,13 +28185,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:19439 +#: book.translate.xml:19504 #, no-wrap msgid "env -i SHELL=/bin/sh PATH=/etc:/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin HOME=/home/dru LOGNAME=dru /usr/home/dru/bin/mycustomscript.sh" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:19441 +#: book.translate.xml:19506 msgid "" "The environment set by cron is discussed in " "crontab5cron will read the crontab and run " @@ -26433,7 +28210,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:19453 +#: book.translate.xml:19518 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% crontab -l\n" @@ -26441,12 +28218,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19456 +#: book.translate.xml:19521 msgid "To remove all of the cron jobs in a user crontab:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:19458 +#: book.translate.xml:19523 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% crontab -r\n" @@ -26454,12 +28231,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:19465 +#: book.translate.xml:19530 msgid "Managing Services in FreeBSD" msgstr "管理 FreeBSD 中的服務" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19478 +#: book.translate.xml:19543 msgid "" "FreeBSD uses the rc8 system of startup " @@ -26473,13 +28250,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:19486 +#: book.translate.xml:19551 #, no-wrap msgid "# service sshd restart" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19488 +#: book.translate.xml:19553 msgid "" "This procedure can be used to start services on a running system. Services " "will be started automatically at boot time as specified in " @@ -26491,13 +28268,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:19494 +#: book.translate.xml:19559 #, no-wrap msgid "natd_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19496 +#: book.translate.xml:19561 msgid "" "If a line is already present, change the " "NO to YES. The " @@ -26507,7 +28284,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19502 +#: book.translate.xml:19567 msgid "" "Since the rc8 system is primarily intended to start and stop " @@ -26526,13 +28303,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:19518 +#: book.translate.xml:19583 #, no-wrap msgid "# service sshd onerestart" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19520 +#: book.translate.xml:19585 msgid "" "To check if a service is enabled in /etc/rc.conf, run " "the appropriate rc8# service sshd rcvar\n" @@ -26554,7 +28331,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:19533 +#: book.translate.xml:19598 msgid "" "The # sshd line is output from the above command, not a " "root console." @@ -26561,7 +28338,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:19538 +#: book.translate.xml:19603 msgid "" "To determine whether or not a service is running, use " "into a custom kernel. Refer to /usr/src/sys/conf/NOTES, " @@ -26898,7 +28675,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:19783 +#: book.translate.xml:19848 msgid "" "Using Windows NDIS Drivers" @@ -26907,17 +28684,17 @@ "acronym> 驅動程式" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:19785 +#: book.translate.xml:19850 msgid "NDIS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:19788 +#: book.translate.xml:19853 msgid "NDISulator" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:19791 +#: book.translate.xml:19856 msgid "" "Windows drivers" @@ -26924,7 +28701,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:19794 +#: book.translate.xml:19859 msgid "" "Microsoft Windows device " @@ -26932,12 +28709,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:19798 +#: book.translate.xml:19863 msgid "KLD (kernel loadable object)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:19806 +#: book.translate.xml:19871 msgid "" "Unfortunately, there are still many vendors that do not provide schematics " "for their drivers to the open source community because they regard such " @@ -26949,7 +28726,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:19815 +#: book.translate.xml:19880 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides native support for the Network Driver " "Interface Specification (NDIS). It includes " @@ -26965,7 +28742,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:19825 +#: book.translate.xml:19890 msgid "" "To use ndisgen8, three things are needed:" @@ -26972,12 +28749,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19829 +#: book.translate.xml:19894 msgid "FreeBSD kernel sources." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19833 +#: book.translate.xml:19898 msgid "" "A Windows XP driver binary with " "a .SYS extension." @@ -26984,7 +28761,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19838 +#: book.translate.xml:19903 msgid "" "A Windows XP driver " "configuration file with a .INF extension." @@ -26991,7 +28768,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:19843 +#: book.translate.xml:19908 msgid "" "Download the .SYS and .INF files " "for the specific NIC. Generally, these can be found on " @@ -27000,7 +28777,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:19850 +#: book.translate.xml:19915 msgid "" "The driver bit width must match the version of FreeBSD. For FreeBSD/i386, " "use a Windows 32-bit driver. For " @@ -27009,7 +28786,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:19854 +#: book.translate.xml:19919 msgid "" "The next step is to compile the driver binary into a loadable kernel module. " "As root, use " @@ -27018,13 +28795,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:19859 +#: book.translate.xml:19924 #, no-wrap msgid "# ndisgen /path/to/W32DRIVER.INF /path/to/W32DRIVER.SYS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:19861 +#: book.translate.xml:19926 msgid "" "This command is interactive and prompts for any extra information it " "requires. A new kernel module will be generated in the current directory. " @@ -27033,13 +28810,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:19866 +#: book.translate.xml:19931 #, no-wrap msgid "# kldload ./W32DRIVER_SYS.ko" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:19868 +#: book.translate.xml:19933 msgid "" "In addition to the generated kernel module, the ndis.ko " "and if_ndis.ko modules must be loaded. This should " @@ -27050,7 +28827,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:19875 +#: book.translate.xml:19940 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# kldload ndis\n" @@ -27058,7 +28835,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:19878 +#: book.translate.xml:19943 msgid "" "The first command loads the ndis4 miniport driver " @@ -27066,7 +28843,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:19882 +#: book.translate.xml:19947 msgid "" "Check dmesg8 to see if there were any load errors. If all went " @@ -27074,7 +28851,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:19886 +#: book.translate.xml:19951 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ndis0: <Wireless-G PCI Adapter> mem 0xf4100000-0xf4101fff irq 3 at device 8.0 on pci1\n" @@ -27085,7 +28862,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:19892 +#: book.translate.xml:19957 msgid "" "From here, ndis0 can be configured like any other " "NIC." @@ -27092,7 +28869,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:19895 +#: book.translate.xml:19960 msgid "" "To configure the system to load the ndis4 modules at boot time, " @@ -27102,18 +28879,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:19901 +#: book.translate.xml:19966 #, no-wrap msgid "W32DRIVER_SYS_load=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:19906 +#: book.translate.xml:19971 msgid "Configuring the Network Card" msgstr "設定網路卡" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19913 +#: book.translate.xml:19978 msgid "" "Once the right driver is loaded for the NIC, the card " "needs to be configured. It may have been configured at installation time by " @@ -27122,7 +28899,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19918 +#: book.translate.xml:19983 msgid "" "To display the NIC configuration, enter the following " "command:" @@ -27129,7 +28906,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:19921 +#: book.translate.xml:19986 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ifconfig\n" @@ -27154,27 +28931,27 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19941 +#: book.translate.xml:20006 msgid "In this example, the following devices were displayed:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19946 +#: book.translate.xml:20011 msgid "dc0: The first Ethernet interface." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19951 +#: book.translate.xml:20016 msgid "dc1: The second Ethernet interface." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19956 +#: book.translate.xml:20021 msgid "lo0: The loopback device." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19961 +#: book.translate.xml:20026 msgid "" "FreeBSD uses the driver name followed by the order in which the card is " "detected at boot to name the NIC. For example, " @@ -27184,7 +28961,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:19968 +#: book.translate.xml:20033 msgid "" "In this example, dc0 is up and running. The key " "indicators are:" @@ -27191,12 +28968,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19973 +#: book.translate.xml:20038 msgid "UP means that the card is configured and ready." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19978 +#: book.translate.xml:20043 msgid "" "The card has an Internet (inet) address, 192.168.1.3." @@ -27203,7 +28980,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19983 +#: book.translate.xml:20048 msgid "" "It has a valid subnet mask (netmask), where 0xffffff00 is the same as 192.168.1.255." @@ -27218,7 +28995,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19994 +#: book.translate.xml:20059 msgid "" "The MAC address of the card (ether) is " "00:a0:cc:da:da:da." @@ -27225,7 +29002,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:19999 +#: book.translate.xml:20064 msgid "" "The physical media selection is on autoselection mode (media: " "Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>)). In this " @@ -27235,7 +29012,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:20009 +#: book.translate.xml:20074 msgid "" "The status of the link (status) is active, indicating that the carrier signal is detected. For dc1ifconfig8 output had shown something similar to:" @@ -27251,7 +29028,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:20021 +#: book.translate.xml:20086 #, no-wrap msgid "" "dc0: flags=8843<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500\n" @@ -27262,12 +29039,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20027 +#: book.translate.xml:20092 msgid "it would indicate the card has not been configured." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20029 +#: book.translate.xml:20094 msgid "" "The card must be configured as root. The NIC configuration can be performed from " @@ -27279,19 +29056,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20038 +#: book.translate.xml:20103 #, no-wrap msgid "ifconfig_dc0=\"DHCP\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20040 +#: book.translate.xml:20105 msgid "" "Replace dc0 with the correct value for the system." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20043 +#: book.translate.xml:20108 msgid "" "The line added, then, follow the instructions given in ." @@ -27298,7 +29075,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:20047 +#: book.translate.xml:20112 msgid "" "If the network was configured during installation, some entries for the " "NIC(s) may be already present. Double check /" @@ -27306,7 +29083,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20053 +#: book.translate.xml:20118 msgid "" "In the case, there is no DHCP server, the NIC(s) have to be configured manually. Add a line for each " @@ -27314,7 +29091,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20058 +#: book.translate.xml:20123 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ifconfig_dc0=\"inet 192.168.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" @@ -27322,7 +29099,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20061 +#: book.translate.xml:20126 msgid "" "Replace dc0 and dc1 and the " "IP address information with the correct values for the " @@ -27334,7 +29111,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20068 +#: book.translate.xml:20133 msgid "" "If the network is not using DNS, edit /etc/" "hosts to add the names and IP addresses of the " @@ -27345,7 +29122,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:20076 +#: book.translate.xml:20141 msgid "" "If there is no DHCP server and access to the Internet is " "needed, manually configure the default gateway and the nameserver:" @@ -27352,7 +29129,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:20080 +#: book.translate.xml:20145 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# echo 'defaultrouter=\"your_default_router\"' >> /etc/rc.conf\n" @@ -27360,12 +29137,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:20086 +#: book.translate.xml:20151 msgid "Testing and Troubleshooting" msgstr "測試與疑難排解" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20088 +#: book.translate.xml:20153 msgid "" "Once the necessary changes to /etc/rc.conf are saved, a " "reboot can be used to test the network configuration and to verify that the " @@ -27375,13 +29152,13 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:20095 book.translate.xml:61548 +#: book.translate.xml:20160 book.translate.xml:62387 #, no-wrap msgid "# service netif restart" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:20098 +#: book.translate.xml:20163 msgid "" "If a default gateway has been set in /etc/rc.conf, also " "issue this command:" @@ -27388,13 +29165,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:20102 +#: book.translate.xml:20167 #, no-wrap msgid "# service routing restart" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20105 +#: book.translate.xml:20170 msgid "" "Once the networking system has been relaunched, test the NICs." @@ -27401,17 +29178,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:20109 +#: book.translate.xml:20174 msgid "Testing the Ethernet Card" msgstr "測試乙太網路卡" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20111 +#: book.translate.xml:20176 msgid "network cards testing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20116 +#: book.translate.xml:20181 msgid "" "To verify that an Ethernet card is configured correctly, " "ping8% ping -c5 192.168.1.3\n" @@ -27438,7 +29215,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:20132 +#: book.translate.xml:20197 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ping -c5 192.168.1.2\n" @@ -27455,7 +29232,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20144 +#: book.translate.xml:20209 msgid "" "To test network resolution, use the host name instead of the IP address. If there is no DNS server on the " @@ -27468,12 +29245,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20159 +#: book.translate.xml:20224 msgid "network cards troubleshooting" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20164 +#: book.translate.xml:20229 msgid "" "When troubleshooting hardware and software configurations, check the simple " "things first. Is the network cable plugged in? Are the network services " @@ -27484,7 +29261,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20173 +#: book.translate.xml:20238 msgid "" "If the card works, yet performance is poor, read through " "tuning7device timeout " "messages, which is normal for some cards. If they continue, or are " @@ -27502,7 +29279,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20185 +#: book.translate.xml:20250 msgid "" "To resolve watchdog timeout errors, first check the " "network cable. Many cards require a PCI slot which " @@ -27512,7 +29289,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20194 +#: book.translate.xml:20259 msgid "" "No route to host messages occur if the system is " "unable to route a packet to the destination host. This can happen if no " @@ -27522,7 +29299,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20202 +#: book.translate.xml:20267 msgid "" "ping: sendto: Permission denied error messages are " "often caused by a misconfigured firewall. If a firewall is enabled on " @@ -27533,7 +29310,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20209 +#: book.translate.xml:20274 msgid "" "Sometimes performance of the card is poor or below average. In these cases, " "try setting the media selection mode from autoselect to " @@ -27544,22 +29321,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:20221 +#: book.translate.xml:20286 msgid "Virtual Hosts" msgstr "虛擬主機" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20223 +#: book.translate.xml:20288 msgid "virtual hosts" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20224 +#: book.translate.xml:20289 msgid "IP aliases" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:20227 +#: book.translate.xml:20292 msgid "" "A common use of FreeBSD is virtual site hosting, where one server appears to " "the network as many servers. This is achieved by assigning multiple network " @@ -27567,7 +29344,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:20232 +#: book.translate.xml:20297 msgid "" "A given network interface has one real address, and may have " "any number of alias addresses. These aliases are normally " @@ -27576,13 +29353,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20238 +#: book.translate.xml:20303 #, no-wrap msgid "ifconfig_fxp0_alias0=\"inet xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx netmask xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:20240 +#: book.translate.xml:20305 msgid "" "Alias entries must start with alias0 using a sequential number such as alias0, " @@ -27591,7 +29368,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:20247 +#: book.translate.xml:20312 msgid "" "The calculation of alias netmasks is important. For a given interface, there " "must be one address which correctly represents the network's netmask. Any " @@ -27602,7 +29379,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:20255 +#: book.translate.xml:20320 msgid "" "For example, consider the case where the fxp0 interface " "is connected to two networks: 10.1.1.0/etc/rc.conf entries configure the " "adapter correctly for this scenario:" @@ -27630,7 +29407,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20280 +#: book.translate.xml:20345 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"inet 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" @@ -27645,7 +29422,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:20290 +#: book.translate.xml:20355 msgid "" "A simpler way to express this is with a space-separated list of IP address ranges. The first address will be given the indicated " @@ -27654,18 +29431,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20296 +#: book.translate.xml:20361 #, no-wrap msgid "ifconfig_fxp0_aliases=\"inet 10.1.1.1-5/24 inet 202.0.75.17-20/28\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:20301 +#: book.translate.xml:20366 msgid "Configuring System Logging" msgstr "設定系統日誌" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:20304 +#: book.translate.xml:20369 msgid "" " Niclas Zeising Contributed by " @@ -27672,18 +29449,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20314 +#: book.translate.xml:20379 msgid "system logging" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20317 book.translate.xml:56273 +#: book.translate.xml:20382 book.translate.xml:57107 msgid "syslog" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20320 +#: book.translate.xml:20385 msgid "" "syslogd8" @@ -27690,7 +29467,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:20324 +#: book.translate.xml:20389 msgid "" "Generating and reading system logs is an important aspect of system " "administration. The information in system logs can be used to detect " @@ -27701,7 +29478,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:20332 +#: book.translate.xml:20397 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides a system logger, syslogd, to " "manage logging. By default, syslogd is started " @@ -27714,7 +29491,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:20343 +#: book.translate.xml:20408 msgid "" "This section describes how to configure the FreeBSD system logger for both " "local and remote logging and how to perform log rotation and log management." @@ -27721,17 +29498,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:20348 +#: book.translate.xml:20413 msgid "Configuring Local Logging" msgstr "設定本地日誌" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20350 +#: book.translate.xml:20415 msgid "syslog.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20352 +#: book.translate.xml:20417 msgid "" "The configuration file, /etc/syslog.conf, controls what " "syslogd does with log entries as they are " @@ -27746,7 +29523,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20367 +#: book.translate.xml:20432 msgid "" "This configuration file contains one line per action, where the syntax for " "each line is a selector field followed by an action field. The syntax of the " @@ -27762,7 +29539,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20382 +#: book.translate.xml:20447 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# $FreeBSD$\n" @@ -27803,12 +29580,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20418 +#: book.translate.xml:20483 msgid "In this example:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:20422 +#: book.translate.xml:20487 msgid "" "Line 8 matches all messages with a level of err or " "higher, as well as kern.warning, auth.noticemail facility at " "level info or above and logs the messages to /" @@ -27825,7 +29602,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:20439 +#: book.translate.xml:20504 msgid "" "Line 17 uses a comparison flag (=) to only match messages " "at level debug and logs them to /var/log/debug." @@ -27833,7 +29610,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:20446 +#: book.translate.xml:20511 msgid "" "Line 33 is an example usage of a program specification. This makes the rules " "following it only valid for the specified program. In this case, only the " @@ -27842,7 +29619,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20454 +#: book.translate.xml:20519 msgid "" "The available levels, in order from most to least critical are " "emerg, alert, crit, " @@ -27851,7 +29628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20461 +#: book.translate.xml:20526 msgid "" "The facilities, in no particular order, are auth, " "authpriv, console, cronnotice and higher to " "/var/log/daemon.log, add the following entry:" @@ -27871,13 +29648,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20477 +#: book.translate.xml:20542 #, no-wrap msgid "daemon.notice /var/log/daemon.log" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20479 +#: book.translate.xml:20544 msgid "" "For more information about the different levels and facilities, refer to " "syslog3newsyslog" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20490 +#: book.translate.xml:20555 msgid "newsyslog.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20491 +#: book.translate.xml:20556 msgid "log rotation" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20492 +#: book.translate.xml:20557 msgid "log management" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20494 +#: book.translate.xml:20559 msgid "" "Log files can grow quickly, taking up disk space and making it more " "difficult to locate useful information. Log management attempts to mitigate " @@ -27930,7 +29707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20507 +#: book.translate.xml:20572 msgid "" "To know which actions to take, newsyslog reads " "its configuration file, /etc/newsyslog.conf. This file " @@ -27942,7 +29719,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20517 +#: book.translate.xml:20582 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# configuration file for newsyslog\n" @@ -27987,7 +29764,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20557 +#: book.translate.xml:20622 msgid "" "Each line starts with the name of the log to be rotated, optionally followed " "by an owner and group for both rotated and newly created files. The " @@ -28006,7 +29783,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20575 +#: book.translate.xml:20640 msgid "" "For more information on all fields, valid flags, and how to specify the " "rotation time, refer to newsyslog.confsyslogd and " @@ -28045,12 +29822,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:20614 +#: book.translate.xml:20679 msgid "Log Server Configuration" msgstr "日誌伺服器設定" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20616 +#: book.translate.xml:20681 msgid "" "A log server is a system that has been configured to accept logging " "information from other hosts. Before configuring a log server, check the " @@ -28058,7 +29835,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:20622 +#: book.translate.xml:20687 msgid "" "If there is a firewall between the logging server and any logging clients, " "ensure that the firewall ruleset allows UDP port 514 for " @@ -28066,7 +29843,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:20629 +#: book.translate.xml:20694 msgid "" "The logging server and all client machines must have forward and reverse " "entries in the local DNS. If the network does not have a " @@ -28076,7 +29853,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20639 +#: book.translate.xml:20704 msgid "" "On the log server, edit /etc/syslog.conf to specify the " "name of the client to receive log entries from, the logging facility to be " @@ -28086,12 +29863,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:20649 +#: book.translate.xml:20714 msgid "Sample Log Server Configuration" msgstr "日誌伺服器設定範例" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20651 +#: book.translate.xml:20716 #, no-wrap msgid "" "+logclient.example.com\n" @@ -28099,7 +29876,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20655 +#: book.translate.xml:20720 msgid "" "When adding multiple log clients, add a similar two-line entry for each " "client. More information about the available facilities may be found in " @@ -28108,12 +29885,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20659 +#: book.translate.xml:20724 msgid "Next, configure /etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20662 +#: book.translate.xml:20727 #, no-wrap msgid "" "syslogd_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -28121,7 +29898,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20665 +#: book.translate.xml:20730 msgid "" "The first entry starts syslogd at system boot. " "The second entry allows log entries from the specified client. The options may be specified to allow logging from " "multiple clients. IP addresses and whole netblocks may " @@ -28141,18 +29918,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20679 +#: book.translate.xml:20744 msgid "Finally, create the log file:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:20681 +#: book.translate.xml:20746 #, no-wrap msgid "# touch /var/log/logclient.log" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20683 +#: book.translate.xml:20748 msgid "" "At this point, syslogd should be restarted and " "verified:" @@ -28159,7 +29936,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:20686 +#: book.translate.xml:20751 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service syslogd restart\n" @@ -28167,7 +29944,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20689 +#: book.translate.xml:20754 msgid "" "If a PID is returned, the server restarted successfully, " "and client configuration can begin. If the server did not restart, consult " @@ -28175,12 +29952,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:20696 +#: book.translate.xml:20761 msgid "Log Client Configuration" msgstr "日誌客戶端設定" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20698 +#: book.translate.xml:20763 msgid "" "A logging client sends log entries to a logging server on the network. The " "client also keeps a local copy of its own logs." @@ -28187,7 +29964,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20702 +#: book.translate.xml:20767 msgid "" "Once a logging server has been configured, edit /etc/rc.conf on the logging client:" @@ -28194,7 +29971,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20706 +#: book.translate.xml:20771 #, no-wrap msgid "" "syslogd_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -28202,7 +29979,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20709 +#: book.translate.xml:20774 msgid "" "The first entry enables syslogd on boot up. The " "second entry prevents logs from being accepted by this client from other " @@ -28210,7 +29987,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20715 +#: book.translate.xml:20780 msgid "" "Next, define the logging server in the client's /etc/syslog.conf. In this example, all logged facilities are sent to a remote " @@ -28219,13 +29996,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20721 +#: book.translate.xml:20786 #, no-wrap msgid "*.*\t\t@logserv.example.com" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20723 +#: book.translate.xml:20788 msgid "" "After saving the edit, restart syslogd for the " "changes to take effect:" @@ -28232,13 +30009,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:20727 book.translate.xml:20771 +#: book.translate.xml:20792 book.translate.xml:20836 #, no-wrap msgid "# service syslogd restart" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20729 +#: book.translate.xml:20794 msgid "" "To test that log messages are being sent across the network, use " "logger1# logger \"Test message from logclient\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20735 +#: book.translate.xml:20800 msgid "" "This message should now exist both in /var/log/messages " "on the client and /var/log/logclient.log on the log " @@ -28261,12 +30038,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:20742 +#: book.translate.xml:20807 msgid "Debugging Log Servers" msgstr "日誌伺服器除錯" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20744 +#: book.translate.xml:20809 msgid "" "If no messages are being received on the log server, the cause is most " "likely a network connectivity issue, a hostname resolution issue, or a typo " @@ -28280,7 +30057,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20758 +#: book.translate.xml:20823 msgid "" "If the ping succeeds on both hosts but log messages are " "still not being received, temporarily increase logging verbosity to narrow " @@ -28292,13 +30069,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20769 +#: book.translate.xml:20834 #, no-wrap msgid "syslogd_flags=\"-d -a logclient.example.com -v -v\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20773 +#: book.translate.xml:20838 msgid "" "Debugging data similar to the following will flash on the console " "immediately after the restart:" @@ -28305,7 +30082,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:20776 +#: book.translate.xml:20841 #, no-wrap msgid "" "logmsg: pri 56, flags 4, from logserv.example.com, msg syslogd: restart\n" @@ -28319,7 +30096,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20785 +#: book.translate.xml:20850 msgid "" "In this example, the log messages are being rejected due to a typo which " "results in a hostname mismatch. The client's hostname should be " @@ -28328,7 +30105,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:20791 +#: book.translate.xml:20856 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service syslogd restart\n" @@ -28347,7 +30124,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20805 +#: book.translate.xml:20870 msgid "" "At this point, the messages are being properly received and placed in the " "correct file." @@ -28355,12 +30132,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect3/title #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:20810 book.translate.xml:51810 +#: book.translate.xml:20875 book.translate.xml:52644 msgid "Security Considerations" msgstr "安全注意事項" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20812 +#: book.translate.xml:20877 msgid "" "As with any network service, security requirements should be considered " "before implementing a logging server. Log files may contain sensitive data " @@ -28372,7 +30149,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20822 +#: book.translate.xml:20887 msgid "" "Local security is also an issue. Log files are not encrypted during use or " "after log rotation. Local users may access log files to gain additional " @@ -28386,12 +30163,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:20840 +#: book.translate.xml:20905 msgid "/etc Layout" msgstr "/etc 配置" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:20843 +#: book.translate.xml:20908 msgid "" "There are a number of directories in which configuration information is " "kept. These include:" @@ -28398,32 +30175,32 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20853 +#: book.translate.xml:20918 msgid "/etc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20854 +#: book.translate.xml:20919 msgid "Generic system-specific configuration information." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20859 +#: book.translate.xml:20924 msgid "/etc/defaults" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20860 +#: book.translate.xml:20925 msgid "Default versions of system configuration files." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20865 +#: book.translate.xml:20930 msgid "/etc/mail" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20866 +#: book.translate.xml:20931 msgid "" "Extra sendmail8 configuration and other MTA " @@ -28431,22 +30208,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20871 +#: book.translate.xml:20936 msgid "/etc/ppp" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20872 +#: book.translate.xml:20937 msgid "Configuration for both user- and kernel-ppp programs." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20877 book.translate.xml:54586 +#: book.translate.xml:20942 book.translate.xml:55420 msgid "/etc/namedb" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20878 +#: book.translate.xml:20943 msgid "" "Default location for named8 data. Normally " @@ -28454,12 +30231,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20884 +#: book.translate.xml:20949 msgid "/usr/local/etc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20885 +#: book.translate.xml:20950 msgid "" "Configuration files for installed applications. May contain per-application " "subdirectories." @@ -28466,12 +30243,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20890 +#: book.translate.xml:20955 msgid "/usr/local/etc/rc.d" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20891 +#: book.translate.xml:20956 msgid "" "rc8 scripts for installed applications." @@ -28478,12 +30255,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20896 +#: book.translate.xml:20961 msgid "/var/db" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20897 +#: book.translate.xml:20962 msgid "" "Automatically generated system-specific database files, such as the package " "database and the locatehostname" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20910 book.translate.xml:48463 book.translate.xml:49565 -#: book.translate.xml:50451 book.translate.xml:54296 +#: book.translate.xml:20975 book.translate.xml:49297 book.translate.xml:50399 +#: book.translate.xml:51285 book.translate.xml:55130 msgid "DNS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:20913 +#: book.translate.xml:20978 msgid "/etc/resolv.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20915 +#: book.translate.xml:20980 msgid "resolv.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20919 +#: book.translate.xml:20984 msgid "" "How a FreeBSD system accesses the Internet Domain Name System (DNS) is controlled by resolv.conf/etc/resolv.conf are:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20933 +#: book.translate.xml:20998 msgid "nameserver" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20934 +#: book.translate.xml:20999 msgid "" "The IP address of a name server the resolver should " "query. The servers are queried in the order listed with a maximum of three." @@ -28543,12 +30320,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20941 +#: book.translate.xml:21006 msgid "search" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20942 +#: book.translate.xml:21007 msgid "" "Search list for hostname lookup. This is normally determined by the domain " "of the local hostname." @@ -28555,22 +30332,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20948 +#: book.translate.xml:21013 msgid "domain" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:20949 +#: book.translate.xml:21014 msgid "The local domain name." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20955 +#: book.translate.xml:21020 msgid "A typical /etc/resolv.conf looks like this:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20958 +#: book.translate.xml:21023 #, no-wrap msgid "" "search example.com\n" @@ -28579,7 +30356,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:20963 +#: book.translate.xml:21028 msgid "" "Only one of the search and domain " "options should be used." @@ -28586,7 +30363,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20967 +#: book.translate.xml:21032 msgid "" "When using DHCP, dhclient8 usually rewrites " @@ -28595,17 +30372,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:20974 +#: book.translate.xml:21039 msgid "/etc/hosts" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:20976 +#: book.translate.xml:21041 msgid "hosts" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:20978 +#: book.translate.xml:21043 msgid "" "/etc/hosts is a simple text database which works in " "conjunction with DNS and NIS to " @@ -28619,7 +30396,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:20991 +#: book.translate.xml:21056 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# $FreeBSD$\n" @@ -28657,29 +30434,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21024 +#: book.translate.xml:21089 msgid "The format of /etc/hosts is as follows:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:21027 +#: book.translate.xml:21092 #, no-wrap msgid "[Internet address] [official hostname] [alias1] [alias2] ..." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21029 +#: book.translate.xml:21094 msgid "For example:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:21031 +#: book.translate.xml:21096 #, no-wrap msgid "10.0.0.1 myRealHostname.example.com myRealHostname foobar1 foobar2" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21033 +#: book.translate.xml:21098 msgid "" "Consult hosts5 for more information." @@ -28686,7 +30463,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:21039 +#: book.translate.xml:21104 msgid "" "Tuning with sysctl8" @@ -28696,17 +30473,17 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21041 book.translate.xml:21086 +#: book.translate.xml:21106 book.translate.xml:21151 msgid "sysctl" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21042 +#: book.translate.xml:21107 msgid "tuning with sysctl" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:21047 +#: book.translate.xml:21112 msgid "" "sysctl8 is used to make changes to a running FreeBSD system. This " @@ -28718,7 +30495,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:21054 +#: book.translate.xml:21119 msgid "" "At its core, sysctl8 serves two functions: " @@ -28726,23 +30503,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:21057 +#: book.translate.xml:21122 msgid "To view all readable variables:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:21059 +#: book.translate.xml:21124 #, no-wrap msgid "% sysctl -a" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:21061 +#: book.translate.xml:21126 msgid "To read a particular variable, specify its name:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:21063 +#: book.translate.xml:21128 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% sysctl kern.maxproc\n" @@ -28750,7 +30527,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:21066 +#: book.translate.xml:21131 msgid "" "To set a particular variable, use the variable=value syntax:" @@ -28757,7 +30534,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:21070 +#: book.translate.xml:21135 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# sysctl kern.maxfiles=5000\n" @@ -28765,7 +30542,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:21073 +#: book.translate.xml:21138 msgid "" "Settings of sysctl variables are usually either strings, numbers, or " "booleans, where a boolean is 1 for yes or 0/etc/sysctl.conf. For more information, refer to " @@ -28782,17 +30559,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:21083 +#: book.translate.xml:21148 msgid "sysctl.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21085 +#: book.translate.xml:21150 msgid "sysctl.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21088 +#: book.translate.xml:21153 msgid "" "The configuration file for sysctl8, /etc/sysctl." @@ -28803,7 +30580,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21095 +#: book.translate.xml:21160 msgid "" "For example, to turn off logging of fatal signal exits and prevent users " "from seeing processes started by other users, the following tunables can be " @@ -28811,7 +30588,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:21100 +#: book.translate.xml:21165 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Do not log fatal signal exits (e.g., sig 11)\n" @@ -28823,7 +30600,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:21110 +#: book.translate.xml:21175 msgid "" "sysctl8 Read-only" @@ -28832,7 +30609,7 @@ "manvolnum>" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21123 +#: book.translate.xml:21188 msgid "" "In some cases it may be desirable to modify read-only " "sysctl8cardbus4sysctl8vfs.vmiodirenable" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21164 +#: book.translate.xml:21229 msgid "vfs.vmiodirenable" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21168 +#: book.translate.xml:21233 msgid "" "The vfs.vmiodirenable " "sysctl8vfs.write_behind" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21196 +#: book.translate.xml:21261 msgid "vfs.write_behind" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21200 +#: book.translate.xml:21265 msgid "" "The vfs.write_behind sysctl8 variable defaults to " @@ -28950,17 +30727,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:21212 +#: book.translate.xml:21277 msgid "vfs.hirunningspace" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21214 +#: book.translate.xml:21279 msgid "vfs.hirunningspace" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21218 +#: book.translate.xml:21283 msgid "" "The vfs.hirunningspace " "sysctl8VM page cache " "related sysctl8vm.swap_idle_enabled" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21239 +#: book.translate.xml:21304 msgid "vm.swap_idle_enabled" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21243 +#: book.translate.xml:21308 msgid "" "The vm.swap_idle_enabled " "sysctl8hw.ata.wc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21266 +#: book.translate.xml:21331 msgid "hw.ata.wc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21270 +#: book.translate.xml:21335 msgid "" "Turning off IDE write caching reduces write bandwidth to " "IDE disks, but may sometimes be necessary due to data " @@ -29042,7 +30819,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21288 +#: book.translate.xml:21353 msgid "" "For more information, refer to ata4." @@ -29049,17 +30826,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:21292 +#: book.translate.xml:21357 msgid "SCSI_DELAY (kern.cam.scsi_delay)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21295 +#: book.translate.xml:21360 msgid "kern.cam.scsi_delay" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21299 +#: book.translate.xml:21364 msgid "" "kernel options SCSI DELAY" @@ -29068,7 +30845,7 @@ "secondary>" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21304 +#: book.translate.xml:21369 msgid "" "The SCSI_DELAY kernel configuration option may be used to " "reduce system boot times. The defaults are fairly high and can be " @@ -29081,17 +30858,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:21320 +#: book.translate.xml:21385 msgid "Soft Updates" msgstr "軟更新" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21322 +#: book.translate.xml:21387 msgid "Soft Updates" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21323 +#: book.translate.xml:21388 msgid "" "tunefs8" @@ -29098,7 +30875,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21325 +#: book.translate.xml:21390 msgid "" "To fine-tune a file system, use tunefs8. This program has many " @@ -29106,7 +30883,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:21329 +#: book.translate.xml:21394 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# tunefs -n enable /filesystem\n" @@ -29114,7 +30891,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21332 +#: book.translate.xml:21397 msgid "" "A file system cannot be modified with tunefs8 while it is mounted. A " @@ -29123,7 +30900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21336 +#: book.translate.xml:21401 msgid "" "Soft Updates is recommended for UFS file systems as it " "drastically improves meta-data performance, mainly file creation and " @@ -29138,17 +30915,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:21350 +#: book.translate.xml:21415 msgid "More Details About Soft Updates" msgstr "有關軟更新的更多詳細資訊" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21352 +#: book.translate.xml:21417 msgid "Soft Updates details" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21357 +#: book.translate.xml:21422 msgid "" "Meta-data updates are updates to non-content data like inodes or " "directories. There are two traditional approaches to writing a file system's " @@ -29156,7 +30933,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21361 +#: book.translate.xml:21426 msgid "" "Historically, the default behavior was to write out meta-data updates " "synchronously. If a directory changed, the system waited until the change " @@ -29179,7 +30956,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21384 +#: book.translate.xml:21449 msgid "" "The second approach is to use asynchronous meta-data updates. This is the " "default for a UFS file system mounted with mount " @@ -29205,7 +30982,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21411 +#: book.translate.xml:21476 msgid "" "The usual solution for this problem is to implement dirty region " "logging, which is also referred to as journalingFFS, solved this " "problem with Soft Updates. All pending meta-data updates are kept in memory " @@ -29264,7 +31041,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21468 +#: book.translate.xml:21533 msgid "" "The advantage is that meta-data operations are nearly as fast as " "asynchronous updates and are faster than logging, which " @@ -29284,32 +31061,32 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:21490 +#: book.translate.xml:21555 msgid "Tuning Kernel Limits" msgstr "調校核心限制" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21492 +#: book.translate.xml:21557 msgid "tuning kernel limits" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:21498 +#: book.translate.xml:21563 msgid "File/Process Limits" msgstr "檔案/程序限制" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:21501 +#: book.translate.xml:21566 msgid "kern.maxfiles" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21503 +#: book.translate.xml:21568 msgid "kern.maxfiles" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21507 +#: book.translate.xml:21572 msgid "" "The kern.maxfiles sysctl8 variable can be raised " @@ -29322,7 +31099,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21515 +#: book.translate.xml:21580 msgid "" "Each open file, socket, or fifo uses one file descriptor. A large-scale " "production server may easily require many thousands of file descriptors, " @@ -29330,7 +31107,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21520 +#: book.translate.xml:21585 msgid "" "In older FreeBSD releases, the default value of kern.maxfiles is derived from in the kernel " @@ -29343,7 +31120,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21532 +#: book.translate.xml:21597 msgid "" "The read-only sysctl8 variable kern." @@ -29362,7 +31139,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: footnote/para -#: book.translate.xml:21554 +#: book.translate.xml:21619 msgid "" "The auto-tuning algorithm sets maxusers equal to the " "amount of memory in the system, with a minimum of 32, and " @@ -29370,7 +31147,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21551 +#: book.translate.xml:21616 msgid "" "In older releases, the system will auto-tune maxusers if " "it is set to 0. <_:footnote-1/>. When setting this " @@ -29393,7 +31170,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:21583 +#: book.translate.xml:21648 msgid "" "maxusers does not limit the number " "of users which can log into the machine. It instead sets various table sizes " @@ -29402,17 +31179,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:21593 +#: book.translate.xml:21658 msgid "kern.ipc.soacceptqueue" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21595 +#: book.translate.xml:21660 msgid "kern.ipc.soacceptqueue" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21599 +#: book.translate.xml:21664 msgid "" "The kern.ipc.soacceptqueue " "sysctl8NMBCLUSTERS kernel configuration option dictates the " "amount of network Mbufs available to the system. A heavily-trafficked server " @@ -29456,7 +31233,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21642 +#: book.translate.xml:21707 msgid "" "The kern.ipc.nmbclusters loader tunable should be used to " "tune this at boot time. Only older versions of FreeBSD will require the use " @@ -29466,7 +31243,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21648 +#: book.translate.xml:21713 msgid "" "For busy servers that make extensive use of the " "sendfile2sendfile2net.inet.ip.portrange.*" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21672 +#: book.translate.xml:21737 msgid "net.inet.ip.portrange.*" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21676 +#: book.translate.xml:21741 msgid "" "The net.inet.ip.portrange.* " "sysctl8TCP Bandwidth Delay Product" msgstr "TCP 頻寬延遲乘積" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:21709 +#: book.translate.xml:21774 msgid "" "TCP Bandwidth Delay Product Limiting " "net.inet.tcp.inflight.enable" @@ -29545,7 +31322,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21715 +#: book.translate.xml:21780 msgid "" "TCP bandwidth delay product limiting can be enabled by " "setting the net.inet.tcp.inflight.enable " @@ -29557,7 +31334,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21724 +#: book.translate.xml:21789 msgid "" "This feature is useful when serving data over modems, Gigabit Ethernet, high " "speed WAN links, or any other link with a high bandwidth " @@ -29577,7 +31354,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21744 +#: book.translate.xml:21809 msgid "" "Adjusting net.inet.tcp.inflight.stab is not recommended. This parameter defaults to 20, " @@ -29594,17 +31371,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:21763 +#: book.translate.xml:21828 msgid "Virtual Memory" msgstr "虛擬記憶體" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:21766 +#: book.translate.xml:21831 msgid "kern.maxvnodes" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21768 +#: book.translate.xml:21833 msgid "" "A vnode is the internal representation of a file or directory. Increasing " "the number of vnodes available to the operating system reduces disk I/O. " @@ -29615,12 +31392,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21778 +#: book.translate.xml:21843 msgid "To see the current number of vnodes in use:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:21780 +#: book.translate.xml:21845 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# sysctl vfs.numvnodes\n" @@ -29628,12 +31405,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21783 +#: book.translate.xml:21848 msgid "To see the maximum vnodes:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:21785 +#: book.translate.xml:21850 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# sysctl kern.maxvnodes\n" @@ -29641,7 +31418,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:21788 +#: book.translate.xml:21853 msgid "" "If the current vnode usage is near the maximum, try increasing kern." "maxvnodes by a value of 1000. Keep an eye on " @@ -29653,12 +31430,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:21801 +#: book.translate.xml:21866 msgid "Adding Swap Space" msgstr "增加交換空間" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:21803 +#: book.translate.xml:21868 msgid "" "Sometimes a system requires more swap space. This section describes two " "methods to increase swap space: adding swap to an existing partition or new " @@ -29666,7 +31443,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:21808 +#: book.translate.xml:21873 msgid "" "For information on how to encrypt swap space, which options exist, and why " "it should be done, refer to ." @@ -29673,12 +31450,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:21812 +#: book.translate.xml:21877 msgid "Swap on a New Hard Drive or Existing Partition" msgstr "使用新硬碟或既有分割區增加交換空間" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21814 +#: book.translate.xml:21879 msgid "" "Adding a new hard drive for swap gives better performance than using a " "partition on an existing drive. Setting up partitions and hard drives is " @@ -29688,7 +31465,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21819 +#: book.translate.xml:21884 msgid "" "Use swapon to add a swap partition to the system. For " "example:" @@ -29695,13 +31472,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:21822 +#: book.translate.xml:21887 #, no-wrap msgid "# swapon /dev/ada1s1b" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:21825 +#: book.translate.xml:21890 msgid "" "It is possible to use any partition not currently mounted, even if it " "already contains data. Using swapon on a partition that " @@ -29711,7 +31488,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21833 +#: book.translate.xml:21898 msgid "" "To automatically add this swap partition on boot, add an entry to /" "etc/fstab:" @@ -29718,13 +31495,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:21836 +#: book.translate.xml:21901 #, no-wrap msgid "/dev/ada1s1b\tnone\tswap\tsw\t0\t0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21838 +#: book.translate.xml:21903 msgid "" "See fstab5 for an explanation of the entries in /" @@ -29734,12 +31511,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:21845 +#: book.translate.xml:21910 msgid "Creating a Swap File" msgstr "建立交換檔" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21847 +#: book.translate.xml:21912 msgid "" "These examples create a 64M swap file called /usr/swap0 " "instead of using a partition." @@ -29746,7 +31523,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:21851 +#: book.translate.xml:21916 msgid "" "Using swap files requires that the module needed by " "md4X and Later" msgstr "建立交換檔於 FreeBSD 10.X 及以後版本" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:21863 +#: book.translate.xml:21928 msgid "Create the swap file:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:21865 book.translate.xml:21903 +#: book.translate.xml:21930 book.translate.xml:21968 #, no-wrap msgid "# dd if=/dev/zero of=/usr/swap0 bs=1m count=64" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:21869 +#: book.translate.xml:21934 msgid "Set the proper permissions on the new file:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:21871 book.translate.xml:21910 +#: book.translate.xml:21936 book.translate.xml:21975 #, no-wrap msgid "# chmod 0600 /usr/swap0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:21875 +#: book.translate.xml:21940 msgid "" "Inform the system about the swap file by adding a line to /etc/" "fstab:" @@ -29791,13 +31568,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:21878 +#: book.translate.xml:21943 #, no-wrap msgid "md99\tnone\tswap\tsw,file=/usr/swap0,late\t0\t0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:21880 +#: book.translate.xml:21945 msgid "" "The md4 device md99 is used, leaving lower device " @@ -29805,7 +31582,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:21886 +#: book.translate.xml:21951 msgid "" "Swap space will be added on system startup. To add swap space immediately, " "use swapon8# swapon -aL" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:21895 +#: book.translate.xml:21960 msgid "" "Creating a Swap File on FreeBSD 9.X and Earlier" msgstr "建立交換檔於 FreeBSD 9.X 及先前版本" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:21900 +#: book.translate.xml:21965 msgid "Create the swap file, /usr/swap0:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:21907 +#: book.translate.xml:21972 msgid "Set the proper permissions on /usr/swap0:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:21914 +#: book.translate.xml:21979 msgid "Enable the swap file in /etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:21917 +#: book.translate.xml:21982 #, no-wrap msgid "swapfile=\"/usr/swap0\" # Set to name of swap file" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:21921 +#: book.translate.xml:21986 msgid "" "Swap space will be added on system startup. To enable the swap file " "immediately, specify a free memory device. Refer to # mdconfig -a -t vnode -f /usr/swap0 -u 0 && swapon /dev/md0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:21935 +#: book.translate.xml:22000 msgid "Power and Resource Management" msgstr "電源與資源管理" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:21938 +#: book.translate.xml:22003 msgid "" " Hiten Pandya Written by " @@ -29872,7 +31649,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:21946 book.translate.xml:22426 +#: book.translate.xml:22011 book.translate.xml:22491 msgid "" " Tom Rhodes " @@ -29879,7 +31656,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:21955 +#: book.translate.xml:22020 msgid "" "It is important to utilize hardware resources in an efficient manner. Power " "and resource management allows the operating system to monitor system limits " @@ -29898,7 +31675,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:21974 +#: book.translate.xml:22039 msgid "" "There are four major problems in APM. First, power " "management is done by the vendor-specific BIOS, separate " @@ -29920,7 +31697,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:21996 +#: book.translate.xml:22061 msgid "" "The Plug and Play BIOS (PNPBIOS) was " "unreliable in many situations. PNPBIOS is 16-bit " @@ -29933,17 +31710,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22006 +#: book.translate.xml:22071 msgid "ACPI" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22010 +#: book.translate.xml:22075 msgid "APM" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:22014 +#: book.translate.xml:22079 msgid "" "The successor to APM is the Advanced Configuration and " "Power Interface (ACPI). ACPI is a " @@ -29955,7 +31732,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:22023 +#: book.translate.xml:22088 msgid "" "This chapter demonstrates how to configure ACPI on " "FreeBSD. It then offers some tips on how to debug ACPI " @@ -29964,12 +31741,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:22030 +#: book.translate.xml:22095 msgid "Configuring ACPI" msgstr "設定 ACPI" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22032 +#: book.translate.xml:22097 msgid "" "In FreeBSD the acpi4 driver is loaded by " @@ -29983,7 +31760,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:22044 +#: book.translate.xml:22109 msgid "" "ACPI and APM cannot coexist and should " "be used separately. The last one to load will terminate if the driver " @@ -29991,7 +31768,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22050 +#: book.translate.xml:22115 msgid "" "ACPI can be used to put the system into a sleep mode with " "acpiconf, the flag, and a number from " @@ -30003,7 +31780,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22060 +#: book.translate.xml:22125 msgid "" "Other options are available using sysctl. Refer to " "acpi4ACPI" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22072 +#: book.translate.xml:22137 msgid "" "ACPI is present in all modern computers that conform to " "the ia32 (x86), ia64 (Itanium), and amd64 (AMD) " @@ -30036,7 +31813,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22084 +#: book.translate.xml:22149 msgid "" "An ACPI-compliant system has various components. The " "BIOS and chipset vendors provide various fixed tables, " @@ -30048,7 +31825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22094 +#: book.translate.xml:22159 msgid "" "The ACPI driver must parse the fixed tables, implement an " "interpreter for the bytecode, and modify device drivers and the kernel to " @@ -30064,12 +31841,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22107 book.translate.xml:22435 book.translate.xml:22490 +#: book.translate.xml:22172 book.translate.xml:22500 book.translate.xml:22555 msgid "ACPI problems" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22112 +#: book.translate.xml:22177 msgid "" "For ACPI to work correctly, all the parts have to work " "correctly. Here are some common problems, in order of frequency of " @@ -30079,12 +31856,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:22120 +#: book.translate.xml:22185 msgid "Mouse Issues" msgstr "滑鼠問題" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22122 +#: book.translate.xml:22187 msgid "" "In some cases, resuming from a suspend operation will cause the mouse to " "fail. A known work around is to add hint.psm.0.flags=\"0x3000\"ACPI has three suspend to RAM " "(STR) states, S1-S3sysctl hw.acpi to check for the suspend-related " "items. These example results are from a Thinkpad:" @@ -30118,7 +31895,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:22148 +#: book.translate.xml:22213 #, no-wrap msgid "" "hw.acpi.supported_sleep_state: S3 S4 S5\n" @@ -30126,7 +31903,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22151 +#: book.translate.xml:22216 msgid "" "Use acpiconf -s to test S3, " "S4, and S5. An " @@ -30135,7 +31912,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22158 +#: book.translate.xml:22223 msgid "" "When testing suspend/resume, start with S1, if supported. " "This state is most likely to work since it does not require much driver " @@ -30146,7 +31923,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22167 +#: book.translate.xml:22232 msgid "" "A common problem with suspend/resume is that many device drivers do not " "save, restore, or reinitialize their firmware, registers, or device memory " @@ -30154,7 +31931,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:22172 +#: book.translate.xml:22237 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# sysctl debug.bootverbose=1\n" @@ -30163,7 +31940,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22176 +#: book.translate.xml:22241 msgid "" "This test emulates the suspend/resume cycle of all device drivers without " "actually going into S3 state. In some cases, problems " @@ -30175,7 +31952,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22186 +#: book.translate.xml:22251 msgid "" "Harder cases require additional hardware, such as a serial port and cable " "for debugging through a serial console, a Firewire port and cable for using " @@ -30184,7 +31961,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22191 +#: book.translate.xml:22256 msgid "" "To help isolate the problem, unload as many drivers as possible. If it " "works, narrow down which driver is the problem by loading drivers until it " @@ -30199,7 +31976,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22207 +#: book.translate.xml:22272 msgid "" "Try loading a recent Linux " "distribution to see if suspend/resume works on the same hardware. If it " @@ -30216,7 +31993,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22219 +#: book.translate.xml:22284 msgid "" "Finally, try disabling ACPI and enabling APM instead. If suspend/resume works with APM, stick " @@ -30227,12 +32004,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:22230 +#: book.translate.xml:22295 msgid "System Hangs" msgstr "系統無回應" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22232 +#: book.translate.xml:22297 msgid "" "Most system hangs are a result of lost interrupts or an interrupt storm. " "Chipsets may have problems based on boot, how the BIOS " @@ -30242,12 +32019,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22239 +#: book.translate.xml:22304 msgid "interrupt storms" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22243 +#: book.translate.xml:22308 msgid "" "Interrupt storms can be distinguished from lost interrupts by checking the " "output of vmstat -i and looking at the line that has " @@ -30259,12 +32036,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22256 +#: book.translate.xml:22321 msgid "APIC disabling" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22261 +#: book.translate.xml:22326 msgid "" "When dealing with interrupt problems, try disabling APIC " "support with hint.apic.0.disabled=\"1\" in /" @@ -30272,12 +32049,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:22268 +#: book.translate.xml:22333 msgid "Panics" msgstr "當機" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22270 +#: book.translate.xml:22335 msgid "" "Panics are relatively rare for ACPI and are the top " "priority to be fixed. The first step is to isolate the steps to reproduce " @@ -30290,7 +32067,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22281 +#: book.translate.xml:22346 msgid "" "Then, try to isolate the problem by booting with ACPI " "disabled. If that works, isolate the ACPI subsystem by " @@ -30300,12 +32077,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:22289 +#: book.translate.xml:22354 msgid "System Powers Up After Suspend or Shutdown" msgstr "系統在待機或關機後仍開機" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22291 +#: book.translate.xml:22356 msgid "" "First, try setting hw.acpi.disable_on_poweroff=\"0\" in " "/boot/loader.conf. This keeps ACPI " @@ -30316,13 +32093,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:22302 +#: book.translate.xml:22367 msgid "BIOS Contains Buggy Bytecode" msgstr "BIOS 含有有問題的 Bytecode" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22304 book.translate.xml:22335 +#: book.translate.xml:22369 book.translate.xml:22400 msgid "" "ACPI ASL" @@ -30329,7 +32106,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22309 +#: book.translate.xml:22374 msgid "" "Some BIOS vendors provide incorrect or buggy bytecode. " "This is usually manifested by kernel console messages like this:" @@ -30336,7 +32113,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:22313 +#: book.translate.xml:22378 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ACPI-1287: *** Error: Method execution failed [\\\\_SB_.PCI0.LPC0.FIGD._STA] \\\\\n" @@ -30344,7 +32121,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:22316 +#: book.translate.xml:22381 msgid "" "Often, these problems may be resolved by updating the BIOS to the latest revision. Most console messages are harmless, but if " @@ -30353,12 +32130,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:22326 +#: book.translate.xml:22391 msgid "Overriding the Default AML" msgstr "覆蓋預設的 AML" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22328 +#: book.translate.xml:22393 msgid "" "The BIOS bytecode, known as ACPI " "Machine Language (AML), is compiled from a source " @@ -30368,7 +32145,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22340 +#: book.translate.xml:22405 msgid "" "The goal of FreeBSD is for everyone to have working ACPI " "without any user intervention. Workarounds are still being developed for " @@ -30385,7 +32162,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22355 +#: book.translate.xml:22420 msgid "" "To help identify buggy behavior and possibly fix it manually, a copy can be " "made of the system's ASL. To copy the system's " @@ -30395,13 +32172,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:22363 +#: book.translate.xml:22428 #, no-wrap msgid "# acpidump -td > my.asl" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22365 +#: book.translate.xml:22430 msgid "" "Some AML versions assume the user is running Windows. To override this, set hw." @@ -30412,7 +32189,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22372 +#: book.translate.xml:22437 msgid "" "Other workarounds may require my.asl to be customized. " "If this file is edited, compile the new ASL using the " @@ -30421,13 +32198,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:22378 +#: book.translate.xml:22443 #, no-wrap msgid "# iasl -f my.asl" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22380 +#: book.translate.xml:22445 msgid "" "Including forces creation of the AML, " "even if there are errors during compilation. Some errors, such as missing " @@ -30436,7 +32213,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22386 +#: book.translate.xml:22451 msgid "" "The default output filename for iasl is DSDT." "aml. Load this file instead of the BIOS's " @@ -30445,7 +32222,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:22392 +#: book.translate.xml:22457 #, no-wrap msgid "" "acpi_dsdt_load=\"YES\"\n" @@ -30453,7 +32230,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22395 +#: book.translate.xml:22460 msgid "" "Be sure to copy DSDT.aml to /boot, " "then reboot the system. If this fixes the problem, send a " @@ -30465,12 +32242,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:22405 +#: book.translate.xml:22470 msgid "Getting and Submitting Debugging Info" msgstr "取得與回報除錯資訊" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:22408 +#: book.translate.xml:22473 msgid "" " Nate Lawson Written by " @@ -30477,7 +32254,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:22418 +#: book.translate.xml:22483 msgid "" " Peter Schultz With contributions from " @@ -30484,12 +32261,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22440 +#: book.translate.xml:22505 msgid "ACPI debugging" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22445 +#: book.translate.xml:22510 msgid "" "The ACPI driver has a flexible debugging facility. A set " "of subsystems and the level of verbosity can be specified. The subsystems to " @@ -30507,7 +32284,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22461 +#: book.translate.xml:22526 msgid "" "Debugging output is not enabled by default. To enable it, add " "options ACPI_DEBUG to the custom kernel configuration " @@ -30518,13 +32295,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:22469 +#: book.translate.xml:22534 #, no-wrap msgid "# cd /sys/modules/acpi/acpi && make clean && make ACPI_DEBUG=1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22471 +#: book.translate.xml:22536 msgid "" "Copy the compiled acpi.ko to /boot/kernel and add the desired level and layer to /boot/loader." @@ -30534,7 +32311,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:22478 +#: book.translate.xml:22543 #, no-wrap msgid "" "debug.acpi.layer=\"ACPI_ALL_COMPONENTS ACPI_ALL_DRIVERS\"\n" @@ -30542,7 +32319,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22481 +#: book.translate.xml:22546 msgid "" "If the required information is triggered by a specific event, such as a " "suspend and then resume, do not modify /boot/loader.conffreebsd-" @@ -30563,7 +32340,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:22501 +#: book.translate.xml:22566 msgid "" "Before submitting debugging information to this mailing list, ensure the " "latest BIOS version is installed and, if available, the " @@ -30571,12 +32348,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22507 +#: book.translate.xml:22572 msgid "When submitting a problem report, include the following information:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22512 +#: book.translate.xml:22577 msgid "" "Description of the buggy behavior, including system type, model, and " "anything that causes the bug to appear. Note as accurately as possible when " @@ -30584,7 +32361,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22519 +#: book.translate.xml:22584 msgid "" "The output of dmesg after running boot -v, including any error messages generated by the bug." @@ -30591,7 +32368,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22525 +#: book.translate.xml:22590 msgid "" "The dmesg output from boot -v with " "ACPI disabled, if disabling ACPI helps " @@ -30599,7 +32376,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22532 +#: book.translate.xml:22597 msgid "" "Output from sysctl hw.acpi. This lists which features the " "system offers." @@ -30606,7 +32383,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22537 +#: book.translate.xml:22602 msgid "" "The URL to a pasted version of the system's ASL. Do not send the ASL " @@ -30615,13 +32392,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:22544 +#: book.translate.xml:22609 #, no-wrap msgid "# acpidump -dt > name-system.asl" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22546 +#: book.translate.xml:22611 msgid "" "Substitute the login name for name and " "manufacturer/model for system. For example, use " @@ -30629,7 +32406,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22553 +#: book.translate.xml:22618 msgid "" "Most FreeBSD developers watch the FreeBSD-CURRENT mailing list, " @@ -30647,7 +32424,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22567 +#: book.translate.xml:22632 msgid "" "More information about ACPI may be found in the following " "locations:" @@ -30654,7 +32431,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22572 +#: book.translate.xml:22637 msgid "" "The FreeBSD ACPI Mailing List Archives (http://lists.freebsd." @@ -30662,7 +32439,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22577 +#: book.translate.xml:22642 msgid "" "The ACPI 2.0 Specification (http://acpi.info/spec.htm)" @@ -30669,7 +32446,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22581 +#: book.translate.xml:22646 msgid "" "acpi4, acpi_thermalbooting" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22604 +#: book.translate.xml:22669 msgid "bootstrap" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:22606 +#: book.translate.xml:22671 msgid "" "The process of starting a computer and loading the operating system is " "referred to as the bootstrap process, or booting。這些事會發生在開機訊息的文字顏色會從亮白變成灰色之間。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:22622 +#: book.translate.xml:22687 msgid "After reading this chapter, you will recognize:" msgstr "在閱讀本章之後，您會了解：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22626 +#: book.translate.xml:22691 msgid "The components of the FreeBSD bootstrap system and how they interact." msgstr "FreeBSD 開機系統的元件以及它們如何互動。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22631 +#: book.translate.xml:22696 msgid "" "The options that can be passed to the components in the FreeBSD bootstrap in " "order to control the boot process." @@ -30745,17 +32522,17 @@ msgstr "FreeBSD 開機程式中各元件可使用的選項，用來控制開機程序。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22636 +#: book.translate.xml:22701 msgid "How to configure a customized boot splash screen." msgstr "如何設定自訂的開機啟動畫面 (Splash screen)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22640 +#: book.translate.xml:22705 msgid "The basics of setting device hints." msgstr "設定 Device Hints 的基礎。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:22644 +#: book.translate.xml:22709 msgid "" "How to boot into single- and multi-user mode and how to properly shut down a " "FreeBSD system." @@ -30762,7 +32539,7 @@ msgstr "如何開機進入單人及多人模式以及如何正確關閉 FreeBSD 系統。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:22650 +#: book.translate.xml:22715 msgid "" "This chapter only describes the boot process for FreeBSD running on x86 and " "amd64 systems." @@ -30769,12 +32546,12 @@ msgstr "本章僅說明 FreeBSD 在 x86 及 amd64 系統上執行的開機流程。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:22656 +#: book.translate.xml:22721 msgid "FreeBSD Boot Process" msgstr "FreeBSD 開機程序" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:22658 +#: book.translate.xml:22723 msgid "" "Turning on a computer and starting the operating system poses an interesting " "dilemma. By definition, the computer does not know how to do anything until " @@ -30785,7 +32562,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:22666 +#: book.translate.xml:22731 msgid "" "This problem parallels one in the book The Adventures of Baron " "Munchausen. A character had fallen part way down a manhole, and " @@ -30796,12 +32573,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22674 +#: book.translate.xml:22739 msgid "BIOS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22676 +#: book.translate.xml:22741 msgid "" "Basic Input/Output SystemBIOS" @@ -30808,7 +32585,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:22679 +#: book.translate.xml:22744 msgid "" "On x86 hardware, the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) is " "responsible for loading the operating system. The BIOS " @@ -30821,7 +32598,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:22691 +#: book.translate.xml:22756 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides for booting from both the older MBR " "standard, and the newer GUID Partition Table (GPT). " @@ -30836,23 +32613,23 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22702 book.translate.xml:22758 +#: book.translate.xml:22767 book.translate.xml:22823 msgid "Master Boot Record (MBR)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22705 book.translate.xml:22756 +#: book.translate.xml:22770 book.translate.xml:22821 msgid "Boot Manager" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22707 +#: book.translate.xml:22772 msgid "Boot Loader" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:22709 +#: book.translate.xml:22774 msgid "" "The code within the MBR is typically referred to as a " "boot manager, especially when it interacts with the " @@ -30865,7 +32642,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:22719 +#: book.translate.xml:22784 msgid "" "If only one operating system is installed, the MBR " "searches for the first bootable (active) slice on the disk, and then runs " @@ -30876,7 +32653,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:22727 +#: book.translate.xml:22792 msgid "" "The remainder of the FreeBSD bootstrap system is divided into three stages. " "The first stage knows just enough to get the computer into a specific state " @@ -30889,13 +32666,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22738 +#: book.translate.xml:22803 msgid "kernel" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22739 book.translate.xml:23065 +#: book.translate.xml:22804 book.translate.xml:23130 msgid "" "init8" @@ -30902,7 +32679,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:22741 +#: book.translate.xml:22806 msgid "" "The kernel is then started and begins to probe for devices and initialize " "them for use. Once the kernel boot process is finished, the kernel passes " @@ -30915,7 +32692,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:22750 +#: book.translate.xml:22815 msgid "" "This section describes these stages in more detail and demonstrates how to " "interact with the FreeBSD boot process." @@ -30922,12 +32699,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:22754 +#: book.translate.xml:22819 msgid "The Boot Manager" msgstr "開機管理程式" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22761 +#: book.translate.xml:22826 msgid "" "The boot manager code in the MBR is sometimes referred to " "as stage zero of the boot process. By default, FreeBSD " @@ -30935,7 +32712,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22766 +#: book.translate.xml:22831 msgid "" "The MBR installed by the FreeBSD installer is based on " "/boot/boot0. The size and capability of " @@ -30947,12 +32724,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:22776 +#: book.translate.xml:22841 msgid "boot0 Screenshot" msgstr "boot0 螢幕截圖" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:22778 +#: book.translate.xml:22843 #, no-wrap msgid "" "F1 Win\n" @@ -30962,7 +32739,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22784 +#: book.translate.xml:22849 msgid "" "Other operating systems will overwrite an existing MBR if " "they are installed after FreeBSD. If this happens, or to replace the " @@ -30971,13 +32748,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:22790 +#: book.translate.xml:22855 #, no-wrap msgid "# fdisk -B -b /boot/boot0 device" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22792 +#: book.translate.xml:22857 msgid "" "where device is the boot disk, such as " "ad0 for the first IDE disk, " @@ -30989,12 +32766,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:22803 +#: book.translate.xml:22868 msgid "Stage One and Stage Two" msgstr "階段一與階段二" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22805 +#: book.translate.xml:22870 msgid "" "Conceptually, the first and second stages are part of the same program on " "the same area of the disk. Because of space constraints, they have been " @@ -31004,7 +32781,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22812 +#: book.translate.xml:22877 msgid "" "These two stages are located outside file systems, in the first track of the " "boot slice, starting with the first sector. This is where " @@ -31013,7 +32790,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22818 +#: book.translate.xml:22883 msgid "" "The first stage, boot1, is very simple, since it can " "only be 512 bytes in size. It knows just enough about the FreeBSD " @@ -31022,7 +32799,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22824 +#: book.translate.xml:22889 msgid "" "Stage two, boot2, is slightly more sophisticated, and " "understands the FreeBSD file system enough to find files. It can provide a " @@ -31033,13 +32810,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:22834 +#: book.translate.xml:22899 msgid "boot2 Screenshot" msgstr "boot2 螢幕截圖" #. (itstool) path: example/screen #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:22836 book.translate.xml:47642 +#: book.translate.xml:22901 book.translate.xml:48476 #, no-wrap msgid "" ">> FreeBSD/i386 BOOT\n" @@ -31048,7 +32825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22841 +#: book.translate.xml:22906 msgid "" "To replace the installed boot1 and boot2, use bsdlabel, where diskslice# bsdlabel -B diskslice" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:22850 +#: book.translate.xml:22915 msgid "" "If just the disk name is used, such as ad0, " "bsdlabel will create the disk in dangerously " @@ -31073,17 +32850,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:22861 +#: book.translate.xml:22926 msgid "Stage Three" msgstr "階段三" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22863 +#: book.translate.xml:22928 msgid "boot-loader" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22865 +#: book.translate.xml:22930 msgid "" "The loader is the final stage of the three-stage " "bootstrap process. It is located on the file system, usually as /" @@ -31091,7 +32868,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22870 +#: book.translate.xml:22935 msgid "" "The loader is intended as an interactive method " "for configuration, using a built-in command set, backed up by a more " @@ -31099,7 +32876,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22875 +#: book.translate.xml:22940 msgid "" "During initialization, loader will probe for a " "console and for disks, and figure out which disk it is booting from. It will " @@ -31108,17 +32885,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22881 +#: book.translate.xml:22946 msgid "loader" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:22882 +#: book.translate.xml:22947 msgid "loader configuration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22884 +#: book.translate.xml:22949 msgid "" "The loader will then read /boot/loader." "rc, which by default reads in /boot/defaults/loader." @@ -31129,7 +32906,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:22893 +#: book.translate.xml:22958 msgid "" "Finally, by default, loader issues a 10 second " "wait for key presses, and boots the kernel if it is not interrupted. If " @@ -31143,17 +32920,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:22904 +#: book.translate.xml:22969 msgid "Loader Built-In Commands" msgstr "載入程式內建指令" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22916 +#: book.translate.xml:22981 msgid "autoboot seconds" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22918 +#: book.translate.xml:22983 msgid "" "Proceeds to boot the kernel if not interrupted within the time span given, " "in seconds. It displays a countdown, and the default time span is 10 seconds." @@ -31160,7 +32937,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22925 +#: book.translate.xml:22990 msgid "" "boot -options " "kernelname" @@ -31167,7 +32944,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22928 +#: book.translate.xml:22993 msgid "" "Immediately proceeds to boot the kernel, with any specified options or " "kernel name. Providing a kernel name on the command-line is only applicable " @@ -31178,12 +32955,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22940 +#: book.translate.xml:23005 msgid "boot-conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22941 +#: book.translate.xml:23006 msgid "" "Goes through the same automatic configuration of modules based on specified " "variables, most commonly kernel. This only makes sense if " @@ -31191,12 +32968,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22949 +#: book.translate.xml:23014 msgid "help topic" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22951 +#: book.translate.xml:23016 msgid "" "Shows help messages read from /boot/loader.help. If the " "topic given is index, the list of available topics is " @@ -31204,12 +32981,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22958 +#: book.translate.xml:23023 msgid "include filename …" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22960 +#: book.translate.xml:23025 msgid "" "Reads the specified file and interprets it line by line. An error " "immediately stops the include." @@ -31216,7 +32993,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22966 +#: book.translate.xml:23031 msgid "" "load -t type " "filename" @@ -31223,7 +33000,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22969 +#: book.translate.xml:23034 msgid "" "Loads the kernel, kernel module, or file of the type given, with the " "specified filename. Any arguments after filename " @@ -31233,7 +33010,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22980 +#: book.translate.xml:23045 msgid "" "ls -l path" @@ -31240,7 +33017,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22982 +#: book.translate.xml:23047 msgid "" "Displays a listing of files in the given path, or the root directory, if the " "path is not specified. If is specified, file sizes will " @@ -31248,12 +33025,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22989 +#: book.translate.xml:23054 msgid "lsdev -v" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22990 +#: book.translate.xml:23055 msgid "" "Lists all of the devices from which it may be possible to load modules. If " " is specified, more details are printed." @@ -31260,12 +33037,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22996 +#: book.translate.xml:23061 msgid "lsmod -v" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:22997 +#: book.translate.xml:23062 msgid "" "Displays loaded modules. If is specified, more details " "are shown." @@ -31272,12 +33049,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23002 +#: book.translate.xml:23067 msgid "more filename" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23003 +#: book.translate.xml:23068 msgid "" "Displays the files specified, with a pause at each LINES " "displayed." @@ -31284,17 +33061,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23008 +#: book.translate.xml:23073 msgid "reboot" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23009 +#: book.translate.xml:23074 msgid "Immediately reboots the system." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23013 +#: book.translate.xml:23078 msgid "" "set variable, set variable=value" @@ -31301,28 +33078,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23015 +#: book.translate.xml:23080 msgid "Sets the specified environment variables." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23019 +#: book.translate.xml:23084 msgid "unload" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23020 +#: book.translate.xml:23085 msgid "Removes all loaded modules." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:23028 book.translate.xml:23138 +#. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm +#: book.translate.xml:23093 book.translate.xml:23203 book.translate.xml:45306 msgid "single-user mode" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23026 +#: book.translate.xml:23091 msgid "" "Here are some practical examples of loader usage. To boot the usual kernel " "in single-user mode <_:indexterm-1/>:" @@ -31329,13 +33107,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:23031 +#: book.translate.xml:23096 #, no-wrap msgid "boot -s" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23033 +#: book.translate.xml:23098 msgid "" "To unload the usual kernel and modules and then load the previous or " "another, specified kernel:" @@ -31342,7 +33120,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:23036 +#: book.translate.xml:23101 #, no-wrap msgid "" "unload\n" @@ -31350,7 +33128,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23039 +#: book.translate.xml:23104 msgid "" "Use kernel.GENERIC to refer to the default kernel that " "comes with an installation, or kernel.old, to refer to " @@ -31359,12 +33137,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23045 +#: book.translate.xml:23110 msgid "Use the following to load the usual modules with another kernel:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:23048 +#: book.translate.xml:23113 #, no-wrap msgid "" "unload\n" @@ -31373,28 +33151,28 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23052 +#: book.translate.xml:23117 msgid "To load an automated kernel configuration script:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:23054 +#: book.translate.xml:23119 #, no-wrap msgid "load -t userconfig_script /boot/kernel.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:23056 +#: book.translate.xml:23121 msgid "kernel boot interaction" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:23063 +#: book.translate.xml:23128 msgid "Last Stage" msgstr "最終階段" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23069 +#: book.translate.xml:23134 msgid "" "Once the kernel is loaded by either loader or by " "boot2, which bypasses loaderkernel bootflags" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:23083 +#: book.translate.xml:23148 msgid "Kernel Interaction During Boot" msgstr "開機時核心互動參數" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23096 +#: book.translate.xml:23161 msgid "" "During kernel initialization, ask for the device to mount as the root file " "system." @@ -31423,32 +33201,32 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23101 +#: book.translate.xml:23166 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23102 +#: book.translate.xml:23167 msgid "Boot the root file system from a CDROM." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23107 +#: book.translate.xml:23172 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23108 +#: book.translate.xml:23173 msgid "Boot into single-user mode." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:23113 +#: book.translate.xml:23178 msgid "Be more verbose during kernel startup." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23119 +#: book.translate.xml:23184 msgid "" "Once the kernel has finished booting, it passes control to the user process " "init8UFS file system is not, and " @@ -31469,12 +33247,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:23136 +#: book.translate.xml:23201 msgid "Single-User Mode" msgstr "單使用者模式" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:23141 +#: book.translate.xml:23206 msgid "" "A user can specify this mode by booting with or by " "setting the boot_single variable in loaderEnter, the system will enter the " "default Bourne shell. To specify a different shell, input the full path to " @@ -31497,7 +33275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:23154 +#: book.translate.xml:23219 msgid "" "Single-user mode is usually used to repair a system that will not boot due " "to an inconsistent file system or an error in a boot configuration file. It " @@ -31508,7 +33286,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:23163 +#: book.translate.xml:23228 msgid "" "While single-user mode is useful for repairing a system, it poses a security " "risk unless the system is in a physically secure location. By default, any " @@ -31517,7 +33295,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:23169 +#: book.translate.xml:23234 msgid "" "If the system console is changed to insecure in /etc/ttys, the system will first prompt for " @@ -31528,12 +33306,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:23179 +#: book.translate.xml:23244 msgid "Configuring an Insecure Console in /etc/ttys" msgstr "在 /etc/ttys 設定不安全的 Console" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:23182 +#: book.translate.xml:23247 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# name getty type status comments\n" @@ -31544,7 +33322,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:23189 +#: book.translate.xml:23254 msgid "" "An insecure console means that physical security to the " "console is considered to be insecure, so only someone who knows the " @@ -31553,17 +33331,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:23196 +#: book.translate.xml:23261 msgid "Multi-User Mode" msgstr "多使用者模式" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:23198 +#: book.translate.xml:23263 msgid "multi-user mode" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:23200 +#: book.translate.xml:23265 msgid "" "If init finds the file systems to be in order, or " "once the user has finished their commands in single-user mode and has typed " @@ -31572,12 +33350,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:23207 +#: book.translate.xml:23272 msgid "rc files" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:23209 +#: book.translate.xml:23274 msgid "" "The resource configuration system reads in configuration defaults from " "/etc/defaults/rc.conf and system-specific details from " @@ -31588,7 +33366,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:23218 +#: book.translate.xml:23283 msgid "" "To learn more about the resource configuration system, refer to " "rc8 Joseph J. Barbish Contributed by " @@ -31609,7 +33387,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23246 +#: book.translate.xml:23311 msgid "" "Typically when a FreeBSD system boots, it displays its progress as a series " "of messages at the console. A boot splash screen creates an alternate boot " @@ -31621,7 +33399,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23256 +#: book.translate.xml:23321 msgid "" "There are two basic environments available in FreeBSD. The first is the " "default legacy virtual console command line environment. After the system " @@ -31632,7 +33410,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23264 +#: book.translate.xml:23329 msgid "" "Once the system has booted, the splash screen defaults to being a screen " "saver. After a time period of non-use, the splash screen will display and " @@ -31647,7 +33425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23275 +#: book.translate.xml:23340 msgid "" "Sample splash screen files can be downloaded from the gallery at http://artwork.freebsdgr.org." "bmp), ZSoft PCX (.pcx), " @@ -31673,7 +33451,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:23296 +#: book.translate.xml:23361 #, no-wrap msgid "" "splash_bmp_load=\"YES\"\n" @@ -31682,12 +33460,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23300 +#: book.translate.xml:23365 msgid "To use a PCX file instead of a bitmap file:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:23303 +#: book.translate.xml:23368 #, no-wrap msgid "" "splash_pcx_load=\"YES\"\n" @@ -31696,7 +33474,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23307 +#: book.translate.xml:23372 msgid "" "To instead use ASCII art in the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheDraw format:" @@ -31703,7 +33481,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:23310 +#: book.translate.xml:23375 #, no-wrap msgid "" "splash_txt=\"YES\"\n" @@ -31712,7 +33490,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23314 +#: book.translate.xml:23379 msgid "" "To use larger images that fill the whole display screen, up to the maximum " "resolution of 1024 by 768 pixels, the VESA module must " @@ -31724,23 +33502,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:23324 +#: book.translate.xml:23389 #, no-wrap msgid "vesa_load=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23326 +#: book.translate.xml:23391 msgid "Other interesting loader.conf options include:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:23330 +#: book.translate.xml:23395 msgid "beastie_disable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23333 +#: book.translate.xml:23398 msgid "" "This will stop the boot options menu from being displayed, but the timed " "wait count down prompt will still be present. Even with the display of the " @@ -31749,12 +33527,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:23342 +#: book.translate.xml:23407 msgid "loader_logo=\"beastie\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23345 +#: book.translate.xml:23410 msgid "" "This will replace the default words FreeBSD, which are " "displayed to the right of the boot options menu, with the colored beastie " @@ -31762,7 +33540,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23353 +#: book.translate.xml:23418 msgid "" "For more information, refer to splash4, " @@ -31772,17 +33550,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:23359 +#: book.translate.xml:23424 msgid "Device Hints" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:23372 +#: book.translate.xml:23437 msgid "device.hints" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23376 +#: book.translate.xml:23441 msgid "" "During initial system startup, the boot loader8 reads . Variables can be added " @@ -31805,7 +33583,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23391 +#: book.translate.xml:23456 msgid "" "Once the system is booted, kenv1 can be used to dump " @@ -31813,7 +33591,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23394 +#: book.translate.xml:23459 msgid "" "The syntax for /boot/device.hints is one variable per " "line, using the hash # as comment markers. Lines are " @@ -31821,24 +33599,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:23399 +#: book.translate.xml:23464 #, no-wrap msgid "hint.driver.unit.keyword=\"value\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23401 +#: book.translate.xml:23466 msgid "The syntax for the Stage 3 boot loader is:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:23403 +#: book.translate.xml:23468 #, no-wrap msgid "set hint.driver.unit.keyword=value" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23405 +#: book.translate.xml:23470 msgid "" "where driver is the device driver name, unit is the device driver unit number, and keyword is " @@ -31846,13 +33624,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23412 +#: book.translate.xml:23477 msgid "" "at: specifies the bus which the device is attached to." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23417 +#: book.translate.xml:23482 msgid "" "port: specifies the start address of the I/O to be used." @@ -31859,18 +33637,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23422 +#: book.translate.xml:23487 msgid "" "irq: specifies the interrupt request number to be used." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23427 +#: book.translate.xml:23492 msgid "drq: specifies the DMA channel number." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23432 +#: book.translate.xml:23497 msgid "" "maddr: specifies the physical memory address occupied by " "the device." @@ -31877,12 +33655,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23437 +#: book.translate.xml:23502 msgid "flags: sets various flag bits for the device." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23442 +#: book.translate.xml:23507 msgid "" "disabled: if set to 1 the device is " "disabled." @@ -31889,7 +33667,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23447 +#: book.translate.xml:23512 msgid "" "Since device drivers may accept or require more hints not listed here, " "viewing a driver's manual page is recommended. For more information, refer " @@ -31903,12 +33681,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:23454 +#: book.translate.xml:23519 msgid "Shutdown Sequence" msgstr "關機程序" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:23456 +#: book.translate.xml:23521 msgid "" "shutdown8" @@ -31915,7 +33693,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23460 +#: book.translate.xml:23525 msgid "" "Upon controlled shutdown using shutdown8, " @@ -31927,7 +33705,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23467 +#: book.translate.xml:23532 msgid "" "To power down a FreeBSD machine on architectures and systems that support " "power management, use shutdown -p now to turn the power " @@ -31944,13 +33722,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23479 +#: book.translate.xml:23544 msgid "" "Modify group membership by referring to ." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:23483 +#: book.translate.xml:23548 msgid "" "Power management requires acpi4 to be loaded as a " @@ -31959,12 +33737,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: info/title #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:23498 book.translate.xml:55644 +#: book.translate.xml:23563 book.translate.xml:56478 msgid "Security" msgstr "安全性" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:23501 +#: book.translate.xml:23566 msgid "" " Tom Rhodes Rewritten by " @@ -31971,12 +33749,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:23511 +#: book.translate.xml:23576 msgid "security" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23516 +#: book.translate.xml:23581 msgid "" "Security, whether physical or virtual, is a topic so broad that an entire " "industry has evolved around it. Hundreds of standard practices have been " @@ -31987,7 +33765,7 @@ "來搛寫如何確保系統與網路的安全性。身為 FreeBSD 必須了解如何避免攻擊與入侵。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23522 +#: book.translate.xml:23587 msgid "" "In this chapter, several fundamentals and techniques will be discussed. The " "FreeBSD system comes with multiple layers of security, and many more third " @@ -31997,22 +33775,22 @@ "方工具可以用來增加安全性。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23531 +#: book.translate.xml:23596 msgid "Basic FreeBSD system security concepts." msgstr "基礎 FreeBSD 系統安全概念。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23535 +#: book.translate.xml:23600 msgid "The various crypt mechanisms available in FreeBSD." msgstr "FreeBSD 中的幾種加密 (Crypt) 機制。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23539 +#: book.translate.xml:23604 msgid "How to set up one-time password authentication." msgstr "如何設定一次性密碼認證。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23543 +#: book.translate.xml:23608 msgid "" "How to configure TCP Wrapper for use with " "inetd8 中的 TCP Wrapper。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23548 +#: book.translate.xml:23613 msgid "How to set up Kerberos on FreeBSD." msgstr "如何在 FreeBSD 設定 Kerberos。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23553 +#: book.translate.xml:23618 msgid "" "How to configure IPsec and create a VPN." @@ -32034,36 +33812,36 @@ msgstr "如何設定 IPsec 並且建立 VPN。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23558 +#: book.translate.xml:23623 msgid "How to configure and use OpenSSH on FreeBSD." msgstr "如何在 FreeBSD 設定並使用 OpenSSH" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23563 +#: book.translate.xml:23628 msgid "How to use file system ACLs." msgstr "如何使用檔案系統 ACL。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23567 +#: book.translate.xml:23632 msgid "" "How to use pkg to audit third party software " "packages installed from the Ports Collection." msgstr "" -"如何使用 pkg 來稽查從 Ports 套件集安裝的第三方軟體" +"如何使用 pkg 來稽查從 Port 套件集安裝的第三方軟體" "套件。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23573 +#: book.translate.xml:23638 msgid "How to utilize FreeBSD security advisories." msgstr "如何利用 FreeBSD 安全報告。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23577 +#: book.translate.xml:23642 msgid "What Process Accounting is and how to enable it on FreeBSD." msgstr "什麼是程序追蹤 (Process Accounting) 以及如何在 FreeBSD 開啟。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23582 +#: book.translate.xml:23647 msgid "" "How to control user resources using login classes or the resource limits " "database." @@ -32070,12 +33848,12 @@ msgstr "如何使用登入類別或資源限制資料庫控制使用者資源。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:23591 book.translate.xml:57192 +#: book.translate.xml:23656 book.translate.xml:58026 msgid "Understand basic FreeBSD and Internet concepts." msgstr "了解 FreeBSD 基礎及網路概念。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23595 +#: book.translate.xml:23660 msgid "" "Additional security topics are covered elsewhere in this Handbook. For " "example, Mandatory Access Control is discussed in " @@ -32086,7 +33864,7 @@ "linkend=\"firewalls\"/> 討論。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23604 +#: book.translate.xml:23669 msgid "" "Security is everyone's responsibility. A weak entry point in any system " "could allow intruders to gain access to critical information and cause havoc " @@ -32096,7 +33874,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23612 +#: book.translate.xml:23677 msgid "" "The CIA triad is a bedrock concept of computer security " "as customers and users expect their data to be protected. For example, a " @@ -32107,7 +33885,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23620 +#: book.translate.xml:23685 msgid "" "To provide CIA, security professionals apply a defense in " "depth strategy. The idea of defense in depth is to add several layers of " @@ -32120,7 +33898,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23631 +#: book.translate.xml:23696 msgid "" "What is a threat as it pertains to computer security? Threats are not " "limited to remote attackers who attempt to access a system without " @@ -32130,7 +33908,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23638 +#: book.translate.xml:23703 msgid "" "Systems and networks can be accessed without permission, sometimes by " "accident, or by remote attackers, and in some cases, via corporate espionage " @@ -32141,7 +33919,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23646 +#: book.translate.xml:23711 msgid "" "When applying security to systems, it is recommended to start by securing " "the basic accounts and system configuration, and then to secure the network " @@ -32155,7 +33933,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:23658 +#: book.translate.xml:23723 msgid "" "The rest of this introduction describes how some of these basic security " "configurations are performed on a FreeBSD system. The rest of this chapter " @@ -32164,12 +33942,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:23665 +#: book.translate.xml:23730 msgid "Preventing Logins" msgstr "防止登入" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23667 +#: book.translate.xml:23732 msgid "" "In securing a system, a good starting point is an audit of accounts. Ensure " "that root has a strong password " @@ -32178,7 +33956,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23672 +#: book.translate.xml:23737 msgid "" "To deny login access to accounts, two methods exist. The first is to lock " "the account. This example locks the toor# pw lock toor" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23678 +#: book.translate.xml:23743 msgid "" "The second method is to prevent login access by changing the shell to " "/sbin/nologin. Only the superuser can change the shell " @@ -32200,13 +33978,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:23682 +#: book.translate.xml:23747 #, no-wrap msgid "# chsh -s /usr/sbin/nologin toor" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23684 +#: book.translate.xml:23749 msgid "" "The /usr/sbin/nologin shell prevents the system from " "assigning a shell to the user when they attempt to login." @@ -32213,12 +33991,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:23690 +#: book.translate.xml:23755 msgid "Permitted Account Escalation" msgstr "帳號升級授權" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23692 +#: book.translate.xml:23757 msgid "" "In some cases, system administration needs to be shared with other users. " "FreeBSD has two methods to handle this. The first one, which is not " @@ -32234,7 +34012,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23706 +#: book.translate.xml:23771 msgid "" "The second, and recommended, method to permit privilege escalation is to " "install the security/sudo package or port. This software " @@ -32243,7 +34021,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23713 +#: book.translate.xml:23778 msgid "" "After installation, use visudo to edit /usr/" "local/etc/sudoers. This example creates a new # pw groupadd webadmin -M trhodes -g 6000\n" @@ -32262,12 +34040,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:23726 +#: book.translate.xml:23791 msgid "Password Hashes" msgstr "密碼編碼方式" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23728 +#: book.translate.xml:23793 msgid "" "Passwords are a necessary evil of technology. When they must be used, they " "should be complex and a powerful hash mechanism should be used to encrypt " @@ -32280,7 +34058,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:23740 +#: book.translate.xml:23805 msgid "" "Blowfish is not part of AES and is not considered " "compliant with any Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS# grep dru /etc/master.passwd\n" @@ -32312,7 +34090,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23765 +#: book.translate.xml:23830 msgid "" "The hash mechanism is set in the user's login class. For this example, the " "user is in the default login class and the hash algorithm " @@ -32320,25 +34098,25 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:23770 +#: book.translate.xml:23835 #, no-wrap msgid " :passwd_format=sha512:\\" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23772 +#: book.translate.xml:23837 msgid "" "To change the algorithm to Blowfish, modify that line to look like this:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:23775 +#: book.translate.xml:23840 #, no-wrap msgid " :passwd_format=blf:\\" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23777 +#: book.translate.xml:23842 msgid "" "Then run cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf as described in . Note that this change will not affect any " @@ -32348,7 +34126,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23784 +#: book.translate.xml:23849 msgid "" "For remote logins, two-factor authentication should be used. An example of " "two-factor authentication is something you have, such as a " @@ -32362,12 +34140,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:23798 +#: book.translate.xml:23863 msgid "Password Policy Enforcement" msgstr "強制密碼政策" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23800 +#: book.translate.xml:23865 msgid "" "Enforcing a strong password policy for local accounts is a fundamental " "aspect of system security. In FreeBSD, password length, password strength, " @@ -32376,7 +34154,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23806 +#: book.translate.xml:23871 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to configure the minimum and maximum password " "length and the enforcement of mixed characters using the " @@ -32385,7 +34163,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23812 +#: book.translate.xml:23877 msgid "" "To configure this module, become the superuser and uncomment the line " "containing pam_passwdqc.so in /etc/pam.d/" @@ -32393,13 +34171,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:23818 +#: book.translate.xml:23883 #, no-wrap msgid "password requisite pam_passwdqc.so min=disabled,disabled,disabled,12,10 similar=deny retry=3 enforce=users" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23820 +#: book.translate.xml:23885 msgid "" "This example sets several requirements for new passwords. The min setting controls the minimum password length. It has five values " @@ -32418,7 +34196,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23837 +#: book.translate.xml:23902 msgid "" "The similar setting denies passwords that are similar to " "the user's previous password. The retry setting provides " @@ -32426,7 +34204,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23842 +#: book.translate.xml:23907 msgid "" "Once this file is saved, a user changing their password will see a message " "similar to the following:" @@ -32433,7 +34211,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:23845 +#: book.translate.xml:23910 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% passwd\n" @@ -32453,7 +34231,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23860 +#: book.translate.xml:23925 msgid "" "If a password that does not match the policy is entered, it will be rejected " "with a warning and the user will have an opportunity to try again, up to the " @@ -32461,7 +34239,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23865 +#: book.translate.xml:23930 msgid "" "Most password policies require passwords to expire after so many days. To " "set a password age time in FreeBSD, set for " @@ -32470,13 +34248,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:23872 +#: book.translate.xml:23937 #, no-wrap msgid "# :passwordtime=90d:\\" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23874 +#: book.translate.xml:23939 msgid "" "So, to set an expiry of 90 days for this login class, remove the comment " "symbol (#), save the edit, and run cap_mkdb /etc/" @@ -32484,7 +34262,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23879 +#: book.translate.xml:23944 msgid "" "To set the expiration on individual users, pass an expiration date or the " "number of days to expiry and a username to pw:" @@ -32491,13 +34269,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:23883 +#: book.translate.xml:23948 #, no-wrap msgid "# pw usermod -p 30-apr-2015 -n trhodes" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23885 +#: book.translate.xml:23950 msgid "" "As seen here, an expiration date is set in the form of day, month, and year. " "For more information, see pwrootkit is any unauthorized software that attempts " "to gain root access to a system. " @@ -32523,7 +34301,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23903 +#: book.translate.xml:23968 msgid "" "A rootkit does do one thing usefulfor administrators: once detected, it is a " "sign that a compromise happened at some point. But, these types of " @@ -32532,7 +34310,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23909 +#: book.translate.xml:23974 msgid "" "After installation of this package or port, the system may be checked using " "the following command. It will produce a lot of information and will require " @@ -32540,13 +34318,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:23914 +#: book.translate.xml:23979 #, no-wrap msgid "# rkhunter -c" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23916 +#: book.translate.xml:23981 msgid "" "After the process completes, a status message will be printed to the screen. " "This message will include the amount of files checked, suspect files, " @@ -32558,7 +34336,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23926 +#: book.translate.xml:23991 msgid "" "Every administrator should know what is running on the systems they are " "responsible for. Third-party tools like rkhunter " @@ -32570,12 +34348,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:23938 +#: book.translate.xml:24003 msgid "Binary Verification" msgstr "Binary 檢驗" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23940 +#: book.translate.xml:24005 msgid "" "Verification of system files and binaries is important because it provides " "the system administration and security teams information about system " @@ -32584,7 +34362,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23946 +#: book.translate.xml:24011 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides native support for a basic IDS system. " "While the nightly security emails will notify an administrator of changes, " @@ -32597,7 +34375,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23957 +#: book.translate.xml:24022 msgid "" "The built-in mtree utility can be used to generate a " "specification of the contents of a directory. A seed, or a numeric constant, " @@ -32613,7 +34391,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:23970 +#: book.translate.xml:24035 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mtree -s 3483151339707503 -c -K cksum,sha256digest -p /bin > /root/.bin_chksum_mtree\n" @@ -32621,7 +34399,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23973 +#: book.translate.xml:24038 msgid "" "The 3483151339707503 represents the seed. This " "value should be remembered, but not shared." @@ -32628,7 +34406,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:23977 +#: book.translate.xml:24042 msgid "" "Viewing /root/.bin_cksum_mtree should yield output " "similar to the following:" @@ -32635,7 +34413,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:23980 +#: book.translate.xml:24045 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# user: root\n" @@ -32661,7 +34439,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24001 +#: book.translate.xml:24066 msgid "" "The machine's hostname, the date and time the specification was created, and " "the name of the user who created the specification are included in this " @@ -32670,7 +34448,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24007 +#: book.translate.xml:24072 msgid "" "To verify that the binary signatures have not changed, compare the current " "contents of the directory to the previously generated specification, and " @@ -32679,7 +34457,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24013 +#: book.translate.xml:24078 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mtree -s 3483151339707503 -p /bin < /root/.bin_chksum_mtree >> /root/.bin_chksum_output\n" @@ -32687,7 +34465,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24016 +#: book.translate.xml:24081 msgid "" "This should produce the same checksum for /bin that was " "produced when the specification was created. If no changes have occurred to " @@ -32698,7 +34476,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24025 +#: book.translate.xml:24090 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# touch /bin/cat\n" @@ -32709,7 +34487,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24031 +#: book.translate.xml:24096 msgid "" "It is recommended to create specifications for the directories which contain " "binaries and configuration files, as well as any directories containing " @@ -32720,7 +34498,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24041 +#: book.translate.xml:24106 msgid "" "More advanced IDS systems exist, such as " "security/aide. In most cases, mtree " @@ -32732,12 +34510,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:24051 +#: book.translate.xml:24116 msgid "System Tuning for Security" msgstr "系統安全性調校" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24053 +#: book.translate.xml:24118 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, many system features can be tuned using sysctl. A few of the security features which can be tuned to prevent " @@ -32748,7 +34526,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:24063 +#: book.translate.xml:24128 msgid "" "Any time a setting is changed with sysctl, the chance to " "cause undesired harm is increased, affecting the availability of the system. " @@ -32757,7 +34535,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24071 +#: book.translate.xml:24136 msgid "" "By default, the FreeBSD kernel boots with a security level of -1. This is called insecure mode because immutable file " @@ -32775,7 +34553,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:24087 +#: book.translate.xml:24152 msgid "" "Increasing the securelevel can break Xorg and cause other issues. Be prepared to do some debugging." @@ -32782,7 +34560,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24092 +#: book.translate.xml:24157 msgid "" "The net.inet.tcp.blackhole and net.inet.udp." "blackhole settings can be used to drop incoming SYNnet.inet.icmp.drop_redirect and net.inet.ip." "redirect settings help prevent against redirect " @@ -32810,7 +34588,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24117 +#: book.translate.xml:24182 msgid "" "Source routing is a method for detecting and accessing non-routable " "addresses on the internal network. This should be disabled as non-routable " @@ -32820,7 +34598,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24125 +#: book.translate.xml:24190 msgid "" "When a machine on the network needs to send messages to all hosts on a " "subnet, an ICMP echo request message is sent to the " @@ -32830,7 +34608,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24133 +#: book.translate.xml:24198 msgid "" "Some additional settings are documented in " "security7one-time passwords" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:24142 +#: book.translate.xml:24207 msgid "security one-time passwords" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:24147 +#: book.translate.xml:24212 msgid "" "By default, FreeBSD includes support for One-time Passwords In Everything " "(OPIE). OPIE is designed to prevent " @@ -32866,7 +34644,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:24158 +#: book.translate.xml:24223 msgid "" "OPIE uses three different types of passwords. The first " "is the usual UNIX or Kerberos " @@ -32878,7 +34656,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:24166 +#: book.translate.xml:24231 msgid "" "There are two other pieces of data that are important to OPIE. One is the seed or key, consisting " @@ -32898,7 +34676,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:24185 +#: book.translate.xml:24250 msgid "" "There are a few programs involved in this process. A one-time password, or a " "consecutive list of one-time passwords, is generated by passing an iteration " @@ -32915,7 +34693,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:24195 +#: book.translate.xml:24260 msgid "" "This section describes four different sorts of operations. The first is how " "to set up one-time-passwords for the first time over a secure connection. " @@ -32926,12 +34704,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:24204 +#: book.translate.xml:24269 msgid "Initializing OPIE" msgstr "初始化 OPIE" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24206 +#: book.translate.xml:24271 msgid "" "To initialize OPIE for the first time, run this command " "from a secure location:" @@ -32938,7 +34716,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24209 +#: book.translate.xml:24274 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% opiepasswd -c\n" @@ -32955,7 +34733,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24221 +#: book.translate.xml:24286 msgid "" "The sets console mode which assumes that the command is " "being run from a secure location, such as a computer under the user's " @@ -32964,7 +34742,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24227 +#: book.translate.xml:24292 msgid "" "When prompted, enter the secret password which will be used to generate the " "one-time login keys. This password should be difficult to guess and should " @@ -32974,7 +34752,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24234 +#: book.translate.xml:24299 msgid "" "The ID line lists the login name (unfurl), default iteration count (499), and default " @@ -32986,12 +34764,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:24246 +#: book.translate.xml:24311 msgid "Insecure Connection Initialization" msgstr "不安全連線初始化" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24248 +#: book.translate.xml:24313 msgid "" "To initialize or change the secret password on an insecure system, a secure " "connection is needed to some place where opiekey can be " @@ -33003,7 +34781,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24257 +#: book.translate.xml:24322 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% opiepasswd\n" @@ -33022,7 +34800,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24271 +#: book.translate.xml:24336 msgid "" "To accept the default seed, press Return. Before entering " "an access password, move over to the secure connection and give it the same " @@ -33030,7 +34808,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24275 book.translate.xml:24323 +#: book.translate.xml:24340 book.translate.xml:24388 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% opiekey 498 to4268\n" @@ -33041,7 +34819,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24281 +#: book.translate.xml:24346 msgid "" "Switch back over to the insecure connection, and copy the generated one-time " "password over to the relevant program." @@ -33048,12 +34826,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:24287 +#: book.translate.xml:24352 msgid "Generating a Single One-time Password" msgstr "產生單組一次性密碼" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24289 +#: book.translate.xml:24354 msgid "" "After initializing OPIE and logging in, a prompt like " "this will be displayed:" @@ -33060,7 +34838,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24292 +#: book.translate.xml:24357 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% telnet example.com\n" @@ -33076,7 +34854,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24303 +#: book.translate.xml:24368 msgid "" "The OPIE prompts provides a useful feature. If " "Return is pressed at the password prompt, the prompt will " @@ -33085,22 +34863,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:24309 +#: book.translate.xml:24374 msgid "MS-DOS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:24310 +#: book.translate.xml:24375 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:24311 +#: book.translate.xml:24376 msgid "MacOS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24313 +#: book.translate.xml:24378 msgid "" "At this point, generate the one-time password to answer this login prompt. " "This must be done on a trusted system where it is safe to run " @@ -33113,22 +34891,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24321 +#: book.translate.xml:24386 msgid "On the trusted system:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24329 +#: book.translate.xml:24394 msgid "Once the one-time password is generated, continue to log in." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:24334 +#: book.translate.xml:24399 msgid "Generating Multiple One-time Passwords" msgstr "產生多組一次性密碼" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24336 +#: book.translate.xml:24401 msgid "" "Sometimes there is no access to a trusted machine or secure connection. In " "this case, it is possible to use opiekey% opiekey -n 5 30 zz99999\n" @@ -33152,7 +34930,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24351 +#: book.translate.xml:24416 msgid "" "The requests five keys in sequence, and are matched, the default is " "to deny non-OPIE logins." @@ -33206,13 +34984,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:24387 +#: book.translate.xml:24452 msgid "TCP Wrapper" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:24390 book.translate.xml:25235 book.translate.xml:29188 -#: book.translate.xml:41275 book.translate.xml:45204 +#: book.translate.xml:24455 book.translate.xml:25300 book.translate.xml:29253 +#: book.translate.xml:41340 book.translate.xml:46038 msgid "" "TomRhodesWritten by " @@ -33220,12 +34998,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:24395 book.translate.xml:53106 +#: book.translate.xml:24460 book.translate.xml:53940 msgid "TCP Wrapper" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:24397 +#: book.translate.xml:24462 msgid "" "TCP Wrapper is a host-based access control system " "which extends the abilities of . It can be " @@ -33237,7 +35015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:24405 +#: book.translate.xml:24470 msgid "" "TCP Wrapper should not be considered a " "replacement for a properly configured firewall. Instead, TCP " @@ -33247,12 +35025,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:24413 +#: book.translate.xml:24478 msgid "Initial Configuration" msgstr "初始設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24415 +#: book.translate.xml:24480 msgid "" "To enable TCP Wrapper in FreeBSD, add the " "following lines to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -33259,7 +35037,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:24419 +#: book.translate.xml:24484 #, no-wrap msgid "" "inetd_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -33267,12 +35045,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24422 +#: book.translate.xml:24487 msgid "Then, properly configure /etc/hosts.allow." