diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/af_inet.c b/sbin/ifconfig/af_inet.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/af_inet.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/af_inet.c
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
 
 #ifdef WITHOUT_NETLINK
 static void
-in_status(int s __unused, const struct ifaddrs *ifa)
+in_status(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const struct ifaddrs *ifa)
 {
 	struct sockaddr_in *sin, null_sin = {};
 
@@ -143,8 +143,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-in_status_nl(struct ifconfig_args *args __unused, struct io_handler *h,
-    if_link_t *link, if_addr_t *ifa)
+in_status_nl(if_ctx *ctx __unused, if_link_t *link, if_addr_t *ifa)
 {
 	struct sockaddr_in *sin = satosin(ifa->ifa_local);
 	int plen = ifa->ifa_prefixlen;
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-in_postproc(int s, const struct afswtch *afp, int newaddr, int ifflags)
+in_postproc(if_ctx *ctx __unused, int newaddr, int ifflags)
 {
 	if (sintab[ADDR]->sin_len != 0 && sintab[MASK]->sin_len == 0 &&
 	    newaddr && (ifflags & (IFF_POINTOPOINT | IFF_LOOPBACK)) == 0) {
@@ -292,7 +291,7 @@
 #ifdef WITHOUT_NETLINK
 	.af_status	= in_status,
 #else
-	.af_status_nl	= in_status_nl,
+	.af_status	= in_status_nl,
 #endif
 	.af_getaddr	= in_getaddr,
 	.af_postproc	= in_postproc,
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/af_inet6.c b/sbin/ifconfig/af_inet6.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/af_inet6.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/af_inet6.c
@@ -72,25 +72,27 @@
 static	int explicit_prefix = 0;
 extern	char *f_inet6, *f_addr;
 
-extern void setnd6flags(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *);
-extern void setnd6defif(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *);
-extern void nd6_status(int);
+extern void setnd6flags(if_ctx *, const char *, int);
+extern void setnd6defif(if_ctx *,const char *, int);
+extern void nd6_status(if_ctx *);
 
 static	char addr_buf[NI_MAXHOST];	/*for getnameinfo()*/
 
 static void
-setifprefixlen(const char *addr, int dummy __unused, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifprefixlen(if_ctx *ctx, const char *addr, int dummy __unused)
 {
+	const struct afswtch *afp = ctx->afp;
+
         if (afp->af_getprefix != NULL)
                 afp->af_getprefix(addr, MASK);
 	explicit_prefix = 1;
 }
 
 static void
-setip6flags(const char *dummyaddr __unused, int flag, int dummysoc __unused,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setip6flags(if_ctx *ctx, const char *dummyaddr __unused, int flag)
 {
+	const struct afswtch *afp = ctx->afp;
+
 	if (afp->af_af != AF_INET6)
 		err(1, "address flags can be set only for inet6 addresses");
 
@@ -101,9 +103,9 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setip6lifetime(const char *cmd, const char *val, int s, 
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setip6lifetime(if_ctx *ctx, const char *cmd, const char *val)
 {
+	const struct afswtch *afp = ctx->afp;
 	struct timespec now;
 	time_t newval;
 	char *ep;
@@ -124,23 +126,21 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setip6pltime(const char *seconds, int dummy __unused, int s, 
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setip6pltime(if_ctx *ctx, const char *seconds, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	setip6lifetime("pltime", seconds, s, afp);
+	setip6lifetime(ctx, "pltime", seconds);
 }
 
 static void
-setip6vltime(const char *seconds, int dummy __unused, int s, 
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setip6vltime(if_ctx *ctx, const char *seconds, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	setip6lifetime("vltime", seconds, s, afp);
+	setip6lifetime(ctx, "vltime", seconds);
 }
 
 static void
-setip6eui64(const char *cmd, int dummy __unused, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setip6eui64(if_ctx *ctx, const char *cmd, int dummy __unused)
 {
+	const struct afswtch *afp = ctx->afp;
 	struct ifaddrs *ifap, *ifa;
 	const struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6 = NULL;
 	const struct in6_addr *lladdr = NULL;
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
 
 #ifdef WITHOUT_NETLINK
 static void
-in6_status(int s __unused, const struct ifaddrs *ifa)
+in6_status(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const struct ifaddrs *ifa)
 {
 	struct sockaddr_in6 *sin, null_sin = {};
 	struct in6_ifreq ifr6;
@@ -341,8 +341,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-in6_status_nl(struct ifconfig_args *args __unused, struct io_handler *h,
-    if_link_t *link, if_addr_t *ifa)
+in6_status_nl(if_ctx *ctx __unused, if_link_t *link, if_addr_t *ifa)
 {
 	int plen = ifa->ifa_prefixlen;
 	uint32_t scopeid;
@@ -495,14 +494,14 @@
 }
 
 static void
-in6_postproc(int s, const struct afswtch *afp, int newaddr __unused,
+in6_postproc(if_ctx *ctx, int newaddr __unused,
     int ifflags __unused)
 {
 	if (explicit_prefix == 0) {
 		/* Aggregatable address architecture defines all prefixes
 		   are 64. So, it is convenient to set prefixlen to 64 if
 		   it is not specified. */
-		setifprefixlen("64", 0, s, afp);
+		setifprefixlen(ctx, "64", 0);
 		/* in6_getprefix("64", MASK) if MASK is available here... */
 	}
 }
@@ -600,7 +599,7 @@
 #ifdef WITHOUT_NETLINK
 	.af_status	= in6_status,
 #else
-	.af_status_nl	= in6_status_nl,
+	.af_status	= in6_status_nl,
 #endif
 	.af_getaddr	= in6_getaddr,
 	.af_getprefix	= in6_getprefix,
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/af_link.c b/sbin/ifconfig/af_link.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/af_link.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/af_link.c
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
 
 #ifdef WITHOUT_NETLINK
 static void
-link_status(int s __unused, const struct ifaddrs *ifa)
+link_status(if_ctx *ctx, const struct ifaddrs *ifa)
 {
 	/* XXX no const 'cuz LLADDR is defined wrong */
 	struct sockaddr_dl *sdl;
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
 
 	print_ether((const struct ether_addr *)&ifr.ifr_addr.sa_data, "hwaddr");
 pcp:
-	print_pcp(s);
+	print_pcp(ctx->io_s);
 }
 
 #else
@@ -159,8 +159,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-link_status_nl(struct ifconfig_args *args __unused, struct io_handler *h,
-    if_link_t *link, if_addr_t *ifa __unused)
+link_status_nl(if_ctx *ctx, if_link_t *link, if_addr_t *ifa __unused)
 {
 	if (link->ifla_address != NULL) {
 		struct sockaddr_dl sdl = {
@@ -180,7 +179,7 @@
 		}
 	}
 	if (convert_iftype(link->ifi_type) == IFT_ETHER)
-		print_pcp(h->s);
+		print_pcp(ctx->io_s);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -224,7 +223,7 @@
 #ifdef WITHOUT_NETLINK
 	.af_status	= link_status,
 #else
-	.af_status_nl	= link_status_nl,
+	.af_status	= link_status_nl,
 #endif
 	.af_getaddr	= link_getaddr,
 	.af_aifaddr	= SIOCSIFLLADDR,
@@ -236,7 +235,7 @@
 #ifdef WITHOUT_NETLINK
 	.af_status	= link_status,
 #else
-	.af_status_nl	= link_status_nl,
+	.af_status	= link_status_nl,
 #endif
 	.af_getaddr	= link_getaddr,
 	.af_aifaddr	= SIOCSIFLLADDR,
@@ -248,7 +247,7 @@
 #ifdef WITHOUT_NETLINK
 	.af_status	= link_status,
 #else
-	.af_status_nl	= link_status_nl,
+	.af_status	= link_status_nl,
 #endif
 	.af_getaddr	= link_getaddr,
 	.af_aifaddr	= SIOCSIFLLADDR,
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/af_nd6.c b/sbin/ifconfig/af_nd6.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/af_nd6.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/af_nd6.c
@@ -70,21 +70,19 @@
 #endif
 
 static int isnd6defif(int);
-void setnd6flags(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *);
-void setnd6defif(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *);
-void nd6_status(int);
+void setnd6flags(if_ctx *, const char *, int);
+void setnd6defif(if_ctx *,const char *, int);
+void nd6_status(if_ctx *);
 
 void
-setnd6flags(const char *dummyaddr __unused,
-	int d, int s,
-	const struct afswtch *afp)
+setnd6flags(if_ctx *ctx, const char *dummyaddr __unused, int d)
 {
 	struct in6_ndireq nd;
 	int error;
 
 	memset(&nd, 0, sizeof(nd));
 	strlcpy(nd.ifname, ifr.ifr_name, sizeof(nd.ifname));
-	error = ioctl(s, SIOCGIFINFO_IN6, &nd);
+	error = ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCGIFINFO_IN6, &nd);
 	if (error) {
 		warn("ioctl(SIOCGIFINFO_IN6)");
 		return;
@@ -93,15 +91,13 @@
 		nd.ndi.flags &= ~(-d);
 	else
 		nd.ndi.flags |= d;
-	error = ioctl(s, SIOCSIFINFO_IN6, (caddr_t)&nd);
+	error = ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCSIFINFO_IN6, (caddr_t)&nd);
 	if (error)
 		warn("ioctl(SIOCSIFINFO_IN6)");
 }
 
 void
-setnd6defif(const char *dummyaddr __unused,
-	int d, int s,
-	const struct afswtch *afp)
+setnd6defif(if_ctx *ctx, const char *dummyaddr __unused, int d)
 {
 	struct in6_ndifreq ndifreq;
 	int ifindex;
@@ -111,7 +107,7 @@
 	strlcpy(ndifreq.ifname, ifr.ifr_name, sizeof(ndifreq.ifname));
 
 	if (d < 0) {
-		if (isnd6defif(s)) {
+		if (isnd6defif(ctx->io_s)) {
 			/* ifindex = 0 means to remove default if */
 			ifindex = 0;
 		} else
@@ -122,7 +118,7 @@
 	}
 
 	ndifreq.ifindex = ifindex;
-	error = ioctl(s, SIOCSDEFIFACE_IN6, (caddr_t)&ndifreq);
+	error = ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCSDEFIFACE_IN6, (caddr_t)&ndifreq);
 	if (error)
 		warn("ioctl(SIOCSDEFIFACE_IN6)");
 }
@@ -147,7 +143,7 @@
 }
 
 void
-nd6_status(int s)
+nd6_status(if_ctx *ctx __unused)
 {
 	struct in6_ndireq nd;
 	int s6;
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/carp.c b/sbin/ifconfig/carp.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/carp.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/carp.c
@@ -60,12 +60,7 @@
 
 static const char *carp_states[] = { CARP_STATES };
 
-static void carp_status(int s);
-static void setcarp_vhid(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *rafp);
 static void setcarp_callback(int, void *);
-static void setcarp_advbase(const char *,int, int, const struct afswtch *rafp);
-static void setcarp_advskew(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *rafp);
-static void setcarp_passwd(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *rafp);
 
 static int carpr_vhid = -1;
 static int carpr_advskew = -1;
@@ -76,7 +71,7 @@
 static unsigned char const *carpr_key;
 
 static void
-carp_status(int s)
+carp_status(if_ctx *ctx __unused)
 {
 	struct ifconfig_carp carpr[CARP_MAXVHID];
 	char addr_buf[NI_MAXHOST];
@@ -102,8 +97,9 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setcarp_vhid(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setcarp_vhid(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
+	const struct afswtch *afp = ctx->afp;
 
 	carpr_vhid = atoi(val);
 
@@ -148,7 +144,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setcarp_passwd(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setcarp_passwd(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
 	if (carpr_vhid == -1)
@@ -158,7 +154,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setcarp_advskew(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setcarp_advskew(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
 	if (carpr_vhid == -1)
@@ -168,7 +164,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setcarp_advbase(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setcarp_advbase(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
 	if (carpr_vhid == -1)
@@ -178,7 +174,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setcarp_state(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setcarp_state(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int i;
 
@@ -195,19 +191,19 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setcarp_peer(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setcarp_peer(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	carp_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(val);
 }
 
 static void
-setcarp_mcast(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setcarp_mcast(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const char *val __unused, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	carp_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_CARP_GROUP);
 }
 
 static void
-setcarp_peer6(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setcarp_peer6(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct addrinfo hints, *res;
 
@@ -224,7 +220,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setcarp_mcast6(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setcarp_mcast6(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const char *val __unused, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	bzero(&carp_addr6, sizeof(carp_addr6));
 	carp_addr6.s6_addr[0] = 0xff;
@@ -253,8 +249,8 @@
 carp_ctor(void)
 {
 	/* Default to multicast. */
-	setcarp_mcast(NULL, 0, 0, NULL);
-	setcarp_mcast6(NULL, 0, 0, NULL);
+	setcarp_mcast(NULL, NULL, 0);
+	setcarp_mcast6(NULL, NULL, 0);
 
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < nitems(carp_cmds);  i++)
 		cmd_register(&carp_cmds[i]);
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifbridge.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifbridge.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifbridge.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifbridge.c
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-bridge_status(int s)
+bridge_status(if_ctx *ctx __unused)
 {
 	struct ifconfig_bridge_status *bridge;
 	struct ifbropreq *params;
@@ -225,178 +225,177 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_add(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_add(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbreq req;
 
 	memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
 	strlcpy(req.ifbr_ifsname, val, sizeof(req.ifbr_ifsname));
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGADD, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGADD, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGADD %s",  val);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_delete(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_delete(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbreq req;
 
 	memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
 	strlcpy(req.ifbr_ifsname, val, sizeof(req.ifbr_ifsname));
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGDEL, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGDEL, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGDEL %s",  val);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_discover(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_discover(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_DISCOVER, 1);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_DISCOVER, 1);
 }
 
 static void
-unsetbridge_discover(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+unsetbridge_discover(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_DISCOVER, 0);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_DISCOVER, 0);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_learn(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_learn(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_LEARNING,  1);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_LEARNING,  1);
 }
 
 static void
-unsetbridge_learn(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+unsetbridge_learn(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_LEARNING,  0);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_LEARNING,  0);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_sticky(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_sticky(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_STICKY,  1);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_STICKY,  1);
 }
 
 static void
-unsetbridge_sticky(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+unsetbridge_sticky(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_STICKY,  0);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_STICKY,  0);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_span(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_span(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbreq req;
 
 	memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
 	strlcpy(req.ifbr_ifsname, val, sizeof(req.ifbr_ifsname));
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGADDS, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGADDS, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGADDS %s",  val);
 }
 
 static void
-unsetbridge_span(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+unsetbridge_span(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbreq req;
 
 	memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
 	strlcpy(req.ifbr_ifsname, val, sizeof(req.ifbr_ifsname));
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGDELS, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGDELS, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGDELS %s",  val);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_stp(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_stp(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_STP, 1);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_STP, 1);
 }
 
 static void
-unsetbridge_stp(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+unsetbridge_stp(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_STP, 0);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_STP, 0);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_edge(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_edge(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_EDGE, 1);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_EDGE, 1);
 }
 
 static void
-unsetbridge_edge(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+unsetbridge_edge(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_EDGE, 0);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_EDGE, 0);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_autoedge(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_autoedge(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_AUTOEDGE, 1);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_AUTOEDGE, 1);
 }
 
 static void
-unsetbridge_autoedge(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+unsetbridge_autoedge(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_AUTOEDGE, 0);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_AUTOEDGE, 0);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_ptp(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_ptp(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_PTP, 1);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_PTP, 1);
 }
 
 static void
-unsetbridge_ptp(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+unsetbridge_ptp(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_PTP, 0);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_PTP, 0);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_autoptp(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_autoptp(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_AUTOPTP, 1);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_AUTOPTP, 1);
 }
 
 static void
-unsetbridge_autoptp(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+unsetbridge_autoptp(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_AUTOPTP, 0);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_BSTP_AUTOPTP, 0);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_flush(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_flush(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbreq req;
 
 	memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
 	req.ifbr_ifsflags = IFBF_FLUSHDYN;
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGFLUSH, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGFLUSH, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGFLUSH");
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_flushall(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_flushall(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbreq req;
 
 	memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
 	req.ifbr_ifsflags = IFBF_FLUSHALL;
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGFLUSH, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGFLUSH, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGFLUSH");
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_static(const char *val, const char *mac, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_static(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, const char *mac)
 {
 	struct ifbareq req;
 	struct ether_addr *ea;
@@ -412,12 +411,12 @@
 	req.ifba_flags = IFBAF_STATIC;
 	req.ifba_vlan = 1; /* XXX allow user to specify */
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGSADDR, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGSADDR, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGSADDR %s",  val);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_deladdr(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_deladdr(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbareq req;
 	struct ether_addr *ea;
@@ -430,19 +429,19 @@
 
 	memcpy(req.ifba_dst, ea->octet, sizeof(req.ifba_dst));
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGDADDR, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGDADDR, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGDADDR %s",  val);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_addr(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_addr(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
-	bridge_addresses(s, "");
+	bridge_addresses(ctx->io_s, "");
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_maxaddr(const char *arg, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_maxaddr(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbrparam param;
 	u_long val;
@@ -452,12 +451,12 @@
 
 	param.ifbrp_csize = val & 0xffffffff;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGSCACHE, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGSCACHE, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGSCACHE %s",  arg);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_hellotime(const char *arg, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_hellotime(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbrparam param;
 	u_long val;
@@ -467,12 +466,12 @@
 
 	param.ifbrp_hellotime = val & 0xff;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGSHT, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGSHT, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGSHT %s",  arg);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_fwddelay(const char *arg, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_fwddelay(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbrparam param;
 	u_long val;
@@ -482,12 +481,12 @@
 
 	param.ifbrp_fwddelay = val & 0xff;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGSFD, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGSFD, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGSFD %s",  arg);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_maxage(const char *arg, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_maxage(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbrparam param;
 	u_long val;
@@ -497,12 +496,12 @@
 
 	param.ifbrp_maxage = val & 0xff;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGSMA, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGSMA, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGSMA %s",  arg);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_priority(const char *arg, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_priority(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbrparam param;
 	u_long val;
@@ -512,12 +511,12 @@
 
 	param.ifbrp_prio = val & 0xffff;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGSPRI, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGSPRI, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGSPRI %s",  arg);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_protocol(const char *arg, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_protocol(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbrparam param;
 
@@ -529,12 +528,12 @@
 		errx(1, "unknown stp protocol");
 	}
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGSPROTO, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGSPROTO, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGSPROTO %s",  arg);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_holdcount(const char *arg, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_holdcount(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbrparam param;
 	u_long val;
@@ -544,13 +543,12 @@
 
 	param.ifbrp_txhc = val & 0xff;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGSTXHC, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGSTXHC, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGSTXHC %s",  arg);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_ifpriority(const char *ifn, const char *pri, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_ifpriority(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ifn, const char *pri)
 {
 	struct ifbreq req;
 	u_long val;
@@ -563,13 +561,12 @@
 	strlcpy(req.ifbr_ifsname, ifn, sizeof(req.ifbr_ifsname));
 	req.ifbr_priority = val & 0xff;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGSIFPRIO, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGSIFPRIO, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGSIFPRIO %s",  pri);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_ifpathcost(const char *ifn, const char *cost, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_ifpathcost(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ifn, const char *cost)
 {
 	struct ifbreq req;
 	u_long val;
@@ -582,13 +579,12 @@
 	strlcpy(req.ifbr_ifsname, ifn, sizeof(req.ifbr_ifsname));
 	req.ifbr_path_cost = val;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGSIFCOST, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGSIFCOST, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGSIFCOST %s",  cost);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_ifmaxaddr(const char *ifn, const char *arg, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_ifmaxaddr(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ifn, const char *arg)
 {
 	struct ifbreq req;
 	u_long val;
@@ -601,12 +597,12 @@
 	strlcpy(req.ifbr_ifsname, ifn, sizeof(req.ifbr_ifsname));
 	req.ifbr_addrmax = val & 0xffffffff;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGSIFAMAX, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGSIFAMAX, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGSIFAMAX %s",  arg);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_timeout(const char *arg, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_timeout(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifbrparam param;
 	u_long val;
@@ -616,22 +612,22 @@
 
 	param.ifbrp_ctime = val & 0xffffffff;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, BRDGSTO, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx->io_s, BRDGSTO, &param, sizeof(param), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "BRDGSTO %s",  arg);
 }
 
 static void
-setbridge_private(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setbridge_private(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_PRIVATE, 1);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_PRIVATE, 1);
 }
 
 static void
-unsetbridge_private(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+unsetbridge_private(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 
-	do_bridgeflag(s, val, IFBIF_PRIVATE, 0);
+	do_bridgeflag(ctx->io_s, val, IFBIF_PRIVATE, 0);
 }
 
 static struct cmd bridge_cmds[] = {
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifclone.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifclone.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifclone.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifclone.c
@@ -160,17 +160,17 @@
 	}
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(clone_create, arg, d)
+static void
+clone_create(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const char *cmd __unused, int d __unused)
 {
 	callback_register(ifclonecreate, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(clone_destroy, arg, d)
+static void
+clone_destroy(if_ctx *ctx, const char *cmd __unused, int d __unused)
 {
-	(void) strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCIFDESTROY, &ifr) < 0)
+	strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCIFDESTROY, &ifr) < 0)
 		err(1, "SIOCIFDESTROY");
 }
 
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig.h b/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig.h
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig.h
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig.h
@@ -45,12 +45,13 @@
 
 struct afswtch;
 struct cmd;
+struct ifconfig_context;
 
-typedef	void c_func(const char *cmd, int arg, int s, const struct afswtch *afp);
-typedef	void c_func2(const char *arg1, const char *arg2, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp);
-typedef	void c_func3(const char *cmd, const char *arg, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp);
+typedef	void c_func(const struct ifconfig_context *ctx, const char *cmd, int arg);
+typedef	void c_func2(const struct ifconfig_context *ctx, const char *arg1,
+    const char *arg2);
+typedef	void c_func3(const struct ifconfig_context *ctx, const char *cmd,
+    const char *arg);
 
 struct cmd {
 	const char *c_name;
@@ -74,13 +75,8 @@
 void	callback_register(callback_func *, void *);
 
 /*
- * Macros for declaring command functions and initializing entries.
+ * Macros for initializing command handlers.
  */
-#define	DECL_CMD_FUNC(name, cmd, arg) \
-	void name(const char *cmd, int arg, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
-#define	DECL_CMD_FUNC2(name, arg1, arg2) \
-	void name(const char *arg1, const char *arg2, int s, \
-	    const struct afswtch *afp)
 
 #define	DEF_CMD(name, param, func) {		\
     .c_name = (name),				\
@@ -140,6 +136,18 @@
     .c_next = NULL,				\
 }
 
+struct snl_state;
+struct ifconfig_args;
+struct ifconfig_context {
+	struct ifconfig_args	*args;
+	const struct afswtch	*afp;
+	int			io_s;	/* fd to use for ioctl() */
+	struct snl_state	*io_ss;	/* NETLINK_ROUTE socket */
+};
+typedef const struct ifconfig_context if_ctx;
+
+#define	ioctl_ctx(ctx, _req, ...)	ioctl((ctx)->io_s, _req, ## __VA_ARGS__)
+
 struct ifaddrs;
 struct addrinfo;
 
@@ -150,20 +158,16 @@
 	DSTADDR,
 };
 
-struct snl_state;
 struct snl_parsed_addr;
 struct snl_parsed_link;
 typedef struct snl_parsed_link if_link_t;
 typedef struct snl_parsed_addr if_addr_t;
-struct ifconfig_args;
-struct io_handler {
-	int			s;	/* socket to use for ioctls */
-	struct snl_state	*ss;	/* NETLINK_ROUTE snl(3) socket */
-};
 
 typedef void af_setvhid_f(int vhid);
-typedef	void af_status_nl_f(struct ifconfig_args *args, struct io_handler *h,
-    if_link_t *link, if_addr_t *ifa);
+typedef	void af_status_nl_f(if_ctx *ctx, if_link_t *link, if_addr_t *ifa);
+typedef void af_status_f(if_ctx *ctx, const struct ifaddrs *);
+typedef void af_other_status_f(if_ctx *ctx);
+typedef void af_postproc_f(if_ctx *ctx, int newaddr, int ifflags);
 
 struct afswtch {
 	const char	*af_name;	/* as given on cmd line, e.g. "inet" */
@@ -178,17 +182,15 @@
 	 * is presented.
 	 */
 #ifndef WITHOUT_NETLINK
-	af_status_nl_f	*af_status_nl;
+	af_status_nl_f	*af_status;
 #else
-	void		(*af_status)(int, const struct ifaddrs *);
+	af_status_f	*af_status;
 #endif
-	void		(*af_other_status)(int);
-					/* parse address method */
+	af_other_status_f	*af_other_status;
 	void		(*af_getaddr)(const char *, int);
 					/* parse prefix method (IPv6) */
 	void		(*af_getprefix)(const char *, int);
-	void		(*af_postproc)(int s, const struct afswtch *,
-			    int newaddr, int ifflags);
+	af_postproc_f	*af_postproc;
 	af_setvhid_f	*af_setvhid;	/* Set CARP vhid for an address */
 	u_long		af_difaddr;	/* set dst if address ioctl */
 	u_long		af_aifaddr;	/* set if address ioctl */
@@ -239,12 +241,11 @@
 extern	int verbose;
 extern	int printifname;
 extern	int exit_code;
-extern struct ifconfig_args args;
+extern struct ifconfig_args global_args;
 extern	char *f_inet, *f_inet6, *f_ether, *f_addr;
 
-void	setifcap(const char *, int value, int s, const struct afswtch *);
-void	setifcapnv(const char *vname, const char *arg, int s,
-	    const struct afswtch *afp);
+void	setifcap(if_ctx *ctx, const char *, int value);
+void	setifcapnv(if_ctx *ctx, const char *vname, const char *arg);
 
 void	Perror(const char *cmd);
 void	printb(const char *s, unsigned value, const char *bits);
@@ -266,7 +267,7 @@
 void	print_ifcap(struct ifconfig_args *args, int s);
 void	tunnel_status(int s);
 struct afswtch	*af_getbyfamily(int af);
-void	af_other_status(int s);
+void	af_other_status(if_ctx *ctx);
 void	print_ifstatus(int s);
 void	print_metric(int s);
 
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig.c
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
 int	verbose;
 int	printifname = 0;
 
-struct ifconfig_args args;
+struct ifconfig_args global_args;
 
 int	printkeys = 0;		/* Print keying material for interfaces. */
 int	exit_code = 0;
@@ -569,6 +569,8 @@
 #ifdef JAIL
 	int jid;
 #endif
+	struct ifconfig_args *args = &global_args;
+
 	f_inet = f_inet6 = f_ether = f_addr = NULL;
 
 	lifh = ifconfig_open();
@@ -585,11 +587,11 @@
 	 */
 	atexit(printifnamemaybe);
 
-	args_parse(&args, ac, av);
+	args_parse(args, ac, av);
 