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:24426 +#: book.translate.xml:24491 msgid "" "Unlike other implementations of TCP Wrapper, the " "use of hosts.deny is deprecated in FreeBSD. All " @@ -33281,7 +35059,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24433 +#: book.translate.xml:24498 msgid "" "In the simplest configuration, daemon connection policies are set to either " "permit or block, depending on the options in /etc/hosts.allowdaemon : address : " "action, where daemon is the daemon which " @@ -33304,7 +35082,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24452 +#: book.translate.xml:24517 msgid "" "For example, to allow POP3 connections via the " "mail/qpopper daemon, the following lines should be " @@ -33312,7 +35090,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:24457 +#: book.translate.xml:24522 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# This line is required for POP3 connections:\n" @@ -33320,23 +35098,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24460 +#: book.translate.xml:24525 msgid "Whenever this file is edited, restart inetd:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24463 book.translate.xml:34098 +#: book.translate.xml:24528 book.translate.xml:34163 #, no-wrap msgid "# service inetd restart" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:24467 book.translate.xml:48461 +#: book.translate.xml:24532 book.translate.xml:49295 msgid "Advanced Configuration" msgstr "進階設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24469 +#: book.translate.xml:24534 msgid "" "TCP Wrapper provides advanced options to allow " "more control over the way connections are handled. In some cases, it may be " @@ -33349,7 +35127,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24479 +#: book.translate.xml:24544 msgid "" "Suppose that a situation occurs where a connection should be denied yet a " "reason should be sent to the host who attempted to establish that " @@ -33359,7 +35137,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:24487 +#: book.translate.xml:24552 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# The rest of the daemons are protected.\n" @@ -33369,7 +35147,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24492 +#: book.translate.xml:24557 msgid "" "In this example, the message You are not allowed to use " "daemon name from hostnamespawn. Like implicitly denies the connection and may be " @@ -33399,7 +35177,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:24516 +#: book.translate.xml:24581 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# We do not allow connections from example.com:\n" @@ -33410,7 +35188,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24522 +#: book.translate.xml:24587 msgid "" "This will deny all connection attempts from *.example.com and log the hostname, IP " @@ -33422,7 +35200,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24530 +#: book.translate.xml:24595 msgid "" "To match every instance of a daemon, domain, or IP " "address, use ALL. Another wildcard is PARANOIDPARANOID wildcard will result in denied " "connections if the client or server has a broken DNS " @@ -33450,7 +35228,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24549 +#: book.translate.xml:24614 msgid "" "To learn more about wildcards and their associated functionality, refer to " "hosts_access5hosts.allow." @@ -33465,12 +35243,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:24562 +#: book.translate.xml:24627 msgid "Kerberos" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:24565 +#: book.translate.xml:24630 msgid "" " Tillman Hodgson Contributed by " @@ -33477,7 +35255,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:24575 +#: book.translate.xml:24640 msgid "" " Mark Murray Based on a contribution by " @@ -33484,7 +35262,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:24585 +#: book.translate.xml:24650 msgid "" "Kerberos is a network authentication protocol " "which was originally created by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology " @@ -33499,7 +35277,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:24599 +#: book.translate.xml:24664 msgid "" "The only function of Kerberos is to provide the " "secure authentication of users and servers on the network. It does not " @@ -33509,7 +35287,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:24606 +#: book.translate.xml:24671 msgid "" "The current version of the protocol is version 5, described in RFC 4120. Several free implementations of this protocol are available, " @@ -33528,7 +35306,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:24625 +#: book.translate.xml:24690 msgid "" "In Kerberos users and services are identified as " "principals which are contained within an administrative " @@ -33538,7 +35316,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:24633 +#: book.translate.xml:24698 msgid "" "This section provides a guide on how to set up Kerberos using the Heimdal distribution included in FreeBSD." @@ -33545,7 +35323,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:24637 +#: book.translate.xml:24702 msgid "" "For purposes of demonstrating a Kerberos " "installation, the name spaces will be as follows:" @@ -33552,7 +35330,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:24643 +#: book.translate.xml:24708 msgid "" "The DNS domain (zone) will be example.org." @@ -33559,7 +35337,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:24648 +#: book.translate.xml:24713 msgid "" "The Kerberos realm will be EXAMPLE.ORG." @@ -33566,7 +35344,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:24654 +#: book.translate.xml:24719 msgid "" "Use real domain names when setting up Kerberos, " "even if it will run internally. This avoids DNS problems " @@ -33575,18 +35353,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:24662 +#: book.translate.xml:24727 msgid "Setting up a Heimdal KDC" msgstr "設定 Heimdal KDC" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:24664 +#: book.translate.xml:24729 msgid "" "Kerberos5 Key Distribution Center" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24669 +#: book.translate.xml:24734 msgid "" "The Key Distribution Center (KDC) is the centralized " "authentication service that Kerberos provides, " @@ -33599,7 +35377,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24681 +#: book.translate.xml:24746 msgid "" "While running a KDC requires few computing resources, a " "dedicated machine acting only as a KDC is recommended for " @@ -33607,7 +35385,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24686 +#: book.translate.xml:24751 msgid "" "To begin setting up a KDC, add these lines to /" "etc/rc.conf:" @@ -33614,7 +35392,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:24689 +#: book.translate.xml:24754 #, no-wrap msgid "" "kdc_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -33622,12 +35400,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24692 +#: book.translate.xml:24757 msgid "Next, edit /etc/krb5.conf as follows:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:24695 +#: book.translate.xml:24760 #, no-wrap msgid "" "[libdefaults]\n" @@ -33642,7 +35420,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24705 +#: book.translate.xml:24770 msgid "" "In this example, the KDC will use the fully-qualified " "hostname kerberos.example.orgKerberos can also use the DNS " "to locate KDCs, instead of a [realms] section in " @@ -33660,7 +35438,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:24717 +#: book.translate.xml:24782 #, no-wrap msgid "" "[libdefaults]\n" @@ -33670,7 +35448,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24722 +#: book.translate.xml:24787 msgid "" "With the following lines being included in the example.org zone file:" @@ -33677,7 +35455,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:24726 +#: book.translate.xml:24791 #, no-wrap msgid "" "_kerberos._udp IN SRV 01 00 88 kerberos.example.org.\n" @@ -33688,7 +35466,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:24733 +#: book.translate.xml:24798 msgid "" "In order for clients to be able to find the Kerberos services, they must have either a fully " @@ -33698,7 +35476,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24742 +#: book.translate.xml:24807 msgid "" "Next, create the Kerberos database which contains " "the keys of all principals (users and hosts) encrypted with a master " @@ -33709,7 +35487,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24751 +#: book.translate.xml:24816 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# kstash\n" @@ -33718,7 +35496,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24755 +#: book.translate.xml:24820 msgid "" "Once the master key has been created, the database should be initialized. " "The Kerberos administrative tool " @@ -33733,7 +35511,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24766 +#: book.translate.xml:24831 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# kadmin -l\n" @@ -33742,7 +35520,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24770 +#: book.translate.xml:24835 msgid "" "Lastly, while still in kadmin, create the first principal " "using add. Stick to the default options for the principal " @@ -33751,7 +35529,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24777 +#: book.translate.xml:24842 #, no-wrap msgid "" "kadmin> add tillman\n" @@ -33763,7 +35541,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24784 +#: book.translate.xml:24849 msgid "" "Next, start the KDC services by running service " "kdc start and service kadmind start. While " @@ -33773,7 +35551,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24792 +#: book.translate.xml:24857 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% kinit tillman\n" @@ -33781,7 +35559,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24795 +#: book.translate.xml:24860 msgid "" "Confirm that a ticket was successfully obtained using klist:" @@ -33788,7 +35566,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24798 +#: book.translate.xml:24863 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% klist\n" @@ -33800,28 +35578,28 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24805 +#: book.translate.xml:24870 msgid "The temporary ticket can be destroyed when the test is finished:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24808 +#: book.translate.xml:24873 #, no-wrap msgid "% kdestroy" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:24812 +#: book.translate.xml:24877 msgid "Configuring a Server to Use Kerberos" msgstr "設定伺服器使用 Kerberos" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:24815 +#: book.translate.xml:24880 msgid "Kerberos5 enabling services" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24820 +#: book.translate.xml:24885 msgid "" "The first step in configuring a server to use Kerberos authentication is to ensure that it has the correct " @@ -33831,7 +35609,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24827 +#: book.translate.xml:24892 msgid "" "Next, create /etc/krb5.keytab on the server. This is " "the main part of Kerberizing a service — it corresponds to " @@ -33854,7 +35632,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24850 +#: book.translate.xml:24915 msgid "" "Of course, kadmin is a kerberized service; a " "Kerberos ticket is needed to authenticate to the " @@ -33874,7 +35652,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24867 +#: book.translate.xml:24932 msgid "" "After installing /etc/krb5.conf, use add --" "random-key in kadmin. This adds the server's " @@ -33884,7 +35662,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24875 +#: book.translate.xml:24940 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# kadmin\n" @@ -33899,7 +35677,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24885 +#: book.translate.xml:24950 msgid "" "Note that ext_keytab stores the extracted key in " "/etc/krb5.keytab by default. This is good when being " @@ -33909,7 +35687,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:24893 +#: book.translate.xml:24958 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# kadmin\n" @@ -33918,7 +35696,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24897 +#: book.translate.xml:24962 msgid "" "The keytab can then be securely copied to the server using " "scp1KDC using its shared key, stored in krb5.keytab. " @@ -33940,13 +35718,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:24913 +#: book.translate.xml:24978 #, no-wrap msgid "GSSAPIAuthentication yes" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24915 +#: book.translate.xml:24980 msgid "" "After making this change, sshd8 must be restared for " @@ -33955,17 +35733,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:24921 +#: book.translate.xml:24986 msgid "Configuring a Client to Use Kerberos" msgstr "設定客戶端使用 Kerberos" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:24924 +#: book.translate.xml:24989 msgid "Kerberos5 configure clients" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24929 +#: book.translate.xml:24994 msgid "" "As it was for the server, the client requires configuration in /" "etc/krb5.conf. Copy the file in place (securely) or re-enter it " @@ -33973,7 +35751,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24933 +#: book.translate.xml:24998 msgid "" "Test the client by using kinit, klist, " "and kdestroy from the client to obtain, show, and then " @@ -33989,7 +35767,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24947 +#: book.translate.xml:25012 msgid "" "When testing a Kerberized application, try using a packet sniffer such as " "tcpdump to confirm that no sensitive information is sent " @@ -33997,7 +35775,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24951 +#: book.translate.xml:25016 msgid "" "Various Kerberos client applications are " "available. With the advent of a bridge so that applications using " @@ -34008,17 +35786,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:24959 +#: book.translate.xml:25024 msgid ".k5login" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:24963 +#: book.translate.xml:25028 msgid ".k5users" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24967 +#: book.translate.xml:25032 msgid "" "Users within a realm typically have their Kerberos principal mapped to a local user account. Occasionally, one " @@ -34031,7 +35809,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24976 +#: book.translate.xml:25041 msgid "" "The .k5login and .k5users files, " "placed in a user's home directory, can be used to solve this problem. For " @@ -34042,7 +35820,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:24984 +#: book.translate.xml:25049 #, no-wrap msgid "" "tillman@example.org\n" @@ -34050,7 +35828,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24987 +#: book.translate.xml:25052 msgid "" "Refer to ksu1 for more information about .k5usersMIT Differences" msgstr "與 MIT 的差異" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:24994 +#: book.translate.xml:25059 msgid "" "The major difference between the MIT and Heimdal " "implementations is that kadmin has a different, but " @@ -34074,7 +35852,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25002 +#: book.translate.xml:25067 msgid "" "Client applications may also use slightly different command line options to " "accomplish the same tasks. Following the instructions at KDC on FreeBSD, the " "following edits should also be made to rc.conf:" @@ -34093,7 +35871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:25016 +#: book.translate.xml:25081 #, no-wrap msgid "" "kerberos5_server=\"/usr/local/sbin/krb5kdc\"\n" @@ -34104,12 +35882,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:25024 +#: book.translate.xml:25089 msgid "Kerberos Tips, Tricks, and Troubleshooting" msgstr "Kerberos 提示、技巧與疑難排解" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25027 +#: book.translate.xml:25092 msgid "" "When configuring and troubleshooting Kerberos, " "keep the following points in mind:" @@ -34116,7 +35894,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25033 +#: book.translate.xml:25098 msgid "" "When using either Heimdal or MIT Kerberos from ports, ensure that the PATH lists the " @@ -34124,7 +35902,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25040 +#: book.translate.xml:25105 msgid "" "If all the computers in the realm do not have synchronized time settings, " "authentication may fail. describes how to " @@ -34132,7 +35910,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25047 +#: book.translate.xml:25112 msgid "" "If the hostname is changed, the host/ principal must be changed and the keytab updated. This also " @@ -34142,7 +35920,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25054 +#: book.translate.xml:25119 msgid "" "All hosts in the realm must be both forward and reverse resolvable in " "DNS or, at a minimum, exist in /etc/hostsKDC do " "not set the permissions for ksu to be setuid MIT Kerberos, to allow a " "principal to have a ticket life longer than the default lifetime of ten " @@ -34176,7 +35954,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25088 +#: book.translate.xml:25153 msgid "" "When running a packet sniffer on the KDC to aid in " "troubleshooting while running kinit from a workstation, " @@ -34198,7 +35976,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25115 +#: book.translate.xml:25180 msgid "" "Host principals can have a longer ticket lifetime. If the user principal has " "a lifetime of a week but the host being connected to has a lifetime of nine " @@ -34207,7 +35985,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25123 +#: book.translate.xml:25188 msgid "" "When setting up krb5.dict to prevent specific bad " "passwords from being used as described in " @@ -34219,12 +35997,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:25137 +#: book.translate.xml:25202 msgid "Mitigating Kerberos Limitations" msgstr "減輕 Kerberos 的限制" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:25140 +#: book.translate.xml:25205 msgid "" "Kerberos5 limitations and shortcomings" @@ -34231,7 +36009,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25145 +#: book.translate.xml:25210 msgid "" "Since Kerberos is an all or nothing approach, " "every service enabled on the network must either be modified to work with " @@ -34243,7 +36021,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25155 +#: book.translate.xml:25220 msgid "" "The KDC is a single point of failure. By design, the " "KDC must be as secure as its master password database. " @@ -34254,7 +36032,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25164 +#: book.translate.xml:25229 msgid "" "A compromised master key is not quite as bad as one might fear. The master " "key is only used to encrypt the Kerberos database " @@ -34264,7 +36042,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25171 +#: book.translate.xml:25236 msgid "" "If the KDC is unavailable, network services are unusable " "as authentication cannot be performed. This can be alleviated with a single " @@ -34274,7 +36052,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25178 +#: book.translate.xml:25243 msgid "" "Kerberos allows users, hosts and services to " "authenticate between themselves. It does not have a mechanism to " @@ -34285,17 +36063,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:25189 +#: book.translate.xml:25254 msgid "Resources and Further Information" msgstr "相關資源與延伸資訊" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:25191 +#: book.translate.xml:25256 msgid "Kerberos5 external resources" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25198 +#: book.translate.xml:25263 msgid "" " The Kerberos FAQ" @@ -34302,7 +36080,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25204 +#: book.translate.xml:25269 msgid "" "Designing " "an Authentication System: a Dialog in Four Scenes" @@ -34309,7 +36087,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25210 +#: book.translate.xml:25275 msgid "" "RFC " "4120, The Kerberos Network Authentication Service " @@ -34317,7 +36095,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25216 +#: book.translate.xml:25281 msgid "" "MIT " "Kerberos home page" @@ -34324,7 +36102,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25222 +#: book.translate.xml:25287 msgid "" "Heimdal " "Kerberos home page" @@ -34331,17 +36109,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:25232 +#: book.translate.xml:25297 msgid "OpenSSL" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:25240 +#: book.translate.xml:25305 msgid "security OpenSSL" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25245 +#: book.translate.xml:25310 msgid "" "OpenSSL is an open source implementation of the " "SSL and TLS protocols. It provides an " @@ -34350,7 +36128,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25252 +#: book.translate.xml:25317 msgid "" "The version of OpenSSL included in FreeBSD " "supports the Secure Sockets Layer v2/v3 (SSLv2/SSLv3) and Transport Layer " @@ -34359,7 +36137,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25258 +#: book.translate.xml:25323 msgid "" "OpenSSL is often used to encrypt authentication " "of mail clients and to secure web based transactions such as credit card " @@ -34369,7 +36147,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25266 +#: book.translate.xml:25331 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides two versions of OpenSSL: one in " "the base system and one in the Ports Collection. Users can choose which " @@ -34377,7 +36155,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25273 +#: book.translate.xml:25338 msgid "" "WITH_OPENSSL_PORT: when set, the port will use OpenSSL from the security/openssl port, even if the " @@ -34385,7 +36163,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25280 +#: book.translate.xml:25345 msgid "" "WITH_OPENSSL_BASE: when set, the port will compile against " "OpenSSL provided by the base system." @@ -34392,7 +36170,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25286 +#: book.translate.xml:25351 msgid "" "Another common use of OpenSSL is to provide " "certificates for use with software applications. Certificates can be used to " @@ -34407,7 +36185,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25299 +#: book.translate.xml:25364 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to create and use certificates on a FreeBSD " "system. Refer to for an example of how to " @@ -34415,7 +36193,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25304 +#: book.translate.xml:25369 msgid "" "For more information about SSL, read the free OpenSSL " @@ -34423,18 +36201,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:25309 +#: book.translate.xml:25374 msgid "Generating Certificates" msgstr "產生憑証" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:25311 +#: book.translate.xml:25376 msgid "" "OpenSSL certificate generation" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25316 +#: book.translate.xml:25381 msgid "" "To generate a certificate that will be signed by an external CA, issue the following command and input the information requested at " @@ -34447,7 +36225,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:25326 +#: book.translate.xml:25391 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# openssl req -new -nodes -out req.pem -keyout cert.key -sha256 -newkey rsa:2048\n" @@ -34478,7 +36256,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25352 +#: book.translate.xml:25417 msgid "" "Other options, such as the expire time and alternate encryption algorithms, " "are available when creating a certificate. A complete list of options is " @@ -34487,7 +36265,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25357 +#: book.translate.xml:25422 msgid "" "This command will create two files in the current directory. The certificate " "request, req.pem, can be sent to a CACA is not required, a " "self-signed certificate can be created. First, generate the RSA# openssl genrsa -rand -genkey -out cert.key 2048\n" @@ -34519,7 +36297,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25379 +#: book.translate.xml:25444 msgid "" "Use this key to create a self-signed certificate. Follow the usual prompts " "for creating a certificate:" @@ -34526,7 +36304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:25382 +#: book.translate.xml:25447 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key cert.key -out cert.crt -sha256\n" @@ -34547,7 +36325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25398 +#: book.translate.xml:25463 msgid "" "This will create two new files in the current directory: a private key file " "cert.key, and the certificate itself, cert." @@ -34558,12 +36336,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:25409 +#: book.translate.xml:25474 msgid "Using Certificates" msgstr "使用憑證" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25411 +#: book.translate.xml:25476 msgid "" "One use for a certificate is to encrypt connections to the " "Sendmail mail server in order to prevent the use " @@ -34571,7 +36349,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:25416 +#: book.translate.xml:25481 msgid "" "Some mail clients will display an error if the user has not installed a " "local copy of the certificate. Refer to the documentation included with the " @@ -34579,7 +36357,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25422 +#: book.translate.xml:25487 msgid "" "In FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE and above, it is possible to create a self-signed " "certificate for Sendmail automatically. To enable " @@ -34587,7 +36365,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:25428 +#: book.translate.xml:25493 #, no-wrap msgid "" "sendmail_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -34596,7 +36374,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25432 +#: book.translate.xml:25497 msgid "" "This will automatically create a self-signed certificate, /etc/" "mail/certs/host.cert, a signing key, /etc/mail/certs/" @@ -34607,13 +36385,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:25441 +#: book.translate.xml:25506 #, no-wrap msgid "# service sendmail restart" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25443 +#: book.translate.xml:25508 msgid "" "If all went well, there will be no error messages in /var/log/" "maillog. For a simple test, connect to the mail server's " @@ -34621,7 +36399,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:25448 +#: book.translate.xml:25513 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# telnet example.com 25\n" @@ -34647,7 +36425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25469 +#: book.translate.xml:25534 msgid "" "If the STARTTLS line appears in the output, everything is " "working correctly." @@ -34654,12 +36432,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:25476 +#: book.translate.xml:25541 msgid "VPN over IPsec" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: affiliation/address -#: book.translate.xml:25486 +#: book.translate.xml:25551 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" @@ -34668,7 +36446,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:25480 +#: book.translate.xml:25545 msgid "" " Nik Clayton <_:address-1/> Written by " @@ -34676,7 +36454,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: affiliation/address -#: book.translate.xml:25501 +#: book.translate.xml:25566 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" @@ -34685,7 +36463,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:25495 +#: book.translate.xml:25560 msgid "" " Hiten M. Pandya <_:address-1/> Written by " @@ -34693,12 +36471,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:25510 +#: book.translate.xml:25575 msgid "IPsec" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25514 +#: book.translate.xml:25579 msgid "" "Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a set of protocols " "which sit on top of the Internet Protocol (IP) layer. It " @@ -34711,22 +36489,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:25524 +#: book.translate.xml:25589 msgid "IPsec ESP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:25529 +#: book.translate.xml:25594 msgid "IPsec AH" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25534 +#: book.translate.xml:25599 msgid "IPsec is comprised of the following sub-protocols:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25539 +#: book.translate.xml:25604 msgid "" "Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP): " "this protocol protects the IP packet data from third " @@ -34735,7 +36513,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25548 +#: book.translate.xml:25613 msgid "" "Authentication Header (AH): this " "protocol protects the IP packet header from third party " @@ -34746,7 +36524,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25560 +#: book.translate.xml:25625 msgid "" "IP Payload Compression Protocol (IPComp): this protocol tries to increase communication performance by " @@ -34755,7 +36533,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25568 +#: book.translate.xml:25633 msgid "" "These protocols can either be used together or separately, depending on the " "environment." @@ -34762,17 +36540,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:25571 +#: book.translate.xml:25636 msgid "VPN" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:25575 +#: book.translate.xml:25640 msgid "virtual private network VPN" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25580 +#: book.translate.xml:25645 msgid "" "IPsec supports two modes of operation. The first mode, " "Transport Mode, protects communications between two " @@ -34784,7 +36562,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25589 +#: book.translate.xml:25654 msgid "" "To add IPsec support to the kernel, add the following " "options to the custom kernel configuration file and rebuild the kernel using " @@ -34792,12 +36570,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:25593 +#: book.translate.xml:25658 msgid "kernel options IPSEC" msgstr "核心選項 IPSEC" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:25598 +#: book.translate.xml:25663 #, no-wrap msgid "" "options IPSEC #IP security\n" @@ -34805,12 +36583,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:25601 +#: book.translate.xml:25666 msgid "kernel options IPSEC_DEBUG" msgstr "核心選項 IPSEC_DEBUG" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25606 +#: book.translate.xml:25671 msgid "" "If IPsec debugging support is desired, the following " "kernel option should also be added:" @@ -34817,13 +36595,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:25609 +#: book.translate.xml:25674 #, no-wrap msgid "options IPSEC_DEBUG #debug for IP security" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25611 +#: book.translate.xml:25676 msgid "" "This rest of this chapter demonstrates the process of setting up an " "IPsec VPN between a home network and a " @@ -34831,7 +36609,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25618 +#: book.translate.xml:25683 msgid "" "Both sites are connected to the Internet through a gateway that is running " "FreeBSD." @@ -34838,7 +36616,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25623 +#: book.translate.xml:25688 msgid "" "The gateway on each network has at least one external IP " "address. In this example, the corporate LAN's external " @@ -34849,7 +36627,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:25632 +#: book.translate.xml:25697 msgid "" "The internal addresses of the two networks can be either public or private " "IP addresses. However, the address space must not " @@ -34862,12 +36640,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:25645 +#: book.translate.xml:25710 msgid "Configuring a VPN on FreeBSD" msgstr "在 FreeBSD 上設定 VPN" #. (itstool) path: affiliation/address -#: book.translate.xml:25654 +#: book.translate.xml:25719 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" @@ -34876,7 +36654,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:25648 +#: book.translate.xml:25713 msgid "" " Tom Rhodes <_:address-1/> Written by " @@ -34884,7 +36662,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25663 +#: book.translate.xml:25728 msgid "" "To begin, security/ipsec-tools must be installed from the " "Ports Collection. This software provides a number of applications which " @@ -34892,7 +36670,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25667 +#: book.translate.xml:25732 msgid "" "The next requirement is to create two gif4 pseudo-devices which " @@ -34904,7 +36682,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:25675 +#: book.translate.xml:25740 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig gif0 create\n" @@ -34913,7 +36691,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25679 +#: book.translate.xml:25744 msgid "" "Verify the setup on each gateway, using ifconfig. Here is " "the output from Gateway 1:" @@ -34920,7 +36698,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:25683 +#: book.translate.xml:25748 #, no-wrap msgid "" "gif0: flags=8051 mtu 1280\n" @@ -34930,12 +36708,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25688 +#: book.translate.xml:25753 msgid "Here is the output from Gateway 2:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:25690 +#: book.translate.xml:25755 #, no-wrap msgid "" "gif0: flags=8051 mtu 1280\n" @@ -34945,7 +36723,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25695 +#: book.translate.xml:25760 msgid "" "Once complete, both internal IP addresses should be " "reachable using pingICMP packets from the privately configured addresses. Next, both " @@ -34988,7 +36766,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:25726 +#: book.translate.xml:25791 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# corp-net# route add 10.0.0.0 10.0.0.5 255.255.255.0\n" @@ -34998,7 +36776,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25731 +#: book.translate.xml:25796 msgid "" "At this point, internal machines should be reachable from each gateway as " "well as from machines behind the gateways. Again, use " @@ -35007,7 +36785,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:25735 +#: book.translate.xml:25800 #, no-wrap msgid "" "corp-net# ping 10.0.0.8\n" @@ -35034,7 +36812,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25757 +#: book.translate.xml:25822 msgid "" "Setting up the tunnels is the easy part. Configuring a secure link is a more " "in depth process. The following configuration uses pre-shared (PSKracoon.conf." @@ -35114,7 +36892,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25826 +#: book.translate.xml:25891 msgid "" "The Security Policy Database (SPD) needs to be configured " "so that FreeBSD and racoon are able to encrypt " @@ -35122,7 +36900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25831 +#: book.translate.xml:25896 msgid "" "This can be achieved with a shell script, similar to the following, on the " "corporate gateway. This file will be used during system initialization and " @@ -35130,7 +36908,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:25836 +#: book.translate.xml:25901 #, no-wrap msgid "" "flush;\n" @@ -35141,7 +36919,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25842 +#: book.translate.xml:25907 msgid "" "Once in place, racoon may be started on both " "gateways using the following command:" @@ -35148,18 +36926,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:25845 +#: book.translate.xml:25910 #, no-wrap msgid "# /usr/local/sbin/racoon -F -f /usr/local/etc/racoon/racoon.conf -l /var/log/racoon.log" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25847 +#: book.translate.xml:25912 msgid "The output should be similar to the following:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:25849 +#: book.translate.xml:25914 #, no-wrap msgid "" "corp-net# /usr/local/sbin/racoon -F -f /usr/local/etc/racoon/racoon.conf\n" @@ -35177,7 +36955,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25862 +#: book.translate.xml:25927 msgid "" "To ensure the tunnel is working properly, switch to another console and use " "tcpdump1# tcpdump -i em0 host 172.16.5.4 and dst 192.168.1.12" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25870 +#: book.translate.xml:25935 msgid "" "Data similar to the following should appear on the console. If not, there is " "an issue and debugging the returned data will be required." @@ -35200,7 +36978,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:25874 +#: book.translate.xml:25939 #, no-wrap msgid "" "01:47:32.021683 IP corporatenetwork.com > 192.168.1.12.privatenetwork.com: ESP(spi=0x02acbf9f,seq=0xa)\n" @@ -35209,7 +36987,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25878 +#: book.translate.xml:25943 msgid "" "At this point, both networks should be available and seem to be part of the " "same network. Most likely both networks are protected by a firewall. To " @@ -35220,7 +36998,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:25885 +#: book.translate.xml:25950 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ipfw add 00201 allow log esp from any to any\n" @@ -35230,7 +37008,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:25891 +#: book.translate.xml:25956 msgid "" "The rule numbers may need to be altered depending on the current host " "configuration." @@ -35237,7 +37015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25895 +#: book.translate.xml:25960 msgid "" "For users of pf4 or ipfVPN during system initialization, add the following lines to /" @@ -35270,7 +37048,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:25913 +#: book.translate.xml:25978 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ipsec_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -35280,12 +37058,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:25922 +#: book.translate.xml:25987 msgid "OpenSSH" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:25925 +#: book.translate.xml:25990 msgid "" "ChernLeeContributed by " @@ -35292,17 +37070,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:25931 +#: book.translate.xml:25996 msgid "OpenSSH" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:25932 +#: book.translate.xml:25997 msgid "security OpenSSH" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25937 +#: book.translate.xml:26002 msgid "" "OpenSSH is a set of network connectivity tools " "used to provide secure access to remote machines. Additionally, TCP/" @@ -35313,7 +37091,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:25946 +#: book.translate.xml:26011 msgid "" "OpenSSH is maintained by the OpenBSD project and " "is installed by default in FreeBSD. It is compatible with both SSHOpenSSH client" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25974 +#: book.translate.xml:26039 msgid "" "To log into a SSH server, use ssh and " "specify a username that exists on that server and the IP " @@ -35363,7 +37141,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:25981 +#: book.translate.xml:26046 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ssh user@example.com\n" @@ -35375,7 +37153,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:25988 +#: book.translate.xml:26053 msgid "" "SSH utilizes a key fingerprint system to verify the " "authenticity of the server when the client connects. When the user accepts " @@ -35389,7 +37167,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26000 +#: book.translate.xml:26065 msgid "" "By default, recent versions of OpenSSH only " "accept SSHv2 connections. By default, the client will use " @@ -35401,12 +37179,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:26009 +#: book.translate.xml:26074 msgid "OpenSSH secure copy" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:26013 +#: book.translate.xml:26078 msgid "" "scp1" @@ -35413,7 +37191,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26017 +#: book.translate.xml:26082 msgid "" "Use scp1 to securely copy a file to or from a remote " @@ -35423,7 +37201,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:26023 +#: book.translate.xml:26088 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# scp user@example.com:/COPYRIGHT COPYRIGHT\n" @@ -35434,7 +37212,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26029 +#: book.translate.xml:26094 msgid "" "Since the fingerprint was already verified for this host, the server's key " "is automatically checked before prompting for the user's password." @@ -35441,7 +37219,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26033 +#: book.translate.xml:26098 msgid "" "The arguments passed to scp are similar to cp. The file or files to copy is the first argument and the " @@ -35453,7 +37231,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26043 +#: book.translate.xml:26108 msgid "" "To open an interactive session for copying files, use sftp. Refer to sftpDSA or " @@ -35478,7 +37256,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:26060 +#: book.translate.xml:26125 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ssh-keygen -t dsa\n" @@ -35494,7 +37272,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:26071 +#: book.translate.xml:26136 msgid "" "Depending upon the specified protocol, the private key is stored in " "~/.ssh/id_dsa (or ~/.ssh/id_rsa), " @@ -35505,7 +37283,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:26082 +#: book.translate.xml:26147 msgid "" "Many users believe that keys are secure by design and will use a key without " "a passphrase. This is dangerous behavior. An " @@ -35520,7 +37298,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:26098 +#: book.translate.xml:26163 msgid "" "The various options and files can be different according to the " "OpenSSH version. To avoid problems, consult " @@ -35529,7 +37307,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:26102 +#: book.translate.xml:26167 msgid "" "If a passphrase is used, the user will be prompted for the passphrase each " "time a connection is made to the server. To load SSH keys " @@ -35540,7 +37318,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:26108 +#: book.translate.xml:26173 msgid "" "Authentication is handled by ssh-agent, using the private " "key(s) that are loaded into it. Then, ssh-agent should be " @@ -35548,7 +37326,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:26114 +#: book.translate.xml:26179 msgid "" "To use ssh-agent in a shell, start it with a shell as an " "argument. Next, add the identity by running ssh-add and " @@ -35558,7 +37336,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:26122 +#: book.translate.xml:26187 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ssh-agent csh\n" @@ -35569,7 +37347,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:26128 +#: book.translate.xml:26193 msgid "" "To use ssh-agent in Xorg, add " "an entry for it in ~/.xinitrc. This provides the " @@ -35579,13 +37357,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:26135 +#: book.translate.xml:26200 #, no-wrap msgid "exec ssh-agent startxfce4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:26137 +#: book.translate.xml:26202 msgid "" "This launches ssh-agent, which in turn launches " "XFCE, every time Xorg " @@ -35595,17 +37373,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:26146 +#: book.translate.xml:26211 msgid "SSH Tunneling" msgstr "SSH 通道" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:26148 +#: book.translate.xml:26213 msgid "OpenSSH tunneling" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:26153 +#: book.translate.xml:26218 msgid "" "OpenSSH has the ability to create a tunnel to " "encapsulate another protocol in an encrypted session." @@ -35612,7 +37390,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:26157 +#: book.translate.xml:26222 msgid "" "The following command tells ssh to create a tunnel for " "telnet:" @@ -35619,7 +37397,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:26161 +#: book.translate.xml:26226 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ssh -2 -N -f -L 5023:localhost:23 user@foo.example.com\n" @@ -35627,28 +37405,28 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:26164 +#: book.translate.xml:26229 msgid "This example uses the following options:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:26168 +#: book.translate.xml:26233 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:26171 +#: book.translate.xml:26236 msgid "" "Forces ssh to use version 2 to connect to the server." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:26177 +#: book.translate.xml:26242 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:26180 +#: book.translate.xml:26245 msgid "" "Indicates no command, or tunnel only. If omitted, ssh " "initiates a normal session." @@ -35655,17 +37433,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:26190 +#: book.translate.xml:26255 msgid "Forces ssh to run in the background." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:26196 +#: book.translate.xml:26261 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:26199 +#: book.translate.xml:26264 msgid "" "Indicates a local tunnel in localport:remotehost:remoteport format." @@ -35672,18 +37450,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:26206 +#: book.translate.xml:26271 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:26209 +#: book.translate.xml:26274 msgid "" "The login name to use on the specified remote SSH server." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:26215 +#: book.translate.xml:26280 msgid "" "An SSH tunnel works by creating a listen socket on " "localhost on the specified localportTCP protocols such as SMTP, POP3, " @@ -35706,12 +37484,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:26234 +#: book.translate.xml:26299 msgid "Create a Secure Tunnel for SMTP" msgstr "建立供 SMTP 使用的安全通道" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:26237 +#: book.translate.xml:26302 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ssh -2 -N -f -L 5025:localhost:25 user@mailserver.example.com\n" @@ -35724,7 +37502,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:26245 +#: book.translate.xml:26310 msgid "" "This can be used in conjunction with ssh-keygen and " "additional user accounts to create a more seamless SSH " @@ -35733,12 +37511,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:26254 +#: book.translate.xml:26319 msgid "Secure Access of a POP3 Server" msgstr "安全存取 POP3 伺服器" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:26257 +#: book.translate.xml:26322 msgid "" "In this example, there is an SSH server that accepts " "connections from the outside. On the same network resides a mail server " @@ -35748,7 +37526,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:26265 +#: book.translate.xml:26330 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ssh -2 -N -f -L 2110:mail.example.com:110 user@ssh-server.example.com\n" @@ -35756,7 +37534,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:26268 +#: book.translate.xml:26333 msgid "" "Once the tunnel is up and running, point the email client to send " "POP3 requests to localhost on " @@ -35765,12 +37543,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:26276 +#: book.translate.xml:26341 msgid "Bypassing a Firewall" msgstr "跳過防火牆" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:26278 +#: book.translate.xml:26343 msgid "" "Some firewalls filter both incoming and outgoing connections. For example, a " "firewall might limit access from remote machines to ports 22 and 80 to only " @@ -35779,7 +37557,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:26286 +#: book.translate.xml:26351 msgid "" "The solution is to create an SSH connection to a machine " "outside of the network's firewall and use it to tunnel to the desired " @@ -35787,7 +37565,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:26290 +#: book.translate.xml:26355 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ssh -2 -N -f -L 8888:music.example.com:8000 user@unfirewalled-system.example.org\n" @@ -35795,7 +37573,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:26293 +#: book.translate.xml:26358 msgid "" "In this example, a streaming Ogg Vorbis client can now be pointed to " "localhost port 8888, which will be forwarded over " @@ -35804,17 +37582,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:26303 +#: book.translate.xml:26368 msgid "Enabling the SSH Server" msgstr "開啟 SSH 伺服器" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:26305 +#: book.translate.xml:26370 msgid "OpenSSH enabling" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26310 +#: book.translate.xml:26375 msgid "" "In addition to providing built-in SSH client utilities, a " "FreeBSD system can be configured as an SSH server, " @@ -35822,7 +37600,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26315 +#: book.translate.xml:26380 msgid "" "To see if sshd is operating, use the " "service8# service sshd status" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26320 +#: book.translate.xml:26385 msgid "" "If the service is not running, add the following line to /etc/rc." "conf." @@ -35843,13 +37621,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:26323 +#: book.translate.xml:26388 #, no-wrap msgid "sshd_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26325 +#: book.translate.xml:26390 msgid "" "This will start sshd, the daemon program for " "OpenSSH, the next time the system boots. To start " @@ -35857,13 +37635,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:26329 +#: book.translate.xml:26394 #, no-wrap msgid "# service sshd start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26331 +#: book.translate.xml:26396 msgid "" "The first time sshd starts on a FreeBSD system, " "the system's host keys will be automatically created and the fingerprint " @@ -35872,7 +37650,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26337 +#: book.translate.xml:26402 msgid "" "Refer to sshd8 for the list of available options when starting " @@ -35881,7 +37659,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26342 +#: book.translate.xml:26407 msgid "" "At this point, the sshd should be available to " "all users with a username and password on the system." @@ -35888,12 +37666,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:26348 +#: book.translate.xml:26413 msgid "SSH Server Security" msgstr "SSH 伺服器安全性" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26350 +#: book.translate.xml:26415 msgid "" "While sshd is the most widely used remote " "administration facility for FreeBSD, brute force and drive by attacks are " @@ -35903,7 +37681,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26357 +#: book.translate.xml:26422 msgid "" "It is a good idea to limit which users can log into the SSH server and from where using the AllowUsers " @@ -35914,13 +37692,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:26365 +#: book.translate.xml:26430 #, no-wrap msgid "AllowUsers root@192.168.1.32" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26367 +#: book.translate.xml:26432 msgid "" "To allow admin to log in from " "anywhere, list that user without specifying an IP address:" @@ -35927,24 +37705,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:26371 +#: book.translate.xml:26436 #, no-wrap msgid "AllowUsers admin" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26373 +#: book.translate.xml:26438 msgid "Multiple users should be listed on the same line, like so:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:26376 +#: book.translate.xml:26441 #, no-wrap msgid "AllowUsers root@192.168.1.32 admin" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26378 +#: book.translate.xml:26443 msgid "" "After making changes to /etc/ssh/sshd_config, tell " "sshd to reload its configuration file by running:" @@ -35951,13 +37729,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:26383 +#: book.translate.xml:26448 #, no-wrap msgid "# service sshd reload" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:26386 +#: book.translate.xml:26451 msgid "" "When this keyword is used, it is important to list each user that needs to " "log into this machine. Any user that is not specified in that line will be " @@ -35971,7 +37749,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26398 +#: book.translate.xml:26463 msgid "" "In addition, users may be forced to use two factor authentication via the " "use of a public and private key. When required, the user may generate a key " @@ -35984,13 +37762,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:26407 +#: book.translate.xml:26472 #, no-wrap msgid "AuthenticationMethods publickey" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:26410 +#: book.translate.xml:26475 msgid "" "Do not confuse /etc/ssh/sshd_config with /etc/" "ssh/ssh_config (note the extra d in the first " @@ -36001,13 +37779,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:26422 +#: book.translate.xml:26487 msgid "Access Control Lists" msgstr "存取控制清單" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:26425 book.translate.xml:26570 book.translate.xml:26646 -#: book.translate.xml:26966 book.translate.xml:27031 book.translate.xml:27388 +#: book.translate.xml:26490 book.translate.xml:26635 book.translate.xml:26711 +#: book.translate.xml:27031 book.translate.xml:27096 book.translate.xml:27453 msgid "" "TomRhodesContributed by " @@ -36014,12 +37792,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:26430 +#: book.translate.xml:26495 msgid "ACL" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:26434 +#: book.translate.xml:26499 msgid "" "Access Control Lists (ACLs) extend the standard " "UNIX permission model in a " @@ -36029,7 +37807,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:26439 +#: book.translate.xml:26504 msgid "" "The FreeBSD GENERIC kernel provides ACL support for UFS file systems. Users who prefer " @@ -36038,13 +37816,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:26445 +#: book.translate.xml:26510 #, no-wrap msgid "options UFS_ACL" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:26447 +#: book.translate.xml:26512 msgid "" "If this option is not compiled in, a warning message will be displayed when " "attempting to mount a file system with ACL support. " @@ -36053,7 +37831,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:26453 +#: book.translate.xml:26518 msgid "" "This chapter describes how to enable ACL support and " "provides some usage examples." @@ -36060,12 +37838,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:26458 +#: book.translate.xml:26523 msgid "Enabling ACL Support" msgstr "開啟 ACL 支援" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26460 +#: book.translate.xml:26525 msgid "" "ACLs are enabled by the mount-time administrative flag, " ", which may be added to /etc/fstabmount -u as it requires a complete umount and fresh " @@ -36088,7 +37866,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:26481 +#: book.translate.xml:26546 msgid "" "Setting the superblock flag causes the file system to always be mounted with " "ACLs enabled, even if there is not an fstabACLs enabled because nasty things can happen if ACLs " @@ -36111,7 +37889,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26505 +#: book.translate.xml:26570 msgid "" "File systems with ACLs enabled will show a plus (" "+) sign in their permission settings:" @@ -36118,7 +37896,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:26509 +#: book.translate.xml:26574 #, no-wrap msgid "" "drwx------ 2 robert robert 512 Dec 27 11:54 private\n" @@ -36129,7 +37907,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26515 +#: book.translate.xml:26580 msgid "" "In this example, directory1, directory2, and directory3 are all taking advantage of " @@ -36137,12 +37915,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:26523 +#: book.translate.xml:26588 msgid "Using ACLs" msgstr "使用 ACL" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26525 +#: book.translate.xml:26590 msgid "" "File system ACLs can be viewed using getfacl. For instance, to view the ACL settings on " @@ -36150,7 +37928,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:26530 +#: book.translate.xml:26595 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% getfacl test\n" @@ -36163,7 +37941,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26538 +#: book.translate.xml:26603 msgid "" "To change the ACL settings on this file, use " "setfacl. To remove all of the currently defined " @@ -36173,13 +37951,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:26545 +#: book.translate.xml:26610 #, no-wrap msgid "% setfacl -k test" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:26547 +#: book.translate.xml:26612 msgid "" "To modify the default ACL entries, use channels, so be careful " @@ -37048,12 +38826,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:27249 +#: book.translate.xml:27314 msgid "sbsize" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:27250 +#: book.translate.xml:27315 msgid "" "The limit on the amount of network memory a user may consume. This can be " "generally used to limit network communications." @@ -37060,12 +38838,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:27256 +#: book.translate.xml:27321 msgid "stacksize" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:27257 +#: book.translate.xml:27322 msgid "" "The maximum size of a process stack. This alone is not sufficient to limit " "the amount of memory a program may use, so it should be used in conjunction " @@ -37073,12 +38851,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27266 +#: book.translate.xml:27331 msgid "There are a few other things to remember when setting resource limits:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27271 +#: book.translate.xml:27336 msgid "" "Processes started at system startup by /etc/rc are " "assigned to the daemon login class." @@ -37085,7 +38863,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27277 +#: book.translate.xml:27342 msgid "" "Although the default /etc/login.conf is a good source " "of reasonable values for most limits, they may not be appropriate for every " @@ -37094,7 +38872,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27286 +#: book.translate.xml:27351 msgid "" "Xorg takes a lot of resources and encourages " "users to run more programs simultaneously." @@ -37101,7 +38879,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27292 +#: book.translate.xml:27357 msgid "" "Many limits apply to individual processes, not the user as a whole. For " "example, setting openfiles to 50 means " @@ -37112,7 +38890,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27303 +#: book.translate.xml:27368 msgid "" "For further information on resource limits and login classes and " "capabilities in general, refer to cap_mkdbrctl support is built into the " "kernel. Previous supported releases will need to be recompiled using the " @@ -37138,7 +38916,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:27318 +#: book.translate.xml:27383 #, no-wrap msgid "" "options RACCT\n" @@ -37146,7 +38924,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27321 +#: book.translate.xml:27386 msgid "" "Once the system has rebooted into the new kernel, rctl " "may be used to set rules for the system." @@ -37153,7 +38931,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27325 +#: book.translate.xml:27390 msgid "" "Rule syntax is controlled through the use of a subject, subject-id, " "resource, and action, as seen in this example rule:" @@ -37160,13 +38938,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:27329 +#: book.translate.xml:27394 #, no-wrap msgid "user:trhodes:maxproc:deny=10/user" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27331 +#: book.translate.xml:27396 msgid "" "In this rule, the subject is user, the subject-id is " "trhodes, the resource, maxproc, is the " @@ -37180,7 +38958,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27342 +#: book.translate.xml:27407 msgid "" "Some care must be taken when adding rules. Since this user is constrained to " "10 processes, this example will prevent the user from " @@ -37190,7 +38968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27349 +#: book.translate.xml:27414 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% man test\n" @@ -37199,7 +38977,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27353 +#: book.translate.xml:27418 msgid "" "As another example, a jail can be prevented from exceeding a memory limit. " "This rule could be written as:" @@ -37206,13 +38984,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27356 +#: book.translate.xml:27421 #, no-wrap msgid "# rctl -a jail:httpd:memoryuse:deny=2G/jail" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27358 +#: book.translate.xml:27423 msgid "" "Rules will persist across reboots if they have been added to /etc/" "rctl.conf. The format is a rule, without the preceding command. " @@ -37220,7 +38998,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:27363 +#: book.translate.xml:27428 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Block jail from using more than 2G memory:\n" @@ -37228,19 +39006,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27366 +#: book.translate.xml:27431 msgid "" "To remove a rule, use rctl to remove it from the list:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27369 +#: book.translate.xml:27434 #, no-wrap msgid "# rctl -r user:trhodes:maxproc:deny=10/user" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27371 +#: book.translate.xml:27436 msgid "" "A method for removing all rules is documented in " "rctl8# rctl -r user:trhodes" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27377 +#: book.translate.xml:27442 msgid "" "Many other resources exist which can be used to exert additional control " "over various subjects. See " @@ -37264,17 +39042,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:27385 +#: book.translate.xml:27450 msgid "Shared Administration with Sudo" msgstr "使用 Sudo 分享管理權限" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:27393 +#: book.translate.xml:27458 msgid "Security Sudo" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27398 +#: book.translate.xml:27463 msgid "" "System administrators often need the ability to grant enhanced permissions " "to users so they may perform privileged tasks. The idea that team members " @@ -37287,7 +39065,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27409 +#: book.translate.xml:27474 msgid "" "Up to this point, the security chapter has covered permitting access to " "authorized users and attempting to prevent unauthorized access. Another " @@ -37303,7 +39081,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27421 +#: book.translate.xml:27486 msgid "" "Sudo allows administrators to configure more " "rigid access to system commands and provide for some advanced logging " @@ -37315,13 +39093,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27428 +#: book.translate.xml:27493 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install sudo" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27430 +#: book.translate.xml:27495 msgid "" "After the installation is complete, the installed visudo " "will open the configuration file with a text editor. Using visudowebservice using this " "command:" @@ -37354,13 +39132,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27450 +#: book.translate.xml:27515 #, no-wrap msgid "% sudo /usr/sbin/service webservice start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27452 +#: book.translate.xml:27517 msgid "" "While this configuration allows a single user access to the " "webservice service; however, in most " @@ -37371,13 +39149,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27460 +#: book.translate.xml:27525 #, no-wrap msgid "# pw groupadd -g 6001 -n webteam" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27462 +#: book.translate.xml:27527 msgid "" "Using the same pw8 command, the user is added to the webteam group:" @@ -37384,13 +39162,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27465 +#: book.translate.xml:27530 #, no-wrap msgid "# pw groupmod -m user1 -n webteam" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27467 +#: book.translate.xml:27532 msgid "" "Finally, this line in /usr/local/etc/sudoers allows any " "member of the webteam group to manage webservice:" @@ -37397,13 +39175,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:27472 +#: book.translate.xml:27537 #, no-wrap msgid "%webteam ALL=(ALL) /usr/sbin/service webservice *" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27474 +#: book.translate.xml:27539 msgid "" "Unlike su1, Sudo only requires the " @@ -37412,7 +39190,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27479 +#: book.translate.xml:27544 msgid "" "Users permitted to run applications with Sudo " "only enter their own passwords. This is more secure and gives better control " @@ -37423,7 +39201,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:27488 +#: book.translate.xml:27553 msgid "" "Most organizations are moving or have moved toward a two factor " "authentication model. In these cases, the user may not have a password to " @@ -37434,18 +39212,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:27497 +#: book.translate.xml:27562 #, no-wrap msgid "%webteam ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/service webservice *" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:27501 +#: book.translate.xml:27566 msgid "Logging Output" msgstr "記錄輸出" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27503 +#: book.translate.xml:27568 msgid "" "An advantage to implementing Sudo is the ability " "to enable session logging. Using the built in log mechanisms and the " @@ -37458,13 +39236,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:27515 +#: book.translate.xml:27580 #, no-wrap msgid "Defaults iolog_dir=/var/log/sudo-io/%{user}" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:27518 +#: book.translate.xml:27583 msgid "" "This directory will be created automatically after the logging is " "configured. It is best to let the system create directory with default " @@ -37475,7 +39253,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27527 +#: book.translate.xml:27592 msgid "" "Once this directive has been added to the sudoers file, " "any user configuration can be updated with the request to log access. In the " @@ -37484,13 +39262,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:27533 +#: book.translate.xml:27598 #, no-wrap msgid "%webteam ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: LOG_INPUT: LOG_OUTPUT: /usr/sbin/service webservice *" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27535 +#: book.translate.xml:27600 msgid "" "From this point on, all webteam members altering " "the status of the webservice application will be " @@ -37498,13 +39276,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27541 +#: book.translate.xml:27606 #, no-wrap msgid "# sudoreplay -l" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27543 +#: book.translate.xml:27608 msgid "" "In the output, to replay a specific session, search for the TSID= entry, and pass that to sudoreplay with " @@ -37512,13 +39290,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27548 +#: book.translate.xml:27613 #, no-wrap msgid "# sudoreplay user1/00/00/02" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:27551 +#: book.translate.xml:27616 msgid "" "While sessions are logged, any administrator is able to remove sessions and " "leave only a question of why they had done so. It is worthwhile to add a " @@ -37528,7 +39306,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27559 +#: book.translate.xml:27624 msgid "" "The sudoreplay is extremely extendable. Consult the " "documentation for more information." @@ -37535,12 +39313,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:27573 +#: book.translate.xml:27638 msgid "Jails" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Jail" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:27576 +#: book.translate.xml:27641 msgid "" "MatteoRiondatoContributed by " @@ -37547,12 +39325,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:27581 +#: book.translate.xml:27646 msgid "jails" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27586 +#: book.translate.xml:27651 msgid "" "Since system administration is a difficult task, many tools have been " "developed to make life easier for the administrator. These tools often " @@ -37568,7 +39346,7 @@ "用並持續強化它的功能、效率、穩定性以及安全性。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27595 +#: book.translate.xml:27660 msgid "" "Jails build upon the chroot2 concept, which is used " @@ -37591,7 +39369,7 @@ "經被找到，讓這個方法不再是確保服務安全的理想方案。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27608 +#: book.translate.xml:27673 msgid "" "Jails improve on the concept of the traditional chroot environment in " "several ways. In a traditional chroot environment, processes are only " @@ -37610,12 +39388,12 @@ "方式，Jail 可算是一種作業系統層級的虛擬化。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27620 +#: book.translate.xml:27685 msgid "A jail is characterized by four elements:" msgstr "Jail 的四個要素：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27624 +#: book.translate.xml:27689 msgid "" "A directory subtree: the starting point from which a jail is entered. Once " "inside the jail, a process is not permitted to escape outside of this " @@ -37625,12 +39403,12 @@ "錄之外。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27630 +#: book.translate.xml:27695 msgid "A hostname: which will be used by the jail." msgstr "一個主機名稱：將會由 Jail 所使用。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27634 +#: book.translate.xml:27699 msgid "" "An IP address: which is assigned to the jail. The " "IP address of a jail is often an alias address for an " @@ -37640,7 +39418,7 @@ "acronym> 位址通常是現有網路介面的別名位址。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27641 +#: book.translate.xml:27706 msgid "" "A command: the path name of an executable to run inside the jail. The path " "is relative to the root directory of the jail environment." @@ -37649,7 +39427,7 @@ "路徑。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27647 +#: book.translate.xml:27712 msgid "" "Jails have their own set of users and their own root account which are limited to the jail environment. The " @@ -37662,7 +39440,7 @@ "systemitem> 帳號不允許對指定 Jail 環境之外的系統執行操作。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27652 +#: book.translate.xml:27717 msgid "" "This chapter provides an overview of the terminology and commands for " "managing FreeBSD jails. Jails are a powerful tool for both system " @@ -37672,23 +39450,23 @@ "來二者來說皆是強大的工具。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27660 +#: book.translate.xml:27725 msgid "What a jail is and what purpose it may serve in FreeBSD installations." msgstr "Jail 是什麼及它在 FreeBSD 中提供的目的。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27665 +#: book.translate.xml:27730 msgid "How to build, start, and stop a jail." msgstr "如何建立、啟動及停止 Jail。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27669 +#: book.translate.xml:27734 msgid "" "The basics of jail administration, both from inside and outside the jail." msgstr "Jail 管理基礎，不論從內部或外部。" #. (itstool) path: important/para -#: book.translate.xml:27675 +#: book.translate.xml:27740 msgid "" "Jails are a powerful tool, but they are not a security panacea. While it is " "not possible for a jailed process to break out on its own, there are several " @@ -37701,7 +39479,7 @@ "使用者串通來取得主機環境的更高權限。" #. (itstool) path: important/para -#: book.translate.xml:27682 +#: book.translate.xml:27747 msgid "" "Most of these attacks can be mitigated by ensuring that the jail root is not " "accessible to unprivileged users in the host environment. As a general rule, " @@ -37712,12 +39490,12 @@ "上，不受信任的使用者有 Jail 的存取權限並不會讓其可存取主機環境。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:27691 +#: book.translate.xml:27756 msgid "Terms Related to Jails" msgstr "Jail 相關術語" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27693 +#: book.translate.xml:27758 msgid "" "To facilitate better understanding of parts of the FreeBSD system related to " "jails, their internals and the way they interact with the rest of FreeBSD, " @@ -37727,7 +39505,7 @@ "互作用關係， 以下列出本章將使用的術語：" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:27700 +#: book.translate.xml:27765 msgid "" "chroot8 (command)" @@ -37736,7 +39514,7 @@ "citerefentry> (指令)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27702 +#: book.translate.xml:27767 msgid "" "Utility, which uses chroot2 FreeBSD system call to " @@ -37747,7 +39525,7 @@ "(System call) 來更改程予及其衍伸程序的根目錄。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:27709 +#: book.translate.xml:27774 msgid "" "chroot2 (environment)" @@ -37756,7 +39534,7 @@ "citerefentry> (環境)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27711 +#: book.translate.xml:27776 msgid "" "The environment of processes running in a chroot. This " "includes resources such as the part of the file system which is visible, " @@ -37767,7 +39545,7 @@ "統、可用的使用者及群組 ID、網路介面及其他 IPC 機制等。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:27720 +#: book.translate.xml:27785 msgid "" "jail8 (command)" @@ -37776,7 +39554,7 @@ "citerefentry> (指令)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27722 +#: book.translate.xml:27787 msgid "" "The system administration utility which allows launching of processes within " "a jail environment." @@ -37783,12 +39561,12 @@ msgstr "允許在 Jail 環境下執行程序的系統管理工具。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:27728 +#: book.translate.xml:27793 msgid "host (system, process, user, etc.)" msgstr "主機 (系統、程序、使用者等)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27730 +#: book.translate.xml:27795 msgid "" "The controlling system of a jail environment. The host system has access to " "all the hardware resources available, and can control processes both outside " @@ -37801,12 +39579,12 @@ "像在 Jail 環境那樣受到限制。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:27742 +#: book.translate.xml:27807 msgid "hosted (system, process, user, etc.)" msgstr "託管 (主機、程序、使用者等)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27744 +#: book.translate.xml:27809 msgid "" "A process, user or other entity, whose access to resources is restricted by " "a FreeBSD jail." @@ -37813,12 +39591,12 @@ msgstr "存取資源受到 FreeBSD Jail 限制的託管程序、使用者或其他實體。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:27752 +#: book.translate.xml:27817 msgid "Creating and Controlling Jails" msgstr "建立和控制 Jail" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27754 +#: book.translate.xml:27819 msgid "" "Some administrators divide jails into the following two types: " "complete jails, which resemble a real FreeBSD system, and " @@ -37836,7 +39614,7 @@ "先編譯的 Binary (如安裝媒體上提供的 Binary) 或從原始碼編譯。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27764 +#: book.translate.xml:27829 msgid "" "To install the userland from installation media, first create the root " "directory for the jail. This can be done by setting the DESTDIRDESTDIR 來到適當的位置來完成。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27769 +#: book.translate.xml:27834 msgid "Start a shell and define DESTDIR:" msgstr "啟動 Shell 並定義 DESTDIR：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27771 +#: book.translate.xml:27836 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# sh\n" @@ -37859,7 +39637,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27774 +#: book.translate.xml:27839 msgid "" "Mount the install media as covered in mdconfig8 when using the install " @@ -37869,13 +39647,13 @@ "refentrytitle>8 中的說明掛載安裝媒體：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27777 +#: book.translate.xml:27842 #, no-wrap msgid "# mount -t cd9660 /dev/`mdconfig -f cdimage.iso` /mnt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27779 +#: book.translate.xml:27844 msgid "" "Extract the binaries from the tarballs on the install media into the " "declared destination. Minimally, only the base set needs to be extracted, " @@ -37885,29 +39663,29 @@ "的部份，若需要也可完整安裝。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27784 +#: book.translate.xml:27849 msgid "To install just the base system:" msgstr "只安裝基礎系統 (Base system)：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27786 +#: book.translate.xml:27851 #, no-wrap msgid "# tar -xf /mnt/usr/freebsd-dist/base.txz -C $DESTDIR" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27788 +#: book.translate.xml:27853 msgid "To install everything except the kernel:" msgstr "安裝全部不含核心：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27790 +#: book.translate.xml:27855 #, no-wrap msgid "# for sets in BASE PORTS; do tar -xf /mnt/FREEBSD_INSTALL/USR/FREEBSD_DIST/$sets.TXZ -C $DESTDIR ; done" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27792 +#: book.translate.xml:27857 msgid "" "The jail8 manual page explains the procedure for building a " @@ -37917,7 +39695,7 @@ "manvolnum> 操作手冊說明的程序建置 Jail：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27795 +#: book.translate.xml:27860 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# setenv D /here/is/the/jail\n" @@ -37930,7 +39708,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:27805 +#: book.translate.xml:27870 msgid "" "Selecting a location for a jail is the best starting point. This is where " "the jail will physically reside within the file system of the jail's host. A " @@ -37949,7 +39727,7 @@ "案。" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:27818 +#: book.translate.xml:27883 msgid "" "If you have already rebuilt your userland using make world or make buildworld, you can skip this step and " @@ -37960,7 +39738,7 @@ "到新的 Jail。" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:27825 +#: book.translate.xml:27890 msgid "" "This command will populate the directory subtree chosen as jail's physical " "location on the file system with the necessary binaries, libraries, manual " @@ -37970,12 +39748,12 @@ "庫、操作手冊與相關檔案。" #. (itstool) path: para/buildtarget -#: book.translate.xml:27832 +#: book.translate.xml:27897 msgid "distribution" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:27832 +#: book.translate.xml:27897 msgid "" "The <_:buildtarget-1/> target for make installs " "every needed configuration file. In simple words, it installs every " @@ -37989,7 +39767,7 @@ "filename>。" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:27843 +#: book.translate.xml:27908 msgid "" "Mounting the devfs8 file system inside a jail is not required. On the " @@ -38014,7 +39792,7 @@ "refentrytitle>5 操作手冊中有詳細說明。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27855 +#: book.translate.xml:27920 msgid "" "Once a jail is installed, it can be started by using the " "jail8rc " "mechanism provides an easy way to do this." @@ -38050,7 +39828,7 @@ "簡單的達成這件事。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:27874 +#: book.translate.xml:27939 msgid "" "A list of the jails which are enabled to start at boot time should be added " "to the rc.conf55 檔案中：" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:27877 +#: book.translate.xml:27942 #, no-wrap msgid "" "jail_enable=\"YES\" # Set to NO to disable starting of any jails\n" @@ -38068,7 +39846,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:27881 +#: book.translate.xml:27946 msgid "" "Jail names in jail_list should contain alphanumeric " "characters only." @@ -38075,7 +39853,7 @@ msgstr "在 jail_list 中的 Jail 名稱只允許使用英數字元。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:27887 +#: book.translate.xml:27952 msgid "" "For each jail listed in jail_list, a group of " "rc.conf5 設定來描述指定的 Jail：" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:27891 +#: book.translate.xml:27956 #, no-wrap msgid "" "jail_www_rootdir=\"/usr/jail/www\" # jail's root directory\n" @@ -38097,7 +39875,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:27896 +#: book.translate.xml:27961 msgid "" "The default startup of jails configured in rc." "conf5, will run the " @@ -38114,7 +39892,7 @@ "修改預設啟動的指令。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:27905 +#: book.translate.xml:27970 msgid "" "For a full list of available options, please see the " "rc.conf55 操作手冊。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27911 +#: book.translate.xml:27976 msgid "" "service8 can be used to start or stop a jail by hand, if an " @@ -38135,7 +39913,7 @@ "manvolnum> 來啟動或停止 Jail：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27915 +#: book.translate.xml:27980 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service jail start www\n" @@ -38143,7 +39921,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27918 +#: book.translate.xml:27983 msgid "" "Jails can be shut down with jexec8. Use " @@ -38160,7 +39938,7 @@ "citerefentry> 在該 Jail 中執行關機 Script。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:27922 +#: book.translate.xml:27987 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# jls\n" @@ -38170,7 +39948,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27927 +#: book.translate.xml:27992 msgid "" "More information about this can be found in the " "jail88 操作手冊取得。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:27932 +#: book.translate.xml:27997 msgid "Fine Tuning and Administration" msgstr "調校與管理" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:27934 +#: book.translate.xml:27999 msgid "" "There are several options which can be set for any jail, and various ways of " "combining a host FreeBSD system with jails, to produce higher level " @@ -38195,7 +39973,7 @@ "的方法來提供更高層級的應用程式使用。 本節將介紹：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27941 +#: book.translate.xml:28006 msgid "" "Some of the options available for tuning the behavior and security " "restrictions implemented by a jail installation." @@ -38202,7 +39980,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27947 +#: book.translate.xml:28012 msgid "" "Some of the high-level applications for jail management, which are available " "through the FreeBSD Ports Collection, and can be used to implement overall " @@ -38210,12 +39988,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:27955 +#: book.translate.xml:28020 msgid "System Tools for Jail Tuning in FreeBSD" msgstr "在 FreeBSD 中調校 Jail 的系統工具" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:27957 +#: book.translate.xml:28022 msgid "" "Fine tuning of a jail's configuration is mostly done by setting " "sysctl8security.jail.set_hostname_allowed: 1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27974 +#: book.translate.xml:28039 msgid "security.jail.socket_unixiproute_only: 1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27979 +#: book.translate.xml:28044 msgid "security.jail.sysvipc_allowed: 0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27984 +#: book.translate.xml:28049 msgid "security.jail.enforce_statfs: 2" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27989 +#: book.translate.xml:28054 msgid "security.jail.allow_raw_sockets: 0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27994 +#: book.translate.xml:28059 msgid "security.jail.chflags_allowed: 0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:27999 +#: book.translate.xml:28064 msgid "security.jail.jailed: 0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28003 +#: book.translate.xml:28068 msgid "" "These variables can be used by the system administrator of the " "host system to add or remove some of the limitations " @@ -38283,7 +40061,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28015 +#: book.translate.xml:28080 msgid "" "The base system of FreeBSD contains a basic set of tools for viewing " "information about the active jails, and attaching to a jail to run " @@ -38295,7 +40073,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28023 +#: book.translate.xml:28088 msgid "" "Print a list of active jails and their corresponding jail identifier " "(JID), IP address, hostname and path." @@ -38302,7 +40080,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28029 +#: book.translate.xml:28094 msgid "" "Attach to a running jail, from its host system, and run a command inside the " "jail or perform administrative tasks inside the jail itself. This is " @@ -38314,18 +40092,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28037 +#: book.translate.xml:28102 #, no-wrap msgid "# jexec 1 tcsh" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:28043 +#: book.translate.xml:28108 msgid "High-Level Administrative Tools in the FreeBSD Ports Collection" -msgstr "在 FreeBSD Ports 套件集中的高層級管理工具" +msgstr "在 FreeBSD Port 套件集中的高層級管理工具" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28046 +#: book.translate.xml:28111 msgid "" "Among the many third-party utilities for jail administration, one of the " "most complete and useful is sysutils/ezjail. It is a set " @@ -38337,12 +40115,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:28056 +#: book.translate.xml:28121 msgid "Keeping Jails Patched and up to Date" msgstr "持續 Jail 的修補與更新" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28058 +#: book.translate.xml:28123 msgid "" "Jails should be kept up to date from the host operating system as attempting " "to patch userland from within the jail may likely fail as the default " @@ -38356,7 +40134,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28067 +#: book.translate.xml:28132 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# freebsd-update -b /here/is/the/jail fetch\n" @@ -38364,12 +40142,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:28074 +#: book.translate.xml:28139 msgid "Updating Multiple Jails" msgstr "更新多個 Jail" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:28077 book.translate.xml:34372 book.translate.xml:34707 +#: book.translate.xml:28142 book.translate.xml:34437 book.translate.xml:34772 msgid "" " Daniel Gerzo Contributed by " @@ -38376,7 +40154,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:28086 +#: book.translate.xml:28151 msgid "" " Simon L. B. Nielsen Based upon an idea presented by " @@ -38383,7 +40161,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:28095 +#: book.translate.xml:28160 msgid "" " Ken Tom " "And an article written by " @@ -38390,7 +40168,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:28105 +#: book.translate.xml:28170 msgid "" "The management of multiple jails can become problematic because every jail " "has to be rebuilt from scratch whenever it is upgraded. This can be time " @@ -38398,7 +40176,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:28110 +#: book.translate.xml:28175 msgid "" "This section demonstrates one method to resolve this issue by safely sharing " "as much as is possible between jails using read-only " @@ -38410,7 +40188,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:28120 +#: book.translate.xml:28185 msgid "" "Simpler solutions exist, such as ezjail, which " "provides an easier method of administering FreeBSD jails but is less " @@ -38419,12 +40197,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:28127 +#: book.translate.xml:28192 msgid "The goals of the setup described in this section are:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28131 +#: book.translate.xml:28196 msgid "" "Create a simple and easy to understand jail structure that does not require " "running a full installworld on each and every jail." @@ -38431,22 +40209,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28137 +#: book.translate.xml:28202 msgid "Make it easy to add new jails or remove existing ones." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28142 +#: book.translate.xml:28207 msgid "Make it easy to update or upgrade existing jails." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28146 +#: book.translate.xml:28211 msgid "Make it possible to run a customized FreeBSD branch." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28150 +#: book.translate.xml:28215 msgid "" "Be paranoid about security, reducing as much as possible the possibility of " "compromise." @@ -38453,12 +40231,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28155 +#: book.translate.xml:28220 msgid "Save space and inodes, as much as possible." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:28159 +#: book.translate.xml:28224 msgid "" "This design relies on a single, read-only master template which is mounted " "into each jail and one read-write device per jail. A device can be a " @@ -38467,23 +40245,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:28165 +#: book.translate.xml:28230 msgid "The file system layout is as follows:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28169 +#: book.translate.xml:28234 msgid "The jails are based under the /home partition." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28174 +#: book.translate.xml:28239 msgid "" "Each jail will be mounted under the /home/j directory." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28179 +#: book.translate.xml:28244 msgid "" "The template for each jail and the read-only partition for all of the jails " "is /home/j/mroot." @@ -38490,7 +40268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28185 +#: book.translate.xml:28250 msgid "" "A blank directory will be created for each jail under the /home/j directory." @@ -38497,7 +40275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28190 +#: book.translate.xml:28255 msgid "" "Each jail will have a /s directory that will be linked " "to the read-write portion of the system." @@ -38504,7 +40282,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28196 +#: book.translate.xml:28261 msgid "" "Each jail will have its own read-write system that is based upon /" "home/j/skel." @@ -38511,7 +40289,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:28201 +#: book.translate.xml:28266 msgid "" "The read-write portion of each jail will be created in /home/js." @@ -38518,17 +40296,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:28209 +#: book.translate.xml:28274 msgid "Creating the Template" msgstr "建立範本" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28211 +#: book.translate.xml:28276 msgid "This section describes the steps needed to create the master template." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28214 +#: book.translate.xml:28279 msgid "" "It is recommended to first update the host FreeBSD system to the latest -" "RELEASE branch using the instructions in . " @@ -38538,7 +40316,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28222 +#: book.translate.xml:28287 msgid "" "First, create a directory structure for the read-only file system which will " "contain the FreeBSD binaries for the jails. Then, change directory to the " @@ -38547,7 +40325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28228 +#: book.translate.xml:28293 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mkdir /home/j /home/j/mroot\n" @@ -38556,7 +40334,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28234 +#: book.translate.xml:28299 msgid "" "Next, prepare a FreeBSD Ports Collection for the jails as well as a FreeBSD " "source tree, which is required for mergemaster:" @@ -38563,7 +40341,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28238 +#: book.translate.xml:28303 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /home/j/mroot\n" @@ -38573,12 +40351,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28245 +#: book.translate.xml:28310 msgid "Create a skeleton for the read-write portion of the system:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28248 +#: book.translate.xml:28313 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mkdir /home/j/skel /home/j/skel/home /home/j/skel/usr-X11R6 /home/j/skel/distfiles\n" @@ -38590,7 +40368,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28257 +#: book.translate.xml:28322 msgid "" "Use mergemaster to install missing configuration " "files. Then, remove the extra directories that mergemaster# mergemaster -t /home/j/skel/var/tmp/temproot -D /home/j/skel -i\n" @@ -38607,7 +40385,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28268 +#: book.translate.xml:28333 msgid "" "Now, symlink the read-write file system to the read-only file system. Ensure " "that the symlinks are created in the correct s/ " @@ -38616,7 +40394,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28274 +#: book.translate.xml:28339 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /home/j/mroot\n" @@ -38632,7 +40410,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28287 +#: book.translate.xml:28352 msgid "" "As a last step, create a generic /home/j/skel/etc/make.conf containing this line:" @@ -38639,13 +40417,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:28291 +#: book.translate.xml:28356 #, no-wrap msgid "WRKDIRPREFIX?= /s/portbuild" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28293 +#: book.translate.xml:28358 msgid "" "This makes it possible to compile FreeBSD ports inside each jail. Remember " "that the ports directory is part of the read-only system. The custom path " @@ -38654,12 +40432,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:28303 +#: book.translate.xml:28368 msgid "Creating Jails" msgstr "建立 Jail" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28305 +#: book.translate.xml:28370 msgid "" "The jail template can now be used to setup and configure the jails in " "/etc/rc.conf. This example demonstrates the creation of " @@ -38668,7 +40446,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28312 +#: book.translate.xml:28377 msgid "" "Add the following lines to /etc/fstab, so that the read-" "only template for the jails and the read-write space will be available in " @@ -38676,7 +40454,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:28317 +#: book.translate.xml:28382 #, no-wrap msgid "" "/home/j/mroot /home/j/ns nullfs ro 0 0\n" @@ -38688,7 +40466,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28324 +#: book.translate.xml:28389 msgid "" "To prevent fsck from checking " "nullfs mounts during boot and dump/etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:28336 +#: book.translate.xml:28401 #, no-wrap msgid "" "jail_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -38723,7 +40501,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28352 +#: book.translate.xml:28417 msgid "" "The jail_name_rootdir variable " "is set to /usr/home instead of /home# mkdir /home/j/ns /home/j/mail /home/j/www" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28373 +#: book.translate.xml:28438 msgid "" "Install the read-write template into each jail using sysutils/" "cpdup:" @@ -38754,7 +40532,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28380 +#: book.translate.xml:28445 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mkdir /home/js\n" @@ -38764,7 +40542,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28387 +#: book.translate.xml:28452 msgid "" "In this phase, the jails are built and prepared to run. First, mount the " "required file systems for each jail, and then start them:" @@ -38771,7 +40549,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28391 book.translate.xml:28500 +#: book.translate.xml:28456 book.translate.xml:28565 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mount -a\n" @@ -38779,7 +40557,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28396 +#: book.translate.xml:28461 msgid "" "The jails should be running now. To check if they have started correctly, " "use jls. Its output should be similar to the following:" @@ -38786,7 +40564,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28400 +#: book.translate.xml:28465 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# jls\n" @@ -38797,7 +40575,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28406 +#: book.translate.xml:28471 msgid "" "At this point, it should be possible to log onto each jail, add new users, " "or configure daemons. The JID column indicates the jail " @@ -38807,18 +40585,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28413 +#: book.translate.xml:28478 #, no-wrap msgid "# jexec 3 tcsh" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:28417 +#: book.translate.xml:28482 msgid "Upgrading" msgstr "升級" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28419 +#: book.translate.xml:28484 msgid "" "The design of this setup provides an easy way to upgrade existing jails " "while minimizing their downtime. Also, it provides a way to roll back to the " @@ -38826,7 +40604,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28426 +#: book.translate.xml:28491 msgid "" "The first step is to upgrade the host system. Then, create a new temporary " "read-only template in /home/j/mroot2." @@ -38833,7 +40611,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28430 +#: book.translate.xml:28495 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mkdir /home/j/mroot2\n" @@ -38845,12 +40623,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/buildtarget -#: book.translate.xml:28437 book.translate.xml:28648 +#: book.translate.xml:28502 book.translate.xml:28713 book.translate.xml:45254 +#: book.translate.xml:45258 book.translate.xml:45404 book.translate.xml:45440 msgid "installworld" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28437 +#: book.translate.xml:28502 msgid "" "The <_:buildtarget-1/> creates a few unnecessary directories, which should " "be removed:" @@ -38857,7 +40636,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28441 +#: book.translate.xml:28506 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# chflags -R 0 var\n" @@ -38865,12 +40644,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28446 +#: book.translate.xml:28511 msgid "Recreate the read-write symlinks for the master file system:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28449 +#: book.translate.xml:28514 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ln -s s/etc etc\n" @@ -38883,18 +40662,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28459 +#: book.translate.xml:28524 msgid "Next, stop the jails:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28461 +#: book.translate.xml:28526 #, no-wrap msgid "# service jail stop" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28465 +#: book.translate.xml:28530 msgid "" "Unmount the original file systems as the read-write systems are attached to " "the read-only system (/s):" @@ -38901,7 +40680,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28472 +#: book.translate.xml:28537 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# umount /home/j/ns/s\n" @@ -38913,7 +40692,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28481 +#: book.translate.xml:28546 msgid "" "Move the old read-only file system and replace it with the new one. This " "will serve as a backup and archive of the old read-only file system should " @@ -38923,7 +40702,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28489 +#: book.translate.xml:28554 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /home/j\n" @@ -38933,7 +40712,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28496 +#: book.translate.xml:28561 msgid "" "At this point the new read-only template is ready, so the only remaining " "task is to remount the file systems and start the jails:" @@ -38940,7 +40719,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28505 +#: book.translate.xml:28570 msgid "" "Use jls to check if the jails started correctly. Run " "mergemaster in each jail to update the configuration " @@ -38948,12 +40727,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:28513 +#: book.translate.xml:28578 msgid "Managing Jails with ezjail" msgstr "使用 ezjail 管理 Jail" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:28526 +#: book.translate.xml:28591 msgid "" "Creating and managing multiple jails can quickly become tedious and error-" "prone. Dirk Engling's ezjail automates and " @@ -38967,7 +40746,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:28537 +#: book.translate.xml:28602 msgid "" "Additional benefits and features are described in detail on the " "ezjail web site, ezjail" msgstr "安裝 ezjail" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28543 +#: book.translate.xml:28608 msgid "" "Installing ezjail consists of adding a loopback " "interface for use in jails, installing the port or package, and enabling the " @@ -38988,7 +40767,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28549 +#: book.translate.xml:28614 msgid "" "To keep jail loopback traffic off the host's loopback network interface " "lo0, a second loopback interface is created by adding an " @@ -38997,13 +40776,13 @@ #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:28554 book.translate.xml:29043 +#: book.translate.xml:28619 book.translate.xml:29108 #, no-wrap msgid "cloned_interfaces=\"lo1\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28556 +#: book.translate.xml:28621 msgid "" "The second loopback interface lo1 will be created when " "the system starts. It can also be created manually without a restart:" @@ -39011,7 +40790,7 @@ #. (itstool) path: step/screen #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28560 book.translate.xml:29047 +#: book.translate.xml:28625 book.translate.xml:29112 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service netif cloneup\n" @@ -39019,7 +40798,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28563 +#: book.translate.xml:28628 msgid "" "Jails can be allowed to use aliases of this secondary loopback interface " "without interfering with the host." @@ -39026,7 +40805,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28567 +#: book.translate.xml:28632 msgid "" "Inside a jail, access to the loopback address 127.0.0.1 is redirected to the first IP " @@ -39037,7 +40816,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28576 +#: book.translate.xml:28641 msgid "" "Give each jail a unique loopback address in the 127.0.0.0/8 " @@ -39045,12 +40824,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28581 +#: book.translate.xml:28646 msgid "Install sysutils/ezjail:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28584 +#: book.translate.xml:28649 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/sysutils/ezjail\n" @@ -39058,7 +40837,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28589 +#: book.translate.xml:28654 msgid "" "Enable ezjail by adding this line to /" "etc/rc.conf:" @@ -39065,13 +40844,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:28592 +#: book.translate.xml:28657 #, no-wrap msgid "ezjail_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28596 +#: book.translate.xml:28661 msgid "" "The service will automatically start on system boot. It can be started " "immediately for the current session:" @@ -39078,13 +40857,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28600 +#: book.translate.xml:28665 #, no-wrap msgid "# service ezjail start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28608 +#: book.translate.xml:28673 msgid "" "With ezjail installed, the basejail directory " "structure can be created and populated. This step is only needed once on the " @@ -39092,7 +40871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28613 +#: book.translate.xml:28678 msgid "" "In both of these examples, causes the ports tree to be " "retrieved with portsnapinstall. For example, on a host computer " @@ -39119,23 +40898,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28634 +#: book.translate.xml:28699 #, no-wrap msgid "# ezjail-admin install -p" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:28638 +#: book.translate.xml:28703 msgid "To Populate the Jail with installworld" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/buildtarget -#: book.translate.xml:28642 +#: book.translate.xml:28707 book.translate.xml:45402 msgid "buildworld" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28641 +#: book.translate.xml:28706 msgid "" "The basejail can be installed from binaries created by <_:buildtarget-1/> on " "the host with ezjail-admin update." @@ -39142,7 +40921,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28646 +#: book.translate.xml:28711 msgid "" "In this example, FreeBSD 10-STABLE has been built from source. The jail " "directories are created. Then <_:buildtarget-1/> is executed, installing the " @@ -39150,13 +40929,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28653 +#: book.translate.xml:28718 #, no-wrap msgid "# ezjail-admin update -i -p" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28655 +#: book.translate.xml:28720 msgid "" "The host's /usr/src is used by default. A different " "source directory on the host can be specified with and a " @@ -39165,7 +40944,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:28666 +#: book.translate.xml:28731 msgid "" "The basejail's ports tree is shared by other jails. However, downloaded " "distfiles are stored in the jail that downloaded them. By default, these " @@ -39175,7 +40954,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:28675 +#: book.translate.xml:28740 msgid "" "The FTP protocol is used by default to download packages " "for the installation of the basejail. Firewall or proxy configurations can " @@ -39187,23 +40966,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:28684 +#: book.translate.xml:28749 #, no-wrap msgid "ezjail_ftphost=http://ftp.FreeBSD.org" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:28686 +#: book.translate.xml:28751 msgid "See for a list of sites." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:28692 +#: book.translate.xml:28757 msgid "Creating and Starting a New Jail" msgstr "建立並啟動新的 Jail" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28694 +#: book.translate.xml:28759 msgid "" "New jails are created with ezjail-admin create. In these " "examples, the lo1 loopback interface is used as described " @@ -39211,12 +40990,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: procedure/title -#: book.translate.xml:28700 +#: book.translate.xml:28765 msgid "Create and Start a New Jail" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28703 +#: book.translate.xml:28768 msgid "" "Create the jail, specifying a name and the loopback and network interfaces " "to use, along with their IP addresses. In this example, " @@ -39224,13 +41003,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28708 +#: book.translate.xml:28773 #, no-wrap msgid "# ezjail-admin create dnsjail 'lo1|127.0.1.1,em0|192.168.1.50'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:28711 +#: book.translate.xml:28776 msgid "" "Most network services run in jails without problems. A few network services, " "most notably ping8pingjailname_parameters=\"allow.raw_sockets=1\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:28731 +#: book.translate.xml:28796 msgid "" "Do not enable raw network sockets unless services in the jail actually " "require them." @@ -39266,29 +41045,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28737 +#: book.translate.xml:28802 msgid "Start the jail:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28739 +#: book.translate.xml:28804 #, no-wrap msgid "# ezjail-admin start dnsjail" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28743 +#: book.translate.xml:28808 msgid "Use a console on the jail:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28745 +#: book.translate.xml:28810 #, no-wrap msgid "# ezjail-admin console dnsjail" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:28749 +#: book.translate.xml:28814 msgid "" "The jail is operating and additional configuration can be completed. Typical " "settings added at this point include:" @@ -39295,12 +41074,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:28755 +#: book.translate.xml:28820 msgid "Set the root Password" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28759 +#: book.translate.xml:28824 msgid "" "Connect to the jail and set the root user's password:" @@ -39307,7 +41086,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28763 +#: book.translate.xml:28828 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ezjail-admin console dnsjail\n" @@ -39318,12 +41097,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:28771 +#: book.translate.xml:28836 msgid "Time Zone Configuration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28773 +#: book.translate.xml:28838 msgid "" "The jail's time zone can be set with tzsetup8. To avoid spurious " @@ -39335,12 +41114,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:28782 +#: book.translate.xml:28847 msgid "DNS Servers" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28784 +#: book.translate.xml:28849 msgid "" "Enter domain name server lines in /etc/resolv.conf so " "DNS works in the jail." @@ -39347,12 +41126,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:28790 +#: book.translate.xml:28855 msgid "Edit /etc/hosts" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28792 +#: book.translate.xml:28857 msgid "" "Change the address and add the jail name to the localhost " "entries in /etc/hosts." @@ -39359,12 +41138,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:28798 +#: book.translate.xml:28863 msgid "Configure /etc/rc.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:28800 +#: book.translate.xml:28865 msgid "" "Enter configuration settings in /etc/rc.conf. This is " "much like configuring a full computer. The host name and IP# ezjail-admin update -b" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28839 +#: book.translate.xml:28904 msgid "" "If the world has already been compiled on the host, install it in the " "basejail with:" @@ -39428,13 +41207,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28842 +#: book.translate.xml:28907 #, no-wrap msgid "# ezjail-admin update -i" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28844 +#: book.translate.xml:28909 msgid "" "Binary updates use freebsd-update8. These updates have " @@ -39445,7 +41224,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28850 +#: book.translate.xml:28915 msgid "" "Update the basejail to the latest patched release of the version of FreeBSD " "on the host. For example, updating from RELEASE-p1 to RELEASE-p2." @@ -39452,13 +41231,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28854 +#: book.translate.xml:28919 #, no-wrap msgid "# ezjail-admin update -u" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28856 +#: book.translate.xml:28921 msgid "" "To upgrade the basejail to a new version, first upgrade the host system as " "described in . Once the host has " @@ -39472,7 +41251,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28864 +#: book.translate.xml:28929 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# file /usr/jails/basejail/bin/sh\n" @@ -39480,7 +41259,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28867 +#: book.translate.xml:28932 msgid "" "Now use this information to perform the upgrade from 9.3-RELEASE to the current version of the host system:" @@ -39487,13 +41266,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28871 +#: book.translate.xml:28936 #, no-wrap msgid "# ezjail-admin update -U -s 9.3-RELEASE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28873 +#: book.translate.xml:28938 msgid "" "After updating the basejail, mergemaster8 must be run to update " @@ -39501,7 +41280,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28876 +#: book.translate.xml:28941 msgid "" "How to use mergemaster8 depends on the purpose " @@ -39512,7 +41291,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:28882 +#: book.translate.xml:28947 msgid "" "mergemaster8 on Untrusted Jail" @@ -39521,7 +41300,7 @@ "refentrytitle>8" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:28884 +#: book.translate.xml:28949 msgid "" "Delete the link from the jail's /usr/src into the " "basejail and create a new /usr/src in the jail as a " @@ -39530,7 +41309,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28891 +#: book.translate.xml:28956 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# rm /usr/jails/jailname/usr/src\n" @@ -39539,18 +41318,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:28895 +#: book.translate.xml:28960 msgid "Get a console in the jail:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28897 +#: book.translate.xml:28962 #, no-wrap msgid "# ezjail-admin console jailname" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:28899 +#: book.translate.xml:28964 msgid "" "Inside the jail, run mergemaster. Then exit the jail " "console:" @@ -39557,7 +41336,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28902 +#: book.translate.xml:28967 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/src\n" @@ -39566,18 +41345,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:28906 +#: book.translate.xml:28971 msgid "Finally, unmount the jail's /usr/src:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28909 +#: book.translate.xml:28974 #, no-wrap msgid "# umount /usr/jails/jailname/usr/src" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:28914 +#: book.translate.xml:28979 msgid "" "mergemaster8 on Trusted Jail" @@ -39586,7 +41365,7 @@ "refentrytitle>8" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:28916 +#: book.translate.xml:28981 msgid "" "If the users and services in a jail are trusted, " "mergemaster8# mergemaster -U -D /usr/jails/jailname" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:28924 +#: book.translate.xml:28989 msgid "Updating Ports" -msgstr "更新 Ports" +msgstr "更新 Port" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28926 +#: book.translate.xml:28991 msgid "" "The ports tree in the basejail is shared by the other jails. Updating that " "copy of the ports tree gives the other jails the updated version also." @@ -39612,7 +41391,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28930 +#: book.translate.xml:28995 msgid "" "The basejail ports tree is updated with " "portsnap8# ezjail-admin update -P" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:28938 +#: book.translate.xml:29003 msgid "Controlling Jails" msgstr "控制 Jail" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:28941 +#: book.translate.xml:29006 msgid "Stopping and Starting Jails" msgstr "停止與啟動 Jail" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28943 +#: book.translate.xml:29008 msgid "" "ezjail automatically starts jails when the " "computer is started. Jails can be manually stopped and restarted with " @@ -39644,7 +41423,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28948 +#: book.translate.xml:29013 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ezjail-admin stop sambajail\n" @@ -39652,7 +41431,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28951 +#: book.translate.xml:29016 msgid "" "By default, jails are started automatically when the host computer starts. " "Autostarting can be disabled with config:" @@ -39659,13 +41438,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28955 +#: book.translate.xml:29020 #, no-wrap msgid "# ezjail-admin config -r norun seldomjail" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28957 +#: book.translate.xml:29022 msgid "" "This takes effect the next time the host computer is started. A jail that is " "already running will not be stopped." @@ -39672,23 +41451,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28961 +#: book.translate.xml:29026 msgid "Enabling autostart is very similar:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28963 +#: book.translate.xml:29028 #, no-wrap msgid "# ezjail-admin config -r run oftenjail" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:28967 +#: book.translate.xml:29032 msgid "Archiving and Restoring Jails" msgstr "封存與還原 Jail" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28969 +#: book.translate.xml:29034 msgid "" "Use archive to create a .tar.gz " "archive of a jail. The file name is composed from the name of the jail and " @@ -39699,7 +41478,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28978 +#: book.translate.xml:29043 msgid "" "The archive file can be copied elsewhere as a backup, or an existing jail " "can be restored from it with restore. A new jail can be " @@ -39707,12 +41486,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28984 +#: book.translate.xml:29049 msgid "Stop and archive a jail named wwwserver:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28987 +#: book.translate.xml:29052 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ezjail-admin stop wwwserver\n" @@ -39723,7 +41502,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:28993 +#: book.translate.xml:29058 msgid "" "Create a new jail named wwwserver-clone from the archive " "created in the previous step. Use the em1 interface and " @@ -39732,18 +41511,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:28999 +#: book.translate.xml:29064 #, no-wrap msgid "# ezjail-admin create -a /usr/jails/ezjail_archives/wwwserver-201407271153.13.tar.gz wwwserver-clone 'lo1|127.0.3.1,em1|192.168.1.51'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:29004 +#: book.translate.xml:29069 msgid "Full Example: BIND in a Jail" msgstr "完整範例：在 Jail 中安裝 BIND" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:29007 +#: book.translate.xml:29072 msgid "" "Putting the BIND DNS server in " "a jail improves security by isolating it. This example creates a simple " @@ -39751,12 +41530,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29014 +#: book.translate.xml:29079 msgid "The jail will be called dns1." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29019 +#: book.translate.xml:29084 msgid "" "The jail will use IP address 192.168.1.240 on the host's re0 interface." @@ -39763,7 +41542,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29025 +#: book.translate.xml:29090 msgid "" "The upstream ISP's DNS servers are at 10.0.0.62 and 10.0.0.61." @@ -39770,7 +41549,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29031 +#: book.translate.xml:29096 msgid "" "The basejail has already been created and a ports tree installed as shown in " "." @@ -39777,12 +41556,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:29038 +#: book.translate.xml:29103 msgid "Running BIND in a Jail" msgstr "在 Jail 中執行 BIND" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29040 +#: book.translate.xml:29105 msgid "" "Create a cloned loopback interface by adding a line to /etc/rc." "conf:" @@ -39789,23 +41568,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29045 +#: book.translate.xml:29110 msgid "Immediately create the new loopback interface:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29050 +#: book.translate.xml:29115 msgid "Create the jail:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:29052 +#: book.translate.xml:29117 #, no-wrap msgid "# ezjail-admin create dns1 'lo1|127.0.2.1,re0|192.168.1.240'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29054 +#: book.translate.xml:29119 msgid "" "Start the jail, connect to a console running on it, and perform some basic " "configuration:" @@ -39812,7 +41591,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:29057 +#: book.translate.xml:29122 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ezjail-admin start dns1\n" @@ -39827,7 +41606,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29067 +#: book.translate.xml:29132 msgid "" "Temporarily set the upstream DNS servers in /" "etc/resolv.conf so ports can be downloaded:" @@ -39834,7 +41613,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:29071 +#: book.translate.xml:29136 #, no-wrap msgid "" "nameserver 10.0.0.62\n" @@ -39842,7 +41621,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29074 +#: book.translate.xml:29139 msgid "" "Still using the jail console, install dns/bind99." @@ -39849,13 +41628,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:29077 +#: book.translate.xml:29142 #, no-wrap msgid "# make -C /usr/ports/dns/bind99 install clean" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29079 +#: book.translate.xml:29144 msgid "" "Configure the name server by editing /usr/local/etc/namedb/named." "conf." @@ -39862,7 +41641,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29082 +#: book.translate.xml:29147 msgid "" "Create an Access Control List (ACL) of addresses and " "networks that are permitted to send DNS queries to this " @@ -39871,7 +41650,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:29088 +#: book.translate.xml:29153 #, no-wrap msgid "" "...\n" @@ -39888,7 +41667,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29100 +#: book.translate.xml:29165 msgid "" "Use the jail IP address in the listen-on setting to accept DNS queries from other " @@ -39896,13 +41675,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:29105 +#: book.translate.xml:29170 #, no-wrap msgid "\tlisten-on\t{ 192.168.1.240; };" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29107 +#: book.translate.xml:29172 msgid "" "A simple caching-only DNS name server is created by " "changing the forwarders section. The original file " @@ -39910,7 +41689,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:29111 +#: book.translate.xml:29176 #, no-wrap msgid "" "/*\n" @@ -39921,7 +41700,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29117 +#: book.translate.xml:29182 msgid "" "Uncomment the section by removing the /* and */ lines. Enter the IP addresses of the upstream " @@ -39931,7 +41710,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:29125 +#: book.translate.xml:29190 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\tforwarders {\n" @@ -39945,24 +41724,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29134 +#: book.translate.xml:29199 msgid "Enable the service in /etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:29137 book.translate.xml:54633 +#: book.translate.xml:29202 book.translate.xml:55467 #, no-wrap msgid "named_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29139 +#: book.translate.xml:29204 msgid "Start and test the name server:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:29141 +#: book.translate.xml:29206 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service named start\n" @@ -39972,18 +41751,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29146 +#: book.translate.xml:29211 msgid "A response that includes" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:29148 +#: book.translate.xml:29213 #, no-wrap msgid ";; Got answer;" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29150 +#: book.translate.xml:29215 msgid "" "shows that the new DNS server is working. A long delay " "followed by a response including" @@ -39990,13 +41769,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:29154 +#: book.translate.xml:29219 #, no-wrap msgid ";; connection timed out; no servers could be reached" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29156 +#: book.translate.xml:29221 msgid "" "shows a problem. Check the configuration settings and make sure any local " "firewalls allow the new DNS access to the upstream " @@ -40004,7 +41783,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29161 +#: book.translate.xml:29226 msgid "" "The new DNS server can use itself for local name " "resolution, just like other local computers. Set the address of the " @@ -40013,13 +41792,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:29167 +#: book.translate.xml:29232 #, no-wrap msgid "nameserver 192.168.1.240" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:29169 +#: book.translate.xml:29234 msgid "" "A local DHCP server can be configured to provide this " "address for a local DNS server, providing automatic " @@ -40028,22 +41807,22 @@ #. (itstool) path: info/title #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm -#: book.translate.xml:29185 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:29250 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Mandatory Access Control" msgstr "強制存取控制 (MAC)" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:29196 +#: book.translate.xml:29261 msgid "MAC" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:29197 +#: book.translate.xml:29262 msgid "Mandatory Access Control MAC" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:29202 +#: book.translate.xml:29267 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports security extensions based on the POSIX.1e draft. These security mechanisms include " @@ -40060,7 +41839,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:29217 +#: book.translate.xml:29282 msgid "" "This chapter focuses on the MAC framework and the set of " "pluggable security policy modules FreeBSD provides for enabling various " @@ -40068,12 +41847,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29225 +#: book.translate.xml:29290 msgid "The terminology associated with the MAC framework." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29230 +#: book.translate.xml:29295 msgid "" "The capabilities of MAC security policy modules as well " "as the difference between a labeled and non-labeled policy." @@ -40080,7 +41859,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29236 +#: book.translate.xml:29301 msgid "" "The considerations to take into account before configuring a system to use " "the MAC framework." @@ -40087,7 +41866,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29241 +#: book.translate.xml:29306 msgid "" "Which MAC security policy modules are included in FreeBSD " "and how to configure them." @@ -40094,7 +41873,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29246 +#: book.translate.xml:29311 msgid "" "How to implement a more secure environment using the MAC " "framework." @@ -40101,7 +41880,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29251 +#: book.translate.xml:29316 msgid "" "How to test the MAC configuration to ensure the framework " "has been properly implemented." @@ -40108,7 +41887,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29265 book.translate.xml:31018 book.translate.xml:45274 +#: book.translate.xml:29330 book.translate.xml:31083 book.translate.xml:46108 msgid "" "Have some familiarity with security and how it pertains to FreeBSD ()." @@ -40115,7 +41894,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:29271 +#: book.translate.xml:29336 msgid "" "Improper MAC configuration may cause loss of system " "access, aggravation of users, or inability to access the features provided " @@ -40127,7 +41906,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:29281 +#: book.translate.xml:29346 msgid "" "The examples contained within this chapter are for demonstration purposes " "and the example settings should not be implemented on a " @@ -40136,7 +41915,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:29288 +#: book.translate.xml:29353 msgid "" "While this chapter covers a broad range of security issues relating to the " "MAC framework, the development of new MACMAC framework:" @@ -40164,7 +41943,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29308 +#: book.translate.xml:29373 msgid "" "compartment: a set of programs and data to be " "partitioned or separated, where users are given explicit access to specific " @@ -40174,7 +41953,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29318 +#: book.translate.xml:29383 msgid "" "integrity: the level of trust which can be placed on " "data. As the integrity of the data is elevated, so does the ability to trust " @@ -40182,7 +41961,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29324 +#: book.translate.xml:29389 msgid "" "level: the increased or decreased setting of a security " "attribute. As the level increases, its security is considered to elevate as " @@ -40190,7 +41969,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29330 +#: book.translate.xml:29395 msgid "" "label: a security attribute which can be applied to " "files, directories, or other items in the system. It could be considered a " @@ -40203,7 +41982,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29344 +#: book.translate.xml:29409 msgid "" "multilabel: this property is a file system option which " "can be set in single-user mode using tunefssingle label: a policy where the entire file system " "uses one label to enforce access control over the flow of data. Whenever " @@ -40225,7 +42004,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29362 +#: book.translate.xml:29427 msgid "" "object: an entity through which information flows under " "the direction of a subject. This includes directories, " @@ -40235,7 +42014,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29372 +#: book.translate.xml:29437 msgid "" "subject: any active entity that causes information to " "flow between objects such as a user, user process, or " @@ -40244,7 +42023,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29380 +#: book.translate.xml:29445 msgid "" "policy: a collection of rules which defines how " "objectives are to be achieved. A policy usually documents how certain items " @@ -40254,7 +42033,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29389 +#: book.translate.xml:29454 msgid "" "high-watermark: this type of policy permits the raising " "of security levels for the purpose of accessing higher level information. In " @@ -40264,7 +42043,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29398 +#: book.translate.xml:29463 msgid "" "low-watermark: this type of policy permits lowering " "security levels for the purpose of accessing information which is less " @@ -40275,7 +42054,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:29407 +#: book.translate.xml:29472 msgid "" "sensitivity: usually used when discussing Multilevel " "Security (MLS). A sensitivity level describes how " @@ -40284,12 +42063,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:29418 +#: book.translate.xml:29483 msgid "Understanding MAC Labels" msgstr "了解 MAC 標籤" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:29420 +#: book.translate.xml:29485 msgid "" "A MAC label is a security attribute which may be applied " "to subjects and objects throughout the system. When setting a label, the " @@ -40300,7 +42079,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:29428 +#: book.translate.xml:29493 msgid "" "The security label on an object is used as a part of a security access " "control decision by a policy. With some policies, the label contains all of " @@ -40309,7 +42088,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:29434 +#: book.translate.xml:29499 msgid "" "There are two types of label policies: single label and multi label. By " "default, the system will use single label. The administrator should be aware " @@ -40318,7 +42097,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:29440 +#: book.translate.xml:29505 msgid "" "A single label security policy only permits one label to be used for every " "subject or object. Since a single label policy enforces one set of access " @@ -40329,7 +42108,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:29448 +#: book.translate.xml:29513 msgid "" "A single label policy is somewhat similar to DAC as " "root configures the policies so " @@ -40341,7 +42120,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:29457 +#: book.translate.xml:29522 msgid "" "When appropriate, a multi label policy can be set on a UFS file system by passing to " @@ -40356,7 +42135,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:29469 +#: book.translate.xml:29534 msgid "" "Using a multi label policy on a partition and establishing a multi label " "security model can increase administrative overhead as everything in that " @@ -40365,7 +42144,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:29474 +#: book.translate.xml:29539 msgid "" "The following command will set on the specified " "UFS file system. This may only be done in single-user " @@ -40373,13 +42152,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:29479 +#: book.translate.xml:29544 #, no-wrap msgid "# tunefs -l enable /" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:29482 +#: book.translate.xml:29547 msgid "" "Some users have experienced problems with setting the entry specifies the maximum size for an audit " "trail before automatically terminating and rotating the trail file. A value " @@ -43266,7 +45045,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:31480 +#: book.translate.xml:31545 msgid "" "The field specifies when audit log files will " "expire and be removed." @@ -43273,12 +45052,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:31485 +#: book.translate.xml:31550 msgid "The audit_user File" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:31487 +#: book.translate.xml:31552 msgid "" "The administrator can specify further audit requirements for specific users " "in audit_user. Each line configures auditing for a user " @@ -43289,7 +45068,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:31495 +#: book.translate.xml:31560 msgid "" "The following example entries audit login/logout events and successful " "command execution for root and " @@ -43302,7 +45081,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:31502 +#: book.translate.xml:31567 #, no-wrap msgid "" "root:lo,+ex:no\n" @@ -43310,12 +45089,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:31509 +#: book.translate.xml:31574 msgid "Working with Audit Trails" msgstr "查看稽查線索" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31511 +#: book.translate.xml:31576 msgid "" "Since audit trails are stored in the BSM binary format, " "several built-in tools are available to modify or convert these trails to " @@ -43327,7 +45106,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31521 +#: book.translate.xml:31586 msgid "" "For example, to dump the entire contents of a specified audit log in plain " "text:" @@ -43334,18 +45113,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31524 +#: book.translate.xml:31589 #, no-wrap msgid "# praudit /var/audit/AUDITFILE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31526 +#: book.translate.xml:31591 msgid "Where AUDITFILE is the audit log to dump." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31529 +#: book.translate.xml:31594 msgid "" "Audit trails consist of a series of audit records made up of tokens, which " "praudit prints sequentially, one per line. Each token is " @@ -43355,7 +45134,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:31537 +#: book.translate.xml:31602 #, no-wrap msgid "" "header,133,10,execve(2),0,Mon Sep 25 15:58:03 2006, + 384 msec\n" @@ -43368,7 +45147,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31545 +#: book.translate.xml:31610 msgid "" "This audit represents a successful execve call, in which " "the command finger doug has been run. The exec " @@ -43387,7 +45166,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31564 +#: book.translate.xml:31629 msgid "" "XML output format is also supported and can be selected " "by including ." @@ -43394,7 +45173,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31567 +#: book.translate.xml:31632 msgid "" "Since audit logs may be very large, a subset of records can be selected " "using auditreduce. This example selects all audit records " @@ -43403,13 +45182,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31573 +#: book.translate.xml:31638 #, no-wrap msgid "# auditreduce -u trhodes /var/audit/AUDITFILE | praudit" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31575 +#: book.translate.xml:31640 msgid "" "Members of the audit group have " "permission to read audit trails in /var/audit. By " @@ -43423,12 +45202,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:31585 +#: book.translate.xml:31650 msgid "Live Monitoring Using Audit Pipes" msgstr "使用 Audit Pipes 即時監視" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:31587 +#: book.translate.xml:31652 msgid "" "Audit pipes are cloning pseudo-devices which allow applications to tap the " "live audit record stream. This is primarily of interest to authors of " @@ -43440,13 +45219,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31596 +#: book.translate.xml:31661 #, no-wrap msgid "# praudit /dev/auditpipe" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:31598 +#: book.translate.xml:31663 msgid "" "By default, audit pipe device nodes are accessible only to the root user. To make them accessible to the " @@ -43455,13 +45234,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:31604 +#: book.translate.xml:31669 #, no-wrap msgid "add path 'auditpipe*' mode 0440 group audit" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:31606 +#: book.translate.xml:31671 msgid "" "See devfs.rules5 for more information on configuring the devfs file " @@ -43469,7 +45248,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:31610 +#: book.translate.xml:31675 msgid "" "It is easy to produce audit event feedback cycles, in which the viewing of " "each audit event results in the generation of more audit events. For " @@ -43482,12 +45261,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:31625 +#: book.translate.xml:31690 msgid "Rotating and Compressing Audit Trail Files" msgstr "循環與壓縮 Audit Trail 檔" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:31627 +#: book.translate.xml:31692 msgid "" "Audit trails are written to by the kernel and managed by the audit daemon, " "auditd8# audit -n" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:31641 +#: book.translate.xml:31706 msgid "" "If auditd8 is not currently running, this command will fail " @@ -43516,7 +45295,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:31644 +#: book.translate.xml:31709 msgid "" "Adding the following line to /etc/crontab will schedule " "this rotation every twelve hours:" @@ -43523,19 +45302,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:31648 +#: book.translate.xml:31713 #, no-wrap msgid "0 */12 * * * root /usr/sbin/audit -n" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:31650 +#: book.translate.xml:31715 msgid "" "The change will take effect once /etc/crontab is saved." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:31653 +#: book.translate.xml:31718 msgid "" "Automatic rotation of the audit trail file based on file size is possible " "using in audit_control as " @@ -43543,7 +45322,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:31657 +#: book.translate.xml:31722 msgid "" "As audit trail files can become very large, it is often desirable to " "compress or otherwise archive trails once they have been closed by the audit " @@ -43555,7 +45334,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:31667 +#: book.translate.xml:31732 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#\n" @@ -43567,7 +45346,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:31674 +#: book.translate.xml:31739 msgid "" "Other archiving activities might include copying trail files to a " "centralized server, deleting old trail files, or reducing the audit trail to " @@ -43577,12 +45356,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:31693 +#: book.translate.xml:31758 msgid "Storage" msgstr "儲存設備" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31698 +#: book.translate.xml:31763 msgid "" "This chapter covers the use of disks and storage media in FreeBSD. This " "includes SCSI and IDE disks, " @@ -43594,22 +45373,22 @@ "acronym> 媒體、記憶體磁碟及 USB 儲存裝置。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:31708 +#: book.translate.xml:31773 msgid "How to add additional hard disks to a FreeBSD system." msgstr "如何在 FreeBSD 系統加入額外的硬碟。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:31713 +#: book.translate.xml:31778 msgid "How to grow the size of a disk's partition on FreeBSD." msgstr "如何在 FreeBSD 擴增磁碟分割區的大小。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:31718 +#: book.translate.xml:31783 msgid "How to configure FreeBSD to use USB storage devices." msgstr "如何設定 FreeBSD 使用 USB 儲存裝置。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:31723 +#: book.translate.xml:31788 msgid "" "How to use CD and DVD media on a " "FreeBSD system." @@ -43618,37 +45397,37 @@ "體。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:31728 +#: book.translate.xml:31793 msgid "How to use the backup programs available under FreeBSD." msgstr "如何使用在 FreeBSD 下可用的備份程式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:31733 +#: book.translate.xml:31798 msgid "How to set up memory disks." msgstr "如何設定記憶體磁碟。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:31737 +#: book.translate.xml:31802 msgid "What file system snapshots are and how to use them efficiently." msgstr "什麼是檔案系統快照 (Snapshot) 以及如何有效使用。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:31742 +#: book.translate.xml:31807 msgid "How to use quotas to limit disk space usage." msgstr "如何使用配額 (Quota) 來限制磁碟空間使用量。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:31746 +#: book.translate.xml:31811 msgid "How to encrypt disks and swap to secure them against attackers." msgstr "如何加密磁碟及交換空間來防範攻擊者。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:31751 +#: book.translate.xml:31816 msgid "How to configure a highly available storage network." msgstr "如何設定高可用性 (Highly available) 的儲存網路。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:31760 +#: book.translate.xml:31825 msgid "" "Know how to configure and install a new " "FreeBSD kernel." @@ -43656,12 +45435,12 @@ "了解如何 設定並安裝新的 FreeBSD 核心。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:31768 +#: book.translate.xml:31833 msgid "Adding Disks" msgstr "加入磁碟" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:31771 +#: book.translate.xml:31836 msgid "" " David O'Brien Originally contributed by " @@ -43668,12 +45447,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:31781 +#: book.translate.xml:31846 msgid "disks adding" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31786 +#: book.translate.xml:31851 msgid "" "This section describes how to add a new SATA disk to a " "machine that currently only has a single drive. First, turn off the computer " @@ -43686,7 +45465,7 @@ "重新啟動系統並登入 root。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31794 +#: book.translate.xml:31859 msgid "" "Inspect /var/run/dmesg.boot to ensure the new disk was " "found. In this example, the newly added SATA drive will " @@ -43697,12 +45476,12 @@ "碟。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:31800 book.translate.xml:31896 +#: book.translate.xml:31865 book.translate.xml:31961 msgid "gpart" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31804 +#: book.translate.xml:31869 msgid "" "For this example, a single large partition will be created on the new disk. " "The " @@ -43711,10 +45490,10 @@ msgstr "" "在本例中，會在新的磁碟上建立單一大型分割區，使用 GPT " -"分割區結構而非較舊與通用性較差的 MBR 結構。" +"分割表格式而非較舊與通用性較差的 MBR 結構。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:31811 +#: book.translate.xml:31876 msgid "" "If the disk to be added is not blank, old partition information can be " "removed with gpart delete. See " @@ -43726,17 +45505,17 @@ "refentrytitle>8 取得詳細資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31817 +#: book.translate.xml:31882 msgid "" "The partition scheme is created, and then a single partition is added. To " "improve performance on newer disks with larger hardware block sizes, the " "partition is aligned to one megabyte boundaries:" msgstr "" -"建立完分割區結構後接著加入一個分割區，要在新的磁碟增進效能可使用較大的硬體區" +"建立完分割表格式後接著加入一個分割區，要在新的磁碟增進效能可使用較大的硬體區" "塊大小 (Block size)，此分割區會對齊 1 MB 的邊界：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31822 +#: book.translate.xml:31887 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# gpart create -s GPT ada1\n" @@ -43744,7 +45523,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31825 +#: book.translate.xml:31890 msgid "" "Depending on use, several smaller partitions may be desired. See " "gpart8 來取得建立較小分割區的選項。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31829 +#: book.translate.xml:31894 msgid "" "The disk partition information can be viewed with gpart show:" @@ -43762,7 +45541,7 @@ msgstr "磁碟分割區資訊可以使用 gpart show 檢視：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31832 +#: book.translate.xml:31897 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% gpart show ada1\n" @@ -43773,18 +45552,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31838 +#: book.translate.xml:31903 msgid "A file system is created in the new partition on the new disk:" msgstr "在新磁碟的新分割區上建立檔案系統：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31840 +#: book.translate.xml:31905 #, no-wrap msgid "# newfs -U /dev/ada1p1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31842 +#: book.translate.xml:31907 msgid "" "An empty directory is created as a mountpoint, a " "location for mounting the new disk in the original disk's file system:" @@ -43793,13 +45572,13 @@ "磁碟的檔案系統上可用來掛載新磁碟的位置：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31846 +#: book.translate.xml:31911 #, no-wrap msgid "# mkdir /newdisk" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31848 +#: book.translate.xml:31913 msgid "" "Finally, an entry is added to /etc/fstab so the new " "disk will be mounted automatically at startup:" @@ -43808,29 +45587,29 @@ "的磁碟：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:31852 +#: book.translate.xml:31917 #, no-wrap msgid "/dev/ada1p1\t/newdisk\tufs\trw\t2\t2" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31854 +#: book.translate.xml:31919 msgid "The new disk can be mounted manually, without restarting the system:" msgstr "新的磁碟也可手動掛載，無須重新啟動系統：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31857 +#: book.translate.xml:31922 #, no-wrap msgid "# mount /newdisk" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:31862 +#: book.translate.xml:31927 msgid "Resizing and Growing Disks" msgstr "重設大小與擴增磁碟" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:31865 +#: book.translate.xml:31930 msgid "" " Allan Jude Originally contributed by " @@ -43837,12 +45616,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:31875 +#: book.translate.xml:31940 msgid "disks resizing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31880 +#: book.translate.xml:31945 msgid "" "A disk's capacity can increase without any changes to the data already " "present. This happens commonly with virtual machines, when the virtual disk " @@ -43857,7 +45636,7 @@ "emphasis> 磁碟內容來使用增加的容量。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31889 +#: book.translate.xml:31954 msgid "" "Determine the device name of the disk to be resized by inspecting /" "var/run/dmesg.boot. In this example, there is only one " @@ -43869,12 +45648,12 @@ "以 ada0 表示。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31900 +#: book.translate.xml:31965 msgid "List the partitions on the disk to see the current configuration:" msgstr "列出在磁碟上的分割區來查看目前的設定：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31903 +#: book.translate.xml:31968 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# gpart show ada0\n" @@ -43886,7 +45665,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:31911 +#: book.translate.xml:31976 msgid "" "If the disk was formatted with the GPT partitioning " @@ -43895,12 +45674,12 @@ "the backup partition table with gpart:" msgstr "" "若磁碟已使用 GPT 分割區結構格式化，可能" -"會顯示為 已損壞 (corrupted) 因為 GPT 備份分" -"割區已不存在於磁碟結尾。 使用 gpart 來修正備份分割區：" +"GUID_Partition_Table\"> GPT 分割表格式做格式化，可" +"能會顯示為 已損壞 (corrupted) 因為 GPT 備份" +"分割區已不存在於磁碟結尾。 使用 gpart 來修正備份分割區：" #. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31919 +#: book.translate.xml:31984 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# gpart recover ada0\n" @@ -43908,7 +45687,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31923 +#: book.translate.xml:31988 msgid "" "Now the additional space on the disk is available for use by a new " "partition, or an existing partition can be expanded:" @@ -43917,7 +45696,7 @@ "區：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31927 +#: book.translate.xml:31992 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# gpart show ada0\n" @@ -43929,7 +45708,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31934 +#: book.translate.xml:31999 msgid "" "Partitions can only be resized into contiguous free space. Here, the last " "partition on the disk is the swap partition, but the second partition is the " @@ -43942,7 +45721,7 @@ "的資料，所以可以安全的解除掛載、刪除，然後在重設其他分割區大小之後再重建。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31941 +#: book.translate.xml:32006 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# swapoff /dev/ada0p3\n" @@ -43956,7 +45735,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:31951 +#: book.translate.xml:32016 msgid "" "There is risk of data loss when modifying the partition table of a mounted " "file system. It is best to perform the following steps on an unmounted file " @@ -43970,13 +45749,13 @@ "在掛載的檔案系統上修改分割區表：" #. (itstool) path: warning/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31959 +#: book.translate.xml:32024 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysctl kern.geom.debugflags=16" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31962 +#: book.translate.xml:32027 msgid "" "Resize the partition, leaving room to recreate a swap partition of the " "desired size. This only modifies the size of the partition. The file system " @@ -43986,7 +45765,7 @@ "分割區中的檔案系統會在另一個步驟擴增。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31967 +#: book.translate.xml:32032 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# gpart resize -i 2 -a 4k -s 47G ada0\n" @@ -43999,12 +45778,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31975 +#: book.translate.xml:32040 msgid "Recreate the swap partition:" msgstr "重新建立交換分割區：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31977 +#: book.translate.xml:32042 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# gpart add -t freebsd-swap -a 4k ada0\n" @@ -44018,7 +45797,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:31986 +#: book.translate.xml:32051 msgid "" "Grow the UFS file system to use the new capacity of the " "resized partition:" @@ -44025,7 +45804,7 @@ msgstr "擴增 UFS 檔案系統來使用重設分割區大小之後的新容量：" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:31990 +#: book.translate.xml:32055 msgid "" "Growing a live UFS file system is only possible in " "FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE and later. For earlier versions, the file system must " @@ -44035,7 +45814,7 @@ "檔案系統，較先前的版本必須將檔案系統解除掛載。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:31995 +#: book.translate.xml:32060 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# growfs /dev/ada0p2\n" @@ -44048,7 +45827,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:32003 +#: book.translate.xml:32068 msgid "" "Both the partition and the file system on it have now been resized to use " "the newly-available disk space." @@ -44055,17 +45834,17 @@ msgstr "現在分割區與檔案系統已透過重設大小來使用新增加的磁碟空間。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:32009 +#: book.translate.xml:32074 msgid "USB Storage Devices" msgstr "USB 儲存裝置" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:32022 +#: book.translate.xml:32087 msgid "USB disks" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:32027 +#: book.translate.xml:32092 msgid "" "Many external storage solutions, such as hard drives, USB " "thumbdrives, and CD and DVD burners, " @@ -44078,7 +45857,7 @@ "USB 1.x, 2.0 及 3.0 裝置的支援。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32034 +#: book.translate.xml:32099 msgid "" "USB 3.0 support is not compatible with some hardware, " "including Haswell (Lynx point) chipsets. If FreeBSD boots with a " @@ -44090,7 +45869,7 @@ "在系統 BIOS 關閉 xHCI/USB3。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:32041 +#: book.translate.xml:32106 msgid "" "Support for USB storage devices is built into the " "GENERIC kernel. For a custom kernel, be sure that the " @@ -44100,7 +45879,7 @@ "filename> 核心，若為自訂的核心，請確定在核心設定檔中有下列幾行設定：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:32046 +#: book.translate.xml:32111 #, no-wrap msgid "" "device scbus\t# SCSI bus (required for ATA/SCSI)\n" @@ -44116,7 +45895,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:32057 +#: book.translate.xml:32122 msgid "" "FreeBSD uses the umass4 driver which uses the " @@ -44135,7 +45914,7 @@ "emphasis>在自訂核心設定檔中引用 。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:32067 +#: book.translate.xml:32132 msgid "" "The rest of this section demonstrates how to verify that a USB storage device is recognized by FreeBSD and how to configure the " @@ -44145,12 +45924,12 @@ "以及如何設定該裝置。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:32072 +#: book.translate.xml:32137 msgid "Device Configuration" msgstr "裝置設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32074 +#: book.translate.xml:32139 msgid "" "To test the USB configuration, plug in the USB device. Use dmesg to confirm that the drive " @@ -44161,7 +45940,7 @@ "如下：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32080 +#: book.translate.xml:32145 #, no-wrap msgid "" "umass0: <STECH Simple Drive, class 0/0, rev 2.00/1.04, addr 3> on usbus0\n" @@ -44176,7 +45955,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32090 +#: book.translate.xml:32155 msgid "" "The brand, device node (da0), speed, and size will " "differ according to the device." @@ -44184,7 +45963,7 @@ "不同的裝置會有不同的廠牌、裝置節點 (da0)、速度與大小。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32093 +#: book.translate.xml:32158 msgid "" "Since the USB device is seen as a SCSI " "one, camcontrol can be used to list the USB# camcontrol devlist\n" @@ -44203,7 +45982,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32101 +#: book.translate.xml:32166 msgid "" "Alternately, usbconfig can be used to list the device. " "Refer to usbconfig 來取得更多有關此指令的資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32105 +#: book.translate.xml:32170 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# usbconfig\n" @@ -44223,7 +46002,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32108 +#: book.translate.xml:32173 msgid "" "If the device has not been formatted, refer to for instructions on how to format and create partitions on the " @@ -44237,7 +46016,7 @@ "\"mount-unmount\"/> 中的說明掛載磁碟。" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:32115 +#: book.translate.xml:32180 msgid "" "Allowing untrusted users to mount arbitrary media, by enabling vfs." "usermount as described below, should not be considered safe from a " @@ -44249,7 +46028,7 @@ "裝置。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32122 +#: book.translate.xml:32187 msgid "" "To make the device mountable as a normal user, one solution is to make all " "users of the device a member of the 能夠讀取與寫入裝置：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:32129 +#: book.translate.xml:32194 #, no-wrap msgid "" "[localrules=5]\n" @@ -44275,7 +46054,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32133 +#: book.translate.xml:32198 msgid "" "If internal SCSI disks are also installed in the system, " "change the second line as follows:" @@ -44283,13 +46062,13 @@ "若系統也同時安裝了內建 SCSI 磁碟，請更改第二行如下：" #. (itstool) path: note/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:32137 +#: book.translate.xml:32202 #, no-wrap msgid "add path 'da[3-9]*' mode 0660 group operator" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32139 +#: book.translate.xml:32204 msgid "" "This will exclude the first three SCSI disks " "(da0 to da2)from belonging to the " @@ -44307,18 +46086,18 @@ "資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32147 +#: book.translate.xml:32212 msgid "Next, enable the ruleset in /etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "接著，在 /etc/rc.conf 開啟規則：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:32150 +#: book.translate.xml:32215 #, no-wrap msgid "devfs_system_ruleset=\"localrules\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32152 +#: book.translate.xml:32217 msgid "" "Then, instruct the system to allow regular users to mount file systems by " "adding the following line to /etc/sysctl.conf:" @@ -44327,13 +46106,13 @@ "者掛載檔案系統：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:32156 +#: book.translate.xml:32221 #, no-wrap msgid "vfs.usermount=1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32158 +#: book.translate.xml:32223 msgid "" "Since this only takes effect after the next reboot, use sysctl to set this variable now:" @@ -44342,7 +46121,7 @@ "變數：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32161 +#: book.translate.xml:32226 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# sysctl vfs.usermount=1\n" @@ -44350,7 +46129,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32164 +#: book.translate.xml:32229 msgid "" "The final step is to create a directory where the file system is to be " "mounted. This directory needs to be owned by the user that is to mount the " @@ -44368,7 +46147,7 @@ "組：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32174 +#: book.translate.xml:32239 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mkdir /mnt/username\n" @@ -44376,7 +46155,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32177 +#: book.translate.xml:32242 msgid "" "Suppose a USB thumbdrive is plugged in, and a device " "/dev/da0s1 appears. If the device is formatted with a " @@ -44387,13 +46166,13 @@ "使用以下指令掛載該檔案系統：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32182 +#: book.translate.xml:32247 #, no-wrap msgid "% mount -t msdosfs -o -m=644,-M=755 /dev/da0s1 /mnt/username" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32184 +#: book.translate.xml:32249 msgid "" "Before the device can be unplugged, it must be " "unmounted first:" @@ -44400,13 +46179,13 @@ msgstr "在裝置可以被拔除前，必須先解除掛載：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32187 +#: book.translate.xml:32252 #, no-wrap msgid "% umount /mnt/username" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32189 +#: book.translate.xml:32254 msgid "" "After device removal, the system message buffer will show messages similar " "to the following:" @@ -44413,7 +46192,7 @@ msgstr "裝置移除之後，系統訊息緩衝區會顯示如下的訊息：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32192 +#: book.translate.xml:32257 #, no-wrap msgid "" "umass0: at uhub3, port 2, addr 3 (disconnected)\n" @@ -44423,12 +46202,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:32199 +#: book.translate.xml:32264 msgid "Automounting Removable Media" msgstr "自動掛載可移除的媒體" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32202 +#: book.translate.xml:32267 msgid "" "autofs5 supports automatic mounting of removable media starting with " @@ -44439,7 +46218,7 @@ "體。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32206 +#: book.translate.xml:32271 msgid "" "USB devices can be automatically mounted by uncommenting " "this line in /etc/auto_master:" @@ -44448,18 +46227,18 @@ "USB 裝置：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32210 +#: book.translate.xml:32275 #, no-wrap msgid "/media\t\t-media\t\t-nosuid" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32212 +#: book.translate.xml:32277 msgid "Then add these lines to /etc/devd.conf:" msgstr "然後加入這些行到 /etc/devd.conf：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32215 +#: book.translate.xml:32280 #, no-wrap msgid "" "notify 100 {\n" @@ -44470,7 +46249,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32221 +#: book.translate.xml:32286 msgid "" "Reload the configuration if autofs5 and " @@ -44483,7 +46262,7 @@ "載入設定：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32224 +#: book.translate.xml:32289 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service automount reload\n" @@ -44491,7 +46270,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32227 +#: book.translate.xml:32292 msgid "" "autofs5 can be set to start at boot by adding this line to /" @@ -44502,13 +46281,13 @@ "filename>：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:32230 book.translate.xml:52340 +#: book.translate.xml:32295 book.translate.xml:53174 #, no-wrap msgid "autofs_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32232 +#: book.translate.xml:32297 msgid "" "autofs5 requires devd8，預設已經開啟。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32235 +#: book.translate.xml:32300 msgid "Start the services immediately with:" msgstr "立即啟動服務：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32237 +#: book.translate.xml:32302 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service automount start\n" @@ -44535,7 +46314,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32242 +#: book.translate.xml:32307 msgid "" "Each file system that can be automatically mounted appears as a directory in " "/media/. The directory is named after the file system " @@ -44545,7 +46324,7 @@ "檔案系統的標籤來命名目錄，若標籤遺失，則會以裝置節點命名。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32247 +#: book.translate.xml:32312 msgid "" "The file system is transparently mounted on the first access, and unmounted " "after a period of inactivity. Automounted drives can also be unmounted " @@ -44555,13 +46334,13 @@ "的磁碟也可手動解除掛載：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32251 +#: book.translate.xml:32316 #, no-wrap msgid "# automount -fu" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32253 +#: book.translate.xml:32318 msgid "" "This mechanism is typically used for memory cards and USB " "memory sticks. It can be used with any block device, including optical " @@ -44571,12 +46350,12 @@ "裝置，包含光碟機或 iSCSI LUN。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:32262 +#: book.translate.xml:32327 msgid "Creating and Using CD Media" msgstr "建立與使用 CD 媒體" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:32265 book.translate.xml:45095 +#: book.translate.xml:32330 book.translate.xml:45929 msgid "" " Mike Meyer Contributed by " @@ -44583,13 +46362,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:32275 +#: book.translate.xml:32340 msgid "" "CD-ROMs creating" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:32280 +#: book.translate.xml:32345 msgid "" "Compact Disc (CD) media provide a number of features that " "differentiate them from conventional disks. They are designed so that they " @@ -44601,18 +46380,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:32289 +#: book.translate.xml:32354 msgid "ISO 9660" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:32291 book.translate.xml:32481 +#: book.translate.xml:32356 book.translate.xml:32546 msgid "file systems ISO 9660" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:32296 +#: book.translate.xml:32361 msgid "" "CD burner ATAPI" @@ -44619,7 +46398,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:32301 +#: book.translate.xml:32366 msgid "" "The FreeBSD Ports Collection provides several utilities for burning and " "duplicating audio and data CDs. This chapter demonstrates " @@ -44629,12 +46408,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:32311 +#: book.translate.xml:32376 msgid "Supported Devices" msgstr "支援的裝置" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:32324 +#: book.translate.xml:32389 msgid "" "CD burner ATAPI/CAM driver" @@ -44641,7 +46420,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32329 +#: book.translate.xml:32394 msgid "" "The GENERIC kernel provides support for SCSI, USB, and ATAPI CDSCSI burner, make sure these options are present:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:32339 +#: book.translate.xml:32404 #, no-wrap msgid "" "device scbus\t# SCSI bus (required for ATA/SCSI)\n" @@ -44667,13 +46446,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32344 +#: book.translate.xml:32409 msgid "" "For a USB burner, make sure these options are present:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:32347 +#: book.translate.xml:32412 #, no-wrap msgid "" "device scbus\t# SCSI bus (required for ATA/SCSI)\n" @@ -44689,13 +46468,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32358 +#: book.translate.xml:32423 msgid "" "For an ATAPI burner, make sure these options are present:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:32361 +#: book.translate.xml:32426 #, no-wrap msgid "" "device ata\t# Legacy ATA/SATA controllers\n" @@ -44705,7 +46484,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32367 +#: book.translate.xml:32432 msgid "" "On FreeBSD versions prior to 10.x, this line is also needed in the kernel " "configuration file if the burner is an ATAPI device:" @@ -44712,13 +46491,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:32371 +#: book.translate.xml:32436 #, no-wrap msgid "device atapicam" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32373 +#: book.translate.xml:32438 msgid "" "Alternately, this driver can be loaded at boot time by adding the following " "line to /boot/loader.conf:" @@ -44725,13 +46504,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:32377 +#: book.translate.xml:32442 #, no-wrap msgid "atapicam_load=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32379 +#: book.translate.xml:32444 msgid "" "This will require a reboot of the system as this driver can only be loaded " "at boot time." @@ -44738,7 +46517,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32383 +#: book.translate.xml:32448 msgid "" "To verify that FreeBSD recognizes the device, run dmesg " "and look for an entry for the device. On systems prior to 10.x, the device " @@ -44747,7 +46526,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32389 +#: book.translate.xml:32454 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% dmesg | grep cd\n" @@ -44759,12 +46538,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:32398 +#: book.translate.xml:32463 msgid "Burning a CD" msgstr "燒錄 CD" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32400 +#: book.translate.xml:32465 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, cdrecord can be used to burn CDs. This command is installed with the sysutils/cdrtoolscdrecord has many options, basic usage is simple. " "Specify the name of the ISO file to burn and, if the " @@ -44780,13 +46559,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32410 +#: book.translate.xml:32475 #, no-wrap msgid "# cdrecord dev=device imagefile.iso" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32412 +#: book.translate.xml:32477 msgid "" "To determine the device name of the burner, use " "which might produce results like this:" @@ -44793,13 +46572,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:32416 +#: book.translate.xml:32481 msgid "" "CD-ROMs burning" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32420 +#: book.translate.xml:32485 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cdrecord -scanbus\n" @@ -44826,7 +46605,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32442 +#: book.translate.xml:32507 msgid "" "Locate the entry for the CD burner and use the three " "numbers separated by commas as the value for . In this " @@ -44838,7 +46617,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32451 +#: book.translate.xml:32516 msgid "" "Alternately, run the following command to get the device address of the " "burner:" @@ -44845,7 +46624,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32454 +#: book.translate.xml:32519 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# camcontrol devlist\n" @@ -44853,7 +46632,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32457 +#: book.translate.xml:32522 msgid "" "Use the numeric values for scbus, target, and lun. For this example, 1,0,0ISO File System" msgstr "寫入資料到一個 ISO 檔案系統" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32467 +#: book.translate.xml:32532 msgid "" "In order to produce a data CD, the data files that are " "going to make up the tracks on the CD must be prepared " @@ -44880,13 +46659,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32479 +#: book.translate.xml:32544 #, no-wrap msgid "# mkisofs -o imagefile.iso /path/to/tree" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32486 +#: book.translate.xml:32551 msgid "" "This command maps the file names in the specified path to names that fit the " "limitations of the standard ISO 9660 file system, and " @@ -44895,12 +46674,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:32492 +#: book.translate.xml:32557 msgid "file systems Joliet" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32497 +#: book.translate.xml:32562 msgid "" "A number of options are available to overcome the restrictions imposed by " "the standard. In particular, enables the Rock Ridge " @@ -44910,7 +46689,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32503 +#: book.translate.xml:32568 msgid "" "For CDs that are going to be used only on FreeBSD " "systems, can be used to disable all filename " @@ -44920,7 +46699,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:32510 +#: book.translate.xml:32575 msgid "" "CD-ROMs creating bootable" @@ -44927,7 +46706,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32515 +#: book.translate.xml:32580 msgid "" "The last option of general use is . This is used to " "specify the location of a boot image for use in producing an El " @@ -44944,13 +46723,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32533 +#: book.translate.xml:32598 #, no-wrap msgid "# mkisofs -R -no-emul-boot -b boot/cdboot -o /tmp/bootable.iso /tmp/myboot" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32535 +#: book.translate.xml:32600 msgid "" "The resulting ISO image can be mounted as a memory disk " "with:" @@ -44957,7 +46736,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32538 +#: book.translate.xml:32603 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mdconfig -a -t vnode -f /tmp/bootable.iso -u 0\n" @@ -44965,7 +46744,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32541 +#: book.translate.xml:32606 msgid "" "One can then verify that /mnt and /tmp/" "myboot are identical." @@ -44972,7 +46751,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32544 +#: book.translate.xml:32609 msgid "" "There are many other options available for mkisofs to " "fine-tune its behavior. Refer to CD to an image file that is " "functionally equivalent to the image file created with mkisofs# dd if=/dev/cd0 of=file.iso bs=2048" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32558 +#: book.translate.xml:32623 msgid "" "The resulting image file can be burned to CD as described " "in ." @@ -45004,12 +46783,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:32564 +#: book.translate.xml:32629 msgid "Using Data CDs" msgstr "使用資料 CD" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32566 +#: book.translate.xml:32631 msgid "" "Once an ISO has been burned to a CD, " "it can be mounted by specifying the file system type, the name of the device " @@ -45017,13 +46796,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32571 +#: book.translate.xml:32636 #, no-wrap msgid "# mount -t cd9660 /dev/cd0 /mnt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32573 +#: book.translate.xml:32638 msgid "" "Since mount assumes that a file system is of type " "ufs, a Incorrect super block error " @@ -45032,7 +46811,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32579 +#: book.translate.xml:32644 msgid "" "While any data CD can be mounted this way, disks with " "certain ISO 9660 extensions might behave oddly. For " @@ -45044,7 +46823,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32588 +#: book.translate.xml:32653 msgid "" "In order to do this character conversion with the help of : This is the rewritable version of the DVD-R " "standard. A DVD-RW can be rewritten about 1000 times." @@ -45253,7 +47032,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:32746 +#: book.translate.xml:32811 msgid "" "DVD-RAM: This is a rewritable format which can be seen as " "a removable hard drive. However, this media is not compatible with most " @@ -45264,7 +47043,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:32756 +#: book.translate.xml:32821 msgid "" "DVD+RW: This is a rewritable format defined by the DVD+RW AllianceDVD+RW format." @@ -45279,7 +47058,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:32768 +#: book.translate.xml:32833 msgid "" "A single layer recordable DVD can hold up to " "4,700,000,000 bytes which is actually 4.38 GB or 4485 MB as 1 kilobyte is " @@ -45287,7 +47066,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32773 +#: book.translate.xml:32838 msgid "" "A distinction must be made between the physical media and the application. " "For example, a DVD-Video is a specific file layout that can be written on " @@ -45298,12 +47077,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:32783 book.translate.xml:56211 +#: book.translate.xml:32848 book.translate.xml:57045 msgid "Configuration" msgstr "設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32785 +#: book.translate.xml:32850 msgid "" "To perform DVD recording, use growisofs1SCSI subsystem to access the devices, " "therefore ATAPI/CAM support must be loaded " @@ -45323,7 +47102,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32797 +#: book.translate.xml:32862 msgid "" "DMA access must also be enabled for ATAPI devices, by " "adding the following line to /boot/loader.conf:" @@ -45330,13 +47109,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:32801 book.translate.xml:33113 +#: book.translate.xml:32866 book.translate.xml:33178 #, no-wrap msgid "hw.ata.atapi_dma=\"1\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32803 +#: book.translate.xml:32868 msgid "" "Before attempting to use dvd+rw-tools, consult " "the sysutils/k3b which provides a user friendly interface to DVDs" msgstr "燒錄資料 DVD" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32818 +#: book.translate.xml:32883 msgid "" "Since growisofs1 is a front-end to " @@ -45370,7 +47149,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32824 +#: book.translate.xml:32889 msgid "" "To burn to a DVD+R or a DVD-R the data in /path/to/data, use the following command:" @@ -45377,13 +47156,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32828 +#: book.translate.xml:32893 #, no-wrap msgid "# growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/cd0 -J -R /path/to/data" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32830 +#: book.translate.xml:32895 msgid "" "In this example, is passed to mkisofs8-Z is used for both " "single and multiple sessions. Replace /dev/cd0, " @@ -45404,7 +47183,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32844 +#: book.translate.xml:32909 msgid "" "To burn a pre-mastered image, such as imagefile.iso, use:" @@ -45411,13 +47190,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32847 +#: book.translate.xml:32912 #, no-wrap msgid "# growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/cd0=imagefile.iso" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32849 +#: book.translate.xml:32914 msgid "" "The write speed should be detected and automatically set according to the " "media and the drive being used. To force the write speed, use to " @@ -45443,29 +47222,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32866 +#: book.translate.xml:32931 msgid "To create this type of ISO file:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32868 +#: book.translate.xml:32933 #, no-wrap msgid "% mkisofs -R -J -udf -iso-level 3 -o imagefile.iso /path/to/data" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32870 +#: book.translate.xml:32935 msgid "To burn files directly to a disk:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32872 +#: book.translate.xml:32937 #, no-wrap msgid "# growisofs -dvd-compat -udf -iso-level 3 -Z /dev/cd0 -J -R /path/to/data" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32874 +#: book.translate.xml:32939 msgid "" "When an ISO image already contains large files, no additional options are " "required for growisofssysutils/cdrtools, which contains DVD-Video" msgstr "燒錄 DVD-Video" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:32890 +#: book.translate.xml:32955 msgid "" "DVD DVD-Video" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32895 +#: book.translate.xml:32960 msgid "" "A DVD-Video is a specific file layout based on the ISO 9660 and micro-UDF (M-" "UDF) specifications. Since DVD-Video presents a specific data structure " @@ -45506,7 +47285,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32901 +#: book.translate.xml:32966 msgid "" "If an image of the DVD-Video file system already exists, it can be burned in " "the same way as any other image. If dvdauthor was used to " @@ -45515,13 +47294,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32908 +#: book.translate.xml:32973 #, no-wrap msgid "# growisofs -Z /dev/cd0 -dvd-video /path/to/video" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32910 +#: book.translate.xml:32975 msgid "" " is passed to mkisofs8DVD+RW" msgstr "使用 DVD+RW" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:32919 +#: book.translate.xml:32984 msgid "" "DVD DVD+RW" @@ -45544,7 +47323,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32924 +#: book.translate.xml:32989 msgid "" "Unlike CD-RW, a virgin DVD+RW needs to be formatted " "before first use. It is recommended to let " @@ -45555,13 +47334,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32931 book.translate.xml:33037 +#: book.translate.xml:32996 book.translate.xml:33102 #, no-wrap msgid "# dvd+rw-format /dev/cd0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32933 +#: book.translate.xml:32998 msgid "" "Only perform this operation once and keep in mind that only virgin " "DVD+RW medias need to be formatted. Once formatted, the " @@ -45569,7 +47348,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32938 +#: book.translate.xml:33003 msgid "" "To burn a totally new file system and not just append some data onto a " "DVD+RW, the media does not need to be blanked first. " @@ -45577,13 +47356,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32943 +#: book.translate.xml:33008 #, no-wrap msgid "# growisofs -Z /dev/cd0 -J -R /path/to/newdata" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32945 +#: book.translate.xml:33010 msgid "" "The DVD+RW format supports appending data to a previous " "recording. This operation consists of merging a new session to the existing " @@ -45594,7 +47373,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32952 +#: book.translate.xml:33017 msgid "" "For example, to append data to a DVD+RW, use the " "following:" @@ -45601,13 +47380,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32955 book.translate.xml:33059 +#: book.translate.xml:33020 book.translate.xml:33124 #, no-wrap msgid "# growisofs -M /dev/cd0 -J -R /path/to/nextdata" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32957 +#: book.translate.xml:33022 msgid "" "The same mkisofs8 options used to burn " @@ -45615,7 +47394,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32961 +#: book.translate.xml:33026 msgid "" "Use for better media compatibility with " "DVD-ROM drives. When using DVD+RW, " @@ -45623,23 +47402,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32967 +#: book.translate.xml:33032 msgid "To blank the media, use:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32969 +#: book.translate.xml:33034 #, no-wrap msgid "# growisofs -Z /dev/cd0=/dev/zero" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:32973 +#: book.translate.xml:33038 msgid "Using a DVD-RW" msgstr "使用 DVD-RW" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:32975 +#: book.translate.xml:33040 msgid "" "DVD DVD-RW" @@ -45646,7 +47425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32980 +#: book.translate.xml:33045 msgid "" "A DVD-RW accepts two disc formats: incremental sequential " "and restricted overwrite. By default, DVD-RW discs are in " @@ -45654,7 +47433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32985 +#: book.translate.xml:33050 msgid "" "A virgin DVD-RW can be directly written without being " "formatted. However, a non-virgin DVD-RW in sequential " @@ -45662,18 +47441,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:32990 +#: book.translate.xml:33055 msgid "To blank a DVD-RW in sequential mode:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:32993 book.translate.xml:33041 +#: book.translate.xml:33058 book.translate.xml:33106 #, no-wrap msgid "# dvd+rw-format -blank=full /dev/cd0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:32996 +#: book.translate.xml:33061 msgid "" "A full blanking using will take about one hour " "on a 1x media. A fast blanking can be performed using tunable to " "reduce the CPU utilization of FreeBSD under the Parallels/boot/loader.conf 來完成這個動作：" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:41711 book.translate.xml:41916 book.translate.xml:42120 +#: book.translate.xml:41776 book.translate.xml:41981 book.translate.xml:42185 #, no-wrap msgid "kern.hz=100" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:41713 +#: book.translate.xml:41778 msgid "" "Without this setting, an idle FreeBSD Parallels " "guest will use roughly 15% of the CPU of a single processor Parallels " @@ -57571,12 +59350,12 @@ "citerefentry> 外的所有網路裝置可以自核心中移除。" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:41731 book.translate.xml:41937 book.translate.xml:42140 +#: book.translate.xml:41796 book.translate.xml:42002 book.translate.xml:42205 msgid "Configure Networking" msgstr "設定網路" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:41733 +#: book.translate.xml:41798 msgid "" "The most basic networking setup uses DHCP to connect the virtual machine to " "the same local area network as the host MacVirtual PC for Windows" @@ -57600,7 +59379,7 @@ "Virtual PC 安裝 FreeBSD 為客端" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:41749 +#: book.translate.xml:41814 msgid "" "Virtual PC for Windows is a MicrosoftVirtual PC" msgstr "在 Virtual PC 安裝 FreeBSD " #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:41761 +#: book.translate.xml:41826 msgid "" "The first step in installing FreeBSD on Virtual PC is to create a new virtual machine for installing FreeBSD. " @@ -57642,7 +59421,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41769 +#: book.translate.xml:41834 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd1' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" @@ -57652,13 +59431,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41775 +#: book.translate.xml:41840 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd2' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:41779 +#: book.translate.xml:41844 msgid "" "Select Other as the Operating " "system when prompted:" @@ -57671,13 +59450,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41785 +#: book.translate.xml:41850 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd3' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:41789 +#: book.translate.xml:41854 msgid "" "Then, choose a reasonable amount of disk and memory depending on the plans " "for this virtual FreeBSD instance. 4GB of disk space and 512MB of RAM work " @@ -57692,7 +59471,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41796 +#: book.translate.xml:41861 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd4' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" @@ -57702,7 +59481,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41802 +#: book.translate.xml:41867 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd5' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" @@ -57712,13 +59491,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41810 +#: book.translate.xml:41875 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd6' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:41814 +#: book.translate.xml:41879 msgid "" "Select the FreeBSD virtual machine and click Settings, " "then set the type of networking and a network interface:" @@ -57731,7 +59510,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41820 +#: book.translate.xml:41885 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd7' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" @@ -57741,13 +59520,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41826 +#: book.translate.xml:41891 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd8' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:41830 +#: book.translate.xml:41895 msgid "" "After the FreeBSD virtual machine has been created, FreeBSD can be installed " "on it. This is best done with an official FreeBSD CD/" @@ -57779,7 +59558,7 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41848 +#: book.translate.xml:41913 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd9' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" @@ -57789,13 +59568,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41854 +#: book.translate.xml:41919 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd10' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:41858 +#: book.translate.xml:41923 msgid "" "Once this association with the CD-ROM source has been " "made, reboot the FreeBSD virtual machine by clicking ActionCD/DVD or release the ISO image. " @@ -57853,18 +59632,18 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41890 +#: book.translate.xml:41955 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/virtualpc-freebsd13' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:41896 +#: book.translate.xml:41961 msgid "Configuring FreeBSD on Virtual PC" msgstr "在 Virtual PC 設定 FreeBSD" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:41899 +#: book.translate.xml:41964 msgid "" "After FreeBSD has been successfully installed on Microsoft kern.hz tunable to " "reduce the CPU utilization of FreeBSD under the Virtual PC/boot/loader.conf 來完成：" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:41918 +#: book.translate.xml:41983 msgid "" "Without this setting, an idle FreeBSD Virtual PC " "guest OS will use roughly 40% of the CPU of a single processor computer. " @@ -57900,7 +59679,7 @@ "OS 會消耗掉單一處理器的電腦 40% 的 CPU。完成此更改後使用率會減至接近 3%。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:41928 +#: book.translate.xml:41993 msgid "" "All of the SCSI, FireWire, and USB device drivers can be removed from a " "custom kernel configuration file. Virtual PC " @@ -57921,7 +59700,7 @@ "citerefentry> 外的所有網路裝置可以自核心中移除。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:41939 +#: book.translate.xml:42004 msgid "" "The most basic networking setup uses DHCP to connect the virtual machine to " "the same local area network as the 中描述。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:41952 +#: book.translate.xml:42017 msgid "" "FreeBSD as a Guest on VMware Fusion for " "Mac OS" @@ -57946,7 +59725,7 @@ "Fusion 安裝 FreeBSD 為客端" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:41955 +#: book.translate.xml:42020 msgid "" "VMware Fusion for Mac is a commercial software product available for 後，使用者必先完成虛擬機器的設定後才可安裝想使用的客端作業系統。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:41964 +#: book.translate.xml:42029 msgid "Installing FreeBSD on VMware Fusion" msgstr "在 VMware Fusion 安裝 FreeBSD" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:41967 +#: book.translate.xml:42032 msgid "" "The first step is to start VMware Fusion which " "will load the Virtual Machine Library. Click New " @@ -57986,13 +59765,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41974 +#: book.translate.xml:42039 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd01' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:41978 +#: book.translate.xml:42043 msgid "" "This will load the New Virtual Machine Assistant. Click " "Continue to proceed:" @@ -58005,13 +59784,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41983 +#: book.translate.xml:42048 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd02' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:41987 +#: book.translate.xml:42052 msgid "" "Select Other as the Operating " "System and either FreeBSD or " @@ -58028,13 +59807,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:41995 +#: book.translate.xml:42060 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd03' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:41999 +#: book.translate.xml:42064 msgid "" "Choose the name of the virtual machine and the directory where it should be " "saved:" @@ -58045,13 +59824,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:42004 +#: book.translate.xml:42069 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd04' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42008 +#: book.translate.xml:42073 msgid "Choose the size of the Virtual Hard Disk for the virtual machine:" msgstr "選擇虛擬機器的 Virtual Hard Disk 大小：" @@ -58060,13 +59839,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:42013 +#: book.translate.xml:42078 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd05' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42017 +#: book.translate.xml:42082 msgid "" "Choose the method to install the virtual machine, either from an " "ISO image or from a CD/DVDFinish and the virtual machine will boot:" msgstr "點選 Finish 接著虛擬機器會開機：" @@ -58096,13 +59875,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:42032 +#: book.translate.xml:42097 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd07' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42036 +#: book.translate.xml:42101 msgid "Install FreeBSD as usual:" msgstr "照往常方式安裝 FreeBSD：" @@ -58111,13 +59890,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:42040 +#: book.translate.xml:42105 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd08' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42044 +#: book.translate.xml:42109 msgid "" "Once the install is complete, the settings of the virtual machine can be " "modified, such as memory usage:" @@ -58124,7 +59903,7 @@ msgstr "安裝完成後，可以修改虛擬機器的設定，例如記憶體使用量：" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:42048 +#: book.translate.xml:42113 msgid "" "The System Hardware settings of the virtual machine cannot be modified while " "the virtual machine is running." @@ -58135,13 +59914,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:42055 +#: book.translate.xml:42120 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd09' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42059 +#: book.translate.xml:42124 msgid "The number of CPUs the virtual machine will have access to:" msgstr "虛擬機器要使用的 CPU 數量：" @@ -58150,13 +59929,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:42064 +#: book.translate.xml:42129 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd10' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42068 +#: book.translate.xml:42133 msgid "" "The status of the CD-ROM device. Normally the " "CD/DVD/ISO is " @@ -58171,13 +59950,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:42076 +#: book.translate.xml:42141 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd11' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42080 +#: book.translate.xml:42145 msgid "" "The last thing to change is how the virtual machine will connect to the " "network. To allow connections to the virtual machine from other machines " @@ -58198,13 +59977,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:42092 +#: book.translate.xml:42157 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='virtualization/vmware-freebsd12' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42096 +#: book.translate.xml:42161 msgid "" "After modifying the settings, boot the newly installed FreeBSD virtual " "machine." @@ -58211,12 +59990,12 @@ msgstr "在修改設定之後，開機進入新安裝的 FreeBSD 虛擬機器。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:42101 +#: book.translate.xml:42166 msgid "Configuring FreeBSD on VMware Fusion" msgstr "在 VMware Fusion 設定 FreeBSD" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42104 +#: book.translate.xml:42169 msgid "" "After FreeBSD has been successfully installed on Mac OS X with VMware Fusionkern.hz tunable to " "reduce the CPU utilization of FreeBSD under the VMware Fusion/boot/loader.conf 來完成：" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:42122 +#: book.translate.xml:42187 msgid "" "Without this setting, an idle FreeBSD VMware Fusion guest will use roughly 15% of the CPU of a single processor " @@ -58252,7 +60031,7 @@ "近 15% 的 CPU。完成此更改後使用率會減至接近 5%。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:42131 +#: book.translate.xml:42196 msgid "" "All of the FireWire, and USB device drivers can be removed from a custom " "kernel configuration file. VMware Fusion provides " @@ -58270,7 +60049,7 @@ "核心中移除。" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:42142 +#: book.translate.xml:42207 msgid "" "The most basic networking setup uses DHCP to connect the virtual machine to " "the same local area network as the host MacVirtualBox Guest Additions on a FreeBSD Guest" msgstr "安裝 VirtualBox Guest Additions 於 FreeBSD 客端" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42157 +#: book.translate.xml:42222 msgid "" "FreeBSD works well as a guest in VirtualBox. The virtualization software is available for most " @@ -58298,7 +60077,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42162 +#: book.translate.xml:42227 msgid "" "The VirtualBox guest " "additions provide support for:" @@ -58305,37 +60084,37 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42167 +#: book.translate.xml:42232 msgid "Clipboard sharing." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42171 +#: book.translate.xml:42236 msgid "Mouse pointer integration." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42175 +#: book.translate.xml:42240 msgid "Host time synchronization." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42179 +#: book.translate.xml:42244 msgid "Window scaling." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42183 +#: book.translate.xml:42248 msgid "Seamless mode." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:42188 +#: book.translate.xml:42253 msgid "These commands are run in the FreeBSD guest." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42191 +#: book.translate.xml:42256 msgid "" "First, install the emulators/virtualbox-ose-additions " "package or port in the FreeBSD guest. This will install the port:" @@ -58342,18 +60121,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42195 +#: book.translate.xml:42260 #, no-wrap msgid "# cd /usr/ports/emulators/virtualbox-ose-additions && make install clean" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42197 +#: book.translate.xml:42262 msgid "Add these lines to /etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42199 +#: book.translate.xml:42264 #, no-wrap msgid "" "vboxguest_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -58361,7 +60140,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42202 +#: book.translate.xml:42267 msgid "" "If ntpd8 or ntpdateXorg will automatically recognize the " "vboxvideo driver. It can also be manually entered in " @@ -58384,7 +60163,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42212 +#: book.translate.xml:42277 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"Device\"\n" @@ -58396,7 +60175,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42219 +#: book.translate.xml:42284 msgid "" "To use the vboxmouse driver, adjust the mouse section in " "/etc/X11/xorg.conf:" @@ -58403,7 +60182,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42222 +#: book.translate.xml:42287 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Section \"InputDevice\"\n" @@ -58413,7 +60192,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42227 +#: book.translate.xml:42292 msgid "" "HAL users should create the following /usr/" "local/etc/hal/fdi/policy/90-vboxguest.fdi or copy it from " @@ -58422,7 +60201,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42232 +#: book.translate.xml:42297 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?>\n" @@ -58460,12 +60239,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:42267 +#: book.translate.xml:42332 msgid "FreeBSD as a Host with VirtualBox" msgstr "以 FreeBSD 作為主端安裝 VirtualBox " #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42270 +#: book.translate.xml:42335 msgid "" "VirtualBox is an actively " "developed, complete virtualization package, that is available for most " @@ -58483,12 +60262,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:42283 +#: book.translate.xml:42348 msgid "Installing VirtualBox" msgstr "安裝 VirtualBox" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42285 +#: book.translate.xml:42350 msgid "" "VirtualBox is available as " "a FreeBSD package or port in emulators/virtualbox-ose. " @@ -58496,7 +60275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42290 +#: book.translate.xml:42355 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/emulators/virtualbox-ose\n" @@ -58504,7 +60283,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42293 +#: book.translate.xml:42358 msgid "" "One useful option in the port's configuration menu is the " "GuestAdditions suite of programs. These provide a number " @@ -58517,7 +60296,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42303 +#: book.translate.xml:42368 msgid "" "A few configuration changes are needed before " "VirtualBox is started for " @@ -58526,13 +60305,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42309 +#: book.translate.xml:42374 #, no-wrap msgid "# kldload vboxdrv" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42311 +#: book.translate.xml:42376 msgid "" "To ensure the module is always loaded after a reboot, add this line to " "/boot/loader.conf:" @@ -58539,13 +60318,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42315 +#: book.translate.xml:42380 #, no-wrap msgid "vboxdrv_load=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42317 +#: book.translate.xml:42382 msgid "" "To use the kernel modules that allow bridged or host-only networking, add " "this line to /etc/rc.conf and reboot the computer:" @@ -58552,13 +60331,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42322 +#: book.translate.xml:42387 #, no-wrap msgid "vboxnet_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42324 +#: book.translate.xml:42389 msgid "" "The vboxusers group is created " "during installation of VirtualBox# pw groupmod vboxusers -m yourusername" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42333 +#: book.translate.xml:42398 msgid "" "The default permissions for /dev/vboxnetctl are " "restrictive and need to be changed for bridged networking:" @@ -58582,7 +60361,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42337 +#: book.translate.xml:42402 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# chown root:vboxusers /dev/vboxnetctl\n" @@ -58590,7 +60369,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42340 +#: book.translate.xml:42405 msgid "" "To make this permissions change permanent, add these lines to /etc/" "devfs.conf:" @@ -58597,7 +60376,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42343 +#: book.translate.xml:42408 #, no-wrap msgid "" "own vboxnetctl root:vboxusers\n" @@ -58605,7 +60384,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42346 +#: book.translate.xml:42411 msgid "" "To launch VirtualBox, type " "from a Xorg session:" @@ -58612,13 +60391,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42349 +#: book.translate.xml:42414 #, no-wrap msgid "% VirtualBox" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42351 +#: book.translate.xml:42416 msgid "" "For more information on configuring and using " "VirtualBox, refer to the " @@ -58629,12 +60408,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:42360 +#: book.translate.xml:42425 msgid "VirtualBox USB Support" msgstr "VirtualBox USB 支援" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42362 +#: book.translate.xml:42427 msgid "" "In order to be able to read and write to USB devices, users need to be " "members of operator:" @@ -58641,13 +60420,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42366 +#: book.translate.xml:42431 #, no-wrap msgid "# pw groupmod operator -m jerry" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42368 +#: book.translate.xml:42433 msgid "" "Then, add the following to /etc/devfs.rules, or create " "this file if it does not exist yet:" @@ -58654,7 +60433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42372 +#: book.translate.xml:42437 #, no-wrap msgid "" "[system=10]\n" @@ -58662,7 +60441,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42375 +#: book.translate.xml:42440 msgid "" "To load these new rules, add the following to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -58669,24 +60448,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42378 +#: book.translate.xml:42443 #, no-wrap msgid "devfs_system_ruleset=\"system\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42380 +#: book.translate.xml:42445 msgid "Then, restart devfs:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42382 book.translate.xml:42432 +#: book.translate.xml:42447 book.translate.xml:42497 #, no-wrap msgid "# service devfs restart" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42384 +#: book.translate.xml:42449 msgid "" "USB can now be enabled in the guest operating system. USB devices should be " "visible in the VirtualBox preferences." @@ -58693,7 +60472,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:42390 +#: book.translate.xml:42455 msgid "" "VirtualBox Host DVD/CD Access" @@ -58702,7 +60481,7 @@ "acronym> 存取" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42393 +#: book.translate.xml:42458 msgid "" "Access to the host DVD/CD drives from " "guests is achieved through the sharing of the physical drives. Within " @@ -58717,7 +60496,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42407 +#: book.translate.xml:42472 msgid "" "HAL needs to run for VirtualBox DVD/CD " @@ -58726,19 +60505,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42413 +#: book.translate.xml:42478 #, no-wrap msgid "hald_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42415 +#: book.translate.xml:42480 #, no-wrap msgid "# service hald start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42417 +#: book.translate.xml:42482 msgid "" "In order for users to be able to use VirtualBox DVD/CD " @@ -58751,7 +60530,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42428 +#: book.translate.xml:42493 #, no-wrap msgid "" "perm cd* 0660\n" @@ -58760,12 +60539,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:42437 +#: book.translate.xml:42502 msgid "FreeBSD as a Host with bhyve" msgstr "以 FreeBSD 作為主端安裝 bhyve " #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42440 +#: book.translate.xml:42505 msgid "" "The bhyve BSD-licensed " "hypervisor became part of the base system with FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE. This " @@ -58778,7 +60557,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42451 +#: book.translate.xml:42516 msgid "" "The bhyve design requires a processor that " "supports Intel Extended Page " @@ -58807,12 +60586,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:42476 +#: book.translate.xml:42541 msgid "Preparing the Host" msgstr "準備主端" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42478 +#: book.translate.xml:42543 msgid "" "The first step to creating a virtual machine in bhyve is configuring the host system. First, load the " @@ -58820,13 +60599,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42483 +#: book.translate.xml:42548 #, no-wrap msgid "# kldload vmm" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42485 +#: book.translate.xml:42550 msgid "" "Then, create a tap interface for the network device in " "the virtual machine to attach to. In order for the network device to " @@ -58836,7 +60615,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42493 +#: book.translate.xml:42558 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig tap0 create\n" @@ -58848,12 +60627,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:42502 +#: book.translate.xml:42567 msgid "Creating a FreeBSD Guest" msgstr "建立 FreeBSD 客端" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42504 +#: book.translate.xml:42569 msgid "" "Create a file to use as the virtual disk for the guest machine. Specify the " "size and name of the virtual disk:" @@ -58860,18 +60639,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42508 +#: book.translate.xml:42573 #, no-wrap msgid "# truncate -s 16G guest.img" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42510 +#: book.translate.xml:42575 msgid "Download an installation image of FreeBSD to install:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42512 +#: book.translate.xml:42577 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# fetch ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/ISO-IMAGES/10.2/FreeBSD-10.2-RELEASE-amd64-bootonly.iso\n" @@ -58879,7 +60658,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42515 +#: book.translate.xml:42580 msgid "" "FreeBSD comes with an example script for running a virtual machine in " "bhyve. The script will start the virtual machine " @@ -58897,13 +60676,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42532 +#: book.translate.xml:42597 #, no-wrap msgid "# sh /usr/share/examples/bhyve/vmrun.sh -c 4 -m 1024M -t tap0 -d guest.img -i -I FreeBSD-10.0-RELEASE-amd64-bootonly.iso guestname" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42534 +#: book.translate.xml:42599 msgid "" "The virtual machine will boot and start the installer. After installing a " "system in the virtual machine, when the system asks about dropping in to a " @@ -58914,13 +60693,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42542 +#: book.translate.xml:42607 #, no-wrap msgid "ttyu0 \"/usr/libexec/getty 3wire\" xterm on secure" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:42544 +#: book.translate.xml:42609 msgid "" "Beginning with FreeBSD 9.3-RELEASE and 10.1-RELEASE the console is " "configured automatically." @@ -58927,7 +60706,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42548 +#: book.translate.xml:42613 msgid "" "Reboot the virtual machine. While rebooting the virtual machine causes " "bhyve to exit, the vmrun.sh " @@ -58938,18 +60717,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42556 +#: book.translate.xml:42621 #, no-wrap msgid "# sh /usr/share/examples/bhyve/vmrun.sh -c 4 -m 1024M -t tap0 -d guest.img guestname" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:42560 +#: book.translate.xml:42625 msgid "Creating a Linux Guest" msgstr "建立 Linux 客端" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42562 +#: book.translate.xml:42627 msgid "" "In order to boot operating systems other than FreeBSD, the sysutils/" "grub2-bhyve port must be first installed." @@ -58956,18 +60735,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42566 +#: book.translate.xml:42631 msgid "Next, create a file to use as the virtual disk for the guest machine:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42569 +#: book.translate.xml:42634 #, no-wrap msgid "# truncate -s 16G linux.img" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42571 +#: book.translate.xml:42636 msgid "" "Starting a virtual machine with bhyve is a two " "step process. First a kernel must be loaded, then the guest can be started. " @@ -58978,7 +60757,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42580 +#: book.translate.xml:42645 #, no-wrap msgid "" "(hd0) ./linux.img\n" @@ -58986,7 +60765,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42583 +#: book.translate.xml:42648 msgid "" "Use sysutils/grub2-bhyve to load the Linux kernel from the ISO " @@ -58994,13 +60773,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42586 +#: book.translate.xml:42651 #, no-wrap msgid "# grub-bhyve -m device.map -r cd0 -M 1024M linuxguest" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42588 +#: book.translate.xml:42653 msgid "" "This will start grub. If the installation CD contains a " "grub.cfg, a menu will be displayed. If not, the " @@ -59009,7 +60788,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42595 +#: book.translate.xml:42660 #, no-wrap msgid "" "grub> ls\n" @@ -59023,7 +60802,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42604 +#: book.translate.xml:42669 msgid "" "Now that the Linux kernel is " "loaded, the guest can be started:" @@ -59030,7 +60809,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42607 +#: book.translate.xml:42672 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# bhyve -A -H -P -s 0:0,hostbridge -s 1:0,lpc -s 2:0,virtio-net,tap1 -s 3:0,virtio-blk,./linux.img \\\n" @@ -59038,7 +60817,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42610 +#: book.translate.xml:42675 msgid "" "The system will boot and start the installer. After installing a system in " "the virtual machine, reboot the virtual machine. This will cause " @@ -59047,19 +60826,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42616 book.translate.xml:42644 +#: book.translate.xml:42681 book.translate.xml:42709 #, no-wrap msgid "# bhyvectl --destroy --vm=linuxguest" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42618 +#: book.translate.xml:42683 msgid "" "Now the guest can be started directly from the virtual disk. Load the kernel:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42621 +#: book.translate.xml:42686 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# grub-bhyve -m device.map -r hd0,msdos1 -M 1024M linuxguest\n" @@ -59076,12 +60855,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42633 +#: book.translate.xml:42698 msgid "Boot the virtual machine:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42635 +#: book.translate.xml:42700 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# bhyve -A -H -P -s 0:0,hostbridge -s 1:0,lpc -s 2:0,virtio-net,tap1 \\\n" @@ -59089,7 +60868,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42638 +#: book.translate.xml:42703 msgid "" "Linux will now boot in the " "virtual machine and eventually present you with the login prompt. Login and " @@ -59099,13 +60878,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:42648 +#: book.translate.xml:42713 msgid "" "Using ZFS with bhyve Guests" msgstr "在 bhyve Guests 使用 ZFS" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42651 +#: book.translate.xml:42716 msgid "" "If ZFS is available on the host machine, using " "ZFS volumes instead of disk image files can provide " @@ -59114,13 +60893,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42657 +#: book.translate.xml:42722 #, no-wrap msgid "# zfs create -V16G -o volmode=dev zroot/linuxdisk0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42659 +#: book.translate.xml:42724 msgid "" "When starting the VM, specify the ZFS " "volume as the disk drive:" @@ -59127,7 +60906,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42662 +#: book.translate.xml:42727 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# bhyve -A -H -P -s 0:0,hostbridge -s 1:0,lpc -s 2:0,virtio-net,tap1 -s3:0,virtio-blk,/dev/zvol/zroot/linuxdisk0 \\\n" @@ -59135,12 +60914,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:42667 +#: book.translate.xml:42732 msgid "Virtual Machine Consoles" msgstr "虛擬機器 Console" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42669 +#: book.translate.xml:42734 msgid "" "It is advantageous to wrap the bhyve console in a " "session management tool such as sysutils/tmux or " @@ -59157,7 +60936,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42686 +#: book.translate.xml:42751 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# kldload nmdm\n" @@ -59172,12 +60951,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:42698 +#: book.translate.xml:42763 msgid "Managing Virtual Machines" msgstr "管理虛擬機器" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42700 +#: book.translate.xml:42765 msgid "" "A device node is created in /dev/vmm " "for each virtual machine. This allows the administrator to easily see a list " @@ -59185,7 +60964,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42704 +#: book.translate.xml:42769 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ls -al /dev/vmm\n" @@ -59198,7 +60977,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42712 +#: book.translate.xml:42777 msgid "" "A specified virtual machine can be destroyed using bhyvectl:" @@ -59205,18 +60984,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42715 +#: book.translate.xml:42780 #, no-wrap msgid "# bhyvectl --destroy --vm=guestname" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:42719 +#: book.translate.xml:42784 msgid "Persistent Configuration" msgstr "Persistent 設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42721 +#: book.translate.xml:42786 msgid "" "In order to configure the system to start bhyve " "guests at boot time, the following configurations must be made in the " @@ -59224,23 +61003,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:42728 +#: book.translate.xml:42793 msgid "/etc/sysctl.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42730 +#: book.translate.xml:42795 #, no-wrap msgid "net.link.tap.up_on_open=1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:42734 +#: book.translate.xml:42799 msgid "/boot/loader.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42736 +#: book.translate.xml:42801 #, no-wrap msgid "" "vmm_load=\"YES\"\n" @@ -59250,12 +61029,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:42743 +#: book.translate.xml:42808 msgid "/etc/rc.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42745 +#: book.translate.xml:42810 #, no-wrap msgid "" "cloned_interfaces=\"bridge0 tap0\"\n" @@ -59263,7 +61042,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:42773 +#: book.translate.xml:42838 msgid "" "Localization - i18n/L10n Usage and " "Setup" @@ -59270,7 +61049,7 @@ msgstr "在地化 - i18n/L10n 使用與安裝" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:42778 +#: book.translate.xml:42843 msgid "" "AndreyChernovContributed by " @@ -59277,7 +61056,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:42782 +#: book.translate.xml:42847 msgid "" "Michael C.WuRewritten by " @@ -59284,7 +61063,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42792 +#: book.translate.xml:42857 msgid "" "FreeBSD is a distributed project with users and contributors located all " "over the world. As such, FreeBSD supports localization into many languages, " @@ -59297,17 +61076,17 @@ "含但不限於以下語言：中文、德文、日文、韓文、法文、俄文及越南文。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:42800 +#: book.translate.xml:42865 msgid "internationalization localization" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:42804 +#: book.translate.xml:42869 msgid "localization" msgstr "在地化" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42806 +#: book.translate.xml:42871 msgid "" "The term internationalization has been shortened to i18n, " "which represents the number of letters between the first and the last " @@ -59323,7 +61102,7 @@ "方法、協定及應用程式讓使用者可以自己選擇使用的語言。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42816 +#: book.translate.xml:42881 msgid "" "This chapter discusses the internationalization and localization features of " "FreeBSD. After reading this chapter, you will know:" @@ -59330,38 +61109,38 @@ msgstr "本章會討論 FreeBSD 的國際化及在地化功能。在閱讀本章之後，您會了解：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42822 +#: book.translate.xml:42887 msgid "How locale names are constructed." msgstr "語系名稱如何組成。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42826 +#: book.translate.xml:42891 msgid "How to set the locale for a login shell." msgstr "如何設定登入 Shell 的語系。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42830 +#: book.translate.xml:42895 msgid "How to configure the console for non-English languages." msgstr "如何設定 Console 給非英文語言的使用者。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42835 +#: book.translate.xml:42900 msgid "" "How to configure Xorg for different languages." msgstr "如果設定 Xorg 使用不同語言。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42840 +#: book.translate.xml:42905 msgid "How to find i18n-compliant applications." msgstr "如何找到支援 i18n 的應用程式。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42845 +#: book.translate.xml:42910 msgid "Where to find more information for configuring specific languages." msgstr "那裡可以找到更多設定特定語言的資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42853 +#: book.translate.xml:42918 msgid "" "Know how to install additional third-party " "applications." @@ -59368,18 +61147,18 @@ msgstr "了解如何 安裝其他第三方應用程式。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:42860 +#: book.translate.xml:42925 msgid "Using Localization" msgstr "使用語系" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:42862 book.translate.xml:42979 +#: book.translate.xml:42927 book.translate.xml:43044 msgid "locale" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42864 +#: book.translate.xml:42929 msgid "" "Localization settings are based on three components: the language code, " "country code, and encoding. Locale names are constructed from these parts as " @@ -59389,23 +61168,23 @@ "下：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:42868 +#: book.translate.xml:42933 #, no-wrap msgid "LanguageCode_CountryCode.Encoding" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:42870 +#: book.translate.xml:42935 msgid "language codes" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:42871 +#: book.translate.xml:42936 msgid "country codes" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42873 +#: book.translate.xml:42938 msgid "" "The LanguageCode and CountryCode are used to determine the country and the specific language " @@ -59419,79 +61198,79 @@ "replaceable> 的範例：" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:42879 +#: book.translate.xml:42944 msgid "Common Language and Country Codes" msgstr "常用語言及城市代碼" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:42884 +#: book.translate.xml:42949 msgid "LanguageCode_Country Code" msgstr "語言代號_城市代號" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:42891 +#: book.translate.xml:42956 msgid "en_US" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:42892 +#: book.translate.xml:42957 msgid "English, United States" msgstr "英文，美國" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:42896 +#: book.translate.xml:42961 msgid "ru_RU" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:42897 +#: book.translate.xml:42962 msgid "Russian, Russia" msgstr "俄文，俄國" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:42901 +#: book.translate.xml:42966 msgid "zh_TW" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:42902 +#: book.translate.xml:42967 msgid "Traditional Chinese, Taiwan" msgstr "繁體中文，台灣" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42908 +#: book.translate.xml:42973 msgid "A complete listing of available locales can be found by typing:" msgstr "完整可用的語系清單可用以下指令查詢：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42911 +#: book.translate.xml:42976 #, no-wrap msgid "% locale -a | more" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42913 +#: book.translate.xml:42978 msgid "To determine the current locale setting:" msgstr "查詢目前使用的語系設定：" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:42915 +#: book.translate.xml:42980 #, no-wrap msgid "% locale" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:42917 +#: book.translate.xml:42982 msgid "encodings" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:42918 +#: book.translate.xml:42983 msgid "ASCII" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42920 +#: book.translate.xml:42985 msgid "" "Language specific character sets, such as ISO8859-1, ISO8859-15, KOI8-R, and " "CP437, are described in multibyteASCII characters and require an extended language " @@ -59524,12 +61303,12 @@ "組字元支援或者使用正確的字元設定來編譯應用程式。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:42938 +#: book.translate.xml:43003 msgid "FreeBSD uses Xorg-compatible locale encodings." msgstr "FreeBSD 使用 Xorg 相容的語系編碼。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:42941 +#: book.translate.xml:43006 msgid "" "The rest of this section describes the various methods for configuring the " "locale on a FreeBSD system. The next section will discuss the considerations " @@ -59539,12 +61318,12 @@ "找以及編譯使用 i18n 支援的應用程式。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:42947 +#: book.translate.xml:43012 msgid "Setting Locale for Login Shell" msgstr "設定登入 Shell 的語系" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42949 +#: book.translate.xml:43014 msgid "" "Locale settings are configured either in a user's ~/.login_conf or in the startup file of the user's shell: ~/.profile~/.cshrc。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42956 +#: book.translate.xml:43021 msgid "Two environment variables should be set:" msgstr "有兩個環境變數需要設定：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42961 +#: book.translate.xml:43026 msgid "LANG, which sets the locale<_:indexterm-1/>" msgstr "LANG 用來設定語系<_:indexterm-1/>" #. (itstool) path: listitem/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:42966 +#: book.translate.xml:43031 msgid "MIME" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:42968 +#: book.translate.xml:43033 msgid "" "MM_CHARSET, which sets the MIME character " "set used by applications" @@ -59579,7 +61358,7 @@ "元集" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42974 +#: book.translate.xml:43039 msgid "" "In addition to the user's shell configuration, these variables should also " "be set for specific application configuration and Xorglogin class" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:42982 +#: book.translate.xml:43047 msgid "" "Two methods are available for making the needed variable assignments: the " "login class method, which is the " @@ -59607,12 +61386,12 @@ "(Startup file) 法。以下兩節將示範如何使用這兩個方法。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:42990 +#: book.translate.xml:43055 msgid "Login Classes Method" msgstr "登入類別 (Login Class) 法" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:42992 +#: book.translate.xml:43057 msgid "" "This first method is the recommended method as it assigns the required " "environment variables for locale name and MIME character " @@ -59624,7 +61403,7 @@ "者設定。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:42999 +#: book.translate.xml:43064 msgid "" "This minimal example sets both variables for Latin-1 encoding in the " ".login_conf of an individual user's home directory:" @@ -59633,7 +61412,7 @@ "定 Latin-1 編碼使用的兩個環境變數：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43003 +#: book.translate.xml:43068 #, no-wrap msgid "" "me:\\\n" @@ -59642,13 +61421,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43007 +#: book.translate.xml:43072 msgid "" "Traditional Chinese BIG-5 encoding" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:43010 +#: book.translate.xml:43075 msgid "" "Here is an example of a user's ~/.login_conf that sets " "the variables for Traditional Chinese in BIG-5 encoding. More variables are " @@ -59660,7 +61439,7 @@ "因此需要額外多做一些設定：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43017 +#: book.translate.xml:43082 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#Users who do not wish to use monetary units or time formats\n" @@ -59673,7 +61452,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:43025 +#: book.translate.xml:43090 msgid "" "Alternately, the superuser can configure all users of the system for " "localization. The following variables in /etc/login.conf 中的變數可用來設定語系及 MIME 字元集：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43030 +#: book.translate.xml:43095 #, no-wrap msgid "" "language_name|Account Type Description:\\\n" @@ -59694,12 +61473,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:43035 +#: book.translate.xml:43100 msgid "So, the previous Latin-1 example would look like this:" msgstr "若套用之前的 Latin-1 編碼範例如下：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43038 +#: book.translate.xml:43103 #, no-wrap msgid "" "german|German Users Accounts:\\\n" @@ -59709,7 +61488,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:43043 +#: book.translate.xml:43108 msgid "" "See login.conf5 for more details about these variables." @@ -59718,7 +61497,7 @@ "manvolnum> 以取得更多有關這些變數的詳細資訊。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:43046 +#: book.translate.xml:43111 msgid "" "Whenever /etc/login.conf is edited, remember to execute " "the following command to update the capability database:" @@ -59727,17 +61506,17 @@ "新登入類別的能力資料庫(Capability database)：" #. (itstool) path: sect4/title -#: book.translate.xml:43053 +#: book.translate.xml:43118 msgid "Utilities Which Change Login Classes" msgstr "變更登入類別的工具" #. (itstool) path: sect4/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43055 +#: book.translate.xml:43120 msgid "vipw" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:43059 +#: book.translate.xml:43124 msgid "" "In addition to manually editing /etc/login.conf, " "several utilities are available for setting the locale for newly created " @@ -59747,7 +61526,7 @@ "新建立的使用者設定語系。" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:43064 +#: book.translate.xml:43129 msgid "" "When using vipw to add new users, specify the " "language to set the locale:" @@ -59756,13 +61535,13 @@ "replaceable> 來設定語系：" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43068 +#: book.translate.xml:43133 #, no-wrap msgid "user:password:1111:11:language:0:0:User Name:/home/user:/bin/sh" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:43075 +#: book.translate.xml:43140 msgid "" "When using adduser to add new users, the default language " "can be pre-configured for all new users or specified for an individual user." @@ -59771,7 +61550,7 @@ "者事先設定預設的語言。" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:43079 +#: book.translate.xml:43144 msgid "" "If all new users use the same language, set " "defaultclass=language in " @@ -59782,7 +61561,7 @@ "literal>。" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:43083 +#: book.translate.xml:43148 msgid "" "To override this setting when creating a user, either input the required " "locale at this prompt:" @@ -59789,24 +61568,24 @@ msgstr "要在建立使用者時覆蓋預設的設定，可在出現此提示時輸入需要的語系：" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:43086 +#: book.translate.xml:43151 #, no-wrap msgid "Enter login class: default []:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:43088 +#: book.translate.xml:43153 msgid "or specify the locale to set when invoking adduser:" msgstr "或執行 adduser 時指定語系：" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:43091 +#: book.translate.xml:43156 #, no-wrap msgid "# adduser -class language" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:43097 +#: book.translate.xml:43162 msgid "" "If pw is used to add new users, specify the locale as " "follows:" @@ -59813,18 +61592,18 @@ msgstr "若使用 pw 來新增使用者，則可指定語系如下：" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:43100 +#: book.translate.xml:43165 #, no-wrap msgid "# pw useradd user_name -L language" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:43105 +#: book.translate.xml:43170 msgid "Shell Startup File Method" msgstr "Shell 啟動檔 (Startup File) 法" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:43107 +#: book.translate.xml:43172 msgid "" "This second method is not recommended as each shell that is used requires " "manual configuration, where each shell has a different configuration file " @@ -59841,7 +61620,7 @@ "filename> 或 /usr/share/skel/dot.profile：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43118 +#: book.translate.xml:43183 #, no-wrap msgid "" "LANG=de_DE.ISO8859-1; export LANG\n" @@ -59849,7 +61628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:43121 +#: book.translate.xml:43186 msgid "" "However, the name of the configuration file and the syntax used differs for " "the csh shell. These are the equivalent settings for " @@ -59861,7 +61640,7 @@ "login 或 /usr/share/skel/dot.login：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43128 +#: book.translate.xml:43193 #, no-wrap msgid "" "setenv LANG de_DE.ISO8859-1\n" @@ -59869,7 +61648,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:43131 +#: book.translate.xml:43196 msgid "" "To complicate matters, the syntax needed to configure Xorg in ~/.xinitrc also depends upon the shell. " @@ -59881,24 +61660,24 @@ "command> shell 而第二個則是針對 csh shell：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43138 +#: book.translate.xml:43203 #, no-wrap msgid "LANG=de_DE.ISO8859-1; export LANG" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43140 +#: book.translate.xml:43205 #, no-wrap msgid "setenv LANG de_DE.ISO8859-1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:43145 +#: book.translate.xml:43210 msgid "Console Setup" msgstr "Console 設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43147 +#: book.translate.xml:43212 msgid "" "Several localized fonts are available for the console. To see a listing of " "available fonts, type ls /usr/share/syscons/fonts. To " @@ -59912,7 +61691,7 @@ "型名稱 font_name：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43155 +#: book.translate.xml:43220 #, no-wrap msgid "" "font8x16=font_name\n" @@ -59921,17 +61700,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43159 +#: book.translate.xml:43224 msgid "keymap" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43160 +#: book.translate.xml:43225 msgid "screenmap" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43161 +#: book.translate.xml:43226 msgid "" "The keymap and screenmap can be set by adding the following to /" "etc/rc.conf:" @@ -59940,7 +61719,7 @@ "rc.conf 來設定：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43164 +#: book.translate.xml:43229 #, no-wrap msgid "" "scrnmap=screenmap_name\n" @@ -59949,7 +61728,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43168 +#: book.translate.xml:43233 msgid "" "To see the list of available screenmaps, type ls /usr/share/syscons/" "scrnmaps. Do not include the .scm suffix when " @@ -59965,7 +61744,7 @@ "8 的欄位，字母會移出虛擬繪圖區 (Pseudographics area)。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43177 +#: book.translate.xml:43242 msgid "" "To see the list of available keymaps, type ls /usr/share/syscons/" "keymaps. When specifying the keymap_name。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43184 +#: book.translate.xml:43249 msgid "" "The keychange entry is usually needed to program function " "keys to match the selected terminal type because function key sequences " @@ -59990,7 +61769,7 @@ "定對應選擇終對機類型的功能鍵。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43189 +#: book.translate.xml:43254 msgid "" "Next, set the correct console terminal type in /etc/ttys for all virtual terminal entries. cons25l1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43212 +#: book.translate.xml:43277 msgid "ISO8859-2" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43213 +#: book.translate.xml:43278 msgid "cons25l2" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43217 +#: book.translate.xml:43282 msgid "ISO8859-7" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43218 +#: book.translate.xml:43283 msgid "cons25l7" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43222 +#: book.translate.xml:43287 msgid "KOI8-R" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43223 +#: book.translate.xml:43288 msgid "cons25r" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43227 +#: book.translate.xml:43292 msgid "KOI8-U" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43228 +#: book.translate.xml:43293 msgid "cons25u" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43232 +#: book.translate.xml:43297 msgid "CP437 (VGA default)" msgstr "CP437 (VGA 預設值)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43233 +#: book.translate.xml:43298 msgid "cons25" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43237 +#: book.translate.xml:43302 msgid "US-ASCII" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43238 +#: book.translate.xml:43303 msgid "cons25w" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43244 +#: book.translate.xml:43309 msgid "moused" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43248 +#: book.translate.xml:43313 msgid "" "For languages with wide or multibyte characters, install a console for that " "language from the FreeBSD Ports Collection. The available ports are " @@ -60099,79 +61878,79 @@ "the port's pkg-message or man pages for configuration " "and usage instructions." msgstr "" -"對於使用寬字元或多位元組字元的語言，需從 Ports 套件集安裝支援該語言的 " -"Console。 可用的 Ports 摘要在 。安裝完成之" +"對於使用寬字元或多位元組字元的語言，需從 Port 套件集安裝支援該語言的 " +"Console。 可用的 Port 摘要在 。安裝完成之" "後，請參考 Port 的 pkg-message 或操作手冊來取得設定及使" "用說明。" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:43255 +#: book.translate.xml:43320 msgid "Available Console from Ports Collection" -msgstr "Ports 套件集中可用的 Console" +msgstr "Port 套件集中可用的 Console" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43260 book.translate.xml:43339 +#: book.translate.xml:43325 book.translate.xml:43404 msgid "Language" msgstr "語言" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43261 +#: book.translate.xml:43326 msgid "Port Location" msgstr "Port 位置" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43267 +#: book.translate.xml:43332 msgid "Traditional Chinese (BIG-5)" msgstr "繁體中文 (BIG-5)" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43268 +#: book.translate.xml:43333 msgid "chinese/big5con" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43272 book.translate.xml:43277 +#: book.translate.xml:43337 book.translate.xml:43342 msgid "Chinese/Japanese/Korean" msgstr "中文/日文/韓文" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43273 +#: book.translate.xml:43338 msgid "chinese/cce" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43278 +#: book.translate.xml:43343 msgid "chinese/zhcon" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43282 book.translate.xml:43287 book.translate.xml:43292 -#: book.translate.xml:43382 book.translate.xml:43387 book.translate.xml:43392 -#: book.translate.xml:43397 book.translate.xml:43402 book.translate.xml:43407 -#: book.translate.xml:43412 book.translate.xml:43417 book.translate.xml:43422 -#: book.translate.xml:43427 book.translate.xml:43432 book.translate.xml:43437 -#: book.translate.xml:43442 book.translate.xml:43447 book.translate.xml:43452 -#: book.translate.xml:43457 book.translate.xml:43462 book.translate.xml:43467 +#: book.translate.xml:43347 book.translate.xml:43352 book.translate.xml:43357 +#: book.translate.xml:43447 book.translate.xml:43452 book.translate.xml:43457 +#: book.translate.xml:43462 book.translate.xml:43467 book.translate.xml:43472 +#: book.translate.xml:43477 book.translate.xml:43482 book.translate.xml:43487 +#: book.translate.xml:43492 book.translate.xml:43497 book.translate.xml:43502 +#: book.translate.xml:43507 book.translate.xml:43512 book.translate.xml:43517 +#: book.translate.xml:43522 book.translate.xml:43527 book.translate.xml:43532 msgid "Japanese" msgstr "日文" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43283 +#: book.translate.xml:43348 msgid "chinese/kon2" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43288 +#: book.translate.xml:43353 msgid "japanese/kon2-14dot" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43293 +#: book.translate.xml:43358 msgid "japanese/kon2-16dot" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43299 +#: book.translate.xml:43364 msgid "" "If moused is enabled in /etc/rc.conf, additional configuration may be required. By default, the mouse " @@ -60189,18 +61968,18 @@ "到 /etc/rc.conf 來移動游標的範圍：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43308 +#: book.translate.xml:43373 #, no-wrap msgid "mousechar_start=3" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:43312 +#: book.translate.xml:43377 msgid "Xorg Setup" msgstr "Xorg 設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43314 +#: book.translate.xml:43379 msgid "" " describes how to install and configure " "Xorg. When configuring Xorg 會說明如何安裝並設定 Xorg。當要設定 Xorg 在地化時，可從 " -"FreeBSD Ports 套件集中取得其他可用的字型及輸入法。應用程式特定的 " +"FreeBSD Port 套件集中取得其他可用的字型及輸入法。應用程式特定的 " "i18n 設定像是字型與選單，可以在 ~/.Xresources 中調校且可允許使用者在圖型化應用程式選單檢視其所選擇的語言。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43324 +#: book.translate.xml:43389 msgid "X Input Method (XIM)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43326 +#: book.translate.xml:43391 msgid "" "The X Input Method (XIM) protocol is an " "Xorg standard for inputting non-English " @@ -60236,200 +62015,200 @@ "式。" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:43334 +#: book.translate.xml:43399 msgid "Available Input Methods" msgstr "可用的輸入法" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43340 +#: book.translate.xml:43405 msgid "Input Method" msgstr "輸入法" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43347 book.translate.xml:43352 book.translate.xml:43357 -#: book.translate.xml:43362 book.translate.xml:43367 book.translate.xml:43372 -#: book.translate.xml:43377 +#: book.translate.xml:43412 book.translate.xml:43417 book.translate.xml:43422 +#: book.translate.xml:43427 book.translate.xml:43432 book.translate.xml:43437 +#: book.translate.xml:43442 msgid "Chinese" msgstr "中文" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43348 +#: book.translate.xml:43413 msgid "chinese/gcin" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43353 +#: book.translate.xml:43418 msgid "chinese/ibus-chewing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43358 +#: book.translate.xml:43423 msgid "chinese/ibus-pinyin" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43363 +#: book.translate.xml:43428 msgid "chinese/oxim" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43368 +#: book.translate.xml:43433 msgid "chinese/scim-fcitx" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43373 +#: book.translate.xml:43438 msgid "chinese/scim-pinyin" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43378 +#: book.translate.xml:43443 msgid "chinese/scim-tables" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43383 +#: book.translate.xml:43448 msgid "japanese/ibus-anthy" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43388 +#: book.translate.xml:43453 msgid "japanese/ibus-mozc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43393 +#: book.translate.xml:43458 msgid "japanese/ibus-skk" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43398 +#: book.translate.xml:43463 msgid "japanese/im-ja" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43403 +#: book.translate.xml:43468 msgid "japanese/kinput2" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43408 +#: book.translate.xml:43473 msgid "japanese/scim-anthy" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43413 +#: book.translate.xml:43478 msgid "japanese/scim-canna" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43418 +#: book.translate.xml:43483 msgid "japanese/scim-honoka" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43423 +#: book.translate.xml:43488 msgid "japanese/scim-honoka-plugin-romkan" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43428 +#: book.translate.xml:43493 msgid "japanese/scim-honoka-plugin-wnn" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43433 +#: book.translate.xml:43498 msgid "japanese/scim-prime" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43438 +#: book.translate.xml:43503 msgid "japanese/scim-skk" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43443 +#: book.translate.xml:43508 msgid "japanese/scim-tables" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43448 +#: book.translate.xml:43513 msgid "japanese/scim-tomoe" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43453 +#: book.translate.xml:43518 msgid "japanese/scim-uim" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43458 +#: book.translate.xml:43523 msgid "japanese/skkinput" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43463 +#: book.translate.xml:43528 msgid "japanese/skkinput3" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43468 +#: book.translate.xml:43533 msgid "japanese/uim-anthy" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43472 book.translate.xml:43477 book.translate.xml:43482 -#: book.translate.xml:43487 book.translate.xml:43492 +#: book.translate.xml:43537 book.translate.xml:43542 book.translate.xml:43547 +#: book.translate.xml:43552 book.translate.xml:43557 msgid "Korean" msgstr "韓文" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43473 +#: book.translate.xml:43538 msgid "korean/ibus-hangul" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43478 +#: book.translate.xml:43543 msgid "korean/imhangul" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43483 +#: book.translate.xml:43548 msgid "korean/nabi" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43488 +#: book.translate.xml:43553 msgid "korean/scim-hangul" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43493 +#: book.translate.xml:43558 msgid "korean/scim-tables" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43497 book.translate.xml:43502 +#: book.translate.xml:43562 book.translate.xml:43567 msgid "Vietnamese" msgstr "越南文" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43498 +#: book.translate.xml:43563 msgid "vietnamese/xvnkb" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:43503 +#: book.translate.xml:43568 msgid "vietnamese/x-unikey" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:43547 +#: book.translate.xml:43612 msgid "Finding i18n Applications" msgstr "尋找 i18n 應用程式" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:43549 +#: book.translate.xml:43614 msgid "" "i18n applications are programmed using i18n kits under libraries. These allow developers to write a simple file " @@ -60439,7 +62218,7 @@ "庫開發。這讓開發人員可以寫一個簡單的檔案並翻譯顯示的選單及文字至各種語言。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:43554 +#: book.translate.xml:43619 msgid "" "The FreeBSD Ports " "Collection contains many applications with built-in support for wide " @@ -60447,13 +62226,13 @@ "i18n in their names for easy identification. However, " "they do not always support the language needed." msgstr "" -"FreeBSD Ports 套件集" -"中含有許多內建支援寬字元或多位元組字元的應用程式可支援各種語言。該類型" -"的應用程式在名稱上會註明 i18n 以易於辨識。雖然如此，但不一" -"定支援您所需要的語言。" +"FreeBSD Port 套件集中含有許多內建支援寬字元或多位元組字元的應用程式可支援各種語言。該類型的" +"應用程式在名稱上會註明 i18n 以易於辨識。雖然如此，但不一定" +"支援您所需要的語言。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:43561 +#: book.translate.xml:43626 msgid "" "Some applications can be compiled with the specific charset. This is usually " "done in the port's Makefile or by passing a value to " @@ -60465,17 +62244,17 @@ msgstr "" "有一部份應用程式可以使用指定的字元集來編譯。通常會在 Port 的 " "Makefile 中設定，或者傳送參數給 configure。請參考各 FreeBSD Ports 原始碼中的 i18n 說明" -"文件以取得更多有關需要的設定值資訊或 Port 的 Makefile 來" -"了解在編譯時有那些可以使用的編譯選項。" +"application>。請參考各 FreeBSD Port 原始碼中的 i18n 說明文" +"件以取得更多有關需要的設定值資訊或 Port 的 Makefile 來了" +"解在編譯時有那些可以使用的編譯選項。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:43573 +#: book.translate.xml:43638 msgid "Locale Configuration for Specific Languages" msgstr "特定語言的語系設定" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:43575 +#: book.translate.xml:43640 msgid "" "This section provides configuration examples for localizing a FreeBSD system " "for the Russian language. It then provides some additional resources for " @@ -60483,12 +62262,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:43581 +#: book.translate.xml:43646 msgid "Russian Language (KOI8-R Encoding)" msgstr "俄語 (KOI8-R 編碼)" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:43584 +#: book.translate.xml:43649 msgid "" "AndreyChernovOriginally contributed by " @@ -60495,12 +62274,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43589 +#: book.translate.xml:43654 msgid "localization Russian" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43594 +#: book.translate.xml:43659 msgid "" "This section shows the specific settings needed to localize a FreeBSD system " "for the Russian language. Refer to ~/.login_conf:" @@ -60516,7 +62295,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43604 +#: book.translate.xml:43669 #, no-wrap msgid "" "me:My Account:\\\n" @@ -60525,7 +62304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43608 +#: book.translate.xml:43673 msgid "" "To configure the console, add the following lines to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -60532,7 +62311,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43611 +#: book.translate.xml:43676 #, no-wrap msgid "" "keymap=\"ru.koi8-r\"\n" @@ -60544,7 +62323,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43618 +#: book.translate.xml:43683 msgid "" "For each ttyv entry in /etc/ttys, " "use cons25r as the terminal type." @@ -60551,12 +62330,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43622 +#: book.translate.xml:43687 msgid "printers" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43623 +#: book.translate.xml:43688 msgid "" "To configure printing, a special output filter is needed to convert from " "KOI8-R to CP866 since most printers with Russian characters come with " @@ -60566,7 +62345,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43631 +#: book.translate.xml:43696 #, no-wrap msgid "" "lp|Russian local line printer:\\\n" @@ -60575,7 +62354,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43635 +#: book.translate.xml:43700 msgid "" "Refer to printcap5 for a more detailed explanation." @@ -60582,7 +62361,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43638 +#: book.translate.xml:43703 msgid "" "To configure support for Russian filenames in mounted MS-DOS file systems, include " @@ -60590,13 +62369,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43643 +#: book.translate.xml:43708 #, no-wrap msgid "/dev/ad0s2 /dos/c msdos rw,-Lru_RU.KOI8-R 0 0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43645 +#: book.translate.xml:43710 msgid "" "Refer to mount_msdosfs8 for more details." @@ -60603,7 +62382,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43647 +#: book.translate.xml:43712 msgid "" "To configure Russian fonts for Xorg, install the " "x11-fonts/xorg-fonts-cyrillic package. Then, check the " @@ -60613,18 +62392,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43655 +#: book.translate.xml:43720 #, no-wrap msgid "FontPath \"/usr/local/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43657 +#: book.translate.xml:43722 msgid "Additional Cyrillic fonts are available in the Ports Collection." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43660 +#: book.translate.xml:43725 msgid "" "To activate a Russian keyboard, add the following to the \"Keyboard" "\" section of /etc/xorg.conf:" @@ -60631,7 +62410,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43664 +#: book.translate.xml:43729 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Option \"XkbLayout\" \"us,ru\"\n" @@ -60639,13 +62418,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43667 +#: book.translate.xml:43732 msgid "" "Make sure that XkbDisable is commented out in that file." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43670 +#: book.translate.xml:43735 msgid "" "For grp:toggle use Right Alt, for " "grp:ctrl_shift_toggle use Windows keys, and some non-alphabetical keys are mapped " @@ -60666,13 +62445,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43685 +#: book.translate.xml:43750 #, no-wrap msgid "Option \"XkbVariant\" \",winkeys\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:43688 +#: book.translate.xml:43753 msgid "" "The Russian XKB keyboard may not work with non-localized applications. " "Minimally localized applications should call a XtSetLanguageProc " @@ -60680,7 +62459,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43695 +#: book.translate.xml:43760 msgid "" "See http://koi8.pp.ru/xwin." "html for more instructions on localizing Xorglocalization Traditional Chinese" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43711 +#: book.translate.xml:43776 msgid "localization German" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43715 +#: book.translate.xml:43780 msgid "localization Greek" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43719 +#: book.translate.xml:43784 msgid "localization Japanese" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43723 +#: book.translate.xml:43788 msgid "localization Korean" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:43730 +#: book.translate.xml:43795 msgid "Traditional Chinese for Taiwan" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:43733 +#: book.translate.xml:43798 msgid "" "The FreeBSD-Taiwan Project has a Chinese HOWTO for FreeBSD at http://netlab." @@ -60740,26 +62519,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:43739 -msgid "German Language Localization for All ISO 8859-1 Languages" -msgstr "" - -#. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:43743 -msgid "" -"A tutorial on using umlauts on FreeBSD is available in German at http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~eserte/FreeBSD/doc/umlaute/umlaute.html." -msgstr "" - -#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:43750 +#: book.translate.xml:43804 msgid "Greek Language Localization" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:43753 +#: book.translate.xml:43807 msgid "" "A complete article on Greek support in FreeBSD is available http://" "www.jp.FreeBSD.org/, and for Korean, refer to Jim Mock Restructured, reorganized, and parts updated by Jordan Hubbard Original work by " @@ -60815,7 +62580,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:43817 +#: book.translate.xml:43871 msgid "" " Poul-Henning Kamp " @@ -60822,7 +62587,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:43824 +#: book.translate.xml:43878 msgid "" " John Polstra " @@ -60829,7 +62594,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:43831 +#: book.translate.xml:43885 msgid "" " Nik Clayton " @@ -60836,7 +62601,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:43843 +#: book.translate.xml:43897 msgid "" "FreeBSD is under constant development between releases. Some people prefer " "to use the officially released versions, while others prefer to keep in sync " @@ -60854,7 +62619,7 @@ "FreeBSD 系統維持新版的基本工具。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:43857 +#: book.translate.xml:43911 msgid "" "How to keep a FreeBSD system up-to-date with freebsd-update or Subversion." @@ -60863,7 +62628,7 @@ "application> 來讓 FreeBSD 系統保持新版。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:43863 +#: book.translate.xml:43917 msgid "" "How to compare the state of an installed system against a known pristine " "copy." @@ -60870,16 +62635,16 @@ msgstr "如何比對已安裝系統與已知原始複本間的狀態。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:43868 +#: book.translate.xml:43922 msgid "" "How to keep the installed documentation up-to-date with " "Subversion or documentation ports." msgstr "" -"如何使用 Subversion 或說明文件 Ports 來維持已安裝" -"的文件為新版。" +"如何使用 Subversion 或說明文件 Port 來維持已安裝的" +"文件為新版。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:43874 +#: book.translate.xml:43928 msgid "" "The difference between the two development branches: FreeBSD-STABLE and " "FreeBSD-CURRENT." @@ -60886,12 +62651,12 @@ msgstr "兩種開發分支間的差異：FreeBSD-STABLE 與 FreeBSD-CURRENT。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:43879 +#: book.translate.xml:43933 msgid "How to rebuild and reinstall the entire base system." msgstr "如何重新編譯及重新安裝整個基礎系統 (Base system)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:43888 +#: book.translate.xml:43942 msgid "" "Properly set up the network connection ()." @@ -60898,7 +62663,7 @@ msgstr "正確的設定網路連線 ()。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:43893 book.translate.xml:49554 book.translate.xml:60852 +#: book.translate.xml:43947 book.translate.xml:50388 book.translate.xml:61691 msgid "" "Know how to install additional third-party software ()." @@ -60905,7 +62670,7 @@ msgstr "了解如何安裝其他第三方軟體 ()。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:43899 +#: book.translate.xml:43953 msgid "" "Throughout this chapter, svn is used to obtain and update " "FreeBSD sources. To use it, first install the devel/subversiondevel/subversion Port 或套件。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:43908 +#: book.translate.xml:43962 msgid "FreeBSD Update" msgstr "FreeBSD 更新" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:43921 +#: book.translate.xml:43975 msgid "" " Colin Percival Based on notes provided by " @@ -60928,17 +62693,17 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43931 book.translate.xml:44438 book.translate.xml:44574 +#: book.translate.xml:43985 book.translate.xml:44492 book.translate.xml:44628 msgid "Updating and Upgrading" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:43934 +#: book.translate.xml:43988 msgid "freebsd-update updating-upgrading" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:43939 +#: book.translate.xml:43993 msgid "" "Applying security patches in a timely manner and upgrading to a newer " "release of an operating system are important aspects of ongoing system " @@ -60945,12 +62710,12 @@ "administration. FreeBSD includes a utility called freebsd-update which can be used to perform both these tasks." msgstr "" -"即時套用安全性更新與升級作業系統到新的發行版本對管理一個持續運作的系統是重要" -"的。FreeBSD 內含可以執行這兩項任務的工具程式，叫做 freebsd-updatefreebsd-update。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:43945 +#: book.translate.xml:43999 msgid "" "This utility supports binary security and errata updates to FreeBSD, without " "the need to manually compile and install the patch or a new kernel. Binary " @@ -60965,7 +62730,7 @@ "www.FreeBSD.org/security/\">http://www.FreeBSD.org/security/。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:43952 +#: book.translate.xml:44006 msgid "" "This utility also supports operating system upgrades to minor point releases " "as well as upgrades to another release branch. Before upgrading to a new " @@ -60974,13 +62739,13 @@ "from http://www.FreeBSD." "org/releases/." msgstr "" -"這個工具程式也支援升級作業系統到次要的發行版本以及升級到另一個發行版分支。在" -"升級到新的發行版本前，需先查看該版本的發行公告，因為發行公告中包含了該發行版" -"本的相關重要資訊。發行公告可自 http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/ 取得。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:43959 +#: book.translate.xml:44013 msgid "" "If a crontab utilizing the features of " "freebsd-update8，則必須在升級作業系統前先關閉。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:43964 +#: book.translate.xml:44018 msgid "" "This section describes the configuration file used by freebsd-" "update, demonstrates how to apply a security patch and how to " @@ -61004,7 +62769,7 @@ "事項。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43973 +#: book.translate.xml:44027 msgid "" "The default configuration file for freebsd-update works " "as-is. Some users may wish to tweak the default configuration in /" @@ -61018,7 +62783,7 @@ "要進一步的說明：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43981 +#: book.translate.xml:44035 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Components of the base system which should be kept updated.\n" @@ -61026,7 +62791,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43984 +#: book.translate.xml:44038 msgid "" "This parameter controls which parts of FreeBSD will be kept up-to-date. The " "default is to update the entire base system and the kernel. Individual " @@ -61043,7 +62808,7 @@ "新而造成慘重的後果。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:43994 +#: book.translate.xml:44048 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Paths which start with anything matching an entry in an IgnorePaths\n" @@ -61052,7 +62817,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:43998 +#: book.translate.xml:44052 msgid "" "To leave specified directories, such as /bin or " "/sbin, untouched during the update process, add their " @@ -61064,7 +62829,7 @@ "freebsd-update 覆蓋本地的修改。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:44005 +#: book.translate.xml:44059 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Paths which start with anything matching an entry in an UpdateIfUnmodified\n" @@ -61074,7 +62839,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44010 +#: book.translate.xml:44064 msgid "" "This option will only update unmodified configuration files in the specified " "directories. Any changes made by the user will prevent the automatic " @@ -61087,7 +62852,7 @@ "freebsd-update 在合併時儲存使用者做的變更。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:44018 +#: book.translate.xml:44072 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# When upgrading to a new FreeBSD release, files which match MergeChanges\n" @@ -61096,7 +62861,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44022 +#: book.translate.xml:44076 msgid "" "List of directories with configuration files that freebsd-update should attempt to merge. The file merge process is a series of " @@ -61118,7 +62883,7 @@ "訊， 參見 。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:44032 +#: book.translate.xml:44086 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Directory in which to store downloaded updates and temporary\n" @@ -61127,7 +62892,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44036 +#: book.translate.xml:44090 msgid "" "This directory is where all patches and temporary files are placed. In cases " "where the user is doing a version upgrade, this location should have at " @@ -61137,7 +62902,7 @@ "有至少 1GB 的可用磁碟空間。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:44041 +#: book.translate.xml:44095 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# When upgrading between releases, should the list of Components be\n" @@ -61148,7 +62913,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44047 +#: book.translate.xml:44101 msgid "" "When this option is set to yes, freebsd-update will assume that the Components list is complete " @@ -61162,12 +62927,12 @@ "於 Components 清單中的檔案。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:44057 +#: book.translate.xml:44111 msgid "Applying Security Patches" msgstr "套用安全性修補" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44059 +#: book.translate.xml:44113 msgid "" "The process of applying FreeBSD security patches has been simplified, " "allowing an administrator to keep a system fully patched using " @@ -61179,7 +62944,7 @@ "。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44065 +#: book.translate.xml:44119 msgid "" "FreeBSD security patches may be downloaded and installed using the following " "commands. The first command will determine if any outstanding patches are " @@ -61190,7 +62955,7 @@ "補，如果有，將列出若執行修補後會變更的檔案清單。第二個指令將會套用修補。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44071 +#: book.translate.xml:44125 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# freebsd-update fetch\n" @@ -61198,7 +62963,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44074 +#: book.translate.xml:44128 msgid "" "If the update applies any kernel patches, the system will need a reboot in " "order to boot into the patched kernel. If the patch was applied to any " @@ -61210,7 +62975,7 @@ "本。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44080 +#: book.translate.xml:44134 msgid "" "The system can be configured to automatically check for updates once every " "day by adding this entry to /etc/crontab:" @@ -61219,13 +62984,13 @@ "次：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:44084 +#: book.translate.xml:44138 #, no-wrap msgid "@daily root freebsd-update cron" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44086 +#: book.translate.xml:44140 msgid "" "If patches exist, they will automatically be downloaded but will not be " "applied. The root user will be " @@ -61237,7 +63002,7 @@ "freebsd-update install 安裝。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44092 +#: book.translate.xml:44146 msgid "" "If anything goes wrong, freebsd-update has the ability to " "roll back the last set of changes with the following command:" @@ -61246,7 +63011,7 @@ "後所做的變更：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44096 +#: book.translate.xml:44150 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# freebsd-update rollback\n" @@ -61254,7 +63019,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44099 +#: book.translate.xml:44153 msgid "" "Again, the system should be restarted if the kernel or any kernel modules " "were modified and any affected binaries should be restarted." @@ -61263,7 +63028,7 @@ "Binary 應重新執行。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44103 +#: book.translate.xml:44157 msgid "" "Only the GENERIC kernel can be automatically updated by " "freebsd-update. If a custom kernel is installed, it will " @@ -61280,7 +63045,7 @@ "新 GENERIC 核心，即使該核心並非目前系統正在執行的核心。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:44114 +#: book.translate.xml:44168 msgid "" "Always keep a copy of the GENERIC kernel in /" "boot/GENERIC. It will be helpful in diagnosing a variety of " @@ -61294,7 +63059,7 @@ "filename> 核心的複本說明。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44122 +#: book.translate.xml:44176 msgid "" "Unless the default configuration in /etc/freebsd-update.conf has been changed, freebsd-update will install " @@ -61306,7 +63071,7 @@ "可依平常的方式執行重新編譯與重新安裝核心。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44129 +#: book.translate.xml:44183 msgid "" "The updates distributed by freebsd-update do not always " "involve the kernel. It is not necessary to rebuild a custom kernel if the " @@ -61330,12 +63095,12 @@ "更新。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:44147 +#: book.translate.xml:44201 msgid "Performing Major and Minor Version Upgrades" msgstr "執行主要及次要版號升級" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44149 +#: book.translate.xml:44203 msgid "" "Upgrades from one minor version of FreeBSD to another, like from FreeBSD 9.0 " "to FreeBSD 9.1, are called minor version upgrades. " @@ -61345,13 +63110,13 @@ "update with a release version target." msgstr "" "從 FreeBSD 的次要版本升級到另一個版本，例如從 FreeBSD 9.0 到 FreeBSD 9.1, 叫" -"作 次要版本更新。 主要版本更新" -"發生在當 FreeBSD 從一個主要版本升級到主要版本升級到另一個主要版本時，例如從 " -"FreeBSD 9.X 到 FreeBSD 10.X。 兩種更新都可以透過提供 freebsd-" -"update 目標的發行版本來執行。" +"作 次要版本 (Minor version) 更新。 主要版" +"本 (Major version) 更新發生在當 FreeBSD 從一個主要版本升級到主要" +"版本升級到另一個主要版本時，例如從 FreeBSD 9.X 到 FreeBSD 10.X。 兩種更新都可" +"以透過提供 freebsd-update 目標的發佈版本來執行。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:44159 +#: book.translate.xml:44213 msgid "" "If the system is running a custom kernel, make sure that a copy of the " "GENERIC kernel exists in /boot/GENERICGENERIC 核心複本的說明。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44167 +#: book.translate.xml:44221 msgid "" "The following command, when run on a FreeBSD 9.0 system, will upgrade it to " "FreeBSD 9.1:" @@ -61372,13 +63137,13 @@ msgstr "在 FreeBSD 9.0 系統執行以下指令，將會把系統升級至 FreeBSD 9.1：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44170 +#: book.translate.xml:44224 #, no-wrap msgid "# freebsd-update -r 9.1-RELEASE upgrade" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44172 +#: book.translate.xml:44226 msgid "" "After the command has been received, freebsd-update will " "evaluate the configuration file and current system in an attempt to gather " @@ -61389,7 +63154,7 @@ "統來收集升級所需的資訊。 螢幕會顯示偵測到或沒偵測到的元件清單。例如：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44179 +#: book.translate.xml:44233 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Looking up update.FreeBSD.org mirrors... 1 mirrors found.\n" @@ -61411,7 +63176,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44196 +#: book.translate.xml:44250 msgid "" "At this point, freebsd-update will attempt to download " "all files required for the upgrade. In some cases, the user may be prompted " @@ -61421,7 +63186,7 @@ "些情況，會詢問使用者一些關於要安裝什麼或要如何繼續。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44201 +#: book.translate.xml:44255 msgid "" "When using a custom kernel, the above step will produce a warning similar to " "the following:" @@ -61428,7 +63193,7 @@ msgstr "當使用自訂核心，上述的步驟將會產生如下的警告：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44204 +#: book.translate.xml:44258 #, no-wrap msgid "" "WARNING: This system is running a \"MYKERNEL\" kernel, which is not a\n" @@ -61438,7 +63203,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44209 +#: book.translate.xml:44263 msgid "" "This warning may be safely ignored at this point. The updated " "GENERIC kernel will be used as an intermediate step in " @@ -61448,7 +63213,7 @@ "filename> 核心來進行。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44213 +#: book.translate.xml:44267 msgid "" "Once all the patches have been downloaded to the local system, they will be " "applied. This process may take a while, depending on the speed and workload " @@ -61469,7 +63234,7 @@ "或 group。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:44227 +#: book.translate.xml:44281 msgid "" "The system is not being altered yet as all patching and merging is happening " "in another directory. Once all patches have been applied successfully, all " @@ -61483,13 +63248,13 @@ #. (itstool) path: note/screen #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44234 book.translate.xml:44271 book.translate.xml:44365 +#: book.translate.xml:44288 book.translate.xml:44325 book.translate.xml:44419 #, no-wrap msgid "# freebsd-update install" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44237 +#: book.translate.xml:44291 msgid "" "The kernel and kernel modules will be patched first. If the system is " "running with a custom kernel, use nextboot：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44242 +#: book.translate.xml:44296 #, no-wrap msgid "# nextboot -k GENERIC" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:44245 +#: book.translate.xml:44299 msgid "" "Before rebooting with the GENERIC kernel, make sure it " "contains all the drivers required for the system to boot properly and " @@ -61527,18 +63292,18 @@ "filename> 核心。建議關閉非必須的服務和磁碟與網路掛載直到升級程序完成。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44259 +#: book.translate.xml:44313 msgid "The machine should now be restarted with the updated kernel:" msgstr "機器現在應使用更新過的核心重新開機：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44262 +#: book.translate.xml:44316 #, no-wrap msgid "# shutdown -r now" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44264 +#: book.translate.xml:44318 msgid "" "Once the system has come back online, restart freebsd-update using the following command. Since the state of the process has " @@ -61551,7 +63316,7 @@ "一個階段並移除所有舊的共用程式庫和目標檔。" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:44274 +#: book.translate.xml:44328 msgid "" "Depending upon whether any library version numbers were bumped, there may " "only be two install phases instead of three." @@ -61558,7 +63323,7 @@ msgstr "取決於是否有任何程式庫版本編號衝突，也可能只有兩個而不是三個安裝階段。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44279 +#: book.translate.xml:44333 msgid "" "The upgrade is now complete. If this was a major version upgrade, reinstall " "all ports and packages as described in ." msgstr "" "升級程序現在完成了。如果所做的是主要的版本升級，則需依 的說明重新安裝所有的 Ports 和套件。" +"\"freebsdupdate-portsrebuild\"/> 的說明重新安裝所有的 Port 和套件。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:44284 +#: book.translate.xml:44338 msgid "Custom Kernels with FreeBSD 9.X and Later" msgstr "在 FreeBSD 9.X 及之後版本自訂核心" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:44286 +#: book.translate.xml:44340 msgid "" "Before using freebsd-update, ensure that a copy of the " "GENERIC kernel exists in /boot/GENERIC 核心，只需要將該目錄重新命名為 /boot/kernel。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:44294 +#: book.translate.xml:44348 msgid "" "If a custom kernel has been built more than once or if it is unknown how " "many times the custom kernel has been built, obtain a copy of the " @@ -61601,7 +63366,7 @@ "則可以從安裝媒體取得 GENERIC 核心複本：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44302 +#: book.translate.xml:44356 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mount /cdrom\n" @@ -61610,7 +63375,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:44306 +#: book.translate.xml:44360 msgid "" "Alternately, the GENERIC kernel may be rebuilt and " "installed from source:" @@ -61617,7 +63382,7 @@ msgstr "或者，可以從原始碼重新編譯 GENERIC 核心：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44309 +#: book.translate.xml:44363 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/src\n" @@ -61625,7 +63390,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:44312 +#: book.translate.xml:44366 msgid "" "For this kernel to be identified as the GENERIC kernel by " "freebsd-update, the GENERIC " @@ -61637,7 +63402,7 @@ "在編譯核心時不要使用其他特殊選項。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:44320 +#: book.translate.xml:44374 msgid "" "Rebooting into the GENERIC kernel is not required as " "freebsd-update only needs /boot/GENERICGENERIC。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:44326 +#: book.translate.xml:44380 msgid "Upgrading Packages After a Major Version Upgrade" msgstr "主要版號升級後的套件升級" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:44329 +#: book.translate.xml:44383 msgid "" "Generally, installed applications will continue to work without problems " "after minor version upgrades. Major versions use different Application " @@ -61665,12 +63430,12 @@ "一般來說，已安裝的應用程式在次要版本升級仍可沒問題的正常執行。但主要版本升級" "會採用不同的應用程式 Binary 介面 (Application Binary Interfaces, " "ABIs)，會導致大部份第三方應用程式無法正常執行。 因此在主要" -"版本升級後，需要升及所有已安裝的套件和 Ports，套件可以使用 pkg " -"upgrade 來升級，而 Ports 則需使用 ports-mgmt/portmasterpkg " +"upgrade 來升級，而 Port 則需使用 ports-mgmt/portmaster 工具。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:44340 +#: book.translate.xml:44394 msgid "" "A forced upgrade of all installed packages will replace the packages with " "fresh versions from the repository even if the version number has not " @@ -61683,13 +63448,13 @@ "制升級可以執行以下指令來完成：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44347 +#: book.translate.xml:44401 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg-static upgrade -f" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:44349 +#: book.translate.xml:44403 msgid "" "A rebuild of all installed applications can be accomplished with this " "command:" @@ -61696,7 +63461,7 @@ msgstr "重新編譯所有已安裝的應用程式可以執行以下指令來完成：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:44354 +#: book.translate.xml:44408 msgid "" "This command will display the configuration screens for each application " "that has configurable options and wait for the user to interact with those " @@ -61708,7 +63473,7 @@ "option> 參數。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:44360 +#: book.translate.xml:44414 msgid "" "Once the software upgrades are complete, finish the upgrade process with a " "final call to freebsd-update in order to tie up all the " @@ -61718,7 +63483,7 @@ "動作：" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:44367 +#: book.translate.xml:44421 msgid "" "If the GENERIC kernel was temporarily used, this is the " "time to build and install a new custom kernel using the instructions in " @@ -61728,7 +63493,7 @@ "\"kernelconfig\"/> 的說明編譯並安裝新的自訂核心。" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:44371 +#: book.translate.xml:44425 msgid "" "Reboot the machine into the new FreeBSD version. The upgrade process is now " "complete." @@ -61735,12 +63500,12 @@ msgstr "重新開機使用新的 FreeBSD 版本後，升級程序便正式完成。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:44377 +#: book.translate.xml:44431 msgid "System State Comparison" msgstr "比對系統狀態" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44379 +#: book.translate.xml:44433 msgid "" "The state of the installed FreeBSD version against a known good copy can be " "tested using freebsd-update IDS. This command evaluates " @@ -61754,7 +63519,7 @@ "IDS)。" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:44387 +#: book.translate.xml:44441 msgid "" "This command is not a replacement for a real IDS such as " "security/snort. As freebsd-update " @@ -61776,19 +63541,19 @@ "IDS 功能，在 有詳細說明。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44402 +#: book.translate.xml:44456 msgid "" "To begin the comparison, specify the output file to save the results to:" msgstr "要開始比對，需指定輸出的檔案來儲存結果：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44405 +#: book.translate.xml:44459 #, no-wrap msgid "# freebsd-update IDS >> outfile.ids" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44407 +#: book.translate.xml:44461 msgid "" "The system will now be inspected and a lengthy listing of files, along with " "the SHA256 hash values for both the known value in the " @@ -61795,21 +63560,21 @@ "release and the current installation, will be sent to the specified output " "file." msgstr "" -"系統將會開始檢查並且會產生相當長的檔案清單，內容包含發行版本已知的與目前安裝" +"系統將會開始檢查並且會產生相當長的檔案清單，內容包含發佈版本已知的與目前安裝" "版本的 SHA256 雜湊值會儲存到指定的輸出檔。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44413 +#: book.translate.xml:44467 msgid "" "The entries in the listing are extremely long, but the output format may be " "easily parsed. For instance, to obtain a list of all files which differ from " "those in the release, issue the following command:" msgstr "" -"清單中的項目會相當的多，但輸出的格式可以很簡單的用來分析。例如，要取得與發行" +"清單中的項目會相當的多，但輸出的格式可以很簡單的用來分析。例如，要取得與發佈" "版本不同的檔案清單，可使用以下指令：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44418 +#: book.translate.xml:44472 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cat outfile.ids | awk '{ print $1 }' | more\n" @@ -61820,7 +63585,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44424 +#: book.translate.xml:44478 msgid "" "This sample output has been truncated as many more files exist. Some files " "have natural modifications. For example, /etc/passwd " @@ -61837,17 +63602,17 @@ "的 IDSIgnorePaths 選項。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:44436 +#: book.translate.xml:44490 msgid "Updating the Documentation Set" msgstr "更新文件集" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:44440 +#: book.translate.xml:44494 msgid "Documentation Updating and Upgrading" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:44445 +#: book.translate.xml:44499 msgid "" "Documentation is an integral part of the FreeBSD operating system. While an " "up-to-date version of the FreeBSD documentation is always available on the " @@ -61861,16 +63626,16 @@ "FAQ 及文章的本地複本。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:44451 +#: book.translate.xml:44505 msgid "" "This section describes how to use either source or the FreeBSD Ports " "Collection to keep a local copy of the FreeBSD documentation up-to-date." msgstr "" -"本節將說明如何使用原始碼與 FreeBSD Ports 套件集來取得最新版本 FreeBSD 文件本" -"地複本。" +"本節將說明如何使用原始碼與 FreeBSD Port 套件集來取得最新版本 FreeBSD 文件本地" +"複本。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:44455 +#: book.translate.xml:44509 msgid "" "For information on editing and submitting corrections to the documentation, " "refer to the FreeBSD Documentation Project Primer for New Contributors " @@ -61882,12 +63647,12 @@ "freebsd.org/doc/zh_TW.UTF-8/books/fdp-primer/)。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:44460 +#: book.translate.xml:44514 msgid "Updating Documentation from Source" msgstr "自原始碼更新說明文件" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44462 +#: book.translate.xml:44516 msgid "" "Rebuilding the FreeBSD documentation from source requires a collection of " "tools which are not part of the FreeBSD base system. The required tools, " @@ -61900,7 +63665,7 @@ "textproc/docproj 套件或 Port 安裝。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44469 +#: book.translate.xml:44523 msgid "" "Once installed, use svn to fetch a clean copy of " "the documentation source:" @@ -61909,13 +63674,13 @@ "本：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44472 +#: book.translate.xml:44526 #, no-wrap msgid "# svn checkout https://svn.FreeBSD.org/doc/head /usr/doc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44474 +#: book.translate.xml:44528 msgid "" "The initial download of the documentation sources may take a while. Let it " "run until it completes." @@ -61922,18 +63687,18 @@ msgstr "第一次下載文件原始碼需要一些時間，請耐心等候執行完畢。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44477 +#: book.translate.xml:44531 msgid "Future updates of the documentation sources may be fetched by running:" msgstr "往後更新文件原始碼可執行：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44480 +#: book.translate.xml:44534 #, no-wrap msgid "# svn update /usr/doc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44482 +#: book.translate.xml:44536 msgid "" "Once an up-to-date snapshot of the documentation sources has been fetched to " "/usr/doc, everything is ready for an update of the " @@ -61943,12 +63708,12 @@ "文件的準備動作。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44486 +#: book.translate.xml:44540 msgid "A full update of all available languages may be performed by typing:" msgstr "完整更新所有可用的語言可以執行：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44489 +#: book.translate.xml:44543 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/doc\n" @@ -61956,7 +63721,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44492 +#: book.translate.xml:44546 msgid "" "If an update of only a specific language is desired, make " "can be invoked in a language-specific subdirectory of /usr/docmake：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44497 +#: book.translate.xml:44551 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1\n" @@ -61974,7 +63739,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44500 +#: book.translate.xml:44554 msgid "" "An alternative way of updating the documentation is to run this command from " "/usr/doc or the desired language-specific subdirectory:" @@ -61983,13 +63748,13 @@ "行此指令：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44504 +#: book.translate.xml:44558 #, no-wrap msgid "# make update" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44506 +#: book.translate.xml:44560 msgid "" "The output formats that will be installed may be specified by setting " "FORMATS:" @@ -61996,7 +63761,7 @@ msgstr "要指定安裝的輸出格式可使用 FORMATS 來設定：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44509 +#: book.translate.xml:44563 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/doc\n" @@ -62004,7 +63769,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44512 +#: book.translate.xml:44566 msgid "" "Several options are available to ease the process of updating only parts of " "the documentation, or the build of specific translations. These options can " @@ -62016,17 +63781,17 @@ "給 make。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44519 +#: book.translate.xml:44573 msgid "The options include:" msgstr "選項有：" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:44523 +#: book.translate.xml:44577 msgid "DOC_LANG" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44526 +#: book.translate.xml:44580 msgid "" "The list of languages and encodings to build and install, such as " "en_US.ISO8859-1 for English documentation." @@ -62035,12 +63800,12 @@ "語文件。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:44533 +#: book.translate.xml:44587 msgid "FORMATS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44536 +#: book.translate.xml:44590 msgid "" "A single format or a list of output formats to be built. Currently, " "html, html-split, txt。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:44545 +#: book.translate.xml:44599 msgid "DOCDIR" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44548 +#: book.translate.xml:44602 msgid "" "Where to install the documentation. It defaults to /usr/share/doc." @@ -62063,7 +63828,7 @@ msgstr "要安裝文件的位置，預設為 /usr/share/doc。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44554 +#: book.translate.xml:44608 msgid "" "For more make variables supported as system-wide options " "in FreeBSD, refer to make.conf。" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:44561 +#: book.translate.xml:44615 msgid "Updating Documentation from Ports" -msgstr "自 Ports 更新說明文件" +msgstr "自 Port 更新說明文件" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:44564 +#: book.translate.xml:44618 msgid "" " Marc Fonvieille Based on the work of " @@ -62086,23 +63851,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:44578 +#: book.translate.xml:44632 msgid "" "documentation package Updating and Upgrading" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44583 +#: book.translate.xml:44637 msgid "" "The previous section presented a method for updating the FreeBSD " "documentation from sources. This section describes an alternative method " "which uses the Ports Collection and makes it possible to:" msgstr "" -"前一節介紹了由原始碼更新 FreeBSD 文件的方法，本節將說明使用 Ports 套件集的替" -"代方法，可由以下方式達成：" +"前一節介紹了由原始碼更新 FreeBSD 文件的方法，本節將說明使用 Port 套件集的替代" +"方法，可由以下方式達成：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44590 +#: book.translate.xml:44644 msgid "" "Install pre-built packages of the documentation, without having to locally " "build anything or install the documentation toolchain." @@ -62109,14 +63874,14 @@ msgstr "安裝事先編譯好的文件套件，無須在本地編譯任何東西或安裝文件工具集。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44596 +#: book.translate.xml:44650 msgid "" "Build the documentation sources through the ports framework, making the " "checkout and build steps a bit easier." -msgstr "使用 Ports 框架來編譯文件原始碼，可讓取得與編譯文件的步驟更簡單。" +msgstr "使用 Port 框架來編譯文件原始碼，可讓取得與編譯文件的步驟更簡單。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44602 +#: book.translate.xml:44656 msgid "" "This method of updating the FreeBSD documentation is supported by a set of " "documentation ports and packages which are updated by the Documentation " @@ -62126,17 +63891,17 @@ "docs/)." msgstr "" "這個更新 FreeBSD 文件的方法，會使用到一系列由文件工程團隊 " -"doceng@FreeBSD.org 每月更新的文件 Ports 與套件。這些套件列於 " -"FreeBSD Ports 套件集的 docs 分類下 (doceng@FreeBSD.org 每月更新的文件 Port 與套件。這些套件列於 " +"FreeBSD Port 套件集的 docs 分類下 (http://www.freshports.org/docs/)。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44608 +#: book.translate.xml:44662 msgid "Organization of the documentation ports is as follows:" -msgstr "文件 Ports 的組織方式如下：" +msgstr "文件 Port 的組織方式如下：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44613 +#: book.translate.xml:44667 msgid "" "The misc/freebsd-doc-en package or port installs all of " "the English documentation." @@ -62144,7 +63909,7 @@ "misc/freebsd-doc-en 套件或 Port 會安裝所有英語的文件。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44618 +#: book.translate.xml:44672 msgid "" "The misc/freebsd-doc-all meta-package or port installs " "all documentation in all available languages." @@ -62153,7 +63918,7 @@ "件。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44624 +#: book.translate.xml:44678 msgid "" "There is a package and port for each translation, such as misc/" "freebsd-doc-hu for the Hungarian documentation." @@ -62162,7 +63927,7 @@ "利語文件。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44630 +#: book.translate.xml:44684 msgid "" "When binary packages are used, the FreeBSD documentation will be installed " "in all available formats for the given language. For example, the following " @@ -62172,13 +63937,13 @@ "會安裝最新的匈牙利語文件套件：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44635 +#: book.translate.xml:44689 #, no-wrap msgid "# pkg install hu-freebsd-doc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:44638 +#: book.translate.xml:44692 msgid "" "Packages use a format that differs from the corresponding port's name: " "lang-freebsd-doc, where " @@ -62186,13 +63951,13 @@ "such as hu for Hungarian, or zh_cn for " "Simplified Chinese." msgstr "" -"套件使用的名稱格式與 Ports 的名稱不同：langlang-freebsd-doc，其中 lang 是語" "言代碼的縮寫，例如 hu 代表匈牙利語，zh_cn 代表簡體中文。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44647 +#: book.translate.xml:44701 msgid "" "To specify the format of the documentation, build the port instead of " "installing the package. For example, to build and install the English " @@ -62201,7 +63966,7 @@ "要指定文件的格式，需以編譯 Port 來代替安裝套件。例如要編譯並安裝英語文件：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44651 +#: book.translate.xml:44705 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/misc/freebsd-doc-en\n" @@ -62209,7 +63974,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44654 +#: book.translate.xml:44708 msgid "" "The port provides a configuration menu where the format to build and install " "can be specified. By default, split HTML, similar to the " @@ -62216,25 +63981,25 @@ "format used on http://www.FreeBSD." "org, and PDF are selected." msgstr "" -"Ports 提供設定選單來指定要編譯與安裝的格式，預設為分頁的 HTMLHTML　(類似 http://www." "FreeBSD.org 使用的格式) 以及 PDF。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44659 +#: book.translate.xml:44713 msgid "" "Alternately, several make options can be specified when " "building a documentation port, including:" msgstr "" -"此外，編譯文件 Ports 時也可指定數個 make 選項，包括：" +"此外，編譯文件 Port 時也可指定數個 make 選項，包括：" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:44665 +#: book.translate.xml:44719 msgid "WITH_HTML" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44668 +#: book.translate.xml:44722 msgid "" "Builds the HTML format with a single HTML file per document. The formatted " "documentation is saved to a file called article.html, " @@ -62244,12 +64009,12 @@ "article.html 或 book.html 的檔案。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:44676 +#: book.translate.xml:44730 msgid "WITH_PDF" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44679 +#: book.translate.xml:44733 msgid "" "The formatted documentation is saved to a file called article.pdf or book.pdf." @@ -62258,12 +64023,12 @@ "book.pdf 的檔案。" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:44686 +#: book.translate.xml:44740 msgid "DOCBASE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44689 +#: book.translate.xml:44743 msgid "" "Specifies where to install the documentation. It defaults to /usr/" "local/share/doc/freebsd." @@ -62272,7 +64037,7 @@ "filename>。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44696 +#: book.translate.xml:44750 msgid "" "This example uses variables to install the Hungarian documentation as a " "PDF in the specified directory:" @@ -62280,7 +64045,7 @@ "以下範例使用變數來安裝 PDF 的匈牙利語文件到特定目錄：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44700 +#: book.translate.xml:44754 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/misc/freebsd-doc-hu\n" @@ -62288,7 +64053,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44703 +#: book.translate.xml:44757 msgid "" "Documentation packages or ports can be updated using the instructions in " ". For example, the following command updates the " @@ -62295,38 +64060,38 @@ "installed Hungarian documentation using ports-mgmt/portmaster by using packages only:" msgstr "" -"文件套件或 Ports 可以依 的說明更新。例如以下指令會" -"使用 ports-mgmt/portmaster 更新已安裝的匈牙利語文件：" +"文件套件或 Port 可以依 的說明更新。例如以下指令會使" +"用 ports-mgmt/portmaster 更新已安裝的匈牙利語文件：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44709 +#: book.translate.xml:44763 #, no-wrap msgid "# portmaster -PP hu-freebsd-doc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:44714 +#: book.translate.xml:44768 msgid "Tracking a Development Branch" msgstr "追蹤開發分支" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:44716 +#: book.translate.xml:44770 msgid "-CURRENT" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:44717 +#: book.translate.xml:44771 msgid "-STABLE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:44719 +#: book.translate.xml:44773 msgid "" "FreeBSD has two development branches: FreeBSD-CURRENT and FreeBSD-STABLE." msgstr "FreeBSD 有兩個開發分支：FreeBSD-CURRENT 及 FreeBSD-STABLE。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:44722 +#: book.translate.xml:44776 msgid "" "This section provides an explanation of each branch and its intended " "audience, as well as how to keep a system up-to-date with each respective " @@ -62335,12 +64100,12 @@ "本節將說明每個分支及其的特定使用者，也會說明如何在各別分支維持系統為最新版。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:44727 +#: book.translate.xml:44781 msgid "Using FreeBSD-CURRENT" msgstr "使用 FreeBSD-CURRENT" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44729 +#: book.translate.xml:44783 msgid "" "FreeBSD-CURRENT is the bleeding edge of FreeBSD development " "and FreeBSD-CURRENT users are expected to have a high degree of technical " @@ -62352,7 +64117,7 @@ "支。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44735 +#: book.translate.xml:44789 msgid "" "FreeBSD-CURRENT is the very latest source code for FreeBSD and includes " "works in progress, experimental changes, and transitional mechanisms that " @@ -62370,12 +64135,12 @@ "量這個問題。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44745 +#: book.translate.xml:44799 msgid "FreeBSD-CURRENT is made available for three primary interest groups:" msgstr "FreeBSD-CURRENT 主要給下以三種族群：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44750 +#: book.translate.xml:44804 msgid "" "Members of the FreeBSD community who are actively working on some part of " "the source tree." @@ -62382,7 +64147,7 @@ msgstr "致力於開發某一部份原始碼樹的 FreeBSD 社群成員。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44755 +#: book.translate.xml:44809 msgid "" "Members of the FreeBSD community who are active testers. They are willing to " "spend time solving problems, making topical suggestions on changes and the " @@ -62392,7 +64157,7 @@ "及大方向提出專業建議並送交修補。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44762 +#: book.translate.xml:44816 msgid "" "Users who wish to keep an eye on things, use the current source for " "reference purposes, or make the occasional comment or code contribution." @@ -62400,7 +64165,7 @@ "隨時關注的使用者，使用目前原始碼做為參考用途，或是偶爾提供意見或貢獻原始碼。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44768 +#: book.translate.xml:44822 msgid "" "FreeBSD-CURRENT should not be considered a fast-track " "to getting new features before the next release as pre-release features are " @@ -62415,17 +64180,17 @@ "CURRENT 不在 官方支援 的範圍內。" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:44776 +#: book.translate.xml:44830 msgid "-CURRENT using" msgstr "-CURRENT 使用" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44781 +#: book.translate.xml:44835 msgid "To track FreeBSD-CURRENT:" msgstr "若要追蹤 FreeBSD-CURRENT：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44785 +#: book.translate.xml:44839 msgid "" "Join the freebsd-current and the svn-src-head list records the commit log entry for each change as " @@ -62452,7 +64217,7 @@ "用的相關資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44796 +#: book.translate.xml:44850 msgid "" "To join these lists, go to http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo, click " @@ -62468,7 +64233,7 @@ "listinfo/svn-src-all\">svn-src-all 郵遞論壇。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44804 +#: book.translate.xml:44858 msgid "" "Synchronize with the FreeBSD-CURRENT sources. Typically, svn is used to check out the -CURRENT code from the headhead 分支中取出 -CURRENT 的程式碼。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44812 +#: book.translate.xml:44866 msgid "" "Due to the size of the repository, some users choose to only synchronize the " "sections of source that interest them or which they are contributing patches " @@ -62493,12 +64258,12 @@ "的 FreeBSD-CURRENT，不可只有選擇的部份。" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:44820 +#: book.translate.xml:44874 msgid "-CURRENT compiling" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44819 +#: book.translate.xml:44873 msgid "" "Before compiling FreeBSD-CURRENT <_:indexterm-1/>, read /usr/src/" "Makefile very carefully and follow the instructions in 來了解升級的相關資訊，有時會含有升級下一個發行版的必要資訊。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:44834 +#: book.translate.xml:44888 msgid "" "Be active! FreeBSD-CURRENT users are encouraged to submit their suggestions " "for enhancements or bug fixes. Suggestions with accompanying code are always " @@ -62524,409 +64289,1485 @@ "積極！很鼓勵 FreeBSD-CURRENT 使用者發表他們對加強哪些功能或是修復哪些錯誤的建" "議。 如果您在建議時能附上相關程式碼的話， 那真是太棒了！" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/title +#: book.translate.xml:44897 +msgid "Using FreeBSD-STABLE" +msgstr "使用 FreeBSD-STABLE" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:44899 +msgid "" +"FreeBSD-STABLE is the development branch from which major releases are made. " +"Changes go into this branch at a slower pace and with the general assumption " +"that they have first been tested in FreeBSD-CURRENT. This is " +"still a development branch and, at any given time, the " +"sources for FreeBSD-STABLE may or may not be suitable for general use. It is " +"simply another engineering development track, not a resource for end-users. " +"Users who do not have the resources to perform testing should instead run " +"the most recent release of FreeBSD." +msgstr "" +"主要發行版便是使用 FreeBSD-STABLE 這個開發分支所產生。變更進入這個分支的速度" +"比較慢，並假設這些變更已經先在 FreeBSD-CURRENT 測試過。但這 仍然 是一個開發分支，而且 FreeBSD-STABLE 的原始碼在任何時候都有可能不適" +"合一般的使用。它只是另一個開發分支，並非專門提供給終端使用者使用。若沒有替代" +"資源可供測試的使用者應該改使用最新的 FreeBSD 發行版。" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:44910 +msgid "" +"Those interested in tracking or contributing to the FreeBSD development " +"process, especially as it relates to the next release of FreeBSD, should " +"consider following FreeBSD-STABLE." +msgstr "" +"有興趣追蹤或對 FreeBSD 開發流程貢獻的人，尤其是對 FreeBSD 接下來的發行版相關" +"內容有興趣的人，應該考慮追蹤 FreeBSD-STABLE。" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:44914 +msgid "" +"While the FreeBSD-STABLE branch should compile and run at all times, this " +"cannot be guaranteed. Since more people run FreeBSD-STABLE than FreeBSD-" +"CURRENT, it is inevitable that bugs and corner cases will sometimes be found " +"in FreeBSD-STABLE that were not apparent in FreeBSD-CURRENT. For this " +"reason, one should not blindly track FreeBSD-STABLE. It is particularly " +"important not to update any production servers to " +"FreeBSD-STABLE without thoroughly testing the code in a development or " +"testing environment." +msgstr "" +"儘管 FreeBSD-STABLE 分支應該在任何時候均能正確編譯、執行，但是並不保証不會有" +"問題。因為使用 FreeBSD-STABLE 的人比 FreeBSD-CURRENT 多，有時無可避免地會在 " +"FreeBSD-STABLE 發現在 FreeBSD-CURRENT 並非顯而易見的錯誤和極端的狀況。也因" +"此，我們並不建議盲目追蹤 FreeBSD-STABLE。 特別重要的是 不要 在尚未使用開發或測試環境對程式碼做完整的測試之前，升級任何上線的伺" +"服器為 FreeBSD-STABLE。" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:44924 +msgid "To track FreeBSD-STABLE:" +msgstr "若要追蹤 FreeBSD-STABLE：" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm +#: book.translate.xml:44926 +msgid "-STABLE using" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:44932 +msgid "" +"Join the freebsd-stable list in order to stay informed of " +"build dependencies that may appear in FreeBSD-STABLE or any other issues " +"requiring special attention. Developers will also make announcements in this " +"mailing list when they are contemplating some controversial fix or update, " +"giving the users a chance to respond if they have any issues to raise " +"concerning the proposed change." +msgstr "" +"加入 freebsd-stable 郵遞論壇來隨時瞭解 FreeBSD-STABLE 編譯的相依關" +"係或是任何其他需特別注意的議題。開發者在評估一些有爭議的修正或更新時，也會先" +"在這裡發信公告，讓使用者有機會可以對提案的更改提出問題。" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:44941 +msgid "" +"Join the relevant svn list for the branch being " +"tracked. For example, users tracking the 9-STABLE branch should join the " +"svn-src-stable-9 list. This list records the commit log " +"entry for each change as it is made, along with any pertinent information on " +"possible side effects." +msgstr "" +"加入 svn 相關郵遞論壇來追蹤該分支的修訂。 例如，要" +"追蹤 9-STABLE 分支的使用者應該加入 svn-src-stable-9 郵遞論壇。這" +"個郵遞論壇會記錄每一次修改的提交項目，以及可能產生的副作用的相關資訊。" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:44949 +msgid "" +"To join these lists, go to http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo, click " +"on the list to subscribe to, and follow the instructions. In order to track " +"changes for the whole source tree, subscribe to svn-src-all." +msgstr "" +"要加入這兩個郵遞論壇，請前往 http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo 點選要訂" +"閱的郵遞論壇，並依照網頁指示的步驟操作。要追蹤整個原始碼樹，不單只有 FreeBSD-" +"CURRENT 的變更，可訂閱 svn-src-all 郵遞論壇。" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:44956 +msgid "" +"To install a new FreeBSD-STABLE system, install the most recent FreeBSD-" +"STABLE release from the FreeBSD mirror sites or use a monthly snapshot built from FreeBSD-STABLE. Refer to www.freebsd.org/snapshots " +"for more information about snapshots." +msgstr "" +"要安裝新的 FreeBSD-STABLE 系統， 可從 FreeBSD 鏡像" +"站 或從 FreeBSD-STABLE 每個月的快照 (Snapshot) 來安裝最新的 FreeBSD-" +"STABLE 發行版。請參考 www." +"freebsd.org/snapshots 來取得更多有關快照的資訊。" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:44961 +msgid "" +"To compile or upgrade to an existing FreeBSD system to FreeBSD-STABLE, use " +"svn <_:indexterm-1/> to check out the source " +"for the desired branch. Branch names, such as stable/9, " +"are listed at www.freebsd.org/" +"releng." +msgstr "" +"要編譯或升級已經安裝的 FreeBSD 系統至 FreeBSD-STABLE，可使用 svn <_:indexterm-1/> 來取得欲安裝分支的原始碼。分支的名稱列在 " +"www.freebsd.org/releng，例如 stable/9。" + +#. (itstool) path: para/indexterm +#: book.translate.xml:44972 +msgid "-STABLE compiling" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:44971 +msgid "" +"Before compiling or upgrading to FreeBSD-STABLE <_:indexterm-1/>, read " +"/usr/src/Makefile carefully and follow the instructions " +"in . Read FreeBSD-STABLE mailing list and /usr/src/UPDATING to keep up-to-date on other " +"bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become necessary on the road to the " +"next release." +msgstr "" +"在編譯或升級到 FreeBSD-STABLE <_:indexterm-1/> 之前 ， 請仔細閱讀 /" +"usr/src/Makefile 並依照 的指示操作。" +"閱讀 FreeBSD-STABLE 郵遞論壇 以及 /usr/src/UPDATING 來了解升級的相關資訊，有時會含有升級下一個發行版的必要資訊。" + #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:44844 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Updating FreeBSD from Source" -msgstr "自原始碼更新說明文件" +#: book.translate.xml:44986 +msgid "Synchronizing Source" +msgstr "同步原始碼" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:44846 +#: book.translate.xml:44988 msgid "" -"Updating FreeBSD from source offers some advantages over binary updates. " -"Code can be built with options to take advantage of specific hardware. Parts " -"of the base system can be built with non-default settings, or left out " -"entirely where they are not needed or desired. The build process takes " -"longer to update a system than binary updates, but allows complete " -"customization to produce a tailored version of FreeBSD" +"There are various methods for staying up-to-date with the FreeBSD sources. " +"This section describes the primary service, Subversion." msgstr "" +"有多許方法可以更新 FreeBSD 的原始碼，本節將說明主要的方法 " +"Subversion。" +#. (itstool) path: warning/para +#: book.translate.xml:44993 +msgid "" +"While it is possible to update only parts of the source tree, the only " +"supported update procedure is to update the entire tree and recompile all " +"the programs that run in user space, such as those in /bin and /sbin, and kernel sources. Updating only " +"part of the source tree, only the kernel, or only the userland programs will " +"often result in problems ranging from compile errors to kernel panics or " +"data corruption." +msgstr "" +"雖然有可能只更新部份原始碼樹，但是正式支援的更新步驟是更新整個樹並重新編譯所" +"有在使用者空間 (User space) 中的程式，例如在 /bin 和 " +"/sbin 中的程式及核心原始碼。只更新部份的原始碼樹，例如：" +"只更新核心或使用者空間的程式的做法經常會導致編譯錯誤、核心錯誤或資料損毀的問" +"題。" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/para +#: book.translate.xml:45007 +msgid "" +"Subversion uses the pull " +"model of updating sources. The user, or a cron script, " +"invokes the svn program which updates the local version " +"of the source. Subversion is the preferred method " +"for updating local source trees as updates are up-to-the-minute and the user " +"controls when updates are downloaded. It is easy to restrict updates to " +"specific files or directories and the requested updates are generated on the " +"fly by the server. How to synchronize source using Subversion is described in ." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/para +#: book.translate.xml:45019 +msgid "" +"If a user inadvertently wipes out portions of the local archive, " +"Subversion will detect and rebuild the damaged " +"portions during an update." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/title +#: book.translate.xml:45025 +msgid "Rebuilding World" +msgstr "重新編譯 World" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm +#: book.translate.xml:45027 +msgid "Rebuilding world" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/para +#: book.translate.xml:45030 +msgid "" +"Once the local source tree is synchronized against a particular version of " +"FreeBSD such as FreeBSD-STABLE or FreeBSD-CURRENT, the source tree can be " +"used to rebuild the system. This process is known as rebuilding world." +msgstr "" +"當本地的原始碼樹已與特定版本的 FreeBSD 如 FreeBSD-STABLE 或 FreeBSD-CURRENT " +"同步以後，便可使用原始碼樹來重新編譯系統。這個程序即為重新編譯 World。" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/para +#: book.translate.xml:45035 +msgid "" +"Before rebuilding world, be sure to perform the " +"following tasks:" +msgstr "在重新編譯 World 之前，請確定已完成以下工作：" + +#. (itstool) path: procedure/title +#: book.translate.xml:45039 +msgid "Perform These Tasks Before Building World" +msgstr "編譯 World 之前 要完成的工作" + +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45043 +msgid "" +"Backup all important data to another system or removable media, verify the " +"integrity of the backup, and have a bootable installation media at hand. It " +"cannot be stressed enough how important it is to make a backup of the system " +"before rebuilding the system. While rebuilding world is " +"an easy task, there will inevitably be times when mistakes in the source " +"tree render the system unbootable. You will probably never have to use the " +"backup, but it is better to be safe than sorry!" +msgstr "" +"備份所有重要的資料到另一個系統或可卸除的媒體，檢查備份的完整性並在手中保留一" +"份可開機的安裝媒體。如何強調都不足夠說明在重新編譯系統 之前 備份系統的重要性。即便重新編譯 World 已變成簡單的一件事，也難免會有" +"原始碼樹失誤導致系統無法開機的時候。您可能永遠都用不上備份，但最好確保安全而" +"非後悔。" + +#. (itstool) path: step/indexterm +#: book.translate.xml:45055 +msgid "mailing list" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45056 +msgid "" +"Review the recent freebsd-stable or freebsd-current " +"entries, depending upon the branch being tracked. Be aware of any known " +"problems and which systems are affected. If a known issue affects the " +"version of synchronized code, wait for an all clear " +"announcement to be posted stating that the problem has been solved. " +"Resynchronize the sources to ensure that the local version of source has the " +"needed fix." +msgstr "" +"回顧最近 freebsd-stable 或 freebsd-current 中的項" +"目，依您所追蹤的分支決定。注意任何已知的問題以及會被影響的系統。若已知的問題" +"影響您已同步的原始碼版本，請等候表明問題已被解決的 全部解決 (all " +"clear) 公告發佈，然後重新同步原始碼並確認本地的原始碼版本已含有所需的" +"修正。" + +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45067 +msgid "" +"Read /usr/src/UPDATING for any extra steps necessary " +"for that version of the source. This file contains important information " +"about potential problems and may specify the order to run certain commands. " +"Many upgrades require specific additional steps such as renaming or deleting " +"specific files prior to installing the new world. These will be listed at " +"the end of this file where the currently recommended upgrade sequence is " +"explicitly spelled out. If UPDATING contradicts any " +"steps in this chapter, the instructions in UPDATING " +"take precedence and should be followed." +msgstr "" +"閱讀 /usr/src/UPDATING 了解該版本的原始碼是否有必要的額" +"外步驟要完成。 這個檔案中會包含有關潛藏問題的重要資訊，並且可能會要求執行某些" +"指令。大多升級需要完成指定的額外步驟，例如：在安裝新 World 前重新命名或刪除指" +"定檔案，這些步驟會列在檔案最後，明確說明目前建議的升級順序。若 " +"UPDATING 中有與本章相矛盾的步驟，請以 " +"UPDATING 為準並應遵循其內容。" + +#. (itstool) path: warning/title +#: book.translate.xml:45083 +msgid "Do Not Use make world" +msgstr "不要使用 make world" + +#. (itstool) path: warning/para +#: book.translate.xml:45085 +msgid "" +"Some older documentation recommends using make world. " +"However, that command skips some important steps and should only be used by " +"experts. For almost all circumstances make world is the " +"wrong thing to do, and the procedure described here should be used instead." +msgstr "" +"部份舊版的文件建議使用 make world。然而該指令跳過了部份重" +"要的步驟，應僅供專家使用。大多數的情況使用 make world 都是" +"錯的，並應使用此處說明的程序。" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/title +#: book.translate.xml:45094 +msgid "Overview of Process" +msgstr "流程概述" + #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44857 +#: book.translate.xml:45096 msgid "" -"This is a quick reference for the typical steps used to update FreeBSD by " -"building from source. Later sections describe the process in more detail." +"The build world process assumes an upgrade from an older FreeBSD version " +"using the source of a newer version that was obtained using the instructions " +"in ." msgstr "" +"編譯 World 流程會假設您是依照 指示取得最近版本的" +"原始碼來升級舊版的 FreeBSD。" -#. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:44863 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Preparing" -msgstr "準備主端" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45100 +msgid "" +"In FreeBSD, the term world includes the kernel, core system " +"binaries, libraries, programming files, and built-in compiler. The order in " +"which these components are built and installed is important." +msgstr "" +"在 FreeBSD，world 一詞包含了核心，核心系統 Binary，程式庫，原" +"始碼以及內建的編譯器。這些元件編譯與安裝的順序非常重要。" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45105 +msgid "" +"For example, the old compiler might have a bug and not be able to compile " +"the new kernel. Since the new kernel should be built with the new compiler, " +"the new compiler must be built, but not necessarily installed, before the " +"new kernel is built." +msgstr "" +"舉例來說，舊的編譯器可能有問題而無法編譯新的核心。新的核心需使用新的編譯器來" +"編譯，因此新的編譯器必需先編譯，但在新核心編譯前並不一定要安裝。" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45111 +msgid "" +"The new world might rely on new kernel features, so the new kernel must be " +"installed before the new world is installed. The old world might not run " +"correctly on the new kernel, so the new world must be installed immediately " +"upon installing the new kernel." +msgstr "" +"新的 World 可能需要使用新的核心功能，所以必須在新的 World 安裝之前先安裝新的" +"核心。舊的 World 也可能在新的核心上無法正常執行，所以必須在新的核心安裝完之" +"後\n" +"馬上安裝新的 World。" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45117 +msgid "" +"Some configuration changes must be made before the new world is installed, " +"but others might break the old world. Hence, two different configuration " +"upgrade steps are used. For the most part, the update process only replaces " +"or adds files and existing old files are not deleted. Since this can cause " +"problems, /usr/src/UPDATING will indicate if any files " +"need to be manually deleted and at which step to do so." +msgstr "" +"有一部份設定必須在新的 World 安裝前變更，但其他的部份在之前變更則可能會破壞舊" +"的 World。因此會使用到兩種不同的設定升級步驟。大部份情況，更新程序只會取代或" +"新增檔案，不會刪除已存在的舊檔案。當這可能會造成問題時 /usr/src/" +"UPDATING 便會說明需要手動刪除的檔案以及操作的步驟。" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45126 +msgid "" +"These concerns have led to the recommended upgrade sequence described in the " +"following procedure." +msgstr "這些問題會影響接下來的建議升級順序。" + +#. (itstool) path: note/para +#: book.translate.xml:45130 +msgid "" +"It is a good idea to save the output from running make to " +"a file. If something goes wrong, a copy of the error message can be posted " +"to one of the FreeBSD mailing lists." +msgstr "" +"將執行 make 的輸出儲存到檔案是不錯的辦法，若發生錯誤時，便" +"可複製錯誤訊息張貼到 FreeBSD 郵遞論壇。" + +#. (itstool) path: note/para +#: book.translate.xml:45135 +msgid "" +"The easiest way to do this is to use script with a " +"parameter that specifies the name of the file to save all output to. Do not " +"save the output to /tmp as this directory may be " +"cleared at next reboot. A better place to save the file is /var/" +"tmp. Run this command immediately before rebuilding the world, " +"and then type exit when the process has finished:" +msgstr "" +"最簡單的方式是使用 script 並透過參數指定要儲存所有輸出的檔" +"案名稱。請不要儲存輸出到 /tmp，因這個目錄可能在下次重新" +"開機後被清除。儲存檔案最好的地方是 /var/tmp。在重新編譯 " +"World 之前執行這個指令，並在流程完成後輸入 exit：" + +#. (itstool) path: note/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45145 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# script /var/tmp/mw.out\n" +"Script started, output file is /var/tmp/mw.out" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: procedure/title +#: book.translate.xml:45150 +msgid "Overview of Build World Process" +msgstr "編譯 World 流程概述" + +#. (itstool) path: procedure/para +#: book.translate.xml:45152 +msgid "" +"The commands used in the build world process should be run in the order " +"specified here. This section summarizes the function of each command." +msgstr "" +"編譯 World 流程中使用的指令應依此處指定的順序執行。本節將摘要各指令的功能。" + #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:44865 +#: book.translate.xml:45157 msgid "" -"Check /usr/src/UPDATING for any manual steps that are " -"required before or after a source update." +"If the build world process has previously been run on this system, a copy of " +"the previous build may still exist in /usr/obj. To " +"speed up the new build world process, and possibly save some dependency " +"headaches, remove this directory if it already exists:" msgstr "" +"若編譯 World 流程先前已在系統執行過，先前編譯的結果可能遺留在 /usr/" +"obj。要加速新的編譯 World 流程及節省處理相依問題的時間，若此目錄存" +"在，請移除此目錄：" +#. (itstool) path: step/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45164 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# chflags -R noschg /usr/obj/*\n" +"# rm -rf /usr/obj" +msgstr "" + #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:44869 +#: book.translate.xml:45169 msgid "" -"The very first time a source update is to be done on a particular computer, " -"run" +"Compile the new compiler and a few related tools, then use the new compiler " +"to compile the rest of the new world. The result is saved to /usr/" +"obj." msgstr "" +"編譯新的編譯器及一些相關工具，然後使用新的編譯器編譯新的 World。編譯的結果會" +"儲存到 /usr/obj。" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44872 +#: book.translate.xml:45173 #, no-wrap -msgid "# etcupdate extract" +msgid "" +"# cd /usr/src\n" +"# make buildworld" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:44874 +#: book.translate.xml:45178 msgid "" -"This creates a checkpoint for later comparison and merging of system " -"settings." +"Use the new compiler residing in /usr/obj to build the " +"new kernel, in order to protect against compiler-kernel mismatches. This is " +"necessary, as certain memory structures may have changed, and programs like " +"ps and top will fail to work if the " +"kernel and source code versions are not the same." msgstr "" +"使用在 /usr/obj 中的新編譯器來編譯新的核心，來確保不會發" +"生編譯器與核心不相容的問題。因某些記憶體結構可能有修改，這個步驟是必要的，若" +"核心與原始碼的版本不同，ps 及 top 這類" +"的程式會無法運作。" -#. (itstool) path: step/title -#: book.translate.xml:44879 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Update and Build" -msgstr "更新 Jail" +#. (itstool) path: step/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45186 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# make buildkernel" +msgstr "" +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45190 +msgid "" +"Install the new kernel and kernel modules, making it possible to boot with " +"the newly updated kernel. If kern.securelevel has been " +"raised above 1 and noschg or similar flags have been set on the kernel binary, drop the " +"system into single-user mode first. Otherwise, this command can be run from " +"multi-user mode without problems. See init8 for details about " +"kern.securelevel and " +"chflags1 for details about the various file flags." +msgstr "" +"安裝新的核心與新的核心模組，讓開機時可以使用新的核心。這個指令可在多使用者模" +"式執行，除非 kern.securelevel 設定在 1 " +"以上 且 在核心 Binary 有設定 noschg " +"或類似的旗標 (Flag)，請先讓系統進入單使用者模式。請參考 " +"init8 取得有關 kern.securelevel 的詳細資訊以及 " +"chflags1 取得有關各種檔案旗標的詳細資訊。" + #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44881 +#: book.translate.xml:45202 #, no-wrap +msgid "# make installkernel" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45206 msgid "" -"# svn update /usr/src \n" -"# cd /usr/src \n" -"# make -j4 buildworld \n" -"# make -j4 kernel \n" -"# make installworld \n" -"# etcupdate \n" -"# shutdown -r now " +"Drop the system into single-user mode in order to minimize problems from " +"updating any binaries that are already running. It also minimizes any " +"problems from running the old world on a new kernel." msgstr "" +"讓系統進入單使用者模組來減少升級任何已在執行中的 Binary 所產生的問題，同樣也" +"可減少在新核心上執行舊 World 的問題。" -#. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:44891 +#. (itstool) path: step/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45211 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# shutdown now" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45213 msgid "" -"Get the latest version of the source. See for more information on obtaining and updating source." +"Once in single-user mode, run these commands if the system is formatted with " +"UFS:" +msgstr "進入單使用者模式後，若系統磁碟格式為 UFS 請執行以下指令：" + +#. (itstool) path: step/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45216 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# mount -u /\n" +"# mount -a -t ufs\n" +"# swapon -a" msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:44898 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Go to the source directory." -msgstr "切換至此目錄：" +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45220 +msgid "" +"If the system is instead formatted with ZFS, run these two commands. This " +"example assumes a zpool name of zroot:" +msgstr "" +"若系統磁碟格式為 ZFS，則需執行以下兩個指令。此範例假設 zpool 名稱為 " +"zroot：" -#. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:44902 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Compile the world, everything except the kernel." -msgstr "安裝全部不含核心：" +#. (itstool) path: step/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45224 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# zfs set readonly=off zroot\n" +"# zfs mount -a" +msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:44907 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Compile the kernel." -msgstr "如何安裝新的核心。" +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45229 +msgid "" +"Optional: If a keyboard mapping other than the default US English is " +"desired, it can be changed with kbdmap1:" +msgstr "" +"選用：若想要使用 US 英文以外的鍵盤對應表，可以使用 " +"kbdmap1 來變更：" -#. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:44911 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Install the world." -msgstr "從網路安裝" +#. (itstool) path: step/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45233 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# kbdmap" +msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:44915 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Update and merge configuration files in /etc/." -msgstr "如何使用在 /etc 中的各種設定檔。" +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45237 +msgid "" +"Then, for either file system, if the CMOS clock is set to " +"local time (this is true if the output of date1 does not show the " +"correct time and zone), run:" +msgstr "" +"接著，不論那一種檔案系統，若 CMOS 時鐘設定為本地時間 (若 " +"date1 顯示不正確的時間與時區)，請執行：" -#. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:44920 -msgid "Restart the system to use the newly-built world and kernel." +#. (itstool) path: step/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45242 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# adjkerntz -i" msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:44929 -msgid "Preparing for a Source Update" +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45246 +msgid "" +"Remaking the world will not update certain directories, such as /" +"etc, /var and /usr, " +"with new or changed configuration files. The next step is to perform some " +"initial configuration file updates to /etc in " +"preparation for the new world. The following command compares only those " +"files that are essential for the success of <_:buildtarget-1/>. For " +"instance, this step may add new groups, system accounts, or startup scripts " +"which have been added to FreeBSD since the last update. This is necessary so " +"that the <_:buildtarget-2/> step will be able to use any new system " +"accounts, groups, and scripts. Refer to for " +"more detailed instructions about this command:" msgstr "" +"重新編譯 World 不會直接更新某些目錄中的設定檔，如 /etc, " +"/var 以及 /usr。接下來的步驟是更新" +"一部份的設定檔到 /etc 來準備安裝新的 World。以下指令只會" +"比對影響 <_:buildtarget-1/> 是否成功執行的必要檔案。例如，這個步驟會可能會加" +"入新版 FreeBSD 的新群組、系統帳號或啟動 Script。為了讓 <_:buildtarget-2/> 步" +"驟可以使用任何新的系統帳號、群組與 Script，這是個必要的步驟。請參考 來取得更多有關此指令的詳細操作說明：" +#. (itstool) path: step/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45263 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# mergemaster -p" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45267 +msgid "" +"Install the new world and system binaries from /usr/obj." +msgstr "從 /usr/obj 安裝新 World 與系統 Binary。" + +#. (itstool) path: step/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45270 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# cd /usr/src\n" +"# make installworld" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45275 +msgid "Update any remaining configuration files." +msgstr "更新任何剩下的設定檔。" + +#. (itstool) path: step/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45277 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# mergemaster -iF" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45281 +msgid "" +"Delete any obsolete files. This is important as they may cause problems if " +"left on the disk." +msgstr "刪除任何過時的檔案。這很重要，因為若檔案遺留在磁碟上可能會造成問題。" + +#. (itstool) path: step/screen +#. (itstool) path: sect2/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45284 book.translate.xml:45671 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# make delete-old" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45288 +msgid "" +"A full reboot is now needed to load the new kernel and new world with the " +"new configuration files." +msgstr "現在需要完整重新啟動來載入新的核心、新的 World 與新的設定檔。" + +#. (itstool) path: step/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45291 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# reboot" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: step/para +#: book.translate.xml:45295 +msgid "" +"Make sure that all installed ports have first been rebuilt before old " +"libraries are removed using the instructions in . When finished, remove any obsolete libraries to avoid " +"conflicts with newer ones. For a more detailed description of this step, " +"refer to ." +msgstr "" +"確認所有已安裝的 Port 在舊的程式庫移除前已依照 的說明重新編譯。當重新編譯完成後，移除過時的程式庫來避免與新的" +"程式庫發生衝突。有關此步驟更詳細的說明請參考 。" + +#. (itstool) path: step/screen +#. (itstool) path: sect2/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45302 book.translate.xml:45720 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# make delete-old-libs" +msgstr "" + #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44931 +#: book.translate.xml:45308 msgid "" -"Read /usr/src/UPDATING. Any manual steps that must be " -"performed before or after an update are described in this file." +"If the system can have a window of down-time, consider compiling the system " +"in single-user mode instead of compiling the system in multi-user mode, and " +"then dropping into single-user mode for the installation. Reinstalling the " +"system touches a lot of important system files, all the standard system " +"binaries, libraries, and include files. Changing these on a running system, " +"particularly one with active users, is asking for trouble." msgstr "" +"若系統允許停機一小段時間，請考慮以單使用者模式編譯系統來替代在多使用者模組編" +"譯系統，然後進入單使用者模式來完成安裝。重新安裝系統會觸及到很多重要的系統檔" +"案，所有的標準系統 Binary、程式庫以及引用檔。在執行中的系統更換這些檔案，特別" +"是有使用者在使用時，是自找麻煩。" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm +#: book.translate.xml:45321 +msgid "make.conf" +msgstr "" + #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44935 +#: book.translate.xml:45325 +msgid "This build world process uses several configuration files." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45328 msgid "" -"If this is the first time that a source update has been done on this " -"computer, run etcupdate extract to create a snap of " -"system settings for later update and merging. This step only needs to be " -"done once." +"The Makefile located in /usr/src " +"describes how the programs that comprise FreeBSD should be built and the " +"order in which they should be built." msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:44943 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Updating the Source" -msgstr "更新 Ports" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45333 +msgid "" +"The options available to make are described in " +"make.conf5 and some common examples are included in " +"/usr/share/examples/etc/make.conf. Any options which " +"are added to /etc/make.conf will control the how " +"make runs and builds programs. These options take effect " +"every time make is used, including compiling applications " +"from the Ports Collection, compiling custom C programs, or building the " +"FreeBSD operating system. Changes to some settings can have far-reaching and " +"potentially surprising effects. Read the comments in both locations and keep " +"in mind that the defaults have been chosen for a combination of performance " +"and safety." +msgstr "" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm +#: book.translate.xml:45348 +msgid "src.conf" +msgstr "" + #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44945 +#: book.translate.xml:45352 msgid "" -"FreeBSD source code is located in /usr/src/. The " -"preferred method of updating this source is through the " -"Subversion version control system. Verify that " -"the source code is under version control:" +"How the operating system is built from source code is controlled by " +"/etc/src.conf. Unlike /etc/make.conf, the contents of /etc/src.conf only take " +"effect when the FreeBSD operating system itself is being built. Descriptions " +"of the many options available for this file are shown in " +"src.conf5. Be cautious about disabling seemingly unneeded " +"kernel modules and build options. Sometimes there are unexpected or subtle " +"interactions." msgstr "" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/title +#: book.translate.xml:45364 +msgid "Variables and Targets" +msgstr "變數與目標" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45366 +msgid "The general format for using make is as follows:" +msgstr "" + #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:44951 +#: book.translate.xml:45369 #, no-wrap +msgid "# make -x -DVARIABLE target" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45371 msgid "" -"# svn info /usr/src\n" -"Path: /usr/src\n" -"Working Copy Root Path: /usr/src\n" -"..." +"In this example, is an option " +"passed to make. Refer to " +"make1 for examples of the available options." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44956 -#, fuzzy +#: book.translate.xml:45376 msgid "" -"This indicates that /usr/src/ is under version control " -"and can be updated with svn1:" +"To pass a variable, specify the variable name with . The behavior of the " +"Makefile is controlled by variables. These can either " +"be set in /etc/make.conf or they can be specified when " +"using make. For example, this variable specifies that " +"profiled libraries should not be built:" msgstr "" -"使用 ls1 及參數 可檢視檔案目前的旗標：" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#synching -#: book.translate.xml:44960 +#: book.translate.xml:45385 #, no-wrap -msgid "# svn update /usr/src" +msgid "# make -DNO_PROFILE target" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:44962 +#: book.translate.xml:45387 msgid "" -"The update process can take some time if the directory has not been updated " -"recently. After it finishes, the source code is up to date and the build " -"process described in the next section can begin." +"It corresponds with this setting in /etc/make.conf:" msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: note/title -#: book.translate.xml:44968 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Obtaining the Source" -msgstr "取得 FreeBSD" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting +#: book.translate.xml:45390 +#, no-wrap +msgid "NO_PROFILE= true # Avoid compiling profiled libraries" +msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:44970 +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45392 msgid "" -"If the output says '/usr/src' is not a working copy, the " -"files there are missing or were installed with a different method. A new " -"checkout of the source is required." +"The target tells make what to " +"do and the Makefile defines the available targets. Some " +"targets are used by the build process to break out the steps necessary to " +"rebuild the system into a number of sub-steps." msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:44976 -msgid "FreeBSD Versions and Repository Paths" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45399 +msgid "" +"Having separate options is useful for two reasons. First, it allows for a " +"build that does not affect any components of a running system. Because of " +"this, <_:buildtarget-1/> can be safely run on a machine running in multi-" +"user mode. It is still recommended that <_:buildtarget-2/> be run in part in " +"single-user mode, though." msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:44981 -#, fuzzy -msgid "uname -r Output" -msgstr "make 失敗" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45407 +msgid "" +"Secondly, it allows NFS mounts to be used to upgrade " +"multiple machines on a network, as described in ." +msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:44982 -msgid "Repository Path" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45411 +msgid "" +"It is possible to specify which will cause " +"make to spawn several simultaneous processes. Since much " +"of the compiling process is I/O-bound rather than " +"CPU-bound, this is useful on both single CPU and multi-CPU machines." msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:44988 -msgid "X.Y-RELEASE" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45419 +msgid "" +"On a single-CPU machine, run the following command to " +"have up to 4 processes running at any one time. Empirical evidence posted to " +"the mailing lists shows this generally gives the best performance benefit." msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:44989 -#, fuzzy -msgid "base/releng/X" -msgstr "ada 或 ad" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45424 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# make -j4 buildworld" +msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:44993 -#, fuzzy -msgid "X.Y-STABLE" -msgstr "ada 或 ad" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45426 +msgid "" +"On a multi-CPU machine, try values between 6 and 10 to see how they speed things up." +msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:44994 -#, fuzzy -msgid "base/stable/X" -msgstr "ada 或 ad" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm +#: book.translate.xml:45430 +msgid "" +"rebuilding world timings" +msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:44998 -#, fuzzy -msgid "X-CURRENT" -msgstr "ada 或 ad" +#. (itstool) path: note/para +#: book.translate.xml:45436 +msgid "" +"If any variables were specified to make buildworld, " +"specify the same variables to make installworld. However, " +" must never be used with <_:" +"buildtarget-1/>." +msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:44999 -#, fuzzy -msgid "base/head/" -msgstr "等寬字" +#. (itstool) path: note/para +#: book.translate.xml:45442 +msgid "For example, if this command was used:" +msgstr "" +#. (itstool) path: note/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45444 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# make -DNO_PROFILE buildworld" +msgstr "" + #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:45005 -#, fuzzy -msgid "" -"Determine which version of FreeBSD is being used with " -"uname1:" +#: book.translate.xml:45446 +msgid "Install the results with:" msgstr "" -"使用 lpr1 列印" #. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:45008 +#: book.translate.xml:45448 #, no-wrap -msgid "" -"# uname -r\n" -"10.3-RELEASE" +msgid "# make -DNO_PROFILE installworld" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:45011 +#: book.translate.xml:45450 msgid "" -"Based on , the source " -"used to update 10.3-RELEASE has a repository path of " -"base/releng/10. That is used in the checkout of source:" +"Otherwise, the second command will try to install profiled libraries that " +"were not built during the make buildworld phase." msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:45017 +#. (itstool) path: info/title +#: book.translate.xml:45458 +msgid "Merging Configuration Files" +msgstr "合併設定檔" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm +#: book.translate.xml:45471 +msgid " mergemaster " +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45477 +msgid "" +"FreeBSD provides the mergemaster8 Bourne script to aid " +"in determining the differences between the configuration files in /" +"etc, and the configuration files in /usr/src/etc. This is the recommended solution for keeping the system " +"configuration files up to date with those located in the source tree." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45484 +msgid "" +"Before using mergemaster, it is recommended to first copy " +"the existing /etc somewhere safe. Include which preserves " +"times and the ownerships on files:" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45491 #, no-wrap +msgid "# cp -Rp /etc /etc.old" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45493 msgid "" -"# mv /usr/src /usr/src.bak \n" -"# svn checkout https://svn.freebsd.org/base/releng/10 /usr/src " +"When run, mergemaster builds a temporary root " +"environment, from / down, and populates it with various " +"system configuration files. Those files are then compared to the ones " +"currently installed in the system. Files that differ will be shown in " +"diff1 format, with the sign representing added or " +"modified lines, and representing lines that will be " +"either removed completely or replaced with a new file. Refer to " +"diff1 for more information about how file differences are shown." msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:45022 +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45504 msgid "" -"Move the old directory out of the way. If there are no local modifications " -"in this directory, it can be deleted." +"Next, mergemaster will display each file that differs, " +"and present options to: delete the new file, referred to as the temporary " +"file, install the temporary file in its unmodified state, merge the " +"temporary file with the currently installed file, or view the results again." msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:45028 +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45511 msgid "" -"The path from is " -"added to the repository URL. The third parameter is the " -"destination directory for the source code on the local system." +"Choosing to delete the temporary file will tell mergemaster to keep the current file unchanged and to delete the new version. " +"This option is not recommended. To get help at any time, type ? at the mergemaster prompt. If the user chooses to " +"skip a file, it will be presented again after all other files have been " +"dealt with." msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:45039 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Building and Installing from Source" -msgstr "編譯與安裝自訂核心" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45520 +msgid "" +"Choosing to install the unmodified temporary file will replace the current " +"file with the new one. For most unmodified files, this is the best option." +msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#makeworld -#: book.translate.xml:45041 +#: book.translate.xml:45524 msgid "" -"The world, or all of the operating system except the " -"kernel, is compiled. This is done first to provide up-to-date tools to build " -"the kernel. Then the kernel itself is built." +"Choosing to merge the file will present a text editor, and the contents of " +"both files. The files can be merged by reviewing both files side by side on " +"the screen, and choosing parts from both to create a finished product. When " +"the files are compared side by side, l selects the left " +"contents and r selects contents from the right. The final " +"output will be a file consisting of both parts, which can then be installed. " +"This option is customarily used for files where settings have been modified " +"by the user." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:45046 +#: book.translate.xml:45535 +msgid "Choosing to view the results again will redisplay the file differences." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45538 msgid "" -"Increasing the number of build jobs on multi-core processors can improve " -"build speed. Determine the number of cores with sysctl hw.ncpu. Processors vary, as do the build systems used with different " -"versions of FreeBSD, so testing is the only sure method to tell how a " -"different number of jobs affects the build speed. For a starting point, " -"consider values between half and double the number of cores." +"After mergemaster is done with the system files, it will " +"prompt for other options. It may prompt to rebuild the password file and " +"will finish up with an option to remove left-over temporary files." msgstr "" +#. (itstool) path: info/title +#: book.translate.xml:45627 +msgid "Deleting Obsolete Files and Libraries" +msgstr "刪除過時的檔案及程式庫" + +#. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author +#: book.translate.xml:45630 +msgid "" +" Anton Shterenlikht Based on notes provided by " +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm +#: book.translate.xml:45640 +msgid "Deleting obsolete files and directories" +msgstr "" + #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:45055 +#: book.translate.xml:45644 msgid "" -"Describe other go-fast options like NO_CLEAN here. Preferably avoid having " -"different sections for different versions of FreeBSD." +"As a part of the FreeBSD development lifecycle, files and their contents " +"occasionally become obsolete. This may be because functionality is " +"implemented elsewhere, the version number of the library has changed, or it " +"was removed from the system entirely. These obsoleted files, libraries, and " +"directories should be removed when updating the system. This ensures that " +"the system is not cluttered with old files which take up unnecessary space " +"on the storage and backup media. Additionally, if the old library has a " +"security or stability issue, the system should be updated to the newer " +"library to keep it safe and to prevent crashes caused by the old library. " +"Files, directories, and libraries which are considered obsolete are listed " +"in /usr/src/ObsoleteFiles.inc. The following " +"instructions should be used to remove obsolete files during the system " +"upgrade process." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:45059 +#: book.translate.xml:45661 msgid "" -"For a completely clean build, delete the temporary object directory before " -"building with rm -rf /usr/obj." +"After the make installworld and the subsequent " +"mergemaster have finished successfully, check for " +"obsolete files and libraries:" msgstr "" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45665 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# cd /usr/src\n" +"# make check-old" +msgstr "" + #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:45063 -msgid "Custom kernels and sample build for them." +#: book.translate.xml:45668 +msgid "" +"If any obsolete files are found, they can be deleted using the following " +"command:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:45065 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Building only the kernel, sample." -msgstr "編譯核心" +#: book.translate.xml:45673 +msgid "" +"A prompt is displayed before deleting each obsolete file. To skip the prompt " +"and let the system remove these files automatically, use " +"BATCH_DELETE_OLD_FILES:" +msgstr "" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45678 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# make -DBATCH_DELETE_OLD_FILES delete-old" +msgstr "" + #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:45067 +#: book.translate.xml:45680 msgid "" -"We should only show recommended, most-common make targets here. Do we need " -"to document buildkernel/installkernel here?" +"The same goal can be achieved by piping these commands through yes:" msgstr "" -#. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:45073 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Completing the Update" -msgstr "建立範本" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45683 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# yes|make delete-old" +msgstr "" +#. (itstool) path: warning/title +#: book.translate.xml:45686 +msgid "Warning" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: warning/para +#: book.translate.xml:45688 +msgid "" +"Deleting obsolete files will break applications that still depend on those " +"obsolete files. This is especially true for old libraries. In most cases, " +"the programs, ports, or libraries that used the old library need to be " +"recompiled before make delete-old-libs is executed." +msgstr "" + #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#mergemaster -#: book.translate.xml:45076 +#: book.translate.xml:45696 msgid "" -"Merge the contents of /etc/ with etcupdate or mergemaster -Ui." +"Utilities for checking shared library dependencies include sysutils/" +"libchk and sysutils/bsdadminscripts." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:45081 +#: book.translate.xml:45700 msgid "" -"Check for outdated files and libraries with make check-old and make check-old-libs." +"Obsolete shared libraries can conflict with newer libraries, causing " +"messages like these:" msgstr "" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45703 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"/usr/bin/ld: warning: libz.so.4, needed by /usr/local/lib/libtiff.so, may conflict with libz.so.5\n" +"/usr/bin/ld: warning: librpcsvc.so.4, needed by /usr/local/lib/libXext.so, may conflict with librpcsvc.so.5" +msgstr "" + #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:45085 -#, fuzzy -msgid "Restart the computer with shutdown -r now." -msgstr "使用 tar 還原目前目錄" +#: book.translate.xml:45706 +msgid "To solve these problems, determine which port installed the library:" +msgstr "" +#. (itstool) path: sect2/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45709 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# pkg which /usr/local/lib/libtiff.so\n" +" /usr/local/lib/libtiff.so was installed by package tiff-3.9.4\n" +"# pkg which /usr/local/lib/libXext.so\n" +" /usr/local/lib/libXext.so was installed by package libXext-1.1.1,1" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45714 +msgid "" +"Then deinstall, rebuild, and reinstall the port. To automate this process, " +"ports-mgmt/portmaster can be used. After all ports are " +"rebuilt and no longer use the old libraries, delete the old libraries using " +"the following command:" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/para +#: book.translate.xml:45722 +msgid "" +"If something goes wrong, it is easy to rebuild a particular piece of the " +"system. For example, if /etc/magic was accidentally " +"deleted as part of the upgrade or merge of /etc, " +"file will stop working. To fix this, run:" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45729 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# cd /usr/src/usr.bin/file\n" +"# make all install" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect2/title +#: book.translate.xml:45734 +msgid "Common Questions" +msgstr "常見問題" + +#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term +#: book.translate.xml:45738 +msgid "Do I need to re-make the world for every change?" +msgstr "每個變更是否都需要重新編譯 World?" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45742 +msgid "" +"It depends upon the nature of the change. For example, if svn only shows the following files as being updated:" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45746 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"src/games/cribbage/instr.c\n" +"src/games/sail/pl_main.c\n" +"src/release/sysinstall/config.c\n" +"src/release/sysinstall/media.c\n" +"src/share/mk/bsd.port.mk" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45752 +msgid "" +"it probably is not worth rebuilding the entire world. Instead, go into the " +"appropriate sub-directories and run make all install. But " +"if something major changes, such as src/lib/libc/stdlib, consider rebuilding world." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45759 +msgid "" +"Some users rebuild world every fortnight and let changes accumulate over " +"that fortnight. Others only re-make those things that have changed and are " +"careful to spot all the dependencies. It all depends on how often a user " +"wants to upgrade and whether they are tracking FreeBSD-STABLE or FreeBSD-" +"CURRENT." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: term/indexterm +#: book.translate.xml:45770 +msgid "signal 11" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term +#: book.translate.xml:45769 +msgid "" +"What would cause a compile to fail with lots of signal 11<_:indexterm-1/> " +"(or other signal number) errors?" +msgstr "什麼會造成有很多信號 11<_:indexterm-1/> (或其他信號) 錯誤的編譯失敗?" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45776 +msgid "" +"This normally indicates a hardware problem. Building world is an effective " +"way to stress test hardware, especially memory. A sure indicator of a " +"hardware issue is when make is restarted and it " +"dies at a different point in the process." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45783 +msgid "" +"To resolve this error, swap out the components in the machine, starting with " +"RAM, to determine which component is failing." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term +#: book.translate.xml:45790 +msgid "Can /usr/obj be removed when finished?" +msgstr "完成編譯後是可否移除 /usr/obj?" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45794 +msgid "" +"This directory contains all the object files that were produced during the " +"compilation phase. Normally, one of the first steps in the make " +"buildworld process is to remove this directory and start afresh. " +"Keeping /usr/obj around when finished makes little " +"sense, and its removal frees up a approximately 2GB of disk space." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term +#: book.translate.xml:45806 +msgid "Can interrupted builds be resumed?" +msgstr "是否能繼續中斷的編譯?" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45809 +msgid "" +"This depends on how far into the process the problem occurs. In general, " +"make buildworld builds new copies of essential tools and " +"the system libraries. These tools and libraries are then installed, used to " +"rebuild themselves, and are installed again. The rest of the system is then " +"rebuilt with the new system tools." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45818 +msgid "" +"During the last stage, it is fairly safe to run these commands as they will " +"not undo the work of the previous make buildworld:" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45822 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# cd /usr/src\n" +"# make -DNO_CLEAN all" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45825 +msgid "If this message appears:" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45827 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"--------------------------------------------------------------\n" +"Building everything..\n" +"--------------------------------------------------------------" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45831 +msgid "" +"in the make buildworld output, it is probably fairly safe " +"to do so." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45834 +msgid "" +"If that message is not displayed, it is always better to be safe than sorry " +"and to restart the build from scratch." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term +#: book.translate.xml:45841 +msgid "Is it possible to speed up making the world?" +msgstr "有可能加速編譯 World 的速度嗎?" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45844 +msgid "" +"Several actions can speed up the build world process. For example, the " +"entire process can be run from single-user mode. However, this will prevent " +"users from having access to the system until the process is complete." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45850 +msgid "" +"Careful file system design or the use of ZFS datasets can make a difference. " +"Consider putting /usr/src and /usr/obj on separate file systems. If possible, place the file systems on " +"separate disks on separate disk controllers. When mounting /usr/" +"src, use which prevents the file system " +"from recording the file access time. If /usr/src is not " +"on its own file system, consider remounting /usr with " +"." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45862 +msgid "" +"The file system holding /usr/obj can be mounted or " +"remounted with so that disk writes happen " +"asynchronously. The write completes immediately, and the data is written to " +"the disk a few seconds later. This allows writes to be clustered together, " +"and can provide a dramatic performance boost." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: warning/para +#: book.translate.xml:45871 +msgid "" +"Keep in mind that this option makes the file system more fragile. With this " +"option, there is an increased chance that, should power fail, the file " +"system will be in an unrecoverable state when the machine restarts." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: warning/para +#: book.translate.xml:45877 +msgid "" +"If /usr/obj is the only directory on this file system, " +"this is not a problem. If you have other, valuable data on the same file " +"system, ensure that there are verified backups before enabling this option." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45884 +msgid "" +"Turn off profiling by setting NO_PROFILE=true in /" +"etc/make.conf." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45888 +msgid "" +"Pass to " +"make1 to run multiple processes in parallel. This usually helps on " +"both single- and multi-processor machines." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term +#: book.translate.xml:45896 +msgid "What if something goes wrong?" +msgstr "若發生錯誤時該怎麼辦?" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45899 +msgid "" +"First, make absolutely sure that the environment has no extraneous cruft " +"from earlier builds:" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/screen +#: book.translate.xml:45902 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# chflags -R noschg /usr/obj/usr\n" +"# rm -rf /usr/obj/usr\n" +"# cd /usr/src\n" +"# make cleandir\n" +"# make cleandir" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45908 +msgid "Yes, make cleandir really should be run twice." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45911 +msgid "" +"Then, restart the whole process, starting with make buildworld." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:45914 +msgid "" +"If problems persist, send the error and the output of uname -a to FreeBSD general questions mailing list. Be " +"prepared to answer other questions about the setup!" +msgstr "" + #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:45092 +#: book.translate.xml:45926 msgid "Tracking for Multiple Machines" msgstr "多部機器追蹤" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:45105 +#: book.translate.xml:45939 msgid "" "NFS installing multiple machines" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45110 +#: book.translate.xml:45944 msgid "" "When multiple machines need to track the same source tree, it is a waste of " "disk space, network bandwidth, and CPU cycles to have " @@ -62938,7 +65779,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45119 +#: book.translate.xml:45953 msgid "" "First, identify a set of machines which will run the same set of binaries, " "known as a build set. Each machine can have a custom " @@ -62950,7 +65791,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45129 +#: book.translate.xml:45963 msgid "" "Select a machine to be the test machine, which will " "test software updates before they are put into production. This " @@ -62959,7 +65800,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45135 +#: book.translate.xml:45969 msgid "" "All the machines in this build set need to mount /usr/obj and /usr/src from the build machine via " @@ -62969,7 +65810,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45141 +#: book.translate.xml:45975 msgid "" "Ensure that /etc/make.conf and /etc/src.conf on all the machines in the build set agree with the build machine. " @@ -62984,7 +65825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45153 +#: book.translate.xml:45987 msgid "" "On the build machine, build the kernel and world as described in , but do not install anything on the build machine. " @@ -62997,7 +65838,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45164 +#: book.translate.xml:45998 msgid "" "After verifying that everything on the test machine is working properly, use " "the same procedure to install the new software on each of the other machines " @@ -63005,7 +65846,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45168 +#: book.translate.xml:46002 msgid "" "The same methodology can be used for the ports tree. The first step is to " "share /usr/ports via NFS to all the " @@ -63021,22 +65862,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:45201 +#: book.translate.xml:46035 msgid "DTrace" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:45212 +#: book.translate.xml:46046 msgid "DTrace" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:45213 +#: book.translate.xml:46047 msgid "DTrace support DTrace" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45218 +#: book.translate.xml:46052 msgid "" "DTrace, also known as Dynamic Tracing, was developed by Sun as a tool for locating performance bottlenecks in production and " @@ -63046,7 +65887,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45225 +#: book.translate.xml:46059 msgid "" "DTrace is a remarkable profiling tool, with an impressive array of features " "for diagnosing system issues. It may also be used to run pre-written scripts " @@ -63056,7 +65897,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45232 +#: book.translate.xml:46066 msgid "" "The FreeBSD implementation provides full support for kernel DTrace and " "experimental support for userland DTrace. Userland DTrace allows users to " @@ -63070,7 +65911,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45244 +#: book.translate.xml:46078 msgid "" "The official guide to DTrace is maintained by the Illumos project at DTrace Guide." @@ -63077,12 +65918,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:45252 +#: book.translate.xml:46086 msgid "What DTrace is and what features it provides." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:45256 +#: book.translate.xml:46090 msgid "" "Differences between the Solaris DTrace implementation " "and the one provided by FreeBSD." @@ -63089,17 +65930,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:45261 +#: book.translate.xml:46095 msgid "How to enable and use DTrace on FreeBSD." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:45281 +#: book.translate.xml:46115 msgid "Implementation Differences" msgstr "實作差異" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45283 +#: book.translate.xml:46117 msgid "" "While the DTrace in FreeBSD is similar to that found in Solaris, differences do exist. The primary difference is that in FreeBSD, " @@ -63108,13 +65949,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:45289 +#: book.translate.xml:46123 #, no-wrap msgid "# kldload dtraceall" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45291 +#: book.translate.xml:46125 msgid "" "Beginning with FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE, the modules are automatically loaded " "when dtrace is run." @@ -63121,7 +65962,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45295 +#: book.translate.xml:46129 msgid "" "FreeBSD uses the DDB_CTF kernel option to enable support " "for loading CTF data from kernel modules and the kernel " @@ -63137,7 +65978,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45309 +#: book.translate.xml:46143 msgid "" "Some different providers exist for FreeBSD than for Solaris. Most notable is the dtmalloc provider, which " @@ -63152,7 +65993,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45321 +#: book.translate.xml:46155 msgid "" "Due to security differences, only root may use DTrace on FreeBSD. Solaris has a " @@ -63162,7 +66003,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45327 +#: book.translate.xml:46161 msgid "" "DTrace falls under the Common Development and Distribution License " "(CDDL) license. To view this license on FreeBSD, see " @@ -63175,12 +66016,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:45339 +#: book.translate.xml:46173 msgid "Enabling DTrace Support" msgstr "開啟 DTrace 支援" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45341 +#: book.translate.xml:46175 msgid "" "In FreeBSD 9.2 and 10.0, DTrace support is built into the GENERIC kernel. Users of earlier versions of FreeBSD or who prefer to " @@ -63190,7 +66031,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:45347 +#: book.translate.xml:46181 #, no-wrap msgid "" "options KDTRACE_HOOKS\n" @@ -63200,18 +66041,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45352 +#: book.translate.xml:46186 msgid "Users of the AMD64 architecture should also add this line:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:45355 +#: book.translate.xml:46189 #, no-wrap msgid "options KDTRACE_FRAME" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45357 +#: book.translate.xml:46191 msgid "" "This option provides support for FBT. While DTrace will " "work without this option, there will be limited support for function " @@ -63219,7 +66060,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45361 +#: book.translate.xml:46195 msgid "" "Once the FreeBSD system has rebooted into the new kernel, or the DTrace " "kernel modules have been loaded using kldload dtraceall, " @@ -63231,7 +66072,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45371 +#: book.translate.xml:46205 msgid "" "Finally, install the current DTrace Toolkit, a collection of ready-made " "scripts for collecting system information. There are scripts to check open " @@ -63242,7 +66083,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:45384 +#: book.translate.xml:46218 msgid "" "The scripts found in /usr/share/dtrace have been " "specifically ported to FreeBSD. Not all of the scripts found in the DTrace " @@ -63251,7 +66092,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45391 +#: book.translate.xml:46225 msgid "" "The DTrace Toolkit includes many scripts in the special language of DTrace. " "This language is called the D language and it is very similar to C++. An in " @@ -63262,12 +66103,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:45399 +#: book.translate.xml:46233 msgid "Using DTrace" msgstr "使用 DTrace" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45401 +#: book.translate.xml:46235 msgid "" "DTrace scripts consist of a list of one or more probes, or instrumentation points, where each probe is associated with " @@ -63280,19 +66121,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45412 +#: book.translate.xml:46246 msgid "" "To view all probes, the administrator can execute the following command:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:45415 +#: book.translate.xml:46249 #, no-wrap msgid "# dtrace -l | more" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45417 +#: book.translate.xml:46251 msgid "" "Each probe has an ID, a PROVIDER " "(dtrace or fbt), a MODULE, and a FUNCTION NAMEhotkernelhotkernel script is designed to identify which " "function is using the most kernel time. It will produce output similar to " @@ -63318,7 +66159,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:45433 +#: book.translate.xml:46267 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/share/dtrace/toolkit\n" @@ -63327,7 +66168,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45437 +#: book.translate.xml:46271 msgid "" "As instructed, use the CtrlC key combination to stop the process. " @@ -63336,7 +66177,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:45444 +#: book.translate.xml:46278 #, no-wrap msgid "" "kernel`_thread_lock_flags 2 0.0%\n" @@ -63368,7 +66209,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45475 +#: book.translate.xml:46309 msgid "" "This script will also work with kernel modules. To use this feature, run the " "script with :" @@ -63375,7 +66216,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:45478 +#: book.translate.xml:46312 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ./hotkernel -m\n" @@ -63397,7 +66238,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45499 +#: book.translate.xml:46333 msgid "" "The procsystime script captures and prints the system " "call time usage for a given process ID (PID# ./procsystime -n csh\n" @@ -63440,7 +66281,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45535 +#: book.translate.xml:46369 msgid "" "As shown, the read() system call used the most time in " "nanoseconds while the getpid() system call used the " @@ -63448,12 +66289,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: part/title -#: book.translate.xml:45545 +#: book.translate.xml:46379 msgid "Network Communication" msgstr "網路通訊" #. (itstool) path: partintro/para -#: book.translate.xml:45548 +#: book.translate.xml:46382 msgid "" "FreeBSD is one of the most widely deployed operating systems for high " "performance network servers. The chapters in this part cover:" @@ -63461,39 +66302,39 @@ "FreeBSD 是一種廣泛的被使用在高效能的網路伺服器中的作業系統，這些章節包含了：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:45554 +#: book.translate.xml:46388 msgid "Serial communication" msgstr "序列通訊" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:45558 +#: book.translate.xml:46392 msgid "PPP and PPP over Ethernet" msgstr "PPP 和在乙太網路使用 PPP" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:45563 book.translate.xml:49453 +#: book.translate.xml:46397 book.translate.xml:50287 msgid "Electronic Mail" msgstr "電子郵件" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:45567 +#: book.translate.xml:46401 msgid "Running Network Servers" msgstr "執行網路伺服器" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:45571 book.translate.xml:57073 +#: book.translate.xml:46405 book.translate.xml:57907 msgid "Firewalls" msgstr "防火牆" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:45575 +#: book.translate.xml:46409 msgid "Other Advanced Networking Topics" msgstr "其他的進階網路主題" #. (itstool) path: partintro/para -#: book.translate.xml:45579 +#: book.translate.xml:46413 msgid "" "These chapters are designed to be read when the information is needed. They " "do not need to be read in any particular order, nor is it necessary to read " @@ -63503,17 +66344,17 @@ "要將這些章節全部讀過之後才將 FreeBSD 用在網路環境下。" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:45592 +#: book.translate.xml:46426 msgid "Serial Communications" msgstr "序列通訊" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:45597 +#: book.translate.xml:46431 msgid "serial communications" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45599 +#: book.translate.xml:46433 msgid "" "UNIX has always had support for " "serial communications as the very first configure and install a custom " "kernel." @@ -63555,7 +66396,7 @@ msgstr "了解如何 設定並安裝自訂核心。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:45632 +#: book.translate.xml:46466 msgid "" "Understand FreeBSD permissions and processes." @@ -63562,7 +66403,7 @@ msgstr "了解 FreeBSD 的權限與程序。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:45636 +#: book.translate.xml:46470 msgid "" "Have access to the technical manual for the serial hardware to be used with " "FreeBSD." @@ -63569,27 +66410,27 @@ msgstr "能夠取得要在 FreeBSD 使用的序列硬體的技術手冊。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:45643 +#: book.translate.xml:46477 msgid "Serial Terminology and Hardware" msgstr "序列術語與硬體" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45645 +#: book.translate.xml:46479 msgid "The following terms are often used in serial communications:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:45649 +#: book.translate.xml:46483 msgid "bps" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:45652 +#: book.translate.xml:46486 msgid "bits-per-second" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:45651 +#: book.translate.xml:46485 msgid "" "Bits per Second<_:indexterm-1/> (bps) is the rate at " "which data is transmitted." @@ -63596,17 +66437,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:45659 +#: book.translate.xml:46493 msgid "DTE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:45662 +#: book.translate.xml:46496 msgid "DTE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:45661 +#: book.translate.xml:46495 msgid "" "Data Terminal Equipment<_:indexterm-1/> (DTE) is one of " "two endpoints in a serial communication. An example would be a computer." @@ -63613,17 +66454,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:45670 +#: book.translate.xml:46504 msgid "DCE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:45673 +#: book.translate.xml:46507 msgid "DCE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:45672 +#: book.translate.xml:46506 msgid "" "Data Communications Equipment<_:indexterm-1/> (DTE) is " "the other endpoint in a serial communication. Typically, it is a modem or " @@ -63631,12 +66472,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:45681 +#: book.translate.xml:46515 msgid "RS-232" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:45683 +#: book.translate.xml:46517 msgid "" "The original standard which defined hardware serial communications. It has " "since been renamed to TIA-232." @@ -63643,7 +66484,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45690 +#: book.translate.xml:46524 msgid "" "When referring to communication data rates, this section does not use the " "term baud. Baud refers to the number of electrical " @@ -63652,7 +66493,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:45696 +#: book.translate.xml:46530 msgid "" "To connect a serial terminal to a FreeBSD system, a serial port on the " "computer and the proper cable to connect to the serial device are needed. " @@ -63661,12 +66502,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:45702 +#: book.translate.xml:46536 msgid "Serial Cables and Ports" msgstr "序列線與埠" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:45704 +#: book.translate.xml:46538 msgid "" "There are several different kinds of serial cables. The two most common " "types are null-modem cables and standard RS-232 cables. " @@ -63675,7 +66516,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:45709 +#: book.translate.xml:46543 msgid "" "These two types of cables differ in how the wires are connected to the " "connector. Each wire represents a signal, with the defined signals " @@ -63688,7 +66529,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:45719 +#: book.translate.xml:46553 msgid "" "A null-modem cable switches the Transmitted Data pin of the " "connector on one end with the Received Data pin on the other " @@ -63697,7 +66538,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:45725 +#: book.translate.xml:46559 msgid "" "A null-modem cable can be constructed using the pin connections summarized " "in , , " @@ -63710,124 +66551,124 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm #. (itstool) path: step/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:45734 book.translate.xml:47411 +#: book.translate.xml:46568 book.translate.xml:48245 msgid "null-modem cable" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:45739 +#: book.translate.xml:46573 msgid "RS-232C Signal Names" msgstr "RS-232C 信號名稱" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45744 +#: book.translate.xml:46578 msgid "Acronyms" msgstr "縮寫" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45745 +#: book.translate.xml:46579 msgid "Names" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45751 +#: book.translate.xml:46585 msgid "RD" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm -#: book.translate.xml:45752 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:46586 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Received Data" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45756 +#: book.translate.xml:46590 msgid "TD" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm -#: book.translate.xml:45757 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:46591 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Transmitted Data" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45761 +#: book.translate.xml:46595 msgid "DTR" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm -#: book.translate.xml:45762 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:46596 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Data Terminal Ready" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45766 +#: book.translate.xml:46600 msgid "DSR" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm -#: book.translate.xml:45767 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:46601 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Data Set Ready" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45771 +#: book.translate.xml:46605 msgid "DCD" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45772 +#: book.translate.xml:46606 msgid "Data Carrier Detect" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45776 +#: book.translate.xml:46610 msgid "SG" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm -#: book.translate.xml:45777 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:46611 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Signal Ground" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45781 +#: book.translate.xml:46615 msgid "RTS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45782 +#: book.translate.xml:46616 msgid "Request to Send" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45786 +#: book.translate.xml:46620 msgid "CTS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45787 +#: book.translate.xml:46621 msgid "Clear to Send" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:45794 +#: book.translate.xml:46628 msgid "DB-25 to DB-25 Null-Modem Cable" msgstr "DB-25 對 DB-25 Null-Modem 線" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45799 book.translate.xml:45803 book.translate.xml:45889 -#: book.translate.xml:45893 book.translate.xml:45979 book.translate.xml:45983 +#: book.translate.xml:46633 book.translate.xml:46637 book.translate.xml:46723 +#: book.translate.xml:46727 book.translate.xml:46813 book.translate.xml:46817 msgid "Signal" msgstr "信號" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45800 book.translate.xml:45802 book.translate.xml:45890 -#: book.translate.xml:45892 book.translate.xml:45980 book.translate.xml:45982 +#: book.translate.xml:46634 book.translate.xml:46636 book.translate.xml:46724 +#: book.translate.xml:46726 book.translate.xml:46814 book.translate.xml:46816 msgid "Pin #" msgstr "針腳 #" @@ -63834,22 +66675,22 @@ #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm #. (itstool) path: glossentry/acronym -#: book.translate.xml:45809 book.translate.xml:45813 book.translate.xml:45931 -#: book.translate.xml:45935 book.translate.xml:46021 book.translate.xml:46025 +#: book.translate.xml:46643 book.translate.xml:46647 book.translate.xml:46765 +#: book.translate.xml:46769 book.translate.xml:46855 book.translate.xml:46859 #: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "SG" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45811 book.translate.xml:45819 book.translate.xml:45827 -#: book.translate.xml:45835 book.translate.xml:45843 book.translate.xml:45851 -#: book.translate.xml:45859 book.translate.xml:45867 book.translate.xml:45875 -#: book.translate.xml:45901 book.translate.xml:45909 book.translate.xml:45917 -#: book.translate.xml:45925 book.translate.xml:45933 book.translate.xml:45941 -#: book.translate.xml:45949 book.translate.xml:45957 book.translate.xml:45965 -#: book.translate.xml:45991 book.translate.xml:45999 book.translate.xml:46007 -#: book.translate.xml:46015 book.translate.xml:46023 book.translate.xml:46031 -#: book.translate.xml:46039 book.translate.xml:46047 book.translate.xml:46055 +#: book.translate.xml:46645 book.translate.xml:46653 book.translate.xml:46661 +#: book.translate.xml:46669 book.translate.xml:46677 book.translate.xml:46685 +#: book.translate.xml:46693 book.translate.xml:46701 book.translate.xml:46709 +#: book.translate.xml:46735 book.translate.xml:46743 book.translate.xml:46751 +#: book.translate.xml:46759 book.translate.xml:46767 book.translate.xml:46775 +#: book.translate.xml:46783 book.translate.xml:46791 book.translate.xml:46799 +#: book.translate.xml:46825 book.translate.xml:46833 book.translate.xml:46841 +#: book.translate.xml:46849 book.translate.xml:46857 book.translate.xml:46865 +#: book.translate.xml:46873 book.translate.xml:46881 book.translate.xml:46889 msgid "connects to" msgstr "" @@ -63856,8 +66697,8 @@ #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm #. (itstool) path: glossentry/acronym -#: book.translate.xml:45817 book.translate.xml:45829 book.translate.xml:45903 -#: book.translate.xml:45907 book.translate.xml:45993 book.translate.xml:45997 +#: book.translate.xml:46651 book.translate.xml:46663 book.translate.xml:46737 +#: book.translate.xml:46741 book.translate.xml:46827 book.translate.xml:46831 #: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "TD" msgstr "" @@ -63865,8 +66706,8 @@ #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm #. (itstool) path: glossentry/acronym -#: book.translate.xml:45821 book.translate.xml:45825 book.translate.xml:45899 -#: book.translate.xml:45911 book.translate.xml:45989 book.translate.xml:46001 +#: book.translate.xml:46655 book.translate.xml:46659 book.translate.xml:46733 +#: book.translate.xml:46745 book.translate.xml:46823 book.translate.xml:46835 #: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "RD" msgstr "" @@ -63874,8 +66715,8 @@ #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm #. (itstool) path: glossentry/acronym -#: book.translate.xml:45833 book.translate.xml:45845 book.translate.xml:45955 -#: book.translate.xml:45967 book.translate.xml:46045 book.translate.xml:46057 +#: book.translate.xml:46667 book.translate.xml:46679 book.translate.xml:46789 +#: book.translate.xml:46801 book.translate.xml:46879 book.translate.xml:46891 #: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "RTS" msgstr "" @@ -63883,8 +66724,8 @@ #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm #. (itstool) path: glossentry/acronym -#: book.translate.xml:45837 book.translate.xml:45841 book.translate.xml:45959 -#: book.translate.xml:45963 book.translate.xml:46049 book.translate.xml:46053 +#: book.translate.xml:46671 book.translate.xml:46675 book.translate.xml:46793 +#: book.translate.xml:46797 book.translate.xml:46883 book.translate.xml:46887 #: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "CTS" msgstr "" @@ -63892,17 +66733,17 @@ #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm #. (itstool) path: glossentry/acronym -#: book.translate.xml:45849 book.translate.xml:45857 book.translate.xml:45869 -#: book.translate.xml:45877 book.translate.xml:45915 book.translate.xml:45923 -#: book.translate.xml:45943 book.translate.xml:45951 book.translate.xml:46005 -#: book.translate.xml:46013 book.translate.xml:46033 book.translate.xml:46041 +#: book.translate.xml:46683 book.translate.xml:46691 book.translate.xml:46703 +#: book.translate.xml:46711 book.translate.xml:46749 book.translate.xml:46757 +#: book.translate.xml:46777 book.translate.xml:46785 book.translate.xml:46839 +#: book.translate.xml:46847 book.translate.xml:46867 book.translate.xml:46875 #: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "DTR" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45850 book.translate.xml:45858 book.translate.xml:45868 -#: book.translate.xml:45876 book.translate.xml:46032 book.translate.xml:46040 +#: book.translate.xml:46684 book.translate.xml:46692 book.translate.xml:46702 +#: book.translate.xml:46710 book.translate.xml:46866 book.translate.xml:46874 msgid "20" msgstr "" @@ -63909,36 +66750,36 @@ #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossentry/glossterm #. (itstool) path: glossentry/acronym -#: book.translate.xml:45853 book.translate.xml:45865 book.translate.xml:45919 -#: book.translate.xml:45939 book.translate.xml:46009 book.translate.xml:46029 +#: book.translate.xml:46687 book.translate.xml:46699 book.translate.xml:46753 +#: book.translate.xml:46773 book.translate.xml:46843 book.translate.xml:46863 #: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "DSR" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45860 book.translate.xml:45874 book.translate.xml:45958 -#: book.translate.xml:45964 book.translate.xml:46016 book.translate.xml:46054 +#: book.translate.xml:46694 book.translate.xml:46708 book.translate.xml:46792 +#: book.translate.xml:46798 book.translate.xml:46850 book.translate.xml:46888 msgid "8" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:45861 book.translate.xml:45873 book.translate.xml:45927 -#: book.translate.xml:45947 book.translate.xml:46017 book.translate.xml:46037 +#: book.translate.xml:46695 book.translate.xml:46707 book.translate.xml:46761 +#: book.translate.xml:46781 book.translate.xml:46851 book.translate.xml:46871 msgid "DCD" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:45884 +#: book.translate.xml:46718 msgid "DB-9 to DB-9 Null-Modem Cable" msgstr "DB-9 對 DB-9 Null-Modem 線" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:45974 +#: book.translate.xml:46808 msgid "DB-9 to DB-25 Null-Modem Cable" msgstr "DB-9 對 DB-25 Null-Modem 線" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:46064 +#: book.translate.xml:46898 msgid "" "When one pin at one end connects to a pair of pins at the other end, it is " "usually implemented with one short wire between the pair of pins in their " @@ -63946,7 +66787,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46070 +#: book.translate.xml:46904 msgid "" "Serial ports are the devices through which data is transferred between the " "FreeBSD host computer and the terminal. Several kinds of serial ports exist. " @@ -63955,7 +66796,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46076 +#: book.translate.xml:46910 msgid "" "Most terminals have DB-25 ports. Personal computers may " "have DB-25 or DB-9 ports. A multiport " @@ -63965,7 +66806,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46084 +#: book.translate.xml:46918 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, each serial port is accessed through an entry in /dev. There are two different kinds of entries:" @@ -63972,7 +66813,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:46090 +#: book.translate.xml:46924 msgid "" "Call-in ports are named /dev/ttyuN where N is the port number, starting " @@ -63986,7 +66827,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:46105 +#: book.translate.xml:46939 msgid "" "Call-out ports are named /dev/cuauN on FreeBSD versions 10.x and higher and /dev/" @@ -63997,7 +66838,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46117 +#: book.translate.xml:46951 msgid "" "FreeBSD also provides initialization devices (/dev/" "ttyuN.init and /dev/" @@ -64020,12 +66861,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:46141 +#: book.translate.xml:46975 msgid "Serial Port Configuration" msgstr "序列埠設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46143 +#: book.translate.xml:46977 msgid "" "By default, FreeBSD supports four serial ports which are commonly known as " "COM1, COM2, COM3uart:" @@ -64044,13 +66885,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:46156 +#: book.translate.xml:46990 #, no-wrap msgid "# grep uart /var/run/dmesg.boot" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46158 +#: book.translate.xml:46992 msgid "" "If the system does not recognize all of the needed serial ports, additional " "entries can be added to /boot/device.hints. This file " @@ -64064,17 +66905,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:46171 +#: book.translate.xml:47005 msgid "ttyu" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:46172 +#: book.translate.xml:47006 msgid "cuau" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46174 +#: book.translate.xml:47008 msgid "" "To determine the default set of terminal I/O settings " "used by the port, specify its device name. This example determines the " @@ -64082,13 +66923,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:46179 +#: book.translate.xml:47013 #, no-wrap msgid "# stty -a -f /dev/ttyu1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46181 +#: book.translate.xml:47015 msgid "" "System-wide initialization of serial devices is controlled by /etc/" "rc.d/serial. This file affects the default settings of serial " @@ -64102,13 +66943,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:46193 +#: book.translate.xml:47027 #, no-wrap msgid "# stty -f /dev/ttyu5.init clocal cs8 ixon ixoff" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:46195 book.translate.xml:46780 +#: book.translate.xml:47029 book.translate.xml:47614 msgid "" "rc files rc.serial" @@ -64115,7 +66956,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46200 +#: book.translate.xml:47034 msgid "" "To prevent certain settings from being changed by an application, make " "adjustments to the locking device. For example, to lock the speed of " @@ -64123,13 +66964,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:46205 +#: book.translate.xml:47039 #, no-wrap msgid "# stty -f /dev/ttyu5.lock 57600" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46207 +#: book.translate.xml:47041 msgid "" "Now, any application that opens ttyu5 and tries to " "change the speed of the port will be stuck with 57600 bps." @@ -64136,12 +66977,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:46215 +#: book.translate.xml:47049 msgid "Terminals" msgstr "終端機" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:46218 +#: book.translate.xml:47052 msgid "" " Sean Kelly Contributed by " @@ -64148,7 +66989,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:46230 +#: book.translate.xml:47064 msgid "" "Terminals provide a convenient and low-cost way to access a FreeBSD system " "when not at the computer's console or on a connected network. This section " @@ -64156,7 +66997,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:46235 +#: book.translate.xml:47069 msgid "" "The original UNIX systems did " "not have consoles. Instead, users logged in and ran programs through " @@ -64164,7 +67005,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:46239 +#: book.translate.xml:47073 msgid "" "The ability to establish a login session on a serial port still exists in " "nearly every UNIX-like operating " @@ -64174,7 +67015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:46246 +#: book.translate.xml:47080 msgid "" "Many terminals can be attached to a FreeBSD system. An older spare computer " "can be used as a terminal wired into a more powerful computer running " @@ -64183,17 +67024,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:46252 +#: book.translate.xml:47086 msgid "FreeBSD supports three types of terminals:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:46256 +#: book.translate.xml:47090 msgid "Dumb terminals" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:46258 +#: book.translate.xml:47092 msgid "" "Dumb terminals are specialized hardware that connect to computers over " "serial lines. They are called dumb because they have only " @@ -64203,7 +67044,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:46266 +#: book.translate.xml:47100 msgid "" "There are hundreds of kinds of dumb terminals made by many manufacturers, " "and just about any kind will work with FreeBSD. Some high-end terminals can " @@ -64212,7 +67053,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:46272 +#: book.translate.xml:47106 msgid "" "Dumb terminals are popular in work environments where workers do not need " "access to graphical applications." @@ -64219,12 +67060,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:46279 +#: book.translate.xml:47113 msgid "Computers Acting as Terminals" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:46281 +#: book.translate.xml:47115 msgid "" "Since a dumb terminal has just enough ability to display, send, and receive " "text, any spare computer can be a dumb terminal. All that is needed is the " @@ -64233,7 +67074,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:46287 +#: book.translate.xml:47121 msgid "" "This configuration can be useful. For example, if one user is busy working " "at the FreeBSD system's console, another user can do some text-only work at " @@ -64242,7 +67083,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:46293 +#: book.translate.xml:47127 msgid "" "There are at least two utilities in the base-system of FreeBSD that can be " "used to work through a serial connection: cu# cu -l serial-port-device" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:46302 +#: book.translate.xml:47136 msgid "" "Replace serial-port-device with the device name " "of the connected serial port. These device files are called /dev/" @@ -64278,7 +67119,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:46315 +#: book.translate.xml:47149 msgid "" "Additional programs are available through the Ports Collection, such as " "comms/minicom." @@ -64285,12 +67126,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:46322 +#: book.translate.xml:47156 msgid "X Terminals" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:46324 +#: book.translate.xml:47158 msgid "" "X terminals are the most sophisticated kind of terminal available. Instead " "of connecting to a serial port, they usually connect to a network like " @@ -64299,18 +67140,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:46331 +#: book.translate.xml:47165 msgid "" "This chapter does not cover the setup, configuration, or use of X terminals." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:46338 +#: book.translate.xml:47172 msgid "Terminal Configuration" msgstr "終端機設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46340 +#: book.translate.xml:47174 msgid "" "This section describes how to configure a FreeBSD system to enable a login " "session on a serial terminal. It assumes that the system recognizes the " @@ -64319,7 +67160,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46346 +#: book.translate.xml:47180 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, init reads /etc/ttys and " "starts a getty process on the available terminals. The " @@ -64335,7 +67176,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46362 +#: book.translate.xml:47196 msgid "" "The default /etc/ttys configures support for the first " "four serial ports, ttyu0 through ttyu3on configures two terminals in /etc/" "ttys. The first entry configures a Wyse-50 connected to " @@ -64374,12 +67215,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:46388 +#: book.translate.xml:47222 msgid "Configuring Terminal Entries" msgstr "設定終端機項目" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:46390 +#: book.translate.xml:47224 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ttyu1 \"/usr/libexec/getty std.38400\" wy50 on insecure\n" @@ -64387,12 +67228,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:46395 +#: book.translate.xml:47229 msgid "The first field specifies the device name of the serial terminal." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:46400 +#: book.translate.xml:47234 msgid "" "The second field tells getty to initialize and open the " "line, set the line speed, prompt for a user name, and then execute the " @@ -64408,7 +67249,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:46416 +#: book.translate.xml:47250 msgid "" "When setting the getty type, make sure to match the communications settings " "used by the terminal. For this example, the Wyse-50 uses no parity and " @@ -64416,7 +67257,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:46424 +#: book.translate.xml:47258 msgid "" "The third field is the type of terminal. For dial-up ports, " "unknown or dialup is typically used " @@ -64428,7 +67269,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:46438 +#: book.translate.xml:47272 msgid "" "The fourth field specifies if the port should be enabled. To enable logins " "on this port, this field must be set to on." @@ -64435,7 +67276,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:46444 +#: book.translate.xml:47278 msgid "" "The final field is used to specify whether the port is secure. Marking a " "port as secure means that it is trusted enough to allow " @@ -64449,7 +67290,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46458 +#: book.translate.xml:47292 msgid "" "After making any changes to /etc/ttys, send a SIGHUP " "(hangup) signal to the init process to force it to re-" @@ -64457,13 +67298,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:46463 book.translate.xml:46778 +#: book.translate.xml:47297 book.translate.xml:47612 #, no-wrap msgid "# kill -HUP 1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46465 +#: book.translate.xml:47299 msgid "" "Since init is always the first process run on a system, " "it always has a process ID of 1." @@ -64470,7 +67311,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46469 +#: book.translate.xml:47303 msgid "" "If everything is set up correctly, all cables are in place, and the " "terminals are powered up, a getty process should now be " @@ -64479,12 +67320,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:46477 +#: book.translate.xml:47311 msgid "Troubleshooting the Connection" msgstr "連線疑難排解" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46479 +#: book.translate.xml:47313 msgid "" "Even with the most meticulous attention to detail, something could still go " "wrong while setting up a terminal. Here is a list of common symptoms and " @@ -64492,7 +67333,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46484 +#: book.translate.xml:47318 msgid "" "If no login prompt appears, make sure the terminal is plugged in and powered " "up. If it is a personal computer acting as a terminal, make sure it is " @@ -64500,7 +67341,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46489 +#: book.translate.xml:47323 msgid "" "Make sure the cable is connected firmly to both the terminal and the FreeBSD " "computer. Make sure it is the right kind of cable." @@ -64507,7 +67348,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46493 +#: book.translate.xml:47327 msgid "" "Make sure the terminal and FreeBSD agree on the bps rate " "and parity settings. For a video display terminal, make sure the contrast " @@ -64516,7 +67357,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46499 +#: book.translate.xml:47333 msgid "" "Use ps to make sure that a getty " "process is running and serving the terminal. For example, the following " @@ -64526,7 +67367,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:46507 +#: book.translate.xml:47341 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ps -axww|grep ttyu\n" @@ -64534,7 +67375,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46510 +#: book.translate.xml:47344 msgid "" "If no getty process is running, make sure the port is " "enabled in /etc/ttys. Remember to run kill -" @@ -64542,7 +67383,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46515 +#: book.translate.xml:47349 msgid "" "If the getty process is running but the terminal still " "does not display a login prompt, or if it displays a prompt but will not " @@ -64557,7 +67398,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46529 +#: book.translate.xml:47363 msgid "" "If garbage appears instead of a login prompt, make sure the terminal and " "FreeBSD agree on the bps rate and parity settings. Check " @@ -64567,7 +67408,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46537 +#: book.translate.xml:47371 msgid "" "If characters appear doubled and the password appears when typed, switch the " "terminal, or the terminal emulation software, from half duplex Guy Helmer Contributed by " @@ -64587,7 +67428,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:46559 +#: book.translate.xml:47393 msgid "" " Sean Kelly Additions by " @@ -64594,12 +67435,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:46569 +#: book.translate.xml:47403 msgid "dial-in service" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:46571 +#: book.translate.xml:47405 msgid "" "Configuring a FreeBSD system for dial-in service is similar to configuring " "terminals, except that modems are used instead of terminal devices. FreeBSD " @@ -64607,7 +67448,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:46576 +#: book.translate.xml:47410 msgid "" "External modems are more convenient because they often can be configured via " "parameters stored in non-volatile RAM and they usually " @@ -64617,7 +67458,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:46583 +#: book.translate.xml:47417 msgid "" "Internal modems usually lack non-volatile RAM, so their " "configuration may be limited to setting DIP switches. If " @@ -64626,12 +67467,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:46589 +#: book.translate.xml:47423 msgid "modem" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:46591 +#: book.translate.xml:47425 msgid "" "When using an external modem, a proper cable is needed. A standard " "RS-232C serial cable should suffice." @@ -64638,7 +67479,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:46595 +#: book.translate.xml:47429 msgid "" "FreeBSD needs the RTS and CTS signals " "for flow control at speeds above 2400 bps, the CD signal " @@ -64651,7 +67492,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:46605 +#: book.translate.xml:47439 msgid "" "Like other UNIX-like operating " "systems, FreeBSD uses the hardware signals to find out when a call has been " @@ -64661,7 +67502,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:46611 +#: book.translate.xml:47445 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports the NS8250, NS16450, " "NS16550, and NS16550A-based " @@ -64677,7 +67518,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:46626 +#: book.translate.xml:47460 msgid "" "The rest of this section demonstrates how to configure a modem to receive " "incoming connections, how to communicate with the modem, and offers some " @@ -64685,17 +67526,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:46631 +#: book.translate.xml:47465 msgid "Modem Configuration" msgstr "數據機設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:46633 +#: book.translate.xml:47467 msgid "getty" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46634 +#: book.translate.xml:47468 msgid "" "As with terminals, init spawns a getty " "process for each configured serial port used for dial-in connections. When a " @@ -64713,12 +67554,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:46651 +#: book.translate.xml:47485 msgid "/usr/bin/login" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46655 +#: book.translate.xml:47489 msgid "" "There are two schools of thought regarding dial-up modems. One configuration " "method is to set the modems and systems so that no matter at what speed a " @@ -64731,7 +67572,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46667 +#: book.translate.xml:47501 msgid "" "The second method is to configure the RS-232 interface to " "vary its speed based on the remote user's connection speed. Because " @@ -64749,7 +67590,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46685 +#: book.translate.xml:47519 msgid "" "When locking a modem's data communications rate at a particular speed, no " "changes to /etc/gettytab should be needed. However, for " @@ -64766,7 +67607,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:46702 +#: book.translate.xml:47536 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#\n" @@ -64785,7 +67626,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46716 +#: book.translate.xml:47550 msgid "" "For a 28.8 Kbps modem, or to take advantage of compression on a 14.4 Kbps " "modem, use a higher communications rate, as seen in this example:" @@ -64792,7 +67633,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:46720 +#: book.translate.xml:47554 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#\n" @@ -64812,7 +67653,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46735 +#: book.translate.xml:47569 msgid "" "For a slow CPU or a heavily loaded system without 16550A-" "based serial ports, this configuration may produce sio/etc/ttys" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46744 +#: book.translate.xml:47578 msgid "" "The configuration of /etc/ttys is similar to , but a different argument is passed to " @@ -64835,13 +67676,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:46751 +#: book.translate.xml:47585 #, no-wrap msgid "ttyu0 \"/usr/libexec/getty xxx\" dialup on" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46753 +#: book.translate.xml:47587 msgid "" "The dialup terminal type can be changed. For example, " "setting vt102 as the default terminal type allows users " @@ -64849,7 +67690,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46759 +#: book.translate.xml:47593 msgid "" "For a locked-speed configuration, specify the speed with a valid type listed " "in /etc/gettytab. This example is for a modem whose " @@ -64857,13 +67698,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:46764 +#: book.translate.xml:47598 #, no-wrap msgid "ttyu0 \"/usr/libexec/getty std.19200\" dialup on" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46766 +#: book.translate.xml:47600 msgid "" "In a matching-speed configuration, the entry needs to reference the " "appropriate beginning auto-baud entry in /etc/" @@ -64872,13 +67713,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:46772 +#: book.translate.xml:47606 #, no-wrap msgid "ttyu0 \"/usr/libexec/getty V19200\" dialup on" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46774 +#: book.translate.xml:47608 msgid "" "After editing /etc/ttys, wait until the modem is " "properly configured and connected before signaling init:" @@ -64885,7 +67726,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46785 +#: book.translate.xml:47619 msgid "" "High-speed modems, like V.32, V.32bis, " "and V.34 modems, use hardware (RTS/CTS# stty -f /dev/ttyu1.init crtscts\n" @@ -64904,7 +67745,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46948 +#: book.translate.xml:47782 msgid "" "This section provides a few tips for troubleshooting a dial-up modem that " "will not connect to a FreeBSD system." @@ -64911,7 +67752,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46951 +#: book.translate.xml:47785 msgid "" "Hook up the modem to the FreeBSD system and boot the system. If the modem " "has status indication lights, watch to see whether the modem's DTRDTR indicator does not light, login to the FreeBSD " "system through the console and type ps ax to see if " @@ -64930,13 +67771,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:46965 +#: book.translate.xml:47799 #, no-wrap msgid " 114 ?? I 0:00.10 /usr/libexec/getty V19200 ttyu0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46967 +#: book.translate.xml:47801 msgid "" "If the second column contains a d0 instead of a " "?? and the modem has not accepted a call yet, this means " @@ -64948,7 +67789,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:46976 +#: book.translate.xml:47810 msgid "" "If no getty processes are waiting to open the port, " "double-check that the entry for the port is correct in /etc/ttyslogin: prompt, check /etc/" "gettytab again and double-check that:" @@ -64976,7 +67817,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:46998 +#: book.translate.xml:47832 msgid "" "The initial capability name specified in the entry in /etc/ttys matches the name of a capability in /etc/gettytabnx= entry matches another gettytab capability name." @@ -64991,7 +67832,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47009 +#: book.translate.xml:47843 msgid "" "Each tc= entry matches another gettytab capability name." @@ -64998,7 +67839,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47014 +#: book.translate.xml:47848 msgid "" "If the modem on the FreeBSD system will not answer, make sure that the modem " "is configured to answer the phone when DTR is asserted. " @@ -65007,7 +67848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47021 +#: book.translate.xml:47855 msgid "" "If it still does not work, try sending an email to the FreeBSD " @@ -65015,17 +67856,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:47028 +#: book.translate.xml:47862 msgid "Dial-out Service" msgstr "撥出服務" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:47030 +#: book.translate.xml:47864 msgid "dial-out service" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:47032 +#: book.translate.xml:47866 msgid "" "The following are tips for getting the host to connect over the modem to " "another computer. This is appropriate for establishing a terminal session " @@ -65033,7 +67874,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:47036 +#: book.translate.xml:47870 msgid "" "This kind of connection can be helpful to get a file on the Internet if " "there are problems using PPP. If PPP is not working, use the terminal " @@ -65042,12 +67883,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:47042 +#: book.translate.xml:47876 msgid "Using a Stock Hayes Modem" msgstr "使用 Stock Hayes 數據機" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47044 +#: book.translate.xml:47878 msgid "" "A generic Hayes dialer is built into tip. Use " "at=hayes in /etc/remote." @@ -65054,7 +67895,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47048 +#: book.translate.xml:47882 msgid "" "The Hayes driver is not smart enough to recognize some of the advanced " "features of newer modems messages like BUSY, NO " @@ -65064,7 +67905,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47055 +#: book.translate.xml:47889 msgid "" "The dial timeout for tip is 60 seconds. The modem should " "use something less, or else tip will think there is a " @@ -65072,17 +67913,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:47062 +#: book.translate.xml:47896 msgid "Using AT Commands" msgstr "使用 AT 指令" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:47064 +#: book.translate.xml:47898 msgid "/etc/remote" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47067 +#: book.translate.xml:47901 msgid "" "Create a direct entry in /etc/remote. " "For example, if the modem is hooked up to the first serial port, /" @@ -65090,13 +67931,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:47073 +#: book.translate.xml:47907 #, no-wrap msgid "cuau0:dv=/dev/cuau0:br#19200:pa=none" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47075 +#: book.translate.xml:47909 msgid "" "Use the highest bps rate the modem supports in the " "br capability. Then, type tip cuau0 to " @@ -65104,7 +67945,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47079 +#: book.translate.xml:47913 msgid "" "Or, use cu as root with the following command:" @@ -65111,13 +67952,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:47082 +#: book.translate.xml:47916 #, no-wrap msgid "# cu -lline -sspeed" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47084 +#: book.translate.xml:47918 msgid "" "line is the serial port, such as /dev/" "cuau0, and speed is the speed, such as " @@ -65126,12 +67967,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:47092 +#: book.translate.xml:47926 msgid "The @ Sign Does Not Work" msgstr "@ 符號無法運作" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47094 +#: book.translate.xml:47928 msgid "" "The @ sign in the phone number capability tells " "tip to look in /etc/phones for a " @@ -65141,18 +67982,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:47101 +#: book.translate.xml:47935 #, no-wrap msgid "pn=\\@" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:47105 +#: book.translate.xml:47939 msgid "Dialing from the Command Line" msgstr "從指令列撥號" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47107 +#: book.translate.xml:47941 msgid "" "Put a generic entry in /etc/remote. For " "example:" @@ -65159,7 +68000,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:47110 +#: book.translate.xml:47944 #, no-wrap msgid "" "tip115200|Dial any phone number at 115200 bps:\\\n" @@ -65169,18 +68010,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47115 +#: book.translate.xml:47949 msgid "This should now work:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:47117 +#: book.translate.xml:47951 #, no-wrap msgid "# tip -115200 5551234" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47119 +#: book.translate.xml:47953 msgid "" "Users who prefer cu over tip, can use " "a generic cu entry:" @@ -65187,7 +68028,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:47123 +#: book.translate.xml:47957 #, no-wrap msgid "" "cu115200|Use cu to dial any number at 115200bps:\\\n" @@ -65195,23 +68036,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47126 +#: book.translate.xml:47960 msgid "and type:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:47128 +#: book.translate.xml:47962 #, no-wrap msgid "# cu 5551234 -s 115200" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:47132 +#: book.translate.xml:47966 msgid "Setting the bps Rate" msgstr "設定 bps 率" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47134 +#: book.translate.xml:47968 msgid "" "Put in an entry for tip1200 or cu1200, " "but go ahead and use whatever bps rate is appropriate " @@ -65221,12 +68062,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:47144 +#: book.translate.xml:47978 msgid "Accessing a Number of Hosts Through a Terminal Server" msgstr "透過終端伺服器存取多個主機" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47147 +#: book.translate.xml:47981 msgid "" "Rather than waiting until connected and typing CONNECT " "host each time, use tiptip" msgstr "在 tip 使用超過一行" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47170 +#: book.translate.xml:48004 msgid "" "This is often a problem where a university has several modem lines and " "several thousand students trying to use them." @@ -65262,7 +68103,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47174 +#: book.translate.xml:48008 msgid "" "Make an entry in /etc/remote and use @ for the pn capability:" @@ -65269,7 +68110,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:47178 +#: book.translate.xml:48012 #, no-wrap msgid "" "big-university:\\\n" @@ -65279,12 +68120,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47183 +#: book.translate.xml:48017 msgid "Then, list the phone numbers in /etc/phones:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:47186 +#: book.translate.xml:48020 #, no-wrap msgid "" "big-university 5551111\n" @@ -65294,7 +68135,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47191 +#: book.translate.xml:48025 msgid "" "tip will try each number in the listed order, then give " "up. To keep retrying, run tip in a while Ctrl P is the default force character, used to tell " @@ -65317,7 +68158,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47209 +#: book.translate.xml:48043 msgid "" "Type ~sforce=single-char " "followed by a newline. single-char is any single " @@ -65331,7 +68172,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47230 +#: book.translate.xml:48064 msgid "" "To change the force character, specify the following in ~/.tiprc:" @@ -65338,18 +68179,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:47233 +#: book.translate.xml:48067 #, no-wrap msgid "force=single-char" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:47237 +#: book.translate.xml:48071 msgid "Upper Case Characters" msgstr "大寫字元" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47239 +#: book.translate.xml:48073 msgid "" "This happens when Ctrl " "A is pressed, which is tip's " @@ -65360,7 +68201,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47250 +#: book.translate.xml:48084 msgid "" "Here is a sample ~/.tiprc for Emacs users who need to type " @@ -65369,7 +68210,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:47260 +#: book.translate.xml:48094 #, no-wrap msgid "" "force=^^\n" @@ -65377,7 +68218,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47263 +#: book.translate.xml:48097 msgid "" "The ^^ is ShiftCtrl6 ." @@ -65384,12 +68225,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:47271 +#: book.translate.xml:48105 msgid "File Transfers with tip" msgstr "使用 tip 傳輸檔案" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47273 +#: book.translate.xml:48107 msgid "" "When talking to another UNIX-" "like operating system, files can be sent and received using ~p~p local-file remote-file" @@ -65406,7 +68247,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/cmdsynopsis -#: book.translate.xml:47285 +#: book.translate.xml:48119 msgid "" "~t remote-file local-file" @@ -65413,7 +68254,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47291 +#: book.translate.xml:48125 msgid "" "There is no error checking, so another protocol, like zmodem, should " "probably be used." @@ -65420,12 +68261,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:47296 +#: book.translate.xml:48130 msgid "Using zmodem with tip?" msgstr "在 zmodem 使用 tip?" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47299 +#: book.translate.xml:48133 msgid "" "To receive files, start the sending program on the remote end. Then, type " "~C rz to begin receiving them locally." @@ -65432,7 +68273,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47303 +#: book.translate.xml:48137 msgid "" "To send files, start the receiving program on the remote end. Then, type " "~C sz files to send them to " @@ -65440,12 +68281,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:47312 +#: book.translate.xml:48146 msgid "Setting Up the Serial Console" msgstr "設定序列 Console" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:47315 +#: book.translate.xml:48149 msgid "" " Kazutaka YOKOTA Contributed by " @@ -65452,7 +68293,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:47325 +#: book.translate.xml:48159 msgid "" " Bill Paul Based on a document by " @@ -65459,12 +68300,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:47335 +#: book.translate.xml:48169 msgid "serial console" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:47337 +#: book.translate.xml:48171 msgid "" "FreeBSD has the ability to boot a system with a dumb terminal on a serial " "port as a console. This configuration is useful for system administrators " @@ -65473,7 +68314,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:47344 +#: book.translate.xml:48178 msgid "" "As described in , FreeBSD employs a three stage " "bootstrap. The first two stages are in the boot block code which is stored " @@ -65482,7 +68323,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:47350 +#: book.translate.xml:48184 msgid "" "In order to set up booting from a serial console, the boot block code, the " "boot loader code, and the kernel need to be configured." @@ -65489,12 +68330,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:47355 +#: book.translate.xml:48189 msgid "Quick Serial Console Configuration" msgstr "快速序列 Console 設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47357 +#: book.translate.xml:48191 msgid "" "This section provides a fast overview of setting up the serial console. This " "procedure can be used when the dumb terminal is connected to COM1COM1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47366 +#: book.translate.xml:48200 msgid "" "Connect the serial cable to COM1 and the controlling " "terminal." @@ -65514,7 +68355,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47372 +#: book.translate.xml:48206 msgid "" "To configure boot messages to display on the serial console, issue the " "following command as the superuser:" @@ -65521,13 +68362,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:47376 +#: book.translate.xml:48210 #, no-wrap msgid "# echo 'console=\"comconsole\"' >> /boot/loader.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47380 +#: book.translate.xml:48214 msgid "" "Edit /etc/ttys and change off to " "on and dialup to vt100 for a discussion on serial " @@ -65579,12 +68420,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47419 +#: book.translate.xml:48253 msgid "Unplug the keyboard." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47421 +#: book.translate.xml:48255 msgid "" "Many systems probe for the keyboard during the Power-On Self-Test " "(POST) and will generate an error if the keyboard is not " @@ -65592,7 +68433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47427 +#: book.translate.xml:48261 msgid "" "If the computer complains about the error, but boots anyway, no further " "configuration is needed." @@ -65599,7 +68440,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47430 +#: book.translate.xml:48264 msgid "" "If the computer refuses to boot without a keyboard attached, configure the " "BIOS so that it ignores this error. Consult the " @@ -65607,7 +68448,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:47436 +#: book.translate.xml:48270 msgid "" "Try setting the keyboard to Not installed in the " "BIOS. This setting tells the BIOS not " @@ -65619,7 +68460,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47447 +#: book.translate.xml:48281 msgid "" "If the system has a PS/2 mouse, " "unplug it as well. PS/2 mice " @@ -65628,7 +68469,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:47453 +#: book.translate.xml:48287 msgid "" "While most systems will boot without a keyboard, quite a few will not boot " "without a graphics adapter. Some systems can be configured to boot with no " @@ -65641,7 +68482,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47468 +#: book.translate.xml:48302 msgid "" "Plug a dumb terminal, an old computer with a modem program, or the serial " "port on another UNIX box into " @@ -65649,7 +68490,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47474 +#: book.translate.xml:48308 msgid "" "Add the appropriate hint.sio.* entries to /boot/" "device.hints for the serial port. Some multi-port cards also " @@ -65660,7 +68501,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47483 +#: book.translate.xml:48317 msgid "" "Create boot.config in the root directory of the " "a partition on the boot drive." @@ -65667,7 +68508,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47487 +#: book.translate.xml:48321 msgid "" "This file instructs the boot block code how to boot the system. In order to " "activate the serial console, one or more of the following options are " @@ -65676,12 +68517,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:47495 book.translate.xml:47604 +#: book.translate.xml:48329 book.translate.xml:48438 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47498 +#: book.translate.xml:48332 msgid "" "Toggles between the internal and serial consoles. Use this to switch console " "devices. For instance, to boot from the internal (video) console, use " @@ -65693,12 +68534,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:47511 book.translate.xml:47609 +#: book.translate.xml:48345 book.translate.xml:48443 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47514 +#: book.translate.xml:48348 msgid "" "Toggles between the single and dual console configurations. In the single " "configuration, the console will be either the internal console (video " @@ -65711,12 +68552,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:47532 +#: book.translate.xml:48366 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47535 +#: book.translate.xml:48369 msgid "" "Makes the boot block probe the keyboard. If no keyboard is found, the " " and options are automatically set." @@ -65723,7 +68564,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:47541 +#: book.translate.xml:48375 msgid "" "Due to space constraints in the current version of the boot blocks, is capable of detecting extended keyboards only. Keyboards with " @@ -65733,7 +68574,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47554 +#: book.translate.xml:48388 msgid "" "Use either to select the console automatically or " " to activate the serial console. Refer to " @@ -65743,7 +68584,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47559 +#: book.translate.xml:48393 msgid "" "The options, except for , are passed to the boot loader. " "The boot loader will determine whether the internal video or the serial port " @@ -65755,12 +68596,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47572 +#: book.translate.xml:48406 msgid "Boot the machine." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47574 +#: book.translate.xml:48408 msgid "" "When FreeBSD starts, the boot blocks echo the contents of /boot." "config to the console. For example:" @@ -65767,7 +68608,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:47578 +#: book.translate.xml:48412 #, no-wrap msgid "" "/boot.config: -P\n" @@ -65775,7 +68616,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47581 +#: book.translate.xml:48415 msgid "" "The second line appears only if is in /boot." "config and indicates the presence or absence of the keyboard. " @@ -65784,52 +68625,52 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:47592 +#: book.translate.xml:48426 msgid "Options" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:47593 +#: book.translate.xml:48427 msgid "Message goes to" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:47599 +#: book.translate.xml:48433 msgid "none" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:47600 book.translate.xml:47620 +#: book.translate.xml:48434 book.translate.xml:48454 msgid "internal console" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:47605 book.translate.xml:47625 +#: book.translate.xml:48439 book.translate.xml:48459 msgid "serial console" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:47610 book.translate.xml:47615 +#: book.translate.xml:48444 book.translate.xml:48449 msgid "serial and internal consoles" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:47614 +#: book.translate.xml:48448 msgid "" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:47619 +#: book.translate.xml:48453 msgid ", keyboard present" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:47624 +#: book.translate.xml:48458 msgid ", keyboard absent" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47631 +#: book.translate.xml:48465 msgid "" "After the message, there will be a small pause before the boot blocks " "continue loading the boot loader and before any further messages are printed " @@ -65839,7 +68680,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47638 +#: book.translate.xml:48472 msgid "" "Press any key, other than Enter, at the console to " "interrupt the boot process. The boot blocks will then prompt for further " @@ -65847,7 +68688,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:47646 +#: book.translate.xml:48480 msgid "" "Verify that the above message appears on either the serial or internal " "console, or both, according to the options in /boot.config-h then Enter or " @@ -65866,7 +68707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47663 +#: book.translate.xml:48497 msgid "" "During the third stage of the boot process, one can still switch between the " "internal console and the serial console by setting appropriate environment " @@ -65875,7 +68716,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:47670 +#: book.translate.xml:48504 msgid "" "This line in /boot/loader.conf or /boot/" "loader.conf.local configures the boot loader and the kernel to " @@ -65884,13 +68725,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:47676 +#: book.translate.xml:48510 #, no-wrap msgid "console=\"comconsole\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:47678 +#: book.translate.xml:48512 msgid "" "That line should be the first line of /boot/loader.conf " "so that boot messages are displayed on the serial console as early as " @@ -65898,7 +68739,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:47683 +#: book.translate.xml:48517 msgid "" "If that line does not exist, or if it is set to console=\"vidconsole" "\", the boot loader and the kernel will use whichever console is " @@ -65908,7 +68749,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:47689 +#: book.translate.xml:48523 msgid "" "At the moment, the boot loader has no option equivalent to . Replace " "115200 with the speed to use." @@ -65989,7 +68830,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:47750 +#: book.translate.xml:48584 #, no-wrap msgid "" "boot_multicons=\"YES\"\n" @@ -65999,12 +68840,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:47759 +#: book.translate.xml:48593 msgid "Entering the DDB Debugger from the Serial Line" msgstr "從序列線路 (Serial Line) 進入 DDB 除錯程式" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47761 +#: book.translate.xml:48595 msgid "" "To configure the ability to drop into the kernel debugger from the serial " "console, add the following options to a custom kernel configuration file and " @@ -66018,7 +68859,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:47770 +#: book.translate.xml:48604 #, no-wrap msgid "" "options BREAK_TO_DEBUGGER\n" @@ -66026,18 +68867,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:47795 +#: book.translate.xml:48629 msgid "PPP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#ppp-ppp -#: book.translate.xml:47800 book.translate.xml:47827 +#: book.translate.xml:48634 book.translate.xml:48661 msgid "PPP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:47804 +#: book.translate.xml:48638 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports the Point-to-Point (PPP) protocol which " "can be used to establish a network or Internet connection using a dial-up " @@ -66049,13 +68890,13 @@ "為基礎的通訊服務。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47813 +#: book.translate.xml:48647 msgid "" "How to configure, use, and troubleshoot a PPP connection." msgstr "如何設定、使用 PPP 連線及排除問題。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47817 +#: book.translate.xml:48651 msgid "" "How to set up PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)." @@ -66064,7 +68905,7 @@ "acronym>)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47821 +#: book.translate.xml:48655 msgid "" "How to set up PPP over ATM " "(PPPoA)." @@ -66073,7 +68914,7 @@ "(PPPoA)。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:47830 book.translate.xml:49091 +#: book.translate.xml:48664 book.translate.xml:49925 msgid "" "PPP over Ethernet" @@ -66080,12 +68921,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47839 book.translate.xml:60843 +#: book.translate.xml:48673 book.translate.xml:61682 msgid "Be familiar with basic network terminology." msgstr "熟悉基本網路術語。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47842 +#: book.translate.xml:48676 msgid "" "Understand the basics and purpose of a dial-up connection and PPP." @@ -66092,12 +68933,12 @@ msgstr "了解撥號連線及 PPP 的基礎及目的。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:47883 +#: book.translate.xml:48717 msgid "Configuring PPP" msgstr "設定 PPP" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:47885 +#: book.translate.xml:48719 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides built-in support for managing dial-up PPP connections using pppPPP connection, the following items are " "needed:" @@ -66117,28 +68958,28 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47899 +#: book.translate.xml:48733 msgid "" "A dial-up account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP)." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47904 +#: book.translate.xml:48738 msgid "A dial-up modem." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47908 +#: book.translate.xml:48742 msgid "The dial-up number for the ISP." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47913 +#: book.translate.xml:48747 msgid "The login name and password assigned by the ISP." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47918 +#: book.translate.xml:48752 msgid "" "The IP address of one or more DNS " "servers. Normally, the ISP provides these addresses. If " @@ -66147,7 +68988,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:47926 +#: book.translate.xml:48760 msgid "" "If any of the required information is missing, contact the ISP." @@ -66154,7 +68995,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:47929 +#: book.translate.xml:48763 msgid "" "The following information may be supplied by the ISP, but " "is not necessary:" @@ -66161,7 +69002,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47934 +#: book.translate.xml:48768 msgid "" "The IP address of the default gateway. If this " "information is unknown, the ISP will automatically " @@ -66171,7 +69012,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47943 +#: book.translate.xml:48777 msgid "" "The subnet mask. If the ISP has not provided one, " "255.255.255.255 will be used in " @@ -66181,12 +69022,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: listitem/indexterm #. (itstool) id: book.translate.xml#ppp-static-ip -#: book.translate.xml:47949 +#: book.translate.xml:48783 msgid "static IP address" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:47953 +#: book.translate.xml:48787 msgid "" "If the ISP has assigned a static IP " "address and hostname, it should be input into the configuration file. " @@ -66195,7 +69036,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:47961 +#: book.translate.xml:48795 msgid "" "The rest of this section demonstrates how to configure FreeBSD for common " "PPP connection scenarios. The required configuration file " @@ -66204,7 +69045,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:47969 +#: book.translate.xml:48803 msgid "" "Throughout this section, many of the file examples display line numbers. " "These line numbers have been added to make it easier to follow the " @@ -66212,7 +69053,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:47974 +#: book.translate.xml:48808 msgid "" "When editing a configuration file, proper indentation is important. Lines " "that end in a : start in the first column (beginning of " @@ -66221,12 +69062,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:47981 book.translate.xml:50342 +#: book.translate.xml:48815 book.translate.xml:51176 msgid "Basic Configuration" msgstr "基礎設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:47983 +#: book.translate.xml:48817 msgid "" "PPP with static IP " "addresses" @@ -66233,7 +69074,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:47989 +#: book.translate.xml:48823 msgid "" "In order to configure a PPP connection, first edit " "/etc/ppp/ppp.conf with the dial-in information for the " @@ -66241,7 +69082,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:47994 +#: book.translate.xml:48828 #, no-wrap msgid "" "1 default:\n" @@ -66264,12 +69105,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:48014 +#: book.translate.xml:48848 msgid "Line 1:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:48017 +#: book.translate.xml:48851 msgid "" "Identifies the default entry. Commands in this entry " "(lines 2 through 9) are executed automatically when ppp " @@ -66277,12 +69118,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:48025 +#: book.translate.xml:48859 msgid "Line 2:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:48028 +#: book.translate.xml:48862 msgid "" "Enables verbose logging parameters for testing the connection. Once the " "configuration is working satisfactorily, this line should be reduced to:" @@ -66289,18 +69130,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:48033 +#: book.translate.xml:48867 #, no-wrap msgid "set log phase tun" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:48039 +#: book.translate.xml:48873 msgid "Line 3:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:48042 +#: book.translate.xml:48876 msgid "" "Displays the version of ppp8 to the PPPCOM1 is /dev/cuau0 and COM2 " @@ -66321,12 +69162,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:48061 +#: book.translate.xml:48895 msgid "Line 5:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:48064 +#: book.translate.xml:48898 msgid "" "Sets the connection speed. If 115200 does not work on an " "older modem, try 38400 instead." @@ -66333,12 +69174,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:48071 +#: book.translate.xml:48905 msgid "Lines 6 & 7:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:48074 +#: book.translate.xml:48908 msgid "" "The dial string written as an expect-send syntax. Refer to " "chat8ppp.conf may do this if the last character " @@ -66354,22 +69195,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:48087 +#: book.translate.xml:48921 msgid "Line 8:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:48090 +#: book.translate.xml:48924 msgid "Sets the idle timeout for the link in seconds." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:48096 +#: book.translate.xml:48930 msgid "Line 9:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:48099 +#: book.translate.xml:48933 msgid "" "Instructs the peer to confirm the DNS settings. If the " "local network is running its own DNS server, this line " @@ -66378,12 +69219,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:48109 +#: book.translate.xml:48943 msgid "Line 10:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:48112 +#: book.translate.xml:48946 msgid "" "A blank line for readability. Blank lines are ignored by " "ppp8provider. This could be " "changed to the name of the ISP so that \n" @@ -67546,7 +70387,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49060 +#: book.translate.xml:49894 msgid "" "Where x.x.x.x and y.y.y.y should be replaced with the IP address of " @@ -67554,7 +70395,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49065 +#: book.translate.xml:49899 msgid "" "To configure syslog3 to provide logging for " @@ -67563,7 +70404,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:49069 +#: book.translate.xml:49903 #, no-wrap msgid "" "!ppp\n" @@ -67571,12 +70412,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:49089 +#: book.translate.xml:49923 msgid "Using PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)" msgstr "在乙太網路使用 PPP (PPPoE)" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:49096 +#: book.translate.xml:49930 msgid "" "This section describes how to set up PPP over Ethernet " "(PPPoE)." @@ -67583,12 +70424,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:49099 +#: book.translate.xml:49933 msgid "Here is an example of a working ppp.conf:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:49102 +#: book.translate.xml:49936 #, no-wrap msgid "" "default:\n" @@ -67605,12 +70446,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:49114 +#: book.translate.xml:49948 msgid "As root, run:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:49117 +#: book.translate.xml:49951 #, no-wrap msgid "# ppp -ddial name_of_service_provider" msgstr "" @@ -67617,12 +70458,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect1/para #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:49119 book.translate.xml:62433 +#: book.translate.xml:49953 book.translate.xml:63272 msgid "Add the following to /etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:49122 +#: book.translate.xml:49956 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ppp_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -67632,12 +70473,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:49128 +#: book.translate.xml:49962 msgid "Using a PPPoE Service Tag" msgstr "使用 PPPoE 服務標籤" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49130 +#: book.translate.xml:49964 msgid "" "Sometimes it will be necessary to use a service tag to establish the " "connection. Service tags are used to distinguish between different PPPoE " @@ -67645,7 +70486,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49135 +#: book.translate.xml:49969 msgid "" "Any required service tag information should be in the documentation provided " "by the ISP." @@ -67652,7 +70493,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49138 +#: book.translate.xml:49972 msgid "" "As a last resort, one could try installing the net/rr-pppoe package or port. Bear in mind however, this may de-program your " @@ -67663,7 +70504,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49147 +#: book.translate.xml:49981 msgid "" "The profile name (service tag) will be used in the PPPoE configuration entry " "in ppp.conf as the provider part for set " @@ -67673,13 +70514,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:49153 +#: book.translate.xml:49987 #, no-wrap msgid "set device PPPoE:xl1:ISP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49155 +#: book.translate.xml:49989 msgid "" "Do not forget to change xl1 to the proper device " "for the Ethernet card." @@ -67686,12 +70527,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49158 +#: book.translate.xml:49992 msgid "Do not forget to change ISP to the profile." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49161 +#: book.translate.xml:49995 msgid "" "For additional information, refer to Cheaper Broadband with FreeBSD on DSL3Com HomeConnect ADSL Modem Dual Link" @@ -67708,7 +70549,7 @@ "\"registered\">HomeConnect ADSL Modem Dual Link 使用 PPPoE" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49171 +#: book.translate.xml:50005 msgid "" "This modem does not follow the PPPoE specification defined in RFC 2516." @@ -67715,7 +70556,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49175 +#: book.translate.xml:50009 msgid "" "In order to make FreeBSD capable of communicating with this device, a sysctl " "must be set. This can be done automatically at boot time by updating " @@ -67723,24 +70564,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:49180 +#: book.translate.xml:50014 #, no-wrap msgid "net.graph.nonstandard_pppoe=1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49182 +#: book.translate.xml:50016 msgid "or can be done immediately with the command:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:49184 +#: book.translate.xml:50018 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysctl net.graph.nonstandard_pppoe=1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49186 +#: book.translate.xml:50020 msgid "" "Unfortunately, because this is a system-wide setting, it is not possible to " "talk to a normal PPPoE client or server and a PPP over ATM (PPPoA)" msgstr "在 ATM 使用 PPP (PPPoA)" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49197 +#: book.translate.xml:50031 msgid "" "PPP over ATM" @@ -67762,12 +70603,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49202 +#: book.translate.xml:50036 msgid "PPPoA" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:49206 +#: book.translate.xml:50040 msgid "" "The following describes how to set up PPP over ATM " "(PPPoA). PPPoA is a popular choice among European DSL providers." @@ -67774,12 +70615,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:49263 +#: book.translate.xml:50097 msgid "Using mpd" msgstr "使用 mpd" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49265 +#: book.translate.xml:50099 msgid "" "The mpd application can be used to connect to a " "variety of services, in particular PPTP services. It can be installed using " @@ -67788,7 +70629,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49272 +#: book.translate.xml:50106 msgid "" "Once installed, configure mpd to suit the " "provider's settings. The port places a set of sample configuration files " @@ -67801,7 +70642,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:49284 +#: book.translate.xml:50118 msgid "" "This example mpd.conf only works with mpd 4.x." @@ -67808,7 +70649,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:49288 +#: book.translate.xml:50122 #, no-wrap msgid "" "default:\n" @@ -67837,17 +70678,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:49314 +#: book.translate.xml:50148 msgid "The username used to authenticate with your ISP." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:49318 +#: book.translate.xml:50152 msgid "The password used to authenticate with your ISP." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49323 +#: book.translate.xml:50157 msgid "" "Information about the link, or links, to establish is found in mpd." "links. An example mpd.links to accompany the " @@ -67855,7 +70696,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:49328 +#: book.translate.xml:50162 #, no-wrap msgid "" "adsl:\n" @@ -67867,7 +70708,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:49337 +#: book.translate.xml:50171 msgid "" "The IP address of FreeBSD computer running " "mpd." @@ -67874,7 +70715,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:49341 +#: book.translate.xml:50175 msgid "" "The IP address of the ADSL modem. The Alcatel " "SpeedTouch Home defaults to root:" @@ -67889,18 +70730,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:49350 +#: book.translate.xml:50184 #, no-wrap msgid "# mpd -b adsl" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49352 +#: book.translate.xml:50186 msgid "To view the status of the connection:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:49354 +#: book.translate.xml:50188 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ifconfig ng0\n" @@ -67909,7 +70750,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49358 +#: book.translate.xml:50192 msgid "" "Using mpd is the recommended way to connect to an " "ADSL service with FreeBSD." @@ -67916,12 +70757,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:49363 +#: book.translate.xml:50197 msgid "Using pptpclient" msgstr "使用 pptpclient" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49365 +#: book.translate.xml:50199 msgid "" "It is also possible to use FreeBSD to connect to other PPPoA services using " "net/pptpclient." @@ -67928,7 +70769,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49368 +#: book.translate.xml:50202 msgid "" "To use net/pptpclient to connect to a DSL service, " "install the port or package, then edit /etc/ppp/ppp.confppp.confin " "plain text form, make sure nobody can read the contents of this file:" @@ -67970,7 +70811,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/screen -#: book.translate.xml:49399 +#: book.translate.xml:50233 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# chown root:wheel /etc/ppp/ppp.conf\n" @@ -67978,7 +70819,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49404 +#: book.translate.xml:50238 msgid "" "This will open a tunnel for a PPP session to the DSL " "router. Ethernet DSL modems have a preconfigured LAN IP " @@ -67989,13 +70830,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:49413 +#: book.translate.xml:50247 #, no-wrap msgid "# pptp address adsl" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:49416 +#: book.translate.xml:50250 msgid "" "If an ampersand (&) is added to the end of this command, " "pptp will return the prompt." @@ -68002,7 +70843,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49422 +#: book.translate.xml:50256 msgid "" "A tun virtual tunnel device will be created for " "interaction between the pptp and " @@ -68012,7 +70853,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:49430 +#: book.translate.xml:50264 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ifconfig tun0\n" @@ -68022,7 +70863,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:49435 +#: book.translate.xml:50269 msgid "" "If the connection fails, check the configuration of the router, which is " "usually accessible using a web browser. Also, examine the output of " @@ -68031,7 +70872,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:49456 +#: book.translate.xml:50290 msgid "" "BillLloydOriginal work by " @@ -68038,7 +70879,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:49460 +#: book.translate.xml:50294 msgid "" "JimMockRewritten by " @@ -68045,7 +70886,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:49470 +#: book.translate.xml:50304 msgid "" "Electronic Mail, better known as email, is one of the most " "widely used forms of communication today. This chapter provides a basic " @@ -68058,7 +70899,7 @@ "細節請參閱 內的參考書籍。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49481 +#: book.translate.xml:50315 msgid "" "Which software components are involved in sending and receiving electronic " "mail." @@ -68065,7 +70906,7 @@ msgstr "哪些軟體元件與收發電子郵件有關。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49486 +#: book.translate.xml:50320 msgid "" "Where basic Sendmail configuration files are " "located in FreeBSD." @@ -68072,17 +70913,17 @@ msgstr "FreeBSD 內的 Sendmail 設定檔在哪。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49491 +#: book.translate.xml:50325 msgid "The difference between remote and local mailboxes." msgstr "遠端信箱 (Mailbox) 與本機信箱的差異。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49496 +#: book.translate.xml:50330 msgid "How to block spammers from illegally using a mail server as a relay." msgstr "如何阻擋垃圾郵件寄件者 (Spammer) 非法使用郵件伺服器作為中繼站。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49501 +#: book.translate.xml:50335 msgid "" "How to install and configure an alternate Mail Transfer Agent, replacing " "Sendmail." @@ -68091,27 +70932,27 @@ "Sendmail。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49507 +#: book.translate.xml:50341 msgid "How to troubleshoot common mail server problems." msgstr "如何排除常見的郵件伺服器問題。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49511 +#: book.translate.xml:50345 msgid "How to set up the system to send mail only." msgstr "如何設定系統只能寄送郵件。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49515 +#: book.translate.xml:50349 msgid "How to use mail with a dialup connection." msgstr "如何在撥號連線上使用郵件。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49519 +#: book.translate.xml:50353 msgid "How to configure SMTP authentication for added security." msgstr "如何設定 SMTP 認証來增加安全性。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49524 +#: book.translate.xml:50358 msgid "" "How to install and use a Mail User Agent, such as mutt, to send and receive email." @@ -68120,7 +70961,7 @@ "application> 來寄發與接收電子郵件。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49530 +#: book.translate.xml:50364 msgid "" "How to download mail from a remote POP or IMAP server." @@ -68129,12 +70970,12 @@ "件。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49536 +#: book.translate.xml:50370 msgid "How to automatically apply filters and rules to incoming email." msgstr "如何自動套用過濾器及規則在收到的電子郵件上。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49545 +#: book.translate.xml:50379 msgid "" "Properly set up a network connection ()." @@ -68141,7 +70982,7 @@ msgstr "正確的設定網路連線 ()。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49549 +#: book.translate.xml:50383 msgid "" "Properly set up the DNS information for a mail host " "()." @@ -68150,22 +70991,22 @@ "servers\"/>)。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:49561 +#: book.translate.xml:50395 msgid "Mail Components" msgstr "郵件組成" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49563 +#: book.translate.xml:50397 msgid "POP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49564 +#: book.translate.xml:50398 msgid "IMAP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49566 +#: book.translate.xml:50400 msgid "" "mail server daemons Sendmail" @@ -68172,7 +71013,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49570 +#: book.translate.xml:50404 msgid "" "mail server daemons Postfix" @@ -68179,7 +71020,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49574 +#: book.translate.xml:50408 msgid "" "mail server daemons qmail" @@ -68186,7 +71027,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49578 +#: book.translate.xml:50412 msgid "" "mail server daemons Exim" @@ -68193,7 +71034,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49582 +#: book.translate.xml:50416 msgid "email receiving" msgstr "" @@ -68200,18 +71041,18 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect4/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49586 book.translate.xml:50258 book.translate.xml:50377 -#: book.translate.xml:55210 +#: book.translate.xml:50420 book.translate.xml:51092 book.translate.xml:51211 +#: book.translate.xml:56044 msgid "MX record" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49587 +#: book.translate.xml:50421 msgid "mail host" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:49589 +#: book.translate.xml:50423 msgid "" "There are five major parts involved in an email exchange: the Mail User " "Agent (MUA), the Mail Transfer Agent (MTAMUA)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49599 +#: book.translate.xml:50433 msgid "" "The Mail User Agent (MUA) is an application which is used " "to compose, send, and receive emails. This application can be a command line " @@ -68242,12 +71083,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:49619 +#: book.translate.xml:50453 msgid "Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49621 +#: book.translate.xml:50455 msgid "" "The Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) is responsible for " "receiving incoming mail and delivering outgoing mail. FreeBSD ships with " @@ -68262,12 +71103,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:49641 +#: book.translate.xml:50475 msgid "Mail Host and Mailboxes" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49643 +#: book.translate.xml:50477 msgid "" "The mail host is a server that is responsible for delivering and receiving " "mail for a host or a network. The mail host collects all mail sent to the " @@ -68281,7 +71122,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49656 +#: book.translate.xml:50490 msgid "" "To access mailboxes remotely, a POP or IMAP server is required as these protocols allow users to connect to " @@ -68295,7 +71136,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49669 +#: book.translate.xml:50503 msgid "" "Several POP and IMAP servers are " "available in the Ports Collection. These include mail/qpopperPOP and IMAP transmit information, including username and password credentials, " @@ -68317,12 +71158,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:49690 book.translate.xml:54294 +#: book.translate.xml:50524 book.translate.xml:55128 msgid "Domain Name System (DNS)" msgstr "網域名稱系統 (DNS)" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49692 +#: book.translate.xml:50526 msgid "" "The Domain Name System (DNS) and its daemon " "named play a large role in the delivery of email. In " @@ -68333,7 +71174,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49701 +#: book.translate.xml:50535 msgid "" "In addition to mapping hostnames to IP addresses, " "DNS is responsible for storing information specific to " @@ -68343,7 +71184,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49709 +#: book.translate.xml:50543 msgid "" "To view the MX records for a domain, specify the type of " "record. Refer to host% host -t mx FreeBSD.org\n" @@ -68360,7 +71201,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49716 +#: book.translate.xml:50550 msgid "" "Refer to for more information about " "DNS and its configuration." @@ -68367,12 +71208,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:49726 +#: book.translate.xml:50560 msgid "Sendmail Configuration Files" msgstr "Sendmail 設定檔" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:49730 +#: book.translate.xml:50564 msgid "" " Christopher Shumway Contributed by " @@ -68379,12 +71220,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49740 +#: book.translate.xml:50574 msgid "Sendmail" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:49744 +#: book.translate.xml:50578 msgid "" "Sendmail is the default MTA " "installed with FreeBSD. It accepts mail from MUAs and " @@ -68394,7 +71235,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:49752 +#: book.translate.xml:50586 msgid "" "The configuration files for Sendmail are located " "in /etc/mail. This section describes these files in " @@ -68402,47 +71243,47 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49757 +#: book.translate.xml:50591 msgid "/etc/mail/access" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49760 +#: book.translate.xml:50594 msgid "/etc/mail/aliases" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49763 +#: book.translate.xml:50597 msgid "/etc/mail/local-host-names" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49766 +#: book.translate.xml:50600 msgid "/etc/mail/mailer.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49769 +#: book.translate.xml:50603 msgid "/etc/mail/mailertable" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49772 +#: book.translate.xml:50606 msgid "/etc/mail/sendmail.cf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:49775 +#: book.translate.xml:50609 msgid "/etc/mail/virtusertable" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:49781 +#: book.translate.xml:50615 msgid "/etc/mail/access" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49783 +#: book.translate.xml:50617 msgid "" "This access database file defines which hosts or IP " "addresses have access to the local mail server and what kind of access they " @@ -68460,7 +71301,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49801 +#: book.translate.xml:50635 msgid "" "Examples of using these options for both IPv4 and " "IPv6 addresses can be found in the FreeBSD sample " @@ -68468,7 +71309,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:49806 +#: book.translate.xml:50640 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# $FreeBSD$\n" @@ -68490,7 +71331,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49823 +#: book.translate.xml:50657 msgid "" "To configure the access database, use the format shown in the sample to make " "entries in /etc/mail/access, but do not put a comment " @@ -68501,7 +71342,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49832 +#: book.translate.xml:50666 msgid "" "Whenever this file is updated, update its database and restart " "Sendmail:" @@ -68508,7 +71349,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:49835 +#: book.translate.xml:50669 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# makemap hash /etc/mail/access < /etc/mail/access\n" @@ -68516,12 +71357,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:49841 +#: book.translate.xml:50675 msgid "/etc/mail/aliases" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49843 +#: book.translate.xml:50677 msgid "" "This database file contains a list of virtual mailboxes that are expanded to " "users, files, programs, or other aliases. Here are a few entries to " @@ -68529,7 +71370,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:49848 +#: book.translate.xml:50682 #, no-wrap msgid "" "root: localuser\n" @@ -68539,7 +71380,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49853 +#: book.translate.xml:50687 msgid "" "The mailbox name on the left side of the colon is expanded to the target(s) " "on the right. The first entry expands the newaliases to update " "and initialize the aliases database." @@ -68568,12 +71409,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:49905 +#: book.translate.xml:50739 msgid "/etc/mail/sendmail.cf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49907 +#: book.translate.xml:50741 msgid "" "This is the master configuration file for Sendmail. It controls the overall behavior of SendmailSendmail configuration file can be " "built from m41Sendmail " "needs to be restarted for the changes to take effect." @@ -68601,12 +71442,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:49930 +#: book.translate.xml:50764 msgid "/etc/mail/virtusertable" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49932 +#: book.translate.xml:50766 msgid "" "This database file maps mail addresses for virtual domains and users to real " "mailboxes. These mailboxes can be local, remote, aliases defined in " @@ -68615,7 +71456,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49939 +#: book.translate.xml:50773 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides a sample configuration file in /etc/mail/" "virtusertable.sample to further demonstrate its format. The " @@ -68624,7 +71465,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:49945 +#: book.translate.xml:50779 #, no-wrap msgid "" "root@example.com root\n" @@ -68633,7 +71474,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49949 +#: book.translate.xml:50783 msgid "" "This file is processed in a first match order. When an email address matches " "the address on the left, it is mapped to the local mailbox listed on the " @@ -68649,7 +71490,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:49964 +#: book.translate.xml:50798 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# makemap hash /etc/mail/virtusertable < /etc/mail/virtusertable\n" @@ -68657,12 +71498,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:49970 +#: book.translate.xml:50804 msgid "/etc/mail/relay-domains" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49972 +#: book.translate.xml:50806 msgid "" "In a default FreeBSD installation, Sendmail is " "configured to only send mail from the host it is running on. For example, if " @@ -68674,7 +71515,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49983 +#: book.translate.xml:50817 msgid "" "The most straightforward solution is to add the ISP's " "FQDN to /etc/mail/relay-domains. If " @@ -68682,7 +71523,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:49989 +#: book.translate.xml:50823 #, no-wrap msgid "" "your.isp.example.com\n" @@ -68692,7 +71533,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49994 +#: book.translate.xml:50828 msgid "" "After creating or editing this file, restart Sendmail with service sendmail restart." @@ -68699,7 +71540,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:49998 +#: book.translate.xml:50832 msgid "" "Now any mail sent through the system by any host in this list, provided the " "user has an account on the system, will succeed. This allows users to send " @@ -68708,12 +71549,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:50010 +#: book.translate.xml:50844 msgid "Changing the Mail Transfer Agent" msgstr "更改郵件傳輸代理程式" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:50013 +#: book.translate.xml:50847 msgid "" " Andrew Boothman Written by " @@ -68720,7 +71561,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:50023 +#: book.translate.xml:50857 msgid "" " Gregory Neil Shapiro " " Information taken from emails written by " @@ -68727,12 +71568,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:50033 +#: book.translate.xml:50867 msgid "email change mta" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50038 +#: book.translate.xml:50872 msgid "" "FreeBSD comes with Sendmail already installed as " "the MTA which is in charge of outgoing and incoming mail. " @@ -68742,7 +71583,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50046 +#: book.translate.xml:50880 msgid "" "Once a new MTA is installed, configure and test the new " "software before replacing Sendmail. Refer to the " @@ -68751,7 +71592,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50052 +#: book.translate.xml:50886 msgid "" "Once the new MTA is working, use the instructions in this " "section to disable Sendmail and configure FreeBSD " @@ -68759,12 +71600,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:50058 +#: book.translate.xml:50892 msgid "Disable Sendmail" msgstr "關閉 Sendmail" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:50061 +#: book.translate.xml:50895 msgid "" "If Sendmail's outgoing mail service is disabled, " "it is important that it is replaced with an alternative mail delivery " @@ -68778,7 +71619,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50073 +#: book.translate.xml:50907 msgid "" "In order to completely disable Sendmail, add or " "edit the following lines in /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -68785,7 +71626,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50077 +#: book.translate.xml:50911 #, no-wrap msgid "" "sendmail_enable=\"NO\"\n" @@ -68795,7 +71636,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50082 +#: book.translate.xml:50916 msgid "" "To only disable Sendmail's incoming mail service, " "use only this entry in /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -68802,13 +71643,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50086 +#: book.translate.xml:50920 #, no-wrap msgid "sendmail_enable=\"NO\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50088 +#: book.translate.xml:50922 msgid "" "More information on Sendmail's startup options is " "available in rc.sendmailMTA" msgstr "替換預設的 MTA" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50095 +#: book.translate.xml:50929 msgid "" "When a new MTA is installed using the Ports Collection, " "its startup script is also installed and startup instructions are mentioned " @@ -68832,7 +71673,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:50103 +#: book.translate.xml:50937 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service sendmail stop\n" @@ -68840,7 +71681,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50106 +#: book.translate.xml:50940 msgid "" "To start the replacement MTA at system boot, add its " "configuration line to /etc/rc.conf. This entry enables " @@ -68848,13 +71689,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50111 +#: book.translate.xml:50945 #, no-wrap msgid "postfix_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50113 +#: book.translate.xml:50947 msgid "" "Some extra configuration is needed as Sendmail is " "so ubiquitous that some software assumes it is already installed and " @@ -68864,7 +71705,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50120 +#: book.translate.xml:50954 #, no-wrap msgid "" "daily_clean_hoststat_enable=\"NO\"\n" @@ -68874,7 +71715,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50125 +#: book.translate.xml:50959 msgid "" "Some alternative MTAs provide their own compatible " "implementations of the Sendmail command-line " @@ -68890,12 +71731,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50138 +#: book.translate.xml:50972 msgid "The default /etc/mail/mailer.conf looks like this:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50141 +#: book.translate.xml:50975 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# $FreeBSD$\n" @@ -68911,7 +71752,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50152 +#: book.translate.xml:50986 msgid "" "When any of the commands listed on the left are run, the system actually " "executes the associated command shown on the right. This system makes it " @@ -68920,7 +71761,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50157 +#: book.translate.xml:50991 msgid "" "Some MTAs, when installed using the Ports Collection, " "will prompt to update this file for the new binaries. For example, " @@ -68928,7 +71769,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50162 +#: book.translate.xml:50996 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#\n" @@ -68941,7 +71782,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50170 +#: book.translate.xml:51004 msgid "" "If the installation of the MTA does not automatically " "update /etc/mail/mailer.conf, edit this file in a text " @@ -68950,7 +71791,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50177 +#: book.translate.xml:51011 #, no-wrap msgid "" "sendmail /usr/local/sbin/ssmtp\n" @@ -68962,7 +71803,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50184 +#: book.translate.xml:51018 msgid "" "Once everything is configured, it is recommended to reboot the system. " "Rebooting provides the opportunity to ensure that the system is correctly " @@ -68970,17 +71811,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:50194 +#: book.translate.xml:51028 msgid "email troubleshooting" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:50202 +#: book.translate.xml:51036 msgid "Why do I have to use the FQDN for hosts on my site?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:50207 +#: book.translate.xml:51041 msgid "" "The host may actually be in a different domain. For example, in order for a " "host in foo.bar.edu to reach " @@ -68993,12 +71834,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: para/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:50216 book.translate.xml:54308 +#: book.translate.xml:51050 book.translate.xml:55142 msgid "BIND" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:50215 +#: book.translate.xml:51049 msgid "" "This is because the version of BIND<_:indexterm-1/" "> which ships with FreeBSD no longer provides default abbreviations for non-" @@ -69009,7 +71850,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:50224 +#: book.translate.xml:51058 msgid "" "In older versions of BIND, the search continued " "across mumble.bar.edu, and " @@ -69018,29 +71859,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:50230 +#: book.translate.xml:51064 msgid "As a good workaround, place the line:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50232 +#: book.translate.xml:51066 #, no-wrap msgid "search foo.bar.edu bar.edu" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:50234 +#: book.translate.xml:51068 msgid "instead of the previous:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50236 +#: book.translate.xml:51070 #, no-wrap msgid "domain foo.bar.edu" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:50238 +#: book.translate.xml:51072 msgid "" "into /etc/resolv.conf. However, make sure that the " "search order does not go beyond the boundary between local and public " @@ -69048,12 +71889,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: question/para -#: book.translate.xml:50247 +#: book.translate.xml:51081 msgid "How can I run a mail server on a dial-up PPP host?" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:50252 +#: book.translate.xml:51086 msgid "" "Connect to a FreeBSD mail gateway on the LAN. The PPP connection is non-" "dedicated." @@ -69060,7 +71901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:50255 +#: book.translate.xml:51089 msgid "" "One way to do this is to get a full-time Internet server to provide " "secondary MX <_:indexterm-1/> services for the domain. In " @@ -69071,7 +71912,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50266 +#: book.translate.xml:51100 #, no-wrap msgid "" "example.com. MX 10 example.com.\n" @@ -69079,7 +71920,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:50269 +#: book.translate.xml:51103 msgid "" "Only one host should be specified as the final recipient. For " "Sendmail, add Cw example.com " @@ -69088,7 +71929,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:50274 +#: book.translate.xml:51108 msgid "" "When the sending MTA attempts to deliver mail, it will " "try to connect to the system, example." @@ -69102,12 +71943,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:50286 +#: book.translate.xml:51120 msgid "Use something like this as a login script:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50288 +#: book.translate.xml:51122 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh\n" @@ -69117,7 +71958,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:50293 +#: book.translate.xml:51127 msgid "" "When creating a separate login script for users, instead use " "sendmail -qRexample.com in the script above. This will " @@ -69126,7 +71967,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: answer/para -#: book.translate.xml:50300 +#: book.translate.xml:51134 msgid "" "A further refinement of the situation can be seen from this example from the " "email configuration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50349 +#: book.translate.xml:51183 msgid "" "Out of the box, one can send email to external hosts as long as /" "etc/resolv.conf is configured or the network has access to a " @@ -69188,18 +72029,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:50357 +#: book.translate.xml:51191 msgid "Run a DNS server for the domain." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:50362 +#: book.translate.xml:51196 msgid "" "Get mail delivered directly to the FQDN for the machine." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50368 +#: book.translate.xml:51202 msgid "" "In order to have mail delivered directly to a host, it must have a permanent " "static IP address, not a dynamic IP address. If the system is behind a " @@ -69208,7 +72049,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:50376 +#: book.translate.xml:51210 msgid "" "Make sure that the lowest-numbered MX<_:indexterm-1/> " "record in DNS points to the host's static IP address." @@ -69215,7 +72056,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:50384 +#: book.translate.xml:51218 msgid "" "Make sure there is no MX entry in the DNS for the host." @@ -69222,18 +72063,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50389 +#: book.translate.xml:51223 msgid "" "Either of the above will allow mail to be received directly at the host." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50392 +#: book.translate.xml:51226 msgid "Try this:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:50394 +#: book.translate.xml:51228 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# hostname\n" @@ -69243,7 +72084,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50399 +#: book.translate.xml:51233 msgid "" "In this example, mail sent directly to yourlogin@example.FreeBSD.org should work without problems, " @@ -69252,12 +72093,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50405 +#: book.translate.xml:51239 msgid "For this example:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:50407 +#: book.translate.xml:51241 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# host example.FreeBSD.org\n" @@ -69266,7 +72107,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50411 +#: book.translate.xml:51245 msgid "" "All mail sent to example.FreeBSD.org will be collected on hub under the same " @@ -69274,7 +72115,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50415 +#: book.translate.xml:51249 msgid "" "The above information is handled by the DNS server. The " "DNS record that carries mail routing information is the " @@ -69283,7 +72124,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50422 +#: book.translate.xml:51256 msgid "" "The MX entry for freefall.FreeBSD.org at one time looked like this:" @@ -69290,7 +72131,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50425 +#: book.translate.xml:51259 #, no-wrap msgid "" "freefall\t\tMX\t30\tmail.crl.net\n" @@ -69300,7 +72141,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50430 +#: book.translate.xml:51264 msgid "" "freefall had many MX entries. " "The lowest MX number is the host that receives mail " @@ -69310,7 +72151,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50438 +#: book.translate.xml:51272 msgid "" "Alternate MX sites should have separate Internet " "connections in order to be most useful. Your ISP can " @@ -69318,12 +72159,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:50444 +#: book.translate.xml:51278 msgid "Mail for a Domain" msgstr "網域中的郵件" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50446 +#: book.translate.xml:51280 msgid "" "When configuring a MTA for a network, any mail sent to " "hosts in its domain should be diverted to the MTA so that " @@ -69331,7 +72172,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50452 +#: book.translate.xml:51286 msgid "" "To make life easiest, a user account with the same username should exist on both the MTA and the system " @@ -69341,7 +72182,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50458 +#: book.translate.xml:51292 msgid "" "The MTA must be the designated mail exchanger for each " "workstation on the network. This is done in theDNS " @@ -69349,7 +72190,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50463 +#: book.translate.xml:51297 #, no-wrap msgid "" "example.FreeBSD.org\tA\t204.216.27.XX\t\t; Workstation\n" @@ -69357,7 +72198,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50466 +#: book.translate.xml:51300 msgid "" "This will redirect mail for the workstation to the MTA no " "matter where the A record points. The mail is sent to the MXDNS server. If the network " "does not run its own DNS server, talk to the " @@ -69373,7 +72214,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50476 +#: book.translate.xml:51310 msgid "" "The following is an example of virtual email hosting. Consider a customer " "with the domain customer1.orgA> record is not needed for " "customer1.org in order to " @@ -69400,7 +72241,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50491 +#: book.translate.xml:51325 msgid "" "Tell the MTA which domains and/or hostnames it should " "accept mail for. Either of the following will work for " @@ -69408,7 +72249,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:50497 +#: book.translate.xml:51331 msgid "" "Add the hosts to /etc/mail/local-host-names when using " "the FEATURE(use_cw_file)." @@ -69415,7 +72256,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:50503 +#: book.translate.xml:51337 msgid "" "Add a Cwyour.host.com line to /etc/sendmail.cf." @@ -69422,12 +72263,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:50512 +#: book.translate.xml:51346 msgid "Setting Up to Send Only" msgstr "寄件設定" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:50515 +#: book.translate.xml:51349 msgid "" " Bill Moran Contributed by " @@ -69434,7 +72275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50525 +#: book.translate.xml:51359 msgid "" "There are many instances where one may only want to send mail through a " "relay. Some examples are:" @@ -69441,7 +72282,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:50530 +#: book.translate.xml:51364 msgid "" "The computer is a desktop machine that needs to use programs such as " "send-pr1MTA is capable of filling this particular " "niche, it can be difficult to properly configure a full-featured " @@ -69466,7 +72307,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50549 +#: book.translate.xml:51383 msgid "" "Additionally, a typical Internet access service agreement may forbid one " "from running a mail server." @@ -69473,7 +72314,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50552 +#: book.translate.xml:51386 msgid "" "The easiest way to fulfill those needs is to install the mail/" "ssmtp port:" @@ -69480,7 +72321,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:50555 +#: book.translate.xml:51389 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/ports/mail/ssmtp\n" @@ -69488,7 +72329,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50558 +#: book.translate.xml:51392 msgid "" "Once installed, mail/ssmtp can be configured with " "/usr/local/etc/ssmtp/ssmtp.conf:" @@ -69495,7 +72336,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50562 +#: book.translate.xml:51396 #, no-wrap msgid "" "root=yourrealemail@example.com\n" @@ -69505,7 +72346,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50567 +#: book.translate.xml:51401 msgid "" "Use the real email address for root. Enter the ISP's outgoing mail relay in place " @@ -69515,7 +72356,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50573 +#: book.translate.xml:51407 msgid "" "Make sure to disable Sendmail, including the " "outgoing mail service. See for " @@ -69523,7 +72364,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50576 +#: book.translate.xml:51410 msgid "" "mail/ssmtp has some other options available. Refer to the " "examples in /usr/local/etc/ssmtp or the manual page of " @@ -69531,7 +72372,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50581 +#: book.translate.xml:51415 msgid "" "Setting up ssmtp in this manner allows any " "software on the computer that needs to send mail to function properly, while " @@ -69540,12 +72381,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:50589 +#: book.translate.xml:51423 msgid "Using Mail with a Dialup Connection" msgstr "在撥號連線使用郵件" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50591 +#: book.translate.xml:51425 msgid "" "When using a static IP address, one should not need to adjust the default " "configuration. Set the hostname to the assigned Internet name and " @@ -69553,7 +72394,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50596 +#: book.translate.xml:51430 msgid "" "When using a dynamically assigned IP address and a dialup PPP connection to " "the Internet, one usually has a mailbox on the ISP's mail " @@ -69566,7 +72407,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50605 +#: book.translate.xml:51439 msgid "" "In order to retrieve mail from the ISP's mailbox, install " "a retrieval agent from the Ports Collection. mail/fetchmailSendmail to deliver mail to non-local " "accounts, configure Sendmail to process the mail " @@ -69596,13 +72437,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50625 +#: book.translate.xml:51459 #, no-wrap msgid " !bg su user -c \"sendmail -q\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50627 +#: book.translate.xml:51461 msgid "" "In this example, there is an account for user on bsd.homeuser as it contains the password " @@ -69626,7 +72467,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50640 +#: book.translate.xml:51474 msgid "" "In order to send mail with the correct from: header, " "configure Sendmail to use user@example." @@ -69636,12 +72477,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50647 +#: book.translate.xml:51481 msgid "The following .mc should suffice:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50650 +#: book.translate.xml:51484 #, no-wrap msgid "" "VERSIONID(`bsd.home.mc version 1.0')\n" @@ -69663,7 +72504,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50667 +#: book.translate.xml:51501 msgid "" "Refer to the previous section for details of how to convert this file into " "the sendmail.cf format. Do not forget to restart " @@ -69672,12 +72513,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:50675 +#: book.translate.xml:51509 msgid "SMTP Authentication" msgstr "SMTP 認證" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:50678 +#: book.translate.xml:51512 msgid "" " James Gorham Written by " @@ -69684,7 +72525,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50688 +#: book.translate.xml:51522 msgid "" "Configuring SMTP authentication on the MTA provides a number of benefits. SMTP " @@ -69695,7 +72536,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:50698 +#: book.translate.xml:51532 msgid "" "Install security/cyrus-sasl2 from the Ports Collection. " "This port supports a number of compile-time options. For the SMTP " @@ -69704,7 +72545,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:50707 +#: book.translate.xml:51541 msgid "" "After installing security/cyrus-sasl2, edit /" "usr/local/lib/sasl2/Sendmail.conf, or create it if it does not " @@ -69712,13 +72553,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50713 +#: book.translate.xml:51547 #, no-wrap msgid "pwcheck_method: saslauthd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:50717 +#: book.translate.xml:51551 msgid "" "Next, install security/cyrus-sasl2-saslauthd and add the " "following line to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -69725,24 +72566,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50722 +#: book.translate.xml:51556 #, no-wrap msgid "saslauthd_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:50724 +#: book.translate.xml:51558 msgid "Finally, start the saslauthd daemon:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:50726 +#: book.translate.xml:51560 #, no-wrap msgid "# service saslauthd start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:50728 +#: book.translate.xml:51562 msgid "" "This daemon serves as a broker for Sendmail to " "authenticate against the FreeBSD passwd/etc/make.conf and add the following lines:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:50740 +#: book.translate.xml:51574 #, no-wrap msgid "" "SENDMAIL_CFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include/sasl -DSASL\n" @@ -69768,7 +72609,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:50744 +#: book.translate.xml:51578 msgid "" "These lines provide Sendmail the proper " "configuration options for linking to cyrus-sasl2 at " @@ -69777,7 +72618,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:50753 +#: book.translate.xml:51587 msgid "" "Recompile Sendmail by executing the following " "commands:" @@ -69784,7 +72625,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:50756 +#: book.translate.xml:51590 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/src/lib/libsmutil\n" @@ -69796,7 +72637,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:50763 +#: book.translate.xml:51597 msgid "" "This compile should not have any problems if /usr/src " "has not changed extensively and the shared libraries it needs are available." @@ -69803,7 +72644,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:50769 +#: book.translate.xml:51603 msgid "" "After Sendmail has been compiled and reinstalled, " "edit /etc/mail/freebsd.mc or the local .mcSendmail for authenticating users. To use a " @@ -69832,7 +72673,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:50789 +#: book.translate.xml:51623 msgid "" "Finally, run make1 while in /etc/mail. That will " @@ -69845,7 +72686,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50803 +#: book.translate.xml:51637 msgid "" "To test the configuration, use a MUA to send a test " "message. For further investigation, set the of " @@ -69854,7 +72695,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50809 +#: book.translate.xml:51643 msgid "" "For more information, refer to SMTP authentication." @@ -69861,12 +72702,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:50815 +#: book.translate.xml:51649 msgid "Mail User Agents" msgstr "郵件使用者代理程式" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:50818 book.translate.xml:51175 book.translate.xml:51275 +#: book.translate.xml:51652 book.translate.xml:52009 book.translate.xml:52109 msgid "" " Marc Silver Contributed by " @@ -69873,12 +72714,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:50828 +#: book.translate.xml:51662 msgid "Mail User Agents" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:50832 +#: book.translate.xml:51666 msgid "" "A MUA is an application that is used to send and receive " "email. As email evolves and becomes more complex, " @@ -69892,12 +72733,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:50845 +#: book.translate.xml:51679 msgid "mail" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50847 +#: book.translate.xml:51681 msgid "" "mail1 is the default MUA installed with FreeBSD. " @@ -69907,7 +72748,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50854 +#: book.translate.xml:51688 msgid "" "Although mail does not natively support interaction with " "POP or IMAP servers, these mailboxes " @@ -69916,18 +72757,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50861 +#: book.translate.xml:51695 msgid "In order to send and receive email, run mail:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:50864 +#: book.translate.xml:51698 #, no-wrap msgid "% mail" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50866 +#: book.translate.xml:51700 msgid "" "The contents of the user's mailbox in /var/mail are " "automatically read by mail. Should the mailbox be empty, " @@ -69938,7 +72779,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:50875 +#: book.translate.xml:51709 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Mail version 8.1 6/6/93. Type ? for help.\n" @@ -69949,7 +72790,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50881 +#: book.translate.xml:51715 msgid "" "Messages can now be read by typing t followed by the " "message number. This example reads the first email:" @@ -69956,7 +72797,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:50885 +#: book.translate.xml:51719 #, no-wrap msgid "" "& t 1\n" @@ -69973,7 +72814,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50897 +#: book.translate.xml:51731 msgid "" "As seen in this example, the message will be displayed with full headers. To " "display the list of messages again, press h." @@ -69980,7 +72821,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50901 +#: book.translate.xml:51735 msgid "" "If the email requires a reply, press either R or r mail keys. R instructs " @@ -69992,7 +72833,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:50912 +#: book.translate.xml:51746 #, no-wrap msgid "" "& R 1\n" @@ -70005,7 +72846,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50920 +#: book.translate.xml:51754 msgid "" "In order to send a new email, press m, followed by the " "recipient email address. Multiple recipients may be specified by separating " @@ -70016,7 +72857,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:50928 +#: book.translate.xml:51762 #, no-wrap msgid "" "& mail root@localhost\n" @@ -70028,7 +72869,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50935 +#: book.translate.xml:51769 msgid "" "While using mail, press ? to display " "help at any time. Refer to mailmail1 was not designed to handle attachments and thus deals with " @@ -70047,12 +72888,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:50951 +#: book.translate.xml:51785 msgid "mutt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50953 +#: book.translate.xml:51787 msgid "" "mutt is a powerful MUA, with " "many features, including:" @@ -70059,32 +72900,32 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:50958 +#: book.translate.xml:51792 msgid "The ability to thread messages." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:50962 +#: book.translate.xml:51796 msgid "PGP support for digital signing and encryption of email." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:50967 +#: book.translate.xml:51801 msgid "MIME support." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:50971 +#: book.translate.xml:51805 msgid "Maildir support." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:50975 +#: book.translate.xml:51809 msgid "Highly customizable." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50979 +#: book.translate.xml:51813 msgid "" "Refer to http://www.mutt.org " "for more information on mutt." @@ -70091,7 +72932,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50983 +#: book.translate.xml:51817 msgid "" "mutt may be installed using the mail/" "mutt port. After the port has been installed, mutt% mutt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:50990 +#: book.translate.xml:51824 msgid "" "mutt will automatically read and display the " "contents of the user mailbox in /var/mail. If no mails " @@ -70119,13 +72960,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:51000 +#: book.translate.xml:51834 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='mail/mutt1' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51004 +#: book.translate.xml:51838 msgid "" "To read an email, select it using the cursor keys and press Enter. An example of mutt displaying email can " @@ -70137,13 +72978,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:51011 +#: book.translate.xml:51845 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='mail/mutt2' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51015 +#: book.translate.xml:51849 msgid "" "Similar to mail1, mutt can be used to " @@ -70154,7 +72995,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:51023 +#: book.translate.xml:51857 msgid "" "By default, mutt uses the " "vi1m. After a valid " "subject has been given, mutt will start " @@ -70184,13 +73025,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:51046 +#: book.translate.xml:51880 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='mail/mutt3' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51050 +#: book.translate.xml:51884 msgid "" "mutt contains extensive help which can be " "accessed from most of the menus by pressing ?. The top line " @@ -70198,12 +73039,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:51058 +#: book.translate.xml:51892 msgid "alpine" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51060 +#: book.translate.xml:51894 msgid "" "alpine is aimed at a beginner user, but also " "includes some advanced features." @@ -70210,7 +73051,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:51064 +#: book.translate.xml:51898 msgid "" "alpine has had several remote vulnerabilities " "discovered in the past, which allowed remote attackers to execute arbitrary " @@ -70223,7 +73064,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51076 +#: book.translate.xml:51910 msgid "" "The current version of alpine may be installed " "using the mail/alpine port. Once the port has installed, " @@ -70232,13 +73073,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:51082 +#: book.translate.xml:51916 #, no-wrap msgid "% alpine" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51084 +#: book.translate.xml:51918 msgid "" "The first time alpine runs, it displays a " "greeting page with a brief introduction, as well as a request from the " @@ -70254,13 +73095,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:51097 +#: book.translate.xml:51931 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='mail/pine1' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51101 +#: book.translate.xml:51935 msgid "" "The main menu is then presented, which can be navigated using the cursor " "keys. This main menu provides shortcuts for the composing new mails, " @@ -70270,7 +73111,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51108 +#: book.translate.xml:51942 msgid "" "The default directory opened by alpine is " "inbox. To view the message index, press Ialpine. Contextual keyboard shortcuts are " @@ -70321,13 +73162,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:51141 +#: book.translate.xml:51975 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='mail/pine4' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51145 +#: book.translate.xml:51979 msgid "" "Replying to an email in alpine is done using the " "pico editor, which is installed by default with " @@ -70346,13 +73187,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:51158 +#: book.translate.xml:51992 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='mail/pine5' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51162 +#: book.translate.xml:51996 msgid "" "alpine can be customized using the " "SETUP option from the main menu. Consult fetchmail" msgstr "使用 fetchmail" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:51185 +#: book.translate.xml:52019 msgid "fetchmail" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51189 +#: book.translate.xml:52023 msgid "" "fetchmail is a full-featured IMAP and POP client. It allows users to automatically " @@ -70383,7 +73224,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51200 +#: book.translate.xml:52034 msgid "" "Support for the POP3, APOP, " "KPOP, IMAP, ETRN " @@ -70391,7 +73232,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51207 +#: book.translate.xml:52041 msgid "" "Ability to forward mail using SMTP, which allows " "filtering, forwarding, and aliasing to function normally." @@ -70398,12 +73239,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51213 +#: book.translate.xml:52047 msgid "May be run in daemon mode to check periodically for new messages." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51218 +#: book.translate.xml:52052 msgid "" "Can retrieve multiple mailboxes and forward them, based on configuration, to " "different local users." @@ -70410,7 +73251,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51223 +#: book.translate.xml:52057 msgid "" "This section explains some of the basic features of fetchmail. This utility requires a .fetchmailrc " @@ -70421,13 +73262,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:51232 +#: book.translate.xml:52066 #, no-wrap msgid "% chmod 600 .fetchmailrc" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51234 +#: book.translate.xml:52068 msgid "" "The following .fetchmailrc serves as an example for " "downloading a single user mailbox using POP. It tells " @@ -70439,13 +73280,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:51244 +#: book.translate.xml:52078 #, no-wrap msgid "poll example.com protocol pop3 username \"joesoap\" password \"XXX\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51246 +#: book.translate.xml:52080 msgid "" "The next example connects to multiple POP and " "IMAP servers and redirects to different local usernames " @@ -70453,7 +73294,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:51250 +#: book.translate.xml:52084 #, no-wrap msgid "" "poll example.com proto pop3:\n" @@ -70464,7 +73305,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51256 +#: book.translate.xml:52090 msgid "" "fetchmail can be run in daemon mode by running it " "with , followed by the interval (in seconds) that " @@ -70474,13 +73315,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:51264 +#: book.translate.xml:52098 #, no-wrap msgid "% fetchmail -d 600" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51266 +#: book.translate.xml:52100 msgid "" "More information on fetchmail can be found at " "http://www.fetchmail.info/procmail" msgstr "使用 procmail" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:51285 +#: book.translate.xml:52119 msgid "procmail" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51289 +#: book.translate.xml:52123 msgid "" "procmail is a powerful application used to filter " "incoming mail. It allows users to define rules which can be " @@ -70513,13 +73354,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:51303 +#: book.translate.xml:52137 #, no-wrap msgid "\"|exec /usr/local/bin/procmail || exit 75\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51305 +#: book.translate.xml:52139 msgid "" "The following section displays some basic procmail rules, as well as brief descriptions of what they do. Rules " @@ -70528,7 +73369,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51311 +#: book.translate.xml:52145 msgid "" "The majority of these rules can be found in procmailex5user@example.com to an external " "address of goodmail@example2.com:" @@ -70543,7 +73384,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:51317 +#: book.translate.xml:52151 #, no-wrap msgid "" ":0\n" @@ -70552,7 +73393,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51321 +#: book.translate.xml:52155 msgid "" "To forward all mails shorter than 1000 bytes to an external address of " "goodmail@example2.com:" @@ -70559,7 +73400,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:51324 +#: book.translate.xml:52158 #, no-wrap msgid "" ":0\n" @@ -70568,7 +73409,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51328 +#: book.translate.xml:52162 msgid "" "To send all mail sent to alternate@example.com to a mailbox " "called alternate:" @@ -70575,7 +73416,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:51332 +#: book.translate.xml:52166 #, no-wrap msgid "" ":0\n" @@ -70584,7 +73425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51336 +#: book.translate.xml:52170 msgid "" "To send all mail with a subject of Spam to /dev/" "null:" @@ -70591,7 +73432,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:51339 +#: book.translate.xml:52173 #, no-wrap msgid "" ":0\n" @@ -70600,7 +73441,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51343 +#: book.translate.xml:52177 msgid "" "A useful recipe that parses incoming FreeBSD.org mailing lists and places each list in its own " @@ -70608,7 +73449,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:51346 +#: book.translate.xml:52180 #, no-wrap msgid "" ":0\n" @@ -70622,12 +73463,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:51376 +#: book.translate.xml:52210 msgid "Network Servers" msgstr "網路伺服器" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51381 +#: book.translate.xml:52215 msgid "" "This chapter covers some of the more frequently used network services on " "UNIX systems. This includes " @@ -70640,22 +73481,22 @@ "定檔以供參考。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51387 +#: book.translate.xml:52221 msgid "By the end of this chapter, readers will know:" msgstr "讀完本章，您將了解：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51391 +#: book.translate.xml:52225 msgid "How to manage the inetd daemon." msgstr "如何管理 inetd Daemon。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51396 +#: book.translate.xml:52230 msgid "How to set up the Network File System (NFS)." msgstr "如何設定網路檔案系統 (Network File System, NFS)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51401 +#: book.translate.xml:52235 msgid "" "How to set up the Network Information Server (NIS) for " "centralizing and sharing user accounts." @@ -70664,23 +73505,23 @@ "來集中管理及共用使用者帳號。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51407 +#: book.translate.xml:52241 msgid "" "How to set FreeBSD up to act as an LDAP server or client" msgstr "如何設定 FreeBSD 成為 LDAP 伺服器或客戶端。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51412 +#: book.translate.xml:52246 msgid "How to set up automatic network settings using DHCP." msgstr "如何設定使用 DHCP 自動網路設定。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51417 +#: book.translate.xml:52251 msgid "How to set up a Domain Name Server (DNS)." msgstr "如何設定網域名稱伺服器 (Domain Name Server, DNS)。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51422 +#: book.translate.xml:52256 msgid "" "How to set up the Apache HTTP " "Server." @@ -70688,7 +73529,7 @@ "如何設定 Apache HTTP 伺服器。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51427 +#: book.translate.xml:52261 msgid "How to set up a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server." msgstr "" "如何設定檔案傳輸協定 (File Transfer Protocol, FTP) 伺服" @@ -70695,7 +73536,7 @@ "器。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51432 +#: book.translate.xml:52266 msgid "" "How to set up a file and print server for Windows clients using Samba." @@ -70704,7 +73545,7 @@ "class=\"registered\">Windows 客戶端使用。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51437 +#: book.translate.xml:52271 msgid "" "How to synchronize the time and date, and set up a time server using the " "Network Time Protocol (NTP)." @@ -70713,38 +73554,38 @@ "acronym>) 設定時間伺服器。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51443 +#: book.translate.xml:52277 msgid "How to set up iSCSI." msgstr "如何設定 iSCSI。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51447 +#: book.translate.xml:52281 msgid "This chapter assumes a basic knowledge of:" msgstr "本章假設您有以下基礎知識：" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51451 +#: book.translate.xml:52285 msgid "/etc/rc scripts." msgstr "/etc/rc Script。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51455 +#: book.translate.xml:52289 msgid "Network terminology." msgstr "網路術語。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51459 +#: book.translate.xml:52293 msgid "" "Installation of additional third-party software ()." msgstr "安裝其他第三方軟體 ()。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:51466 +#: book.translate.xml:52300 msgid "The inetd Super-Server" msgstr "inetd 超級伺服器" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51487 +#: book.translate.xml:52321 msgid "" "The inetd8 daemon is sometimes referred to as a Super-Server " @@ -70759,7 +73600,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51499 +#: book.translate.xml:52333 msgid "" "Primarily, inetd is used to spawn other daemons, " "but several trivial protocols are handled internally, such as " @@ -70769,7 +73610,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51508 +#: book.translate.xml:52342 msgid "" "This section covers the basics of configuring inetd." @@ -70776,12 +73617,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:51512 +#: book.translate.xml:52346 msgid "Configuration File" msgstr "設定檔" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51514 +#: book.translate.xml:52348 msgid "" "Configuration of inetd is done by editing " "/etc/inetd.conf. Each line of this configuration file " @@ -70794,7 +73635,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51526 +#: book.translate.xml:52360 msgid "" "After saving your edits, configure inetd to start " "at system boot by editing /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -70802,13 +73643,13 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:51530 book.translate.xml:64655 +#: book.translate.xml:52364 book.translate.xml:65494 #, no-wrap msgid "inetd_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51532 +#: book.translate.xml:52366 msgid "" "To start inetd now, so that it listens for the " "service you configured, type:" @@ -70816,13 +73657,13 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:51535 book.translate.xml:64677 +#: book.translate.xml:52369 book.translate.xml:65516 #, no-wrap msgid "# service inetd start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51537 +#: book.translate.xml:52371 msgid "" "Once inetd is started, it needs to be notified " "whenever a modification is made to /etc/inetd.conf:" @@ -70829,18 +73670,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:51542 +#: book.translate.xml:52376 msgid "Reloading the inetd Configuration File" msgstr "重新庫入 inetd 設定檔" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:51545 +#: book.translate.xml:52379 #, no-wrap msgid "# service inetd reload" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51548 +#: book.translate.xml:52382 msgid "" "Typically, the default entry for an application does not need to be edited " "beyond removing the #. In some situations, it may be " @@ -70848,7 +73689,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51553 +#: book.translate.xml:52387 msgid "" "As an example, this is the default entry for " "ftpd8/etc/services. This determines which port " @@ -70900,12 +73741,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:51586 +#: book.translate.xml:52420 msgid "socket-type" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51589 +#: book.translate.xml:52423 msgid "" "Either stream, dgram, raw, or seqpacket. Use stream for " @@ -70914,87 +73755,87 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:51599 +#: book.translate.xml:52433 msgid "protocol" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51602 +#: book.translate.xml:52436 msgid "Use one of the following protocol names:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51608 +#: book.translate.xml:52442 msgid "Protocol Name" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51609 +#: book.translate.xml:52443 msgid "Explanation" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51615 +#: book.translate.xml:52449 msgid "tcp or tcp4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51616 +#: book.translate.xml:52450 msgid "TCP IPv4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51620 +#: book.translate.xml:52454 msgid "udp or udp4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51621 +#: book.translate.xml:52455 msgid "UDP IPv4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51625 +#: book.translate.xml:52459 msgid "tcp6" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51626 +#: book.translate.xml:52460 msgid "TCP IPv6" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51630 +#: book.translate.xml:52464 msgid "udp6" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51631 +#: book.translate.xml:52465 msgid "UDP IPv6" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51635 +#: book.translate.xml:52469 msgid "tcp46" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51636 +#: book.translate.xml:52470 msgid "Both TCP IPv4 and IPv6" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51640 +#: book.translate.xml:52474 msgid "udp46" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51641 +#: book.translate.xml:52475 msgid "Both UDP IPv4 and IPv6" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:51651 +#: book.translate.xml:52485 msgid "" "{wait|nowait}[/max-child[/max-connections-per-ip-per-minute[/max-child-per-" "ip]]]" @@ -71001,7 +73842,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51654 +#: book.translate.xml:52488 msgid "" "In this field, or must be " "specified. , indicates whether or not the service is able to " "handle its own socket. socket types must use " @@ -71020,7 +73861,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51670 +#: book.translate.xml:52504 msgid "" "The maximum number of child daemons inetd may " "spawn is set by . For example, to limit ten " @@ -71030,7 +73871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51678 +#: book.translate.xml:52512 msgid "" " limits the number of " "connections from any particular IP address per minute. " @@ -71044,7 +73885,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51692 +#: book.translate.xml:52526 msgid "" "An example can be seen in the default settings for " "fingerd8root, daemoninetd internally, use ." @@ -71083,12 +73924,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:51722 +#: book.translate.xml:52556 msgid "server-program-arguments" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51725 +#: book.translate.xml:52559 msgid "" "Used to specify any command arguments to be passed to the daemon on " "invocation. If the daemon is an internal service, use has a number of " "options that can be used to modify its behavior. By default, " @@ -71112,7 +73953,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51745 +#: book.translate.xml:52579 msgid "" "To change the default options which are passed to inetd, add an entry for inetd_flags in /" @@ -71121,17 +73962,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51752 +#: book.translate.xml:52586 msgid "The available rate limiting options are:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:51756 +#: book.translate.xml:52590 msgid "-c maximum" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51759 +#: book.translate.xml:52593 msgid "" "Specify the default maximum number of simultaneous invocations of each " "service, where the default is unlimited. May be overridden on a per-service " @@ -71140,12 +73981,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:51768 +#: book.translate.xml:52602 msgid "-C rate" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51771 +#: book.translate.xml:52605 msgid "" "Specify the default maximum number of times a service can be invoked from a " "single IP address per minute. May be overridden on a per-" @@ -71154,12 +73995,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:51781 +#: book.translate.xml:52615 msgid "-R rate" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51784 +#: book.translate.xml:52618 msgid "" "Specify the maximum number of times a service can be invoked in one minute, " "where the default is 256. A rate of 0 " @@ -71167,12 +74008,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:51792 +#: book.translate.xml:52626 msgid "-s maximum" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51795 +#: book.translate.xml:52629 msgid "" "Specify the maximum number of times a service can be invoked from a single " "IP address at any one time, where the default is " @@ -71181,7 +74022,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51805 +#: book.translate.xml:52639 msgid "" "Additional options are available. Refer to " "inetd8inetd " "are not security-conscious. Some daemons, such as fingerdhosts_access5 Tom Rhodes Reorganized and enhanced by " @@ -71222,7 +74063,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:51845 +#: book.translate.xml:52679 msgid "" " Bill Swingle Written by " @@ -71229,7 +74070,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51856 +#: book.translate.xml:52690 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports the Network File System (NFS), which " "allows a server to share directories and files with clients over a network. " @@ -71238,7 +74079,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51862 +#: book.translate.xml:52696 msgid "" "NFS has many practical uses. Some of the more common uses " "include:" @@ -71245,7 +74086,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51867 +#: book.translate.xml:52701 msgid "" "Data that would otherwise be duplicated on each client can be kept in a " "single location and accessed by clients on the network." @@ -71252,7 +74093,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51873 +#: book.translate.xml:52707 msgid "" "Several clients may need access to the /usr/ports/distfiles directory. Sharing that directory allows for quick access to the " @@ -71260,7 +74101,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51881 +#: book.translate.xml:52715 msgid "" "On large networks, it is often more convenient to configure a central " "NFS server on which all user home directories are stored. " @@ -71269,7 +74110,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51889 +#: book.translate.xml:52723 msgid "" "Administration of NFS exports is simplified. For example, " "there is only one file system where security or backup policies must be set." @@ -71276,7 +74117,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:51895 +#: book.translate.xml:52729 msgid "" "Removable media storage devices can be used by other machines on the " "network. This reduces the number of devices throughout the network and " @@ -71286,7 +74127,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51904 +#: book.translate.xml:52738 msgid "" "NFS consists of a server and one or more clients. The " "client remotely accesses the data that is stored on the server machine. In " @@ -71295,48 +74136,48 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51909 +#: book.translate.xml:52743 msgid "These daemons must be running on the server:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:51910 +#: book.translate.xml:52744 msgid "NFS server" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:51914 +#: book.translate.xml:52748 msgid "file server UNIX clients" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:51919 book.translate.xml:52427 +#: book.translate.xml:52753 book.translate.xml:53261 msgid "rpcbind" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:51922 +#: book.translate.xml:52756 msgid "mountd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:51925 +#: book.translate.xml:52759 msgid "nfsd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51936 +#: book.translate.xml:52770 msgid "Daemon" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51943 +#: book.translate.xml:52777 msgid "nfsd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51944 +#: book.translate.xml:52778 msgid "" "The NFS daemon which services requests from NFS clients." @@ -71343,12 +74184,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51949 +#: book.translate.xml:52783 msgid "mountd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51950 +#: book.translate.xml:52784 msgid "" "The NFS mount daemon which carries out requests received " "from nfsd." @@ -71355,12 +74196,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51956 +#: book.translate.xml:52790 msgid "rpcbind" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:51957 +#: book.translate.xml:52791 msgid "" "This daemon allows NFS clients to discover which port the " "NFS server is using." @@ -71367,7 +74208,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:51965 +#: book.translate.xml:52799 msgid "" "Running nfsiod8 on the client can improve performance, but is not " @@ -71375,17 +74216,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:51969 +#: book.translate.xml:52803 msgid "Configuring the Server" -msgstr "設定伺服哭" +msgstr "設定伺服器" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:51971 +#: book.translate.xml:52805 msgid "NFS configuration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51976 +#: book.translate.xml:52810 msgid "" "The file systems which the NFS server will share are " "specified in /etc/exports. Each line in this file " @@ -71397,12 +74238,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:51985 +#: book.translate.xml:52819 msgid "NFS export examples" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51990 +#: book.translate.xml:52824 msgid "" "The following /etc/exports entries demonstrate how to " "export file systems. The examples can be modified to match the file systems " @@ -71413,7 +74254,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:51997 +#: book.translate.xml:52831 msgid "" "This example shows how to export /cdrom to three hosts " "named alpha, bravo, " @@ -71421,13 +74262,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52003 +#: book.translate.xml:52837 #, no-wrap msgid "/cdrom -ro alpha bravo charlie" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52005 +#: book.translate.xml:52839 msgid "" "The -ro flag makes the file system read-only, preventing " "clients from making any changes to the exported file system. This example " @@ -71438,7 +74279,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52013 +#: book.translate.xml:52847 msgid "" "The next example exports /home to three clients by " "IP address. This can be useful for networks without " @@ -71449,13 +74290,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52022 +#: book.translate.xml:52856 #, no-wrap msgid "/usr/home -alldirs 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52024 +#: book.translate.xml:52858 msgid "" "This next example exports /a so that two clients from " "different domains may access that file system. The is a single file system, these entries would be " @@ -71483,7 +74324,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52040 +#: book.translate.xml:52874 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Invalid when /usr is one file system\n" @@ -71492,18 +74333,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52044 +#: book.translate.xml:52878 msgid "The correct format for this situation is to use one entry:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52047 +#: book.translate.xml:52881 #, no-wrap msgid "/usr/src /usr/ports client" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52049 +#: book.translate.xml:52883 msgid "" "The following is an example of a valid export list, where /usr and /exports are local file systems:" @@ -71510,7 +74351,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52053 +#: book.translate.xml:52887 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Export src and ports to client01 and client02, but only\n" @@ -71524,7 +74365,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52062 +#: book.translate.xml:52896 msgid "" "To enable the processes required by the NFS server at " "boot time, add these options to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -71531,7 +74372,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52066 +#: book.translate.xml:52900 #, no-wrap msgid "" "rpcbind_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -71540,19 +74381,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52070 +#: book.translate.xml:52904 msgid "The server can be started now by running this command:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:52073 book.translate.xml:64648 +#: book.translate.xml:52907 book.translate.xml:65487 #, no-wrap msgid "# service nfsd start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52075 +#: book.translate.xml:52909 msgid "" "Whenever the NFS server is started, mountd also starts automatically. However, mountd# service mountd reload" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:52087 +#: book.translate.xml:52921 msgid "Configuring the Client" msgstr "設定客戶端" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52089 +#: book.translate.xml:52923 msgid "" "To enable NFS clients, set this option in each client's " "/etc/rc.conf:" @@ -71580,24 +74421,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52092 +#: book.translate.xml:52926 #, no-wrap msgid "nfs_client_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52094 +#: book.translate.xml:52928 msgid "Then, run this command on each NFS client:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:52097 +#: book.translate.xml:52931 #, no-wrap msgid "# service nfsclient start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52099 +#: book.translate.xml:52933 msgid "" "The client now has everything it needs to mount a remote file system. In " "these examples, the server's name is server and the " @@ -71607,18 +74448,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52108 +#: book.translate.xml:52942 msgid "NFS mounting" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:52112 +#: book.translate.xml:52946 #, no-wrap msgid "# mount server:/home /mnt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52114 +#: book.translate.xml:52948 msgid "" "The files and directories in /home will now be " "available on client, in the /mnt/etc/fstab:" @@ -71633,13 +74474,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52122 +#: book.translate.xml:52956 #, no-wrap msgid "server:/home\t/mnt\tnfs\trw\t0\t0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52124 +#: book.translate.xml:52958 msgid "" "Refer to fstab5 for a description of all available options." @@ -71646,12 +74487,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:52129 +#: book.translate.xml:52963 msgid "Locking" msgstr "鎖定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52131 +#: book.translate.xml:52965 msgid "" "Some applications require file locking to operate correctly. To enable " "locking, add these lines to /etc/rc.conf on both the " @@ -71659,7 +74500,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52136 +#: book.translate.xml:52970 #, no-wrap msgid "" "rpc_lockd_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -71667,12 +74508,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52139 +#: book.translate.xml:52973 msgid "Then start the applications:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:52141 +#: book.translate.xml:52975 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service lockd start\n" @@ -71680,7 +74521,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52144 +#: book.translate.xml:52978 msgid "" "If locking is not required on the server, the NFS client " "can be configured to lock locally by including when " @@ -71690,7 +74531,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:52153 +#: book.translate.xml:52987 msgid "" "Automating Mounts with amd8" @@ -71699,7 +74540,7 @@ "manvolnum> 自動掛載" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:52156 +#: book.translate.xml:52990 msgid "" " Wylie Stilwell Contributed by " @@ -71706,7 +74547,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:52166 +#: book.translate.xml:53000 msgid "" " Chern Lee Rewritten by " @@ -71713,17 +74554,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52176 +#: book.translate.xml:53010 msgid "amd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52177 +#: book.translate.xml:53011 msgid "automatic mounter daemon" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52181 +#: book.translate.xml:53015 msgid "" "The automatic mounter daemon, amd, automatically " "mounts a remote file system whenever a file or directory within that file " @@ -71732,7 +74573,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52188 +#: book.translate.xml:53022 msgid "" "This daemon provides an alternative to modifying /etc/fstab to list every client. It operates by attaching itself as an " @@ -71748,12 +74589,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:52206 +#: book.translate.xml:53040 msgid "Mounting an Export with amd" msgstr "使用 amd 掛載 Export" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:52209 +#: book.translate.xml:53043 msgid "" "In this example, showmount -e shows the exported file " "systems that can be mounted from the NFS server, " @@ -71761,7 +74602,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:52214 +#: book.translate.xml:53048 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% showmount -e foobar\n" @@ -71772,7 +74613,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52221 +#: book.translate.xml:53055 msgid "" "The output from showmount shows /usr " "as an export. When changing directories to /host/foobar/usramd at boot time, add this line to " "/etc/rc.conf:" @@ -71790,24 +74631,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52233 +#: book.translate.xml:53067 #, no-wrap msgid "amd_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52235 +#: book.translate.xml:53069 msgid "To start amd now:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:52237 +#: book.translate.xml:53071 #, no-wrap msgid "# service amd start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52239 +#: book.translate.xml:53073 msgid "" "Custom flags can be passed to amd from the " "amd_flags environment variable. By default, " @@ -71815,13 +74656,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52244 +#: book.translate.xml:53078 #, no-wrap msgid "amd_flags=\"-a /.amd_mnt -l syslog /host /etc/amd.map /net /etc/amd.map\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52246 +#: book.translate.xml:53080 msgid "" "The default options with which exports are mounted are defined in /" "etc/amd.map. Some of the more advanced features of " @@ -71830,7 +74671,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52251 +#: book.translate.xml:53085 msgid "" "Consult amd8 and amd.confautofs5" @@ -71847,7 +74688,7 @@ "manvolnum> 自動掛載" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:52259 +#: book.translate.xml:53093 msgid "" "The autofs5 automount facility is supported starting with " @@ -71859,17 +74700,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52267 +#: book.translate.xml:53101 msgid "autofs" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52268 +#: book.translate.xml:53102 msgid "automounter subsystem" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52272 +#: book.translate.xml:53106 msgid "" "The autofs5 facility is a common name for several components " @@ -71890,7 +74731,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52285 +#: book.translate.xml:53119 msgid "" "The autofs5 virtual filesystem is mounted on specified " @@ -71900,7 +74741,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52289 +#: book.translate.xml:53123 msgid "" "Whenever a process attempts to access file within the " "autofs5/etc/auto_master. It assigns individual maps to top-level mounts. For an " @@ -71927,7 +74768,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52305 +#: book.translate.xml:53139 msgid "" "There is a special automounter map mounted on /net. " "When a file is accessed within this directory, " @@ -71941,7 +74782,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:52315 +#: book.translate.xml:53149 msgid "" "Mounting an Export with autofs5" @@ -71950,7 +74791,7 @@ "manvolnum> 掛載 Export" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:52317 +#: book.translate.xml:53151 msgid "" "In this example, showmount -e shows the exported file " "systems that can be mounted from the NFS server, " @@ -71958,7 +74799,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:52322 +#: book.translate.xml:53156 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% showmount -e foobar\n" @@ -71969,7 +74810,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52329 +#: book.translate.xml:53163 msgid "" "The output from showmount shows /usr " "as an export. When changing directories to /host/foobar/usrautofs5 at boot time, add this line to /etc/rc." @@ -71990,7 +74831,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52342 +#: book.translate.xml:53176 msgid "" "Then autofs5 can be started by running:" @@ -71997,7 +74838,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:52344 +#: book.translate.xml:53178 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service automount start\n" @@ -72006,7 +74847,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52348 +#: book.translate.xml:53182 msgid "" "The autofs5 map format is the same as in other operating " @@ -72016,7 +74857,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52353 +#: book.translate.xml:53187 msgid "" "Consult the automount8, " @@ -72028,47 +74869,47 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:52382 +#: book.translate.xml:53216 msgid "Network Information System (NIS)" msgstr "網路資訊系統 (NIS)" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52385 +#: book.translate.xml:53219 msgid "NIS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52387 +#: book.translate.xml:53221 msgid "HP-UX" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52388 +#: book.translate.xml:53222 msgid "AIX" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52389 +#: book.translate.xml:53223 msgid "Linux" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52390 +#: book.translate.xml:53224 msgid "NetBSD" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52391 +#: book.translate.xml:53225 msgid "OpenBSD" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52392 +#: book.translate.xml:53226 msgid "yellow pages NIS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:52397 +#: book.translate.xml:53231 msgid "" "Network Information System (NIS) is designed to " "centralize administration of UNIXNIS domains" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:52410 +#: book.translate.xml:53244 msgid "" "NIS is a Remote Procedure Call (RPC)-" "based client/server system that allows a group of machines within an " @@ -72096,17 +74937,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:52418 +#: book.translate.xml:53252 msgid "FreeBSD uses version 2 of the NIS protocol." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:52422 +#: book.translate.xml:53256 msgid "NIS Terms and Processes" msgstr "NIS 術語與程序" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52424 +#: book.translate.xml:53258 msgid "" "Table 28.1 summarizes the terms and important processes used by " "NIS:" @@ -72113,27 +74954,27 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52430 +#: book.translate.xml:53264 msgid "portmap" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:52435 +#: book.translate.xml:53269 msgid "NIS Terminology" msgstr "NIS 術語" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52443 book.translate.xml:54338 +#: book.translate.xml:53277 book.translate.xml:55172 msgid "Term" msgstr "術語" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52450 +#: book.translate.xml:53284 msgid "NIS domain name" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52452 +#: book.translate.xml:53286 msgid "" "NIS servers and clients share an NIS " "domain name. Typically, this name does not have anything to do with " @@ -72141,7 +74982,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52459 +#: book.translate.xml:53293 msgid "" "rpcbind8" @@ -72148,7 +74989,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52461 +#: book.translate.xml:53295 msgid "" "This service enables RPC and must be running in order to " "run an NIS server or act as an NIS " @@ -72156,7 +74997,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52468 +#: book.translate.xml:53302 msgid "" "ypbind8" @@ -72163,7 +75004,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52469 +#: book.translate.xml:53303 msgid "" "This service binds an NIS client to its NIS server. It will take the NIS domain name and use " @@ -72174,7 +75015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52481 +#: book.translate.xml:53315 msgid "" "ypserv8" @@ -72181,7 +75022,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52482 +#: book.translate.xml:53316 msgid "" "This is the process for the NIS server. If this service " "stops running, the server will no longer be able to respond to NISrpc.yppasswdd8" @@ -72199,7 +75040,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52495 +#: book.translate.xml:53329 msgid "" "This process only runs on NIS master servers. This daemon " "allows NIS clients to change their NIS " @@ -72208,38 +75049,38 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:52511 +#: book.translate.xml:53345 msgid "Machine Types" msgstr "主機類型" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52513 +#: book.translate.xml:53347 msgid "NIS master server" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52516 book.translate.xml:52873 +#: book.translate.xml:53350 book.translate.xml:53707 msgid "NIS slave server" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52519 +#: book.translate.xml:53353 msgid "NIS client" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52523 +#: book.translate.xml:53357 msgid "" "There are three types of hosts in an NIS environment:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:52528 +#: book.translate.xml:53362 msgid "NIS master server" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:52530 +#: book.translate.xml:53364 msgid "" "This server acts as a central repository for host configuration information " "and maintains the authoritative copy of the files used by all of the " @@ -72253,12 +75094,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:52545 +#: book.translate.xml:53379 msgid "NIS slave servers" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:52547 +#: book.translate.xml:53381 msgid "" "NIS slave servers maintain copies of the NIS master's data files in order to provide redundancy. Slave servers " @@ -72268,12 +75109,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:52557 +#: book.translate.xml:53391 msgid "NIS clients" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:52559 +#: book.translate.xml:53393 msgid "" "NIS clients authenticate against the NIS server during log on." @@ -72280,7 +75121,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52565 +#: book.translate.xml:53399 msgid "" "Information in many files can be shared using NIS. The " "master.passwd, group, and " @@ -72291,12 +75132,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:52577 +#: book.translate.xml:53411 msgid "Planning Considerations" msgstr "規劃注意事項" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52579 +#: book.translate.xml:53413 msgid "" "This section describes a sample NIS environment which " "consists of 15 FreeBSD machines with no centralized point of administration. " @@ -72307,97 +75148,97 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52588 +#: book.translate.xml:53422 msgid "The configuration of the lab will be as follows:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52594 +#: book.translate.xml:53428 msgid "Machine name" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52596 +#: book.translate.xml:53430 msgid "Machine role" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52602 +#: book.translate.xml:53436 msgid "ellington" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52603 +#: book.translate.xml:53437 msgid "10.0.0.2" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52604 +#: book.translate.xml:53438 msgid "NIS master" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52608 +#: book.translate.xml:53442 msgid "coltrane" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52609 +#: book.translate.xml:53443 msgid "10.0.0.3" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52610 +#: book.translate.xml:53444 msgid "NIS slave" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52614 +#: book.translate.xml:53448 msgid "basie" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52615 +#: book.translate.xml:53449 msgid "10.0.0.4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52616 +#: book.translate.xml:53450 msgid "Faculty workstation" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52620 +#: book.translate.xml:53454 msgid "bird" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52621 +#: book.translate.xml:53455 msgid "10.0.0.5" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52622 +#: book.translate.xml:53456 msgid "Client machine" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52626 +#: book.translate.xml:53460 msgid "cli[1-11]" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52627 +#: book.translate.xml:53461 msgid "10.0.0.[6-17]" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:52629 +#: book.translate.xml:53463 msgid "Other client machines" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52635 +#: book.translate.xml:53469 msgid "" "If this is the first time an NIS scheme is being " "developed, it should be thoroughly planned ahead of time. Regardless of " @@ -72406,17 +75247,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:52641 +#: book.translate.xml:53475 msgid "Choosing a NIS Domain Name" msgstr "選擇 NIS 網域名稱" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52643 +#: book.translate.xml:53477 msgid "NIS domain name" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:52647 +#: book.translate.xml:53481 msgid "" "When a client broadcasts its requests for info, it includes the name of the " "NIS domain that it is part of. This is how multiple " @@ -72426,7 +75267,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:52654 +#: book.translate.xml:53488 msgid "" "Some organizations choose to use their Internet domain name for their " "NIS domain name. This is not recommended as it can cause " @@ -72439,7 +75280,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:52665 +#: book.translate.xml:53499 msgid "" "However, some non-FreeBSD operating systems require the NIS domain name to be the same as the Internet domain name. If one or " @@ -72448,12 +75289,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:52674 +#: book.translate.xml:53508 msgid "Physical Server Requirements" msgstr "實體伺服器需求" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:52676 +#: book.translate.xml:53510 msgid "" "There are several things to keep in mind when choosing a machine to use as a " "NIS server. Since NIS clients depend " @@ -72467,12 +75308,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:52692 +#: book.translate.xml:53526 msgid "Configuring the NIS Master Server" msgstr "設定 NIS Master 伺服器" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52695 +#: book.translate.xml:53529 msgid "" "The canonical copies of all NIS files are stored on the " "master server. The databases used to store the information are called " @@ -72484,7 +75325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52706 +#: book.translate.xml:53540 msgid "" "NIS master and slave servers handle all NIS requests through ypservNIS server configuration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52717 +#: book.translate.xml:53551 msgid "" "Setting up a master NIS server can be relatively straight " "forward, depending on environmental needs. Since FreeBSD provides built-in " @@ -72510,7 +75351,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52723 +#: book.translate.xml:53557 #, no-wrap msgid "" "nisdomainname=\"test-domain\"\t\n" @@ -72519,7 +75360,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:52729 +#: book.translate.xml:53563 msgid "" "This line sets the NIS domain name to test-" "domain." @@ -72526,7 +75367,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:52734 +#: book.translate.xml:53568 msgid "" "This automates the start up of the NIS server processes " "when the system boots." @@ -72533,7 +75374,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:52740 +#: book.translate.xml:53574 msgid "" "This enables the rpc.yppasswdd8 daemon so that users " @@ -72541,7 +75382,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52746 +#: book.translate.xml:53580 msgid "" "Care must be taken in a multi-server domain where the server machines are " "also NIS clients. It is generally a good idea to force " @@ -72554,7 +75395,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52758 +#: book.translate.xml:53592 msgid "" "A server that is also a client can be forced to bind to a particular server " "by adding these additional lines to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -72561,7 +75402,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52762 +#: book.translate.xml:53596 #, no-wrap msgid "" "nis_client_enable=\"YES\" # run client stuff as well\n" @@ -72569,7 +75410,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52765 +#: book.translate.xml:53599 msgid "" "After saving the edits, type /etc/netstart to restart the " "network and apply the values defined in /etc/rc.conf. " @@ -72579,23 +75420,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:52771 +#: book.translate.xml:53605 #, no-wrap msgid "# service ypserv start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:52774 +#: book.translate.xml:53608 msgid "Initializing the NIS Maps" msgstr "初始化 NIS 對應表" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:52776 +#: book.translate.xml:53610 msgid "NIS maps" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:52780 +#: book.translate.xml:53614 msgid "" "NIS maps are generated from the configuration files in " "/etc on the NIS master, with one " @@ -72606,7 +75447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:52789 +#: book.translate.xml:53623 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cp /etc/master.passwd /var/yp/master.passwd\n" @@ -72615,7 +75456,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:52793 +#: book.translate.xml:53627 msgid "" "It is advisable to remove all entries for system accounts as well as any " "user accounts that do not need to be propagated to the NIS/var/yp/master.passwd is neither group " "or world readable by setting its permissions to 600." @@ -72631,7 +75472,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:52806 +#: book.translate.xml:53640 msgid "" "After completing this task, initialize the NIS maps. " "FreeBSD includes the ypinit# ypinit -m test-domain\n" @@ -72670,7 +75511,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:52836 +#: book.translate.xml:53670 msgid "" "This will create /var/yp/Makefile from /var/" "yp/Makefile.dist. By default, this file assumes that the " @@ -72681,18 +75522,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52845 +#: book.translate.xml:53679 #, no-wrap msgid "NOPUSH = \"True\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:52849 +#: book.translate.xml:53683 msgid "Adding New Users" msgstr "新增使用者" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:52851 +#: book.translate.xml:53685 msgid "" "Every time a new user is created, the user account must be added to the " "master NIS server and the NIS maps " @@ -72703,7 +75544,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:52860 +#: book.translate.xml:53694 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# pw useradd jsmith\n" @@ -72712,7 +75553,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:52864 +#: book.translate.xml:53698 msgid "" "The user could also be added using adduser jsmith instead " "of pw useradd smith." @@ -72719,12 +75560,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:52871 +#: book.translate.xml:53705 msgid "Setting up a NIS Slave Server" msgstr "設定 NIS Slave 伺服器" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52877 +#: book.translate.xml:53711 msgid "" "To set up an NIS slave server, log on to the slave server " "and edit /etc/rc.conf as for the master server. Do not " @@ -72736,7 +75577,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:52887 +#: book.translate.xml:53721 #, no-wrap msgid "" "coltrane# ypinit -s ellington test-domain\n" @@ -72798,7 +75639,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52944 +#: book.translate.xml:53778 msgid "" "This will generate a directory on the slave server called /var/yp/" "test-domain which contains copies of the NIS " @@ -72808,7 +75649,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:52951 +#: book.translate.xml:53785 #, no-wrap msgid "" "20 * * * * root /usr/libexec/ypxfr passwd.byname\n" @@ -72816,7 +75657,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52954 +#: book.translate.xml:53788 msgid "" "These entries are not mandatory because the master server automatically " "attempts to push any map changes to its slaves. However, since clients may " @@ -72826,7 +75667,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52962 +#: book.translate.xml:53796 msgid "" "To finish the configuration, run /etc/netstart on the " "slave server in order to start the NIS services." @@ -72833,12 +75674,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:52968 +#: book.translate.xml:53802 msgid "Setting Up an NIS Client" msgstr "設定 NIS 客戶端" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52970 +#: book.translate.xml:53804 msgid "" "An NIS client binds to an NIS server " "using ypbind8NIS client configuration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:52992 +#: book.translate.xml:53826 msgid "To configure a FreeBSD machine to be an NIS client:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:52997 +#: book.translate.xml:53831 msgid "" "Edit /etc/rc.conf and add the following lines in order " "to set the NIS domain name and start " @@ -72876,7 +75717,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53002 +#: book.translate.xml:53836 #, no-wrap msgid "" "nisdomainname=\"test-domain\"\n" @@ -72884,7 +75725,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:53007 +#: book.translate.xml:53841 msgid "" "To import all possible password entries from the NIS " "server, use vipw to remove all user accounts except one " @@ -72898,13 +75739,13 @@ #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53019 book.translate.xml:53392 +#: book.translate.xml:53853 book.translate.xml:54226 #, no-wrap msgid "+:::::::::" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:53021 +#: book.translate.xml:53855 msgid "" "This line configures the client to provide anyone with a valid account in " "the NIS server's password maps an account on the client. " @@ -72915,7 +75756,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:53032 +#: book.translate.xml:53866 msgid "" "To import all possible group entries from the NIS server, " "add this line to /etc/group:" @@ -72922,13 +75763,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53036 +#: book.translate.xml:53870 #, no-wrap msgid "+:*::" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53040 +#: book.translate.xml:53874 msgid "" "To start the NIS client immediately, execute the " "following commands as the superuser:" @@ -72935,7 +75776,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53043 +#: book.translate.xml:53877 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# /etc/netstart\n" @@ -72943,7 +75784,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53046 +#: book.translate.xml:53880 msgid "" "After completing these steps, running ypcat passwd on the " "client should show the server's passwd map." @@ -72950,12 +75791,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:53052 +#: book.translate.xml:53886 msgid "NIS Security" msgstr "NIS 安全性" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53054 +#: book.translate.xml:53888 msgid "" "Since RPC is a broadcast-based service, any system " "running ypbind within the same domain can " @@ -72973,7 +75814,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53069 +#: book.translate.xml:53903 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# allow connections from local host -- mandatory\n" @@ -72988,7 +75829,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53079 +#: book.translate.xml:53913 msgid "" "If ypserv8 receives a request from an address that matches " @@ -72999,7 +75840,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53087 +#: book.translate.xml:53921 msgid "" " is an alternate mechanism for providing " "access control instead of securenets. While either " @@ -73009,7 +75850,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53095 +#: book.translate.xml:53929 msgid "" "Servers using securenets may fail to serve legitimate " "NIS clients with archaic TCP/IP implementations. Some of " @@ -73021,7 +75862,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53107 +#: book.translate.xml:53941 msgid "" "The use of TCP Wrapper increases the latency of " "the NIS server. The additional delay may be long enough " @@ -73032,12 +75873,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:53117 +#: book.translate.xml:53951 msgid "Barring Some Users" msgstr "阻擋部份使用者" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:53119 +#: book.translate.xml:53953 msgid "" "In this example, the basie system is a faculty " "workstation within the NIS domain. The passwdNIS database, use vipw " @@ -73061,7 +75902,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53141 +#: book.translate.xml:53975 #, no-wrap msgid "" "basie# cat /etc/master.passwd\n" @@ -73087,17 +75928,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:53177 +#: book.translate.xml:54011 msgid "Using Netgroups" msgstr "使用 Netgroups" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:53179 book.translate.xml:53345 +#: book.translate.xml:54013 book.translate.xml:54179 msgid "netgroups" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53181 +#: book.translate.xml:54015 msgid "" "Barring specified users from logging on to individual systems becomes " "unscaleable on larger networks and quickly loses the main benefit of " @@ -73105,7 +75946,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53186 +#: book.translate.xml:54020 msgid "" "Netgroups were developed to handle large, complex networks with hundreds of " "users and machines. Their use is comparable to NIS " "domain will be extended to add the users and systems shown in Tables 28.2 " @@ -73123,17 +75964,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:53197 +#: book.translate.xml:54031 msgid "Additional Users" msgstr "其他使用者" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53202 +#: book.translate.xml:54036 msgid "User Name(s)" msgstr "使用者名稱" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53209 +#: book.translate.xml:54043 msgid "" "alpha, beta" @@ -73140,12 +75981,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53211 +#: book.translate.xml:54045 msgid "IT department employees" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53215 +#: book.translate.xml:54049 msgid "" "charlie, delta" @@ -73152,12 +75993,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53216 +#: book.translate.xml:54050 msgid "IT department apprentices" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53220 +#: book.translate.xml:54054 msgid "" "echo, foxtrott, golfable, baker, ..." @@ -73177,22 +76018,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53231 +#: book.translate.xml:54065 msgid "interns" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:53238 +#: book.translate.xml:54072 msgid "Additional Systems" msgstr "其他系統" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53243 +#: book.translate.xml:54077 msgid "Machine Name(s)" msgstr "機器名稱" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53252 +#: book.translate.xml:54086 msgid "" "war, death, " "famine, pollution" @@ -73199,12 +76040,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53256 +#: book.translate.xml:54090 msgid "Only IT employees are allowed to log onto these servers." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53262 +#: book.translate.xml:54096 msgid "" "pride, greed, " "envy, wrath, " @@ -73212,13 +76053,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53268 +#: book.translate.xml:54102 msgid "" "All members of the IT department are allowed to login onto these servers." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53273 +#: book.translate.xml:54107 msgid "" "one, two, " "three, four, ..." @@ -73225,17 +76066,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53278 +#: book.translate.xml:54112 msgid "Ordinary workstations used by employees." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53283 +#: book.translate.xml:54117 msgid "trashcan" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:53284 +#: book.translate.xml:54118 msgid "" "A very old machine without any critical data. Even interns are allowed to " "use this system." @@ -73242,7 +76083,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53291 +#: book.translate.xml:54125 msgid "" "When using netgroups to configure this scenario, each user is assigned to " "one or more netgroups and logins are then allowed or forbidden for all " @@ -73254,7 +76095,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53301 +#: book.translate.xml:54135 msgid "" "The first step is the initialization of the NIS " "netgroup map. In FreeBSD, this map is not created by " @@ -73263,7 +76104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53307 +#: book.translate.xml:54141 msgid "" "This example creates four netgroups to represent IT employees, IT " "apprentices, employees, and interns:" @@ -73270,7 +76111,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53310 +#: book.translate.xml:54144 #, no-wrap msgid "" "IT_EMP (,alpha,test-domain) (,beta,test-domain)\n" @@ -73281,7 +76122,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53316 +#: book.translate.xml:54150 msgid "" "Each entry configures a netgroup. The first column in an entry is the name " "of the netgroup. Each set of brackets represents either a group of one or " @@ -73290,7 +76131,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:53324 +#: book.translate.xml:54158 msgid "" "The name of the host(s) where the other fields representing the user are " "valid. If a hostname is not specified, the entry is valid on all hosts." @@ -73297,12 +76138,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:53330 +#: book.translate.xml:54164 msgid "The name of the account that belongs to this netgroup." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:53335 +#: book.translate.xml:54169 msgid "" "The NIS domain for the account. Accounts may be imported " "from other NIS domains into a netgroup." @@ -73309,7 +76150,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53341 +#: book.translate.xml:54175 msgid "" "If a group contains multiple users, separate each user with whitespace. " "Additionally, each field may contain wildcards. See " @@ -73318,7 +76159,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53346 +#: book.translate.xml:54180 msgid "" "Netgroup names longer than 8 characters should not be used. The names are " "case sensitive and using capital letters for netgroup names is an easy way " @@ -73326,7 +76167,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53351 +#: book.translate.xml:54185 msgid "" "Some non-FreeBSD NIS clients cannot handle netgroups " "containing more than 15 entries. This limit may be circumvented by creating " @@ -73335,7 +76176,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53357 +#: book.translate.xml:54191 #, no-wrap msgid "" "BIGGRP1 (,joe1,domain) (,joe2,domain) (,joe3,domain) [...]\n" @@ -73345,7 +76186,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53362 +#: book.translate.xml:54196 msgid "" "Repeat this process if more than 225 (15 times 15) users exist within a " "single netgroup." @@ -73352,12 +76193,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53365 +#: book.translate.xml:54199 msgid "To activate and distribute the new NIS map:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53368 +#: book.translate.xml:54202 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ellington# cd /var/yp\n" @@ -73365,7 +76206,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53371 +#: book.translate.xml:54205 msgid "" "This will generate the three NIS maps netgroup, netgroup.byhost and netgroup." @@ -73375,7 +76216,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53378 +#: book.translate.xml:54212 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ellington% ypcat -k netgroup\n" @@ -73384,7 +76225,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53382 +#: book.translate.xml:54216 msgid "" "The output of the first command should resemble the contents of /" "var/yp/netgroup. The second command only produces output if host-" @@ -73393,7 +76234,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53388 +#: book.translate.xml:54222 msgid "" "To configure a client, use vipw8 to specify the name of " @@ -73402,18 +76243,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53394 +#: book.translate.xml:54228 msgid "with" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53396 +#: book.translate.xml:54230 #, no-wrap msgid "+@IT_EMP:::::::::" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53398 +#: book.translate.xml:54232 msgid "" "This specifies that only the users defined in the netgroup IT_EMP will be imported into this system's password database and only " @@ -73421,7 +76262,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53403 +#: book.translate.xml:54237 msgid "" "This configuration also applies to the ~ function of the " "shell and all routines which convert between user names and numerical user " @@ -73434,13 +76275,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53415 +#: book.translate.xml:54249 #, no-wrap msgid "+:::::::::/sbin/nologin" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53417 +#: book.translate.xml:54251 msgid "" "This line configures the client to import all entries but to replace the " "shell in those entries with /sbin/nologin." @@ -73447,7 +76288,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53422 +#: book.translate.xml:54256 msgid "" "Make sure that extra line is placed after " "+@IT_EMP:::::::::. Otherwise, all user accounts imported from " @@ -73456,7 +76297,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53429 +#: book.translate.xml:54263 msgid "" "To configure the less important servers, replace the old +:::::::::" " on the servers with these lines:" @@ -73463,7 +76304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53433 +#: book.translate.xml:54267 #, no-wrap msgid "" "+@IT_EMP:::::::::\n" @@ -73472,12 +76313,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53437 +#: book.translate.xml:54271 msgid "The corresponding lines for the workstations would be:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53440 +#: book.translate.xml:54274 #, no-wrap msgid "" "+@IT_EMP:::::::::\n" @@ -73486,7 +76327,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53444 +#: book.translate.xml:54278 msgid "" "NIS supports the creation of netgroups from other netgroups which can be " "useful if the policy regarding user access changes. One possibility is the " @@ -73501,7 +76342,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53457 +#: book.translate.xml:54291 #, no-wrap msgid "" "BIGSRV IT_EMP IT_APP\n" @@ -73510,7 +76351,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53461 +#: book.translate.xml:54295 msgid "" "This method of defining login restrictions works reasonably well when it is " "possible to define groups of machines with identical restrictions. " @@ -73519,7 +76360,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53468 +#: book.translate.xml:54302 msgid "" "Machine-specific netgroup definitions are another possibility to deal with " "the policy changes. In this scenario, the /etc/master.passwdBOXNAME:::::::::\n" @@ -73539,7 +76380,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53481 +#: book.translate.xml:54315 msgid "" "Once this task is completed on all the machines, there is no longer a need " "to modify the local versions of /etc/master.passwd ever " @@ -73549,7 +76390,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53488 +#: book.translate.xml:54322 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Define groups of users first\n" @@ -73590,7 +76431,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53524 +#: book.translate.xml:54358 msgid "" "It may not always be advisable to use machine-based netgroups. When " "deploying a couple of dozen or hundreds of systems, role-based netgroups " @@ -73599,17 +76440,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:53533 +#: book.translate.xml:54367 msgid "Password Formats" msgstr "密碼格式" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:53535 +#: book.translate.xml:54369 msgid "NIS password formats" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53539 +#: book.translate.xml:54373 msgid "" "NIS requires that all hosts within an NIS domain use the same format for encrypting passwords. If users have " @@ -73620,7 +76461,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53547 +#: book.translate.xml:54381 msgid "" "To check which format a server or client is using, look at this section of " "/etc/login.conf:" @@ -73627,7 +76468,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53551 +#: book.translate.xml:54385 #, no-wrap msgid "" "default:\\\n" @@ -73637,7 +76478,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53556 +#: book.translate.xml:54390 msgid "" "In this example, the system is using the DES format. " "Other possible values are blf for Blowfish and " @@ -73645,7 +76486,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53561 +#: book.translate.xml:54395 msgid "" "If the format on a host needs to be edited to match the one being used in " "the NIS domain, the login capability database must be " @@ -73653,7 +76494,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:53569 +#: book.translate.xml:54403 msgid "" "The format of passwords for existing user accounts will not be updated until " "each user changes their password after the login " @@ -73661,18 +76502,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:53579 +#: book.translate.xml:54413 msgid "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)" msgstr "輕量級目錄存取協定 (LDAP)" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm #. (itstool) path: listitem/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:53593 book.translate.xml:56477 +#: book.translate.xml:54427 book.translate.xml:57311 msgid "LDAP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:53595 +#: book.translate.xml:54429 msgid "" "The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an " "application layer protocol used to access, modify, and authenticate objects " @@ -73687,7 +76528,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:53608 +#: book.translate.xml:54442 msgid "" "This section provides a quick start guide for configuring an LDAP server on a FreeBSD system. It assumes that the administrator " @@ -73698,12 +76539,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:53617 +#: book.translate.xml:54451 msgid "LDAP Terminology and Structure" msgstr "LDAP 術語與結構" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53619 +#: book.translate.xml:54453 msgid "" "LDAP uses several terms which should be understood before " "starting the configuration. All directory entries consist of a group of " @@ -73717,7 +76558,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53633 +#: book.translate.xml:54467 msgid "" "An example LDAP entry looks like the following. This " "example searches for the entry for the specified user account (uid% ldapsearch -xb \"uid=trhodes,ou=users,o=example.com\"\n" @@ -73754,7 +76595,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53662 +#: book.translate.xml:54496 msgid "" "This example entry shows the values for the dn, " "mail, cn, uid, and " @@ -73763,7 +76604,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53669 +#: book.translate.xml:54503 msgid "" "More information about LDAP and its terminology can be " "found at LDAP Server" msgstr "設定 LDAP 伺服器" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:53676 +#: book.translate.xml:54510 msgid "LDAP Server" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53678 +#: book.translate.xml:54512 msgid "" "FreeBSD does not provide a built-in LDAP server. Begin " "the configuration by installing the net/openldap24-" @@ -73794,13 +76635,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53688 +#: book.translate.xml:54522 msgid "" "Next, create the directories to hold the data and to store the certificates:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53691 +#: book.translate.xml:54525 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mkdir /var/db/openldap-data\n" @@ -73808,18 +76649,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53694 +#: book.translate.xml:54528 msgid "Copy over the database configuration file:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53696 +#: book.translate.xml:54530 #, no-wrap msgid "# cp /usr/local/etc/openldap/DB_CONFIG.example /var/db/openldap-data/DB_CONFIG" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53698 +#: book.translate.xml:54532 msgid "" "The next phase is to configure the certificate authority. The following " "commands must be executed from /usr/local/etc/openldap/private# openssl req -days 365 -nodes -new -x509 -keyout ca.key -out ../ca.crt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53708 +#: book.translate.xml:54542 msgid "" "The entries for the prompts may be generic except for " "the Common Name. This entry must be different# openssl req -days 365 -nodes -new -keyout server.key -out server.csr" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53721 +#: book.translate.xml:54555 msgid "" "During the certificate generation process, be sure to correctly set the " "Common Name attribute. Once complete, sign the key:" @@ -73865,13 +76706,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53725 +#: book.translate.xml:54559 #, no-wrap msgid "# openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in server.csr -out ../server.crt -CA ../ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53727 +#: book.translate.xml:54561 msgid "" "The final part of the certificate generation process is to generate and sign " "the client certificates:" @@ -73878,7 +76719,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53730 +#: book.translate.xml:54564 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# openssl req -days 365 -nodes -new -keyout client.key -out client.csr\n" @@ -73886,7 +76727,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53733 +#: book.translate.xml:54567 msgid "" "Remember to use the same Common Name attribute when " "prompted. When finished, ensure that a total of eight (8) new files have " @@ -73896,7 +76737,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53740 +#: book.translate.xml:54574 #, no-wrap msgid "" "TLSCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM:+SSLv3\n" @@ -73906,7 +76747,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53745 +#: book.translate.xml:54579 msgid "" "Then, edit /usr/local/etc/openldap/ldap.conf and add " "the following lines:" @@ -73913,7 +76754,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53749 +#: book.translate.xml:54583 #, no-wrap msgid "" "TLS_CACERT /usr/local/etc/openldap/ca.crt\n" @@ -73921,7 +76762,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53752 +#: book.translate.xml:54586 msgid "" "While editing this file, uncomment the following entries and set them to the " "desired values: , , " @@ -73932,7 +76773,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53761 +#: book.translate.xml:54595 #, no-wrap msgid "" "BASE dc=example,dc=com\n" @@ -73946,18 +76787,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53770 +#: book.translate.xml:54604 msgid "The default password for the server should then be changed:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53773 +#: book.translate.xml:54607 #, no-wrap msgid "# slappasswd -h \"{SHA}\" >> /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53775 +#: book.translate.xml:54609 msgid "" "This command will prompt for the password and, if the process does not fail, " "a password hash will be added to the end of slapd.conf. " @@ -73966,7 +76807,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53781 +#: book.translate.xml:54615 msgid "" "Next, edit /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.conf and add " "the following lines:" @@ -73973,7 +76814,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53785 +#: book.translate.xml:54619 #, no-wrap msgid "" "password-hash {sha}\n" @@ -73981,7 +76822,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53788 +#: book.translate.xml:54622 msgid "" "The in this file must be updated to match the " " used in /usr/local/etc/openldap/ldap.confOpenLDAP service in " "/etc/rc.conf and set the URI:" @@ -74011,7 +76852,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53809 +#: book.translate.xml:54643 #, no-wrap msgid "" "slapd_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -74019,18 +76860,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53812 +#: book.translate.xml:54646 msgid "At this point the server can be started and tested:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53814 +#: book.translate.xml:54648 #, no-wrap msgid "# service slapd start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53816 +#: book.translate.xml:54650 msgid "" "If everything is configured correctly, a search of the directory should show " "a successful connection with a single response as in this example:" @@ -74037,7 +76878,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53820 +#: book.translate.xml:54654 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ldapsearch -Z\n" @@ -74057,7 +76898,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:53836 +#: book.translate.xml:54670 msgid "" "If the command fails and the configuration looks correct, stop the " "slapd service and restart it with debugging options:" @@ -74064,7 +76905,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53840 +#: book.translate.xml:54674 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service slapd stop\n" @@ -74072,7 +76913,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53844 +#: book.translate.xml:54678 msgid "" "Once the service is responding, the directory can be populated using " "ldapadd. In this example, a file containing this list of " @@ -74080,7 +76921,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:53849 +#: book.translate.xml:54683 #, no-wrap msgid "" "dn: dc=example,dc=com\n" @@ -74095,7 +76936,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53859 +#: book.translate.xml:54693 msgid "" "To import this file, specify the file name. The following command will " "prompt for the password specified earlier and the output should look " @@ -74103,7 +76944,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53863 +#: book.translate.xml:54697 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ldapadd -Z -D \"cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com\" -W -f import.ldif\n" @@ -74114,7 +76955,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53869 +#: book.translate.xml:54703 msgid "" "Verify the data was added by issuing a search on the server using " "ldapsearch:" @@ -74121,7 +76962,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:53872 +#: book.translate.xml:54706 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% ldapsearch -Z\n" @@ -74154,18 +76995,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53900 +#: book.translate.xml:54734 msgid "" "At this point, the server should be configured and functioning properly." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:53917 +#: book.translate.xml:54751 msgid "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)" msgstr "動態主機設定協定 (DHCP)" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:53920 +#: book.translate.xml:54754 msgid "" "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP" @@ -74172,12 +77013,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:53924 +#: book.translate.xml:54758 msgid "Internet Systems Consortium (ISC)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:53928 +#: book.translate.xml:54762 msgid "" "The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) allows a " "system to connect to a network in order to be assigned the necessary " @@ -74192,7 +77033,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:53940 +#: book.translate.xml:54774 msgid "" "This section describes how to use the built-in DHCP " "client. It then describes how to install and configure a DHCPbpf4 device is needed by " @@ -74211,7 +77052,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:53952 +#: book.translate.xml:54786 msgid "" "It should be noted that bpf also allows privileged " "users to run network packet sniffers on that system." @@ -74218,12 +77059,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:53958 +#: book.translate.xml:54792 msgid "Configuring a DHCP Client" msgstr "設定 DHCP 客戶端" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53960 +#: book.translate.xml:54794 msgid "" "DHCP client support is included in the FreeBSD installer, " "making it easy to configure a newly installed system to automatically " @@ -74233,12 +77074,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:53967 +#: book.translate.xml:54801 msgid "UDP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53968 +#: book.translate.xml:54802 msgid "" "When dhclient is executed on the client machine, it " "begins broadcasting requests for configuration information. By default, " @@ -74256,7 +77097,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53984 +#: book.translate.xml:54818 msgid "" "By default, when a FreeBSD system boots, its DHCP client " "runs in the background, or asynchronously. Other " @@ -74265,7 +77106,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:53990 +#: book.translate.xml:54824 msgid "" "Background DHCP works well when the DHCP server responds quickly to the client's requests. However, " @@ -74278,7 +77119,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54000 +#: book.translate.xml:54834 msgid "" "This line in /etc/rc.conf is used to configure " "background or asynchronous mode:" @@ -74285,13 +77126,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:54003 +#: book.translate.xml:54837 #, no-wrap msgid "ifconfig_fxp0=\"DHCP\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54005 +#: book.translate.xml:54839 msgid "" "This line may already exist if the system was configured to use " "DHCP during installation. Replace the fxp0DHCP completes, use " @@ -74309,13 +77150,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:54016 +#: book.translate.xml:54850 #, no-wrap msgid "ifconfig_fxp0=\"SYNCDHCP\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54018 +#: book.translate.xml:54852 msgid "" "Additional client options are available. Search for dhclient in rc.confDHCP configuration files" @@ -74330,17 +77171,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54027 +#: book.translate.xml:54861 msgid "The DHCP client uses the following files:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54032 +#: book.translate.xml:54866 msgid "/etc/dhclient.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54034 +#: book.translate.xml:54868 msgid "" "The configuration file used by dhclient. Typically, this " "file contains only comments as the defaults are suitable for most clients. " @@ -74350,12 +77191,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54042 +#: book.translate.xml:54876 msgid "/sbin/dhclient" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54044 +#: book.translate.xml:54878 msgid "" "More information about the command itself can be found in " "dhclient8/sbin/dhclient-script" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54051 +#: book.translate.xml:54885 msgid "" "The FreeBSD-specific DHCP client configuration script. It " "is described in dhclient-script/var/db/dhclient.leases.interface" @@ -74384,7 +77225,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54061 +#: book.translate.xml:54895 msgid "" "The DHCP client keeps a database of valid leases in this " "file, which is written as a log and is described in " @@ -74393,12 +77234,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:54069 +#: book.translate.xml:54903 msgid "Installing and Configuring a DHCP Server" msgstr "安裝並設定 DHCP 伺服器" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54072 +#: book.translate.xml:54906 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to configure a FreeBSD system to act as a " "DHCP server using the Internet Systems Consortium " @@ -74408,13 +77249,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:54080 +#: book.translate.xml:54914 msgid "" "DHCP server" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:54085 +#: book.translate.xml:54919 msgid "" "DHCP installation" @@ -74421,7 +77262,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54090 +#: book.translate.xml:54924 msgid "" "The installation of net/isc-dhcp43-server installs a " "sample configuration file. Copy /usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf.exampleDHCP dhcpd.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54101 +#: book.translate.xml:54935 msgid "" "The configuration file is comprised of declarations for subnets and hosts " "which define the information that is provided to DHCP " @@ -74444,7 +77285,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:54106 +#: book.translate.xml:54940 #, no-wrap msgid "" "option domain-name \"example.org\";\n" @@ -74467,7 +77308,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:54126 +#: book.translate.xml:54960 msgid "" "This option specifies the default search domain that will be provided to " "clients. Refer to resolv.confDNS " "servers that the client should use. They can be listed by their Fully " @@ -74484,12 +77325,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:54140 +#: book.translate.xml:54974 msgid "The subnet mask that will be provided to clients." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:54145 +#: book.translate.xml:54979 msgid "" "The default lease expiry time in seconds. A client can be configured to " "override this value." @@ -74496,7 +77337,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:54150 +#: book.translate.xml:54984 msgid "" "The maximum allowed length of time, in seconds, for a lease. Should a client " "request a longer lease, a lease will still be issued, but it will only be " @@ -74504,7 +77345,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:54157 +#: book.translate.xml:54991 msgid "" "The default of disables dynamic DNS updates. Changing " "this to configures the DHCP " @@ -74516,7 +77357,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:54170 +#: book.translate.xml:55004 msgid "" "This line creates a pool of available IP addresses which " "are reserved for allocation to DHCP clients. The range of " @@ -74525,7 +77366,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:54178 +#: book.translate.xml:55012 msgid "" "Declares the default gateway that is valid for the network or subnet " "specified before the opening { bracket." @@ -74532,7 +77373,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:54184 +#: book.translate.xml:55018 msgid "" "Specifies the hardware MAC address of a client so that " "the DHCP server can recognize the client when it makes a " @@ -74540,7 +77381,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:54190 +#: book.translate.xml:55024 msgid "" "Specifies that this host should always be given the same IP address. Using the hostname is correct, since the DHCPdhcpd.conf is complete, " "enable the DHCP server in /etc/rc.confdc0 with the interface (or interfaces, " "separated by whitespace) that the DHCP server should " @@ -74580,18 +77421,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54214 +#: book.translate.xml:55048 msgid "Start the server by issuing the following command:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:54216 book.translate.xml:64847 +#: book.translate.xml:55050 book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "# service isc-dhcpd start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54218 +#: book.translate.xml:55052 msgid "" "Any future changes to the configuration of the server will require the " "dhcpd service to be stopped and then started " @@ -74600,7 +77441,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54222 +#: book.translate.xml:55056 msgid "" "The DHCP server uses the following files. Note that the " "manual pages are installed with the server software." @@ -74607,12 +77448,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54232 +#: book.translate.xml:55066 msgid "/usr/local/sbin/dhcpd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54234 +#: book.translate.xml:55068 msgid "" "More information about the dhcpd server can be " "found in dhcpd(8)." @@ -74619,12 +77460,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54240 +#: book.translate.xml:55074 msgid "/usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54242 +#: book.translate.xml:55076 msgid "" "The server configuration file needs to contain all the information that " "should be provided to clients, along with information regarding the " @@ -74633,12 +77474,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54249 +#: book.translate.xml:55083 msgid "/var/db/dhcpd.leases" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54251 +#: book.translate.xml:55085 msgid "" "The DHCP server keeps a database of leases it has issued " "in this file, which is written as a log. Refer to dhcpd.leases(5), which " @@ -74646,12 +77487,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54258 +#: book.translate.xml:55092 msgid "/usr/local/sbin/dhcrelay" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54260 +#: book.translate.xml:55094 msgid "" "This daemon is used in advanced environments where one DHCP server forwards a request from a client to another DHCPDNS) is the protocol through which " "domain names are mapped to IP addresses, and vice versa. " @@ -74673,7 +77514,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:54310 +#: book.translate.xml:55144 msgid "" "In FreeBSD 10, the Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) " "has been removed from the base system and replaced with Unbound. Unbound as " @@ -74689,22 +77530,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:54321 +#: book.translate.xml:55155 msgid "resolver" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:54322 +#: book.translate.xml:55156 msgid "reverse DNS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:54324 +#: book.translate.xml:55158 msgid "root zone" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:54326 +#: book.translate.xml:55160 msgid "" "The following table describes some of the terms associated with " "DNS:" @@ -74711,52 +77552,52 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:54330 +#: book.translate.xml:55164 msgid "DNS Terminology" msgstr "DNS 術語" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54339 +#: book.translate.xml:55173 msgid "Definition" msgstr "定義" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54345 +#: book.translate.xml:55179 msgid "Forward DNS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54346 +#: book.translate.xml:55180 msgid "Mapping of hostnames to IP addresses." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54351 +#: book.translate.xml:55185 msgid "Origin" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54352 +#: book.translate.xml:55186 msgid "Refers to the domain covered in a particular zone file." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54357 +#: book.translate.xml:55191 msgid "named, BIND" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54358 +#: book.translate.xml:55192 msgid "Common names for the BIND name server package within FreeBSD." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54363 +#: book.translate.xml:55197 msgid "Resolver" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54364 +#: book.translate.xml:55198 msgid "" "A system process through which a machine queries a name server for zone " "information." @@ -74763,22 +77604,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54369 +#: book.translate.xml:55203 msgid "Reverse DNS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54370 +#: book.translate.xml:55204 msgid "Mapping of IP addresses to hostnames." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54375 +#: book.translate.xml:55209 msgid "Root zone" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54377 +#: book.translate.xml:55211 msgid "" "The beginning of the Internet zone hierarchy. All zones fall under the root " "zone, similar to how all files in a file system fall under the root " @@ -74786,12 +77627,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54383 +#: book.translate.xml:55217 msgid "Zone" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54384 +#: book.translate.xml:55218 msgid "" "An individual domain, subdomain, or portion of the DNS " "administered by the same authority." @@ -74798,17 +77639,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:54392 +#: book.translate.xml:55226 msgid "zones examples" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:54397 +#: book.translate.xml:55231 msgid "Examples of zones:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54401 +#: book.translate.xml:55235 msgid "" ". is how the root zone is usually referred to in " "documentation." @@ -74815,7 +77656,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54406 +#: book.translate.xml:55240 msgid "" "org. is a Top Level Domain (TLD) " "under the root zone." @@ -74822,7 +77663,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54411 +#: book.translate.xml:55245 msgid "" "example.org. is a zone under " "the org. TLD." @@ -74829,7 +77670,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54417 +#: book.translate.xml:55251 msgid "" "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa is a zone referencing all " "IP addresses which fall under the example.org. is " @@ -74848,12 +77689,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:54433 +#: book.translate.xml:55267 msgid "Reasons to Run a Name Server" msgstr "要執行名稱伺服器的原因" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54435 +#: book.translate.xml:55269 msgid "" "Name servers generally come in two forms: authoritative name servers, and " "caching (also known as resolving) name servers." @@ -74860,12 +77701,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54439 +#: book.translate.xml:55273 msgid "An authoritative name server is needed when:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54443 +#: book.translate.xml:55277 msgid "" "One wants to serve DNS information to the world, replying " "authoritatively to queries." @@ -74872,7 +77713,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54448 +#: book.translate.xml:55282 msgid "" "A domain, such as example.org, is registered and IP addresses need to be " @@ -74880,7 +77721,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54454 +#: book.translate.xml:55288 msgid "" "An IP address block requires reverse DNS entries (IP to hostname)." @@ -74887,17 +77728,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54460 +#: book.translate.xml:55294 msgid "A backup or second name server, called a slave, will reply to queries." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54465 +#: book.translate.xml:55299 msgid "A caching name server is needed when:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:54469 +#: book.translate.xml:55303 msgid "" "A local DNS server may cache and respond more quickly " "than querying an outside name server." @@ -74904,7 +77745,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54475 +#: book.translate.xml:55309 msgid "" "When one queries for www.FreeBSD.org, the resolver usually queries the uplink ISPDNS Server Configuration in FreeBSD 10.0 and Later" msgstr "DNS 伺服器設定於 FreeBSD 10.0 及之後版本" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54489 +#: book.translate.xml:55323 msgid "" "In FreeBSD 10.0, BIND has been replaced with " "Unbound. Unbound is a " @@ -74930,7 +77771,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54495 +#: book.translate.xml:55329 msgid "" "Unbound is provided in the FreeBSD base system. " "By default, it will provide DNS resolution to the local " @@ -74941,7 +77782,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54504 +#: book.translate.xml:55338 msgid "" "To enable Unbound, add the following to " "/etc/rc.conf:" @@ -74948,13 +77789,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:54507 +#: book.translate.xml:55341 #, no-wrap msgid "local_unbound_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54509 +#: book.translate.xml:55343 msgid "" "Any existing nameservers in /etc/resolv.conf will be " "configured as forwarders in the new Unbound " @@ -74962,7 +77803,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:54515 +#: book.translate.xml:55349 msgid "" "If any of the listed nameservers do not support DNSSEC, " "local DNS resolution will fail. Be sure to test each " @@ -74972,13 +77813,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:54523 +#: book.translate.xml:55357 #, no-wrap msgid "% drill -S FreeBSD.org @192.168.1.1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54525 +#: book.translate.xml:55359 msgid "" "Once each nameserver is confirmed to support DNSSEC, " "start Unbound:" @@ -74985,13 +77826,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:54529 +#: book.translate.xml:55363 #, no-wrap msgid "# service local_unbound onestart" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54531 +#: book.translate.xml:55365 msgid "" "This will take care of updating /etc/resolv.conf so " "that queries for DNSSEC secured domains will now work. " @@ -75000,7 +77841,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:54537 +#: book.translate.xml:55371 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% drill -S FreeBSD.org\n" @@ -75025,17 +77866,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:54559 +#: book.translate.xml:55393 msgid "DNS Server Configuration in FreeBSD 9.X" msgstr "DNS 伺服器設定於 FreeBSD 9.X" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54562 +#: book.translate.xml:55396 msgid "In FreeBSD, the BIND daemon is called named." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54576 +#: book.translate.xml:55410 msgid "" "named8" @@ -75042,12 +77883,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54577 +#: book.translate.xml:55411 msgid "The BIND daemon." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54581 +#: book.translate.xml:55415 msgid "" "rndc8" @@ -75054,28 +77895,28 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54582 +#: book.translate.xml:55416 msgid "Name server control utility." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54587 +#: book.translate.xml:55421 msgid "Directory where BIND zone information resides." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: sect4/title -#: book.translate.xml:54592 book.translate.xml:54660 +#: book.translate.xml:55426 book.translate.xml:55494 msgid "/etc/namedb/named.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:54593 +#: book.translate.xml:55427 msgid "Configuration file of the daemon." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:54599 +#: book.translate.xml:55433 msgid "" "Depending on how a given zone is configured on the server, the files related " "to that zone can be found in the master, " @@ -75086,23 +77927,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:54610 +#: book.translate.xml:55444 msgid "Starting BIND" msgstr "啟動 BIND" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:54612 +#: book.translate.xml:55446 msgid "BIND starting" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:54617 +#: book.translate.xml:55451 msgid "" "Since BIND is installed by default, configuring it is relatively simple." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:54620 +#: book.translate.xml:55454 msgid "" "The default named configuration is that of a " "basic resolving name server, running in a " @@ -75113,13 +77954,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:54627 +#: book.translate.xml:55461 #, no-wrap msgid "# service named onestart" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:54629 +#: book.translate.xml:55463 msgid "" "To ensure the named daemon is started at boot " "each time, put the following line into the /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -75126,7 +77967,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:54635 +#: book.translate.xml:55469 msgid "" "There are many configuration options for /etc/namedb/named.conf that are beyond the scope of this document. Other startup options " @@ -75138,12 +77979,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:54648 +#: book.translate.xml:55482 msgid "BIND configuration files" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:54653 +#: book.translate.xml:55487 msgid "" "Configuration files for named currently reside in " "/etc/namedb directory and will need modification before " @@ -75152,7 +77993,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:54662 +#: book.translate.xml:55496 #, no-wrap msgid "" "// $FreeBSD$\n" @@ -75213,7 +78054,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:54718 +#: book.translate.xml:55552 msgid "" "Just as the comment says, to benefit from an uplink's cache, " "forwarders can be enabled here. Under normal " @@ -75226,7 +78067,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:54730 +#: book.translate.xml:55564 msgid "" "127.0.0.1 will not work here. Change this IP address to a name " @@ -75234,7 +78075,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:54736 +#: book.translate.xml:55570 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\t/*\n" @@ -75478,7 +78319,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:54975 +#: book.translate.xml:55809 msgid "" "In named.conf, these are examples of slave entries for " "a forward and reverse zone." @@ -75485,7 +78326,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:54978 +#: book.translate.xml:55812 msgid "" "For each new zone served, a new zone entry must be added to named." "conf." @@ -75492,7 +78333,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:54981 +#: book.translate.xml:55815 msgid "" "For example, the simplest zone entry for example.org can look like:" @@ -75499,7 +78340,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:54985 +#: book.translate.xml:55819 #, no-wrap msgid "" "zone \"example.org\" {\n" @@ -75509,7 +78350,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:54990 +#: book.translate.xml:55824 msgid "" "The zone is a master, as indicated by the statement, " "holding its zone information in /etc/namedb/master/example.orgBIND zone files" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55017 +#: book.translate.xml:55851 msgid "" "An example master zone file for example." "org (existing within /etc/namedb/master/example.org. is an exact hostname, " "whereas everything without a trailing . is relative to the " @@ -75597,90 +78438,90 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55058 +#: book.translate.xml:55892 msgid "The format of a zone file follows:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55060 +#: book.translate.xml:55894 #, no-wrap msgid "recordname IN recordtype value" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:55062 +#: book.translate.xml:55896 msgid "" "DNS records" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55067 +#: book.translate.xml:55901 msgid "The most commonly used DNS records:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:55072 +#: book.translate.xml:55906 msgid "SOA" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55075 +#: book.translate.xml:55909 msgid "start of zone authority" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:55080 +#: book.translate.xml:55914 msgid "NS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55083 +#: book.translate.xml:55917 msgid "an authoritative name server" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term #. (itstool) path: glossdiv/title -#: book.translate.xml:55088 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:55922 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "A" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55091 +#: book.translate.xml:55925 msgid "a host address" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:55096 +#: book.translate.xml:55930 msgid "CNAME" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55099 +#: book.translate.xml:55933 msgid "the canonical name for an alias" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:55104 +#: book.translate.xml:55938 msgid "MX" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55107 +#: book.translate.xml:55941 msgid "mail exchanger" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:55112 +#: book.translate.xml:55946 msgid "PTR" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55115 +#: book.translate.xml:55949 msgid "a domain name pointer (used in reverse DNS)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55121 +#: book.translate.xml:55955 #, no-wrap msgid "" "example.org. IN SOA ns1.example.org. admin.example.org. (\n" @@ -75692,32 +78533,32 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:55130 +#: book.translate.xml:55964 msgid "example.org." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55133 +#: book.translate.xml:55967 msgid "the domain name, also the origin for this zone file." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:55139 +#: book.translate.xml:55973 msgid "ns1.example.org." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55142 +#: book.translate.xml:55976 msgid "the primary/authoritative name server for this zone." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:55148 +#: book.translate.xml:55982 msgid "admin.example.org." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55151 +#: book.translate.xml:55985 msgid "" "the responsible person for this zone, email address with @ " "replaced. (admin@example.org becomes admin.example." @@ -75725,12 +78566,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:55159 +#: book.translate.xml:55993 msgid "2006051501" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55162 +#: book.translate.xml:55996 msgid "" "the serial number of the file. This must be incremented each time the zone " "file is modified. Nowadays, many admins prefer a yyyymmddrrns1.example.org would resolve to IP address 192.168.1.1 to the current origin, in this case www is aliased to the " @@ -75804,13 +78645,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55214 +#: book.translate.xml:56048 #, no-wrap msgid " IN MX 10 mail.example.org." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55216 +#: book.translate.xml:56050 msgid "" "The MX record indicates which mail servers are responsible for handling " "incoming mail for the zone. mail.example." @@ -75819,7 +78660,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55222 +#: book.translate.xml:56056 msgid "" "One can have several mail servers, with priorities of 10, 20 and so on. A " "mail server attempting to deliver to DNS), the same " "format is used, except with PTR entries instead of A or CNAME." @@ -75836,7 +78677,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55233 +#: book.translate.xml:56067 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$TTL 3600\n" @@ -75859,7 +78700,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55251 +#: book.translate.xml:56085 msgid "" "This file gives the proper IP address to hostname " "mappings for the above fictitious domain." @@ -75866,7 +78707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55255 +#: book.translate.xml:56089 msgid "" "It is worth noting that all names on the right side of a PTR record need to " "be fully qualified (i.e., end in a .)." @@ -75873,17 +78714,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:55262 +#: book.translate.xml:56096 msgid "Caching Name Server" msgstr "快取名稱伺服器" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:55264 +#: book.translate.xml:56098 msgid "BIND caching name server" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:55269 +#: book.translate.xml:56103 msgid "" "A caching name server is a name server whose primary role is to resolve " "recursive queries. It simply asks queries of its own, and remembers the " @@ -75891,12 +78732,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:55276 +#: book.translate.xml:56110 msgid "DNSSEC" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:55278 +#: book.translate.xml:56112 msgid "" "BIND DNS security " "extensions" @@ -75903,7 +78744,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:55284 +#: book.translate.xml:56118 msgid "" "Domain Name System Security Extensions, or DNSSEC for short, is a suite of " @@ -75925,7 +78766,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:55306 +#: book.translate.xml:56140 msgid "" "The following sections will demonstrate how to enable DNSSEC for an authoritative DNS server and a recursive " @@ -75943,12 +78784,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/title -#: book.translate.xml:55325 +#: book.translate.xml:56159 msgid "Recursive DNS Server Configuration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55328 +#: book.translate.xml:56162 msgid "" "Enabling DNSSEC validation of queries performed by a " "recursive DNS server requires a few changes to " @@ -75961,13 +78802,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:55340 +#: book.translate.xml:56174 #, no-wrap msgid "% dig +multi +noall +answer DNSKEY . > root.dnskey" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55342 +#: book.translate.xml:56176 msgid "" "the key will end up in root.dnskey. The contents should " "look something like this:" @@ -75974,7 +78815,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55346 +#: book.translate.xml:56180 #, no-wrap msgid "" ". 93910 IN DNSKEY 257 3 8 (\n" @@ -75996,7 +78837,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55363 +#: book.translate.xml:56197 msgid "" "Do not be alarmed if the obtained keys differ from this example. They might " "have changed since these instructions were last updated. This output " @@ -76011,7 +78852,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55378 +#: book.translate.xml:56212 msgid "" "Now the key must be verified and formatted so that BIND " "can use it. To verify the key, generate a % dnssec-dsfromkey -f root.dnskey . > root.ds" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55387 +#: book.translate.xml:56221 msgid "" "These records use SHA-1 and SHA-256 respectively, and should look similar to " "the following example, where the longer is using SHA-256." @@ -76033,7 +78874,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55391 +#: book.translate.xml:56225 #, no-wrap msgid "" ". IN DS 19036 8 1\n" @@ -76042,7 +78883,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55395 +#: book.translate.xml:56229 msgid "" "The SHA-256 RR can now be compared to the digest in https://" @@ -76054,7 +78895,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55402 +#: book.translate.xml:56236 msgid "" "Next, the key must be formatted properly. This differs a little between " "BIND versions 9.6.2 and 9.7 and later. In version 9.7 " @@ -76066,7 +78907,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55414 +#: book.translate.xml:56248 #, no-wrap msgid "" "trusted-keys {\n" @@ -76082,12 +78923,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55425 +#: book.translate.xml:56259 msgid "For 9.7 the format will instead be:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55427 +#: book.translate.xml:56261 #, no-wrap msgid "" "managed-keys {\n" @@ -76103,7 +78944,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55438 +#: book.translate.xml:56272 msgid "" "The root key can now be added to named.conf either " "directly or by including a file containing the key. After these steps, " @@ -76113,7 +78954,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55446 +#: book.translate.xml:56280 #, no-wrap msgid "" "dnssec-enable yes;\n" @@ -76121,7 +78962,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55449 +#: book.translate.xml:56283 msgid "" "To verify that it is actually working use dig to " "make a query for a signed zone using the resolver just configured. A " @@ -76130,13 +78971,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:55456 +#: book.translate.xml:56290 #, no-wrap msgid "% dig @resolver +dnssec se ds " msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55458 +#: book.translate.xml:56292 msgid "" "should return the DS RR for the " ".se zone. In the flags: section the " @@ -76144,7 +78985,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55464 +#: book.translate.xml:56298 #, no-wrap msgid "" "...\n" @@ -76153,18 +78994,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55468 +#: book.translate.xml:56302 msgid "" "The resolver is now capable of authenticating DNS queries." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/title -#: book.translate.xml:55473 +#: book.translate.xml:56307 msgid "Authoritative DNS Server Configuration" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55476 +#: book.translate.xml:56310 msgid "" "In order to get an authoritative name server to serve a DNSSEC signed zone a little more work is required. A zone is signed using " @@ -76193,7 +79034,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55507 +#: book.translate.xml:56341 msgid "" "To enable DNSSEC for the example.com zone depicted in previous examples, the first " @@ -76206,24 +79047,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:55519 +#: book.translate.xml:56353 #, no-wrap msgid "% dnssec-keygen -f KSK -a RSASHA256 -b 2048 -n ZONE example.com" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55521 +#: book.translate.xml:56355 msgid "and to generate the ZSK, run" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:55523 +#: book.translate.xml:56357 #, no-wrap msgid "% dnssec-keygen -a RSASHA256 -b 2048 -n ZONE example.com" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55525 +#: book.translate.xml:56359 msgid "" "dnssec-keygen outputs two files, the public and " "the private keys in files named similar to Kexample.com.+005+nnnnn." @@ -76235,7 +79076,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:55537 +#: book.translate.xml:56371 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% mv Kexample.com.+005+nnnnn.key Kexample.com.+005+nnnnn.KSK.key\n" @@ -76243,7 +79084,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55540 +#: book.translate.xml:56374 msgid "" "For the ZSK files, substitute KSK for " "ZSK as necessary. The files can now be included in the " @@ -76252,7 +79093,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55546 +#: book.translate.xml:56380 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$include Kexample.com.+005+nnnnn.KSK.key ; KSK\n" @@ -76260,7 +79101,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55549 +#: book.translate.xml:56383 msgid "" "Finally, sign the zone and tell BIND to use the signed " "zone file. To sign a zone dnssec-signzone is " @@ -76270,7 +79111,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:55557 +#: book.translate.xml:56391 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% dnssec-signzone -o\n" @@ -76279,7 +79120,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55561 +#: book.translate.xml:56395 msgid "" "The key supplied to the argument is the KSK and the other key file is the ZSK that should be " @@ -76301,7 +79142,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55586 +#: book.translate.xml:56420 msgid "" "Be sure to keep private keys confidential, as with all cryptographic keys. " "When changing a key it is best to include the new key into the zone, while " @@ -76316,12 +79157,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/title -#: book.translate.xml:55602 +#: book.translate.xml:56436 msgid "Automation Using BIND 9.7 or Later" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55605 +#: book.translate.xml:56439 msgid "" "Beginning with BIND version 9.7 a new feature called " "Smart Signing was introduced. This feature aims to make " @@ -76339,7 +79180,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55622 +#: book.translate.xml:56456 #, no-wrap msgid "" "zone example.com {\n" @@ -76352,7 +79193,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:55630 +#: book.translate.xml:56464 msgid "" "After making these changes, generate keys for the zone as explained in , put those keys in the key repository given as " @@ -76365,7 +79206,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:55646 +#: book.translate.xml:56480 msgid "" "Although BIND is the most common implementation of DNS, " "there is always the issue of security. Possible and exploitable security " @@ -76373,7 +79214,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:55651 +#: book.translate.xml:56485 msgid "" "While FreeBSD automatically drops named into a " "chroot8CERT's security advisories and to subscribe to the named may help." @@ -76400,12 +79241,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:55671 +#: book.translate.xml:56505 msgid "Further Reading" msgstr "延伸閱讀" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:55673 +#: book.translate.xml:56507 msgid "" "BIND/named manual pages: " "rndc8Official ISC BIND " "Page" @@ -76427,7 +79268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55685 +#: book.translate.xml:56519 msgid "" "Official ISC BIND " "Forum" @@ -76434,7 +79275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55690 +#: book.translate.xml:56524 msgid "" "O'Reilly " "DNS and BIND 5th Edition" @@ -76441,7 +79282,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55696 +#: book.translate.xml:56530 msgid "" "Root " "DNSSEC" @@ -76448,7 +79289,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55701 +#: book.translate.xml:56535 msgid "" "DNSSEC Trust Anchor Publication for " @@ -76456,7 +79297,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55707 +#: book.translate.xml:56541 msgid "" "RFC1034 - Domain " "Names - Concepts and Facilities" @@ -76463,7 +79304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55712 +#: book.translate.xml:56546 msgid "" "RFC1035 - Domain " "Names - Implementation and Specification" @@ -76470,7 +79311,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55718 +#: book.translate.xml:56552 msgid "" "RFC4033 - " "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements" @@ -76477,7 +79318,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55724 +#: book.translate.xml:56558 msgid "" "RFC4034 - Resource " "Records for the DNS Security Extensions" @@ -76484,7 +79325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55730 +#: book.translate.xml:56564 msgid "" "RFC4035 - Protocol " "Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions" @@ -76491,7 +79332,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55737 +#: book.translate.xml:56571 msgid "" "RFC4641 - DNSSEC " "Operational Practices" @@ -76498,7 +79339,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55742 +#: book.translate.xml:56576 msgid "" "RFC 5011 - Automated " "Updates of DNS Security (DNSSEC Trust " @@ -76506,17 +79347,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:55754 +#: book.translate.xml:56588 msgid "Apache HTTP Server" msgstr "Apache HTTP 伺服器" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:55767 +#: book.translate.xml:56601 msgid "web servers setting up" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:55771 +#: book.translate.xml:56605 msgid "" "The open source Apache HTTP Server is the most " "widely used web server. FreeBSD does not install this web server by default, " @@ -76525,7 +79366,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:55777 +#: book.translate.xml:56611 msgid "" "This section summarizes how to configure and start version 2.x of the Apache HTTP Server on " @@ -76535,17 +79376,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:55784 +#: book.translate.xml:56618 msgid "Configuring and Starting Apache" msgstr "設定並啟動 Apache" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:55786 +#: book.translate.xml:56620 msgid "Apache configuration file" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:55789 +#: book.translate.xml:56623 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, the main Apache HTTP Server " "configuration file is installed as /usr/local/etc/" @@ -76556,12 +79397,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:55799 +#: book.translate.xml:56633 msgid "ServerRoot \"/usr/local\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55802 +#: book.translate.xml:56636 msgid "" "Specifies the default directory hierarchy for the Apache installation. Binaries are stored in the binServerAdmin you@example.com" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55815 +#: book.translate.xml:56649 msgid "" "Change this to the email address to receive problems with the server. This " "address also appears on some server-generated pages, such as error documents." @@ -76583,12 +79424,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:55822 +#: book.translate.xml:56656 msgid "ServerName www.example.com:80" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55826 +#: book.translate.xml:56660 msgid "" "Allows an administrator to set a hostname which is sent back to clients for " "the server. For example, www can be used instead of " @@ -76599,7 +79440,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:55839 +#: book.translate.xml:56673 msgid "" "DocumentRoot \"/usr/local/www/apache2x/" "data\"" @@ -76606,7 +79447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:55843 +#: book.translate.xml:56677 msgid "" "The directory where documents will be served from. By default, all requests " "are taken from this directory, but symbolic links and aliases may be used to " @@ -76614,7 +79455,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:55851 +#: book.translate.xml:56685 msgid "" "It is always a good idea to make a backup copy of the default " "Apache configuration file before making changes. " @@ -76625,12 +79466,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:55860 +#: book.translate.xml:56694 msgid "Apache starting or stopping" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:55863 +#: book.translate.xml:56697 msgid "" "To launch Apache at system startup, add the " "following line to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -76637,13 +79478,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55867 +#: book.translate.xml:56701 #, no-wrap msgid "apache24_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:55869 +#: book.translate.xml:56703 msgid "" "If Apache should be started with non-default " "options, the following line may be added to /etc/rc.conf24_flags=\"\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:55876 +#: book.translate.xml:56710 msgid "" "If apachectl does not report configuration " "errors, start httpd now:" @@ -76664,13 +79505,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:55880 +#: book.translate.xml:56714 #, no-wrap msgid "# service apache24 start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:55882 +#: book.translate.xml:56716 msgid "" "The httpd service can be tested by entering " "http://localhost in a web " @@ -76681,7 +79522,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:55891 +#: book.translate.xml:56725 msgid "" "The Apache configuration can be tested for errors " "after making subsequent configuration changes while httpd " @@ -76689,13 +79530,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:55896 +#: book.translate.xml:56730 #, no-wrap msgid "# service apache24 configtest" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:55899 +#: book.translate.xml:56733 msgid "" "It is important to note that configtest is not an " "rc8Apache server. The virtual hosts can be IP-basedApache to use name-based virtual " "hosting, add a VirtualHost block for each website. For " @@ -76732,7 +79573,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:55927 +#: book.translate.xml:56761 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<VirtualHost *>\n" @@ -76747,7 +79588,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:55937 +#: book.translate.xml:56771 msgid "" "For each virtual host, replace the values for ServerName " "and DocumentRoot with the values to be used." @@ -76754,7 +79595,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:55942 +#: book.translate.xml:56776 msgid "" "For more information about setting up virtual hosts, consult the official " "Apache documentation at: Apache modules" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:55953 +#: book.translate.xml:56787 msgid "" "Apache uses modules to augment the functionality " "provided by the basic server. Refer to www/apache24 port. Type make config within /usr/" @@ -76793,27 +79634,27 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:55969 +#: book.translate.xml:56803 msgid "mod_ssl" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:55971 +#: book.translate.xml:56805 msgid "web servers secure" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:55975 +#: book.translate.xml:56809 msgid "SSL" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:55976 +#: book.translate.xml:56810 msgid "cryptography" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:55978 +#: book.translate.xml:56812 msgid "" "The mod_ssl module uses the OpenSSL library to provide strong cryptography via the Secure Sockets " @@ -76824,7 +79665,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:55987 +#: book.translate.xml:56821 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, mod_ssl module is enabled by default in " "both the package and the port. The available configuration directives are " @@ -76833,17 +79674,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:55993 +#: book.translate.xml:56827 msgid "mod_perl" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:55995 +#: book.translate.xml:56829 msgid "mod_perl Perl" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56000 +#: book.translate.xml:56834 msgid "" "The mod_perl module makes it possible to write " "Apache modules in Perlmod_perl can be installed using the www/" "mod_perl2 package or port. Documentation for using this module can " @@ -76862,17 +79703,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:56015 +#: book.translate.xml:56849 msgid "mod_php" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56028 +#: book.translate.xml:56862 msgid "mod_php PHP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56033 +#: book.translate.xml:56867 msgid "" "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) " "is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web " @@ -76883,7 +79724,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56042 +#: book.translate.xml:56876 msgid "" "To gain support for PHP5 for the Apache web server, install the www/mod_php56 " @@ -76894,25 +79735,25 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56050 +#: book.translate.xml:56884 #, no-wrap msgid "LoadModule php5_module libexec/apache24/libphp5.so" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56065 +#: book.translate.xml:56899 msgid "" "Then, perform a graceful restart to load the PHP module:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:56068 book.translate.xml:56087 +#: book.translate.xml:56902 book.translate.xml:56921 #, no-wrap msgid "# apachectl graceful" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56070 +#: book.translate.xml:56904 msgid "" "The PHP support provided by www/mod_php56 is limited. Additional support can be installed using the " @@ -76921,7 +79762,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56077 +#: book.translate.xml:56911 msgid "" "Alternatively, individual extensions can be installed using the appropriate " "port. For instance, to add PHP support for the " @@ -76930,7 +79771,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56083 +#: book.translate.xml:56917 msgid "" "After installing an extension, the Apache server " "must be reloaded to pick up the new configuration changes:" @@ -76937,17 +79778,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:56092 +#: book.translate.xml:56926 msgid "Dynamic Websites" msgstr "動態網站" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56094 +#: book.translate.xml:56928 msgid "web servers dynamic" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56099 +#: book.translate.xml:56933 msgid "" "In addition to mod_perl and mod_php, other languages are available for creating dynamic web " @@ -76956,22 +79797,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:56106 +#: book.translate.xml:56940 msgid "Django" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56108 +#: book.translate.xml:56942 msgid "Python" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56109 +#: book.translate.xml:56943 msgid "Django" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56111 +#: book.translate.xml:56945 msgid "" "Django is a BSD-licensed framework designed to " "allow developers to write high performance, elegant web applications " @@ -76984,7 +79825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56123 +#: book.translate.xml:56957 msgid "" "Django depends on mod_python, and an SQL database engine. In FreeBSD, the www/py-django " @@ -76997,7 +79838,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56135 +#: book.translate.xml:56969 msgid "" "Once Django is installed, the application will " "need a project directory along with the Apache " @@ -77007,7 +79848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56143 +#: book.translate.xml:56977 msgid "" "To configure Apache to pass requests for certain " "URLs to the web application, add the following to " @@ -77016,7 +79857,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56149 +#: book.translate.xml:56983 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<Location \"/\">\n" @@ -77030,25 +79871,25 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56158 +#: book.translate.xml:56992 msgid "" -"Refer to https://" -"docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/ for more information on how to use " +"Refer to https://docs." +"djangoproject.com for more information on how to use " "Django." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:56164 +#: book.translate.xml:56998 msgid "Ruby on Rails" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56166 +#: book.translate.xml:57000 msgid "Ruby on Rails" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56168 +#: book.translate.xml:57002 msgid "" "Ruby on Rails is another open source web " "framework that provides a full development stack. It is optimized to make " @@ -77058,25 +79899,25 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56175 +#: book.translate.xml:57009 msgid "" -"Refer to http://" -"rubyonrails.org/documentation for more information on how to use " -"Ruby on Rails." +"Refer to http://guides." +"rubyonrails.org for more information on how to use Ruby " +"on Rails." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:56194 +#: book.translate.xml:57028 msgid "File Transfer Protocol (FTP)" msgstr "檔案傳輸協定 (FTP)" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56196 +#: book.translate.xml:57030 msgid "FTP servers" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:56199 +#: book.translate.xml:57033 msgid "" "The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) provides users with a " "simple way to transfer files to and from an FTP server. " @@ -77085,7 +79926,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:56205 +#: book.translate.xml:57039 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides several configuration files for controlling access to the " "FTP server. This section summarizes these files. Refer to " @@ -77095,7 +79936,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56213 +#: book.translate.xml:57047 msgid "" "The most important configuration step is deciding which accounts will be " "allowed access to the FTP server. A FreeBSD system has a " @@ -77107,7 +79948,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56222 +#: book.translate.xml:57056 msgid "" "In some cases it may be desirable to restrict the access of some users " "without preventing them completely from using FTP. This " @@ -77118,13 +79959,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56229 book.translate.xml:56287 +#: book.translate.xml:57063 book.translate.xml:57121 msgid "" "FTP anonymous" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56234 +#: book.translate.xml:57068 msgid "" "To enable anonymous FTP access to the server, create a " "user named ftp on the FreeBSD " @@ -77139,7 +79980,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56245 +#: book.translate.xml:57079 msgid "" "There are two text files that can be created to specify welcome messages to " "be displayed to FTP clients. The contents of /" @@ -77151,7 +79992,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56257 +#: book.translate.xml:57091 msgid "" "Once the FTP server has been configured, set the " "appropriate variable in /etc/rc.conf to start the " @@ -77159,41 +80000,41 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56262 +#: book.translate.xml:57096 #, no-wrap msgid "ftpd_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56264 +#: book.translate.xml:57098 msgid "To start the service now:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:56266 +#: book.translate.xml:57100 #, no-wrap msgid "# service ftpd start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56268 +#: book.translate.xml:57102 msgid "Test the connection to the FTP server by typing:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:56271 +#: book.translate.xml:57105 #, no-wrap msgid "% ftp localhost" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56274 +#: book.translate.xml:57108 msgid "" "log files FTP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56277 +#: book.translate.xml:57111 msgid "" "The ftpd daemon uses " "syslog3FTP server. In particular, think twice about allowing " @@ -77222,7 +80063,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:56318 +#: book.translate.xml:57152 msgid "" "File and Print Services for Microsoft Windows Clients " @@ -77232,27 +80073,27 @@ "\"registered\">Windows 用戶端檔案與列印服務 (Samba)" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56321 +#: book.translate.xml:57155 msgid "Samba server" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56322 +#: book.translate.xml:57156 msgid "Microsoft Windows" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56323 +#: book.translate.xml:57157 msgid "file server Windows clients" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56327 +#: book.translate.xml:57161 msgid "print server Windows clients" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:56332 +#: book.translate.xml:57166 msgid "" "Samba is a popular open source software package " "that provides file and print services using the SMB/CIFS " @@ -77267,7 +80108,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:56342 +#: book.translate.xml:57176 msgid "" "On FreeBSD, the Samba client libraries can be " "installed using the net/samba-smbclient port or package. " @@ -77277,7 +80118,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:56349 +#: book.translate.xml:57183 msgid "" "A FreeBSD system can also be configured to act as a Samba server by installing the net/samba43 port or " @@ -77289,12 +80130,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:56358 +#: book.translate.xml:57192 msgid "Server Configuration" msgstr "伺服器設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56360 +#: book.translate.xml:57194 msgid "" "Samba is configured in /usr/local/etc/" "smb4.conf. This file must be created before Sambasmb4.conf to share directories and printers " "with Windows clients in a " @@ -77313,7 +80154,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56372 +#: book.translate.xml:57206 #, no-wrap msgid "" "[global]\n" @@ -77338,12 +80179,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:56393 +#: book.translate.xml:57227 msgid "Global Settings" msgstr "全域設定" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56395 +#: book.translate.xml:57229 msgid "" "Settings that describe the network are added in /usr/local/etc/" "smb4.conf:" @@ -77350,22 +80191,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:56400 +#: book.translate.xml:57234 msgid "workgroup" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:56403 +#: book.translate.xml:57237 msgid "The name of the workgroup to be served." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:56408 +#: book.translate.xml:57242 msgid "netbios name" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:56411 +#: book.translate.xml:57245 msgid "" "The NetBIOS name by which a Samba server is " "known. By default, it is the same as the first component of the host's " @@ -77373,12 +80214,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:56419 +#: book.translate.xml:57253 msgid "server string" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:56422 +#: book.translate.xml:57256 msgid "" "The string that will be displayed in the output of net view and some other networking tools that seek to display descriptive " @@ -77386,12 +80227,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:56430 +#: book.translate.xml:57264 msgid "wins support" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:56433 +#: book.translate.xml:57267 msgid "" "Whether Samba will act as a WINS server. Do not enable support for WINS on more " @@ -77399,12 +80240,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:56443 +#: book.translate.xml:57277 msgid "Security Settings" msgstr "安全性設定" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56445 +#: book.translate.xml:57279 msgid "" "The most important settings in /usr/local/etc/smb4.conf " "are the security model and the backend password format. These directives " @@ -77412,12 +80253,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:56452 +#: book.translate.xml:57286 msgid "security" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:56455 +#: book.translate.xml:57289 msgid "" "The most common settings are security = share and " "security = user. If the clients use usernames that are " @@ -77427,7 +80268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:56464 +#: book.translate.xml:57298 msgid "" "In share level security, clients do not need to log onto the server with a " "valid username and password before attempting to connect to a shared " @@ -77436,22 +80277,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:56473 +#: book.translate.xml:57307 msgid "passdb backend" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56476 +#: book.translate.xml:57310 msgid "NIS+" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56478 +#: book.translate.xml:57312 msgid "SQL database" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:56480 +#: book.translate.xml:57314 msgid "" "Samba has several different backend " "authentication models. Clients may be authenticated with LDAP, NIS+, an SQL " @@ -77463,12 +80304,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:56497 +#: book.translate.xml:57331 msgid "Samba Users" msgstr "Samba 使用者" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56499 +#: book.translate.xml:57333 msgid "" "FreeBSD user accounts must be mapped to the SambaSAMAccount database for Windows " @@ -77478,13 +80319,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:56505 +#: book.translate.xml:57339 #, no-wrap msgid "# pdbedit -a username" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56507 +#: book.translate.xml:57341 msgid "" "This section has only mentioned the most commonly used settings. Refer to " "the Samba" msgstr "啟動 Samba" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56517 +#: book.translate.xml:57351 msgid "" "To enable Samba at boot time, add the following " "line to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -77505,18 +80346,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56521 +#: book.translate.xml:57355 #, no-wrap msgid "samba_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56523 +#: book.translate.xml:57357 msgid "To start Samba now:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:56525 +#: book.translate.xml:57359 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service samba start\n" @@ -77526,7 +80367,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56530 +#: book.translate.xml:57364 msgid "" "Samba consists of three separate daemons. Both " "the nmbd and smbd " @@ -77535,24 +80376,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56536 +#: book.translate.xml:57370 #, no-wrap msgid "winbindd_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56538 +#: book.translate.xml:57372 msgid "Samba can be stopped at any time by typing:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:56541 +#: book.translate.xml:57375 #, no-wrap msgid "# service samba stop" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56543 +#: book.translate.xml:57377 msgid "" "Samba is a complex software suite with " "functionality that allows broad integration with NTP ntpd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:56569 +#: book.translate.xml:57403 msgid "" "Over time, a computer's clock is prone to drift. This is problematic as many " "network services require the computers on a network to share the same " @@ -77583,7 +80424,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:56576 +#: book.translate.xml:57410 msgid "" "FreeBSD includes ntpd8 which can be " @@ -77598,7 +80439,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:56587 +#: book.translate.xml:57421 msgid "" "Choosing several NTP servers is recommended in case one " "of the servers becomes unreachable or its clock proves unreliable. As " @@ -77607,7 +80448,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:56593 +#: book.translate.xml:57427 msgid "" "This section describes how to configure ntpd on " "FreeBSD. Further documentation can be found in /usr/share/doc/ntp/" @@ -77615,17 +80456,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:56599 +#: book.translate.xml:57433 msgid "NTP Configuration" msgstr "NTP 設定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:56601 +#: book.translate.xml:57435 msgid "NTP ntp.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56605 +#: book.translate.xml:57439 msgid "" "On FreeBSD, the built-in ntpd can be used to " "synchronize a system's clock. To enable ntpd at " @@ -77638,7 +80479,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56614 +#: book.translate.xml:57448 msgid "" "This application reads /etc/ntp.conf to determine which " "NTP servers to query. Here is a simple example of an " @@ -77646,12 +80487,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:56620 +#: book.translate.xml:57454 msgid "Sample /etc/ntp.conf" msgstr "/etc/ntp.conf 範例" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56622 +#: book.translate.xml:57456 #, no-wrap msgid "" "server ntplocal.example.com prefer\n" @@ -77662,7 +80503,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56629 +#: book.translate.xml:57463 msgid "" "The format of this file is described in ntp." "conf5. The " @@ -77677,7 +80518,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56641 +#: book.translate.xml:57475 msgid "" "The driftfile entry specifies which file is used to store " "the system clock's frequency offset. ntpd uses " @@ -77690,7 +80531,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56652 +#: book.translate.xml:57486 msgid "" "By default, an NTP server is accessible to any network " "host. The restrict option in /etc/ntp.confNTP servers. If " "there is a need to synchronize with an external NTP " @@ -77716,7 +80557,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56670 +#: book.translate.xml:57504 msgid "" "To allow machines within the network to synchronize their clocks with the " "server, but ensure they are not allowed to configure the server or be used " @@ -77724,13 +80565,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56675 +#: book.translate.xml:57509 #, no-wrap msgid "restrict 192.168.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 nomodify notrap" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56677 +#: book.translate.xml:57511 msgid "" "where 192.168.1.0 is the local " "network address and 255.255.255.0 " @@ -77738,7 +80579,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56681 +#: book.translate.xml:57515 msgid "" "Multiple restrict entries are supported. For more " "details, refer to the Access Control Support subsection " @@ -77747,7 +80588,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56686 +#: book.translate.xml:57520 msgid "" "Once ntpd_enable=\"YES\" has been added to /etc/" "rc.conf, ntpd can be started now " @@ -77755,18 +80596,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:56691 +#: book.translate.xml:57525 #, no-wrap msgid "# service ntpd start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:56695 +#: book.translate.xml:57529 msgid "Using NTP with a PPP Connection" msgstr "在 PPP 連線使用 NTP" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56698 +#: book.translate.xml:57532 msgid "" "ntpd does not need a permanent connection to the " "Internet to function properly. However, if a PPP " @@ -77777,7 +80618,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56707 +#: book.translate.xml:57541 #, no-wrap msgid "" " set filter dial 0 deny udp src eq 123\n" @@ -77791,7 +80632,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56716 +#: book.translate.xml:57550 msgid "" "For more details, refer to the PACKET FILTERING section " "in ppp8iSCSI Initiator and Target Configuration" msgstr "iSCSI Initiator 與 Target 設定" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:56744 +#: book.translate.xml:57578 msgid "" "iSCSI is a way to share storage over a network. Unlike " "NFS, which works at the file system level, " @@ -77820,7 +80661,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:56749 +#: book.translate.xml:57583 msgid "" "In iSCSI terminology, the system that shares the storage " "is known as the target. The storage can be a physical " @@ -77830,7 +80671,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:56757 +#: book.translate.xml:57591 msgid "" "The clients which access the iSCSI storage are called " "initiators. To initiators, the storage available " @@ -77840,7 +80681,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:56765 +#: book.translate.xml:57599 msgid "" "Beginning with 10.0-RELEASE, FreeBSD provides a native, kernel-based " "iSCSI target and initiator. This section describes how to " @@ -77848,12 +80689,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:56771 +#: book.translate.xml:57605 msgid "Configuring an iSCSI Target" msgstr "設定 iSCSI Target" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:56774 +#: book.translate.xml:57608 msgid "" "The native iSCSI target is supported starting with " "FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE. To use iSCSI in older versions of " @@ -77862,7 +80703,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56782 +#: book.translate.xml:57616 msgid "" "To configure an iSCSI target, create the /etc/" "ctl.conf configuration file, add a line to /etc/rc." @@ -77872,7 +80713,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56788 +#: book.translate.xml:57622 msgid "" "The following is an example of a simple /etc/ctl.conf " "configuration file. Refer to ctl.confpg0 portal group. Portal " "groups define which network addresses the ctlddefault. In this case, the difference " @@ -77927,7 +80768,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56829 +#: book.translate.xml:57663 msgid "" "The second entry defines a single target. Target has two possible meanings: " "a machine serving iSCSI or a named group of " @@ -77941,7 +80782,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56842 +#: book.translate.xml:57676 msgid "" "The auth-group no-authentication line allows all " "initiators to connect to the specified target and portal-group pg0LUN. To the initiator, each " "LUN will be visible as a separate disk device. Multiple " @@ -77964,7 +80805,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56858 +#: book.translate.xml:57692 msgid "" "Next, to make sure the ctld8 daemon is started at " @@ -77972,13 +80813,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56862 +#: book.translate.xml:57696 #, no-wrap msgid "ctld_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56864 +#: book.translate.xml:57698 msgid "" "To start ctld8 now, run this command:" @@ -77985,13 +80826,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:56866 +#: book.translate.xml:57700 #, no-wrap msgid "# service ctld start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56868 +#: book.translate.xml:57702 msgid "" "As the ctld8 daemon is started, it reads /etc/ctl." @@ -78000,7 +80841,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:56873 +#: book.translate.xml:57707 #, no-wrap msgid "# service ctld reload" msgstr "" @@ -78007,12 +80848,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect3/title #. (itstool) path: sect5/title -#: book.translate.xml:56876 book.translate.xml:61833 +#: book.translate.xml:57710 book.translate.xml:62672 msgid "Authentication" msgstr "認證" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56878 +#: book.translate.xml:57712 msgid "" "The previous example is inherently insecure as it uses no authentication, " "granting anyone full access to all targets. To require a username and " @@ -78020,7 +80861,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56883 +#: book.translate.xml:57717 #, no-wrap msgid "" "auth-group ag0 {\n" @@ -78045,7 +80886,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56903 +#: book.translate.xml:57737 msgid "" "The auth-group section defines username and password " "pairs. An initiator trying to connect to iqn.2012-06.com.example:" @@ -78057,7 +80898,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56913 +#: book.translate.xml:57747 msgid "" "It is common to define a single exported target for every initiator. As a " "shorthand for the syntax above, the username and password can be specified " @@ -78065,7 +80906,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56918 +#: book.translate.xml:57752 #, no-wrap msgid "" "target iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0 {\n" @@ -78080,12 +80921,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:56931 +#: book.translate.xml:57765 msgid "Configuring an iSCSI Initiator" msgstr "設定 iSCSI Initiator" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:56934 +#: book.translate.xml:57768 msgid "" "The iSCSI initiator described in this section is " "supported starting with FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE. To use the iSCSIiSCSI initiator requires that the " "iscsid8iscsid8 now, run this command:" @@ -78118,13 +80959,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:56949 +#: book.translate.xml:57783 #, no-wrap msgid "# service iscsid start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:56951 +#: book.translate.xml:57785 msgid "" "Connecting to a target can be done with or without an /etc/iscsi." "conf configuration file. This section demonstrates both types of " @@ -78132,12 +80973,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:56956 +#: book.translate.xml:57790 msgid "Connecting to a Target Without a Configuration File" msgstr "不使用設定檔連線到 Target " #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56959 +#: book.translate.xml:57793 msgid "" "To connect an initiator to a single target, specify the IP address of the portal and the name of the target:" @@ -78144,13 +80985,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:56963 +#: book.translate.xml:57797 #, no-wrap msgid "# iscsictl -A -p 10.10.10.10 -t iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56965 +#: book.translate.xml:57799 msgid "" "To verify if the connection succeeded, run iscsictl " "without any arguments. The output should look similar to this:" @@ -78157,7 +80998,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56969 +#: book.translate.xml:57803 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Target name Target portal State\n" @@ -78165,7 +81006,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56972 +#: book.translate.xml:57806 msgid "" "In this example, the iSCSI session was successfully " "established, with /dev/da0 representing the attached " @@ -78175,13 +81016,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:56981 +#: book.translate.xml:57815 #, no-wrap msgid "Connected: da0 da1 da2." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56983 +#: book.translate.xml:57817 msgid "" "Any errors will be reported in the output, as well as the system logs. For " "example, this message usually means that the " @@ -78190,7 +81031,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56987 +#: book.translate.xml:57821 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Target name Target portal State\n" @@ -78198,7 +81039,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56990 +#: book.translate.xml:57824 msgid "" "The following message suggests a networking problem, such as a wrong " "IP address or port:" @@ -78205,7 +81046,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:56994 +#: book.translate.xml:57828 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Target name Target portal State\n" @@ -78213,12 +81054,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:56997 +#: book.translate.xml:57831 msgid "This message means that the specified target name is wrong:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57000 +#: book.translate.xml:57834 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Target name Target portal State\n" @@ -78226,12 +81067,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57003 +#: book.translate.xml:57837 msgid "This message means that the target requires authentication:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57006 +#: book.translate.xml:57840 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Target name Target portal State\n" @@ -78239,24 +81080,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57009 +#: book.translate.xml:57843 msgid "" "To specify a CHAP username and secret, use this syntax:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:57012 +#: book.translate.xml:57846 #, no-wrap msgid "# iscsictl -A -p 10.10.10.10 -t iqn.2012-06.com.example:target0 -u user -s secretsecret" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:57016 +#: book.translate.xml:57850 msgid "Connecting to a Target with a Configuration File" msgstr "使用設定檔連線到 Target " #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57019 +#: book.translate.xml:57853 msgid "" "To connect using a configuration file, create /etc/iscsi.conf with contents like this:" @@ -78263,7 +81104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57023 +#: book.translate.xml:57857 #, no-wrap msgid "" "t0 {\n" @@ -78276,7 +81117,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57031 +#: book.translate.xml:57865 msgid "" "The t0 specifies a nickname for the configuration file " "section. It will be used by the initiator to specify which configuration to " @@ -78287,18 +81128,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57041 +#: book.translate.xml:57875 msgid "To connect to the defined target, specify the nickname:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:57044 +#: book.translate.xml:57878 #, no-wrap msgid "# iscsictl -An t0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57046 +#: book.translate.xml:57880 msgid "" "Alternately, to connect to all targets defined in the configuration file, " "use:" @@ -78305,13 +81146,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:57049 +#: book.translate.xml:57883 #, no-wrap msgid "# iscsictl -Aa" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57051 +#: book.translate.xml:57885 msgid "" "To make the initiator automatically connect to all targets in /etc/" "iscsi.conf, add the following to /etc/rc.conf Brad Davis Converted to SGML and updated by " @@ -78334,12 +81175,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:57098 +#: book.translate.xml:57932 msgid "security firewalls" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57107 +#: book.translate.xml:57941 msgid "" "Firewalls make it possible to filter the incoming and outgoing traffic that " "flows through a system. A firewall can use one or more sets of rulesNAT), which allows " "an internal network to use private IP addresses and share " @@ -78386,7 +81227,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57141 +#: book.translate.xml:57975 msgid "" "FreeBSD has three firewalls built into the base system: PF, IPFW, and IPFILTERPF firewall." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:57178 +#: book.translate.xml:58012 msgid "How to use and configure the IPFW firewall." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:57183 +#: book.translate.xml:58017 msgid "" "How to use and configure the IPFILTER firewall." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:57197 +#: book.translate.xml:58031 msgid "" "Since all firewalls are based on inspecting the values of selected packet " "control fields, the creator of the firewall ruleset must have an " @@ -78448,17 +81289,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:57209 +#: book.translate.xml:58043 msgid "Firewall Concepts" msgstr "防火牆概念" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:57211 +#: book.translate.xml:58045 msgid "firewall rulesets" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57217 +#: book.translate.xml:58051 msgid "" "A ruleset contains a group of rules which pass or block packets based on the " "values contained in the packet. The bi-directional exchange of packets " @@ -78473,7 +81314,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57230 +#: book.translate.xml:58064 msgid "" "To lookup unknown port numbers, refer to /etc/services. " "Alternatively, visit http://www." @@ -78491,7 +81332,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57237 +#: book.translate.xml:58071 msgid "" "FTP has two modes: active mode and passive mode. The difference is in how " "the data channel is acquired. Passive mode is more secure as the data " @@ -78501,7 +81342,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57243 +#: book.translate.xml:58077 msgid "" "A firewall ruleset can be either exclusive or " "inclusive. An exclusive firewall allows all traffic through " @@ -78511,7 +81352,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57250 +#: book.translate.xml:58084 msgid "" "An inclusive firewall offers better control of the outgoing traffic, making " "it a better choice for systems that offer services to the public Internet. " @@ -78523,7 +81364,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:57261 +#: book.translate.xml:58095 msgid "" "Unless noted otherwise, all configuration and example rulesets in this " "chapter create inclusive firewall rulesets." @@ -78530,7 +81371,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57266 +#: book.translate.xml:58100 msgid "" "Security can be tightened further using a stateful firewall. " "This type of firewall keeps track of open connections and only allows " @@ -78539,7 +81380,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57271 +#: book.translate.xml:58105 msgid "" "Stateful filtering treats traffic as a bi-directional exchange of packets " "comprising a session. When state is specified on a matching rule the " @@ -78550,12 +81391,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57280 +#: book.translate.xml:58114 msgid "When the session completes, it is removed from the dynamic state table." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57283 +#: book.translate.xml:58117 msgid "" "Stateful filtering allows one to focus on blocking/passing new sessions. If " "the new session is passed, all its subsequent packets are allowed " @@ -78566,7 +81407,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57291 +#: book.translate.xml:58125 msgid "" "NAT stands for Network Address Translation. NAT function enables the private LAN behind " @@ -78577,7 +81418,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57299 +#: book.translate.xml:58133 msgid "" "NAT will automatically translate the private LAN IP " "address for each system on the LAN to the single public IP address as " @@ -78586,7 +81427,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57305 +#: book.translate.xml:58139 msgid "" "According to RFC 1918, the following IP address ranges are reserved for " "private networks which will never be routed directly to the public Internet, " @@ -78594,22 +81435,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:57312 +#: book.translate.xml:58146 msgid "10.0.0.0/8." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:57316 +#: book.translate.xml:58150 msgid "172.16.0.0/12." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:57320 +#: book.translate.xml:58154 msgid "192.168.0.0/16." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:57325 +#: book.translate.xml:58159 msgid "" "When working with the firewall rules, be very careful. " "Some configurations can lock the administrator out of " @@ -78619,12 +81460,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:57336 +#: book.translate.xml:58170 msgid "PF" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:57339 +#: book.translate.xml:58173 msgid "" " John Ferrell Revised and updated by " @@ -78631,12 +81472,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:57349 +#: book.translate.xml:58183 msgid "firewall PF" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57355 +#: book.translate.xml:58189 msgid "" "Since FreeBSD 5.3, a ported version of OpenBSD's PF firewall has been included as an integrated part of the base " @@ -78646,7 +81487,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57363 +#: book.translate.xml:58197 msgid "" "The OpenBSD Project maintains the definitive reference for PF in the PF " @@ -78656,7 +81497,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:57369 +#: book.translate.xml:58203 msgid "" "When reading the PF FAQ, keep in mind that FreeBSD uses the same version of PFFreeBSD packet filter mailing list is a good place to ask " @@ -78674,7 +81515,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57379 +#: book.translate.xml:58213 msgid "" "More information about porting PF to FreeBSD can " "be found at http://" @@ -78682,7 +81523,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:57382 +#: book.translate.xml:58216 msgid "" "This section of the Handbook focuses on PF as it " "pertains to FreeBSD. It demonstrates how to enable PFPF" msgstr "開啟 PF" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57391 +#: book.translate.xml:58225 msgid "" "In order to use PF, its kernel module must be " "first loaded. This section describes the entries that can be added to " @@ -78705,19 +81546,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57396 +#: book.translate.xml:58230 msgid "" "Start by adding the following line to /etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57399 +#: book.translate.xml:58233 #, no-wrap msgid "pf_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57401 +#: book.translate.xml:58235 msgid "" "Additional options, described in pfctl8, can be passed to " @@ -78727,13 +81568,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57407 +#: book.translate.xml:58241 #, no-wrap msgid "pf_flags=\"\" # additional flags for pfctl startup" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57409 +#: book.translate.xml:58243 msgid "" "PF will not start if it cannot find its ruleset " "configuration file. The default ruleset is already created and is named " @@ -78743,13 +81584,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57417 +#: book.translate.xml:58251 #, no-wrap msgid "pf_rules=\"/path/to/pf.conf\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57419 +#: book.translate.xml:58253 msgid "" "Logging support for PF is provided by " "pflog4LAN behind the firewall and " "packets need to be forwarded for the computers on the LANPF can be started " "with logging support by typing:" @@ -78802,7 +81643,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:57444 +#: book.translate.xml:58278 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service pf start\n" @@ -78810,7 +81651,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57498 +#: book.translate.xml:58332 msgid "" "By default, PF reads its configuration rules from " "/etc/pf.conf and modifies, drops, or passes packets " @@ -78822,7 +81663,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57508 +#: book.translate.xml:58342 msgid "" "To control PF, use pfctl. " " summarizes some useful options to this command. " @@ -78831,42 +81672,42 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:57514 +#: book.translate.xml:58348 msgid "Useful pfctl Options" msgstr "有用的 pfctl 選項" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:57520 book.translate.xml:61047 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:58354 book.translate.xml:61886 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Purpose" msgstr "用途" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:57526 +#: book.translate.xml:58360 msgid "pfctl -e" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:57528 +#: book.translate.xml:58362 msgid "Enable PF." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:57532 +#: book.translate.xml:58366 msgid "pfctl -d" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:57534 +#: book.translate.xml:58368 msgid "Disable PF." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:57538 +#: book.translate.xml:58372 msgid "pfctl -F all -f /etc/pf.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:57540 +#: book.translate.xml:58374 msgid "" "Flush all NAT, filter, state, and table rules and reload " "/etc/pf.conf." @@ -78873,29 +81714,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:57546 +#: book.translate.xml:58380 msgid "pfctl -s [ rules | nat | states ]" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:57548 +#: book.translate.xml:58382 msgid "" "Report on the filter rules, NAT rules, or state table." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:57554 +#: book.translate.xml:58388 msgid "pfctl -vnf /etc/pf.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:57556 +#: book.translate.xml:58390 msgid "" "Check /etc/pf.conf for errors, but do not load ruleset." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:57564 +#: book.translate.xml:58398 msgid "" "security/sudo is useful for running commands like " "pfctl that require elevated privileges. It can be " @@ -78903,7 +81744,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57570 +#: book.translate.xml:58404 msgid "" "To keep an eye on the traffic that passes through the PF firewall, consider installing the sysutils/pftopALTQ" msgstr "開啟 ALTQ" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57581 +#: book.translate.xml:58415 msgid "" "On FreeBSD, ALTQ can be used with " "PF to provide Quality of Service (QOSALTQ, refer to " "altq4ALTQ is not available as a loadable kernel " "module. If the system's interfaces support ALTQ, " @@ -78949,7 +81790,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57601 +#: book.translate.xml:58435 #, no-wrap msgid "" "options ALTQ\n" @@ -78961,17 +81802,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57608 +#: book.translate.xml:58442 msgid "The following scheduler algorithms are available:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:57612 +#: book.translate.xml:58446 msgid "CBQ" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:57614 +#: book.translate.xml:58448 msgid "" "Class Based Queuing (CBQ) is used to divide a " "connection's bandwidth into different classes or queues to prioritize " @@ -78979,12 +81820,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:57622 +#: book.translate.xml:58456 msgid "RED" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:57624 +#: book.translate.xml:58458 msgid "" "Random Early Detection (RED) is used to avoid network " "congestion by measuring the length of the queue and comparing it to the " @@ -78993,12 +81834,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:57633 +#: book.translate.xml:58467 msgid "RIO" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:57635 +#: book.translate.xml:58469 msgid "" "In Random Early Detection In and Out (RIO) mode, " "RED maintains multiple average queue lengths and multiple " @@ -79006,12 +81847,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:57644 +#: book.translate.xml:58478 msgid "HFSC" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:57646 +#: book.translate.xml:58480 msgid "" "Hierarchical Fair Service Curve Packet Scheduler (HFSC) " "is described in PRIQ) always passes traffic that is in " "a higher queue first." @@ -79031,7 +81872,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57660 +#: book.translate.xml:58494 msgid "" "More information about the scheduling algorithms and example rulesets are " "available at PF Rulesets" msgstr "PF 規則集" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:57669 +#: book.translate.xml:58503 msgid "" " Peter Hansteen " "N. M. Contributed by " @@ -79051,7 +81892,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57680 +#: book.translate.xml:58514 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to create a customized ruleset. It starts with " "the simplest of rulesets and builds upon its concepts using several examples " @@ -79060,7 +81901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57686 +#: book.translate.xml:58520 msgid "" "The simplest possible ruleset is for a single machine that does not run any " "services and which needs access to one network, which may be the Internet. " @@ -79069,7 +81910,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57692 +#: book.translate.xml:58526 #, no-wrap msgid "" "block in all\n" @@ -79077,7 +81918,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57695 +#: book.translate.xml:58529 msgid "" "The first rule denies all incoming traffic by default. The second rule " "allows connections created by this system to pass out, while retaining state " @@ -79087,13 +81928,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:57703 +#: book.translate.xml:58537 #, no-wrap msgid "# pfctl -e ; pfctl -f /etc/pf.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57705 +#: book.translate.xml:58539 msgid "" "In addition to keeping state, PF provides " "lists and macros which can be " @@ -79103,7 +81944,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57713 +#: book.translate.xml:58547 #, no-wrap msgid "" "tcp_services = \"{ ssh, smtp, domain, www, pop3, auth, pop3s }\"\n" @@ -79111,7 +81952,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57716 +#: book.translate.xml:58550 msgid "" "PF understands port names as well as port " "numbers, as long as the names are listed in /etc/servicesUDP is considered to be a stateless protocol, " "PF is able to track some state information. For " @@ -79145,7 +81986,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57740 +#: book.translate.xml:58574 msgid "" "Whenever an edit is made to a ruleset, the new rules must be loaded so they " "can be used:" @@ -79153,13 +81994,13 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:57743 book.translate.xml:57990 +#: book.translate.xml:58577 book.translate.xml:58824 #, no-wrap msgid "# pfctl -f /etc/pf.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57745 +#: book.translate.xml:58579 msgid "" "If there are no syntax errors, pfctl will not output any " "messages during the rule load. Rules can also be tested before attempting to " @@ -79167,13 +82008,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:57749 +#: book.translate.xml:58583 #, no-wrap msgid "# pfctl -nf /etc/pf.conf" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:57751 +#: book.translate.xml:58585 msgid "" "Including causes the rules to be interpreted only, but " "not loaded. This provides an opportunity to correct any errors. At all " @@ -79182,7 +82023,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:57759 +#: book.translate.xml:58593 msgid "" "Adding to a pfctl ruleset verify or " "load will display the fully parsed rules exactly the way they will be " @@ -79190,12 +82031,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:57766 +#: book.translate.xml:58600 msgid "A Simple Gateway with NAT" msgstr "使用 NAT 的簡單閘道器" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57768 +#: book.translate.xml:58602 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to configure a FreeBSD system running " "PF to act as a gateway for at least one other " @@ -79206,7 +82047,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57776 +#: book.translate.xml:58610 msgid "" "First, enable the gateway in order to let the machine forward the network " "traffic it receives on one interface to another interface. This " @@ -79215,24 +82056,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:57781 +#: book.translate.xml:58615 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding=1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57783 +#: book.translate.xml:58617 msgid "To forward IPv6 traffic, use:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:57785 +#: book.translate.xml:58619 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysctl net.inet6.ip6.forwarding=1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57787 +#: book.translate.xml:58621 msgid "" "To enable these settings at system boot, add the following to /etc/" "rc.conf:" @@ -79239,7 +82080,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57790 +#: book.translate.xml:58624 #, no-wrap msgid "" "gateway_enable=\"YES\"\t\t#for ipv4\n" @@ -79247,7 +82088,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57793 +#: book.translate.xml:58627 msgid "" "Verify with ifconfig that both of the interfaces are up " "and running." @@ -79254,7 +82095,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57796 +#: book.translate.xml:58630 msgid "" "Next, create the PF rules to allow the gateway to " "pass traffic. While the following rule allows stateful traffic to pass from " @@ -79263,13 +82104,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57803 +#: book.translate.xml:58637 #, no-wrap msgid "pass in on xl1 from xl1:network to xl0:network port $ports keep state" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57805 +#: book.translate.xml:58639 msgid "" "That rule only lets the traffic pass in to the gateway on the internal " "interface. To let the packets go further, a matching rule is needed:" @@ -79276,13 +82117,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57809 +#: book.translate.xml:58643 #, no-wrap msgid "pass out on xl0 from xl1:network to xl0:network port $ports keep state" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57811 +#: book.translate.xml:58645 msgid "" "While these two rules will work, rules this specific are rarely needed. For " "a busy network admin, a readable ruleset is a safer ruleset. The remainder " @@ -79291,13 +82132,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57818 +#: book.translate.xml:58652 #, no-wrap msgid "pass from xl1:network to any port $ports keep state" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57820 +#: book.translate.xml:58654 msgid "" "The interface:network notation can be replaced with a " "macro to make the ruleset even more readable. For example, a " @@ -79309,7 +82150,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57831 +#: book.translate.xml:58665 msgid "" "If required, $localnet could even be defined as a list of " "networks. Whatever the specific needs, a sensible $localnettun0. " "For an ADSL connection, specifically those using " @@ -79341,7 +82182,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57853 +#: book.translate.xml:58687 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ext_if = \"xl0\"\t# macro for external interface - use tun0 for PPPoE\n" @@ -79354,7 +82195,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57861 +#: book.translate.xml:58695 msgid "" "This ruleset introduces the nat rule which is used to " "handle the network address translation from the non-routable addresses " @@ -79367,7 +82208,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57872 +#: book.translate.xml:58706 msgid "" "Note that this ruleset probably allows more traffic to pass out of the " "network than is needed. One reasonable setup could create this macro:" @@ -79374,7 +82215,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57876 +#: book.translate.xml:58710 #, no-wrap msgid "" "client_out = \"{ ftp-data, ftp, ssh, domain, pop3, auth, nntp, http, \\\n" @@ -79382,12 +82223,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57879 +#: book.translate.xml:58713 msgid "to use in the main pass rule:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57881 +#: book.translate.xml:58715 #, no-wrap msgid "" "pass inet proto tcp from $localnet to any port $client_out \\\n" @@ -79395,7 +82236,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57884 +#: book.translate.xml:58718 msgid "" "A few other pass rules may be needed. This one enables SSH on the external interface::" @@ -79402,13 +82243,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57887 +#: book.translate.xml:58721 #, no-wrap msgid "pass in inet proto tcp to $ext_if port ssh" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57889 +#: book.translate.xml:58723 msgid "" "This macro definition and rule allows DNS and " "NTP for internal clients:" @@ -79415,7 +82256,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57893 +#: book.translate.xml:58727 #, no-wrap msgid "" "udp_services = \"{ domain, ntp }\"\n" @@ -79423,7 +82264,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57896 +#: book.translate.xml:58730 msgid "" "Note the quick keyword in this rule. Since the ruleset " "consists of several rules, it is important to understand the relationships " @@ -79437,12 +82278,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:57911 +#: book.translate.xml:58745 msgid "Creating an FTP Proxy" msgstr "建立 FTP Proxy" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57913 +#: book.translate.xml:58747 msgid "" "Configuring working FTP rules can be problematic due to " "the nature of the FTP protocol. FTP " @@ -79451,12 +82292,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:57922 +#: book.translate.xml:58756 msgid "Passwords are transferred in the clear." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:57926 +#: book.translate.xml:58760 msgid "" "The protocol demands the use of at least two TCP " "connections (control and data) on separate ports." @@ -79463,7 +82304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:57932 +#: book.translate.xml:58766 msgid "" "When a session is established, data is communicated using randomly selected " "ports." @@ -79470,7 +82311,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57937 +#: book.translate.xml:58771 msgid "" "All of these points present security challenges, even before considering any " "potential security weaknesses in client or server software. More secure " @@ -79482,7 +82323,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57944 +#: book.translate.xml:58778 msgid "" "For those situations when FTP is required, " "PF provides redirection of FTP " @@ -79494,7 +82335,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57953 +#: book.translate.xml:58787 msgid "" "To enable the FTP proxy, add this line to /etc/" "rc.conf:" @@ -79501,19 +82342,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57956 +#: book.translate.xml:58790 #, no-wrap msgid "ftpproxy_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57958 +#: book.translate.xml:58792 msgid "" "Then start the proxy by running service ftp-proxy start." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57961 +#: book.translate.xml:58795 msgid "" "For a basic configuration, three elements need to be added to /etc/" "pf.conf. First, the anchors which the proxy will use to insert " @@ -79521,7 +82362,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57966 +#: book.translate.xml:58800 #, no-wrap msgid "" "nat-anchor \"ftp-proxy/*\"\n" @@ -79529,7 +82370,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57969 +#: book.translate.xml:58803 msgid "" "Second, a pass rule is needed to allow FTP traffic in to " "the proxy." @@ -79536,7 +82377,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57972 +#: book.translate.xml:58806 msgid "" "Third, redirection and NAT rules need to be defined " "before the filtering rules. Insert this rdr rule " @@ -79544,24 +82385,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57977 +#: book.translate.xml:58811 #, no-wrap msgid "rdr pass on $int_if proto tcp from any to any port ftp -> 127.0.0.1 port 8021" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57979 +#: book.translate.xml:58813 msgid "Finally, allow the redirected traffic to pass:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:57981 +#: book.translate.xml:58815 #, no-wrap msgid "pass out proto tcp from $proxy to any port ftp" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57983 +#: book.translate.xml:58817 msgid "" "where $proxy expands to the address the proxy daemon is " "bound to." @@ -79568,7 +82409,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57986 +#: book.translate.xml:58820 msgid "" "Save /etc/pf.conf, load the new rules, and verify from " "a client that FTP connections are working:" @@ -79575,7 +82416,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:57992 +#: book.translate.xml:58826 msgid "" "This example covers a basic setup where the clients in the local network " "need to contact FTP servers elsewhere. This basic " @@ -79590,7 +82431,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58005 +#: book.translate.xml:58839 msgid "" "For ways to run an FTP server protected by " "PF and ftp-proxyICMP" msgstr "管理 ICMP" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58016 +#: book.translate.xml:58850 msgid "" "Many of the tools used for debugging or troubleshooting a TCP/IP network rely on the Internet Control Message Protocol " @@ -79614,7 +82455,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58021 +#: book.translate.xml:58855 msgid "" "The ICMP protocol sends and receives control " "messages between hosts and gateways, mainly to provide feedback " @@ -79625,7 +82466,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58030 +#: book.translate.xml:58864 msgid "" "From a firewall perspective, some ICMP control messages " "are vulnerable to known attack vectors. Also, letting all diagnostic traffic " @@ -79635,13 +82476,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58038 +#: book.translate.xml:58872 #, no-wrap msgid "pass inet proto icmp from any to any" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58040 +#: book.translate.xml:58874 msgid "" "One solution is to let all ICMP traffic from the local " "network through while stopping all probes from outside the network:" @@ -79648,7 +82489,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58044 +#: book.translate.xml:58878 #, no-wrap msgid "" "pass inet proto icmp from $localnet to any keep state\n" @@ -79656,7 +82497,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58047 +#: book.translate.xml:58881 msgid "" "Additional options are available which demonstrate some of PF's flexibility. For example, rather than allowing all " @@ -79668,25 +82509,25 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58054 +#: book.translate.xml:58888 #, no-wrap msgid "icmp_types = \"echoreq\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58056 +#: book.translate.xml:58890 msgid "and a rule which uses the macro:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58058 book.translate.xml:58118 +#: book.translate.xml:58892 book.translate.xml:58952 #, no-wrap msgid "pass inet proto icmp all icmp-type $icmp_types keep state" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58060 +#: book.translate.xml:58894 msgid "" "If other types of ICMP packets are needed, expand " "icmp_types to a list of those packet types. Type " @@ -79699,7 +82540,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58068 +#: book.translate.xml:58902 msgid "" "Since Unix traceroute uses UDP by " "default, another rule is needed to allow Unix traceroute:" @@ -79706,7 +82547,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58072 +#: book.translate.xml:58906 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# allow out the default range for traceroute(8):\n" @@ -79714,7 +82555,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58075 +#: book.translate.xml:58909 msgid "" "Since TRACERT.EXE on Microsoft Windows systems uses " "ICMP echo request messages, only the first rule is needed " @@ -79726,12 +82567,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/title -#: book.translate.xml:58085 +#: book.translate.xml:58919 msgid "Path MTU Discovery" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:58087 +#: book.translate.xml:58921 msgid "" "Internet protocols are designed to be device independent, and one " "consequence of device independence is that the optimal packet size for a " @@ -79743,7 +82584,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:58098 +#: book.translate.xml:58932 msgid "" "TCP/IP uses a process known as path MTU discovery to determine the right packet size for a connection. This " @@ -79758,13 +82599,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58112 +#: book.translate.xml:58946 #, no-wrap msgid "icmp_types = \"{ echoreq, unreach }\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:58114 +#: book.translate.xml:58948 msgid "" "Since the pass rule already uses that macro, it does not need to be modified " "in order to support the new ICMP type:" @@ -79771,7 +82612,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:58120 +#: book.translate.xml:58954 msgid "" "PF allows filtering on all variations of " "ICMP types and codes. The list of possible types and " @@ -79782,12 +82623,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:58128 +#: book.translate.xml:58962 msgid "Using Tables" msgstr "使用 Tables" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58130 +#: book.translate.xml:58964 msgid "" "Some types of data are relevant to filtering and redirection at a given " "time, but their definition is too long to be included in the ruleset file. " @@ -79798,13 +82639,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58139 +#: book.translate.xml:58973 #, no-wrap msgid "table <clients> { 192.168.2.0/24, !192.168.2.5 }" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58141 +#: book.translate.xml:58975 msgid "" "In this example, the 192.168.2.0/24 network is part of " "the table, except for the address 192.168.2.5, which is " @@ -79814,7 +82655,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58149 +#: book.translate.xml:58983 #, no-wrap msgid "" "192.168.2.0/24\n" @@ -79822,29 +82663,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58152 +#: book.translate.xml:58986 msgid "To refer to the file, define the table like this:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58154 +#: book.translate.xml:58988 #, no-wrap msgid "table <clients> persist file \"/etc/clients\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58156 +#: book.translate.xml:58990 msgid "Once the table is defined, it can be referenced by a rule:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58159 +#: book.translate.xml:58993 #, no-wrap msgid "pass inet proto tcp from <clients> to any port $client_out flags S/SA keep state" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58161 +#: book.translate.xml:58995 msgid "" "A table's contents can be manipulated live, using pfctl. " "This example adds another network to the table:" @@ -79851,13 +82692,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:58165 +#: book.translate.xml:58999 #, no-wrap msgid "# pfctl -t clients -T add 192.168.1.0/16" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58167 +#: book.translate.xml:59001 msgid "" "Note that any changes made this way will take affect now, making them ideal " "for testing, but will not survive a power failure or reboot. To make the " @@ -79871,18 +82712,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:58179 +#: book.translate.xml:59013 #, no-wrap msgid "# pfctl -t clients -T replace -f /etc/clients" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:58183 +#: book.translate.xml:59017 msgid "Using Overload Tables to Protect SSH" msgstr "使用 Overload Tables 保護 SSH" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58186 +#: book.translate.xml:59020 msgid "" "Those who run SSH on an external interface have probably " "seen something like this in the authentication logs:" @@ -79889,7 +82730,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58190 +#: book.translate.xml:59024 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Sep 26 03:12:34 skapet sshd[25771]: Failed password for root from 200.72.41.31 port 40992 ssh2\n" @@ -79901,7 +82742,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58197 +#: book.translate.xml:59031 msgid "" "This is indicative of a brute force attack where somebody or some program is " "trying to discover the user name and password which will let them into the " @@ -79909,7 +82750,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58201 +#: book.translate.xml:59035 msgid "" "If external SSH access is needed for legitimate users, " "changing the default port used by SSH can offer some " @@ -79921,19 +82762,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58211 +#: book.translate.xml:59045 msgid "" "To configure this, create this table in the tables section of the ruleset:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58214 +#: book.translate.xml:59048 #, no-wrap msgid "table <bruteforce> persist" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58216 +#: book.translate.xml:59050 msgid "" "Then, somewhere early in the ruleset, add rules to block brute access while " "allowing legitimate access:" @@ -79940,7 +82781,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58219 +#: book.translate.xml:59053 #, no-wrap msgid "" "block quick from <bruteforce>\n" @@ -79951,7 +82792,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58225 +#: book.translate.xml:59059 msgid "" "The part in parentheses defines the limits and the numbers should be changed " "to meet local requirements. It can be read as follows:" @@ -79958,7 +82799,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58229 +#: book.translate.xml:59063 msgid "" "max-src-conn is the number of simultaneous connections " "allowed from one host." @@ -79965,7 +82806,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58232 +#: book.translate.xml:59066 msgid "" "max-src-conn-rate is the rate of new connections allowed " "from any single host (15) per number of seconds " @@ -79973,7 +82814,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58237 +#: book.translate.xml:59071 msgid "" "overload <bruteforce> means that any host which " "exceeds these limits gets its address added to the bruteforceflush global says that when a host reaches the " "limit, that all (global) of that host's connections will " @@ -79990,7 +82831,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:58249 +#: book.translate.xml:59083 msgid "" "These rules will not block slow bruteforcers, as " "described in SSH, and it is not always " @@ -80031,7 +82872,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:58275 +#: book.translate.xml:59109 msgid "" "For example, an overload rule could be used to protect a mail service or a " "web service, and the overload table could be used in a rule to assign " @@ -80040,7 +82881,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58282 +#: book.translate.xml:59116 msgid "" "Over time, tables will be filled by overload rules and their size will grow " "incrementally, taking up more memory. Sometimes an IP " @@ -80050,7 +82891,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58289 +#: book.translate.xml:59123 msgid "" "For situations like these, pfctl provides the " "ability to expire table entries. For example, this command will remove " @@ -80059,13 +82900,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:58296 +#: book.translate.xml:59130 #, no-wrap msgid "# pfctl -t bruteforce -T expire 86400" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58298 +#: book.translate.xml:59132 msgid "" "Similar functionality is provided by security/expiretable, which removes table entries which have not been accessed for a " @@ -80073,7 +82914,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58303 +#: book.translate.xml:59137 msgid "" "Once installed, expiretable can be run to remove " "<bruteforce> table entries older than a specified " @@ -80081,18 +82922,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58308 +#: book.translate.xml:59142 #, no-wrap msgid "/usr/local/sbin/expiretable -v -d -t 24h bruteforce" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:58312 +#: book.translate.xml:59146 msgid "Protecting Against SPAM" msgstr "SPAM 防護" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58314 +#: book.translate.xml:59148 msgid "" "Not to be confused with the spamd daemon which " "comes bundled with spamassassin, mail/" @@ -80103,7 +82944,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58324 +#: book.translate.xml:59158 msgid "" "Spammers tend to send a large number of messages, and SPAM is mainly sent from a few spammer friendly networks and a large " @@ -80112,7 +82953,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58330 +#: book.translate.xml:59164 msgid "" "When an SMTP connection from an address in a blacklist is " "received, spamd presents its banner and " @@ -80124,7 +82965,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58342 +#: book.translate.xml:59176 msgid "" "This example demonstrates the basic procedure for setting up " "spamd with automatically updated blacklists. " @@ -80133,12 +82974,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: procedure/title -#: book.translate.xml:58349 +#: book.translate.xml:59183 msgid "Configuring spamd" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58352 +#: book.translate.xml:59186 msgid "" "Install the mail/spamd package or port. In order to use " "spamd's greylisting features, " @@ -80148,29 +82989,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58359 +#: book.translate.xml:59193 #, no-wrap msgid " fdescfs /dev/fd fdescfs rw 0 0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58361 +#: book.translate.xml:59195 msgid "Then, mount the filesystem:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58363 +#: book.translate.xml:59197 #, no-wrap msgid "# mount fdescfs" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58367 +#: book.translate.xml:59201 msgid "Next, edit the PF ruleset to include:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58370 +#: book.translate.xml:59204 #, no-wrap msgid "" "table <spamd> persist\n" @@ -80182,7 +83023,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58377 +#: book.translate.xml:59211 msgid "" "The two tables <spamd> and <spamd-" "white> are essential. SMTP traffic from an " @@ -80192,7 +83033,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58387 +#: book.translate.xml:59221 msgid "" "The next step is to configure spamd in /" "usr/local/etc/spamd.conf and to add some rc.confmail/spamd includes a sample " "configuration file (/usr/local/etc/spamd.conf.sample) " @@ -80209,7 +83050,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58399 +#: book.translate.xml:59233 msgid "" "One of the first lines in the configuration file that does not begin with a " "# comment sign contains the block which defines the " @@ -80217,7 +83058,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58405 +#: book.translate.xml:59239 #, no-wrap msgid "" "all:\\\n" @@ -80225,7 +83066,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58408 +#: book.translate.xml:59242 msgid "" "This entry adds the desired blacklists, separated by colons (:). To use a whitelist to subtract addresses from a blacklist, add " @@ -80234,12 +83075,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58415 +#: book.translate.xml:59249 msgid "This is followed by the specified blacklist's definition:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58418 +#: book.translate.xml:59252 #, no-wrap msgid "" "traplist:\\\n" @@ -80250,7 +83091,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58424 +#: book.translate.xml:59258 msgid "" "where the first line is the name of the blacklist and the second line " "specifies the list type. The msg field contains the " @@ -80265,7 +83106,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58439 +#: book.translate.xml:59273 msgid "" "The definition of the specified whitelist is similar, but omits the " "msg field since a message is not needed:" @@ -80272,7 +83113,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58443 +#: book.translate.xml:59277 #, no-wrap msgid "" "whitelist:\\\n" @@ -80282,12 +83123,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/title -#: book.translate.xml:58449 +#: book.translate.xml:59283 msgid "Choose Data Sources with Care" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: tip/para -#: book.translate.xml:58451 +#: book.translate.xml:59285 msgid "" "Using all the blacklists in the sample spamd.conf will " "blacklist large blocks of the Internet. Administrators need to edit the file " @@ -80296,7 +83137,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58459 +#: book.translate.xml:59293 msgid "" "Next, add this entry to /etc/rc.conf. Additional flags " "are described in the man page specified by the comment:" @@ -80303,13 +83144,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58464 +#: book.translate.xml:59298 #, no-wrap msgid "spamd_flags=\"-v\" # use \"\" and see spamd-setup(8) for flags" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58466 +#: book.translate.xml:59300 msgid "" "When finished, reload the ruleset, start spamd by " "typing service start obspamd, and complete the " @@ -80320,7 +83161,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58476 +#: book.translate.xml:59310 msgid "" "On a typical gateway in front of a mail server, hosts will soon start " "getting trapped within a few seconds to several minutes." @@ -80327,7 +83168,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58480 +#: book.translate.xml:59314 msgid "" "PF also supports greylisting, which temporarily rejects messages from unknown hosts with " @@ -80338,7 +83179,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58489 +#: book.translate.xml:59323 msgid "" "More information about greylisting as a technique can be found at the greylisting.org web site. " @@ -80348,17 +83189,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58496 +#: book.translate.xml:59330 msgid "The basic procedure for configuring greylisting is as follows:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: procedure/title -#: book.translate.xml:58500 +#: book.translate.xml:59334 msgid "Configuring Greylisting" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58503 +#: book.translate.xml:59337 msgid "" "Make sure that fdescfs5 is mounted as " @@ -80366,7 +83207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58508 +#: book.translate.xml:59342 msgid "" "To run spamd in greylisting mode, add this line " "to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -80373,13 +83214,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58512 +#: book.translate.xml:59346 #, no-wrap msgid "spamd_grey=\"YES\" # use spamd greylisting if YES" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58514 +#: book.translate.xml:59348 msgid "" "Refer to the spamd man page for descriptions of " "additional related parameters." @@ -80386,12 +83227,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:58520 +#: book.translate.xml:59354 msgid "To complete the greylisting setup:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58522 +#: book.translate.xml:59356 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service restart obspamd\n" @@ -80399,7 +83240,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58527 +#: book.translate.xml:59361 msgid "" "Behind the scenes, the spamdb database tool and " "the spamlogd whitelist updater perform essential " @@ -80409,12 +83250,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:58537 +#: book.translate.xml:59371 msgid "Network Hygiene" msgstr "網路保健" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58539 +#: book.translate.xml:59373 msgid "" "This section describes how block-policy, scrub, and antispoof can be used to make the ruleset " @@ -80422,7 +83263,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58544 +#: book.translate.xml:59378 msgid "" "The block-policy is an option which can be set in the " "options part of the ruleset, which precedes the " @@ -80434,7 +83275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58555 +#: book.translate.xml:59389 msgid "" "If not set, the default policy is drop. To change the " "block-policy, specify the desired value:" @@ -80441,13 +83282,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58560 +#: book.translate.xml:59394 #, no-wrap msgid "set block-policy return" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58562 +#: book.translate.xml:59396 msgid "" "In PF, scrub is a keyword " "which enables network packet normalization. This process reassembles " @@ -80459,13 +83300,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58572 +#: book.translate.xml:59406 #, no-wrap msgid "scrub in all" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58574 +#: book.translate.xml:59408 msgid "" "Some services, such as NFS, require specific fragment " "handling options. Refer to do not fragment bit, and sets the maximum segment size to 1440 bytes:" @@ -80481,13 +83322,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58582 +#: book.translate.xml:59416 #, no-wrap msgid "scrub in all fragment reassemble no-df max-mss 1440" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58584 +#: book.translate.xml:59418 msgid "" "The antispoof mechanism protects against activity from " "spoofed or forged IP addresses, mainly by blocking " @@ -80496,7 +83337,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58590 +#: book.translate.xml:59424 msgid "" "These rules weed out spoofed traffic coming in from the rest of the world as " "well as any spoofed packets which originate in the local network:" @@ -80503,7 +83344,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58594 +#: book.translate.xml:59428 #, no-wrap msgid "" "antispoof for $ext_if\n" @@ -80511,12 +83352,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:58599 +#: book.translate.xml:59433 msgid "Handling Non-Routable Addresses" msgstr "處理不可路由 (Non-Routable) 的位址" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58601 +#: book.translate.xml:59435 msgid "" "Even with a properly configured gateway to handle network address " "translation, one may have to compensate for other people's " @@ -80528,7 +83369,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:58611 +#: book.translate.xml:59445 msgid "" "In this example, a macro containing non-routable addresses is defined, then " "used in blocking rules. Traffic to and from these addresses is quietly " @@ -80536,7 +83377,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58617 +#: book.translate.xml:59451 #, no-wrap msgid "" "martians = \"{ 127.0.0.0/8, 192.168.0.0/16, 172.16.0.0/12, \\\n" @@ -80548,17 +83389,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:58628 +#: book.translate.xml:59462 msgid "IPFW" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:58630 +#: book.translate.xml:59464 msgid "firewall IPFW" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:58636 +#: book.translate.xml:59470 msgid "" "IPFW is a stateful firewall written for FreeBSD " "which supports both IPv4 and IPv6. It " @@ -80570,7 +83411,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:58645 +#: book.translate.xml:59479 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides a sample ruleset in /etc/rc.firewall " "which defines several firewall types for common scenarios to assist novice " @@ -80580,7 +83421,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:58653 +#: book.translate.xml:59487 msgid "" "This section describes how to enable IPFW, " "provides an overview of its rule syntax, and demonstrates several rulesets " @@ -80588,12 +83429,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:58659 +#: book.translate.xml:59493 msgid "Enabling IPFW" msgstr "開啟 IPFW" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:58661 +#: book.translate.xml:59495 msgid "" "IPFW enabling" @@ -80600,7 +83441,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58667 +#: book.translate.xml:59501 msgid "" "IPFW is included in the basic FreeBSD install as " "a kernel loadable module, meaning that a custom kernel is not needed in " @@ -80608,18 +83449,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:58672 +#: book.translate.xml:59506 msgid "kernel options IPFIREWALL" msgstr "核心選項 IPFIREWALL" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:58678 +#: book.translate.xml:59512 msgid "" "kernel options IPFIREWALL_VERBOSE" msgstr "核心選項 IPFIREWALL_VERBOSE" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:58684 +#: book.translate.xml:59518 msgid "" "kernel options IPFIREWALL_VERBOSE_LIMIT" @@ -80627,7 +83468,7 @@ "核心選項 IPFIREWALL_VERBOSE_LIMIT" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:58690 +#: book.translate.xml:59524 msgid "" "IPFW kernel " "options" @@ -80634,7 +83475,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58696 +#: book.translate.xml:59530 msgid "" "For those users who wish to statically compile IPFW support into a custom kernel, refer to the instructions in " @@ -80643,7 +83484,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58702 +#: book.translate.xml:59536 #, no-wrap msgid "" "options IPFIREWALL\t\t\t# enables IPFW\n" @@ -80654,7 +83495,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58708 +#: book.translate.xml:59542 msgid "" "To configure the system to enable IPFW at boot " "time, add the following entry to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -80661,13 +83502,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58712 +#: book.translate.xml:59546 #, no-wrap msgid "firewall_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58714 +#: book.translate.xml:59548 msgid "" "To use one of the default firewall types provided by FreeBSD, add another " "line which specifies the type:" @@ -80674,33 +83515,33 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58717 +#: book.translate.xml:59551 #, no-wrap msgid "firewall_type=\"open\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58719 +#: book.translate.xml:59553 msgid "The available types are:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58723 +#: book.translate.xml:59557 msgid "open: passes all traffic." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58726 +#: book.translate.xml:59560 msgid "client: protects only this machine." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58730 +#: book.translate.xml:59564 msgid "simple: protects the whole network." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58734 +#: book.translate.xml:59568 msgid "" "closed: entirely disables IP traffic except for the " "loopback interface." @@ -80707,7 +83548,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58738 +#: book.translate.xml:59572 msgid "" "workstation: protects only this machine using stateful " "rules." @@ -80714,12 +83555,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58742 +#: book.translate.xml:59576 msgid "UNKNOWN: disables the loading of firewall rules." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58746 +#: book.translate.xml:59580 msgid "" "filename: full path of the " "file containing the firewall ruleset." @@ -80726,7 +83567,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58752 +#: book.translate.xml:59586 msgid "" "If firewall_type is set to either client or simple, modify the default rules found in " @@ -80734,7 +83575,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58758 +#: book.translate.xml:59592 msgid "" "Note that the filename type is used to load a custom " "ruleset." @@ -80741,7 +83582,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58761 +#: book.translate.xml:59595 msgid "" "An alternate way to load a custom ruleset is to set the " "firewall_script variable to the absolute path of an " @@ -80752,24 +83593,24 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58769 +#: book.translate.xml:59603 #, no-wrap msgid "firewall_script=\"/etc/ipfw.rules\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58771 +#: book.translate.xml:59605 msgid "To enable logging, include this line:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58773 +#: book.translate.xml:59607 #, no-wrap msgid "firewall_logging=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58775 +#: book.translate.xml:59609 msgid "" "There is no /etc/rc.conf variable to set logging " "limits. To limit the number of times a rule is logged per connection " @@ -80778,13 +83619,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:58780 +#: book.translate.xml:59614 #, no-wrap msgid "net.inet.ip.fw.verbose_limit=5" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58782 +#: book.translate.xml:59616 msgid "" "After saving the needed edits, start the firewall. To enable logging limits " "now, also set the sysctl value specified above:" @@ -80791,7 +83632,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:58786 +#: book.translate.xml:59620 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service ipfw start\n" @@ -80799,12 +83640,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:58791 +#: book.translate.xml:59625 msgid "IPFW Rule Syntax" msgstr "IPFW 規則語法" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:58793 +#: book.translate.xml:59627 msgid "" "IPFW rule " "processing order" @@ -80811,7 +83652,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58799 +#: book.translate.xml:59633 msgid "" "When a packet enters the IPFW firewall, it is " "compared against the first rule in the ruleset and progresses one rule at a " @@ -80829,7 +83670,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:58815 +#: book.translate.xml:59649 msgid "" "IPFW rule syntax" @@ -80836,7 +83677,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58821 +#: book.translate.xml:59655 msgid "" "When creating an IPFW rule, keywords must be " "written in the following order. Some keywords are mandatory while other " @@ -80847,7 +83688,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58831 +#: book.translate.xml:59665 msgid "" "CMD RULE_NUMBER set SET_NUMBER ACTION log LOG_AMOUNT PROTO from " "SRC SRC_PORT to DST DST_PORT OPTIONS" @@ -80854,7 +83695,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:58835 +#: book.translate.xml:59669 msgid "" "This section provides an overview of these keywords and their options. It is " "not an exhaustive list of every possible option. Refer to " @@ -80864,22 +83705,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:58843 +#: book.translate.xml:59677 msgid "CMD" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58845 +#: book.translate.xml:59679 msgid "Every rule must start with ipfw add." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:58851 +#: book.translate.xml:59685 msgid "RULE_NUMBER" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58853 +#: book.translate.xml:59687 msgid "" "Each rule is associated with a number from 1 to " "65534. The number is used to indicate the order of rule " @@ -80888,12 +83729,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:58864 +#: book.translate.xml:59698 msgid "SET_NUMBER" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58866 +#: book.translate.xml:59700 msgid "" "Each rule is associated with a set number from 0 to " "31. Sets can be individually disabled or enabled, making " @@ -80902,12 +83743,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:58876 book.translate.xml:59854 +#: book.translate.xml:59710 book.translate.xml:60688 msgid "ACTION" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58878 +#: book.translate.xml:59712 msgid "" "A rule can be associated with one of the following actions. The specified " "action will be executed when the packet matches the selection criterion of " @@ -80915,7 +83756,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58883 +#: book.translate.xml:59717 msgid "" "allow | accept | pass | permit: these keywords are " "equivalent and allow packets that match the rule." @@ -80922,7 +83763,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58887 +#: book.translate.xml:59721 msgid "" "check-state: checks the packet against the dynamic " "state table. If a match is found, execute the action associated with the " @@ -80934,7 +83775,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58898 +#: book.translate.xml:59732 msgid "" "count: updates counters for all packets that match " "the rule. The search continues with the next rule." @@ -80941,7 +83782,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58902 +#: book.translate.xml:59736 msgid "" "deny | drop: either word silently discards packets " "that match this rule." @@ -80948,7 +83789,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58905 +#: book.translate.xml:59739 msgid "" "Additional actions are available. Refer to " "ipfw8log keyword, a " "message will be logged to syslogd/etc/protocols." @@ -80996,12 +83837,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:58946 +#: book.translate.xml:59780 msgid "SRC" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58948 +#: book.translate.xml:59782 msgid "" "The from keyword must be followed by the source address " "or a keyword that represents the source address. An address can be " @@ -81016,12 +83857,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:58966 book.translate.xml:59990 +#: book.translate.xml:59800 book.translate.xml:60824 msgid "SRC_PORT" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58968 +#: book.translate.xml:59802 msgid "" "An optional source port can be specified using the port number or name from " "/etc/services." @@ -81028,12 +83869,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:58975 +#: book.translate.xml:59809 msgid "DST" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58977 +#: book.translate.xml:59811 msgid "" "The to keyword must be followed by the destination " "address or a keyword that represents the destination address. The same " @@ -81042,12 +83883,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:58986 book.translate.xml:60027 +#: book.translate.xml:59820 book.translate.xml:60861 msgid "DST_PORT" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58988 +#: book.translate.xml:59822 msgid "" "An optional destination port can be specified using the port number or name " "from /etc/services." @@ -81054,12 +83895,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:58995 book.translate.xml:59906 +#: book.translate.xml:59829 book.translate.xml:60740 msgid "OPTIONS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:58997 +#: book.translate.xml:59831 msgid "" "Several keywords can follow the source and destination. As the name " "suggests, OPTIONS are optional. Commonly used options include inkeep-state rule is matched, the firewall will " "create a dynamic rule which matches bidirectional traffic between the source " @@ -81077,7 +83918,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59012 +#: book.translate.xml:59846 msgid "" "The dynamic rules facility is vulnerable to resource depletion from a SYN-" "flood attack which would open a huge number of dynamic rules. To counter " @@ -81090,7 +83931,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59024 +#: book.translate.xml:59858 msgid "" "Dozens of OPTIONS are available. Refer to ipfw8 for a description of " @@ -81098,12 +83939,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:59033 book.translate.xml:60106 +#: book.translate.xml:59867 book.translate.xml:60940 msgid "Example Ruleset" msgstr "範例規則集" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59035 +#: book.translate.xml:59869 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to create an example stateful firewall ruleset " "script named /etc/ipfw.rules. In this example, all " @@ -81114,7 +83955,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:59045 +#: book.translate.xml:59879 msgid "" "When first creating or testing a firewall ruleset, consider temporarily " "setting this tunable:" @@ -81121,13 +83962,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59048 +#: book.translate.xml:59882 #, no-wrap msgid "net.inet.ip.fw.default_to_accept=\"1\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:59050 +#: book.translate.xml:59884 msgid "" "This sets the default policy of ipfw8 to be more permissive " @@ -81136,7 +83977,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59056 +#: book.translate.xml:59890 msgid "" "The firewall script begins by indicating that it is a Bourne shell script " "and flushes any existing rules. It then creates the cmd " @@ -81147,7 +83988,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59064 +#: book.translate.xml:59898 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh\n" @@ -81160,7 +84001,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59072 +#: book.translate.xml:59906 msgid "" "The first two rules allow all traffic on the trusted internal interface and " "on the loopback interface:" @@ -81167,7 +84008,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59075 +#: book.translate.xml:59909 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Change xl0 to LAN NIC interface name\n" @@ -81178,7 +84019,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59081 +#: book.translate.xml:59915 msgid "" "The next rule allows the packet through if it matches an existing entry in " "the dynamic rules table:" @@ -81185,13 +84026,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59084 +#: book.translate.xml:59918 #, no-wrap msgid "$cmd 00101 check-state" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59086 +#: book.translate.xml:59920 msgid "" "The next set of rules defines which stateful connections internal systems " "can create to hosts on the Internet:" @@ -81198,7 +84039,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59089 +#: book.translate.xml:59923 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Allow access to public DNS\n" @@ -81235,7 +84076,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59121 +#: book.translate.xml:59955 msgid "" "The next set of rules controls connections from Internet hosts to the " "internal network. It starts by denying packets typically associated with " @@ -81245,7 +84086,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59128 +#: book.translate.xml:59962 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Deny all inbound traffic from non-routable reserved address spaces\n" @@ -81292,7 +84133,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59170 +#: book.translate.xml:60004 msgid "" "The last rule logs all packets that do not match any of the rules in the " "ruleset:" @@ -81299,7 +84140,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59173 +#: book.translate.xml:60007 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Everything else is denied and logged\n" @@ -81308,12 +84149,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: info/title #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:59179 book.translate.xml:60260 +#: book.translate.xml:60013 book.translate.xml:61094 msgid "Configuring NAT" msgstr "設定 NAT" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:59191 +#: book.translate.xml:60025 msgid "" "NAT and IPFW" @@ -81320,7 +84161,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59197 +#: book.translate.xml:60031 msgid "" "FreeBSD's built-in NAT daemon, " "natd8NICs, where one is " @@ -81345,7 +84186,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59217 +#: book.translate.xml:60051 msgid "" "Some additional configuration is needed in order to activate the " "NAT function of IPFW. If the " @@ -81355,7 +84196,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59224 +#: book.translate.xml:60058 msgid "" "To enable NAT support at boot time, the following must be " "in /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -81362,7 +84203,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59227 +#: book.translate.xml:60061 #, no-wrap msgid "" "gateway_enable=\"YES\"\t\t# enables the gateway\n" @@ -81372,7 +84213,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:59233 +#: book.translate.xml:60067 msgid "" "It is also possible to specify a configuration file which contains the " "options to pass to natdnatd8NAT rules to the firewall ruleset. When the " "rulest contains stateful rules, the positioning of the NATNAT rule is inserted after the two rules which allow all traffic on the trusted internal " @@ -81455,7 +84296,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59282 +#: book.translate.xml:60116 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$cmd 005 allow all from any to any via xl0 # exclude LAN traffic\n" @@ -81466,7 +84307,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59288 +#: book.translate.xml:60122 msgid "" "The outbound rules are modified to replace the allow " "action with the $skip variable, indicating that rule " @@ -81477,7 +84318,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59297 +#: book.translate.xml:60131 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Authorized outbound packets\n" @@ -81488,7 +84329,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59303 +#: book.translate.xml:60137 msgid "" "The inbound rules remain the same, except for the very last rule which " "removes the via $pif in order to catch both inbound and " @@ -81503,7 +84344,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59316 +#: book.translate.xml:60150 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$cmd 499 deny log all from any to any\n" @@ -81512,7 +84353,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59320 +#: book.translate.xml:60154 msgid "" "In this example, rules 100, 101, " "125, 500, and 510 " @@ -81522,7 +84363,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59328 +#: book.translate.xml:60162 msgid "" "Consider an internal web browser which initializes a new outbound " "HTTP session over port 80. When the first outbound packet " @@ -81545,7 +84386,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59352 +#: book.translate.xml:60186 msgid "" "On the inbound side, the ruleset has to deny bad packets and allow only " "authorized services. A packet which matches an inbound rule is posted to the " @@ -81557,12 +84398,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:59364 +#: book.translate.xml:60198 msgid "Port Redirection" msgstr "Port 重新導向" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59366 +#: book.translate.xml:60200 msgid "" "The drawback with natd8 is that the " @@ -81576,7 +84417,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59376 +#: book.translate.xml:60210 msgid "" "For example, an IRC server runs on client A and a web server runs on client B. For " @@ -81586,12 +84427,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59383 +#: book.translate.xml:60217 msgid "The syntax for is as follows:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59386 +#: book.translate.xml:60220 #, no-wrap msgid "" " -redirect_port proto targetIP:targetPORT[-targetPORT]\n" @@ -81600,12 +84441,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59390 +#: book.translate.xml:60224 msgid "In the above example, the argument should be:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59392 +#: book.translate.xml:60226 #, no-wrap msgid "" " -redirect_port tcp 192.168.0.2:6667 6667\n" @@ -81613,7 +84454,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59395 +#: book.translate.xml:60229 msgid "" "This redirects the proper TCP ports to the LAN client machines." @@ -81620,7 +84461,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59398 +#: book.translate.xml:60232 msgid "" "Port ranges over individual ports can be indicated with . For example, tcp 192.168.0.2:2000-3000 " @@ -81629,7 +84470,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59405 +#: book.translate.xml:60239 msgid "" "These options can be used when directly running " "natd8natd8address redirection" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59422 +#: book.translate.xml:60256 msgid "" "Address redirection is useful if more than one IP address " "is available. Each LAN client can be assigned its own " @@ -81679,23 +84520,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59440 +#: book.translate.xml:60274 msgid "The syntax is as follows:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59443 +#: book.translate.xml:60277 #, no-wrap msgid "-redirect_address localIP publicIP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:59450 +#: book.translate.xml:60284 msgid "localIP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:59451 +#: book.translate.xml:60285 msgid "" "The internal IP address of the LAN " "client." @@ -81702,12 +84543,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:59456 +#: book.translate.xml:60290 msgid "publicIP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:59457 +#: book.translate.xml:60291 msgid "" "The external IP address corresponding to the " "LAN client." @@ -81714,12 +84555,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59465 +#: book.translate.xml:60299 msgid "In the example, this argument would read:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59467 +#: book.translate.xml:60301 #, no-wrap msgid "" "-redirect_address 192.168.0.2 128.1.1.2\n" @@ -81727,7 +84568,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59470 +#: book.translate.xml:60304 msgid "" "Like , these arguments are placed within the " "natd_flags=\"\" option of /etc/rc.confIP addresses on the " "natd8IPFW Command" msgstr "IPFW 指令" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:59488 +#: book.translate.xml:60322 msgid "ipfw" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59490 +#: book.translate.xml:60324 msgid "" "ipfw can be used to make manual, single rule additions or " "deletions to the active firewall while it is running. The problem with using " @@ -81768,7 +84609,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59499 +#: book.translate.xml:60333 msgid "" "ipfw is a useful way to display the running firewall " "rules to the console screen. The IPFW accounting " @@ -81779,18 +84620,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59507 +#: book.translate.xml:60341 msgid "To list all the running rules in sequence:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:59509 +#: book.translate.xml:60343 #, no-wrap msgid "# ipfw list" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59511 +#: book.translate.xml:60345 msgid "" "To list all the running rules with a time stamp of when the last time the " "rule was matched:" @@ -81797,13 +84638,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:59514 +#: book.translate.xml:60348 #, no-wrap msgid "# ipfw -t list" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59516 +#: book.translate.xml:60350 msgid "" "The next example lists accounting information and the packet count for " "matched rules along with the rules themselves. The first column is the rule " @@ -81812,46 +84653,46 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:59522 +#: book.translate.xml:60356 #, no-wrap msgid "# ipfw -a list" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59524 +#: book.translate.xml:60358 msgid "To list dynamic rules in addition to static rules:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:59526 +#: book.translate.xml:60360 #, no-wrap msgid "# ipfw -d list" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59528 +#: book.translate.xml:60362 msgid "To also show the expired dynamic rules:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:59530 +#: book.translate.xml:60364 #, no-wrap msgid "# ipfw -d -e list" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59532 +#: book.translate.xml:60366 msgid "To zero the counters:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:59534 +#: book.translate.xml:60368 #, no-wrap msgid "# ipfw zero" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59536 +#: book.translate.xml:60370 msgid "" "To zero the counters for just the rule with number NUM:" @@ -81858,18 +84699,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:59539 +#: book.translate.xml:60373 #, no-wrap msgid "# ipfw zero NUM" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:59542 +#: book.translate.xml:60376 msgid "Logging Firewall Messages" msgstr "記錄防火牆訊息" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:59544 +#: book.translate.xml:60378 msgid "" "IPFW logging" @@ -81876,7 +84717,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59550 +#: book.translate.xml:60384 msgid "" "Even with the logging facility enabled, IPFW will " "not generate any rule logging on its own. The firewall administrator decides " @@ -81889,7 +84730,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59562 +#: book.translate.xml:60396 msgid "" "Logging is a two edged sword. If one is not careful, an over abundance of " "log data or a DoS attack can fill the disk with log files. Log messages are " @@ -81898,7 +84739,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59568 +#: book.translate.xml:60402 msgid "" "The IPFIREWALL_VERBOSE_LIMIT=5 kernel option limits the " "number of consecutive messages sent to syslogd/var/log/" "security, which is defined in /etc/syslog.confIPFW users create a file " "containing the rules and code them in a manner compatible with running them " @@ -81944,7 +84785,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59602 +#: book.translate.xml:60436 msgid "" "This example script is compatible with the syntax used by the " "sh1/etc/ipfw.rules, the rules " "could be reloaded by the following command:" @@ -81997,13 +84838,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:59635 +#: book.translate.xml:60469 #, no-wrap msgid "# sh /etc/ipfw.rules" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59637 +#: book.translate.xml:60471 msgid "" "/etc/ipfw.rules can be located anywhere and the file " "can have any name." @@ -82010,12 +84851,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:59640 +#: book.translate.xml:60474 msgid "The same thing could be accomplished by running these commands by hand:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:59643 +#: book.translate.xml:60477 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ipfw -q -f flush\n" @@ -82028,12 +84869,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title -#: book.translate.xml:59655 +#: book.translate.xml:60489 msgid "IPFILTER (IPF)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:59657 +#: book.translate.xml:60491 msgid "" "firewall IPFILTER" @@ -82040,7 +84881,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:59663 +#: book.translate.xml:60497 msgid "" "IPFILTER, also known as IPF, is a cross-platform, open source firewall which has been " @@ -82049,7 +84890,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:59668 +#: book.translate.xml:60502 msgid "" "IPFILTER is a kernel-side firewall and " "NAT mechanism that can be controlled and monitored by " @@ -82063,7 +84904,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:59680 +#: book.translate.xml:60514 msgid "" "IPF was originally written using a rule " "processing logic of the last matching rule wins and only used " @@ -82073,7 +84914,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:59687 +#: book.translate.xml:60521 msgid "" "The IPF FAQ is at http://www.phildev.net/ipf/index.html. A " @@ -82082,7 +84923,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:59691 +#: book.translate.xml:60525 msgid "" "This section of the Handbook focuses on IPF as it " "pertains to FreeBSD. It provides examples of rules that contain the " @@ -82090,12 +84931,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:59698 +#: book.translate.xml:60532 msgid "Enabling IPF" msgstr "開啟 IPF" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:59700 +#: book.translate.xml:60534 msgid "" "IPFILTER enabling" @@ -82102,7 +84943,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59706 +#: book.translate.xml:60540 msgid "" "IPF is included in the basic FreeBSD install as a " "kernel loadable module, meaning that a custom kernel is not needed in order " @@ -82110,7 +84951,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:59711 +#: book.translate.xml:60545 msgid "" "kernel options IPFILTER" @@ -82119,12 +84960,12 @@ "secondary>" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:59717 +#: book.translate.xml:60551 msgid "kernel options IPFILTER_LOG" msgstr "核心選項 IPFILTER_LOG" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:59723 +#: book.translate.xml:60557 msgid "" "kernel options IPFILTER_DEFAULT_BLOCK" @@ -82132,7 +84973,7 @@ "核心選項 IPFILTER_DEFAULT_BLOCK" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:59729 +#: book.translate.xml:60563 msgid "" "IPFILTER kernel " "options" @@ -82139,7 +84980,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59735 +#: book.translate.xml:60569 msgid "" "For users who prefer to statically compile IPF " "support into a custom kernel, refer to the instructions in options IPFILTER enables support for " "IPFILTER, options IPFILTER_LOG " @@ -82171,7 +85012,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59758 +#: book.translate.xml:60592 msgid "" "To configure the system to enable IPF at boot " "time, add the following entries to /etc/rc.conf. These " @@ -82182,7 +85023,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59767 +#: book.translate.xml:60601 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ipfilter_enable=\"YES\" # Start ipf firewall\n" @@ -82195,13 +85036,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59775 +#: book.translate.xml:60609 msgid "" "If NAT functionality is needed, also add these lines:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59778 +#: book.translate.xml:60612 #, no-wrap msgid "" "gateway_enable=\"YES\" # Enable as LAN gateway\n" @@ -82210,18 +85051,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59782 +#: book.translate.xml:60616 msgid "Then, to start IPF now:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:59784 +#: book.translate.xml:60618 #, no-wrap msgid "# service ipfilter start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59786 +#: book.translate.xml:60620 msgid "" "To load the firewall rules, specify the name of the ruleset file using " "ipf. The following command can be used to replace the " @@ -82229,13 +85070,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:59791 +#: book.translate.xml:60625 #, no-wrap msgid "# ipf -Fa -f /etc/ipf.rules" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59793 +#: book.translate.xml:60627 msgid "" "where flushes all the internal rules tables and " " specifies the file containing the rules to load." @@ -82242,7 +85083,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59797 +#: book.translate.xml:60631 msgid "" "This provides the ability to make changes to a custom ruleset and update the " "running firewall with a fresh copy of the rules without having to reboot the " @@ -82251,7 +85092,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59803 +#: book.translate.xml:60637 msgid "" "Refer to ipf8 for details on the other flags available with this " @@ -82259,12 +85100,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:59808 +#: book.translate.xml:60642 msgid "IPF Rule Syntax" msgstr "IPF 規則語法" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:59810 +#: book.translate.xml:60644 msgid "" "IPFILTER rule " "syntax" @@ -82271,7 +85112,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59816 +#: book.translate.xml:60650 msgid "" "This section describes the IPF rule syntax used " "to create stateful rules. When creating rules, keep in mind that unless the " @@ -82284,7 +85125,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59827 +#: book.translate.xml:60661 msgid "" "When creating rules, a # character is used to mark the " "start of a comment and may appear at the end of a rule, to explain that " @@ -82292,7 +85133,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59832 +#: book.translate.xml:60666 msgid "" "The keywords which are used in rules must be written in a specific order, " "from left to right. Some keywords are mandatory while others are optional. " @@ -82303,7 +85144,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:59841 +#: book.translate.xml:60675 msgid "" "ACTION DIRECTION OPTIONS proto PROTO_TYPE from SRC_ADDR " "SRC_PORT to DST_ADDR DST_PORT TCP_FLAG|ICMP_TYPE keep state STATEmust have an action. The following " @@ -82330,22 +85171,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59861 +#: book.translate.xml:60695 msgid "block: drops the packet." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59863 +#: book.translate.xml:60697 msgid "pass: allows the packet." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59865 +#: book.translate.xml:60699 msgid "log: generates a log record." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59868 +#: book.translate.xml:60702 msgid "" "count: counts the number of packets and bytes which can " "provide an indication of how often a rule is used." @@ -82352,7 +85193,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59872 +#: book.translate.xml:60706 msgid "" "auth: queues the packet for further processing by another " "program." @@ -82359,7 +85200,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59875 +#: book.translate.xml:60709 msgid "" "call: provides access to functions built into " "IPF that allow more complex actions." @@ -82366,7 +85207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59879 +#: book.translate.xml:60713 msgid "" "decapsulate: removes any headers in order to process the " "contents of the packet." @@ -82373,12 +85214,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:59885 +#: book.translate.xml:60719 msgid "DIRECTION" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59887 +#: book.translate.xml:60721 msgid "" "Next, each rule must explicitly state the direction of traffic using one of " "these keywords:" @@ -82385,22 +85226,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59890 +#: book.translate.xml:60724 msgid "in: the rule is applied against an inbound packet." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59893 +#: book.translate.xml:60727 msgid "out: the rule is applied against an outbound packet." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59896 +#: book.translate.xml:60730 msgid "all: the rule applies to either direction." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59899 +#: book.translate.xml:60733 msgid "" "If the system has multiple interfaces, the interface can be specified along " "with the direction. An example would be in on fxp0." @@ -82407,7 +85248,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59908 +#: book.translate.xml:60742 msgid "" "Options are optional. However, if multiple options are specified, they must " "be used in the order shown here." @@ -82414,7 +85255,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59912 +#: book.translate.xml:60746 msgid "" "log: when performing the specified ACTION, the contents " "of the packet's headers will be written to the " @@ -82423,7 +85264,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59917 +#: book.translate.xml:60751 msgid "" "quick: if a packet matches this rule, the ACTION " "specified by the rule occurs and no further processing of any following " @@ -82431,7 +85272,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59922 +#: book.translate.xml:60756 msgid "" "on: must be followed by the interface name as displayed " "by ifconfig8log keyword, the following qualifiers may " "be used in this order:" @@ -82447,7 +85288,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59931 +#: book.translate.xml:60765 msgid "" "body: indicates that the first 128 bytes of the packet " "contents will be logged after the headers." @@ -82454,7 +85295,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59935 +#: book.translate.xml:60769 msgid "" "first: if the log keyword is being " "used in conjunction with a keep state option, this option " @@ -82463,7 +85304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59942 +#: book.translate.xml:60776 msgid "" "Additional options are available to specify error return messages. Refer to " "ipf5from keyword is mandatory and is followed by a " "keyword which represents the source of the packet. The source can be a " @@ -82505,7 +85346,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59978 +#: book.translate.xml:60812 msgid "" "There is no way to match ranges of IP addresses which do " "not express themselves easily using the dotted numeric form / mask-length " @@ -82516,7 +85357,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59992 +#: book.translate.xml:60826 msgid "" "The port number of the source is optional. However, if it is used, it " "requires PROTO_TYPE to be first defined in the rule. The port number must " @@ -82524,7 +85365,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:59997 +#: book.translate.xml:60831 msgid "" "A number of different comparison operators are supported: = (equal to), != (not equal to), <<>" " (less than and greater than ), >< " @@ -82543,12 +85384,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:60015 +#: book.translate.xml:60849 msgid "DST_ADDR" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60017 +#: book.translate.xml:60851 msgid "" "The to keyword is mandatory and is followed by a keyword " "which represents the destination of the packet. Similar to SRC_ADDR, it can " @@ -82558,7 +85399,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60029 +#: book.translate.xml:60863 msgid "" "Similar to SRC_PORT, the port number of the destination is optional. " "However, if it is used, it requires PROTO_TYPE to be first defined in the " @@ -82567,12 +85408,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:60038 +#: book.translate.xml:60872 msgid "TCP_FLAG|ICMP_TYPE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60040 +#: book.translate.xml:60874 msgid "" "If tcp is specifed as the PROTO_TYPE, flags can be " "specified as letters, where each letter represents one of the possible " @@ -82584,7 +85425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60054 +#: book.translate.xml:60888 msgid "" "If icmp is specifed as the PROTO_TYPE, the ICMP type to match can be specified. Refer to " @@ -82593,12 +85434,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:60062 +#: book.translate.xml:60896 msgid "STATE" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60064 +#: book.translate.xml:60898 msgid "" "If a pass rule contains keep state, " "IPF will add an entry to its dynamic state table " @@ -82610,7 +85451,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60076 +#: book.translate.xml:60910 msgid "" "In IPF, packets destined to go out through the " "interface connected to the public Internet are first checked against the " @@ -82627,7 +85468,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60094 +#: book.translate.xml:60928 msgid "" "Several keywords can be added after keep state. If used, " "these keywords set various options that control stateful filtering, such as " @@ -82637,7 +85478,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60108 +#: book.translate.xml:60942 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to create an example ruleset which only allows " "services matching pass rules and blocks all others." @@ -82644,7 +85485,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60112 +#: book.translate.xml:60946 msgid "" "FreeBSD uses the loopback interface (lo0) and the " "IP address 127.0.0.1LAN interface named xl0:" @@ -82682,7 +85523,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60138 +#: book.translate.xml:60972 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# no restrictions on inside LAN interface for private network\n" @@ -82691,7 +85532,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60142 +#: book.translate.xml:60976 msgid "" "The rules for the public interface's outbound and inbound sections should " "have the most frequently matched rules placed before less commonly matched " @@ -82700,7 +85541,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60148 +#: book.translate.xml:60982 msgid "" "This set of rules defines the outbound section of the public interface named " "dc0. These rules keep state and identify the specific " @@ -82710,7 +85551,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60156 +#: book.translate.xml:60990 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# interface facing Internet (outbound)\n" @@ -82755,7 +85596,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60196 +#: book.translate.xml:61030 msgid "" "This example of the rules in the inbound section of the public interface " "blocks all undesirable packets first. This reduces the number of packets " @@ -82763,7 +85604,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60201 +#: book.translate.xml:61035 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# interface facing Internet (inbound)\n" @@ -82804,7 +85645,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60237 +#: book.translate.xml:61071 msgid "" "Any time there are logged messages on a rule with the log first option, run ipfstat -hio to evaluate how many " @@ -82813,7 +85654,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60243 +#: book.translate.xml:61077 msgid "" "The rest of the rules in the inbound section define which connections are " "allowed to be initiated from the Internet. The last rule denies all " @@ -82822,7 +85663,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60248 +#: book.translate.xml:61082 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Allow traffic in from ISP's DHCP server. Replace z.z.z.z with\n" @@ -82837,22 +85678,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:60264 +#: book.translate.xml:61098 msgid "IP masquerading NAT" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:60270 +#: book.translate.xml:61104 msgid "network address translation NAT" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:60276 +#: book.translate.xml:61110 msgid "ipnat" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60278 +#: book.translate.xml:61112 msgid "" "To enable NAT, add these statements to /etc/rc." "conf and specify the name of the file containing the " @@ -82860,7 +85701,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60282 +#: book.translate.xml:61116 #, no-wrap msgid "" "gateway_enable=\"YES\"\n" @@ -82869,7 +85710,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60286 +#: book.translate.xml:61120 msgid "" "NAT rules are flexible and can accomplish many different " "things to fit the needs of both commercial and home users. The rule syntax " @@ -82880,7 +85721,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60292 +#: book.translate.xml:61126 msgid "" "The basic syntax for a NAT rule is as follows, where " "map starts the rule and IF " @@ -82888,13 +85729,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60297 +#: book.translate.xml:61131 #, no-wrap msgid "map IF LAN_IP_RANGE -> PUBLIC_ADDRESS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60299 +#: book.translate.xml:61133 msgid "" "The LAN_IP_RANGE is the range of IP addresses used by internal clients. Usually, it is a private " @@ -82906,7 +85747,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60308 +#: book.translate.xml:61142 msgid "" "In IPF, when a packet arrives at the firewall " "from the LAN with a public destination, it first passes " @@ -82928,7 +85769,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60331 +#: book.translate.xml:61165 msgid "" "For networks that have large numbers of internal systems or multiple " "subnets, the process of funneling every private IP " @@ -82937,7 +85778,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60337 +#: book.translate.xml:61171 msgid "" "The first method is to assign a range of ports to use as source ports. By " "adding the portmap keyword, NAT can be " @@ -82945,13 +85786,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60342 +#: book.translate.xml:61176 #, no-wrap msgid "map dc0 192.168.1.0/24 -> 0/32 portmap tcp/udp 20000:60000" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60344 +#: book.translate.xml:61178 msgid "" "Alternately, use the auto keyword which tells " "NAT to determine the ports that are available for use:" @@ -82958,13 +85799,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60348 +#: book.translate.xml:61182 #, no-wrap msgid "map dc0 192.168.1.0/24 -> 0/32 portmap tcp/udp auto" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60350 +#: book.translate.xml:61184 msgid "" "The second method is to use a pool of public addresses. This is useful when " "there are too many LAN addresses to fit into a single " @@ -82975,7 +85816,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60359 +#: book.translate.xml:61193 msgid "" "The range of public IP addresses can be specified using a " "netmask or CIDR notation. These two rules are equivalent:" @@ -82982,7 +85823,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60363 +#: book.translate.xml:61197 #, no-wrap msgid "" "map dc0 192.168.1.0/24 -> 204.134.75.0/255.255.255.0\n" @@ -82990,7 +85831,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60366 +#: book.translate.xml:61200 msgid "" "A common practice is to have a publically accessible web server or mail " "server segregated to an internal network segment. The traffic from these " @@ -83002,13 +85843,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60375 +#: book.translate.xml:61209 #, no-wrap msgid "rdr dc0 20.20.20.5/32 port 80 -> 10.0.10.25 port 80" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60377 +#: book.translate.xml:61211 msgid "" "If it is the only web server, this rule would also work as it redirects all " "external HTTP requests to 10.0.10.25:" @@ -83015,13 +85856,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60381 +#: book.translate.xml:61215 #, no-wrap msgid "rdr dc0 0.0.0.0/0 port 80 -> 10.0.10.25 port 80" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60383 +#: book.translate.xml:61217 msgid "" "IPF has a built in FTP proxy " "which can be used with NAT. It monitors all outbound " @@ -83032,7 +85873,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60392 +#: book.translate.xml:61226 msgid "" "In this example, the first rule calls the proxy for outbound FTP traffic from the internal LAN. The second rule " @@ -83042,7 +85883,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60400 +#: book.translate.xml:61234 #, no-wrap msgid "" "map dc0 10.0.10.0/29 -> 0/32 proxy port 21 ftp/tcp\n" @@ -83051,7 +85892,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60404 +#: book.translate.xml:61238 msgid "" "The FTP map rules go before the " "NAT rule so that when a packet matches an FTPFTP proxy, the following firewall rules would " "instead be needed. Note that without the proxy, all ports above " @@ -83071,7 +85912,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60419 +#: book.translate.xml:61253 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Allow out LAN PC client FTP to public Internet\n" @@ -83086,7 +85927,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60429 +#: book.translate.xml:61263 msgid "" "Whenever the file containing the NAT rules is edited, run " "ipnat with to delete the current " @@ -83096,35 +85937,35 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:60437 +#: book.translate.xml:61271 #, no-wrap msgid "# ipnat -CF -f /etc/ipnat.rules" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60439 +#: book.translate.xml:61273 msgid "To display the NAT statistics:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:60441 +#: book.translate.xml:61275 #, no-wrap msgid "# ipnat -s" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60443 +#: book.translate.xml:61277 msgid "To list the NAT table's current mappings:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:60446 +#: book.translate.xml:61280 #, no-wrap msgid "# ipnat -l" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60448 +#: book.translate.xml:61282 msgid "" "To turn verbose mode on and display information relating to rule processing " "and active rules and table entries:" @@ -83131,23 +85972,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:60451 +#: book.translate.xml:61285 #, no-wrap msgid "# ipnat -v" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:60567 +#: book.translate.xml:61401 msgid "Viewing IPF Statistics" msgstr "檢視 IPF 統計資訊" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:60569 +#: book.translate.xml:61403 msgid "ipfstat" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:60571 +#: book.translate.xml:61405 msgid "" "IPFILTER " "statistics" @@ -83154,7 +85995,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60577 +#: book.translate.xml:61411 msgid "" "IPF includes " "ipfstat8ipfstat output looks like this:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:60589 +#: book.translate.xml:61423 #, no-wrap msgid "" "input packets: blocked 99286 passed 1255609 nomatch 14686 counted 0\n" @@ -83193,7 +86034,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60607 +#: book.translate.xml:61441 msgid "" "Several options are available. When supplied with either " "for inbound or for outbound, the command will retrieve " @@ -83204,7 +86045,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:60616 +#: book.translate.xml:61450 #, no-wrap msgid "" "@1 pass out on xl0 from any to any\n" @@ -83213,7 +86054,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60620 +#: book.translate.xml:61454 msgid "" "Include to prefix each rule with a count of how many " "times the rule was matched. For example, ipfstat -oh " @@ -83222,7 +86063,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:60625 +#: book.translate.xml:61459 #, no-wrap msgid "" "2451423 pass out on xl0 from any to any\n" @@ -83231,7 +86072,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60629 +#: book.translate.xml:61463 msgid "" "To display the state table in a format similar to " "top1IPF Logging" msgstr "IPF 日誌" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:60641 +#: book.translate.xml:61475 msgid "ipmon" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:60643 +#: book.translate.xml:61477 msgid "" "IPFILTER logging" @@ -83261,7 +86102,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60649 +#: book.translate.xml:61483 msgid "" "IPF provides ipmon, which can " "be used to write the firewall's logging information in a human readable " @@ -83271,7 +86112,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60655 +#: book.translate.xml:61489 msgid "" "This command is typically run in daemon mode in order to provide a " "continuous system log file so that logging of past events may be reviewed. " @@ -83282,7 +86123,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60663 +#: book.translate.xml:61497 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ipmon_flags=\"-Ds\" # D = start as daemon\n" @@ -83292,7 +86133,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60668 +#: book.translate.xml:61502 msgid "" "Logging provides the ability to review, after the fact, information such as " "which packets were dropped, what addresses they came from, and where they " @@ -83300,7 +86141,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60673 +#: book.translate.xml:61507 msgid "" "Once the logging facility is enabled in rc.conf and " "started with service ipmon start, IPFipmon -Ds mode uses local0 " "as the logging facility. The following logging levels can be used to further " @@ -83321,7 +86162,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:60689 +#: book.translate.xml:61523 #, no-wrap msgid "" "LOG_INFO - packets logged using the \"log\" keyword as the action rather than pass or block.\n" @@ -83331,7 +86172,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60694 +#: book.translate.xml:61528 msgid "" "In order to setup IPF to log all data to " "/var/log/ipfilter.log, first create the empty file:" @@ -83338,13 +86179,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:60698 +#: book.translate.xml:61532 #, no-wrap msgid "# touch /var/log/ipfilter.log" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60700 +#: book.translate.xml:61534 msgid "" "Then, to write all logged messages to the specified file, add the following " "statement to /etc/syslog.conf:" @@ -83351,13 +86192,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:60704 +#: book.translate.xml:61538 #, no-wrap msgid "local0.* /var/log/ipfilter.log" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60706 +#: book.translate.xml:61540 msgid "" "To activate the changes and instruct syslogd8 to read the modified " @@ -83366,7 +86207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60710 +#: book.translate.xml:61544 msgid "" "Do not forget to edit /etc/newsyslog.conf to rotate the " "new log file." @@ -83373,7 +86214,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60714 +#: book.translate.xml:61548 msgid "" "Messages generated by ipmon consist of data fields " "separated by white space. Fields common to all messages are:" @@ -83380,12 +86221,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60720 +#: book.translate.xml:61554 msgid "The date of packet receipt." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60724 +#: book.translate.xml:61558 msgid "" "The time of packet receipt. This is in the form HH:MM:SS.F, for hours, " "minutes, seconds, and fractions of a second." @@ -83392,18 +86233,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60730 +#: book.translate.xml:61564 msgid "The name of the interface that processed the packet." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60735 +#: book.translate.xml:61569 msgid "" "The group and rule number of the rule in the format @0:17." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60740 +#: book.translate.xml:61574 msgid "" "The action: p for passed, b for " "blocked, S for a short packet, n did " @@ -83411,7 +86252,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60747 +#: book.translate.xml:61581 msgid "" "The addresses written as three fields: the source address and port separated " "by a comma, the -> symbol, and the destination address and port. For " @@ -83419,7 +86260,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60755 +#: book.translate.xml:61589 msgid "" "PR followed by the protocol name or number: for example, " "PR tcp." @@ -83426,7 +86267,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60760 +#: book.translate.xml:61594 msgid "" "len followed by the header length and total length of the " "packet: for example, len 20 40." @@ -83433,7 +86274,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60766 +#: book.translate.xml:61600 msgid "" "If the packet is a TCP packet, there will be an " "additional field starting with a hyphen followed by letters corresponding to " @@ -83443,7 +86284,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60771 +#: book.translate.xml:61605 msgid "" "If the packet is an ICMP packet, there will be two fields " "at the end: the first always being icmp and the next being " @@ -83453,27 +86294,27 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: chapter/title -#: book.translate.xml:60789 +#: book.translate.xml:61623 msgid "Advanced Networking" msgstr "進階網路設定" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:60794 +#: book.translate.xml:61628 msgid "This chapter covers a number of advanced networking topics." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60801 +#: book.translate.xml:61635 msgid "The basics of gateways and routes." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60805 +#: book.translate.xml:61639 msgid "How to set up USB tethering." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60809 +#: book.translate.xml:61643 msgid "" "How to set up IEEE 802.11 and " "Bluetooth devices." @@ -83480,22 +86321,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60814 +#: book.translate.xml:61648 msgid "How to make FreeBSD act as a bridge." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60818 +#: book.translate.xml:61652 msgid "How to set up network PXE booting." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60823 +#: book.translate.xml:61657 msgid "How to set up IPv6 on a FreeBSD machine." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60828 +#: book.translate.xml:61662 msgid "" "How to enable and utilize the features of the Common Address Redundancy " "Protocol (CARP) in FreeBSD." @@ -83502,12 +86343,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60838 +#: book.translate.xml:61668 +msgid "How to configure multiple VLANs on FreeBSD." +msgstr "如何在 FreeBSD 上設定多個 VLAN。" + +#. (itstool) path: listitem/para +#: book.translate.xml:61677 msgid "Understand the basics of the /etc/rc scripts." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60847 +#: book.translate.xml:61686 msgid "" "Know how to configure and install a new FreeBSD kernel ()." @@ -83514,12 +86360,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:60861 +#: book.translate.xml:61700 msgid "Gateways and Routes" msgstr "通訊閘與路由" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:60864 +#: book.translate.xml:61703 msgid "" " Coranth Gryphon Contributed by " @@ -83526,22 +86372,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:60874 +#: book.translate.xml:61713 msgid "routing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:60877 +#: book.translate.xml:61716 msgid "gateway" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:60880 +#: book.translate.xml:61719 msgid "subnet" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:60884 +#: book.translate.xml:61723 msgid "" "Routing is the mechanism that allows a system to find " "the network path to another system. A route is a " @@ -83556,7 +86402,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:60898 +#: book.translate.xml:61737 msgid "" "This section provides an overview of routing basics. It then demonstrates " "how to configure a FreeBSD system as a router and offers some " @@ -83564,12 +86410,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:60903 +#: book.translate.xml:61742 msgid "Routing Basics" msgstr "路由基礎概念" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60905 +#: book.translate.xml:61744 msgid "" "To view the routing table of a FreeBSD system, use " "netstat1% netstat -r\n" @@ -83597,17 +86443,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:60923 +#: book.translate.xml:61762 msgid "The entries in this example are as follows:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:60927 +#: book.translate.xml:61766 msgid "default" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60929 +#: book.translate.xml:61768 msgid "" "The first route in this table specifies the default " "route. When the local system needs to make a connection to a remote host, it " @@ -83617,7 +86463,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60937 +#: book.translate.xml:61776 msgid "" "If the destination does not match an entry, or if all known paths fail, the " "system uses the entry for the default route. For hosts on a local area " @@ -83628,7 +86474,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60946 +#: book.translate.xml:61785 msgid "" "The default route for a machine which itself is functioning as the gateway " "to the outside world will be the gateway machine at the Internet Service " @@ -83636,12 +86482,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:60954 +#: book.translate.xml:61793 msgid "localhost" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60956 +#: book.translate.xml:61795 msgid "" "The second route is the localhost route. The interface " "specified in the Netif column for localhost0:e0: are MAC addresses. FreeBSD will automatically " @@ -83671,12 +86517,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:60989 +#: book.translate.xml:61828 msgid "subnet" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60991 +#: book.translate.xml:61830 msgid "" "FreeBSD will automatically add subnet routes for the local subnet. In this " "example, 10.20.30.255 is the " @@ -83687,7 +86533,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:60999 +#: book.translate.xml:61838 msgid "" "Local network hosts and local subnets have their routes automatically " "configured by a daemon called routedhost1 line refers to the host by its Ethernet " "address. Since it is the sending host, FreeBSD knows to use the loopback " @@ -83709,7 +86555,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:61016 +#: book.translate.xml:61855 msgid "" "The two host2 lines represent aliases which were created " "using ifconfig8224) deals with multicasting." @@ -83733,7 +86579,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61036 +#: book.translate.xml:61875 msgid "" "Various attributes of each route can be seen in the Flags " "column. summarizes some of these flags and " @@ -83741,40 +86587,40 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:61041 +#: book.translate.xml:61880 msgid "Commonly Seen Routing Table Flags" msgstr "常見路由表標記" #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossdiv/title -#: book.translate.xml:61053 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:61892 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "U" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61054 +#: book.translate.xml:61893 msgid "The route is active (up)." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossdiv/title -#: book.translate.xml:61058 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:61897 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "H" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61059 +#: book.translate.xml:61898 msgid "The route destination is a single host." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossdiv/title -#: book.translate.xml:61063 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:61902 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "G" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61064 +#: book.translate.xml:61903 msgid "" "Send anything for this destination on to this gateway, which will figure out " "from there where to send it." @@ -83782,23 +86628,23 @@ #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossdiv/title -#: book.translate.xml:61070 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:61909 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "S" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61071 +#: book.translate.xml:61910 msgid "This route was statically configured." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossdiv/title -#: book.translate.xml:61075 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:61914 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "C" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61076 +#: book.translate.xml:61915 msgid "" "Clones a new route based upon this route for machines to connect to. This " "type of route is normally used for local networks." @@ -83805,12 +86651,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61082 +#: book.translate.xml:61921 msgid "W" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61083 +#: book.translate.xml:61922 msgid "" "The route was auto-configured based upon a local area network (clone) route." msgstr "" @@ -83817,17 +86663,17 @@ #. (itstool) path: row/entry #. (itstool) path: glossdiv/title -#: book.translate.xml:61088 book.translate.xml:65535 +#: book.translate.xml:61927 book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "L" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61089 +#: book.translate.xml:61928 msgid "Route involves references to Ethernet (link) hardware." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61096 +#: book.translate.xml:61935 msgid "" "On a FreeBSD system, the default route can defined in /etc/rc." "conf by specifying the IP address of the " @@ -83835,25 +86681,25 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61100 +#: book.translate.xml:61939 #, no-wrap msgid "defaultrouter=\"10.20.30.1\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61102 +#: book.translate.xml:61941 msgid "" "It is also possible to manually add the route using route:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:61105 +#: book.translate.xml:61944 #, no-wrap msgid "# route add default 10.20.30.1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61107 +#: book.translate.xml:61946 msgid "" "Note that manually added routes will not survive a reboot. For more " "information on manual manipulation of network routing tables, refer to " @@ -83862,12 +86708,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:61114 +#: book.translate.xml:61953 msgid "Configuring a Router with Static Routes" msgstr "設定路由器使用靜態路由" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:61117 +#: book.translate.xml:61956 msgid "" " Al Hoang Contributed by " @@ -83874,12 +86720,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:61128 +#: book.translate.xml:61967 msgid "dual homed hosts" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61132 +#: book.translate.xml:61971 msgid "" "A FreeBSD system can be configured as the default gateway, or router, for a " "network if it is a dual-homed system. A dual-homed system is a host which " @@ -83890,7 +86736,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61144 +#: book.translate.xml:61983 msgid "" "In order for the system to forward packets between interfaces, FreeBSD must " "be configured as a router. Internet standards and good engineering practice " @@ -83900,13 +86746,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61151 +#: book.translate.xml:61990 #, no-wrap msgid "gateway_enable=\"YES\" # Set to YES if this host will be a gateway" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61153 +#: book.translate.xml:61992 msgid "" "To enable routing now, set the sysctl8 variable net." @@ -83915,22 +86761,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:61158 +#: book.translate.xml:61997 msgid "BGP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:61161 +#: book.translate.xml:62000 msgid "RIP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:61164 +#: book.translate.xml:62003 msgid "OSPF" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61168 +#: book.translate.xml:62007 msgid "" "The routing table of a router needs additional routes so it knows how to " "reach other networks. Routes can be either added manually using static " @@ -83940,7 +86786,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:61176 +#: book.translate.xml:62015 msgid "" "For large networks, static routes quickly become unscalable. FreeBSD comes " "with the standard BSD routing daemon " @@ -83952,7 +86798,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61186 +#: book.translate.xml:62025 msgid "Consider the following network:" msgstr "" @@ -83961,13 +86807,13 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:61190 +#: book.translate.xml:62029 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='advanced-networking/static-routes' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: textobject/literallayout -#: book.translate.xml:61194 +#: book.translate.xml:62033 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\n" @@ -83996,7 +86842,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61220 +#: book.translate.xml:62059 msgid "" "In this scenario, RouterA is a FreeBSD machine that " "is acting as a router to the rest of the Internet. It has a default route " @@ -84007,7 +86853,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61228 +#: book.translate.xml:62067 msgid "" "Before adding any static routes, the routing table on RouterA looks like this:" @@ -84014,7 +86860,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:61231 +#: book.translate.xml:62070 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% netstat -nr\n" @@ -84029,7 +86875,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61241 +#: book.translate.xml:62080 msgid "" "With the current routing table, RouterA does not " "have a route to the 192.168.2.0/24# route add -net 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.1.2" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61251 +#: book.translate.xml:62090 msgid "" "Now, RouterA can reach any host on the 192.168.2.0/24 network. However, the " @@ -84055,7 +86901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61257 +#: book.translate.xml:62096 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Add Internal Net 2 as a persistent static route\n" @@ -84064,7 +86910,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61261 +#: book.translate.xml:62100 msgid "" "The static_routes configuration variable is a list of " "strings separated by a space, where each string references a route name. The " @@ -84073,7 +86919,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61267 +#: book.translate.xml:62106 msgid "" "Using more than one string in static_routes creates " "multiple static routes. The following shows an example of adding static " @@ -84082,7 +86928,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61274 +#: book.translate.xml:62113 #, no-wrap msgid "" "static_routes=\"net1 net2\"\n" @@ -84091,7 +86937,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61282 +#: book.translate.xml:62121 msgid "" "When an address space is assigned to a network, the service provider " "configures their routing tables so that all traffic for the network will be " @@ -84100,7 +86946,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61288 +#: book.translate.xml:62127 msgid "" "There is a system that keeps track of all assigned address spaces and " "defines their point of connection to the Internet backbone, or the main " @@ -84112,7 +86958,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61297 +#: book.translate.xml:62136 msgid "" "It is the task of the service provider to advertise to the backbone sites " "that they are the point of connection, and thus the path inward, for a site. " @@ -84120,7 +86966,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:61302 +#: book.translate.xml:62141 msgid "" "traceroute8" @@ -84127,7 +86973,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61306 +#: book.translate.xml:62145 msgid "" "Sometimes, there is a problem with route propagation and some sites are " "unable to connect. Perhaps the most useful command for trying to figure out " @@ -84136,7 +86982,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61312 +#: book.translate.xml:62151 msgid "" "When using traceroute, include the address of the remote " "host to connect to. The output will show the gateway hosts along the path of " @@ -84147,22 +86993,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:61321 +#: book.translate.xml:62160 msgid "Multicast Considerations" msgstr "群播 (Multicast) 注意事項" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:61323 +#: book.translate.xml:62162 msgid "multicast routing" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:61326 +#: book.translate.xml:62165 msgid "kernel options MROUTING" msgstr "核心選項 MROUTING" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61331 +#: book.translate.xml:62170 msgid "" "FreeBSD natively supports both multicast applications and multicast routing. " "Multicast applications do not require any special configuration in order to " @@ -84171,13 +87017,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61337 +#: book.translate.xml:62176 #, no-wrap msgid "options MROUTING" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61339 +#: book.translate.xml:62178 msgid "" "The multicast routing daemon, mrouted can be " "installed using the net/mrouted package or port. This " @@ -84191,7 +87037,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:61352 +#: book.translate.xml:62191 msgid "" "DVMRP has largely been replaced by the PIM protocol in many multicast installations. Refer to " @@ -84200,17 +87046,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:61362 +#: book.translate.xml:62201 msgid "Wireless Networking" msgstr "無線網路" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:61365 +#: book.translate.xml:62204 msgid " Loader " msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:61370 +#: book.translate.xml:62209 msgid "" " Marc Fonvieille " @@ -84217,22 +87063,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:61385 +#: book.translate.xml:62224 msgid "wireless networking" msgstr "無線網路" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:61388 +#: book.translate.xml:62227 msgid "802.11 wireless networking" msgstr "802.11 無線網路" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:61394 +#: book.translate.xml:62233 msgid "Wireless Networking Basics" msgstr "無線網路基礎" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61396 +#: book.translate.xml:62235 msgid "" "Most wireless networks are based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. A basic wireless network consists of " @@ -84242,7 +87088,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61403 +#: book.translate.xml:62242 msgid "" "802.11 networks are organized in two ways. In infrastructure mode, one station acts as a master with all the other stations " @@ -84257,7 +87103,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61418 +#: book.translate.xml:62257 msgid "" "802.11 networks were first deployed in the 2.4GHz band using protocols " "defined by the IEEE 802.11 and " @@ -84272,7 +87118,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61431 +#: book.translate.xml:62270 msgid "" "Separate from the underlying transmission techniques, 802.11 networks have a " "variety of security mechanisms. The original 802.11 specifications defined a " @@ -84299,7 +87145,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61461 +#: book.translate.xml:62300 msgid "" "The other standard to be aware of is 802.11e. It defines protocols for " "deploying multimedia applications, such as streaming video and voice over IP " @@ -84316,7 +87162,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61478 +#: book.translate.xml:62317 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports networks that operate using 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g. " "The WPA and 802.11i security protocols are likewise " @@ -84327,7 +87173,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61490 +#: book.translate.xml:62329 msgid "" "Connecting a computer to an existing wireless network is a very common " "situation. This procedure shows the steps required." @@ -84334,7 +87180,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:61496 +#: book.translate.xml:62335 msgid "" "Obtain the SSID (Service Set Identifier) and " "PSK (Pre-Shared Key) for the wireless network from the " @@ -84342,7 +87188,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:61503 +#: book.translate.xml:62342 msgid "" "Identify the wireless adapter. The FreeBSD GENERIC " "kernel includes drivers for many common wireless adapters. If the wireless " @@ -84352,13 +87198,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:61509 +#: book.translate.xml:62348 #, no-wrap msgid "% ifconfig | grep -B3 -i wireless" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:61511 +#: book.translate.xml:62350 msgid "" "If a wireless adapter is not listed, an additional kernel module might be " "required, or it might be a model not supported by FreeBSD." @@ -84365,13 +87211,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:61517 +#: book.translate.xml:62356 msgid "" "This example shows the Atheros ath0 wireless adapter." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:61522 +#: book.translate.xml:62361 msgid "" "Add an entry for this network to /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf. If the file does not exist, create it. Replace " @@ -84381,7 +87227,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61530 +#: book.translate.xml:62369 #, no-wrap msgid "" "network={\n" @@ -84391,7 +87237,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:61537 +#: book.translate.xml:62376 msgid "" "Add entries to /etc/rc.conf to configure the network on " "startup:" @@ -84398,7 +87244,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61540 +#: book.translate.xml:62379 #, no-wrap msgid "" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" @@ -84406,7 +87252,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:61545 +#: book.translate.xml:62384 msgid "" "Restart the computer, or restart the network service to connect to the " "network:" @@ -84413,12 +87259,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:61554 +#: book.translate.xml:62393 msgid "Basic Setup" msgstr "基礎設定" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:61559 +#: book.translate.xml:62398 msgid "" "To use wireless networking, a wireless networking card is needed and the " "kernel needs to be configured with the appropriate wireless networking " @@ -84427,7 +87273,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:61565 +#: book.translate.xml:62404 msgid "" "The most commonly used wireless devices are those that use parts made by " "Atheros. These devices are supported by athath4ath4 device and the device " @@ -84478,7 +87324,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:61600 +#: book.translate.xml:62439 msgid "" "In addition, the modules that implement cryptographic support for the " "security protocols to use must be loaded. These are intended to be " @@ -84501,7 +87347,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61613 +#: book.translate.xml:62452 #, no-wrap msgid "" "wlan_wep_load=\"YES\"\n" @@ -84510,7 +87356,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:61617 +#: book.translate.xml:62456 msgid "" "Once this information has been added to /boot/loader.conf, reboot the FreeBSD box. Alternately, load the modules by hand " @@ -84519,7 +87365,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:61623 +#: book.translate.xml:62462 msgid "" "For users who do not want to use modules, it is possible to compile these " "drivers into the kernel by adding the following lines to a custom kernel " @@ -84527,7 +87373,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61628 +#: book.translate.xml:62467 #, no-wrap msgid "" "device wlan # 802.11 support\n" @@ -84542,7 +87388,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:61638 +#: book.translate.xml:62477 msgid "" "With this information in the kernel configuration file, recompile the kernel " "and reboot the FreeBSD machine." @@ -84549,7 +87395,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:61643 +#: book.translate.xml:62482 msgid "" "Information about the wireless device should appear in the boot messages, " "like this:" @@ -84556,7 +87402,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:61646 +#: book.translate.xml:62485 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ath0: <Atheros 5212> mem 0x88000000-0x8800ffff irq 11 at device 0.0 on cardbus1\n" @@ -84565,12 +87411,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:61653 +#: book.translate.xml:62492 msgid "Infrastructure Mode" msgstr "主從式 (Infrastructure)" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:61655 +#: book.translate.xml:62494 msgid "" "Infrastructure (BSS) mode is the mode that is typically " "used. In this mode, a number of wireless access points are connected to a " @@ -84580,17 +87426,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:61663 +#: book.translate.xml:62502 msgid "FreeBSD Clients" msgstr "FreeBSD 客戶端" #. (itstool) path: sect4/title -#: book.translate.xml:61666 +#: book.translate.xml:62505 msgid "How to Find Access Points" -msgstr "" +msgstr "如何尋找存取點" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:61668 +#: book.translate.xml:62507 msgid "" "To scan for available networks, use ifconfig8. This request may take " @@ -84600,7 +87446,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:61674 +#: book.translate.xml:62513 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" @@ -84611,7 +87457,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:61681 +#: book.translate.xml:62520 msgid "" "The interface must be before it can scan. Subsequent " "scan requests do not require the interface to be marked as up again." @@ -84618,7 +87464,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:61686 +#: book.translate.xml:62525 msgid "" "The output of a scan request lists each BSS/" "IBSS network found. Besides listing the name of the " @@ -84629,22 +87475,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:61697 +#: book.translate.xml:62536 msgid "Station Capability Codes" msgstr "站台功能代號" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61702 +#: book.translate.xml:62541 msgid "Capability Code" msgstr "功能代號" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61709 +#: book.translate.xml:62548 msgid "E" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61710 +#: book.translate.xml:62549 msgid "" "Extended Service Set (ESS). Indicates that the station is " "part of an infrastructure network rather than an IBSS/ad-" @@ -84652,12 +87498,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61718 +#: book.translate.xml:62557 msgid "I" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61719 +#: book.translate.xml:62558 msgid "" "IBSS/ad-hoc network. Indicates that the station is part " "of an ad-hoc network rather than an ESS network." @@ -84664,12 +87510,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61726 +#: book.translate.xml:62565 msgid "P" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61727 +#: book.translate.xml:62566 msgid "" "Privacy. Encryption is required for all data frames exchanged within the " "BSS using cryptographic means such as WEPS" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61737 +#: book.translate.xml:62576 msgid "" "Short Preamble. Indicates that the network is using short preambles, defined " "in 802.11b High Rate/DSSS PHY, and utilizes a 56 bit sync field rather than " @@ -84691,12 +87537,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61745 +#: book.translate.xml:62584 msgid "s" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:61746 +#: book.translate.xml:62585 msgid "" "Short slot time. Indicates that the 802.11g network is using a short slot " "time because there are no legacy (802.11b) stations present." @@ -84703,18 +87549,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:61754 +#: book.translate.xml:62593 msgid "One can also display the current list of known networks with:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:61757 +#: book.translate.xml:62596 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig wlan0 list scan" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:61759 +#: book.translate.xml:62598 msgid "" "This information may be updated automatically by the adapter or manually " "with a request. Old data is automatically removed from " @@ -84723,12 +87569,12 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect4/title #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:61767 book.translate.xml:62595 +#: book.translate.xml:62606 book.translate.xml:63434 msgid "Basic Settings" msgstr "基礎設定" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:61769 +#: book.translate.xml:62608 msgid "" "This section provides a simple example of how to make the wireless network " "adapter work in FreeBSD without encryption. Once familiar with these " @@ -84737,7 +87583,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:61775 +#: book.translate.xml:62614 msgid "" "There are three basic steps to configure a wireless network: select an " "access point, authenticate the station, and configure an IPSSID:" @@ -84773,7 +87619,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61796 +#: book.translate.xml:62635 #, no-wrap msgid "" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" @@ -84781,7 +87627,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:61799 +#: book.translate.xml:62638 msgid "" "In an environment where there are multiple access points with the same " "SSID, which is often done to simplify roaming, it may be " @@ -84791,7 +87637,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61807 +#: book.translate.xml:62646 #, no-wrap msgid "" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" @@ -84799,7 +87645,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:61810 +#: book.translate.xml:62649 msgid "" "There are other ways to constrain the choice of an access point, such as " "limiting the set of frequencies the system will scan on. This may be useful " @@ -84809,7 +87655,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61818 +#: book.translate.xml:62657 #, no-wrap msgid "" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" @@ -84817,7 +87663,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:61821 +#: book.translate.xml:62660 msgid "" "This example will force the card to operate in 802.11g, which is defined " "only for 2.4GHz frequencies so any 5GHz channels will not be considered. " @@ -84830,7 +87676,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:61835 +#: book.translate.xml:62674 msgid "" "Once an access point is selected, the station needs to authenticate before " "it can pass data. Authentication can happen in several ways. The most common " @@ -84846,7 +87692,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:61852 +#: book.translate.xml:62691 msgid "" "If using an Apple AirPort Extreme base station for an access " @@ -84859,7 +87705,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61860 +#: book.translate.xml:62699 #, no-wrap msgid "" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" @@ -84867,7 +87713,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:61863 +#: book.translate.xml:62702 msgid "" "In general, shared key authentication should be avoided because it uses the " "WEP key material in a highly-constrained manner, making " @@ -84879,12 +87725,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/title -#: book.translate.xml:61876 +#: book.translate.xml:62715 msgid "Getting an IP Address with DHCP" -msgstr "" +msgstr "使用 DHCP 取得 IP 位址" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:61879 +#: book.translate.xml:62718 msgid "" "Once an access point is selected and the authentication parameters are set, " "an IP address must be obtained in order to communicate. " @@ -84895,18 +87741,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:61892 +#: book.translate.xml:62731 msgid "The wireless interface is now ready to bring up:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/screen -#: book.translate.xml:61895 +#: book.translate.xml:62734 #, no-wrap msgid "# service netif start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:61897 +#: book.translate.xml:62736 msgid "" "Once the interface is running, use ifconfig8 to see the status of " @@ -84914,7 +87760,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/screen -#: book.translate.xml:61901 +#: book.translate.xml:62740 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" @@ -84930,7 +87776,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:61912 +#: book.translate.xml:62751 msgid "" "The status: associated line means that it is connected to " "the wireless network. The bssid 00:13:46:49:41:76 is the " @@ -84939,12 +87785,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/title -#: book.translate.xml:61921 +#: book.translate.xml:62760 msgid "Static IP Address" -msgstr "" +msgstr "靜態 IP 位址" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:61923 +#: book.translate.xml:62762 msgid "" "If an IP address cannot be obtained from a DHCP server, set a fixed IP address. Replace the " @@ -84953,7 +87799,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:61930 +#: book.translate.xml:62769 #, no-wrap msgid "" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" @@ -84961,12 +87807,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/title -#: book.translate.xml:61936 +#: book.translate.xml:62775 msgid "WPA" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:61938 +#: book.translate.xml:62777 msgid "" "Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a security protocol used " "together with 802.11 networks to address the lack of proper authentication " @@ -84987,7 +87833,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:61961 +#: book.translate.xml:62800 msgid "" "WPA defines authentication and encryption protocols. " "Authentication is most commonly done using one of two techniques: by 802.1X " @@ -85001,7 +87847,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:61975 +#: book.translate.xml:62814 msgid "" "The control of the wireless connection and the key negotiation or " "authentication with a server is done using " @@ -85014,12 +87860,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/title -#: book.translate.xml:61984 +#: book.translate.xml:62823 msgid "WPA-PSK" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:61986 +#: book.translate.xml:62825 msgid "" "WPA-PSK, also known as WPA Personal, " "is based on a pre-shared key (PSK) which is generated " @@ -85030,7 +87876,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:61997 +#: book.translate.xml:62836 msgid "" "Always use strong passwords that are sufficiently long and made from a rich " "alphabet so that they will not be easily guessed or attacked." @@ -85037,7 +87883,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62002 +#: book.translate.xml:62841 msgid "" "The first step is the configuration of /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf with the SSID and the pre-shared key of the " @@ -85045,7 +87891,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:62007 +#: book.translate.xml:62846 #, no-wrap msgid "" "network={\n" @@ -85055,7 +87901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62012 +#: book.translate.xml:62851 msgid "" "Then, in /etc/rc.conf, indicate that the wireless " "device configuration will be done with WPA and the " @@ -85063,8 +87909,8 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:62018 book.translate.xml:62218 book.translate.xml:62312 -#: book.translate.xml:62436 +#: book.translate.xml:62857 book.translate.xml:63057 book.translate.xml:63151 +#: book.translate.xml:63275 #, no-wrap msgid "" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" @@ -85072,12 +87918,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62021 book.translate.xml:62439 +#: book.translate.xml:62860 book.translate.xml:63278 msgid "Then, bring up the interface:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62023 +#: book.translate.xml:62862 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service netif start\n" @@ -85101,7 +87947,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62042 +#: book.translate.xml:62881 msgid "" "Or, try to configure the interface manually using the information in " "/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf:" @@ -85108,7 +87954,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62046 +#: book.translate.xml:62885 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf\n" @@ -85119,7 +87965,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62052 +#: book.translate.xml:62891 msgid "" "The next operation is to launch dhclient8 to get the " @@ -85127,7 +87973,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62056 +#: book.translate.xml:62895 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# dhclient wlan0\n" @@ -85148,7 +87994,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:62073 +#: book.translate.xml:62912 msgid "" "If /etc/rc.conf has an ifconfig_wlan0=\"DHCP" "\" entry, dhclientDHCP is not possible or desired, set a static " "IP address after " @@ -85168,7 +88014,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62085 +#: book.translate.xml:62924 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.100 netmask 255.255.255.0\n" @@ -85186,7 +88032,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62098 +#: book.translate.xml:62937 msgid "" "When DHCP is not used, the default gateway and the " "nameserver also have to be manually set:" @@ -85193,7 +88039,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62102 +#: book.translate.xml:62941 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# route add default your_default_router\n" @@ -85201,12 +88047,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/title -#: book.translate.xml:62107 +#: book.translate.xml:62946 msgid "WPA with EAP-TLS" -msgstr "" +msgstr "WPA 加上 EAP-TLS" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62110 +#: book.translate.xml:62949 msgid "" "The second way to use WPA is with an 802.1X backend " "authentication server. In this case, WPA is called " @@ -85217,7 +88063,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62119 +#: book.translate.xml:62958 msgid "" "EAP does not come with an encryption method. Instead, " "EAP is embedded inside an encrypted tunnel. There are " @@ -85227,7 +88073,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62127 +#: book.translate.xml:62966 msgid "" "EAP with Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) is a well-" "supported wireless authentication protocol since it was the first " @@ -85243,7 +88089,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62144 +#: book.translate.xml:62983 msgid "" "As previously, the configuration is done via /etc/wpa_supplicant." "conf:" @@ -85250,7 +88096,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:62147 +#: book.translate.xml:62986 #, no-wrap msgid "" "network={\n" @@ -85267,12 +88113,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62161 +#: book.translate.xml:63000 msgid "This field indicates the network name (SSID)." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62166 +#: book.translate.xml:63005 msgid "" "This example uses the RSN IEEE 802.11i protocol, also known as WPA2." @@ -85279,7 +88125,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62172 +#: book.translate.xml:63011 msgid "" "The key_mgmt line refers to the key management protocol " "to use. In this example, it is WPA using EAPEAP method for the connection." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62184 +#: book.translate.xml:63023 msgid "" "The identity field contains the identity string for " "EAP." @@ -85300,7 +88146,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62190 book.translate.xml:62293 book.translate.xml:62406 +#: book.translate.xml:63029 book.translate.xml:63132 book.translate.xml:63245 msgid "" "The ca_cert field indicates the pathname of the " "CA certificate file. This file is needed to verify the " @@ -85308,7 +88154,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62197 +#: book.translate.xml:63036 msgid "" "The client_cert line gives the pathname to the client " "certificate file. This certificate is unique to each wireless client of the " @@ -85316,7 +88162,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62204 +#: book.translate.xml:63043 msgid "" "The private_key field is the pathname to the client " "certificate private key file." @@ -85323,7 +88169,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62210 +#: book.translate.xml:63049 msgid "" "The private_key_passwd field contains the passphrase for " "the private key." @@ -85330,17 +88176,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62215 +#: book.translate.xml:63054 msgid "Then, add the following lines to /etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62221 book.translate.xml:62315 +#: book.translate.xml:63060 book.translate.xml:63154 msgid "The next step is to bring up the interface:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62223 +#: book.translate.xml:63062 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service netif start\n" @@ -85362,7 +88208,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62240 +#: book.translate.xml:63079 msgid "" "It is also possible to bring up the interface manually using " "wpa_supplicant8WPA with EAP-TTLS" -msgstr "" +msgstr "WPA 加上 EAP-TTLS" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62249 +#: book.translate.xml:63088 msgid "" "With EAP-TLS, both the authentication server and the " "client need a certificate. With EAP-TTLS, a client " @@ -85387,7 +88233,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62259 +#: book.translate.xml:63098 msgid "" "The required configuration can be added to /etc/wpa_supplicant." "conf:" @@ -85394,7 +88240,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:62262 +#: book.translate.xml:63101 #, no-wrap msgid "" "network={\n" @@ -85410,13 +88256,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62275 book.translate.xml:62388 +#: book.translate.xml:63114 book.translate.xml:63227 msgid "" "This field specifies the EAP method for the connection." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62280 book.translate.xml:62393 +#: book.translate.xml:63119 book.translate.xml:63232 msgid "" "The identity field contains the identity string for " "EAP authentication inside the encrypted TLSpassword field contains the passphrase for the " "EAP authentication." @@ -85431,7 +88277,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62300 +#: book.translate.xml:63139 msgid "" "This field specifies the authentication method used in the encrypted " "TLS tunnel. In this example, EAP with " @@ -85440,12 +88286,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62309 +#: book.translate.xml:63148 msgid "Next, add the following lines to /etc/rc.conf:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62317 book.translate.xml:62441 +#: book.translate.xml:63156 book.translate.xml:63280 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service netif start\n" @@ -85468,12 +88314,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/title -#: book.translate.xml:62337 +#: book.translate.xml:63176 msgid "WPA with EAP-PEAP" -msgstr "" +msgstr "WPA 加上 EAP-PEAP" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:62341 +#: book.translate.xml:63180 msgid "" "PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 is the most common PEAP method. In this chapter, the term PEAP is used " @@ -85481,7 +88327,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62347 +#: book.translate.xml:63186 msgid "" "Protected EAP (PEAP) is designed as an alternative to " "EAP-TTLS and is the most used EAP " @@ -85491,7 +88337,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62355 +#: book.translate.xml:63194 msgid "" "PEAP is similar to EAP-TTLS as it uses " "a server-side certificate to authenticate clients by creating an encrypted " @@ -85505,7 +88351,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/para -#: book.translate.xml:62369 +#: book.translate.xml:63208 msgid "" "Add the following lines to /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf to " "configure the EAP-PEAP related settings:" @@ -85512,7 +88358,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect5/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:62374 +#: book.translate.xml:63213 #, no-wrap msgid "" "network={\n" @@ -85529,7 +88375,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62413 +#: book.translate.xml:63252 msgid "" "This field contains the parameters for the first phase of authentication, " "the TLS tunnel. According to the authentication server " @@ -85541,7 +88387,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62425 +#: book.translate.xml:63264 msgid "" "This field specifies the authentication protocol used in the encrypted " "TLS tunnel. In the case of PEAP, it is " @@ -85549,12 +88395,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/title -#: book.translate.xml:62462 +#: book.translate.xml:63301 msgid "WEP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:62464 +#: book.translate.xml:63303 msgid "" "Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is part of the original " "802.11 standard. There is no authentication mechanism, only a weak form of " @@ -85562,7 +88408,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:62469 +#: book.translate.xml:63308 msgid "" "WEP can be set up using " "ifconfig8# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" @@ -85579,7 +88425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:62479 +#: book.translate.xml:63318 msgid "" "The weptxkey specifies which WEP key " "will be used in the transmission. This example uses the third key. This must " @@ -85588,7 +88434,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:62489 +#: book.translate.xml:63328 msgid "" "The wepkey selects one of the WEP " "keys. It should be in the format index:key. Key " @@ -85597,7 +88443,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:62497 +#: book.translate.xml:63336 msgid "" "Replace the 0x3456789012 with the key configured for use " "on the access point." @@ -85604,7 +88450,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:62504 +#: book.translate.xml:63343 msgid "" "Refer to ifconfig8 for further information." @@ -85611,7 +88457,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:62507 +#: book.translate.xml:63346 msgid "" "The wpa_supplicant8 facility can be used to configure a wireless " @@ -85620,7 +88466,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:62513 +#: book.translate.xml:63352 #, no-wrap msgid "" "network={\n" @@ -85632,12 +88478,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:62520 +#: book.translate.xml:63359 msgid "Then:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62522 +#: book.translate.xml:63361 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf\n" @@ -85646,12 +88492,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:62530 +#: book.translate.xml:63369 msgid "Ad-hoc Mode" msgstr "對等式 (Ad-hoc)" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:62532 +#: book.translate.xml:63371 msgid "" "IBSS mode, also called ad-hoc mode, is designed for point " "to point connections. For example, to establish an ad-hoc network between " @@ -85660,12 +88506,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:62539 +#: book.translate.xml:63378 msgid "On A:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62541 +#: book.translate.xml:63380 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 wlanmode adhoc\n" @@ -85682,7 +88528,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:62553 +#: book.translate.xml:63392 msgid "" "The adhoc parameter indicates that the interface is " "running in IBSS mode." @@ -85689,7 +88535,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:62556 +#: book.translate.xml:63395 msgid "" "B should now be able to detect A:" @@ -85696,7 +88542,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62559 +#: book.translate.xml:63398 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 wlanmode adhoc\n" @@ -85706,7 +88552,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:62564 +#: book.translate.xml:63403 msgid "" "The I in the output confirms that A is in ad-hoc mode. Now, configure B " @@ -85714,7 +88560,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62569 +#: book.translate.xml:63408 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap\n" @@ -85730,7 +88576,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:62580 +#: book.translate.xml:63419 msgid "" "Both A and B are now ready " "to exchange information." @@ -85737,12 +88583,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:62586 +#: book.translate.xml:63425 msgid "FreeBSD Host Access Points" msgstr "FreeBSD 主機存取點" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:62588 +#: book.translate.xml:63427 msgid "" "FreeBSD can act as an Access Point (AP) which eliminates " "the need to buy a hardware AP or run an ad-hoc network. " @@ -85751,7 +88597,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62597 +#: book.translate.xml:63436 msgid "" "Before configuring a FreeBSD machine as an AP, the kernel " "must be configured with the appropriate networking support for the wireless " @@ -85760,7 +88606,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:62604 +#: book.translate.xml:63443 msgid "" "The NDIS driver wrapper for Windows drivers does not currently support AP# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" @@ -85786,7 +88632,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62620 +#: book.translate.xml:63459 msgid "" "This output displays the card's capabilities. The HOSTAP " "word confirms that this wireless card can act as an AP. " @@ -85796,7 +88642,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62628 +#: book.translate.xml:63467 msgid "" "The wireless device can only be put into hostap mode during the creation of " "the network pseudo-device, so a previously created device must be destroyed " @@ -85804,19 +88650,19 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62632 +#: book.translate.xml:63471 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig wlan0 destroy" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62634 +#: book.translate.xml:63473 msgid "" "then regenerated with the correct option before setting the other parameters:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62637 +#: book.translate.xml:63476 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 wlanmode hostap\n" @@ -85824,7 +88670,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62640 +#: book.translate.xml:63479 msgid "" "Use ifconfig8 again to see the status of the wlan0# ifconfig wlan0\n" @@ -85847,7 +88693,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62653 +#: book.translate.xml:63492 msgid "" "The hostap parameter indicates the interface is running " "in the host-based access point mode." @@ -85854,7 +88700,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62657 +#: book.translate.xml:63496 msgid "" "The interface configuration can be done automatically at boot time by adding " "the following lines to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -85861,7 +88707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:62661 +#: book.translate.xml:63500 #, no-wrap msgid "" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" @@ -85870,12 +88716,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:62667 +#: book.translate.xml:63506 msgid "Host-based Access Point Without Authentication or Encryption" msgstr "無認證或加密的 Host-based 存取點" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62670 +#: book.translate.xml:63509 msgid "" "Although it is not recommended to run an AP without any " "authentication or encryption, this is a simple way to check if the " @@ -85884,7 +88730,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62676 +#: book.translate.xml:63515 msgid "" "Once the AP is configured, initiate a scan from another " "wireless machine to find the AP:" @@ -85891,7 +88737,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62680 +#: book.translate.xml:63519 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" @@ -85901,7 +88747,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62685 +#: book.translate.xml:63524 msgid "" "The client machine found the AP and can be associated " "with it:" @@ -85908,7 +88754,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62688 +#: book.translate.xml:63527 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap\n" @@ -85925,12 +88771,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:62702 +#: book.translate.xml:63541 msgid "WPA2 Host-based Access Point" msgstr "WPA2 Host-based 存取點" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62704 +#: book.translate.xml:63543 msgid "" "This section focuses on setting up a FreeBSD access point using the " "WPA2 security protocol. More details regarding " @@ -85939,7 +88785,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62711 +#: book.translate.xml:63550 msgid "" "The hostapd8 daemon is used to deal with client authentication " @@ -85948,7 +88794,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62716 +#: book.translate.xml:63555 msgid "" "The following configuration operations are performed on the FreeBSD machine " "acting as the AP. Once the AP is " @@ -85958,13 +88804,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:62723 +#: book.translate.xml:63562 #, no-wrap msgid "hostapd_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62725 +#: book.translate.xml:63564 msgid "" "Before trying to configure hostapd8, first configure the " @@ -85972,12 +88818,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/title -#: book.translate.xml:62729 +#: book.translate.xml:63568 msgid "WPA2-PSK" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:62731 +#: book.translate.xml:63570 msgid "" "WPA2-PSK is intended for small networks where the use of " "a backend authentication server is not possible or desired." @@ -85984,12 +88830,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:62735 +#: book.translate.xml:63574 msgid "The configuration is done in /etc/hostapd.conf:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:62738 +#: book.translate.xml:63577 #, no-wrap msgid "" "interface=wlan0 \n" @@ -86004,12 +88850,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62750 +#: book.translate.xml:63589 msgid "Wireless interface used for the access point." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62755 +#: book.translate.xml:63594 msgid "" "Level of verbosity used during the execution of " "hostapd8hostapd8 to store domain socket " @@ -86028,12 +88874,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62769 +#: book.translate.xml:63608 msgid "The group allowed to access the control interface files." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62774 +#: book.translate.xml:63613 msgid "" "The wireless network name, or SSID, that will appear in " "wireless scans." @@ -86040,7 +88886,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62780 +#: book.translate.xml:63619 msgid "" "Enable WPA and specify which WPA " "authentication protocol will be required. A value of 2 " @@ -86050,12 +88896,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62791 +#: book.translate.xml:63630 msgid "ASCII passphrase for WPA authentication." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: warning/para -#: book.translate.xml:62795 +#: book.translate.xml:63634 msgid "" "Always use strong passwords that are at least 8 characters long and made " "from a rich alphabet so that they will not be easily guessed or attacked." @@ -86062,7 +88908,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62803 +#: book.translate.xml:63642 msgid "" "The key management protocol to use. This example sets WPA-PSK." @@ -86069,7 +88915,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:62809 +#: book.translate.xml:63648 msgid "" "Encryption algorithms accepted by the access point. In this example, only " "the CCMP (AES) cipher is accepted. " @@ -86079,7 +88925,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:62822 +#: book.translate.xml:63661 msgid "" "The next step is to start hostapd8:" @@ -86086,13 +88932,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62824 +#: book.translate.xml:63663 #, no-wrap msgid "# service hostapd forcestart" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62826 +#: book.translate.xml:63665 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" @@ -86111,7 +88957,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect4/para -#: book.translate.xml:62840 +#: book.translate.xml:63679 msgid "" "Once the AP is running, the clients can associate with " "it. See for more details. It is " @@ -86120,12 +88966,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:62850 +#: book.translate.xml:63689 msgid "WEP Host-based Access Point" msgstr "WEP Host-based 存取點" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62852 +#: book.translate.xml:63691 msgid "" "It is not recommended to use WEP for setting up an " "AP since there is no authentication mechanism and the " @@ -86135,7 +88981,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62860 +#: book.translate.xml:63699 msgid "" "The wireless device can now be put into hostap mode and configured with the " "correct SSID and IP address:" @@ -86142,7 +88988,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62864 +#: book.translate.xml:63703 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 wlanmode hostap\n" @@ -86151,7 +88997,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:62870 +#: book.translate.xml:63709 msgid "" "The weptxkey indicates which WEP key " "will be used in the transmission. This example uses the third key as key " @@ -86160,7 +89006,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:62879 +#: book.translate.xml:63718 msgid "" "The wepkey sets the selected WEP key. " "It should be in the format index:key. If the " @@ -86169,7 +89015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62888 +#: book.translate.xml:63727 msgid "" "Use ifconfig8 to see the status of the wlan0# ifconfig wlan0\n" @@ -86192,7 +89038,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62901 +#: book.translate.xml:63740 msgid "" "From another wireless machine, it is now possible to initiate a scan to find " "the AP:" @@ -86199,7 +89045,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:62904 +#: book.translate.xml:63743 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" @@ -86209,7 +89055,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:62909 +#: book.translate.xml:63748 msgid "" "In this example, the client machine found the AP and can " "associate with it using the correct parameters. See failover fashion. This type of configuration " @@ -86240,7 +89086,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:62930 +#: book.translate.xml:63769 msgid "" "Link aggregation and failover is covered in and an example for using both wired and wireless connections " @@ -86248,7 +89094,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:62937 +#: book.translate.xml:63776 msgid "" "This section describes a number of steps to help troubleshoot common " "wireless networking problems." @@ -86255,7 +89101,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:62943 +#: book.translate.xml:63782 msgid "" "If the access point is not listed when scanning, check that the " "configuration has not limited the wireless device to a limited set of " @@ -86263,7 +89109,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:62949 +#: book.translate.xml:63788 msgid "" "If the device cannot associate with an access point, verify that the " "configuration matches the settings on the access point. This includes the " @@ -86274,7 +89120,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:62958 +#: book.translate.xml:63797 msgid "" "Debugging support is provided by " "wpa_supplicant8ping# wlandebug -i ath0 +scan+auth+debug+assoc\n" @@ -86310,7 +89156,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:62981 +#: book.translate.xml:63820 msgid "" "Many useful statistics are maintained by the 802.11 layer and " "wlanstats, found in /usr/src/tools/tools/" @@ -86322,7 +89168,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:62992 +#: book.translate.xml:63831 msgid "" "If the above information does not help to clarify the problem, submit a " "problem report and include output from the above tools." @@ -86329,17 +89175,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:63000 +#: book.translate.xml:63839 msgid "USB Tethering" msgstr "USB 網路共享" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:63003 +#: book.translate.xml:63842 msgid "tether" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:63007 +#: book.translate.xml:63846 msgid "" "Many cellphones provide the option to share their data connection over USB " "(often called \"tethering\"). This feature uses either the RNDISAndroid devices generally use the " "urndis4Apple devices use the " "ipheth4cdce4 driver." @@ -86372,12 +89218,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:63029 +#: book.translate.xml:63868 msgid "Before attaching a device, load the appropriate driver into the kernel:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63032 +#: book.translate.xml:63871 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# kldload if_urndis\n" @@ -86386,7 +89232,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:63036 +#: book.translate.xml:63875 msgid "" "Once the device is attached ue0 will be available for use like a normal network device. Be sure " @@ -86394,12 +89240,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:63045 +#: book.translate.xml:63884 msgid "Bluetooth" msgstr "藍牙" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:63048 +#: book.translate.xml:63887 msgid "" " Pav Lucistnik Written by pav@FreeBSD.org" @@ -86406,12 +89252,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:63059 +#: book.translate.xml:63898 msgid "Bluetooth" msgstr "藍牙" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:63063 +#: book.translate.xml:63902 msgid "" "Bluetooth is a wireless technology for creating personal networks operating " "in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band, with a range of 10 meters. Networks are " @@ -86422,7 +89268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:63072 +#: book.translate.xml:63911 msgid "" "This section describes the use of a USB Bluetooth dongle " "on a FreeBSD system. It then describes the various Bluetooth protocols and " @@ -86430,12 +89276,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:63077 +#: book.translate.xml:63916 msgid "Loading Bluetooth Support" msgstr "載入藍牙支援" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63079 +#: book.translate.xml:63918 msgid "" "The Bluetooth stack in FreeBSD is implemented using the " "netgraph4# kldload ng_ubt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63095 +#: book.translate.xml:63934 msgid "" "If the Bluetooth device will be attached to the system during system " "startup, the system can be configured to load the module at boot time by " @@ -86480,13 +89326,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:63100 +#: book.translate.xml:63939 #, no-wrap msgid "ng_ubt_load=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63102 +#: book.translate.xml:63941 msgid "" "Once the driver is loaded, plug in the USB dongle. If the " "driver load was successful, output similar to the following should appear on " @@ -86494,7 +89340,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63108 +#: book.translate.xml:63947 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ubt0: vendor 0x0a12 product 0x0001, rev 1.10/5.25, addr 2\n" @@ -86504,7 +89350,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63113 +#: book.translate.xml:63952 msgid "" "To start and stop the Bluetooth stack, use its startup script. It is a good " "idea to stop the stack before unplugging the device. When starting the " @@ -86512,7 +89358,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63118 +#: book.translate.xml:63957 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service bluetooth start ubt0\n" @@ -86530,17 +89376,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:63133 +#: book.translate.xml:63972 msgid "Finding Other Bluetooth Devices" msgstr "尋找其他藍牙裝置" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:63135 +#: book.translate.xml:63974 msgid "HCI" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63139 +#: book.translate.xml:63978 msgid "" "The Host Controller Interface (HCI) provides a uniform " "method for accessing Bluetooth baseband capabilities. In FreeBSD, a netgraph " @@ -86550,7 +89396,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63145 +#: book.translate.xml:63984 msgid "" "One of the most common tasks is discovery of Bluetooth devices within " "RF proximity. This operation is called inquiry% hccontrol -n ubt0hci inquiry\n" @@ -86580,7 +89426,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63166 +#: book.translate.xml:64005 msgid "" "The BD_ADDR is the unique address of a Bluetooth device, " "similar to the MAC address of a network card. This " @@ -86592,7 +89438,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63176 +#: book.translate.xml:64015 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% hccontrol -n ubt0hci remote_name_request 00:80:37:29:19:a4\n" @@ -86601,7 +89447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63180 +#: book.translate.xml:64019 msgid "" "If an inquiry is performed on a remote Bluetooth device, it will find the " "computer as your.host.name (ubt0). The name assigned to the " @@ -86609,7 +89455,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63185 +#: book.translate.xml:64024 msgid "" "The Bluetooth system provides a point-to-point connection between two " "Bluetooth units, or a point-to-multipoint connection which is shared among " @@ -86618,7 +89464,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63191 +#: book.translate.xml:64030 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% hccontrol -n ubt0hci read_connection_list\n" @@ -86627,7 +89473,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63195 +#: book.translate.xml:64034 msgid "" "A connection handle is useful when termination of the " "baseband connection is required, though it is normally not required to do " @@ -86636,7 +89482,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63201 +#: book.translate.xml:64040 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# hccontrol -n ubt0hci disconnect 41\n" @@ -86645,7 +89491,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63205 +#: book.translate.xml:64044 msgid "" "Type hccontrol help for a complete listing of available " "HCI commands. Most of the HCI commands " @@ -86653,12 +89499,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:63212 +#: book.translate.xml:64051 msgid "Device Pairing" msgstr "裝置配對" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63214 +#: book.translate.xml:64053 msgid "" "By default, Bluetooth communication is not authenticated, and any device can " "talk to any other device. A Bluetooth device, such as a cellular phone, may " @@ -86675,7 +89521,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63231 +#: book.translate.xml:64070 msgid "" "The hcsecd8 daemon is responsible for handling Bluetooth " @@ -86686,7 +89532,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:63238 +#: book.translate.xml:64077 #, no-wrap msgid "" "device {\n" @@ -86698,7 +89544,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63245 +#: book.translate.xml:64084 msgid "" "The only limitation on PIN codes is length. Some devices, " "such as Bluetooth headsets, may have a fixed PIN code " @@ -86714,7 +89560,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63259 +#: book.translate.xml:64098 msgid "" "The following line can be added to /etc/rc.conf to " "configure hcsecd8hcsecd8 daemon output:" @@ -86735,7 +89581,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:63268 +#: book.translate.xml:64107 #, no-wrap msgid "" "hcsecd[16484]: Got Link_Key_Request event from 'ubt0hci', remote bdaddr 0:80:37:29:19:a4\n" @@ -86747,12 +89593,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:63277 +#: book.translate.xml:64116 msgid "Network Access with PPP Profiles" msgstr "使用 PPP Profile 存取網路 " #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63280 +#: book.translate.xml:64119 msgid "" "A Dial-Up Networking (DUN) profile can be used to " "configure a cellular phone as a wireless modem for connecting to a dial-up " @@ -86761,7 +89607,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63286 +#: book.translate.xml:64125 msgid "" "Network access with a PPP profile can be used to provide " "LAN access for a single Bluetooth device or multiple " @@ -86771,7 +89617,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63293 +#: book.translate.xml:64132 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, these profiles are implemented with " "ppp8rfcomm_pppd8 is used to open a " @@ -86795,13 +89641,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63308 +#: book.translate.xml:64147 #, no-wrap msgid "# rfcomm_pppd -a 00:80:37:29:19:a4 -c -C dun -l rfcomm-dialup" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63310 +#: book.translate.xml:64149 msgid "" "The actual channel number will be obtained from the remote device using the " "SDP protocol. It is possible to specify the " @@ -86814,7 +89660,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63318 +#: book.translate.xml:64157 msgid "" "In order to provide network access with the PPP " "LAN service, sdpd# rfcomm_pppd -s -C 7 -l rfcomm-server" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:63336 +#: book.translate.xml:64175 msgid "Bluetooth Protocols" msgstr "藍牙通訊協定" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63338 +#: book.translate.xml:64177 msgid "" "This section provides an overview of the various Bluetooth protocols, their " "function, and associated utilities." @@ -86849,17 +89695,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:63342 +#: book.translate.xml:64181 msgid "Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:63345 +#: book.translate.xml:64184 msgid "L2CAP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63349 +#: book.translate.xml:64188 msgid "" "The Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) " "provides connection-oriented and connectionless data services to upper layer " @@ -86869,7 +89715,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63357 +#: book.translate.xml:64196 msgid "" "L2CAP is based around the concept of channels. A channel is a logical connection on top of a baseband " @@ -86881,7 +89727,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63368 +#: book.translate.xml:64207 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, a netgraph L2CAP node is created for each " "Bluetooth device. This node is normally connected to the downstream " @@ -86893,7 +89739,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63376 +#: book.translate.xml:64215 msgid "" "A useful command is l2ping8, which can be used to " @@ -86903,7 +89749,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63381 +#: book.translate.xml:64220 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# l2ping -a 00:80:37:29:19:a4\n" @@ -86914,7 +89760,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63387 +#: book.translate.xml:64226 msgid "" "The l2control8 utility is used to perform various operations on " @@ -86924,7 +89770,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63393 +#: book.translate.xml:64232 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% l2control -a 00:02:72:00:d4:1a read_channel_list\n" @@ -86938,7 +89784,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63402 +#: book.translate.xml:64241 msgid "" "Another diagnostic tool is btsockstat1. It is similar to " @@ -86950,7 +89796,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63408 +#: book.translate.xml:64247 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% btsockstat\n" @@ -86966,12 +89812,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:63421 +#: book.translate.xml:64260 msgid "Radio Frequency Communication (RFCOMM)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63424 +#: book.translate.xml:64263 msgid "" "The RFCOMM protocol provides emulation of serial ports " "over the L2CAP protocol. RFCOMM is a " @@ -86982,7 +89828,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63433 +#: book.translate.xml:64272 msgid "" "For the purposes of RFCOMM, a complete communication path " "involves two applications running on the communication endpoints with a " @@ -86993,7 +89839,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63442 +#: book.translate.xml:64281 msgid "" "RFCOMM is only concerned with the connection between the " "devices in the direct connect case, or between the device and a modem in the " @@ -87003,7 +89849,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63450 +#: book.translate.xml:64289 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, RFCOMM is implemented at the Bluetooth " "sockets layer." @@ -87010,17 +89856,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:63455 +#: book.translate.xml:64294 msgid "Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:63458 +#: book.translate.xml:64297 msgid "SDP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63462 +#: book.translate.xml:64301 msgid "" "The Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) provides the means " "for client applications to discover the existence of services provided by " @@ -87030,7 +89876,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63470 +#: book.translate.xml:64309 msgid "" "SDP involves communication between a SDP server and a SDP client. The server maintains a " @@ -87046,7 +89892,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63485 +#: book.translate.xml:64324 msgid "" "Normally, a SDP client searches for services based on " "some desired characteristics of the services. However, there are times when " @@ -87057,7 +89903,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63494 +#: book.translate.xml:64333 msgid "" "The Bluetooth SDP server, " "sdpd8% sdpcontrol -a 00:01:03:fc:6e:ec browse\n" @@ -87097,7 +89943,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63523 +#: book.translate.xml:64362 msgid "" "Note that each service has a list of attributes, such as the " "RFCOMM channel. Depending on the service, the user might " @@ -87109,13 +89955,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63533 +#: book.translate.xml:64372 #, no-wrap msgid "% sdpcontrol -a 00:01:03:fc:6e:ec search OPUSH" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63535 +#: book.translate.xml:64374 msgid "" "Offering services on FreeBSD to Bluetooth clients is done with the " "sdpd8sdpd8 daemon can be started with:" @@ -87137,13 +89983,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63543 +#: book.translate.xml:64382 #, no-wrap msgid "# service sdpd start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63545 +#: book.translate.xml:64384 msgid "" "The local server application that wants to provide a Bluetooth service to " "remote clients will register the service with the local SDPSDP server " "can be obtained by issuing a SDP browse query via the " @@ -87162,23 +90008,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63557 +#: book.translate.xml:64396 #, no-wrap msgid "# sdpcontrol -l browse" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:63561 +#: book.translate.xml:64400 msgid "OBEX Object Push (OPUSH)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:63564 +#: book.translate.xml:64403 msgid "OBEX" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63568 +#: book.translate.xml:64407 msgid "" "Object Exchange (OBEX) is a widely used protocol for " "simple file transfers between mobile devices. Its main use is in infrared " @@ -87189,7 +90035,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63577 +#: book.translate.xml:64416 msgid "" "The OBEX server and client are implemented by " "obexapp, which can be installed using the " @@ -87197,7 +90043,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63582 +#: book.translate.xml:64421 msgid "" "The OBEX client is used to push and/or pull objects from " "the OBEX server. An example object is a business card or " @@ -87214,7 +90060,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63598 +#: book.translate.xml:64437 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% obexapp -a 00:80:37:29:19:a4 -C IrMC\n" @@ -87227,7 +90073,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63606 +#: book.translate.xml:64445 msgid "" "In order to provide the OPUSH service, " "sdpd8# obexapp -s -C 10" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/title -#: book.translate.xml:63622 +#: book.translate.xml:64461 msgid "Serial Port Profile (SPP)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63624 +#: book.translate.xml:64463 msgid "" "The Serial Port Profile (SPP) allows Bluetooth devices to " "perform serial cable emulation. This profile allows legacy applications to " @@ -87262,7 +90108,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63630 +#: book.translate.xml:64469 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, rfcomm_sppd1 implements " @@ -87276,7 +90122,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63640 +#: book.translate.xml:64479 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# rfcomm_sppd -a 00:07:E0:00:0B:CA -t\n" @@ -87285,23 +90131,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63644 +#: book.translate.xml:64483 msgid "Once connected, the pseudo tty can be used as serial port:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63647 +#: book.translate.xml:64486 #, no-wrap msgid "# cu -l /dev/pts/6" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/para -#: book.translate.xml:63649 +#: book.translate.xml:64488 msgid "The pseudo tty is printed on stdout and can be read by wrapper scripts:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect3/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:63652 +#: book.translate.xml:64491 #, no-wrap msgid "" "PTS=`rfcomm_sppd -a 00:07:E0:00:0B:CA -t`\n" @@ -87309,7 +90155,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63660 +#: book.translate.xml:64499 msgid "" "By default, when FreeBSD is accepting a new connection, it tries to perform " "a role switch and become master. Some older Bluetooth devices which do not " @@ -87320,13 +90166,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63669 +#: book.translate.xml:64508 #, no-wrap msgid "# hccontrol -n ubt0hci write_node_role_switch 0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63671 +#: book.translate.xml:64510 msgid "" "To display Bluetooth packets, use the third-party package " "hcidump, which can be installed using the " @@ -87338,12 +90184,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:63682 +#: book.translate.xml:64521 msgid "Bridging" msgstr "橋接" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:63685 book.translate.xml:64146 +#: book.translate.xml:64524 book.translate.xml:64985 msgid "" " Andrew Thompson Written by " @@ -87350,17 +90196,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:63695 +#: book.translate.xml:64534 msgid "IP subnet" msgstr "IP 子網段" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:63698 +#: book.translate.xml:64537 msgid "bridge" msgstr "橋接" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:63702 +#: book.translate.xml:64541 msgid "" "It is sometimes useful to divide a network, such as an Ethernet segment, " "into network segments without having to create IP subnets " @@ -87369,7 +90215,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:63709 +#: book.translate.xml:64548 msgid "" "A bridge works by learning the MAC addresses of the " "devices on each of its network interfaces. It forwards traffic between " @@ -87380,17 +90226,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:63717 +#: book.translate.xml:64556 msgid "Bridging can be useful in the following situations:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:63721 +#: book.translate.xml:64560 msgid "Connecting Networks" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:63723 +#: book.translate.xml:64562 msgid "" "The basic operation of a bridge is to join two or more network segments. " "There are many reasons to use a host-based bridge instead of networking " @@ -87400,12 +90246,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:63733 +#: book.translate.xml:64572 msgid "Filtering/Traffic Shaping Firewall" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:63735 +#: book.translate.xml:64574 msgid "" "A bridge can be used when firewall functionality is needed without routing " "or Network Address Translation (NAT)." @@ -87412,7 +90258,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:63739 +#: book.translate.xml:64578 msgid "" "An example is a small company that is connected via DSL " "or ISDN to an ISP. There are thirteen " @@ -87423,12 +90269,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:63752 +#: book.translate.xml:64591 msgid "Network Tap" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:63754 +#: book.translate.xml:64593 msgid "" "A bridge can join two network segments in order to inspect all Ethernet " "frames that pass between them using bpfVPN" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:63765 +#: book.translate.xml:64604 msgid "" "Two Ethernet networks can be joined across an IP link by " "bridging the networks to an EtherIP tunnel or a " @@ -87453,12 +90299,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:63773 +#: book.translate.xml:64612 msgid "Layer 2 Redundancy" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:63775 +#: book.translate.xml:64614 msgid "" "A network can be connected together with multiple links and use the Spanning " "Tree Protocol (STP) to block redundant paths." @@ -87465,7 +90311,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:63782 +#: book.translate.xml:64621 msgid "" "This section describes how to configure a FreeBSD system as a bridge using " "if_bridge4pfil9if_bridge4 is a kernel module " @@ -87503,7 +90349,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63803 +#: book.translate.xml:64642 msgid "" "The bridge is created using interface cloning. To create the bridge " "interface:" @@ -87510,7 +90356,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63806 +#: book.translate.xml:64645 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig bridge create\n" @@ -87524,7 +90370,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63815 +#: book.translate.xml:64654 msgid "" "When a bridge interface is created, it is automatically assigned a randomly " "generated Ethernet address. The maxaddr and " @@ -87535,7 +90381,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63824 +#: book.translate.xml:64663 msgid "" "Next, specify which network interfaces to add as members of the bridge. For " "the bridge to forward packets, all member interfaces and the bridge need to " @@ -87543,7 +90389,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63828 +#: book.translate.xml:64667 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig bridge0 addm fxp0 addm fxp1 up\n" @@ -87552,7 +90398,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63832 +#: book.translate.xml:64671 msgid "" "The bridge can now forward Ethernet frames between fxp0 " "and fxp1. Add the following lines to /etc/rc." @@ -87560,7 +90406,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:63837 +#: book.translate.xml:64676 #, no-wrap msgid "" "cloned_interfaces=\"bridge0\"\n" @@ -87570,7 +90416,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63842 +#: book.translate.xml:64681 msgid "" "If the bridge host needs an IP address, set it on the " "bridge interface, not on the member interfaces. The address can be set " @@ -87579,13 +90425,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63848 +#: book.translate.xml:64687 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig bridge0 inet 192.168.0.1/24" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63850 +#: book.translate.xml:64689 msgid "" "It is also possible to assign an IPv6 address to a bridge " "interface. To make the changes permanent, add the addressing information to " @@ -87593,7 +90439,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:63856 +#: book.translate.xml:64695 msgid "" "When packet filtering is enabled, bridged packets will pass through the " "filter inbound on the originating interface on the bridge interface, and " @@ -87603,7 +90449,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:63863 +#: book.translate.xml:64702 msgid "" "The bridge has several configurable settings for passing non-IP and IP packets, and layer2 firewalling with " @@ -87613,12 +90459,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:63871 +#: book.translate.xml:64710 msgid "Enabling Spanning Tree" msgstr "開啟 Spanning Tree" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63873 +#: book.translate.xml:64712 msgid "" "For an Ethernet network to function properly, only one active path can exist " "between two devices. The STP protocol detects loops and " @@ -87628,7 +90474,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63881 +#: book.translate.xml:64720 msgid "" "The Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP or 802.1w) " "provides backwards compatibility with legacy STP. " @@ -87640,7 +90486,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63890 +#: book.translate.xml:64729 msgid "" "STP can be enabled on member interfaces using " "ifconfig8# ifconfig bridge0 stp fxp0 stp fxp1\n" @@ -87668,7 +90514,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63908 +#: book.translate.xml:64747 msgid "" "This bridge has a spanning tree ID of 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 " "and a priority of 32768. As the root idSTP enabled:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63917 +#: book.translate.xml:64756 #, no-wrap msgid "" "bridge0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500\n" @@ -87698,7 +90544,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:63929 +#: book.translate.xml:64768 msgid "" "The line root id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 ifcost 400000 " "port 4 shows that the root bridge is 00:01:02:4b:d4:50ifconfig parameters are unique to bridge " "interfaces. This section summarizes some common uses for these parameters. " @@ -87723,12 +90569,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:63947 +#: book.translate.xml:64786 msgid "private" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:63949 +#: book.translate.xml:64788 msgid "" "A private interface does not forward any traffic to any other port that is " "also designated as a private interface. The traffic is blocked " @@ -87738,12 +90584,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:63960 +#: book.translate.xml:64799 msgid "span" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:63962 +#: book.translate.xml:64801 msgid "" "A span port transmits a copy of every Ethernet frame received by the bridge. " "The number of span ports configured on a bridge is unlimited, but if an " @@ -87755,18 +90601,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63972 +#: book.translate.xml:64811 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig bridge0 span fxp4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:63977 +#: book.translate.xml:64816 msgid "sticky" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:63979 +#: book.translate.xml:64818 msgid "" "If a bridge member interface is marked as sticky, dynamically learned " "address entries are treated as static entries in the forwarding cache. " @@ -87778,7 +90624,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:63989 +#: book.translate.xml:64828 msgid "" "An example of using sticky addresses is to combine the bridge with " "VLANs in order to isolate customer networks without " @@ -87790,7 +90636,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:63998 +#: book.translate.xml:64837 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig bridge0 addm vlan100 sticky vlan100 addm vlan101 sticky vlan101\n" @@ -87798,7 +90644,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64001 +#: book.translate.xml:64840 msgid "" "In this example, both clients see 192.168.0.1 as their default gateway. Since the bridge cache " @@ -87807,7 +90653,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64007 +#: book.translate.xml:64846 msgid "" "Any communication between the VLANs can be blocked using " "a firewall or, as seen in this example, private interfaces:" @@ -87814,13 +90660,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64011 +#: book.translate.xml:64850 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig bridge0 private vlan100 private vlan101" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64013 +#: book.translate.xml:64852 msgid "" "The customers are completely isolated from each other and the full " "/24 address range can be " @@ -87828,7 +90674,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64017 +#: book.translate.xml:64856 msgid "" "The number of unique source MAC addresses behind an " "interface can be limited. Once the limit is reached, packets with unknown " @@ -87837,7 +90683,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64023 +#: book.translate.xml:64862 msgid "" "The following example sets the maximum number of Ethernet devices for " "CustomerA on " @@ -87845,13 +90691,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64027 +#: book.translate.xml:64866 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig bridge0 ifmaxaddr vlan100 10" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64032 +#: book.translate.xml:64871 msgid "" "Bridge interfaces also support monitor mode, where the packets are discarded " "after bpf4# ifconfig bridge0 addm fxp0 addm fxp1 addm fxp2 addm fxp3 monitor up\n" @@ -87873,12 +90719,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:64046 +#: book.translate.xml:64885 msgid "SNMP Monitoring" msgstr "SNMP 監視" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64048 +#: book.translate.xml:64887 msgid "" "The bridge interface and STP parameters can be monitored " "via bsnmpd1/etc/" "snmp.config by removing the beginning # symbol:" @@ -87896,13 +90742,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:64059 +#: book.translate.xml:64898 #, no-wrap msgid "begemotSnmpdModulePath.\"bridge\" = \"/usr/lib/snmp_bridge.so\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64061 +#: book.translate.xml:64900 msgid "" "Other configuration settings, such as community names and access lists, may " "need to be modified in this file. See bsnmpdbsnmpd1:" @@ -87926,13 +90772,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64071 +#: book.translate.xml:64910 #, no-wrap msgid "# service bsnmpd start" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64073 +#: book.translate.xml:64912 msgid "" "The following examples use the Net-SNMP software " "(net-mgmt/net-snmp) to query a bridge from a client " @@ -87944,7 +90790,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:64083 +#: book.translate.xml:64922 #, no-wrap msgid "" "mibdirs +/usr/share/snmp/mibs\n" @@ -87952,12 +90798,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64086 +#: book.translate.xml:64925 msgid "To monitor a single bridge using the IETF BRIDGE-MIB (RFC4188):" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64089 +#: book.translate.xml:64928 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% snmpwalk -v 2c -c public bridge1.example.com mib-2.dot1dBridge\n" @@ -87979,7 +90825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64106 +#: book.translate.xml:64945 msgid "" "The dot1dStpTopChanges.0 value is two, indicating that " "the STP bridge topology has changed twice. A topology " @@ -87990,7 +90836,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64114 +#: book.translate.xml:64953 msgid "" "To monitor multiple bridge interfaces, the private BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB can be " "used:" @@ -87997,7 +90843,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64117 +#: book.translate.xml:64956 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% snmpwalk -v 2c -c public bridge1.example.com\n" @@ -88018,7 +90864,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64133 +#: book.translate.xml:64972 msgid "" "To change the bridge interface being monitored via the mib-2." "dot1dBridge subtree:" @@ -88025,7 +90871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64136 +#: book.translate.xml:64975 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% snmpset -v 2c -c private bridge1.example.com\n" @@ -88033,42 +90879,42 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:64143 +#: book.translate.xml:64982 msgid "Link Aggregation and Failover" msgstr "Link Aggregation 與容錯移轉" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:64156 +#: book.translate.xml:64995 msgid "lagg" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:64159 +#: book.translate.xml:64998 msgid "failover" msgstr "容錯移轉" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:64162 +#: book.translate.xml:65001 msgid "FEC" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:64165 +#: book.translate.xml:65004 msgid "LACP" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:64168 +#: book.translate.xml:65007 msgid "loadbalance" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:64171 +#: book.translate.xml:65010 msgid "roundrobin" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:64175 +#: book.translate.xml:65014 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides the lagg4 interface which can be " @@ -88081,7 +90927,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:64185 +#: book.translate.xml:65024 msgid "" "The aggregation protocols supported by the lagg interface determine which " "ports are used for outgoing traffic and whether or not a specific port " @@ -88091,12 +90937,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:64192 +#: book.translate.xml:65031 msgid "failover" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64194 +#: book.translate.xml:65033 msgid "" "This mode sends and receives traffic only through the master port. If the " "master port becomes unavailable, the next active port is used. The first " @@ -88107,12 +90953,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:64206 +#: book.translate.xml:65045 msgid "fec / loadbalance" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64208 +#: book.translate.xml:65047 msgid "" "Cisco Fast EtherChannel (FEC) is found on " @@ -88123,12 +90969,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:64218 +#: book.translate.xml:65057 msgid "lacp" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64220 +#: book.translate.xml:65059 msgid "" "The IEEE 802.3ad Link " "Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) negotiates a set of " @@ -88142,7 +90988,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64234 +#: book.translate.xml:65073 msgid "" "LACP balances outgoing traffic across the active ports " "based on hashed protocol header information and accepts incoming traffic " @@ -88153,12 +90999,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:64246 +#: book.translate.xml:65085 msgid "roundrobin" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64248 +#: book.translate.xml:65087 msgid "" "This mode distributes outgoing traffic using a round-robin scheduler through " "all active ports and accepts incoming traffic from any active port. Since " @@ -88166,12 +91012,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:64258 +#: book.translate.xml:65097 msgid "Configuration Examples" msgstr "設定範例" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64260 +#: book.translate.xml:65099 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to configure a Cisco switch and a FreeBSD system for LACP " @@ -88181,7 +91027,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:64268 +#: book.translate.xml:65107 msgid "" "LACP Aggregation with a Cisco Switch" @@ -88190,7 +91036,7 @@ "LACP Aggregation" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64271 +#: book.translate.xml:65110 msgid "" "This example connects two fxp4 Ethernet interfaces on " @@ -88203,7 +91049,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64280 +#: book.translate.xml:65119 msgid "" "Frame ordering is mandatory on Ethernet links and any traffic between two " "stations always flows over the same physical link, limiting the maximum " @@ -88213,7 +91059,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64288 +#: book.translate.xml:65127 msgid "" "On the Cisco switch, add the " "FastEthernet0/1 and FastEthernet0/2interface FastEthernet0/1\n" @@ -88234,7 +91080,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64301 +#: book.translate.xml:65140 msgid "" "On the FreeBSD system, create the lagg4 interface using the " @@ -88244,7 +91090,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64308 +#: book.translate.xml:65147 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig fxp0 up\n" @@ -88254,12 +91100,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64313 +#: book.translate.xml:65152 msgid "Next, verify the status of the virtual interface:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64315 +#: book.translate.xml:65154 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig lagg0\n" @@ -88274,7 +91120,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64325 +#: book.translate.xml:65164 msgid "" "Ports marked as ACTIVE are part of the LAG that has been negotiated with the remote switch. Traffic will be " @@ -88283,7 +91129,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64333 +#: book.translate.xml:65172 msgid "" "To see the port status on the Cisco switch:" @@ -88290,7 +91136,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64335 +#: book.translate.xml:65174 #, no-wrap msgid "" "switch# show lacp neighbor\n" @@ -88309,12 +91155,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64349 +#: book.translate.xml:65188 msgid "For more detail, type show lacp neighbor detail." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64352 +#: book.translate.xml:65191 msgid "" "To retain this configuration across reboots, add the following entries to " "/etc/rc.conf on the FreeBSD system:" @@ -88321,7 +91167,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:64356 +#: book.translate.xml:65195 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"up\"\n" @@ -88331,12 +91177,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:64363 +#: book.translate.xml:65202 msgid "Failover Mode" msgstr "容錯移轉模式" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64365 +#: book.translate.xml:65204 msgid "" "Failover mode can be used to switch over to a secondary interface if the " "link is lost on the master interface. To configure failover, make sure that " @@ -88349,7 +91195,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64375 +#: book.translate.xml:65214 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig fxp0 up\n" @@ -88359,12 +91205,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64380 book.translate.xml:64469 +#: book.translate.xml:65219 book.translate.xml:65308 msgid "The virtual interface should look something like this:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64383 +#: book.translate.xml:65222 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig lagg0\n" @@ -88380,7 +91226,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64394 +#: book.translate.xml:65233 msgid "" "Traffic will be transmitted and received on fxp0. " "If the link is lost on fxp0, fxp1/etc/rc.conf:" @@ -88396,7 +91242,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:64405 +#: book.translate.xml:65244 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"up\"\n" @@ -88406,12 +91252,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/title -#: book.translate.xml:64412 +#: book.translate.xml:65251 msgid "Failover Mode Between Ethernet and Wireless Interfaces" msgstr "乙太網路與無線介面間的容錯移轉模式" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64415 +#: book.translate.xml:65254 msgid "" "For laptop users, it is usually desirable to configure the wireless device " "as a secondary which is only used when the Ethernet connection is not " @@ -88423,7 +91269,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64423 +#: book.translate.xml:65262 msgid "" "This is achieved by overriding the physical wireless interface's " "MAC address with that of the Ethernet interface." @@ -88430,7 +91276,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64427 +#: book.translate.xml:65266 msgid "" "In this example, the Ethernet interface, bge0, is " "the master and the wireless interface, wlan0, is " @@ -88441,7 +91287,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64437 +#: book.translate.xml:65276 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig bge0\n" @@ -88455,7 +91301,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64446 +#: book.translate.xml:65285 msgid "" "Replace bge0 to match the system's Ethernet " "interface name. The ether line will contain the " @@ -88464,13 +91310,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64453 +#: book.translate.xml:65292 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig iwn0 ether 00:21:70:da:ae:37" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64455 +#: book.translate.xml:65294 msgid "" "Bring the wireless interface up, but do not set an IP " "address:" @@ -88477,13 +91323,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64458 +#: book.translate.xml:65297 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev iwn0 ssid my_router up" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64460 +#: book.translate.xml:65299 msgid "" "Make sure the bge0 interface is up, then create " "the lagg4# ifconfig bge0 up\n" @@ -88501,7 +91347,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64472 +#: book.translate.xml:65311 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig lagg0\n" @@ -88516,7 +91362,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/para -#: book.translate.xml:64482 +#: book.translate.xml:65321 msgid "" "Then, start the DHCP client to obtain an IP address:" @@ -88523,13 +91369,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64485 +#: book.translate.xml:65324 #, no-wrap msgid "# dhclient lagg0" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: example/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:64491 +#: book.translate.xml:65330 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ifconfig_bge0=\"up\"\n" @@ -88541,12 +91387,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:64503 +#: book.translate.xml:65342 msgid "Diskless Operation with PXE" msgstr "PXE 無磁碟作業" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:64506 +#: book.translate.xml:65345 msgid "" " Jean-François Dockès " " Updated by " @@ -88553,7 +91399,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:64515 +#: book.translate.xml:65354 msgid "" " Alex Dupre Reorganized and enhanced by " @@ -88560,17 +91406,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:64525 +#: book.translate.xml:65364 msgid "diskless workstation" msgstr "無磁碟工作站" #. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:64528 +#: book.translate.xml:65367 msgid "diskless operation" msgstr "無磁碟作業" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:64532 +#: book.translate.xml:65371 msgid "" "The Intel Preboot eXecution " "Environment (PXE) allows an operating system to boot over " @@ -88584,7 +91430,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:64543 +#: book.translate.xml:65382 msgid "" "In order to provide the files needed for an operating system to boot over " "the network, a PXE setup also requires properly " @@ -88593,7 +91439,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64551 +#: book.translate.xml:65390 msgid "" "Initial parameters, such as an IP address, executable " "boot filename and location, server name, and root path are obtained from the " @@ -88601,18 +91447,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64558 +#: book.translate.xml:65397 msgid "" "The operating system loader file is booted using TFTP." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:64563 +#: book.translate.xml:65402 msgid "The file systems are loaded using NFS." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:64568 +#: book.translate.xml:65407 msgid "" "When a computer PXE boots, it receives information over " "DHCP about where to obtain the initial boot loader file. " @@ -88625,7 +91471,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:64579 +#: book.translate.xml:65418 msgid "" "This section describes how to configure these services on a FreeBSD system " "so that other systems can PXE boot into FreeBSD. Refer to " @@ -88634,7 +91480,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: caution/para -#: book.translate.xml:64585 +#: book.translate.xml:65424 msgid "" "As described, the system providing these services is insecure. It should " "live in a protected area of a network and be untrusted by other hosts." @@ -88641,18 +91487,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:64592 +#: book.translate.xml:65431 msgid "Setting Up the PXE Environment" msgstr "設定 PXE 環境" #. (itstool) path: affiliation/address -#: book.translate.xml:64602 +#: book.translate.xml:65441 #, no-wrap msgid "rodrigc@FreeBSD.org" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:64596 +#: book.translate.xml:65435 msgid "" " Craig Rodrigues <_:address-1/> Written by " @@ -88660,7 +91506,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64609 +#: book.translate.xml:65448 msgid "" "The steps shown in this section configure the built-in NFS and TFTP servers. The next section demonstrates " @@ -88673,7 +91519,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64623 +#: book.translate.xml:65462 msgid "" "Create the root directory which will contain a FreeBSD installation to be " "NFS mounted:" @@ -88680,7 +91526,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64626 +#: book.translate.xml:65465 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# export NFSROOTDIR=/b/tftpboot/FreeBSD/install\n" @@ -88688,7 +91534,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64631 +#: book.translate.xml:65470 msgid "" "Enable the NFS server by adding this line to /" "etc/rc.conf:" @@ -88695,13 +91541,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:64634 +#: book.translate.xml:65473 #, no-wrap msgid "nfs_server_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64638 +#: book.translate.xml:65477 msgid "" "Export the diskless root directory via NFS by adding the " "following to /etc/exports:" @@ -88708,18 +91554,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:64642 +#: book.translate.xml:65481 #, no-wrap msgid "/b -ro -alldirs" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64646 +#: book.translate.xml:65485 msgid "Start the NFS server:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64652 +#: book.translate.xml:65491 msgid "" "Enable inetd8 by adding the following line to /etc/rc." @@ -88727,7 +91573,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64659 +#: book.translate.xml:65498 msgid "" "Uncomment the following line in /etc/inetd.conf by " "making sure it does not start with a # symbol:" @@ -88734,13 +91580,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:64663 +#: book.translate.xml:65502 #, no-wrap msgid "tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /b/tftpboot" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:64666 +#: book.translate.xml:65505 msgid "" "Some PXE versions require the TCP " "version of TFTP. In this case, uncomment the second " @@ -88748,7 +91594,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64675 +#: book.translate.xml:65514 msgid "" "Start inetd8:" @@ -88755,7 +91601,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64681 +#: book.translate.xml:65520 msgid "" "Rebuild the FreeBSD kernel and userland (refer to for more detailed instructions):" @@ -88762,7 +91608,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64684 +#: book.translate.xml:65523 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /usr/src\n" @@ -88771,12 +91617,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64690 +#: book.translate.xml:65529 msgid "Install FreeBSD into the directory mounted over NFS:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64693 +#: book.translate.xml:65532 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# make installworld DESTDIR=${NFSROOTDIR}\n" @@ -88785,7 +91631,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64699 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Test that the TFTP server works and can download the boot " "loader which will be obtained via PXE:" @@ -88792,7 +91638,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64703 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# tftp localhost\n" @@ -88801,7 +91647,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64709 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Edit ${NFSROOTDIR}/etc/fstab and create an entry to " "mount the root file system over NFS:" @@ -88808,7 +91654,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:64713 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Device Mountpoint FSType Options Dump Pass\n" @@ -88816,7 +91662,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64716 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Replace myhost.example.com with the hostname or " "IP address of the NFS server. In this " @@ -88826,7 +91672,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64725 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Set the root password in the PXE environment for client " "machines which are PXE booting :" @@ -88833,7 +91679,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64729 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# chroot ${NFSROOTDIR}\n" @@ -88841,7 +91687,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64734 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "If needed, enable ssh1 root logins for client " @@ -88853,7 +91699,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:64743 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Perform any other needed customizations of the PXE " "environment in ${NFSROOTDIR}. These customizations " @@ -88863,7 +91709,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64751 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "When booting from an NFS root volume, /etc/rc detects the NFS boot and runs /etc/rc." @@ -88874,7 +91720,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/screen -#: book.translate.xml:64760 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# chroot ${NFSROOTDIR}\n" @@ -88884,7 +91730,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64765 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "When the system boots, memory file systems for /etc and " "/var will be created and mounted and the contents of " @@ -88892,17 +91738,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:64773 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Configuring the DHCP Server" msgstr "設定 DHCP 伺服器" #. (itstool) path: sect2/indexterm -#: book.translate.xml:64775 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "DHCP diskless operation" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64780 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "The DHCP server does not need to be the same machine as " "the TFTP and NFS server, but it needs " @@ -88910,7 +91756,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64785 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "DHCP is not part of the FreeBSD base system but can be " "installed using the net/isc-dhcp42-server port or package." @@ -88917,7 +91763,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64790 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Once installed, edit the configuration file, /usr/local/etc/dhcpd." "conf. Configure the next-server, " @@ -88926,7 +91772,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:64797 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "" "subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {\n" @@ -88950,7 +91796,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64827 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "The next-server directive is used to specify the " "IP address of the TFTP server." @@ -88957,7 +91803,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64831 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "The filename directive defines the path to /" "boot/pxeboot. A relative filename is used, meaning that " @@ -88965,7 +91811,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64836 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "The root-path option defines the path to the " "NFS root file system." @@ -88972,7 +91818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64839 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Once the edits are saved, enable DHCP at boot time by " "adding the following line to /etc/rc.conf:" @@ -88979,23 +91825,23 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:64843 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "dhcpd_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64845 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Then start the DHCP service:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:64969 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Debugging PXE Problems" msgstr "PXE 問題除錯" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64971 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Once all of the services are configured and started, PXE " "clients should be able to automatically load FreeBSD over the network. If a " @@ -89005,7 +91851,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:64978 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "This section describes some troubleshooting tips for isolating the source of " "the configuration problem should no clients be able to PXEnet/wireshark package or port to debug the " "network traffic involved during the PXE booting process, " @@ -89021,7 +91867,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: figure/title -#: book.translate.xml:64990 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "PXE Booting Process with NFS Root Mount" msgstr "" @@ -89032,18 +91878,18 @@ #. the file changes, the md5 hash will change to let you know you need to #. update your localized copy. The msgstr is not used at all. Set it to #. whatever you like once you have updated your copy of the file. -#: book.translate.xml:65003 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgctxt "_" msgid "external ref='advanced-networking/pxe-nfs' md5='__failed__'" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:65007 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:65011 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "The DHCP server responds with the IP " "address, next-server, filename, and " @@ -89051,7 +91897,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:65018 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "The client sends a TFTP request to next-server, asking to retrieve filename." @@ -89058,7 +91904,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:65024 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "The TFTP server responds and sends filename to client." @@ -89065,7 +91911,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: callout/para -#: book.translate.xml:65029 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "The client executes filename, which is " "pxeboot8TFTP server, read /var/log/xferlog to ensure that pxeboot is being retrieved " @@ -89083,7 +91929,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:65050 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# tftp 192.168.0.1\n" @@ -89092,7 +91938,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:65054 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "The BUGS sections in tftpd8 and " @@ -89101,7 +91947,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/para -#: book.translate.xml:65060 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Make sure that the root file system can be mounted via NFS. To test this example configuration:" @@ -89108,18 +91954,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: step/screen -#: book.translate.xml:65064 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "# mount -t nfs 192.168.0.1:/b/tftpboot/FreeBSD/install /mnt" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: info/title -#: book.translate.xml:65072 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "IPv6" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:65075 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" " Aaron Kaplan Originally Written by " @@ -89126,7 +91972,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:65084 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" " Tom Rhodes Restructured and Added by " @@ -89133,7 +91979,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: authorgroup/author -#: book.translate.xml:65093 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" " Brad Davis Extended by " @@ -89140,7 +91986,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:65103 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "IPv6 is the new version of the well known IP protocol, also known as IPv4. IPv6RFC2462)." @@ -89176,33 +92022,33 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:65136 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Mandatory multicast addresses." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:65140 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Built-in IPsec (IP security)." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:65145 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Simplified header structure." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:65149 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Support for mobile IP." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:65153 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "IPv6-to-IPv4 transition mechanisms." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para -#: book.translate.xml:65158 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "FreeBSD includes the http://www." "kame.net/ IPv6 reference implementation and comes " @@ -89211,22 +92057,22 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:65165 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Background on IPv6 Addresses" msgstr "IPv6 位址的背景知識" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65167 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "There are three different types of IPv6 addresses:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:65172 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Unicast" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:65174 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "A packet sent to a unicast address arrives at the interface belonging to the " "address." @@ -89233,12 +92079,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:65180 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Anycast" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:65182 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "These addresses are syntactically indistinguishable from unicast addresses " "but they address a group of interfaces. The packet destined for an anycast " @@ -89247,12 +92093,12 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: varlistentry/term -#: book.translate.xml:65191 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Multicast" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:65193 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "These addresses identify a group of interfaces. A packet destined for a " "multicast address will arrive at all interfaces belonging to the multicast " @@ -89262,7 +92108,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65204 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "When reading an IPv6 address, the canonical form is " "represented as x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where each " @@ -89271,7 +92117,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65211 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Often, an address will have long substrings of all zeros. A :: (double colon) can be used to replace one substring per address. " @@ -89282,7 +92128,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65219 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "A third form is to write the last 32 bits using the well known " "IPv4 notation. For example, 2002::10.0.0.1IPv6 address, use " "ifconfig8# ifconfig" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:65232 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "" "rl0: flags=8943<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,PROMISC,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500\n" @@ -89318,7 +92164,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65239 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "In this example, the rl0 interface is using " "fe80::200:21ff:fe03:8e1%rl0, an auto-configured " @@ -89327,7 +92173,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65244 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Some IPv6 addresses are reserved. A summary of these " "reserved addresses is seen in :" @@ -89334,37 +92180,37 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: table/title -#: book.translate.xml:65248 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Reserved IPv6 Addresses" msgstr "已保留的 IPv6 位址" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65253 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "IPv6 address" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65254 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Prefixlength (Bits)" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65262 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "::" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65263 book.translate.xml:65271 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "128 bits" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65264 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "unspecified" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65265 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Equivalent to 0.0.0.0 in " "IPv4." @@ -89371,17 +92217,17 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65270 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "::1" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65272 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "loopback address" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65273 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Equivalent to 127.0.0.1 in " "IPv4." @@ -89388,37 +92234,37 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65278 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "::00:xx:xx:xx:xx" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65279 book.translate.xml:65287 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "96 bits" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65280 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "embedded IPv4" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65281 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "The lower 32 bits are the compatible IPv4 address." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65286 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "::ff:xx:xx:xx:xx" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65288 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "IPv4 mapped IPv6 address" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65290 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "The lower 32 bits are the IPv4 address for hosts which do " "not support IPv6." @@ -89425,42 +92271,42 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65296 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "fe80::/10" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65297 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "10 bits" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65298 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "link-local" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65299 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Equivalent to 169.254.0.0/16 in IPv4." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65304 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "fc00::/7" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65305 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "7 bits" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65306 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "unique-local" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65307 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Unique local addresses are intended for local communication and are only " "routable within a set of cooperating sites." @@ -89467,37 +92313,37 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65313 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "ff00::" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65314 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "8 bits" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65315 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "multicast" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65320 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "2000::-3fff:: " msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65321 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "3 bits" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65322 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "global unicast" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: row/entry -#: book.translate.xml:65323 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "All global unicast addresses are assigned from this pool. The first 3 bits " "are 001." @@ -89504,7 +92350,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65331 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "For further information on the structure of IPv6 " "addresses, refer to IPv6" msgstr "設定 IPv6" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65338 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "To configure a FreeBSD system as an IPv6 client, add " "these two lines to rc.conf:" @@ -89524,7 +92370,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:65342 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ifconfig_rl0_ipv6=\"inet6 accept_rtadv\"\n" @@ -89532,7 +92378,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65345 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "The first line enables the specified interface to receive router " "solicitation messages. The second line enables the router solicitation " @@ -89541,7 +92387,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65349 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "If the interface needs a statically assigned IPv6 " "address, add an entry to specify the static address and associated prefix " @@ -89549,29 +92395,29 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:65353 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "ifconfig_rl0_ipv6=\"inet6 2001:db8:4672:6565:2026:5043:2d42:5344 prefixlen 64\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65355 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "To assign a default router, specify its address:" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:65357 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "ipv6_defaultrouter=\"2001:db8:4672:6565::1\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:65361 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Connecting to a Provider" msgstr "連線到 Provider" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65363 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "In order to connect to other IPv6 networks, one must have " "a provider or a tunnel that supports IPv6:" @@ -89578,7 +92424,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:65369 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Contact an Internet Service Provider to see if they offer IPv6." @@ -89585,7 +92431,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:65374 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "SixXS offers tunnels with " "end-points all around the globe." @@ -89592,7 +92438,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para -#: book.translate.xml:65380 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Hurricane Electric " "offers tunnels with end-points all around the globe." @@ -89599,7 +92445,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: note/para -#: book.translate.xml:65387 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Install the net/freenet6 package or port for a dial-up " "connection." @@ -89606,7 +92452,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65391 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to take the directions from a tunnel provider " "and convert them into /etc/rc.conf settings that will " @@ -89614,7 +92460,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65396 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "The first /etc/rc.conf entry creates the generic " "tunneling interface gif0:" @@ -89621,13 +92467,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:65400 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "gif_interfaces=\"gif0\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65402 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Next, configure that interface with the IPv4 addresses of " "the local and remote endpoints. Replace MY_IPv4_ADDRMY_IPv4_ADDR REMOTE_IPv4_ADDR\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65410 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "To apply the IPv6 address that has been assigned for use " "as the IPv6 tunnel endpoint, add this line, replacing " @@ -89651,13 +92497,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:65416 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "ifconfig_gif0_ipv6=\"inet6 MY_ASSIGNED_IPv6_TUNNEL_ENDPOINT_ADDR\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65418 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Then, set the default route for the other side of the IPv6 tunnel. Replace MY_IPv6_REMOTE_TUNNEL_ENDPOINT_ADDRMY_IPv6_REMOTE_TUNNEL_ENDPOINT_ADDR\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65426 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "If the FreeBSD system will route IPv6 packets between the " "rest of the network and the world, enable the gateway using this line:" @@ -89678,18 +92524,18 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:65430 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "ipv6_gateway_enable=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/title -#: book.translate.xml:65434 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Router Advertisement and Host Auto Configuration" msgstr "Router Advertisement 與 Host Auto Configuration" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65436 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to setup rtadvd8 to advertise the " @@ -89697,7 +92543,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65439 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "To enable rtadvd8, add the following to /etc/rc.confIPv6 router solicitation. For example, to tell " @@ -89720,13 +92566,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:65449 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "rtadvd_interfaces=\"rl0\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65451 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Next, create the configuration file, /etc/rtadvd.conf " "as seen in this example:" @@ -89733,7 +92579,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:65455 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "" "rl0:\\\n" @@ -89741,7 +92587,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65458 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Replace rl0 with the interface to be used and " "2001:db8:1f11:246:: with the prefix of the " @@ -89749,7 +92595,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65462 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "For a dedicated /64 subnet, " "nothing else needs to be changed. Otherwise, change the prefixlen#IPv6 and IPv6 Address Mapping" msgstr "IPv6 與 IPv6 位址對應表" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65471 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "When IPv6 is enabled on a server, there may be a need to " "enable IPv4 mapped IPv6 address " @@ -89773,7 +92619,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65480 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "This option may not be required in most cases and is available only for " "compatibility. This option will allow IPv6-only " @@ -89784,13 +92630,13 @@ msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/programlisting -#: book.translate.xml:65489 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 #, no-wrap msgid "ipv6_ipv4mapping=\"YES\"" msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: sect2/para -#: book.translate.xml:65491 +#: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "Reviewing the information in RFC 3493, section 3.6 and " "3.7 as well as RFC 4038 section 4.2 may be useful to some " @@ -90142,6 +92988,97 @@ "corresponds to the correct host." msgstr "" +#. (itstool) path: info/title +#: book.translate.xml:65535 +msgid "VLANs" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm +#: book.translate.xml:65535 +msgid "VLANs" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/indexterm +#: book.translate.xml:65535 +msgid "Virtual LANs" +msgstr "虛擬 LAN" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/para +#: book.translate.xml:65535 +msgid "" +"VLANs are a way of virtually dividing up a network into " +"many different subnetworks. Each will have its own broadcast domain and be " +"isolated from the rest of the VLANs." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/para +#: book.translate.xml:65535 +msgid "" +"On FreeBSD, VLANs must be supported by the network card " +"driver. To see which drivers support vlans, refer to the " +"vlan4 manual page." +msgstr "" +"在 FreeBSD 上，要使用 VLANs 必須有網路卡驅動程式的支援，要" +"查看那些驅動程式支援 vlan，請參考 vlan4 操作手冊。" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/para +#: book.translate.xml:65535 +msgid "" +"When configuring a VLAN, a couple pieces of information " +"must be known. First, which network interface? Second, what is the " +"VLAN tag?" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/para +#: book.translate.xml:65535 +msgid "" +"To configure VLANs at run time, with a NIC of em0 and a VLAN tag of " +"5. The command would look like this:" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/screen +#: book.translate.xml:65535 +#, no-wrap +msgid "# ifconfig em0.5 create vlan 5 vlandev em0 inet 192.168.20.20/24" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: note/para +#: book.translate.xml:65535 +msgid "" +"See how the interface name includes the NIC driver name " +"and the VLAN tag, separated by a period? This is a best " +"practice to make maintaining the VLAN configuration easy " +"when many VLANs are present on a machine." +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/para +#: book.translate.xml:65535 +msgid "" +"To configure VLANs at boot time, /etc/rc.conf must be updated. To duplicate the configuration above, the " +"following will need to be added:" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/programlisting +#: book.translate.xml:65535 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"vlans_em0=\"5\"\n" +"ifconfig_em0_5=\"inet 192.168.20.20/24\"" +msgstr "" + +#. (itstool) path: sect1/para +#: book.translate.xml:65535 +msgid "" +"Additional VLANs may be added, by simply adding the tag " +"to the vlans_em0 field and " +"adding an additional line configuring the network on that VLAN tag's interface." +msgstr "" + #. (itstool) path: part/title #: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "Appendices" @@ -92166,6 +95103,9 @@ "no substitute for a good book or users' manual on UNIX system administration." msgstr "" +"雖然操作手冊提供 FreeBSD 作業系統各個部分完整的說明，卻難免有「小學而大遺」之" +"憾，像是如何讓整個作業系統運作順暢。因此，身邊有 UNIX 系統管理的好書以及好的使用手冊是不可或缺的。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/title #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92175,7 +95115,7 @@ #. (itstool) path: sect1/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "International books:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "國際書籍:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92185,6 +95125,10 @@ "Drmaster, 1997. ISBN " "9-578-39435-7." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 入門與應用 (光碟豪華版) (繁體中文), 博碩文化出版, 1997. ISBN " +"9-578-39435-7。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92193,6 +95137,8 @@ "href=\"http://www.hzbook.com/\">China Machine Press. ISBN " "7-111-10201-0." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 技術內幕 (FreeBSD Unleashed 簡體中譯版), 機械工業出版社出版. ISBN 7-111-10201-0。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92200,6 +95146,7 @@ "FreeBSD From Scratch Second Edition (in Simplified Chinese), published by " "China Machine Press. ISBN 7-111-10286-X." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 使用大全第二版 (簡體中文), 機械工業出版社出版. ISBN 7-111-10286-X。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92208,6 +95155,8 @@ "by Posts & Telecom " "Press. ISBN 7-115-10541-3." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD Handbook 第二版 (簡體中譯版), 人民郵電出版社出版. ISBN 7-115-10541-3。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92216,6 +95165,8 @@ "\"http://www.tdpress.com/\">China Railway Publishing House. ISBN " "7-113-03845-X" msgstr "" +"FreeBSD & Windows 集成組網實務 (簡體中文), 中國鐵道出版社出版. ISBN 7-113-03845-X。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92223,12 +95174,13 @@ "FreeBSD Internet Services HOWTO (in Simplified Chinese), published by China " "Railway Publishing House. ISBN 7-113-03423-3" msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 網站架設實務 (簡體中文), 中國鐵道出版社出版. ISBN 7-113-03423-3。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" "FreeBSD (in Japanese), published by CUTT. ISBN 4-906391-22-2 C3055 P2400E." -msgstr "" +msgstr "FreeBSD (日文), CUTT 出版. ISBN 4-906391-22-2 C3055 P2400E。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92238,6 +95190,10 @@ "by Shoeisha Co., Ltd. " "ISBN 4-88135-473-6 P3600E." msgstr "" +"Complete Introduction to FreeBSD (日文), Shoeisha Co., Ltd 出版. ISBN " +"4-88135-473-6 P3600E。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92247,6 +95203,9 @@ "ASCII. ISBN " "4-7561-1733-3 P3000E." msgstr "" +"Personal UNIX Starter Kit FreeBSD (日文), ASCII 出版. ISBN 4-7561-1733-3 P3000E。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92254,6 +95213,8 @@ "FreeBSD Handbook (Japanese translation), published by ASCII. ISBN 4-7561-1580-2 P3800E." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD Handbook (日譯版), ASCII 出版. ISBN 4-7561-1580-2 P3800E。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92262,6 +95223,8 @@ "cul.de\">Computer und Literatur Verlag/Vertrieb Hanser, 1998. ISBN " "3-932311-31-0." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD mit Methode (德文), Computer " +"und Literatur Verlag/Vertrieb Hanser 出版, 1998. ISBN 3-932311-31-0。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92270,6 +95233,9 @@ "de Luxe (in German), published by Verlag Modere Industrie, 2003. ISBN 3-8266-1343-0." msgstr "" +" FreeBSD " +"de Luxe (德文), Verlag Modere " +"Industrie 出版, 2003. ISBN 3-8266-1343-0。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92279,6 +95245,10 @@ "Mainichi Communications Inc." ", 1998. ISBN 4-8399-0112-0." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD Install and Utilization Manual (日文), Mainichi Communications Inc. 出版, " +"1998. ISBN 4-8399-0112-0。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92288,6 +95258,10 @@ "FreeBSD (in Indonesia Language), published by Elex Media Komputindo." msgstr "" +"Onno W Purbo, Dodi Maryanto, Syahrial Hubbany, Widjil Widodo Building Internet Server with " +"FreeBSD (印尼文), Elex Media Komputindo 出版。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92296,6 +95270,9 @@ "translation), published by GrandTech Press, 2003. ISBN 986-7944-92-5." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 完全探索 (Absolute BSD: The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD 繁體中譯版), " +"GrandTech Press 出" +"版, 2003. ISBN 986-7944-92-5。" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92304,11 +95281,13 @@ "link> (in Traditional Chinese), published by Drmaster, 2006. ISBN " "9-575-27878-X." msgstr "" +"FreeBSD 6.0 架設管理與應" +"用 (繁體中文), 博碩出版, 2006. ISBN 9-575-27878-X。" #. (itstool) path: sect1/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "English language books:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "英文書籍:" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 @@ -92851,10 +95830,10 @@ #. (itstool) path: listitem/para #: book.translate.xml:65535 msgid "" -"Planet FreeBSD " -"offers an aggregation feed of dozens of blogs written by FreeBSD developers. " -"Many developers use this to post quick notes about what they are working on, " -"new patches, and other works in progress." +"Planet FreeBSD offers " +"an aggregation feed of dozens of blogs written by FreeBSD developers. Many " +"developers use this to post quick notes about what they are working on, new " +"patches, and other works in progress." msgstr "" #. (itstool) path: listitem/para @@ -99319,614 +102298,30 @@ "JadeTeX 巨集套件的重要貢獻，本文件的印刷版本將無以" "完成。" -#~ msgid "UNIX Basics" -#~ msgstr "UNIX 基礎概念" - #~ msgid "" -#~ "Alternately, an echo1 statement can be " -#~ "used:" +#~ "A FreeBSD installation will require a minimum 64 MB of RAM and 1.5 GB of free hard drive space for the most minimal " +#~ "installation. However, that is a minimal install, " +#~ "leaving almost no free space. RAM requirements depend on usage. " +#~ "Specialized FreeBSD systems can run in as little as 128MB RAM while " +#~ "desktop systems should have at least 4 GB of RAM." #~ msgstr "" -#~ "或者，也可使用 echo1：" +#~ "FreeBSD 最小安裝需要至少 64 MB 的 RAM 和 1.5 GB 的可用" +#~ "硬碟空間，但是這真的是 最小，幾乎沒有剩下多餘的空" +#~ "間。 RAM 的需求視實際使用而訂，經特殊處理過後的 FreeBSD 系統可只使用 " +#~ "128MB RAM，圖形化環境最少需要 4 GB 的 RAM。" #~ msgid "" -#~ "Note that this will also return any matched files downloaded into the " -#~ "/usr/ports/distfiles directory." +#~ "This is the most common type of processor desktop and laptop computers " +#~ "will have. Other vendors may call this architecture x86-64." #~ msgstr "" -#~ "請注意，這也會顯示已下載至 /usr/ports/distfiles 目錄" -#~ "中任何已符合條件的檔案。" +#~ "這桌上型電腦與筆記型電腦是最常見的處理器類型，有些廠商可能會稱之為 " +#~ "x86-64。" -#~ msgid "" -#~ "pkg is not a replacement for port management " -#~ "tools like ports-mgmt/portmaster or ports-" -#~ "mgmt/portupgrade. These tools can be used to install third-" -#~ "party software from both binary packages and the Ports Collection, while " -#~ "pkg installs only binary packages." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "pkg 並不是用來取代 Port 管理工具如 " -#~ "ports-mgmt/portmaster 或 ports-mgmt/" -#~ "portupgrade，這些工具可用來安裝來自 Binary 與 Ports 套件集的第三" -#~ "方軟體，而 pkg 僅能安裝 Binary 套件。" +#~ msgid "UNIX Basics" +#~ msgstr "UNIX 基礎概念" -#~ msgid "" -#~ "For earlier FreeBSD versions, pkg must instead " -#~ "be installed from the Ports Collection or as a binary package." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "對較舊的 FreeBSD 版本，pkg 必須改透過 Ports 套" -#~ "件集或者 Binary 套件來安裝。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "When upgrading an existing system that originally used the older package " -#~ "system, the database must be converted to the new format, so that the new " -#~ "tools are aware of the already installed packages. Once pkg has been installed, the package database must be converted " -#~ "from the traditional format to the new format by running this command:" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "當升級原使用舊版套件系統的既有系統時，必須將資料庫轉換成新的格式，因此新的" -#~ "工具才會知道有那些已安裝過的套件。一旦 pkg 已安" -#~ "裝，必須執行以下指令將套件資料庫從舊版格式轉換到新版格式：" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "This step is not required for new installations that do not yet have any " -#~ "third-party software installed." -#~ msgstr "新安裝的版本因尚未安裝任何第三方軟體因此不須做這個步驟。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "This step is not reversible. Once the package database has been converted " -#~ "to the pkg format, the traditional " -#~ "pkg_* tools should no longer be used." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "這個步驟無法還原。一旦套件資料庫轉為成 pkg 的格" -#~ "式，舊版 pkg_* 工具就不該再繼續使用。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "The package database conversion may emit errors as the contents are " -#~ "converted to the new version. Generally, these errors can be safely " -#~ "ignored. However, a list of third-party software that was not " -#~ "successfully converted will be listed after pkg2ng has " -#~ "finished and these applications must be manually reinstalled." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "套件資料庫轉換的過程可能會因內容轉換為新版本產生錯誤。通常，這些錯誤皆可安" -#~ "全忽略，雖然如此，仍然有在執行 pkg2ng 後無法成功轉換的" -#~ "第三方軟體清單，這些應用程式則必須手動重新安裝。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "To ensure that the FreeBSD Ports Collection registers new software with " -#~ "pkg, and not the traditional packages format, " -#~ "FreeBSD versions earlier than 10.X require " -#~ "this line in /etc/make.conf:" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "為了確保 FreeBSD Ports 套件集會將新軟體的資訊註冊到 pkg 而非舊版套件格式，FreeBSD 版本 10.X 之前需要在 /etc/make.conf 加入此行：" - -#~ msgid "Using FreeBSD-STABLE" -#~ msgstr "使用 FreeBSD-STABLE" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "FreeBSD-STABLE is the development branch from which major releases are " -#~ "made. Changes go into this branch at a slower pace and with the general " -#~ "assumption that they have first been tested in FreeBSD-CURRENT. This is " -#~ "still a development branch and, at any given time, " -#~ "the sources for FreeBSD-STABLE may or may not be suitable for general " -#~ "use. It is simply another engineering development track, not a resource " -#~ "for end-users. Users who do not have the resources to perform testing " -#~ "should instead run the most recent release of FreeBSD." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "主要發行版便是使用 FreeBSD-STABLE 這個開發分支所產生。變更進入這個分支的速" -#~ "度比較慢，並假設這些變更已經先在 FreeBSD-CURRENT 測試過。但這 仍" -#~ "然 是一個開發分支，而且 FreeBSD-STABLE 的原始碼在任何時候都有可" -#~ "能不適合一般的使用。它只是另一個開發分支，並非專門提供給終端使用者使用。若" -#~ "沒有替代資源可供測試的使用者應該改使用最新的 FreeBSD 發行版。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Those interested in tracking or contributing to the FreeBSD development " -#~ "process, especially as it relates to the next release of FreeBSD, should " -#~ "consider following FreeBSD-STABLE." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "有興趣追蹤或對 FreeBSD 開發流程貢獻的人，尤其是對 FreeBSD 接下來的發行版相" -#~ "關內容有興趣的人，應該考慮追蹤 FreeBSD-STABLE。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "While the FreeBSD-STABLE branch should compile and run at all times, this " -#~ "cannot be guaranteed. Since more people run FreeBSD-STABLE than FreeBSD-" -#~ "CURRENT, it is inevitable that bugs and corner cases will sometimes be " -#~ "found in FreeBSD-STABLE that were not apparent in FreeBSD-CURRENT. For " -#~ "this reason, one should not blindly track FreeBSD-STABLE. It is " -#~ "particularly important not to update any production " -#~ "servers to FreeBSD-STABLE without thoroughly testing the code in a " -#~ "development or testing environment." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "儘管 FreeBSD-STABLE 分支應該在任何時候均能正確編譯、執行，但是並不保証不會" -#~ "有問題。因為使用 FreeBSD-STABLE 的人比 FreeBSD-CURRENT 多，有時無可避免地" -#~ "會在 FreeBSD-STABLE 發現在 FreeBSD-CURRENT 並非顯而易見的錯誤和極端的狀" -#~ "況。也因此，我們並不建議盲目追蹤 FreeBSD-STABLE。 特別重要的是 " -#~ "不要 在尚未使用開發或測試環境對程式碼做完整的測試之前，升級任何" -#~ "上線的伺服器為 FreeBSD-STABLE。" - -#~ msgid "To track FreeBSD-STABLE:" -#~ msgstr "若要追蹤 FreeBSD-STABLE：" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Join the freebsd-stable list in order to stay informed of " -#~ "build dependencies that may appear in FreeBSD-STABLE or any other issues " -#~ "requiring special attention. Developers will also make announcements in " -#~ "this mailing list when they are contemplating some controversial fix or " -#~ "update, giving the users a chance to respond if they have any issues to " -#~ "raise concerning the proposed change." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "加入 freebsd-stable 郵遞論壇來隨時瞭解 FreeBSD-STABLE 編譯的相" -#~ "依關係或是任何其他需特別注意的議題。開發者在評估一些有爭議的修正或更新時，" -#~ "也會先在這裡發信公告，讓使用者有機會可以對提案的更改提出問題。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Join the relevant svn list for the branch " -#~ "being tracked. For example, users tracking the 9-STABLE branch should " -#~ "join the svn-src-stable-9 list. This list records the commit " -#~ "log entry for each change as it is made, along with any pertinent " -#~ "information on possible side effects." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "加入 svn相關郵遞論壇來追蹤該分支的修訂。 例如，" -#~ "要追蹤 9-STABLE 分支的使用者應該加入 svn-src-stable-9 郵" -#~ "遞論壇。這個郵遞論壇會記錄每一次修改的提交項目，以及可能產生的副作用的相關" -#~ "資訊。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "To join these lists, go to http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo, " -#~ "click on the list to subscribe to, and follow the instructions. In order " -#~ "to track changes for the whole source tree, subscribe to svn-src-all." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "要加入這兩個郵遞論壇，請前往 http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo 點選要" -#~ "訂閱的郵遞論壇，並依照網頁指示的步驟操作。要追蹤整個原始碼樹，不單只有 " -#~ "FreeBSD-CURRENT 的變更，可訂閱 svn-src-all 郵遞論壇。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "To install a new FreeBSD-STABLE system, install the most recent FreeBSD-" -#~ "STABLE release from the FreeBSD mirror sites or use a monthly snapshot built from FreeBSD-STABLE. Refer to www.freebsd.org/snapshots for more information about snapshots." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "要安裝新的 FreeBSD-STABLE 系統， 可從 FreeBSD 鏡" -#~ "像站 或從 FreeBSD-STABLE 每個月的快照 (Snapshot) 來安裝最新的 " -#~ "FreeBSD-STABLE 發行版。請參考 www.freebsd.org/snapshots 來取得更多有關快照的資訊。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "To compile or upgrade to an existing FreeBSD system to FreeBSD-STABLE, " -#~ "use svn <_:indexterm-1/> to check out the " -#~ "source for the desired branch. Branch names, such as stable/9, are listed at www.freebsd.org/releng." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "要編譯或升級已經安裝的 FreeBSD 系統至 FreeBSD-STABLE，可使用 svn <_:indexterm-1/> 來取得欲安裝分支的原始碼。分支" -#~ "的名稱列在 www.freebsd.org/" -#~ "releng，例如 stable/9。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Before compiling or upgrading to FreeBSD-STABLE <_:indexterm-1/>, read " -#~ "/usr/src/Makefile carefully and follow the " -#~ "instructions in . Read FreeBSD-" -#~ "STABLE mailing list and /usr/src/UPDATING to " -#~ "keep up-to-date on other bootstrapping procedures that sometimes become " -#~ "necessary on the road to the next release." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "在編譯或升級到 FreeBSD-STABLE <_:indexterm-1/> 之前 ， 請仔細閱讀 " -#~ "/usr/src/Makefile 並依照 的指示操作。閱讀 FreeBSD-STABLE 郵遞論壇 以及 /" -#~ "usr/src/UPDATING 來了解升級的相關資訊，有時會含有升級下一個發行" -#~ "版的必要資訊。" - -#~ msgid "Synchronizing Source" -#~ msgstr "同步原始碼" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "There are various methods for staying up-to-date with the FreeBSD " -#~ "sources. This section describes the primary service, " -#~ "Subversion." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "有多許方法可以更新 FreeBSD 的原始碼，本節將說明主要的方法 " -#~ "Subversion。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "While it is possible to update only parts of the source tree, the only " -#~ "supported update procedure is to update the entire tree and recompile all " -#~ "the programs that run in user space, such as those in /bin and /sbin, and kernel sources. Updating " -#~ "only part of the source tree, only the kernel, or only the userland " -#~ "programs will often result in problems ranging from compile errors to " -#~ "kernel panics or data corruption." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "雖然有可能只更新部份原始碼樹，但是正式支援的更新步驟是更新整個樹並重新編譯" -#~ "所有在使用者空間 (User space) 中的程式，例如在 /bin " -#~ "和 /sbin 中的程式及核心原始碼。只更新部份的原始碼樹，" -#~ "例如：只更新核心或使用者空間的程式的做法經常會導致編譯錯誤、核心錯誤或資料" -#~ "損毀的問題。" - -#~ msgid "Rebuilding World" -#~ msgstr "重新編譯 World" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Once the local source tree is synchronized against a particular version " -#~ "of FreeBSD such as FreeBSD-STABLE or FreeBSD-CURRENT, the source tree can " -#~ "be used to rebuild the system. This process is known as rebuilding world." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "當本地的原始碼樹已與特定版本的 FreeBSD 如 FreeBSD-STABLE 或 FreeBSD-" -#~ "CURRENT 同步以後，便可使用原始碼樹來重新編譯系統。這個程序即為重新編譯 " -#~ "World。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Before rebuilding world, be sure to perform the " -#~ "following tasks:" -#~ msgstr "在重新編譯 World 之前，請確定已完成以下工作：" - -#~ msgid "Perform These Tasks Before Building World" -#~ msgstr "編譯 World 之前 要完成的工作" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Backup all important data to another system or removable media, verify " -#~ "the integrity of the backup, and have a bootable installation media at " -#~ "hand. It cannot be stressed enough how important it is to make a backup " -#~ "of the system before rebuilding the system. While " -#~ "rebuilding world is an easy task, there will inevitably be times when " -#~ "mistakes in the source tree render the system unbootable. You will " -#~ "probably never have to use the backup, but it is better to be safe than " -#~ "sorry!" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "備份所有重要的資料到另一個系統或可卸除的媒體，檢查備份的完整性並在手中保留" -#~ "一份可開機的安裝媒體。如何強調都不足夠說明在重新編譯系統 之前 備份系統的重要性。即便重新編譯 World 已變成簡單的一件事，也難免" -#~ "會有原始碼樹失誤導致系統無法開機的時候。您可能永遠都用不上備份，但最好確保" -#~ "安全而非後悔。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Review the recent freebsd-stable or freebsd-" -#~ "current entries, depending upon the branch being tracked. Be aware " -#~ "of any known problems and which systems are affected. If a known issue " -#~ "affects the version of synchronized code, wait for an all clear announcement to be posted stating that the problem has been " -#~ "solved. Resynchronize the sources to ensure that the local version of " -#~ "source has the needed fix." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "回顧最近 freebsd-stable 或 freebsd-current 中的" -#~ "項目，依您所追蹤的分支決定。注意任何已知的問題以及會被影響的系統。若已知的" -#~ "問題影響您已同步的原始碼版本，請等候表明問題已被解決的 全部解決 " -#~ "(all clear) 公告發佈，然後重新同步原始碼並確認本地的原始碼版本已含" -#~ "有所需的修正。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Read /usr/src/UPDATING for any extra steps necessary " -#~ "for that version of the source. This file contains important information " -#~ "about potential problems and may specify the order to run certain " -#~ "commands. Many upgrades require specific additional steps such as " -#~ "renaming or deleting specific files prior to installing the new world. " -#~ "These will be listed at the end of this file where the currently " -#~ "recommended upgrade sequence is explicitly spelled out. If " -#~ "UPDATING contradicts any steps in this chapter, the " -#~ "instructions in UPDATING take precedence and should " -#~ "be followed." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "閱讀 /usr/src/UPDATING 了解該版本的原始碼是否有必要的" -#~ "額外步驟要完成。 這個檔案中會包含有關潛藏問題的重要資訊，並且可能會要求執" -#~ "行某些指令。大多升級需要完成指定的額外步驟，例如：在安裝新 World 前重新命" -#~ "名或刪除指定檔案，這些步驟會列在檔案最後，明確說明目前建議的升級順序。若 " -#~ "UPDATING 中有與本章相矛盾的步驟，請以 " -#~ "UPDATING 為準並應遵循其內容。" - -#~ msgid "Do Not Use make world" -#~ msgstr "不要使用 make world" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Some older documentation recommends using make world. " -#~ "However, that command skips some important steps and should only be used " -#~ "by experts. For almost all circumstances make world is " -#~ "the wrong thing to do, and the procedure described here should be used " -#~ "instead." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "部份舊版的文件建議使用 make world。然而該指令跳過了部份" -#~ "重要的步驟，應僅供專家使用。大多數的情況使用 make world 都是錯的，並應使用此處說明的程序。" - -#~ msgid "Overview of Process" -#~ msgstr "流程概述" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "The build world process assumes an upgrade from an older FreeBSD version " -#~ "using the source of a newer version that was obtained using the " -#~ "instructions in ." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "編譯 World 流程會假設您是依照 指示取得最近版" -#~ "本的原始碼來升級舊版的 FreeBSD。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "In FreeBSD, the term world includes the kernel, core " -#~ "system binaries, libraries, programming files, and built-in compiler. The " -#~ "order in which these components are built and installed is important." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "在 FreeBSD，world 一詞包含了核心，核心系統 Binary，程式庫，" -#~ "原始碼以及內建的編譯器。這些元件編譯與安裝的順序非常重要。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "For example, the old compiler might have a bug and not be able to compile " -#~ "the new kernel. Since the new kernel should be built with the new " -#~ "compiler, the new compiler must be built, but not necessarily installed, " -#~ "before the new kernel is built." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "舉例來說，舊的編譯器可能有問題而無法編譯新的核心。新的核心需使用新的編譯器" -#~ "來編譯，因此新的編譯器必需先編譯，但在新核心編譯前並不一定要安裝。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "The new world might rely on new kernel features, so the new kernel must " -#~ "be installed before the new world is installed. The old world might not " -#~ "run correctly on the new kernel, so the new world must be installed " -#~ "immediately upon installing the new kernel." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "新的 World 可能需要使用新的核心功能，所以必須在新的 World 安裝之前先安裝新" -#~ "的核心。舊的 World 也可能在新的核心上無法正常執行，所以必須在新的核心安裝" -#~ "完之後\n" -#~ "馬上安裝新的 World。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Some configuration changes must be made before the new world is " -#~ "installed, but others might break the old world. Hence, two different " -#~ "configuration upgrade steps are used. For the most part, the update " -#~ "process only replaces or adds files and existing old files are not " -#~ "deleted. Since this can cause problems, /usr/src/UPDATING will indicate if any files need to be manually deleted and at " -#~ "which step to do so." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "有一部份設定必須在新的 World 安裝前變更，但其他的部份在之前變更則可能會破" -#~ "壞舊的 World。因此會使用到兩種不同的設定升級步驟。大部份情況，更新程序只會" -#~ "取代或新增檔案，不會刪除已存在的舊檔案。當這可能會造成問題時 /" -#~ "usr/src/UPDATING 便會說明需要手動刪除的檔案以及操作的步驟。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "These concerns have led to the recommended upgrade sequence described in " -#~ "the following procedure." -#~ msgstr "這些問題會影響接下來的建議升級順序。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "It is a good idea to save the output from running make " -#~ "to a file. If something goes wrong, a copy of the error message can be " -#~ "posted to one of the FreeBSD mailing lists." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "將執行 make 的輸出儲存到檔案是不錯的辦法，若發生錯誤" -#~ "時，便可複製錯誤訊息張貼到 FreeBSD 郵遞論壇。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "The easiest way to do this is to use script with a " -#~ "parameter that specifies the name of the file to save all output to. Do " -#~ "not save the output to /tmp as this directory may be " -#~ "cleared at next reboot. A better place to save the file is /var/" -#~ "tmp. Run this command immediately before rebuilding the world, " -#~ "and then type exit when the process has finished:" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "最簡單的方式是使用 script 並透過參數指定要儲存所有輸出" -#~ "的檔案名稱。請不要儲存輸出到 /tmp，因這個目錄可能在下" -#~ "次重新開機後被清除。儲存檔案最好的地方是 /var/tmp。在" -#~ "重新編譯 World 之前執行這個指令，並在流程完成後輸入 exit：" - -#~ msgid "Overview of Build World Process" -#~ msgstr "編譯 World 流程概述" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "The commands used in the build world process should be run in the order " -#~ "specified here. This section summarizes the function of each command." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "編譯 World 流程中使用的指令應依此處指定的順序執行。本節將摘要各指令的功" -#~ "能。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "If the build world process has previously been run on this system, a copy " -#~ "of the previous build may still exist in /usr/obj. " -#~ "To speed up the new build world process, and possibly save some " -#~ "dependency headaches, remove this directory if it already exists:" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "若編譯 World 流程先前已在系統執行過，先前編譯的結果可能遺留在 /" -#~ "usr/obj。要加速新的編譯 World 流程及節省處理相依問題的時間，若" -#~ "此目錄存在，請移除此目錄：" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Compile the new compiler and a few related tools, then use the new " -#~ "compiler to compile the rest of the new world. The result is saved to " -#~ "/usr/obj." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "編譯新的編譯器及一些相關工具，然後使用新的編譯器編譯新的 World。編譯的結果" -#~ "會儲存到 /usr/obj。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Use the new compiler residing in /usr/obj to build " -#~ "the new kernel, in order to protect against compiler-kernel mismatches. " -#~ "This is necessary, as certain memory structures may have changed, and " -#~ "programs like ps and top will fail " -#~ "to work if the kernel and source code versions are not the same." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "使用在 /usr/obj 中的新編譯器來編譯新的核心，來確保不" -#~ "會發生編譯器與核心不相容的問題。因某些記憶體結構可能有修改，這個步驟是必要" -#~ "的，若核心與原始碼的版本不同，ps 及 top 這類的程式會無法運作。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Install the new kernel and kernel modules, making it possible to boot " -#~ "with the newly updated kernel. If kern.securelevel has " -#~ "been raised above 1 and " -#~ "noschg or similar flags have been set on the kernel " -#~ "binary, drop the system into single-user mode first. Otherwise, this " -#~ "command can be run from multi-user mode without problems. See " -#~ "init8 for details about kern.securelevel and chflags1 for details about " -#~ "the various file flags." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "安裝新的核心與新的核心模組，讓開機時可以使用新的核心。這個指令可在多使用者" -#~ "模式執行，除非 kern.securelevel 設定在 1 以上 且 在核心 Binary 有設定 " -#~ "noschg 或類似的旗標 (Flag)，請先讓系統進入單使用者模" -#~ "式。請參考 init8 取得有關 kern.securelevel 的" -#~ "詳細資訊以及 chflags1 取得有關各種檔案旗標" -#~ "的詳細資訊。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Drop the system into single-user mode in order to minimize problems from " -#~ "updating any binaries that are already running. It also minimizes any " -#~ "problems from running the old world on a new kernel." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "讓系統進入單使用者模組來減少升級任何已在執行中的 Binary 所產生的問題，同樣" -#~ "也可減少在新核心上執行舊 World 的問題。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Once in single-user mode, run these commands if the system is formatted " -#~ "with UFS:" -#~ msgstr "進入單使用者模式後，若系統磁碟格式為 UFS 請執行以下指令：" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "If the system is instead formatted with ZFS, run these two commands. This " -#~ "example assumes a zpool name of zroot:" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "若系統磁碟格式為 ZFS，則需執行以下兩個指令。此範例假設 zpool 名稱為 " -#~ "zroot：" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Optional: If a keyboard mapping other than the default US English is " -#~ "desired, it can be changed with kbdmap1:" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "選用：若想要使用 US 英文以外的鍵盤對應表，可以使用 " -#~ "kbdmap1 來變更：" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Then, for either file system, if the CMOS clock is set " -#~ "to local time (this is true if the output of " -#~ "date1 does not show the correct time and zone), run:" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "接著，不論那一種檔案系統，若 CMOS 時鐘設定為本地時間 " -#~ "(若 date1 顯示不正確的時間與時區)，請執行：" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Remaking the world will not update certain directories, such as " -#~ "/etc, /var and /usr, with new or changed configuration files. The next step is to " -#~ "perform some initial configuration file updates to /etc in preparation for the new world. The following command " -#~ "compares only those files that are essential for the success of <_:" -#~ "buildtarget-1/>. For instance, this step may add new groups, system " -#~ "accounts, or startup scripts which have been added to FreeBSD since the " -#~ "last update. This is necessary so that the <_:buildtarget-2/> step will " -#~ "be able to use any new system accounts, groups, and scripts. Refer to " -#~ " for more detailed instructions about this " -#~ "command:" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "重新編譯 World 不會直接更新某些目錄中的設定檔，如 /etc, /var 以及 /usr。接下" -#~ "來的步驟是更新一部份的設定檔到 /etc 來準備安裝新的 " -#~ "World。以下指令只會比對影響 <_:buildtarget-1/> 是否成功執行的必要檔案。例" -#~ "如，這個步驟會可能會加入新版 FreeBSD 的新群組、系統帳號或啟動 Script。為了" -#~ "讓 <_:buildtarget-2/> 步驟可以使用任何新的系統帳號、群組與 Script，這是個" -#~ "必要的步驟。請參考 來取得更多有關此指令的" -#~ "詳細操作說明：" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Install the new world and system binaries from /usr/obj." -#~ msgstr "從 /usr/obj 安裝新 World 與系統 Binary。" - -#~ msgid "Update any remaining configuration files." -#~ msgstr "更新任何剩下的設定檔。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Delete any obsolete files. This is important as they may cause problems " -#~ "if left on the disk." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "刪除任何過時的檔案。這很重要，因為若檔案遺留在磁碟上可能會造成問題。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "A full reboot is now needed to load the new kernel and new world with the " -#~ "new configuration files." -#~ msgstr "現在需要完整重新啟動來載入新的核心、新的 World 與新的設定檔。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "Make sure that all installed ports have first been rebuilt before old " -#~ "libraries are removed using the instructions in . When finished, remove any obsolete libraries to avoid " -#~ "conflicts with newer ones. For a more detailed description of this step, " -#~ "refer to ." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "確認所有已安裝的 Ports 在舊的程式庫移除前已依照 的說明重新編譯。當重新編譯完成後，移除過時的程式庫來避免與新" -#~ "的程式庫發生衝突。有關此步驟更詳細的說明請參考 。" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "If the system can have a window of down-time, consider compiling the " -#~ "system in single-user mode instead of compiling the system in multi-user " -#~ "mode, and then dropping into single-user mode for the installation. " -#~ "Reinstalling the system touches a lot of important system files, all the " -#~ "standard system binaries, libraries, and include files. Changing these on " -#~ "a running system, particularly one with active users, is asking for " -#~ "trouble." -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "若系統允許停機一小段時間，請考慮以單使用者模式編譯系統來替代在多使用者模組" -#~ "編譯系統，然後進入單使用者模式來完成安裝。重新安裝系統會觸及到很多重要的系" -#~ "統檔案，所有的標準系統 Binary、程式庫以及引用檔。在執行中的系統更換這些檔" -#~ "案，特別是有使用者在使用時，是自找麻煩。" - -#~ msgid "Variables and Targets" -#~ msgstr "變數與目標" - -#~ msgid "Merging Configuration Files" -#~ msgstr "合併設定檔" - -#~ msgid "Deleting Obsolete Files and Libraries" -#~ msgstr "刪除過時的檔案及程式庫" - -#~ msgid "Common Questions" -#~ msgstr "常見問題" - -#~ msgid "Do I need to re-make the world for every change?" -#~ msgstr "每個變更是否都需要重新編譯 World?" - -#~ msgid "" -#~ "What would cause a compile to fail with lots of signal 11<_:indexterm-1/> " -#~ "(or other signal number) errors?" -#~ msgstr "" -#~ "什麼會造成有很多信號 11<_:indexterm-1/> (或其他信號) 錯誤的編譯失敗?" - -#~ msgid "Can /usr/obj be removed when finished?" -#~ msgstr "完成編譯後是可否移除 /usr/obj?" - -#~ msgid "Can interrupted builds be resumed?" -#~ msgstr "是否能繼續中斷的編譯?" - -#~ msgid "Is it possible to speed up making the world?" -#~ msgstr "有可能加速編譯 World 的速度嗎?" - -#~ msgid "What if something goes wrong?" -#~ msgstr "若發生錯誤時該怎麼辦?" - #~ msgid "Using the Samba Web Administration Tool (SWAT)" #~ msgstr "使用 Samba 網頁管理工具 (SWAT)"