 #ifdef JAIL
-	if (args.jail_name) {
-		jid = jail_getid(args.jail_name);
+	if (args->jail_name) {
+		jid = jail_getid(args->jail_name);
 		if (jid == -1)
 			Perror("jail not found");
 		if (jail_attach(jid) != 0)
@@ -597,15 +599,15 @@
 	}
 #endif
 
-	if (!args.all && !args.namesonly) {
+	if (!args->all && !args->namesonly) {
 		/* not listing, need an argument */
-		args.ifname = args_pop(&args);
+		args->ifname = args_pop(args);
 
 		/* check and maybe load support for this interface */
-		ifmaybeload(&args, args.ifname);
+		ifmaybeload(args, args->ifname);
 
-		char *arg = args_peek(&args);
-		if (if_nametoindex(args.ifname) == 0) {
+		char *arg = args_peek(args);
+		if (if_nametoindex(args->ifname) == 0) {
 			/*
 			 * NOTE:  We must special-case the `create' command
 			 * right here as we would otherwise fail when trying
@@ -613,11 +615,11 @@
 			 */
 			if (arg != NULL && (strcmp(arg, "create") == 0 ||
 			    strcmp(arg, "plumb") == 0)) {
-				iflen = strlcpy(name, args.ifname, sizeof(name));
+				iflen = strlcpy(name, args->ifname, sizeof(name));
 				if (iflen >= sizeof(name))
 					errx(1, "%s: cloning name too long",
-					    args.ifname);
-				ifconfig(args.argc, args.argv, 1, NULL);
+					    args->ifname);
+				ifconfig(args->argc, args->argv, 1, NULL);
 				exit(exit_code);
 			}
 #ifdef JAIL
@@ -627,15 +629,15 @@
 			 * to find the interface as it lives in another vnet.
 			 */
 			if (arg != NULL && (strcmp(arg, "-vnet") == 0)) {
-				iflen = strlcpy(name, args.ifname, sizeof(name));
+				iflen = strlcpy(name, args->ifname, sizeof(name));
 				if (iflen >= sizeof(name))
 					errx(1, "%s: interface name too long",
-					    args.ifname);
-				ifconfig(args.argc, args.argv, 0, NULL);
+					    args->ifname);
+				ifconfig(args->argc, args->argv, 0, NULL);
 				exit(exit_code);
 			}
 #endif
-			errx(1, "interface %s does not exist", args.ifname);
+			errx(1, "interface %s does not exist", args->ifname);
 		} else {
 			/*
 			 * Do not allow use `create` command as hostname if
@@ -643,19 +645,19 @@
 			 */
 			if (arg != NULL && (strcmp(arg, "create") == 0 ||
 			    strcmp(arg, "plumb") == 0)) {
-				if (args.argc == 1)
+				if (args->argc == 1)
 					errx(1, "interface %s already exists",
-					    args.ifname);
-				args_pop(&args);
+					    args->ifname);
+				args_pop(args);
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	/* Check for address family */
-	if (args.argc > 0) {
-		args.afp = af_getbyname(args_peek(&args));
-		if (args.afp != NULL)
-			args_pop(&args);
+	if (args->argc > 0) {
+		args->afp = af_getbyname(args_peek(args));
+		if (args->afp != NULL)
+			args_pop(args);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -663,23 +665,23 @@
 	 * which doesn't require building, sorting, and searching the entire
 	 * system address list
 	 */
-	if ((args.argc > 0) && (args.ifname != NULL)) {
-		iflen = strlcpy(name, args.ifname, sizeof(name));
+	if ((args->argc > 0) && (args->ifname != NULL)) {
+		iflen = strlcpy(name, args->ifname, sizeof(name));
 		if (iflen >= sizeof(name)) {
-			warnx("%s: interface name too long, skipping", args.ifname);
+			warnx("%s: interface name too long, skipping", args->ifname);
 		} else {
 			flags = getifflags(name, -1, false);
 			if (!(((flags & IFF_CANTCONFIG) != 0) ||
-				(args.downonly && (flags & IFF_UP) != 0) ||
-				(args.uponly && (flags & IFF_UP) == 0)))
-				ifconfig(args.argc, args.argv, 0, args.afp);
+				(args->downonly && (flags & IFF_UP) != 0) ||
+				(args->uponly && (flags & IFF_UP) == 0)))
+				ifconfig(args->argc, args->argv, 0, args->afp);
 		}
 		goto done;
 	}
 
-	args.allfamilies = args.afp == NULL;
+	args->allfamilies = args->afp == NULL;
 
-	list_interfaces(&args);
+	list_interfaces(args);
 
 done:
 	freeformat();
@@ -910,7 +912,7 @@
 }
 
 void
-af_other_status(int s)
+af_other_status(if_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	struct afswtch *afp;
 	uint8_t afmask[howmany(AF_MAX, NBBY)];
@@ -921,7 +923,7 @@
 			continue;
 		if (afp->af_af != AF_UNSPEC && isset(afmask, afp->af_af))
 			continue;
-		afp->af_other_status(s);
+		afp->af_other_status(ctx);
 		setbit(afmask, afp->af_af);
 	}
 }
@@ -992,10 +994,10 @@
 }
 
 /* specially-handled commands */
-static void setifaddr(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *);
+static void setifaddr(if_ctx *ctx, const char *addr, int param);
 static const struct cmd setifaddr_cmd = DEF_CMD("ifaddr", 0, setifaddr);
 
-static void setifdstaddr(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *);
+static void setifdstaddr(if_ctx *ctx, const char *addr, int param __unused);
 static const struct cmd setifdstaddr_cmd =
 	DEF_CMD("ifdstaddr", 0, setifdstaddr);
 
@@ -1041,6 +1043,7 @@
 int
 ifconfig(int argc, char *const *argv, int iscreate, const struct afswtch *uafp)
 {
+	struct ifconfig_context ctx = {};
 	const struct afswtch *afp, *nafp;
 	const struct cmd *p;
 	struct callback *cb;
@@ -1071,6 +1074,7 @@
 		warnx("Please specify an address_family.");
 		usage();
 	}
+
 top:
 	ifr.ifr_addr.sa_family =
 		afp->af_af == AF_LINK || afp->af_af == AF_UNSPEC ?
@@ -1081,6 +1085,9 @@
 	     (s = socket(AF_LOCAL, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0))
 		err(1, "socket(family %u,SOCK_DGRAM)", ifr.ifr_addr.sa_family);
 
+	ctx.io_s = s;
+	ctx.afp = afp;
+
 	while (argc > 0) {
 		p = cmd_lookup(*argv, iscreate);
 		if (iscreate && p == NULL) {
@@ -1125,22 +1132,22 @@
 			if (argv[1] == NULL)
 				errx(1, "'%s' requires argument",
 				    p->c_name);
-			p->c_u.c_func(argv[1], 0, s, afp);
+			p->c_u.c_func(&ctx, argv[1], 0);
 			argc--, argv++;
 		} else if (p->c_parameter == OPTARG && p->c_u.c_func) {
-			p->c_u.c_func(argv[1], 0, s, afp);
+			p->c_u.c_func(&ctx, argv[1], 0);
 			if (argv[1] != NULL)
 				argc--, argv++;
 		} else if (p->c_parameter == NEXTARG2 && p->c_u.c_func2) {
 			if (argc < 3)
 				errx(1, "'%s' requires 2 arguments",
 				    p->c_name);
-			p->c_u.c_func2(argv[1], argv[2], s, afp);
+			p->c_u.c_func2(&ctx, argv[1], argv[2]);
 			argc -= 2, argv += 2;
 		} else if (p->c_parameter == SPARAM && p->c_u.c_func3) {
-			p->c_u.c_func3(*argv, p->c_sparameter, s, afp);
+			p->c_u.c_func3(&ctx, *argv, p->c_sparameter);
 		} else if (p->c_u.c_func)
-			p->c_u.c_func(*argv, p->c_parameter, s, afp);
+			p->c_u.c_func(&ctx, *argv, p->c_parameter);
 		argc--, argv++;
 	}
 
@@ -1148,7 +1155,7 @@
 	 * Do any post argument processing required by the address family.
 	 */
 	if (afp->af_postproc != NULL)
-		afp->af_postproc(s, afp, newaddr, getifflags(name, s, true));
+		afp->af_postproc(&ctx, newaddr, getifflags(name, s, true));
 	/*
 	 * Do deferred callbacks registered while processing
 	 * command-line arguments.
@@ -1167,10 +1174,11 @@
 	return(0);
 }
 
-/*ARGSUSED*/
 static void
-setifaddr(const char *addr, int param, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifaddr(if_ctx *ctx, const char *addr, int param)
 {
+	const struct afswtch *afp = ctx->afp;
+
 	if (afp->af_getaddr == NULL)
 		return;
 	/*
@@ -1185,8 +1193,9 @@
 }
 
 static void
-settunnel(const char *src, const char *dst, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+settunnel(if_ctx *ctx, const char *src, const char *dst)
 {
+	const struct afswtch *afp = ctx->afp;
 	struct addrinfo *srcres, *dstres;
 	int ecode;
 
@@ -1208,25 +1217,23 @@
 		errx(1,
 		    "source and destination address families do not match");
 
-	afp->af_settunnel(s, srcres, dstres);
+	afp->af_settunnel(ctx->io_s, srcres, dstres);
 
 	freeaddrinfo(srcres);
 	freeaddrinfo(dstres);
 }
 
-/* ARGSUSED */
 static void
-deletetunnel(const char *vname, int param, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+deletetunnel(if_ctx *ctx, const char *vname, int param)
 {
 
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCDIFPHYADDR, &ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCDIFPHYADDR, &ifr) < 0)
 		err(1, "SIOCDIFPHYADDR");
 }
 
 #ifdef JAIL
 static void
-setifvnet(const char *jname, int dummy __unused, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifvnet(if_ctx *ctx, const char *jname, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifreq my_ifr;
 
@@ -1234,13 +1241,12 @@
 	my_ifr.ifr_jid = jail_getid(jname);
 	if (my_ifr.ifr_jid < 0)
 		errx(1, "%s", jail_errmsg);
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSIFVNET, &my_ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSIFVNET, &my_ifr) < 0)
 		err(1, "SIOCSIFVNET");
 }
 
 static void
-setifrvnet(const char *jname, int dummy __unused, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifrvnet(if_ctx *ctx, const char *jname, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifreq my_ifr;
 
@@ -1248,15 +1254,16 @@
 	my_ifr.ifr_jid = jail_getid(jname);
 	if (my_ifr.ifr_jid < 0)
 		errx(1, "%s", jail_errmsg);
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSIFRVNET, &my_ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSIFRVNET, &my_ifr) < 0)
 		err(1, "SIOCSIFRVNET(%d, %s)", my_ifr.ifr_jid, my_ifr.ifr_name);
 }
 #endif
 
 static void
-setifnetmask(const char *addr, int dummy __unused, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifnetmask(if_ctx *ctx, const char *addr, int dummy __unused)
 {
+	const struct afswtch *afp = ctx->afp;
+
 	if (afp->af_getaddr != NULL) {
 		setmask++;
 		afp->af_getaddr(addr, MASK);
@@ -1264,16 +1271,19 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setifbroadaddr(const char *addr, int dummy __unused, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifbroadaddr(if_ctx *ctx, const char *addr, int dummy __unused)
 {
+	const struct afswtch *afp = ctx->afp;
+
 	if (afp->af_getaddr != NULL)
 		afp->af_getaddr(addr, DSTADDR);
 }
 
 static void
-notealias(const char *addr, int param, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+notealias(if_ctx *ctx, const char *addr, int param)
 {
+	const struct afswtch *afp = ctx->afp;
+
 #define rqtosa(x) (&(((struct ifreq *)(afp->x))->ifr_addr))
 	if (setaddr && doalias == 0 && param < 0)
 		if (afp->af_addreq != NULL && afp->af_ridreq != NULL)
@@ -1289,11 +1299,11 @@
 #undef rqtosa
 }
 
-/*ARGSUSED*/
 static void
-setifdstaddr(const char *addr, int param __unused, int s, 
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifdstaddr(if_ctx *ctx, const char *addr, int param __unused)
 {
+	const struct afswtch *afp = ctx->afp;
+
 	if (afp->af_getaddr != NULL)
 		afp->af_getaddr(addr, DSTADDR);
 }
@@ -1328,12 +1338,12 @@
  * Make a private copy so we can avoid that.
  */
 static void
-setifflags(const char *vname, int value, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifflags(if_ctx *ctx, const char *vname, int value)
 {
 	struct ifreq		my_ifr;
 	int flags;
 
-	flags = getifflags(name, s, false);
+	flags = getifflags(name, ctx->io_s, false);
 	if (value < 0) {
 		value = -value;
 		flags &= ~value;
@@ -1343,16 +1353,16 @@
 	(void) strlcpy(my_ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof(my_ifr.ifr_name));
 	my_ifr.ifr_flags = flags & 0xffff;
 	my_ifr.ifr_flagshigh = flags >> 16;
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSIFFLAGS, (caddr_t)&my_ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSIFFLAGS, (caddr_t)&my_ifr) < 0)
 		Perror(vname);
 }
 
 void
-setifcap(const char *vname, int value, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifcap(if_ctx *ctx, const char *vname, int value)
 {
 	int flags;
 
- 	if (ioctl(s, SIOCGIFCAP, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0) {
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCGIFCAP, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0) {
  		Perror("ioctl (SIOCGIFCAP)");
  		exit(1);
  	}
@@ -1367,12 +1377,12 @@
 	if (ifr.ifr_curcap == flags)
 		return;
 	ifr.ifr_reqcap = flags;
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSIFCAP, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSIFCAP, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
 		Perror(vname);
 }
 
 void
-setifcapnv(const char *vname, const char *arg, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifcapnv(if_ctx *ctx, const char *vname, const char *arg)
 {
 	nvlist_t *nvcap;
 	void *buf;
@@ -1380,7 +1390,7 @@
 	size_t nvbuflen;
 	bool neg;
 
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCGIFCAP, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCGIFCAP, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
 		Perror("ioctl (SIOCGIFCAP)");
 	if ((ifr.ifr_curcap & IFCAP_NV) == 0) {
 		warnx("IFCAP_NV not supported");
@@ -1411,7 +1421,7 @@
 	}
 	ifr.ifr_cap_nv.buf_length = ifr.ifr_cap_nv.length = nvbuflen;
 	ifr.ifr_cap_nv.buffer = buf;
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSIFCAPNV, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSIFCAPNV, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
 		Perror(vname);
 	free(buf);
 	nvlist_destroy(nvcap);
@@ -1419,27 +1429,25 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setifmetric(const char *val, int dummy __unused, int s, 
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifmetric(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof (ifr.ifr_name));
 	ifr.ifr_metric = atoi(val);
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSIFMETRIC, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSIFMETRIC, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
 		err(1, "ioctl SIOCSIFMETRIC (set metric)");
 }
 
 static void
-setifmtu(const char *val, int dummy __unused, int s, 
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifmtu(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof (ifr.ifr_name));
 	ifr.ifr_mtu = atoi(val);
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSIFMTU, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSIFMTU, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
 		err(1, "ioctl SIOCSIFMTU (set mtu)");
 }
 
 static void
-setifpcp(const char *val, int arg __unused, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifpcp(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int arg __unused)
 {
 	u_long ul;
 	char *endp;
@@ -1450,23 +1458,21 @@
 	if (ul > 7)
 		errx(1, "value for pcp out of range");
 	ifr.ifr_lan_pcp = ul;
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSLANPCP, (caddr_t)&ifr) == -1)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSLANPCP, (caddr_t)&ifr) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCSLANPCP");
 }
 
 static void
-disableifpcp(const char *val, int arg __unused, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+disableifpcp(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int arg __unused)
 {
 
 	ifr.ifr_lan_pcp = IFNET_PCP_NONE;
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSLANPCP, (caddr_t)&ifr) == -1)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSLANPCP, (caddr_t)&ifr) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCSLANPCP");
 }
 
 static void
-setifname(const char *val, int dummy __unused, int s, 
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifname(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	char *newname;
 	
@@ -1476,7 +1482,7 @@
 	if (newname == NULL)
 		err(1, "no memory to set ifname");
 	ifr.ifr_data = newname;
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSIFNAME, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0) {
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSIFNAME, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0) {
 		free(newname);
 		err(1, "ioctl SIOCSIFNAME (set name)");
 	}
@@ -1485,10 +1491,8 @@
 	free(newname);
 }
 
-/* ARGSUSED */
 static void
-setifdescr(const char *val, int dummy __unused, int s, 
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifdescr(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	char *newdescr;
 
@@ -1507,18 +1511,16 @@
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSIFDESCR, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSIFDESCR, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
 		err(1, "ioctl SIOCSIFDESCR (set descr)");
 
 	free(newdescr);
 }
 
-/* ARGSUSED */
 static void
-unsetifdescr(const char *val, int value, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+unsetifdescr(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int value)
 {
-
-	setifdescr("", 0, s, 0);
+	setifdescr(ctx, "", 0);
 }
 
 #define	IFFBITS \
@@ -1682,6 +1684,9 @@
 	if (s < 0)
 		err(1, "socket(family %u,SOCK_DGRAM)", ifr.ifr_addr.sa_family);
 
+	struct ifconfig_context _ctx = { .io_s = s }, *ctx;
+	ctx = &_ctx;
+
 	printf("%s: ", name);
 	printb("flags", ifa->ifa_flags, IFFBITS);
 	print_metric(s);
@@ -1703,9 +1708,9 @@
 			const struct afswtch *p;
 			p = af_getbyfamily(ift->ifa_addr->sa_family);
 			if (p != NULL && p->af_status != NULL)
-				p->af_status(s, ift);
+				p->af_status(ctx, ift);
 		} else if (args->afp->af_af == ift->ifa_addr->sa_family)
-			args->afp->af_status(s, ift);
+			args->afp->af_status(ctx, ift);
 	}
 #if 0
 	if (allfamilies || afp->af_af == AF_LINK) {
@@ -1725,9 +1730,9 @@
 	}
 #endif
 	if (allfamilies)
-		af_other_status(s);
+		af_other_status(ctx);
 	else if (args->afp->af_other_status != NULL)
-		args->afp->af_other_status(s);
+		args->afp->af_other_status(ctx);
 
 	print_ifstatus(s);
 	if (args->verbose > 0)
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig_netlink.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig_netlink.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig_netlink.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig_netlink.c
@@ -305,16 +305,17 @@
 }
 
 static void
-status_nl(struct ifconfig_args *args, struct io_handler *h, struct iface *iface)
+status_nl(if_ctx *ctx, struct iface *iface)
 {
 	if_link_t *link = &iface->link;
+	struct ifconfig_args *args = ctx->args;
 
 	printf("%s: ", link->ifla_ifname);
 
 	printf("flags=%x", link->ifi_flags);
 	print_bits("IFF", &link->ifi_flags, 1, IFFBITS, nitems(IFFBITS));
 
-	print_metric(h->s);
+	print_metric(ctx->io_s);
 	printf(" mtu %d\n", link->ifla_mtu);
 
 	if (link->ifla_ifalias != NULL)
@@ -322,40 +323,40 @@
 
 	/* TODO: convert to netlink */
 	strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, link->ifla_ifname, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
-	print_ifcap(args, h->s);
-	tunnel_status(h->s);
+	print_ifcap(args, ctx->io_s);
+	tunnel_status(ctx->io_s);
 
 	if (args->allfamilies | (args->afp != NULL && args->afp->af_af == AF_LINK)) {
 		/* Start with link-level */
 		const struct afswtch *p = af_getbyfamily(AF_LINK);
 		if (p != NULL && link->ifla_address != NULL)
-			p->af_status_nl(args, h, link, NULL);
+			p->af_status(ctx, link, NULL);
 	}
 
-	sort_iface_ifaddrs(h->ss, iface);
+	sort_iface_ifaddrs(ctx->io_ss, iface);
 
 	for (struct ifa *ifa = iface->ifa; ifa != NULL; ifa = ifa->next) {
 		if (args->allfamilies) {
 			const struct afswtch *p = af_getbyfamily(ifa->addr.ifa_family);
 
 			if (p != NULL)
-				p->af_status_nl(args, h, link, &ifa->addr);
+				p->af_status(ctx, link, &ifa->addr);
 		} else if (args->afp->af_af == ifa->addr.ifa_family) {
 			const struct afswtch *p = args->afp;
 
-			p->af_status_nl(args, h, link, &ifa->addr);
+			p->af_status(ctx, link, &ifa->addr);
 		}
 	}
 
 	/* TODO: convert to netlink */
 	if (args->allfamilies)
-		af_other_status(h->s);
+		af_other_status(ctx);
 	else if (args->afp->af_other_status != NULL)
-		args->afp->af_other_status(h->s);
+		args->afp->af_other_status(ctx);
 
-	print_ifstatus(h->s);
+	print_ifstatus(ctx->io_s);
 	if (args->verbose > 0)
-		sfp_status(h->s, &ifr, args->verbose);
+		sfp_status(ctx->io_s, &ifr, args->verbose);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -382,6 +383,12 @@
 list_interfaces_nl(struct ifconfig_args *args)
 {
 	struct snl_state ss = {};
+	struct ifconfig_context _ctx = {
+		.args = args,
+		.io_s = get_local_socket(),
+		.io_ss = &ss,
+	};
+	struct ifconfig_context *ctx = &_ctx;
 
 	nl_init_socket(&ss);
 
@@ -397,11 +404,6 @@
 	qsort(sorted_ifaces, ifmap->count, sizeof(void *), cmp_iface);
 	prepare_ifaddrs(&ss, ifmap);
 
-	struct io_handler h = {
-		.s = get_local_socket(),
-		.ss = &ss,
-	};
-
 	for (uint32_t i = 0, num = 0; i < ifmap->count; i++) {
 		struct iface *iface = sorted_ifaces[i];
 
@@ -415,14 +417,14 @@
 				printf(" ");
 			fputs(iface->link.ifla_ifname, stdout);
 		} else if (args->argc == 0)
-			status_nl(args, &h, iface);
+			status_nl(ctx, iface);
 		else
 			ifconfig(args->argc, args->argv, 0, args->afp);
 	}
 	if (args->namesonly)
 		printf("\n");
 
-	close(h.s);
+	close(ctx->io_s);
 	snl_free(&ss);
 }
 
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/iffib.c b/sbin/ifconfig/iffib.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/iffib.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/iffib.c
@@ -46,26 +46,25 @@
 #include "ifconfig.h"
 
 static void
-fib_status(int s)
+fib_status(if_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	struct ifreq ifr;
 
 	memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
 	strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCGIFFIB, (caddr_t)&ifr) == 0 &&
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCGIFFIB, (caddr_t)&ifr) == 0 &&
 	    ifr.ifr_fib != RT_DEFAULT_FIB)
 		printf("\tfib: %u\n", ifr.ifr_fib);
 
 	memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
 	strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCGTUNFIB, (caddr_t)&ifr) == 0 &&
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCGTUNFIB, (caddr_t)&ifr) == 0 &&
 	    ifr.ifr_fib != RT_DEFAULT_FIB)
 		printf("\ttunnelfib: %u\n", ifr.ifr_fib);
 }
 
 static void
-setiffib(const char *val, int dummy __unused, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setiffib(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	unsigned long fib;
 	char *ep;
@@ -78,13 +77,12 @@
 
 	strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof (ifr.ifr_name));
 	ifr.ifr_fib = fib;
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSIFFIB, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSIFFIB, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
 		warn("ioctl (SIOCSIFFIB)");
 }
 
 static void
-settunfib(const char *val, int dummy __unused, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+settunfib(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	unsigned long fib;
 	char *ep;
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@
 
 	strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof (ifr.ifr_name));
 	ifr.ifr_fib = fib;
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSTUNFIB, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSTUNFIB, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
 		warn("ioctl (SIOCSTUNFIB)");
 }
 
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifgif.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifgif.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifgif.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifgif.c
@@ -55,15 +55,13 @@
 
 #define	GIFBITS	"\020\2IGNORE_SOURCE"
 
-static void	gif_status(int);
-
 static void
-gif_status(int s)
+gif_status(if_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	int opts;
 
 	ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&opts;
-	if (ioctl(s, GIFGOPTS, &ifr) == -1)
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, GIFGOPTS, &ifr) == -1)
 		return;
 	if (opts == 0)
 		return;
@@ -72,12 +70,12 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setgifopts(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setgifopts(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
 	int opts;
 
 	ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&opts;
-	if (ioctl(s, GIFGOPTS, &ifr) == -1) {
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, GIFGOPTS, &ifr) == -1) {
 		warn("ioctl(GIFGOPTS)");
 		return;
 	}
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@
 	else
 		opts |= d;
 
-	if (ioctl(s, GIFSOPTS, &ifr) == -1) {
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, GIFSOPTS, &ifr) == -1) {
 		warn("ioctl(GIFSOPTS)");
 		return;
 	}
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifgre.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifgre.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifgre.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifgre.c
@@ -46,61 +46,57 @@
 
 #define	GREBITS	"\020\01ENABLE_CSUM\02ENABLE_SEQ\03UDPENCAP"
 
-static	void gre_status(int s);
-
 static void
-gre_status(int s)
+gre_status(if_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	uint32_t opts, port;
 
 	opts = 0;
 	ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&opts;
-	if (ioctl(s, GREGKEY, &ifr) == 0)
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, GREGKEY, &ifr) == 0)
 		if (opts != 0)
 			printf("\tgrekey: 0x%x (%u)\n", opts, opts);
 	opts = 0;
-	if (ioctl(s, GREGOPTS, &ifr) != 0 || opts == 0)
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, GREGOPTS, &ifr) != 0 || opts == 0)
 		return;
 
 	port = 0;
 	ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&port;
-	if (ioctl(s, GREGPORT, &ifr) == 0 && port != 0)
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, GREGPORT, &ifr) == 0 && port != 0)
 		printf("\tudpport: %u\n", port);
 	printb("\toptions", opts, GREBITS);
 	putchar('\n');
 }
 
 static void
-setifgrekey(const char *val, int dummy __unused, int s, 
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifgrekey(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	uint32_t grekey = strtol(val, NULL, 0);
 
 	strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof (ifr.ifr_name));
 	ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&grekey;
-	if (ioctl(s, GRESKEY, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, GRESKEY, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
 		warn("ioctl (set grekey)");
 }
 
 static void
-setifgreport(const char *val, int dummy __unused, int s,
-    const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifgreport(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	uint32_t udpport = strtol(val, NULL, 0);
 
 	strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof (ifr.ifr_name));
 	ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&udpport;
-	if (ioctl(s, GRESPORT, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, GRESPORT, (caddr_t)&ifr) < 0)
 		warn("ioctl (set udpport)");
 }
 
 static void
-setifgreopts(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setifgreopts(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
 	uint32_t opts;
 
 	ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&opts;
-	if (ioctl(s, GREGOPTS, &ifr) == -1) {
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, GREGOPTS, &ifr) == -1) {
 		warn("ioctl(GREGOPTS)");
 		return;
 	}
@@ -110,7 +106,7 @@
 	else
 		opts |= d;
 
-	if (ioctl(s, GRESOPTS, &ifr) == -1) {
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, GRESOPTS, &ifr) == -1) {
 		warn("ioctl(GIFSOPTS)");
 		return;
 	}
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifgroup.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifgroup.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifgroup.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifgroup.c
@@ -47,9 +47,8 @@
 
 #include "ifconfig.h"
 
-/* ARGSUSED */
 static void
-setifgroup(const char *group_name, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+setifgroup(if_ctx *ctx, const char *group_name, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifgroupreq ifgr;
 
@@ -61,13 +60,12 @@
 
 	if (strlcpy(ifgr.ifgr_group, group_name, IFNAMSIZ) >= IFNAMSIZ)
 		errx(1, "setifgroup: group name too long");
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCAIFGROUP, (caddr_t)&ifgr) == -1 && errno != EEXIST)
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCAIFGROUP, (caddr_t)&ifgr) == -1 && errno != EEXIST)
 		err(1," SIOCAIFGROUP");
 }
 
-/* ARGSUSED */
 static void
-unsetifgroup(const char *group_name, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+unsetifgroup(if_ctx *ctx, const char *group_name, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifgroupreq ifgr;
 
@@ -79,12 +77,12 @@
 
 	if (strlcpy(ifgr.ifgr_group, group_name, IFNAMSIZ) >= IFNAMSIZ)
 		errx(1, "unsetifgroup: group name too long");
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCDIFGROUP, (caddr_t)&ifgr) == -1 && errno != ENOENT)
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCDIFGROUP, (caddr_t)&ifgr) == -1 && errno != ENOENT)
 		err(1, "SIOCDIFGROUP");
 }
 
 static void
-getifgroups(int s)
+getifgroups(if_ctx *ctx __unused)
 {
 	struct ifgroupreq ifgr;
 	size_t cnt;
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifieee80211.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifieee80211.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifieee80211.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifieee80211.c
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211ssid(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211ssid(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int		ssid;
 	int		len;
@@ -620,11 +620,11 @@
 	if (get_string(val, NULL, data, &len) == NULL)
 		exit(1);
 
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_SSID, ssid, len, data);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_SSID, ssid, len, data);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211meshid(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211meshid(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int		len;
 	u_int8_t	data[IEEE80211_NWID_LEN];
@@ -634,11 +634,11 @@
 	if (get_string(val, NULL, data, &len) == NULL)
 		exit(1);
 
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_ID, 0, len, data);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_ID, 0, len, data);
 }	
 
 static void
-set80211stationname(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211stationname(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int			len;
 	u_int8_t		data[33];
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@
 	len = sizeof(data);
 	get_string(val, NULL, data, &len);
 
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_STATIONNAME, 0, len, data);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_STATIONNAME, 0, len, data);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -833,18 +833,20 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211channel(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211channel(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ieee80211_channel chan;
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
 
 	getchannel(s, &chan, val);
 	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_CURCHAN, 0, sizeof(chan), &chan);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211chanswitch(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211chanswitch(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ieee80211_chanswitch_req csr;
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
 
 	getchannel(s, &csr.csa_chan, val);
 	csr.csa_mode = 1;
@@ -853,7 +855,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211authmode(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211authmode(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int	mode;
 
@@ -871,11 +873,11 @@
 		errx(1, "unknown authmode");
 	}
 
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_AUTHMODE, mode, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_AUTHMODE, mode, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211powersavemode(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211powersavemode(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int	mode;
 
@@ -893,12 +895,14 @@
 		errx(1, "unknown powersavemode");
 	}
 
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_POWERSAVE, mode, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_POWERSAVE, mode, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211powersave(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211powersave(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
+
 	if (d == 0)
 		set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_POWERSAVE, IEEE80211_POWERSAVE_OFF,
 		    0, NULL);
@@ -908,13 +912,13 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211powersavesleep(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211powersavesleep(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_POWERSAVESLEEP, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_POWERSAVESLEEP, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211wepmode(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211wepmode(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int	mode;
 
@@ -928,13 +932,13 @@
 		errx(1, "unknown wep mode");
 	}
 
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WEP, mode, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WEP, mode, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211wep(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211wep(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WEP, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WEP, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -944,8 +948,10 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211weptxkey(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211weptxkey(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
+	int		s = ctx->io_s;
+
 	if (isundefarg(val))
 		set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WEPTXKEY, IEEE80211_KEYIX_NONE, 0, NULL);
 	else
@@ -953,11 +959,12 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211wepkey(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211wepkey(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int		key = 0;
 	int		len;
 	u_int8_t	data[IEEE80211_KEYBUF_SIZE];
+	int		s = ctx->io_s;
 
 	if (isdigit((int)val[0]) && val[1] == ':') {
 		key = atoi(val)-1;
@@ -977,11 +984,12 @@
  * it's not all that hard.
  */
 static void
-set80211nwkey(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211nwkey(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int		txkey;
 	int		i, len;
 	u_int8_t	data[IEEE80211_KEYBUF_SIZE];
+	int		s = ctx->io_s;
 
 	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WEP, IEEE80211_WEP_ON, 0, NULL);
 
@@ -1015,14 +1023,14 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211rtsthreshold(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211rtsthreshold(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_RTSTHRESHOLD,
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_RTSTHRESHOLD,
 		isundefarg(val) ? IEEE80211_RTS_MAX : atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211protmode(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211protmode(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int	mode;
 
@@ -1036,11 +1044,11 @@
 		errx(1, "unknown protection mode");
 	}
 
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_PROTMODE, mode, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_PROTMODE, mode, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211htprotmode(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211htprotmode(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int	mode;
 
@@ -1052,11 +1060,11 @@
 		errx(1, "unknown protection mode");
 	}
 
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_HTPROTMODE, mode, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_HTPROTMODE, mode, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211txpower(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211txpower(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	double v = atof(val);
 	int txpow;
@@ -1064,7 +1072,7 @@
 	txpow = (int) (2*v);
 	if (txpow != 2*v)
 		errx(-1, "invalid tx power (must be .5 dBm units)");
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_TXPOWER, txpow, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_TXPOWER, txpow, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 #define	IEEE80211_ROAMING_DEVICE	0
@@ -1072,7 +1080,7 @@
 #define	IEEE80211_ROAMING_MANUAL	2
 
 static void
-set80211roaming(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211roaming(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int mode;
 
@@ -1085,44 +1093,45 @@
 	} else {
 		errx(1, "unknown roaming mode");
 	}
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_ROAMING, mode, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_ROAMING, mode, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211wme(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211wme(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211hidessid(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211hidessid(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_HIDESSID, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_HIDESSID, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211apbridge(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211apbridge(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_APBRIDGE, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_APBRIDGE, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211fastframes(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211fastframes(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_FF, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_FF, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211dturbo(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211dturbo(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_TURBOP, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_TURBOP, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211chanlist(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211chanlist(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ieee80211req_chanlist chanlist;
 	char *temp, *cp, *tp;
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
 
 	temp = malloc(strlen(val) + 1);
 	if (temp == NULL)
@@ -1171,8 +1180,10 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211bssid(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211bssid(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
+
 
 	if (!isanyarg(val)) {
 		char *temp;
@@ -1212,90 +1223,91 @@
 	errx(1, "unknown wme access class %s", ac);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC2(set80211cwmin, ac, val)
+static void
+set80211cwmin(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ac, const char *val)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_CWMIN, atoi(val), getac(ac), NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_CWMIN, atoi(val), getac(ac), NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC2(set80211cwmax, ac, val)
+static void
+set80211cwmax(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ac, const char *val)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_CWMAX, atoi(val), getac(ac), NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_CWMAX, atoi(val), getac(ac), NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC2(set80211aifs, ac, val)
+static void
+set80211aifs(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ac, const char *val)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_AIFS, atoi(val), getac(ac), NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_AIFS, atoi(val), getac(ac), NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC2(set80211txoplimit, ac, val)
+static void
+set80211txoplimit(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ac, const char *val)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_TXOPLIMIT, atoi(val), getac(ac), NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_TXOPLIMIT, atoi(val), getac(ac), NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211acm, ac, d)
+static void
+set80211acm(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ac, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_ACM, 1, getac(ac), NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_ACM, 1, getac(ac), NULL);
 }
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211noacm, ac, d)
+
+static void
+set80211noacm(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ac, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_ACM, 0, getac(ac), NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_ACM, 0, getac(ac), NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211ackpolicy, ac, d)
+static void
+set80211ackpolicy(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ac, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_ACKPOLICY, 1, getac(ac), NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_ACKPOLICY, 1, getac(ac), NULL);
 }
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211noackpolicy, ac, d)
+static void
+set80211noackpolicy(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ac, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_ACKPOLICY, 0, getac(ac), NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_ACKPOLICY, 0, getac(ac), NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC2(set80211bsscwmin, ac, val)
+static void
+set80211bsscwmin(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ac, const char *val)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_CWMIN, atoi(val),
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_CWMIN, atoi(val),
 		getac(ac)|IEEE80211_WMEPARAM_BSS, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC2(set80211bsscwmax, ac, val)
+static void
+set80211bsscwmax(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ac, const char *val)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_CWMAX, atoi(val),
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_CWMAX, atoi(val),
 		getac(ac)|IEEE80211_WMEPARAM_BSS, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC2(set80211bssaifs, ac, val)
+static void
+set80211bssaifs(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ac, const char *val)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_AIFS, atoi(val),
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_AIFS, atoi(val),
 		getac(ac)|IEEE80211_WMEPARAM_BSS, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC2(set80211bsstxoplimit, ac, val)
+static void
+set80211bsstxoplimit(if_ctx *ctx, const char *ac, const char *val)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_TXOPLIMIT, atoi(val),
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_WME_TXOPLIMIT, atoi(val),
 		getac(ac)|IEEE80211_WMEPARAM_BSS, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211dtimperiod, val, d)
+static void
+set80211dtimperiod(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_DTIM_PERIOD, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_DTIM_PERIOD, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211bintval, val, d)
+static void
+set80211bintval(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_BEACON_INTERVAL, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_BEACON_INTERVAL, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1317,20 +1329,20 @@
 	set80211(s, op, 0, IEEE80211_ADDR_LEN, LLADDR(&sdl));
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211addmac, val, d)
+static void
+set80211addmac(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211macmac(s, IEEE80211_IOC_ADDMAC, val);
+	set80211macmac(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_ADDMAC, val);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211delmac, val, d)
+static void
+set80211delmac(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211macmac(s, IEEE80211_IOC_DELMAC, val);
+	set80211macmac(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_DELMAC, val);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211kickmac, val, d)
+static void
+set80211kickmac(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	char *temp;
 	struct sockaddr_dl sdl;
@@ -1350,13 +1362,13 @@
 	mlme.im_op = IEEE80211_MLME_DEAUTH;
 	mlme.im_reason = IEEE80211_REASON_AUTH_EXPIRE;
 	memcpy(mlme.im_macaddr, LLADDR(&sdl), IEEE80211_ADDR_LEN);
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_MLME, 0, sizeof(mlme), &mlme);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_MLME, 0, sizeof(mlme), &mlme);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211maccmd, val, d)
+static void
+set80211maccmd(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_MACCMD, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_MACCMD, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1379,26 +1391,26 @@
 	    IEEE80211_ADDR_LEN, LLADDR(&sdl));
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211addmeshrt, val, d)
+static void
+set80211addmeshrt(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211meshrtmac(s, IEEE80211_MESH_RTCMD_ADD, val);
+	set80211meshrtmac(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_MESH_RTCMD_ADD, val);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211delmeshrt, val, d)
+static void
+set80211delmeshrt(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211meshrtmac(s, IEEE80211_MESH_RTCMD_DELETE, val);
+	set80211meshrtmac(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_MESH_RTCMD_DELETE, val);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211meshrtcmd, val, d)
+static void
+set80211meshrtcmd(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_RTCMD, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_RTCMD, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211hwmprootmode, val, d)
+static void
+set80211hwmprootmode(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int mode;
 
@@ -1410,73 +1422,73 @@
 		mode = IEEE80211_HWMP_ROOTMODE_RANN;
 	else
 		mode = IEEE80211_HWMP_ROOTMODE_DISABLED;
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_HWMP_ROOTMODE, mode, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_HWMP_ROOTMODE, mode, 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211hwmpmaxhops, val, d)
+static void
+set80211hwmpmaxhops(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_HWMP_MAXHOPS, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_HWMP_MAXHOPS, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211pureg(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211pureg(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_PUREG, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_PUREG, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211quiet(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211quiet(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_QUIET, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_QUIET, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211quietperiod, val, d)
+static void
+set80211quietperiod(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_QUIET_PERIOD, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_QUIET_PERIOD, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211quietcount, val, d)
+static void
+set80211quietcount(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_QUIET_COUNT, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_QUIET_COUNT, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211quietduration, val, d)
+static void
+set80211quietduration(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_QUIET_DUR, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_QUIET_DUR, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211quietoffset, val, d)
+static void
+set80211quietoffset(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_QUIET_OFFSET, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_QUIET_OFFSET, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211bgscan(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211bgscan(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_BGSCAN, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_BGSCAN, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211bgscanidle, val, d)
+static void
+set80211bgscanidle(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_BGSCAN_IDLE, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_BGSCAN_IDLE, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211bgscanintvl, val, d)
+static void
+set80211bgscanintvl(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_BGSCAN_INTERVAL, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_BGSCAN_INTERVAL, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211scanvalid, val, d)
+static void
+set80211scanvalid(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_SCANVALID, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_SCANVALID, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1615,11 +1627,12 @@
     _APPLY1(_flags, _base, _param, _v);					\
 } while (0)
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211roamrssi, val, d)
+static void
+set80211roamrssi(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	double v = atof(val);
 	int rssi, flags;
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
 
 	rssi = (int) (2*v);
 	if (rssi != 2*v)
@@ -1646,10 +1659,11 @@
 	return rate;		/* NB: returns 2x the specified value */
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211roamrate, val, d)
+static void
+set80211roamrate(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int rate, flags;
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
 
 	rate = getrate(val, "roam");
 	flags = getmodeflags(val);
@@ -1662,10 +1676,11 @@
 	callback_register(setroam_cb, &roamparams);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211mcastrate, val, d)
+static void
+set80211mcastrate(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int rate, flags;
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
 
 	rate = getrate(val, "mcast");
 	flags = getmodeflags(val);
@@ -1678,10 +1693,11 @@
 	callback_register(settxparams_cb, &txparams);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211mgtrate, val, d)
+static void
+set80211mgtrate(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int rate, flags;
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
 
 	rate = getrate(val, "mgmt");
 	flags = getmodeflags(val);
@@ -1694,10 +1710,11 @@
 	callback_register(settxparams_cb, &txparams);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211ucastrate, val, d)
+static void
+set80211ucastrate(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int flags;
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
 
 	gettxparams(s);
 	flags = getmodeflags(val);
@@ -1720,10 +1737,11 @@
 	callback_register(settxparams_cb, &txparams);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211maxretry, val, d)
+static void
+set80211maxretry(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int v = atoi(val), flags;
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
 
 	flags = getmodeflags(val);
 	gettxparams(s);
@@ -1737,51 +1755,52 @@
 #undef _APPLY_RATE
 #undef _APPLY
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211fragthreshold, val, d)
+static void
+set80211fragthreshold(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_FRAGTHRESHOLD,
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_FRAGTHRESHOLD,
 		isundefarg(val) ? IEEE80211_FRAG_MAX : atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211bmissthreshold, val, d)
+static void
+set80211bmissthreshold(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_BMISSTHRESHOLD,
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_BMISSTHRESHOLD,
 		isundefarg(val) ? IEEE80211_HWBMISS_MAX : atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211burst(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211burst(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_BURST, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_BURST, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211doth(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211doth(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_DOTH, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_DOTH, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211dfs(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211dfs(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_DFS, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_DFS, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211shortgi(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211shortgi(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_SHORTGI,
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_SHORTGI,
 		d ? (IEEE80211_HTCAP_SHORTGI20 | IEEE80211_HTCAP_SHORTGI40) : 0,
 		0, NULL);
 }
 
 /* XXX 11ac density/size is different */
 static void
-set80211ampdu(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211ampdu(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
 	int ampdu;
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
 
 	if (get80211val(s, IEEE80211_IOC_AMPDU, &ampdu) < 0)
 		errx(-1, "cannot set AMPDU setting");
@@ -1794,9 +1813,10 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211stbc(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211stbc(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
 	int stbc;
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
 
 	if (get80211val(s, IEEE80211_IOC_STBC, &stbc) < 0)
 		errx(-1, "cannot set STBC setting");
@@ -1809,8 +1829,9 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211ldpc(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211ldpc(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
         int ldpc;
  
         if (get80211val(s, IEEE80211_IOC_LDPC, &ldpc) < 0)
@@ -1824,13 +1845,13 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211uapsd(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211uapsd(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_UAPSD, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_UAPSD, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211ampdulimit, val, d)
+static void
+set80211ampdulimit(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int v;
 
@@ -1854,12 +1875,12 @@
 	default:
 		errx(-1, "invalid A-MPDU limit %s", val);
 	}
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_AMPDU_LIMIT, v, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_AMPDU_LIMIT, v, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 /* XXX 11ac density/size is different */
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211ampdudensity, val, d)
+static void
+set80211ampdudensity(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int v;
 
@@ -1893,88 +1914,90 @@
 	default:
 		errx(-1, "invalid A-MPDU density %s", val);
 	}
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_AMPDU_DENSITY, v, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_AMPDU_DENSITY, v, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211amsdu(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211amsdu(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
 	int amsdu;
 
-	if (get80211val(s, IEEE80211_IOC_AMSDU, &amsdu) < 0)
+	if (get80211val(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_AMSDU, &amsdu) < 0)
 		err(-1, "cannot get AMSDU setting");
 	if (d < 0) {
 		d = -d;
 		amsdu &= ~d;
 	} else
 		amsdu |= d;
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_AMSDU, amsdu, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_AMSDU, amsdu, 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211amsdulimit, val, d)
+static void
+set80211amsdulimit(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_AMSDU_LIMIT, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_AMSDU_LIMIT, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211puren(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211puren(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_PUREN, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_PUREN, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211htcompat(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211htcompat(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_HTCOMPAT, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_HTCOMPAT, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211htconf(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211htconf(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_HTCONF, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_HTCONF, d, 0, NULL);
 	htconf = d;
 }
 
 static void
-set80211dwds(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211dwds(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_DWDS, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_DWDS, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211inact(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211inact(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_INACTIVITY, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_INACTIVITY, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211tsn(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211tsn(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_TSN, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_TSN, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211dotd(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211dotd(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_DOTD, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_DOTD, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211smps(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211smps(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_SMPS, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_SMPS, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211rifs(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211rifs(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_RIFS, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_RIFS, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211vhtconf(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211vhtconf(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
+
 	if (get80211val(s, IEEE80211_IOC_VHTCONF, &vhtconf) < 0)
 		errx(-1, "cannot set VHT setting");
 	printf("%s: vhtconf=0x%08x, d=%d\n", __func__, vhtconf, d);
@@ -1984,73 +2007,73 @@
 	} else
 		vhtconf |= d;
 	printf("%s: vhtconf is now 0x%08x\n", __func__, vhtconf);
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_VHTCONF, vhtconf, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_VHTCONF, vhtconf, 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211tdmaslot, val, d)
+static void
+set80211tdmaslot(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_TDMA_SLOT, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_TDMA_SLOT, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211tdmaslotcnt, val, d)
+static void
+set80211tdmaslotcnt(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_TDMA_SLOTCNT, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_TDMA_SLOTCNT, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211tdmaslotlen, val, d)
+static void
+set80211tdmaslotlen(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_TDMA_SLOTLEN, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_TDMA_SLOTLEN, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211tdmabintval, val, d)
+static void
+set80211tdmabintval(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_TDMA_BINTERVAL, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_TDMA_BINTERVAL, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211meshttl, val, d)
+static void
+set80211meshttl(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_TTL, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_TTL, atoi(val), 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211meshforward, val, d)
+static void
+set80211meshforward(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_FWRD, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_FWRD, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211meshgate, val, d)
+static void
+set80211meshgate(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_GATE, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_GATE, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211meshpeering, val, d)
+static void
+set80211meshpeering(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_AP, d, 0, NULL);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_AP, d, 0, NULL);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211meshmetric, val, d)
+static void
+set80211meshmetric(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	char v[12];
 	
 	memcpy(v, val, sizeof(v));
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_PR_METRIC, 0, 0, v);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_PR_METRIC, 0, 0, v);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211meshpath, val, d)
+static void
+set80211meshpath(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	char v[12];
 	
 	memcpy(v, val, sizeof(v));
-	set80211(s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_PR_PATH, 0, 0, v);
+	set80211(ctx->io_s, IEEE80211_IOC_MESH_PR_PATH, 0, 0, v);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -2489,8 +2512,8 @@
 	regdomain.isocc[1] = cc->isoname[1];
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211regdomain, val, d)
+static void
+set80211regdomain(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct regdata *rdp = getregdata();
 	const struct regdomain *rd;
@@ -2505,7 +2528,7 @@
 		if (eptr == val || rd == NULL)
 			errx(1, "unknown regdomain %s", val);
 	}
-	getregdomain(s);
+	getregdomain(ctx->io_s);
 	regdomain.regdomain = rd->sku;
 	if (regdomain.country == 0 && rd->cc != NULL) {
 		/*
@@ -2517,8 +2540,8 @@
 	callback_register(setregdomain_cb, &regdomain);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211country, val, d)
+static void
+set80211country(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct regdata *rdp = getregdata();
 	const struct country *cc;
@@ -2533,7 +2556,7 @@
 		if (eptr == val || cc == NULL)
 			errx(1, "unknown ISO country code %s", val);
 	}
-	getregdomain(s);
+	getregdomain(ctx->io_s);
 	regdomain.regdomain = cc->rd->sku;
 	regdomain.country = cc->code;
 	regdomain.isocc[0] = cc->isoname[0];
@@ -2542,17 +2565,17 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211location(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211location(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	getregdomain(s);
+	getregdomain(ctx->io_s);
 	regdomain.location = d;
 	callback_register(setregdomain_cb, &regdomain);
 }
 
 static void
-set80211ecm(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211ecm(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
-	getregdomain(s);
+	getregdomain(ctx->io_s);
 	regdomain.ecm = d;
 	callback_register(setregdomain_cb, &regdomain);
 }
@@ -3831,11 +3854,11 @@
 	close(sroute);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211scan, val, d)
+static void
+set80211scan(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
-	scan_and_wait(s);
-	list_scan(s);
+	scan_and_wait(ctx->io_s);
+	list_scan(ctx->io_s);
 }
 
 static enum ieee80211_opmode get80211opmode(int s);
@@ -4638,9 +4661,10 @@
 	}
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211list, arg, d)
+static void
+set80211list(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
 #define	iseq(a,b)	(strncasecmp(a,b,sizeof(b)-1) == 0)
 
 	LINE_INIT('\t');
@@ -4860,8 +4884,9 @@
 }
 
 static void
-ieee80211_status(int s)
+ieee80211_status(if_ctx *ctx)
 {
+	int s = ctx->io_s;
 	static const uint8_t zerobssid[IEEE80211_ADDR_LEN];
 	enum ieee80211_opmode opmode = get80211opmode(s);
 	int i, num, wpa, wme, bgscan, bgscaninterval, val, len, wepmode;
@@ -5782,14 +5807,14 @@
 	strlcpy(name, orig_name, sizeof(name));
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211clone_wlandev, arg, d)
+static void
+set80211clone_wlandev(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	strlcpy(params.icp_parent, arg, IFNAMSIZ);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211clone_wlanbssid, arg, d)
+static void
+set80211clone_wlanbssid(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	const struct ether_addr *ea;
 
@@ -5799,8 +5824,8 @@
 	memcpy(params.icp_bssid, ea->octet, IEEE80211_ADDR_LEN);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211clone_wlanaddr, arg, d)
+static void
+set80211clone_wlanaddr(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	const struct ether_addr *ea;
 
@@ -5811,8 +5836,8 @@
 	params.icp_flags |= IEEE80211_CLONE_MACADDR;
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(set80211clone_wlanmode, arg, d)
+static void
+set80211clone_wlanmode(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 #define	iseq(a,b)	(strncasecmp(a,b,sizeof(b)-1) == 0)
 	if (iseq(arg, "sta"))
@@ -5838,7 +5863,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211clone_beacons(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211clone_beacons(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
 	/* NB: inverted sense */
 	if (d)
@@ -5848,7 +5873,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211clone_bssid(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211clone_bssid(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
 	if (d)
 		params.icp_flags |= IEEE80211_CLONE_BSSID;
@@ -5857,7 +5882,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-set80211clone_wdslegacy(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+set80211clone_wdslegacy(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
 	if (d)
 		params.icp_flags |= IEEE80211_CLONE_WDSLEGACY;
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifipsec.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifipsec.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifipsec.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifipsec.c
@@ -51,18 +51,18 @@
 #include "ifconfig.h"
 
 static void
-ipsec_status(int s)
+ipsec_status(if_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	uint32_t reqid;
 
 	ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&reqid;
-	if (ioctl(s, IPSECGREQID, &ifr) == -1)
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, IPSECGREQID, &ifr) == -1)
 		return;
 	printf("\treqid: %u\n", reqid);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setreqid, val, arg)
+static void
+setreqid(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	char *ep;
 	uint32_t v;
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 	}
 	strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
 	ifr.ifr_data = (char *)&v;
-	if (ioctl(s, IPSECSREQID, &ifr) == -1) {
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, IPSECSREQID, &ifr) == -1) {
 		warn("ioctl(IPSECSREQID)");
 		return;
 	}
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/iflagg.c b/sbin/ifconfig/iflagg.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/iflagg.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/iflagg.c
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 static char lacpbuf[120];	/* LACP peer '[(a,a,a),(p,p,p)]' */
 
 static void
-setlaggport(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setlaggport(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct lagg_reqport rp;
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
 	 *
 	 * Don't error at all if the port is already in the lagg.
 	 */
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSLAGGPORT, &rp) && errno != EEXIST) {
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCSLAGGPORT, &rp) && errno != EEXIST) {
 		warnx("%s %s: SIOCSLAGGPORT: %s",
 		    name, val, strerror(errno));
 		exit_code = 1;
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-unsetlaggport(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+unsetlaggport(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct lagg_reqport rp;
 
@@ -69,12 +69,12 @@
 	strlcpy(rp.rp_ifname, name, sizeof(rp.rp_ifname));
 	strlcpy(rp.rp_portname, val, sizeof(rp.rp_portname));
 
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSLAGGDELPORT, &rp))
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCSLAGGDELPORT, &rp))
 		err(1, "SIOCSLAGGDELPORT");
 }
 
 static void
-setlaggproto(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setlaggproto(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct lagg_protos lpr[] = LAGG_PROTOS;
 	struct lagg_reqall ra;
@@ -92,12 +92,12 @@
 		errx(1, "Invalid aggregation protocol: %s", val);
 
 	strlcpy(ra.ra_ifname, name, sizeof(ra.ra_ifname));
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSLAGG, &ra) != 0)
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCSLAGG, &ra) != 0)
 		err(1, "SIOCSLAGG");
 }
 
 static void
-setlaggflowidshift(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setlaggflowidshift(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct lagg_reqopts ro;
 
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@
 	if (ro.ro_flowid_shift & ~LAGG_OPT_FLOWIDSHIFT_MASK)
 		errx(1, "Invalid flowid_shift option: %s", val);
 	
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSLAGGOPTS, &ro) != 0)
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCSLAGGOPTS, &ro) != 0)
 		err(1, "SIOCSLAGGOPTS");
 }
 
 static void
-setlaggrr_limit(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setlaggrr_limit(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct lagg_reqopts ro;
 	
@@ -124,12 +124,12 @@
 	if (ro.ro_bkt == 0)
 		errx(1, "Invalid round-robin stride: %s", val);
 
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSLAGGOPTS, &ro) != 0)
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCSLAGGOPTS, &ro) != 0)
 		err(1, "SIOCSLAGGOPTS");
 }
 
 static void
-setlaggsetopt(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setlaggsetopt(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val __unused, int d)
 {
 	struct lagg_reqopts ro;
 
@@ -154,12 +154,12 @@
 	}
 	strlcpy(ro.ro_ifname, name, sizeof(ro.ro_ifname));
 	
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSLAGGOPTS, &ro) != 0)
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCSLAGGOPTS, &ro) != 0)
 		err(1, "SIOCSLAGGOPTS");
 }
 
 static void
-setlagghash(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setlagghash(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct lagg_reqflags rf;
 	char *str, *tmp, *tok;
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
 		errx(1, "No lagghash options supplied");
 
 	strlcpy(rf.rf_ifname, name, sizeof(rf.rf_ifname));
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSLAGGHASH, &rf))
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCSLAGGHASH, &rf))
 		err(1, "SIOCSLAGGHASH");
 }
 
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-lagg_status(int s)
+lagg_status(if_ctx *ctx __unused)
 {
 	struct lagg_protos protos[] = LAGG_PROTOS;
 	struct ifconfig_lagg_status *lagg;
@@ -293,8 +293,8 @@
 	ifconfig_lagg_free_lagg_status(lagg);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setlaggtype, arg, d)
+static void
+setlaggtype(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	static const struct lagg_types lt[] = LAGG_TYPES;
 
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifmac.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifmac.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifmac.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifmac.c
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 #include "ifconfig.h"
 
 static void
-maclabel_status(int s)
+maclabel_status(if_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	struct ifreq ifr;
 	mac_t label;
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 	if (mac_prepare_ifnet_label(&label) == -1)
 		return;
 	ifr.ifr_ifru.ifru_data = (void *)label;
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCGIFMAC, &ifr) == -1)
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCGIFMAC, &ifr) == -1)
 		goto mac_free;
 
 	
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setifmaclabel(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+setifmaclabel(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d __unused)
 {
 	struct ifreq ifr;
 	mac_t label;
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
 	strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
 	ifr.ifr_ifru.ifru_data = (void *)label;
 
-	error = ioctl(s, SIOCSIFMAC, &ifr);
+	error = ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSIFMAC, &ifr);
 	mac_free(label);
 	if (error == -1)
 		perror("setifmac");
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifmedia.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifmedia.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifmedia.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifmedia.c
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
 static void print_media_ifconfig(ifmedia_t);
 
 static void
-media_status(int s)
+media_status(if_ctx *ctx __unused)
 {
 	struct ifmediareq *ifmr;
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
 		putchar('\n');
 	}
 
-	if (args.supmedia) {
+	if (global_args.supmedia) {
 		printf("\tsupported media:\n");
 		for (int i = 0; i < ifmr->ifm_count; ++i) {
 			printf("\t\t");
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setmedia(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setmedia(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const char *val, int d __unused)
 {
 	struct ifmediareq *ifmr;
 	int subtype;
@@ -217,17 +217,17 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setmediaopt(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setmediaopt(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d __unused)
 {
 
-	domediaopt(val, false, s);
+	domediaopt(val, false, ctx->io_s);
 }
 
 static void
-unsetmediaopt(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+unsetmediaopt(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d __unused)
 {
 
-	domediaopt(val, true, s);
+	domediaopt(val, true, ctx->io_s);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setmediainst(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setmediainst(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const char *val, int d __unused)
 {
 	struct ifmediareq *ifmr;
 	int inst;
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setmediamode(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setmediamode(if_ctx *ctx __unused, const char *val, int d __unused)
 {
 	struct ifmediareq *ifmr;
 	int mode;
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifpfsync.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifpfsync.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifpfsync.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifpfsync.c
@@ -50,15 +50,6 @@
 
 #include "ifconfig.h"
 
-void setpfsync_syncdev(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *);
-void unsetpfsync_syncdev(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *);
-void setpfsync_syncpeer(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *);
-void unsetpfsync_syncpeer(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *);
-void setpfsync_syncpeer(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *);
-void setpfsync_maxupd(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *);
-void setpfsync_defer(const char *, int, int, const struct afswtch *);
-void pfsync_status(int);
-
 static int
 pfsync_do_ioctl(int s, uint cmd, nvlist_t **nvl)
 {
@@ -173,15 +164,15 @@
 	return (0);
 }
 
-void
-setpfsync_syncdev(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+static void
+setpfsync_syncdev(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	nvlist_t *nvl = nvlist_create(0);
 
 	if (strlen(val) > IFNAMSIZ)
 		errx(1, "interface name %s is too long", val);
 
-	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
+	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCGETPFSYNCNV");
 
 	if (nvlist_exists_string(nvl, "syncdev"))
@@ -189,17 +180,16 @@
 
 	nvlist_add_string(nvl, "syncdev", val);
 
-	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(s, SIOCSETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
+	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCSETPFSYNCNV");
 }
 
-/* ARGSUSED */
-void
-unsetpfsync_syncdev(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+static void
+unsetpfsync_syncdev(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	nvlist_t *nvl = nvlist_create(0);
 
-	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
+	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCGETPFSYNCNV");
 
 	if (nvlist_exists_string(nvl, "syncdev"))
@@ -207,13 +197,12 @@
 
 	nvlist_add_string(nvl, "syncdev", "");
 
-	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(s, SIOCSETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
+	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCSETPFSYNCNV");
 }
 
-/* ARGSUSED */
-void
-setpfsync_syncpeer(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+static void
+setpfsync_syncpeer(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct addrinfo *peerres;
 	struct sockaddr_storage addr;
@@ -221,7 +210,7 @@
 
 	nvlist_t *nvl = nvlist_create(0);
 
-	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
+	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCGETPFSYNCNV");
 
 	if ((ecode = getaddrinfo(val, NULL, NULL, &peerres)) != 0)
@@ -251,23 +240,22 @@
 	nvlist_add_nvlist(nvl, "syncpeer",
 	    pfsync_sockaddr_to_syncpeer_nvlist(&addr));
 
-	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(s, SIOCSETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
+	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCSETPFSYNCNV");
 
 	nvlist_destroy(nvl);
 	freeaddrinfo(peerres);
 }
 
-/* ARGSUSED */
-void
-unsetpfsync_syncpeer(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+static void
+unsetpfsync_syncpeer(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct sockaddr_storage addr;
 	memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
 
 	nvlist_t *nvl = nvlist_create(0);
 
-	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
+	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCGETPFSYNCNV");
 
 	if (nvlist_exists_nvlist(nvl, "syncpeer"))
@@ -276,15 +264,14 @@
 	nvlist_add_nvlist(nvl, "syncpeer",
 	    pfsync_sockaddr_to_syncpeer_nvlist(&addr));
 
-	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(s, SIOCSETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
+	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCSETPFSYNCNV");
 
 	nvlist_destroy(nvl);
 }
 
-/* ARGSUSED */
-void
-setpfsync_maxupd(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+static void
+setpfsync_maxupd(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	int maxupdates;
 	nvlist_t *nvl = nvlist_create(0);
@@ -293,38 +280,37 @@
 	if ((maxupdates < 0) || (maxupdates > 255))
 		errx(1, "maxupd %s: out of range", val);
 
-	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
+	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCGETPFSYNCNV");
 
 	nvlist_free_number(nvl, "maxupdates");
 	nvlist_add_number(nvl, "maxupdates", maxupdates);
 
-	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(s, SIOCSETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
+	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCSETPFSYNCNV");
 
 	nvlist_destroy(nvl);
 }
 
-/* ARGSUSED */
-void
-setpfsync_defer(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *rafp)
+static void
+setpfsync_defer(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d)
 {
 	nvlist_t *nvl = nvlist_create(0);
 
-	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
+	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCGETPFSYNCNV");
 
 	nvlist_free_number(nvl, "flags");
 	nvlist_add_number(nvl, "flags", d ? PFSYNCF_DEFER : 0);
 
-	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(s, SIOCSETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
+	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCSETPFSYNCNV");
 
 	nvlist_destroy(nvl);
 }
 
-void
-pfsync_status(int s)
+static void
+pfsync_status(if_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	nvlist_t *nvl;
 	char syncdev[IFNAMSIZ];
@@ -336,7 +322,7 @@
 
 	nvl = nvlist_create(0);
 
-	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1) {
+	if (pfsync_do_ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCGETPFSYNCNV, &nvl) == -1) {
 		nvlist_destroy(nvl);
 		return;
 	}
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifstf.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifstf.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifstf.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifstf.c
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 #include "ifconfig.h"
 
 static int
-do_cmd(int sock, u_long op, void *arg, size_t argsize, int set)
+do_cmd(if_ctx *ctx, u_long op, void *arg, size_t argsize, int set)
 {
 	struct ifdrv ifd;
 
@@ -63,15 +63,15 @@
 	ifd.ifd_len = argsize;
 	ifd.ifd_data = arg;
 
-	return (ioctl(sock, set ? SIOCSDRVSPEC : SIOCGDRVSPEC, &ifd));
+	return (ioctl_ctx(ctx, set ? SIOCSDRVSPEC : SIOCGDRVSPEC, &ifd));
 }
 
 static void
-stf_status(int s)
+stf_status(if_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	struct stfv4args param;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, STF6RD_GV4NET, &param, sizeof(param), 0) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, STF6RD_GV4NET, &param, sizeof(param), 0) < 0)
 		return;
 
 	printf("\tv4net %s/%d -> ", inet_ntoa(param.srcv4_addr),
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 }
 
 static void
-setstf_br(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setstf_br(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d __unused)
 {
 	struct stfv4args req;
 	struct sockaddr_in sin;
@@ -94,12 +94,12 @@
 		errx(1, "%s: bad value", val);
 
 	req.braddr = sin.sin_addr;
-	if (do_cmd(s, STF6RD_SBR, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, STF6RD_SBR, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "STF6RD_SBR%s",  val);
 }
 
 static void
-setstf_set(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setstf_set(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int d __unused)
 {
 	struct stfv4args req;
 	struct sockaddr_in sin;
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 		errx(1, "%s: bad value", val);
 
 	memcpy(&req.srcv4_addr, &sin.sin_addr, sizeof(req.srcv4_addr));
-	if (do_cmd(s, STF6RD_SV4NET, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, STF6RD_SV4NET, &req, sizeof(req), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "STF6RD_SV4NET %s",  val);
 }
 
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifvlan.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifvlan.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifvlan.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifvlan.c
@@ -85,11 +85,11 @@
 }
 
 static void
-vlan_status(int s)
+vlan_status(if_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	struct vlanreq		vreq;
 
-	if (getvlan(s, &ifr, &vreq) == -1)
+	if (getvlan(ctx->io_s, &ifr, &vreq) == -1)
 		return;
 	printf("\tvlan: %d", vreq.vlr_tag);
 	printf(" vlanproto: ");
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
 		default:
 			printf("0x%04x", vreq.vlr_proto);
 	}
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCGVLANPCP, (caddr_t)&ifr) != -1)
+	if (ioctl_ctx(ctx, SIOCGVLANPCP, (caddr_t)&ifr) != -1)
 		printf(" vlanpcp: %u", ifr.ifr_vlan_pcp);
 	printf(" parent interface: %s", vreq.vlr_parent[0] == '\0' ?
 	    "<none>" : vreq.vlr_parent);
@@ -192,8 +192,8 @@
 	}
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvlantag, val, d)
+static void
+setvlantag(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct vlanreq vreq;
 	u_long ul;
@@ -207,26 +207,26 @@
 	if (params.vlr_tag != ul)
 		errx(1, "value for vlan out of range");
 
-	if (getvlan(s, &ifr, &vreq) != -1) {
+	if (getvlan(ctx->io_s, &ifr, &vreq) != -1) {
 		vreq.vlr_tag = params.vlr_tag;
 		memcpy(&params, &vreq, sizeof(params));
-		vlan_set(s, &ifr);
+		vlan_set(ctx->io_s, &ifr);
 	}
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvlandev, val, d)
+static void
+setvlandev(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct vlanreq vreq;
 
 	strlcpy(params.vlr_parent, val, sizeof(params.vlr_parent));
 
-	if (getvlan(s, &ifr, &vreq) != -1)
-		vlan_set(s, &ifr);
+	if (getvlan(ctx->io_s, &ifr, &vreq) != -1)
+		vlan_set(ctx->io_s, &ifr);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvlanproto, val, d)
+static void
+setvlanproto(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct vlanreq vreq;
 
@@ -239,15 +239,15 @@
 	} else
 		errx(1, "invalid value for vlanproto");
 
-	if (getvlan(s, &ifr, &vreq) != -1) {
+	if (getvlan(ctx->io_s, &ifr, &vreq) != -1) {
 		vreq.vlr_proto = params.vlr_proto;
 		memcpy(&params, &vreq, sizeof(params));
-		vlan_set(s, &ifr);
+		vlan_set(ctx->io_s, &ifr);
 	}
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvlanpcp, val, d)
+static void
+setvlanpcp(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	u_long ul;
 	char *endp;
@@ -258,25 +258,25 @@
 	if (ul > 7)
 		errx(1, "value for vlanpcp out of range");
 	ifr.ifr_vlan_pcp = ul;
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSVLANPCP, (caddr_t)&ifr) == -1)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSVLANPCP, (caddr_t)&ifr) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCSVLANPCP");
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(unsetvlandev, val, d)
+static void
+unsetvlandev(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct vlanreq		vreq;
 
 	bzero((char *)&vreq, sizeof(struct vlanreq));
 	ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&vreq;
 
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCGETVLAN, (caddr_t)&ifr) == -1)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCGETVLAN, (caddr_t)&ifr) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCGETVLAN");
 
 	bzero((char *)&vreq.vlr_parent, sizeof(vreq.vlr_parent));
 	vreq.vlr_tag = 0;
 
-	if (ioctl(s, SIOCSETVLAN, (caddr_t)&ifr) == -1)
+	if (ioctl(ctx->io_s, SIOCSETVLAN, (caddr_t)&ifr) == -1)
 		err(1, "SIOCSETVLAN");
 }
 
diff --git a/sbin/ifconfig/ifvxlan.c b/sbin/ifconfig/ifvxlan.c
--- a/sbin/ifconfig/ifvxlan.c
+++ b/sbin/ifconfig/ifvxlan.c
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
 }
 
 static int
-do_cmd(int sock, u_long op, void *arg, size_t argsize, int set)
+do_cmd(if_ctx *ctx, u_long op, void *arg, size_t argsize, int set)
 {
 	struct ifdrv ifd;
 
@@ -84,21 +84,21 @@
 	ifd.ifd_len = argsize;
 	ifd.ifd_data = arg;
 
-	return (ioctl(sock, set ? SIOCSDRVSPEC : SIOCGDRVSPEC, &ifd));
+	return (ioctl(ctx->io_s, set ? SIOCSDRVSPEC : SIOCGDRVSPEC, &ifd));
 }
 
 static int
-vxlan_exists(int sock)
+vxlan_exists(if_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancfg cfg;
 
 	bzero(&cfg, sizeof(cfg));
 
-	return (do_cmd(sock, VXLAN_CMD_GET_CONFIG, &cfg, sizeof(cfg), 0) != -1);
+	return (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_GET_CONFIG, &cfg, sizeof(cfg), 0) != -1);
 }
 
 static void
-vxlan_status(int s)
+vxlan_status(if_ctx *ctx)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancfg cfg;
 	char src[NI_MAXHOST], dst[NI_MAXHOST];
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
 
 	bzero(&cfg, sizeof(cfg));
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_GET_CONFIG, &cfg, sizeof(cfg), 0) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_GET_CONFIG, &cfg, sizeof(cfg), 0) < 0)
 		return;
 
 	vni = cfg.vxlc_vni;
@@ -194,8 +194,8 @@
 	ioctl_ifcreate(s, ifr);
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvxlan_vni, arg, d)
+static void
+setvxlan_vni(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancmd cmd;
 	u_long val;
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@
 	if (get_val(arg, &val) < 0 || val >= VXLAN_VNI_MAX)
 		errx(1, "invalid network identifier: %s", arg);
 
-	if (!vxlan_exists(s)) {
+	if (!vxlan_exists(ctx)) {
 		params.vxlp_with |= VXLAN_PARAM_WITH_VNI;
 		params.vxlp_vni = val;
 		return;
@@ -212,12 +212,12 @@
 	bzero(&cmd, sizeof(cmd));
 	cmd.vxlcmd_vni = val;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_SET_VNI, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_SET_VNI, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "VXLAN_CMD_SET_VNI");
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvxlan_local, addr, d)
+static void
+setvxlan_local(if_ctx *ctx, const char *addr, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancmd cmd;
 	struct addrinfo *ai;
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
 
 	freeaddrinfo(ai);
 
-	if (!vxlan_exists(s)) {
+	if (!vxlan_exists(ctx)) {
 		if (cmd.vxlcmd_sa.sa.sa_family == AF_INET) {
 			params.vxlp_with |= VXLAN_PARAM_WITH_LOCAL_ADDR4;
 			params.vxlp_local_sa.in4 = cmd.vxlcmd_sa.in4;
@@ -272,12 +272,12 @@
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_SET_LOCAL_ADDR, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_SET_LOCAL_ADDR, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "VXLAN_CMD_SET_LOCAL_ADDR");
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvxlan_remote, addr, d)
+static void
+setvxlan_remote(if_ctx *ctx, const char *addr, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancmd cmd;
 	struct addrinfo *ai;
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@
 
 	freeaddrinfo(ai);
 
-	if (!vxlan_exists(s)) {
+	if (!vxlan_exists(ctx)) {
 		if (cmd.vxlcmd_sa.sa.sa_family == AF_INET) {
 			params.vxlp_with |= VXLAN_PARAM_WITH_REMOTE_ADDR4;
 			params.vxlp_remote_sa.in4 = cmd.vxlcmd_sa.in4;
@@ -332,12 +332,12 @@
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_SET_REMOTE_ADDR, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_SET_REMOTE_ADDR, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "VXLAN_CMD_SET_REMOTE_ADDR");
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvxlan_group, addr, d)
+static void
+setvxlan_group(if_ctx *ctx, const char *addr, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancmd cmd;
 	struct addrinfo *ai;
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@
 
 	freeaddrinfo(ai);
 
-	if (!vxlan_exists(s)) {
+	if (!vxlan_exists(ctx)) {
 		if (cmd.vxlcmd_sa.sa.sa_family == AF_INET) {
 			params.vxlp_with |= VXLAN_PARAM_WITH_REMOTE_ADDR4;
 			params.vxlp_remote_sa.in4 = cmd.vxlcmd_sa.in4;
@@ -392,12 +392,12 @@
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_SET_REMOTE_ADDR, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_SET_REMOTE_ADDR, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "VXLAN_CMD_SET_REMOTE_ADDR");
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvxlan_local_port, arg, d)
+static void
+setvxlan_local_port(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancmd cmd;
 	u_long val;
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@
 	if (get_val(arg, &val) < 0 || val >= UINT16_MAX)
 		errx(1, "invalid local port: %s", arg);
 
-	if (!vxlan_exists(s)) {
+	if (!vxlan_exists(ctx)) {
 		params.vxlp_with |= VXLAN_PARAM_WITH_LOCAL_PORT;
 		params.vxlp_local_port = val;
 		return;
@@ -414,12 +414,12 @@
 	bzero(&cmd, sizeof(cmd));
 	cmd.vxlcmd_port = val;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_SET_LOCAL_PORT, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_SET_LOCAL_PORT, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "VXLAN_CMD_SET_LOCAL_PORT");
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvxlan_remote_port, arg, d)
+static void
+setvxlan_remote_port(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancmd cmd;
 	u_long val;
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@
 	if (get_val(arg, &val) < 0 || val >= UINT16_MAX)
 		errx(1, "invalid remote port: %s", arg);
 
-	if (!vxlan_exists(s)) {
+	if (!vxlan_exists(ctx)) {
 		params.vxlp_with |= VXLAN_PARAM_WITH_REMOTE_PORT;
 		params.vxlp_remote_port = val;
 		return;
@@ -436,12 +436,12 @@
 	bzero(&cmd, sizeof(cmd));
 	cmd.vxlcmd_port = val;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_SET_REMOTE_PORT, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_SET_REMOTE_PORT, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "VXLAN_CMD_SET_REMOTE_PORT");
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC2(setvxlan_port_range, arg1, arg2)
+static void
+setvxlan_port_range(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg1, const char *arg2)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancmd cmd;
 	u_long min, max;
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@
 	if (max < min)
 		errx(1, "invalid port range");
 
-	if (!vxlan_exists(s)) {
+	if (!vxlan_exists(ctx)) {
 		params.vxlp_with |= VXLAN_PARAM_WITH_PORT_RANGE;
 		params.vxlp_min_port = min;
 		params.vxlp_max_port = max;
@@ -464,12 +464,12 @@
 	cmd.vxlcmd_port_min = min;
 	cmd.vxlcmd_port_max = max;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_SET_PORT_RANGE, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_SET_PORT_RANGE, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "VXLAN_CMD_SET_PORT_RANGE");
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvxlan_timeout, arg, d)
+static void
+setvxlan_timeout(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancmd cmd;
 	u_long val;
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@
 	if (get_val(arg, &val) < 0 || (val & ~0xFFFFFFFF) != 0)
 		errx(1, "invalid timeout value: %s", arg);
 
-	if (!vxlan_exists(s)) {
+	if (!vxlan_exists(ctx)) {
 		params.vxlp_with |= VXLAN_PARAM_WITH_FTABLE_TIMEOUT;
 		params.vxlp_ftable_timeout = val & 0xFFFFFFFF;
 		return;
@@ -486,12 +486,12 @@
 	bzero(&cmd, sizeof(cmd));
 	cmd.vxlcmd_ftable_timeout = val & 0xFFFFFFFF;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_SET_FTABLE_TIMEOUT, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_SET_FTABLE_TIMEOUT, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "VXLAN_CMD_SET_FTABLE_TIMEOUT");
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvxlan_maxaddr, arg, d)
+static void
+setvxlan_maxaddr(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancmd cmd;
 	u_long val;
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@
 	if (get_val(arg, &val) < 0 || (val & ~0xFFFFFFFF) != 0)
 		errx(1, "invalid maxaddr value: %s",  arg);
 
-	if (!vxlan_exists(s)) {
+	if (!vxlan_exists(ctx)) {
 		params.vxlp_with |= VXLAN_PARAM_WITH_FTABLE_MAX;
 		params.vxlp_ftable_max = val & 0xFFFFFFFF;
 		return;
@@ -508,16 +508,16 @@
 	bzero(&cmd, sizeof(cmd));
 	cmd.vxlcmd_ftable_max = val & 0xFFFFFFFF;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_SET_FTABLE_MAX, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_SET_FTABLE_MAX, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "VXLAN_CMD_SET_FTABLE_MAX");
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvxlan_dev, arg, d)
+static void
+setvxlan_dev(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancmd cmd;
 
-	if (!vxlan_exists(s)) {
+	if (!vxlan_exists(ctx)) {
 		params.vxlp_with |= VXLAN_PARAM_WITH_MULTICAST_IF;
 		strlcpy(params.vxlp_mc_ifname, arg,
 		    sizeof(params.vxlp_mc_ifname));
@@ -527,12 +527,12 @@
 	bzero(&cmd, sizeof(cmd));
 	strlcpy(cmd.vxlcmd_ifname, arg, sizeof(cmd.vxlcmd_ifname));
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_SET_MULTICAST_IF, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_SET_MULTICAST_IF, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "VXLAN_CMD_SET_MULTICAST_IF");
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvxlan_ttl, arg, d)
+static void
+setvxlan_ttl(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int dummy __unused)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancmd cmd;
 	u_long val;
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@
 	if (get_val(arg, &val) < 0 || val > 256)
 		errx(1, "invalid TTL value: %s", arg);
 
-	if (!vxlan_exists(s)) {
+	if (!vxlan_exists(ctx)) {
 		params.vxlp_with |= VXLAN_PARAM_WITH_TTL;
 		params.vxlp_ttl = val;
 		return;
@@ -549,16 +549,16 @@
 	bzero(&cmd, sizeof(cmd));
 	cmd.vxlcmd_ttl = val;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_SET_TTL, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_SET_TTL, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "VXLAN_CMD_SET_TTL");
 }
 
-static
-DECL_CMD_FUNC(setvxlan_learn, arg, d)
+static void
+setvxlan_learn(if_ctx *ctx, const char *arg, int d)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancmd cmd;
 
-	if (!vxlan_exists(s)) {
+	if (!vxlan_exists(ctx)) {
 		params.vxlp_with |= VXLAN_PARAM_WITH_LEARN;
 		params.vxlp_learn = d;
 		return;
@@ -568,12 +568,12 @@
 	if (d != 0)
 		cmd.vxlcmd_flags |= VXLAN_CMD_FLAG_LEARN;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_SET_LEARN, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_SET_LEARN, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "VXLAN_CMD_SET_LEARN");
 }
 
 static void
-setvxlan_flush(const char *val, int d, int s, const struct afswtch *afp)
+setvxlan_flush(if_ctx *ctx, const char *val __unused, int d)
 {
 	struct ifvxlancmd cmd;
 
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@
 	if (d != 0)
 		cmd.vxlcmd_flags |= VXLAN_CMD_FLAG_FLUSH_ALL;
 
-	if (do_cmd(s, VXLAN_CMD_FLUSH, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
+	if (do_cmd(ctx, VXLAN_CMD_FLUSH, &cmd, sizeof(cmd), 1) < 0)
 		err(1, "VXLAN_CMD_FLUSH");
 }